E4426 V2 GAMBIA COMMERCIAL AGRICULTURE AND VALUE CHAIN MANAGEMENT PROJECT PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN January, 2014 i Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................................................ v 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT ........................................................................................................ 1 2.0 OBJECTIVE OF THE PMP .................................................................................................................... 1 3.0 APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING THE PMP ......................................................................................... 2 4. PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES...................................... 2 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES ......................................... 2 5.0 OVERVIEW OF TARGET CROPS AND ASSOCIATED PEST PROBLEMS ................................................. 4 5.1 Current pest management approaches ......................................................................................... 11 5.2 NATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) ........................................ 12 6.0 Pesticide Use and Management ..................................................................................................... 14 6.1 Pesticide Use in the Gambia ....................................................................................................... 14 6.2 Circumstance of Pesticide Use and Competence in Handling Products ..................................... 15 6.3 Assessment of Risks .................................................................................................................... 15 6.4 Promoting IPM in the Context of Current Pest Control Practices ................................................. 17 6.5. Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity ................................................................. 18 7.0 IMPLEMENTING THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN .............................................................................. 28 7.1 Activities of the PMP ......................................................................................................................... 28 7.2 The National Actors and Partners in the Implementation of the PMP ....................................... 30 7.3 Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of the PMP ..................................................... 32 7.4 Phasing Plan .................................................................................................................................... 32 7.5 Sustainability Issues .................................................................................................................... 34 7.6 Monitoring and Evaluation ......................................................................................................... 35 8.0 COST ESTIMATES .......................................................................................................................... 36 9.0 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP............................................ 37 9.1 IPM Training for Farmers and Extension Workers ...................................................................... 37 9.2 Health and Safety Training for Farmers and Extension Workers on Pesticides.......................... 38 9.3 Institutional Strengthening for PMP Implementation ................................................................ 39 9.4 Integrated Vector Management: Surveillance of Disease Vector Populations in Project Sites .. 39 9.5 Public Sensitization and Awareness ............................................................................................ 40 9.6 Recruitment of Integrated Pest Management Specialist ............................................................ 40 ANNEXES ..................................................................................................................................................... 44 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................ 46 ii List of Tables Table 5.1 Major Pests and Diseases that Affect Rice Table 5.2 Major Pests and Diseases that Affect Vegetables Table 5.3 Some Examples of IPM Techniques Disseminated by NARI Table 6.1 Potential Environmental and Occupational Health Risks Table 6.2 Risk Reduction Measures Associated With Pesticide Use in GCAVMP Table 8.1 Cost Estimates for Implementation of the PMP Table 9.1 Training Plan and Proposed Timing iii iv Acronyms and Abbreviations CRR Central River Region ESMF Environment and Social Management Framework FFS Farmer Filed School GHE Gambia Horticultural Enterprise GCAVMP Gambia Commercial Agriculture and Value Chain Management Project IPM Integrated Pest Management MOA Ministry of Agriculture MOH Ministry of Health NARI National Agriculture Research Institute NBR North Bank Region NEA National Environment Agency PMP Pesticide Management Plan PPS Plant Protection Service SPC Sahelian Pesticide Committee HCPCMA Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act WCR West Coast Region v 1.0 INTRODUCTION AND CONTEXT This Pest Management Plan (PMP) is being developed in response to the World Bank’s requirement in the support of the project Gambia Commercial Agriculture and Value Chain Development Project (GCAVMP), to be implemented by the Gambian Ministry of Agriculture, valued at 14 million US Dollars. The project’s objective is to improve production systems and access to market for rice and vegetables, and will support investments to increase productivity and provide agricultural services that would increase income growth for these crops. The project will be implemented in the Central River Region (CRR), North Bank Region (NBR), and the West Coast Region (WCR), targeting rice production specifically for the CRR whilst vegetable production will be for WCR and part of NBR. Since the project is expected to provide various types of agro chemicals and pesticides to boost productivity, it is expected that there will be potential negative environmental and social impacts that require to be assessed. Consequently the project has triggered the World Bank’s safe guard policy OPS 4.01 which requires the preparation of an Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). The safeguard policy on Pest Management (OP 4.09) has also been triggered, and as a result MOA is expected to prepare a PMP to complement the ESMF. 2.0 OBJECTIVE OF THE PMP The overall objective of the Pest Management Plan is to promote the use of a combination of environmentally and socially friendly practices (hygienic, cultural, biological or natural control mechanisms and the judicious use of chemicals), to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides and to protect the key stakeholders (i.e. primary users among farmers and their immediate dependants/families) from the potential hazards of the use of pesticides. Specifically the PMP aims to achieve the following objectives: i. Ensure appropriate pest management techniques into technologies supported under the project ii. Effectively monitor pesticide use and pest issues amongst participating farmers iii. Provide for implementation of an IPM action plan in the event that serious pest management issues are encountered, and/or the introduction of technologies is seen to lead to a significant decrease in the application of pesticides 1 iv. Assess the capacity of the country’s regulatory framework and institutions to promote and support safe, effective, socially and environmentally sound pest management and to provide for appropriate institutional capacity support recommendations v. Ensure compliance with regional standards, laws and regulations 3.0 APPROACHES TO DEVELOPING THE PMP The preparation of the PMP involved literature reviews and stakeholder consultations. Various documents and literature reviewed included project designs and proposals similar to the GCAVMP which has provided much insight into the potential positive and negative impacts of IPM approaches, the use of pesticides and other agrochemicals. (See bibliography for literature reviewed). Potential sites for the proposed GCAVMP were visited (See Annex 2) paying particular attention to the pest and pesticide management practices, their potential impact on the crops, on project beneficiaries and on the environment. In a participatory manner, potential beneficiaries were engaged in wide ranging discussions covering areas such as local knowledge of pests and pesticides, their management and control. They included farmers, village heads, members of Village Development Committees (VDCs), women and youth groups, and other community based organizations. Other relevant institutions and stakeholders contacted included the Plant Protection Services (PPS), Department of Agriculture, NEA, and Regional Agriculture Directors to determine their status of preparedness in implementing this PMP. 4. PEST AND PESTICIDES MANAGEMENT IMPLICATIONS OF PROJECT ACTIVITIES The main focus of the GCAVMP will be on tidally irrigated rice and consequently is expected to finance inputs such as pesticides and herbicides as part of the farm management practices. Equally the production of vegetables is expected to be year round, under irrigation through pumping from bore holes. Vegetable farmers will also be provided with similar inputs. The main challenges in rice and vegetable production are mainly caused by biotic factors (insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, weeds, etc.) as well as abiotic factors, linked to the environment, and together the overall effects on production is estimated at 30% losses. In this regard it is necessary that farmers are trained to acquire the practical knowledge and skills to identify and control these factors, through preventive and curative control strategies including IPM approaches. Details of the major pests and diseases of rice and vegetables are summarized in Tables 5.1 and 5.2 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES OF PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES 2 Rice and vegetable production will undoubtedly involve the use of various agro-chemicals especially pesticides during irrigation and storage. The impact of these products on the environment, if not properly managed will lead to unwanted consequences. These impacts may include the following: 4.1.1 Impact of pesticides on water bodies The use of agro-chemicals on irrigated farms could impact on the raw water sources. The excessive use of agro�chemicals such as herbicides can contaminate the water bodies through run off especially during the rainy season and/or water logging. The over concentration of toxic chemicals in water is a major health risk for the local population and aquatic/fish life. Another source of water pollution may be from the return flow of irrigation water heavy with pollutants and inorganic salts. Draining excess water contaminated with agro�chemicals from the irrigation fields into adjacent water bodies within the project area is also a source of water pollution. 4.2.2 Impact of pesticides on aquatic fauna Pollution from agrochemicals may also affect aquatic animals in water bodies. A host of animal diseases are associated with the implementation of irrigation schemes. Some of the common diseases are loiasis and brugian among large herbivores and encephalitic in birds. The animals can host vectors, pathogens and viruses which can be transmitted into human beings by contact or through consumption of contaminated meat. 4.2.3 Public health concerns from water-borne or water-related diseases Water-borne or water-related diseases are commonly associated with the introduction of irrigation. The diseases most directly linked with irrigation are malaria and bilharzia (schistosomiasis), whose vectors proliferate in the irrigation waters. Uncovered trenches, excavations and the use of irrigation infrastructure such as canals, reservoirs and drains are potential breeding grounds for female anopheles mosquitoes that transmit malaria. If not managed properly, malaria cases are likely to increase in the project areas under irrigation schemes. The project could increase mosquito pests which cause malaria in human beings. This could necessitate the use of malaria control pesticides. Bilharzia is another infection caused by parasitic worms or blood flukes of certain species of the genus Schistosoma. Adult parasites live in the blood of mammals, but their life cycle requires a phase of asexual multiplication within a fresh-water snail host. The flukes infect humans who enter their exposed skin in water, usually through bathing or wading. 4.2.4 Improper pesticide use and disposal of pesticide containers 3 Improper use of pesticides during storage is a concern as pesticide residues above the MRLs are more likely to occur with stored grains. Pesticide containers have been found to be reused at homes. Improper washing or cleaning could lead to harmful consequences where containers are reused as food or drink containers. The population groups at risk include women, children, elderly and rural farmers who are mostly illiterate and principal users of empty containers without proper treatment. An increase in pesticide containers in the project area is likely during the implementation stage and proper collecting system and disposal is required to minimize reuse of containers for domestic activities. 5.0 OVERVIEW OF TARGET CROPS AND ASSOCIATED PEST PROBLEMS The main focus of the GCAVMP will be on tidally irrigated rice and consequently is expected to finance inputs such as pesticides and herbicides as part of the farm management practices. Equally the production of vegetables is expected to be year round, under irrigation through pumping from bore holes. Vegetable farmers will also be provided with similar inputs. The main challenges in rice and vegetable production are mainly caused by biotic factors (insects, fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, weeds, etc.) as well as abiotic factors, linked to the environment, and together the overall effects on production is estimated at 30% losses. In this regard it is necessary that farmers are trained to acquire the practical knowledge and skills to identify and control these factors, through preventive and curative control strategies including IPM approaches. Details of the major pests and diseases of rice and vegetables are summarized in Tables 5.1 and 5.2 Major Pests and Diseases in Rice The major pests and diseases that affect rice and vegetable grown in the regions where the project will be implemented are indicated in Table 5.1 below. Table 5.1 Major Pests and Diseases in Rice Major Pests and diseases Remarks Common in the Project areas (Yes/No) Armyworms (Spodoptera Cause serious defoliation in exempta) upland rice plants, leaving only the stems. Are regarded as occasional pests but when there is outbreak they completely devastate farms African gall midges (Orseolina Bore into stems and up to oryzivora) the apical or lateral buds, 4 feeding on the tissues of the buds. Attack young rice plants. Stalked-eye shoot flies Dark brown fly. Lay eggs at (Diopsis spp) the base of rice plants and hatched maggots feed on the stem tissues. Stem borers (Chilo spp, Caterpillars bore into the Maliarpha separatella, stem of rice, attack rice at full Sesamia calamistis) tillering stage prevent the grains from filling up and ripening. (e.g white borer, striped borer, pink borer and yellow borer) Rice blast (Pyricularia oryzae) Most widespread and destructive disease. Affects all the leaves and stem of plant, starting with spots on leaves Rice brown leaf spot Fungus disease which starts (Helminthosporium oryzae) as tiny brown spots on rice leaves. Attack seedlings more often. Rice yellow mottle virus Attacked rice plants show (RYMV) yellow leaves and stunted growth Weeds (wild rice) Associates and overcome cultivated since its continuous presence in addition to contamination of harvest Vertebrate pests, Inflict repairable damage to hippopotamus and rice particularly in the project grainivorous birds implementation areas Table 5.2 Major Pests and Diseases that Affect Vegetables Cabbage Pests and Diseases Remarks Diamond-back moth (DBM) It is the most serious pest of cabbage. DBM female moth lays its (Plutella xylostella) eggs singly. Eggs are glued to the underside of leaves and hatch after 3-5 days into green larvae. Larvae creep to underside of leaf, 5 pierce the epidermis and tunnel or bore through the leaf tissue. Progressively eat leaf from underneath leaving the upper cuticle intact creating a bizarre window, which later disintegrates. Webworms or cabbage borer The light brown larvae or caterpillars of the cabbage webworm (Hellula undulalis) bore into the main veins of the leaves of cabbages and later into the centre of the stems, where they then feed. This makes these pests very difficult to control with pesticides. Cabbage aphids (Brevicoryne Usually occur in large numbers, mainly during dry spells. Sucking brassicae) pests, grey or green with soft pear shaped bodies often in colonies on lower side of leaves. Suck sap causing stunting growth and honeydew excretes on leaves Cutworm (Agrotis sp) Dull coloured moths lay eggs in soil surface or on stems. Mature larvae hide during day and emerge at night to feed on crop causing damage by cutting young plant stems at the base and feeding on foliage. Larvae bend characteristically in an o-shaped when disturbed Onion shootfly Maggots feed on the bulbs and enhances disease incidence Red spider mite Although not an insect but inflicts severe damage to solanaceous crop; difficult to control due to high population build-up Bacteria soft rot (Erwinia Is a major disease of cabbage. Attacks the leaves of cabbages and carotovora) affected areas take on a water-soaked appearance and start to decay, emitting an unpleasant smell. Cabbage heads decay rapidly and turn dark Root knot nematode Nematodes invade roots causing swelling and deformation of roots (galls on roots). Stunted growth and chlorosis are above- ground symptoms Black rot Chlorotic discoloration on leaves, which turn to dark brown or black. Black discoloration of the vascular bundles and internal tissue break down. Lettuce Major Pests and Diseases Remarks Cutworms (Agrotis spp.) Large, brownish-black caterpillars of cutworms damage young lettuces by cutting through stems at ground level at night, causing plant to collapse and die. Hide in soil during daytime and emerge at night to feed on lettuce Damping-off disease Fungus disease that is present in soil. It infects stems and roots of (Pythium spp.) lettuce seedlings in the nursery or when just planted in the field. Cucurbits (cucumber, melon, pumpkin and courgette) Major Pests and Diseases Remarks Aphids (Aphis gossypii) Are common on cucurbits. Occur in colonies of green to blackish 6 aphids under leaves, where they suck the sap. Move from plant to plant in their winged form and transmit virus diseases. Melon flies Very small black fly that pierces fruits of plants of cucurbit family and lay eggs in them. Eggs hatch into white maggots which feed inside fruits, causing sunken, discoloured patches and distortions and open cracks. White flies (Bemisia tabaci) White fly adults are small, winged insects that fly off readily when disturbed. Attack cucurbits, sucking sap and secreting sticky honey dew on which black mould develops. Adult transmits various virus diseases which damage cucurbits. A serious pest causing great damage to ornamentals Cucumber mosaic virus Major disease of cucumber transmitted by aphids. Attacked plant disease (CMV) leaves become mottled, distorted and stunted, and the leaf edges curl downwards. Fruits produced by these plants show pale green areas mixed with dark green spots Powdery mildew (Erysiphe Is a very serious fungus disease that affects leaves of cucurbits, cichoracearum) causing them to dry up and die. Can be recognized by white powdery spots on upper and lower leaf surfaces and spread from older to younger leaves. Angular leaf spot Is a major cucumber pest that attacks leaves, stems and fruits (Pseudomonas lachrymans) Downy mildew Is a major cucumber pest that attacks leaves (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) Eggplant (Aubergine) Major Pests and Diseases Remarks Budworms (Scrobipalpa Small brown caterpillars of budworms bore into flower buds to blasigona) feed inside flowers causing them to drop off and plant cannot produce many fruits Epilachna beetles (Epilachna Is a major pest that feed on leaves of egg plants by scraping chrysomelina) surface and reducing leaves to skeletons Jassids (Jacobiasca Are small, green and very mobile insects that live on lower side of spp./Empoasca spp.) upper leaves. Suck juice from leaves and inject poisonous substances that cause leaves to first turn yellow, then brown and dry, a condition known as ‘hopper burn’ Mole crickets (Brachytrupes Live in soil, and attach and feed on roots of many vegetables. spp) Attack seedlings or young transplants especially at nigt. Are large brown insects found mainly in sandy areas Root-knot nematodes Are microscopically small, round worms that live in soil and in the (Meloidogyne spp) roots of egg plants. Affected roots swell (gall) become malformed inhibiting plant growth. 7 Stem and fruit borers Whit larvae or caterpillars of the pest bore into top sections of (Leucinodes orbonalis) fruits and stem of egg plants. Tunnel through stems causing plants to grow poorly and sometimes die prematurely. Fruits change colour and taste Wilt disease (Fusarium Soil fungus disease that causes egg plants to wilt. Leaves turn semisectum) yellow and plant dies. Okra Major Pest Diseases Remarks Aphids (Aphis gossypii, Several species of aphids affect okra leaves and young fruits. Are Myzus persicae) very small, light to dark green, round insects that suck sap from okra leaves, causing leaves to turn yellow and become twisted; later plants may wilt and die Cotton stainers (Dysdercus Cotton stainer adults and nymphs are very common on okra spp.) and other sucking bugs plants at fruiting stage and abundant during dry season. When (Nezara viridula) strainers attack mature fruits, they damage the seeds. The bugs are conspicuously red, with black bands. They pierce through both young and mature fruits and suck the seeds inside. Attacked fruits shrivel and then fall. Other bugs that attack okra plants are stink bugs and shield bugs. These bugs make feeding holes in okra fruits causing necrosis and these results in spotting, deformation and shedding of fruits. Flea beetles (Nisotra spp., Very common pest that occur on almost all okra plants. Feed on Podagrica spp.) okra leaves and make many small holes in the leaves Root-knot nematodes Several species of soil-living root-not nematodes are major pests (Meloidogyne spp.) of okra plants. These same species also attack egg-plant, tomato, pepper, cabbage, carrot and other vegetables. Form swellings known as galls and other malformations on okra roots. Plant become stunted and may die Anthracnose disease Disease affects leaves of okra, on which dark necrotic spots will (Colletotrichum spp.) begin to appear; later leaves become badly wrinkled and are then completely destroyed. Sometimes affects petioles of okra flowers and fruits causing many to drop off. Leaf curl virus and mosaic Okra suffers from these two major virus diseases. In affected virus plants, leaves become small, cup-shaped and/ or yellow (chlorotic), mottled and distorted; plants become stunted. Viruses transmitted by flea beetles, aphids and white flies. Wilt disease (Fusarium This soil-borne disease is caused by two species of fungi that pallidoroseum) infect the roots, stems, leaves and fruiting stalks. Leaves initially show dark patches of mould on lower surface, then roll, wilt and drop off 8 Onion Major Pests and Diseases Remarks Onion flies (Delia antique) A major pest of onions. Small, white, headless larvae (maggots) feed just above base of seedlings. Attacked plants die. Larvae are also found in developing onion bulbs. Onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) Are major pests of onions throughout Africa. In attacked onion plants, leaves show white and silvery patches, become distorted and may later wilt and die. Adult thrips are tiny, long, brownish- black insects that are very mobile and collect in large numbers at base of onion leaves, sucking the cells of leaves. Bacterial soft rot (Erwinia In attacked plants, leaves rot and also the entire bulb rots. It is carotovora) also a very serious disease in stored onions, if onions are not mature, mechanically damaged during harvest and there is poor aeration and high humidity in the store room. Downy mildew disease Caused by a fungus that attacks onion leaves. Fungus bodies (Peronospora destructor) develop as purple areas on fully mature leaves. Affected leaves drop off and die Mould (Aspergillus niger) Unlike bacterial rot, mould cause dry rot. Immature onions when harvested (still moist, and neck intact) and then stored without curing (sun drying) under poor conditions (without aeration and in humid conditions), black mould develops and onions become unfit for human consumption Purple blotch (Alternaria Disease affects all parts of onion plant. Infected leaves and porri) flowers show small, sunken, white areas with purple centres which become enlarged and encircle entire leaves. Tips of leaves become dry and collapse Pepper (hot and sweet pepper are attacked by same pests and diseases) Major Pests and Diseases Remarks Root-knot nematodes Are same nematodes that attack egg-plant and okra. Affected (Meloidogyne spp) roots develops gall become malformed inhibiting plant growth; leaves become yellow, then curl and drop off before they mature. Pepper plants attacked by nematodes are also easily infected by wilt diseases and attacked by termites White flies (Bemisia tabaci) White flies and aphids are important as vectors of virus diseases. and Aphids (Ahis gossypii) Same aphids attack cabbage and same white flies attack tomatoes Leaf spot (Cercospora Disease affects mainly leaves of pepper seedlings. Initial 9 capsicii) symptoms are small dark spots on leaves and these spots later enlarge to cover whole leaf, causing leaf to turn yellow and drop off. Pepper leaf curl mosaic virus Virus disease infects pepper leaves, stems and fruits and is transmitted by white flies. Leaves become yellow, mottled, distorted, small and cup- shaped. Plants become stunted and fruits are malformed. Pepper mottle virus Is transmitted by aphids. Leaves and fruits of infected plants are badly formed; become mottled, twisted and curled. Plants are stunted, turn yellow, and finally die. Pepper wilt disease Soil-borne disease caused by two species of fungi that infect (Fusarium oxysporum) roots, stems and leaves of pepper. Seedlings wilt and die and old leaves turn yellow Tomato Major pests and Diseases Remarks Aphids (Aphis gossypii) Occasionally attack tomato heavily. Feed on the soft terminal shoots and on the underside of leaves. May also transmit virus disease during feeding. Honeydew produced by aphids causes unsightly black moulds on tomatoes which reduces their market value. Attacked plants may wilt and die Fruit borers (American Different kinds of caterpillars attack developing and mature fruits bollworms [Helicoverpa of tomato. The American bollworm comes in various colours. A armigera] and leaf-eating single caterpillar can bore into m ay tomato fruits in one night. caterpillars (cotton Fungi and bacteria enter these fruits through the holes and cause leafworms [Spodoptera the fruits to rot and become worthless. The cotton leaf worm littoralis]) feeds on leaves of tomato and bores into the fruits, especially those lower down the plant Fruit fly (Rhagoletis It is an important pest of tomato at the fruiting stage. It pierces ochraspis) fruits and leaves rotten spots. Adult fly pierces fruit to lay eggs inside. The small white maggots or larvae develop in the fruit and pupation occurs in the soil below the host plant. Root-knot nematodes Nematodes are one of the most important pests of tomato. These (Meloidogyne spp.) same species also attack egg-plant, pepper, cabbage, carrot and other vegetables. They are microscopically small worms that live in the roots of their host and cause galls or root-knots. Some affected plants may show yellow leaves, poor growth and even wilting. Affected roots are short and have many swellings or galls. Plant become stunted and may die Tomato mirid bugs Adults and nymphs of slender, dark green mired bugs feed on (Cyrtopeltis teriuis) tender terminal stems and flower stalks of tomato plants. Inject a toxic substance/saliva into the tissues, causing small, brown 10 necrotic spots to develop. Adult female mirids pierce tomato stems to lay eggs resulting in major damage to stems. White flies (Bemisia tabaci) White fly adults are small, white, winged insects that fly off readily when disturbed. They attack tomatoes from seedling stage to maturity. White fly adults and nymphs occur under tomato leaves, sucking the sap and secreting a sticky honeydew on which black mould develops. The adult transmit the leaf curl virus disease, which causes considerable damage to tomato plants. Dumping-off disease Is a major disease that attacks tomato seedlings. Water-logging (Pythium spp.) creates conditions that favour development and spread of disease. Is a soil fungus and attack causes young stems to rot. Affected seedlings wither and die. Early (or dry) tomato blight Is a major disease during the rainy season. It is caused by a soil- (Alternaria solani) borne and air borne fungus. Symptoms are brownish-black angular spots with concentric circles on the leaflets. Black or brown sunken lesions develop on stems and fruits Late blight (Phytophtora Symptoms show as necrotic spots on leaves which enlarge rapidly infestans) to become water-soaked areas on leaves and fruits. Infestation leads to defoliation and fruit blotches Rots and cankers (Phoma Rots and cankers are caused by fungi and bacteria that infect spp., Phomopsis spp.) tomato stems and roots. Root and stem rot fungus is present in soil and attacks roots, causing collars to rot. The bacteria that attack plants cause blight and cankers of stems, leaves and fruits Tomato yellow leave curl It is the most serious disease of tomatoes. Transmitted by white virus (TYLCV) flies feeding on tomato leaves. Plants infected by disease are stunted and turn yellow, and leaves curl. Affected flowers and fruits drop off. Wilts (Fusarium oxysporum) Caused by a soil-borne fungus that attacks roots through small wounds (made during transplanting or resulting from nematode attack). Plant wilt from lower leaves and leaves turn yellow and die; later whole plant wilts and dies 5.1 Current pest management approaches The pest management practices in the Gambia are wide-ranging and include methods as described below.The methods of control by the famers include both preventive and curative, involving traditional methods, physical or mechanical methods, chemical and biological control methods as indicated below. The intensive production anticipated by the project for the production of vegetables and rice will take into consideration the Principles and Practices of IPPM for growing healthy crops. 11 Traditional methods These generally involve the use of plant matter treated to some mixture for application on the affected vegetation. For example, it is common to pound the Neem (Azadirachta indica) leafs into powder, soak in water and spread the liquid on leafs to control leaf-eating pests of vegetables. Other traditional methods include:  burning of old crop debris to control stem borer pupae and soil insects  early planting, and weeding to control Striga weeds  hand picking and burning blister beetles adults  crop rotation, and fallowing  good seed and stock selection, seed treatment  recommended spacing and optimum plant population densities  application of recommended fertilizer dosages and manures  use of resistant varieties  early harvesting Physical/Mechanical control methods These include practices such as:  regular monitoring of pest populations  hand picking, digging of trenches and burying of larvae of pest to control their spread  ploughing in order to expose buried eggs to the sun Chemical control methods The use of chemicals to control pests in the country is widespread. These involve the use of insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, acaricides, bio-pesticides and organic pesticides/botanicals, etc. However, in recent years the drive has been towards integrated pest management (IPM) that combines the various methods described above. 5.2 NATIONAL EXPERIENCE IN INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM) The IPM experience in the country started with CILSS financing the Regional Integrated Pest Management Project implemented in 1983-86 to develop capacity of producers and extension workers in improved crop protection techniques. Project outputs included: the construction of regional offices and training of staffs to Higher Diploma and Degree levels, to ensure sustainability of integrated pest management in The Gambia. 12 The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) established a Pest Management Research Program to address major pest and disease problems in The Gambia, with a view to transferring knowledge to producers and extension agents for adoption. Over the years NARI conducted Stations and On-Farm (IPM trials on the control of key pests of crops such as Psalydolytta fusca on Millet, Busseola fusca on Maize. Plutella xylostella on Cabbage, Tetranychus spp. on tomatoes, and Ceratitis capitata on pepper, and obtained good results which farmers have adopted. Farmers are encouraged to adopt early planting for Psalydolytta fusca, burning of maize stalks after harvest for the control of Busseola fusca. In addition early planting, pest monitoring and Neem solution for the control of Tetranychus spp. on tomatoes was recommended. The use of attractants to control Ceratitis capitata on pepper was recommended. For plant diseases of cereals such as downey mildew, ergot and smut, promotion of crop resistant varieties, seed treatment and dressing, compatible crop rotation schemes, timely identification, roughing, and burning of affected plants, and adoption of recommended agronomic practices are recommended to prevent the build -up of pest populations. The IPM recommendations for the control of Rice Gall Midge include timely planting and post monitoring to guide pesticide application. From 2001-2005, the Plant Protection Services with assistance from the Rural Finance Community Initiative Project trained 150 Village Auxiliaries on IPM methods and techniques to compliment PPS’s extension staff efforts in the project’s intervention areas. In 2005-2007, FAO financed a Pilot Project on vegetables and successfully trained 25 IPM Trainers, who in turn established 32 Farmer Field Schools in the country and trained 960 producers on IPPM/FFS on vegetables. In addition the Plant Health Inspection Act was prepared to conform to the International Plant Protection Convention. The Project procured equipment for the establishment of a new Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory and trained 23 Phytosanitary Inspectors, and rehabilitated the Green House at Yundum. The Concern Universal–Gambia is Good Project over the years conducted and trained vegetable producers on vegetable production and IPM in their project intervention schemes in the West and North Bank Regions. The impact of these training’s had incr eased production and quality of crops and reduced producers’ dependence on pesticides. Table 5.3 Some Examples of IPM Techniques Disseminated by NARI Crop IPM techniques and practices Beneficiary Areas disseminated Vegetables Insecticide based on Neem and Horticultural National Garlic extracts farmers Cereals Integrated Striga management options National farmers National for the control of Striga on cereals 13 In 2006, the Africa Emergency Locust Project in collaboration with the Ministry of Agriculture, developed an IPM Policy for The Gambia and established a national IPM Oversight Committee, to oversee the implementation of the IPM Policy. It is envisaged that, the GCAVMP will consolidate these gains and scale-up IPPM /FFS on vegetable crops and cereals for a national program to reduce pesticide use on these crops and ensure quality crops for domestic consumption and export. Research work on major pest and diseases of vegetables and cereals should be funded by the government to address these problems. 6.0 Pesticide Use and Management 6.1 Pesticide Use in the Gambia Cereals, cotton and vegetable crops, are attacked by wide variety of pests and diseases which cause economic damage and crop losses. Despite the availability of other pest control methods, producers heavily depend on chemical pesticides to control pests rapidly and effectively. The types of pesticides used in cereals and vegetable productions are variable and are mostly purchased from the local dealer’s station at Weekly Markets (Lumos) without proper labels, and are used without proper protective gears, thereby poisoning themselves, non-targets species and the environment. Some producers use other alternatives for protection on their vegetable crops. Phytotoxicity is often observed which suggests that heavy dosage rates of pesticides are being used. Clearly, the current pesticide use pattern indicates that pesticides are not used in the context of IPM. For the control of migratory pests, pesticides are mainly used to control endemic and migratory species as the main effective control method. The cotton producers use different pesticides in large quantities because of the need to spray two-three times, during the crop cycle. Producers purchase pesticides from Lumos and pesticide dealers in Senegal, and use them inappropriately without protective gears such overalls, gloves, masks, etc. The incautious and heavy dependence of pesticides as the most reliable option undermines national economic growth through producers’ non-compliance with trade barriers on pesticides residue on export crops. The selection of pesticides is done considering the hazards and risks associated with pesticides, the criteria OP4.09, the target pests to be controlled, availability of less hazardous products suitable for the target pests, the IPM strategy to be adopted for the project and promotion of organic and bio-pesticides, and arrived at a suitable list of candidate pesticides to be procured. 14 The type of pesticides and equipment recommended to be procured by the project are namely: organic and bio-pesticides pesticides, pyrethroids and miticides. Theses pesticides are compatible with IPM promotion and will help the producers’ to conduct preventive and curative control methods to control insect vectors, caterpillars, nematodes, fruit flies and mites, thereby preventing infestations and outbreaks. 6.2 Circumstance of Pesticide Use and Competence in Handling Products The circumstance of pesticide use and the competence required to handle pesticides are largely due to lack of awareness on pesticides risks and hazards caused to human health and the environment. Other related issues include complacency, misuse and abuses, lack of knowledge of pests and disease management, lack of knowledge on product dosage rates, training on spraying methods and techniques, proper use of application equipment and calibration techniques, use of protective gears. Most of the people who handle pesticides within the proposed project sites lack knowledge on protection of non-target species. During control of migratory pests- grasshoppers and desert locust using pesticides, training courses are normally organized for spraying teams and topics covered include: safety in the transportation, handling and application of pesticides, storage, and cleaning of application equipment. During these periods operators are supplied with complete sets of protective gears, with towels and soap. For control of general pests the case is different, producers buy their own protective gears which is very expensive and they cannot afford it. As a result they are exposed and contaminated. Despite the fact that extension workers regularly conduct training on safe use of pesticides to minimize the risks associated with pesticide use. 6.3 Assessment of Risks The potential environmental and occupational health risks associated with the importation, transportation, storage, distribution, use and disposal, of these pesticides to be procured by the project, have been evaluated and examples of the potential environmental and occupation health risks are as follows: Table 6.1 Potential Environmental and Occupational Health Risks Type of Risks Potential Environmental Risk Occupational Health Risks Other Importation Leakage/spillage during shipment People exposed to risk, Old stock; causing damage to the including wildlife & aquatic pesticide environment species quality 15 Transportatio Leakages and spillage fire; Spills Operator hazard during Lack of n or cleaned; Decanted or spillage and decontamination protective repacking gears and absorbent materials Storage Location, designed, construction Spillage; Corrosive Obsolete and recommendation for storage containers; loose bags and pesticide; lack not observed; spillage; corrosive containers; caked of shelves containers improperly stored; formulations; poorly built store; lack of decontamination of store; ventilation and floor space; long lack of good store keeping storage of products leading to & sanitation practices formulations caking up Distribution Improper transportation exposing Improper transportation; Lack of product to humans & animals lack of knowledge of the protective pesticide products gears Use Spillage; left over pesticide; Improper labelling leading Lack of improper disposal to wrong usage; cleaning of protective sprayers and equipment; gears decontamination of store; lack of knowledge of spraying methods; misuse and abuse of pesticides; lack of adherence to spraying practices (the dos and don’ts). Disposal Burning of pesticide containers; Pollution of environment improper disposal of containers; and ground water affecting persistence and residue lasting in the food chain and non soil target species Table 6.2 Risk Reduction Measures Associated With Pesticide Use in GCAVMP Risk Type Recommended Reduction Measure (s) Importation Enforce import control system and testing of pesticides to determine quality on arrival Clearly label all imported pesticides in English Conduct training and sensitization of stakeholders on the safe use and management of pesticides regularly License pesticide applicators and private dealers to enhance compliance in 16 notifying their clients and stakeholders on re-entry period following treatment of their fields Prevent having obsolete stock and unused pesticides Plan and purchase what is needed and not to accept aid that is not needed Replenish stock rather than to have over stock Transportation Pesticides should not be transported with any foodstuff Cover pesticide during transportation and label, and drivers trained in accident prevention and dealing with emergencies in case of fire or spillage during transportation Storage Keep pesticides in well ventilated store with the recommended design and appropriate location Promote good store management with the principle of first in first out Provide store materials and equipment to minimize store accident, spilling and leakages Provide decontaminants and fire extinguishers Distribution Enhance Pesticide Inspectors’ mobility to enforce regulations by monitoring stores; making inspections; advising on stock management; import and quality control to ensure compliance and protection of human health and the environment Use Create buffer zones (in consultation with the village elders) to protect sensitive areas such as wells, grazing areas, and open waters to protect human and animal health and the environment Provide protective gears to all users/farmers to protect them from pesticides Take blood samples of users to test cholinesterase levels periodically, to determine level of contamination and advise them to recognize acute and chronic poisoning symptoms Disposal Agree on “Return to Sender Principle’’ for disposal of pesticide containers during time of the purchase Adopt alternative strategies recommended in the FAO guidelines Consult NEA for appropriate disposal methods 6.4 Promoting IPM in the Context of Current Pest Control Practices In view of the above management practices and potential risks that pesticides and chemical methods of pest management may inflict on both environment and to the users, the introduction and promotion of IPM has become an important policy of the Gambian government. IPM is based on three fundamental principles: 17 a. To the extent possible, reliance is placed on using nonchemical measures to keep pest populations low. For example, breeding and cultural practices are used to make the environment less hospitable to pests and to keep the crop healthy and resistant or tolerant to attack. This may include the introduction of non- indigenous pathogens or natural enemies b. The goal is to manage pests, not to eradicate them. Populations of important pest species are monitored and control interventions are made only as necessary c. When pesticides have to be used, they are selected and applied in such a way as to minimize adverse effects on beneficial organisms, humans and the environment Within these basic principles, approaches may vary depending on the crops or pests involved. The level of control necessary may also vary considerably, particularly for fruit and vegetable crops where cosmetic damage may significantly decrease market value. Be that as it may, the need for adopting IPM approaches is ever more urgent nationally. With the implementation of the GCAVMP, pest management will be a major factor to boost productivity, and therefore any activity or intervention that will potentially involve the use of pesticides will incorporate an appropriate IPM technique to mitigate the need or demand for the use of chemical pesticides. Therefore, the Project will assist and train farmers to be able to develop IPM approaches to the management of pests and diseases in a holistic manner (from seed selection, land preparation, planting, farm management, to harvesting and post harvesting). Farmers will be trained and encouraged to make detailed observations in their fields regularly so that they can detect early infestations and make the appropriate management decisions using agro-ecosystem analysis. Through this practice pest and disease problems do not escape notice and are not allowed to develop to the extent that they cause very severe damage and heavy crop losses. The decision to use chemical pesticides will be taken only as the very last resort. In addition the need for IMP will emphasize the need to monitor and mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the Project as they relate to the use of pesticides. 6.5. Policy, regulatory framework and institutional capacity 6.5.1 The Policy Framework A number of national policies will have bearing on the implementation of the GCAVMP, and these include: 18 i. Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment (PAGE) The Program for Accelerated Growth and Employment (PAGE) the country’s development strategy and investment program for 2012 to 2015. Based on Vision 2020 and various sector strategies succeeding the PRSP II, it was developed drawing on lessons learnt from the execution of past strategies to consolidate the county’s achievements. The national priorities expounded in the PAGE revolve around sustainably exploiting the agriculture and natural resources and tourism, and to consolidate the gains registered in the health and education sectors. ii. Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) Policy (2011-2015) The Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) Policy is the umbrella policy which supports the Gambia National Agriculture Investment Program (GNAIP) under the MOA. The policy objectives focus on: (i) improved and sustainable measurable levels of food and nutrition security in the country in general and vulnerable populations in particular; (ii) a commercialized sector ensuring measurable competitive, efficient, and sustainable food and agricultural value chains, and linkages to markets; (iii) strengthened institutions (public and private) in the sector, providing needed services, strong and enabling environment, and reducing vulnerability in food and nutrition security; (iv) sustainable effective management of the natural resource base of the sector. iii. Gambia Environment Action Plan (GEAP) The Gambia Environmental Action Plan (GEAP) is the first integrated environment and natural resources management policy framework of the country that provides an overview of the existing environmental situation and outlines approaches to deal with the problems, including institutional changes and other actions required. iv. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Policy ( 2006-2020) The Ministry of Agriculture in recognition of the importance of IPM for sustainable agricultural development adopted the current IPM policy for the period 2006-2020, for implementation by the Plant Protection Service under the MOA. The Policy covers, among others, the following: seeds; land selection and preparation; crop management; management of forest plants; post- harvest management and storage of various agricultural produce at community level; quality control, and capacity building. The IPM policy is expected to address the issues of pests and pesticide residues in food and protect human health and the environment, through the promotion of widespread IPM education at farmer level and in schools; the private sector and the public will be sensitized and encouraged to participate and meet the opportunities inherent in the use of IMP in agriculture. 19 v. National Water Policy The Policy deals with the overall cross sectoral management issues of the country’s water resources and provides a framework for the:  Establishment of an appropriate enabling environment, which balances short term gains against long term socio-economic benefits  Building of a dynamic people centered technical and managerial capacity  Preparation of a strategy, which addresses short and long term demands  Assessment of yield, allocation, and conservation through the application of the Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) principles  Management in the context of sustainable development, and the balancing of socioeconomic gain with environmental sustainability vi. Health Policy (2012-2020) The Policy objectives include the need to reduce the burden of communicable diseases to a level that they cease to be a public health problem; to promote healthy life styles, by increasing understanding on the prevention and management of all diseases. To achieve these objectives would include measures that will:  Strengthen disease surveillance and response capacity at all levels  Provide appropriate case management capacity at various levels of the health care delivery system  Create community empowerment on disease prevention and control measures In relation to global and regional processes and programs The Gambia signed and ratified a number of international and sub-regional accords and agreements for the sound management of chemicals including: the Rotterdam Convention on PIC, the Stockholm Convention on POPs, the Basel Convention on trans boundary movement of hazardous waste, the Bamako Convention on hazardous waste, the Montreal Protocol and the sub-regional Common Regulations for the Registration of Pesticides in the Sahel. 20 6.5.2 The Regulatory Framework The regulatory framework consists of the following Acts and instruments: i. The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Act (HCPCMA), 1994 This Act is under the purview of the National Environment Agency (NEA) and provides for the control and management of the manufacture, importation, distribution and use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides. The Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Board (HCPCMB, or the Board) implement this Act. To support the Act, there are two sets of regulations, one on hazardous chemicals pertaining to industrial chemicals, and another on pesticides, the latter addressing procedures for the registration, licensing and administration of pesticides and related matters. ii. The Convention on the Common Regulations for Pesticide Registration in the Sahel This is a regional instrument designed specifically for the Sahel, and Gambia signed the Convention in 1997 and in 2003, the country ratified a revised version. The implementation of this convention at the regional level is entrusted to the Sahelian Pesticide Committee (SPC), which approves and licenses all pesticides imported into the sub region. At the national level the SPC is replicated to deal with specific national issues within the context of the regional SPC. In this regard, the Board ensures that pesticides imported into the country satisfy the requirements of the SPC. In 2004, the Gambia enacted the Supplementary Regulations called the Pesticide Registration and Licensing, incorporating the CILSS Common Pesticides Regulations, the Rotterdam Convention and the Stockholm Conventions in the national laws. iii. The Plant Health Inspection Bill This Bill, when passed will modernize and harmonize the phytosanitary legislation to ensure compliance with the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). 6.5.3 Plant Protection and Vector Control Policies/Strategies Plant Protection Polices and Strategies The MOA, in recognition of the importance of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for sustainable agricultural development adopted the current IPM policy for the period 2006-2020, for implementation by the Plant Protection Service (PPS). The Policy covers, among others, the following: seeds; land selection and preparation; crop management; management of forest plants; post-harvest management and storage of various agricultural produce at community level; quality control, and capacity building. 21 The IPM policy is expected to address the issues of pests and pesticide residues in food and protect human health and the environment, through the promotion of widespread IPM education at farmer level and in schools; the private sector and the public will be sensitized and encouraged to participate and meet the opportunities inherent in the use of IMP in agriculture. National Vector Control Polices and Strategies According to the Vector Control Unit, of the Department of Health Services, the major vector- borne diseases in the country are: • Malaria, elephantiasis, dengue fever and yellow fever, caused by mosquitoes • River blindness caused by Black flies • Leishmaniasis caused by Sand Flies • Sleeping Sickness caused by Tsetse flies • Diseases caused by Bed bugs, Fleas, Lice, Ticks, Mites and House flies Among these, malaria is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and according to the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP), transmitted by the mosquito, Anopheles gambiae and is distributed throughout the country. The highest rates of occurrence are recorded in rural areas with intense transmission and more severe disease in the Upper River Region (URR), the easternmost part of the country, than in any other area. This is due to the favorable ecological factors such as rice irrigation, flood plains and swamps, which favor mosquito breeding. It is estimated that 20 percent of all outpatient consultations are due to malaria, and its accounts for 6.3 per cent per 1000 deaths in infants and 10.7 per cent per 1000 deaths in children aged less than 5 years. The climate and environment are favorable for all year-round transmission of the parasites, and as a result malaria is endemic in the country. Its control is therefore high on the agenda of Government especially because of the high resistance of Chloroquine to the malaria parasite; a new policy has been adopted for implementation since January 2008, to improve malaria prevention and control. The policy outlined new approaches and strategies that will be implemented in combination, to further reduce the percentage morbidity and mortality rates to acceptable levels. To this end, the National Malaria Control Program (NMCP) in collaboration with the Vector Control Unit (VCU) are implementing the following approaches:  Preventive approaches: to increase the use of Long Lasting Insecticide treated Nets (LLITNs) coverage among pregnant women and children < 5years of age, combined with sensitization and awareness campaigns  Introduce new drug called ‘Quoterm’ to replace the Chloroquine drug  Indoor residual spraying (IRS) using (DDT) insecticide was launched in 2008, to control mosquitoes In 2009, the program was expanded to cover 6 Health Regions. The program achieved satisfactory results in terms of operation and proportion of populations protected. One 22 spraying per year was done and a total of 327,000 Households were protected, the mosquito population density was reduced by 85% and 1,500 village youths were trained in IRS and its related aspects, using WHO Training Manuals on IRS. Post-treatment applications monitored (i) mosquito population densities, (ii) identification of species mortality, (iii) incidence of malaria before and after treatment, (iv) conduct vector susceptibility test to assess efficacy of treatments. Other strategies being employed include:  Larviciding and Adulticiding, using larvicides to control and reduce mosquito populations  Environmental Management- promoting environmental sanitation in the community  Biological control: using natural predators (e.g. bats which feed on mosquitoes)  Surveillance and control, using pesticides to regularly spray ditches in the Greater  Banjul Area to reduce the populations and thereby, reduce the malaria incidence  Mobilizing adequate resources for NMCP  Promoting Integrated Vector Management, using combinations of methods to reduce the vector populations and morbidity and mortality rates  Research and develop new effective intervention control methods  Use Quarantine for people infected with diseases such as Bird Flu, Mad Cow diseases to prevent introduction and spread of diseases Constraints of the Malaria Control Program The activities of the NMCP and VCU are constrained by limited financial and human resources, mobility, spraying equipment, cholinesterase test kit, pesticides and protective gears, to cover the entire country. Recommendations  Expand the coverage and use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITNs), and conduct more awareness campaigns  Provide support for mobility to enhance surveillance and control operations  Support for the training-of-trainers of village-based malaria control applicators  Provision of cholinesterase test kits 6.5.4 National capacity to develop and implement IPM The Gambia Government has the institutional and human resource capacity but has limited resources to finance all the enforcement activities required of the implementing agencies. The important national institutions responsible for the safe management of hazardous chemicals and pesticides and related matters are indicated below: NEA/ Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management Board 23 Under the purview of the NEA, the Board is entrusted with the implementation of the Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides Control and Management (HCPCM) Act, the main umbrella legislation governing the use of hazardous chemicals and pesticides in the country. It comprises the NEA, the Department of Agricultural Services, the Livestock Services, the National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI), the Attorney General’s Chambers, the Department of Health Services, the Gambia Chamber of Commerce and Industries, and the Customs and Excise Department. The functions of the Board include:  Monitoring and control of the importation, manufacture, distribution, storage, and disposal of chemicals and pesticides, and to this end collect, maintain and publish information relating thereto  Preparation of guidelines on the environmentally sound handling and use of chemicals and pesticides  Registration of pesticides, issuance of provisional clearance certificates and permits  Limitation or banning of the use of a pesticide if necessary Other institutional structures created to assist the Board include the following:  Office of a Registrar of Chemicals and Pesticides to manage the Pesticides Field Inspectorate  Appointed Pesticide Inspectors from collaborating national institutions for the enforcement of the Act  Established a Pesticide Formulation Laboratory to test pesticides and chemicals imported in the Gambia In 2003, the Board approved the list of pesticides and chemicals banned in the country for that period. See Annex 1 for details. The Plant Protection Services (PPS) The former Agricultural Pest Management Unit (APMU) was restructured in 2008 and renamed the Plant Protection Service (PPS), with a new mandate and function to meet the new challenges facing the agricultural sector. The mandate of the Plant Protection is as follows: i. To monitor and protect crops and stored produce, prevent and minimize damage and losses due to pests and diseases, and maintain good surveillance and control system for the major economic pests whose outbreaks are responsible for large scale damage or loss to agricultural production 24 ii. Prevent the entry and spread of quarantine pests into the country and ensure that imports and exports of agricultural commodities are certified to meet the quality and standards required by our trading partners, and enforcing the new Plant Health Act. iii. Train all stakeholders involved in agricultural production on IPM and Pesticide Management, to promote the safe and judicious use of pesticides and protect human health and the environment iv. Implement the new IPM Policy using the IPM/Farmer Field School approach on crops to increase production and ensure quality produce for domestic consumption and export v. Conduct Pesticide Residue Analysis for crops to detect Pesticide Residue Levels vi. Conduct campaigns for outbreaks of endemic and migratory pests, to control and minimize losses vii. Provide technical and logistical support to the regional extension services on matters related to plant protection viii. To provide emergency pesticides, pesticide application equipment and protective gears The CILSS sponsored Regional Integrated Pest Management Project in the 80s’ assisted in building capacity of extension staff of APMU (current PPS) and farmers on IPM - improved crop protection techniques, including pest monitoring, use of resistant varieties, and minimal use of pesticides with emphasis placed on traditional and good cultural practices. The project trained some staff members to Higher Diploma and Degree levels. Eventually the trainees were posted to regional agricultural posts, where they trained farmers and extension workers on components of IPM that include the use of processed plant matter rather than pesticides for pest control. Regarding residue analysis the FAO has completed the procurement of all the equipment for the PPS’s Pesticide Residue Analysis Laboratory, and two personnel of the Servic e completed training on pesticide residue analysis; it is envisaged that pesticide residue in plant, soil, water and milk will be monitored for imports and exports, and for domestic consumption. Constrains of PPS in implementing GCAVMP To make the residue laboratory fully functional standards for common pesticides and reagents are required. In addition, the PPS currently needs support in mobility to monitor crops and collect samples for residue analysis in the course of implementation of the GCAVMP. There is a need to build the human capacity of PPS to facilitate the sustainable implementation of GCAVMP initiatives when the project phases out. 25 The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) The National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) established a Pest Management Research Program to address major pest and disease problems in The Gambia, with a view to transfer knowledge to producers and extension agents for adoption. Over the years NARI have conducted Stations and On-Farm (IPM trials on the control of key pests of crops such as Psalydolytta fusca on millet, Busseola fusca on maize, Plutella xylostella on cabbage, Tetranychus spp. on tomatoes and Ceratitis capitata on pepper, and have obtained successful results which farmers have adopted. Producers are encouraged to adopt early planting for Psalydolytta fusca, burning of maize stalks after harvest for the control of Busseola fusca. Early planting, pest monitoring and Neem solution for the control of Tetranychus spp. on Tomatoes. The use of attractants to control Ceratitis capitata on pepper was recommended. For plant diseases of cereals such as Downey mildew, Ergot and Smut, promotion of crop resistant varieties, seed treatment and dressing, compatible crop rotation schemes, timely identification, roughing, and burning of affected plants, and adoption of recommended agronomic practices are recommended to prevent the build-up of pest populations. The IPM recommendations for the control of Rice Gall Midge include timely planting and post monitoring to guide pesticide application. However, NARI’s Pest Management Program has resource constraints to continue its activities effectively. Given the above it is reasonable to conclude that resource constraint limitation is weakening the national capacity to plan and implement IPM programs in the Gambia. 6.5.5 Control of the distribution and use of pesticides (Registration and Post Registration Activities) The registration of pesticides is the responsibility of the CILLS Sahelian Pesticides Committee (CSP), as The Gambia has ratified the CILLS Common Pesticides Regulation. The post- registration of pesticides is the responsibility of National Pesticides Management Board of the NEA. The rationale of post registration activities provide a means of measuring the validity of predictions based on registration data, regarding efficacy, safety and environmental effects of a particular pesticide. Thus, the post- registration activities conducted by the NEA are elaborated below: i. Monitor and control, the import, export, distribution, storage and use of chemicals and pesticides by licensing and any provisions made in the Supplementary Regulations for illegal importation of pesticides ii. Test the quality of pesticide formulations authorized and pesticide residue levels in food, plants, water and soils, and applicators of pesticides 26 iii. Conduct various monitoring activities to monitor impacts of pesticides on plants, food, human and animal health, and the environment iv. Conduct training programs on the safe use and management of pesticides, including transport, storage and disposal, for all stakeholders v. Raise public awareness on the risks associated with pesticides and safety measures vi. Enforcement of legislation/regulation and provide suitable control measures, to control imports, adverts, labelling and re-packaging of pesticides vii. Information exchange in accordance with FAO Code of Conduct (Article 9), to decision-makers, contracting parties, users, businesses and applicators, importing and exporting countries. This helps ensure compliance to the regulations in force viii. Operate Licensing Schemes for Pesticide Applicators and Companies. These activities are conducted by Pesticide Inspectors of the Field Inspectorate, gathered from collaborating institutions (Customs, Agriculture and Health), who are posted at various entry post into the country, supported by a Pesticide Formulation Laboratory to test samples Constraints on Pesticide Management and Control The main constraints on pesticide control and management are elaborated below: i. Lack of functioning of the Pesticides Formulation Laboratory, due to lack of resources to purchase equipment damage and lack of Standards, Columns and Solvents ii. Lack of mobility and resources to conduct monitoring and enforcement activities, and personnel protective equipment iii. Lack of resources to conduct training and awareness campaigns. iv. Lack of additional equipment to operate the Pesticide Residue Laboratory due to resource constraints. The NEA conducts formulation analysis of pesticides imported into the country on behalf of the Board, and it also monitors quality of pesticides; however, due to equipment constraints at the Formulation Laboratory, pesticide formulation analysis cannot be carried out now. NEA has Regional Officers posted in all the regions in the country, including those targeted by the GCAVMP. These Regional Officers are however not well trained in pesticides management, but rely most of the time on the assistance of the staff of the Plant Protection Services of the MOA posted to these regions. 27 Recommendations The constraints mentioned above need to be addressed for effective pesticide management and control, during the implementation of the GCAVMP. 7.0 IMPLEMENTING THE PEST MANAGEMENT PLAN 7.1 Activities of the PMP It has been seen that farmers and pesticide retailers should be educated on good practices (handling, transport, storage, dosage, container cleaning for re-use, disposal of non-reusables, etc.) in order to minimize accidents or exposures to the pesticides. In addition, no pesticides and chemicals to be provided by the Project will include any prohibited or banned pesticide by the HCPCMB (see section 6.5.4 and Annex 1). This PMP is intended to address the issues highlighted above. It is not however, intended to stand alone, but to be implemented alongside other existing plans in the country such as the PMP for the Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project (GCCP); it is designed to build on, and to some extend strengthened existing national capacities for the promotion of IPM for the duration of the GCAVMP. The priority issues identified at the country level include the following: 1. Strengthening National Capacity in Promoting the adoption of IPM practices  This will involve training and sensitization workshops to disseminate IPM knowledge and training capacity to the extension services of Agriculture, farmer groups at selected project sites  Participating in Famer Filed days each year in conjunction with the Ministry of Agriculture  Production of field brochures, IPM posters, field guides and other IPM promotional materials; purchase of various IPM Extension Guides publications.  Public awareness programs and IPM networking amongst the Private sector operators and other practitioners at the project sites. 2. Training vegetable and rice producers, retailers, and other actors in pesticides management This will be conducted by the IPM Specialist to be retained by the PCU of the GCAVMP, and supported by PPS. The training sessions will take at the appropriate locations in the regions. They will include making decisions to use pesticides, safe use of pesticides, 28 transport, storage, handling and distribution of pesticides, Safe application of inorganic pesticides, organic pesticides and bio-pesticides. Risks in the handling and use of pesticides, managing risks and pesticide poisoning, Protective gear; use and maintenance. Handling and up-keep of sprayers and Public awareness on safe use of pesticides; radio talks, etc. 3. Strengthening national regulatory frameworks and institutional capacities This will include:  Support to PPS for implementation and coordination of IPM activities of the Project and monitoring pest and diseases  Support for PPS –Pesticide Residue Analysis Lab with Standards and Reagents  Support for PPS to implement International Pesticide conventions and policies for farmers to comply with international regulations required for agricultural exports and domestic consumption, monitoring pesticide residue regularly at field  Support for NEA to train Designated Pesticide Inspectors and for reagents to carry out formulations  Training of medical staff on Pesticide Poisoning, treatment and conducting cholinesterase tests, and procurement of antidotes and test kits.  Management and disposal of empty pesticide containers.  Support for NEA to conduct Awareness Campaigns on Pesticides Management. 4. Integrated Vector Management: surveillance of disease Vector populations This will involve  Training of medical staffs on Integrated Vector Management. Topics will include environmental management for vector borne diseases and malaria will be Environmental Sanitation (Set-setal) will be activities will be promoted at village level  Surveillance teams to be set up in the project sites to conduct regular surveys on the incidence of malaria and other vector borne diseases  Collaborate with National Malaria Control Program on the use of impregnated bed nets for mosquito control and the management of the spread of malaria 5. Participatory Research and Development of IPM 29 This Activity will involve:  Supporting IPM research and development through Farmer participatory IPM research to be led by NARI  Conducting demonstrations on organic and bio-pesticides for preventive and curative control, and attractants traps to control fruit-flies 6. Recruitment of IPM Specialist to support the Project Coordinating Unit of the GCAVMP  IPM Specialist will need to be seconded to the PCU to provide technical backstopping for the implementation of the PMP at field level. He/She will be part of lead and supervise the implementation of the PMP and will be the technical Focal Point in the monitoring and evaluation of the PMP implementation. He/She will design the instruments to be used in monitoring and evaluations at field level, PMP reviews and end of project evaluation.  The Specialist will develop a training module in the form a “Guidebook� to be used as a training tool for the GCAVMP and other national pest management programs.  The Specialist will review research proposals for funding by the Project, and provide technical backstopping to the National IPM Committee and Peer Review Committee. The qualification required for the IPM Specialist is A Master’s Deg ree in Agriculture/Plant Protection with more than 5 years’ experience in managing safeguard programs, and must have pest management experience.  Support for regular supervisory missions in country, annual evaluation workshops, PMP mid-term reviews and end of project evaluation, to determine achievements, constraints and impacts of the activities implemented 7.2 The National Actors and Partners in the Implementation of the PMP A number of national institutions will be directly involved in implementing the PMP while other Agencies, to be called partners, will provide technical and other support for implementation of the plan. The major actors of the PMP include the following: The Plant Protection Services (PPS) of MOA – in accordance with their mandate and functions, will coordinate the implementation of this PMP and IPM activities in collaboration with the relevant institutions. It will provide technical support to the GCAVMP by contributing field staff at the Regions to be trained as IPM Trainers, and who will subsequently train Private Operators (PO) in IPM practices. 30 The National IPM Committee1 will provide policy guidance and oversight in the implementation of the IPM Policy. It will establish the regional and district committees in collaboration with the PPS, including the expert Technical Committee to review research grants submitted for its approval for funding. Directorate of Agriculture (DOA) will provide extension agents to be trained as IPM Trainers and provide technical support to the GCAVMP through the Regional Directors of Agriculture. Department of Health, Vector Control Unit will implement surveillance in the country on the incidence of disease vectors and use of impregnated bed-nets; conduct training on pesticides poisoning treatment for village health personnel; conduct training on integrated disease vectors management for village health personnel; conduct training of trainers and FFS trainings in collaboration with relevant institutions. National Environment Agency will assist in the testing of formulations and coordinate the monitoring activities of the Field Inspectorate in collaboration with the relevant institutions. National Agricultural Research Institute (NARI) will submit research proposals and conduct research on IPM; promotion of organic and bio pesticides; biological control, and participate in the Training of Trainers Courses. The Partners will include the following: The FAO and the Global IPM Facility will, as usual be a valuable source of technical information and to provide technical support for training, planning and field implementation of IPM in farming communities. The GCAVMP will also build on the knowledge, structures and facilities established by the completed FAO funded project, namely TCP/GAM/3001/ IPPM/FFS Pilot Project on Vegetables. The WHO will, as usual provide information and technical support in the training on Integrated Vector Management (IVM). The GCAVMP will build on the existing knowledge, structures and facilities established by the Malaria Control Program, and use the FFSs as the route to train farmers on IVM. NGOs – (e.g. Action Aid) that are working on agricultural production and rural health matters will be identified to provide technical support to the field in the implementation of IPM and IVM. 1 The National IPM Committee is not a GCAVMP entity. This Committee was established by the MOA to provide the policy oversight for IPM activities of the project in order to ensure that these activities are conducted in the context of the national policy on integrated pest management 31 The Malaria Control Program will be a valuable source of information, technical and support, towards the implementation of IVM. The Malaria program in partnership with Vector Control will harmonize their activities to avoid duplication of activities; hence the GCAVMP is complementing their respective programs. Njawara Agricultural Training Centre and Jenoi Agricultural Training Centre -will provide training facilities and host Training of Trainers Courses and training of farmers on IPM and IVM. 7.3 Institutional Arrangements for Implementation of the PMP Effective supervision and monitoring of implementation of the PMP will be as follows: a) The IPM specialist will support the National IPM Committee. The Specialist will undertake monitoring and evaluation of IPM activities in the project b) District IPM Committees will be established to act as the body to discuss general pest problems, make decisions about IPM programs and facilitate IPM networks within and between FFSs in their Districts c) The IPM Specialist will serve as Peer Reviewer for sub-projects submitted to the GCAVMP. Similar specialists will be called upon to perform technical reviews of IPM proposals submitted for funding as and when needed. d) The IPM Specialist will be included in the IPM Technical Committee (TC) to provide technical support for all GCAVMP related IPM activities, including identifying crop protection issues; for preparing sub-projects; for participatory research; IPM training; community IPM networking; etc. 7.4 Phasing Plan The implementation of activities will proceed as follows: Year 1 1. Recruit Integrated Pest Management Specialist - 1st Q 2. Establish Regional and District IPM Action committees and Technical Committee in project areas - 1st Q 3. Conduct training needs assessments of farmers and extension workers and other actors - 1st Q 4. Support Vector Control Unit - pesticide-treated bed nets -1st and 2nd Q 5. Identification of trainers (including farmers) 1st Q 32 6. Prepare plans for and conduct sensitization Workshop and IPM training for farmers in 1st Q 7. Training on health & safety -handling and distribution-for farmers, health personnel and dealers - 2nd Q 8. Develop IPM training materials and field testing of tools in 2nd Q 9. Training on IPM at a locality at the regional level- 2nd Q 10. Organize Farmers’ Field Day and establish district, regional, national and international networks and Associations on IPM 4th Q 11. Conduct institutional labs’ needs assessment (NEA, NARI, & PPS) 3rd Q Year 2 1. Organize Farmers’ Field Day 4th Q 2. Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation reports - 3rd Q 3. Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue analysis on plants and submit reports – All Qs 4. Conduct vector population surveillance in Project locations and submit situation reports - 3rd Q 5. Training on IPM continues in 4th Q 6. Conduct training and begin pesticide residue analysis at PPS - 3rd & 4th Qs 7. Organize a PMP implementation review workshop -4th Q Year 3 1. Support Vector Control Unit - pesticide-treated bed nets -1st and 2nd Q 2. Farmer trainings by region on IPM–1st & 3rd Qs 3. Health and safety training per region (one in 1st Q and one in 3rd Q) 4. Organize Farmers’ Field Day 2nd Q 5. Training on pesticide poisoning – identification and first aid (one in 2nd Q ) 6. Conduct research on IPM/pest management issues beginning in 2nd Q (continuous) 7. Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue analysis on plants and submit reports 8. Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation reports (annually) 9. Conduct vector population surveillance in project locations and submit situation reports -semi annually 10. Continue formulation analysis of pesticides Year 4 1. Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation reports – annually 2. Conduct vector population surveillance in project locations and submit situation reports -semi annually 3. Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue analysis on plants and submit reports 4. Continue formulation analysis of pesticides ((continuous) 5. Organize Farmers’ Field Day 1st Q 33 6. Conduct research on IPM/pest management issues – (Continuous) 7. Organize a PMP implementation review workshop 4th Q Year 5 1. Conduct Evaluation Workshop and identification of gaps 2. Organize Farmers’ Field Day 3rd Q 3. Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue analysis on plants and submit reports 1st, 2, 3, 4, Qs 4. Continue formulation analysis of pesticides and submit reports –All Qs 5. Conduct research on IMP/pest management issues -All Qs 6. Design of post-project capacity enhancement in areas covered (i.e. IPM, health & safety, poisoning); should also address gaps identified 3rd /4th Qs 7. Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation reports – annually -All Qs 8. Conduct vector population surveillance in project locations and submit situation reports -semiannually 1st , 4th Qs 7.5 Sustainability Issues The major objective of this PMP is to promote the adoption of IPM as the way forward for addressing pest problems in the field for sustainable agricultural production. It is therefore necessary to establish a system for sustaining interest in IPM practices amongst farmer groups at the end of the project. A range of possible options will be reviewed by the project beneficiaries to engender sustainability of IPM adoption nationally, but more specifically within the GCAVMP sites. One possible option is the creation of a “Special Fund�. From the second year of project implementation, when the District IPM Networks would have been established by the farmers, and are fully operational, each beneficiary farmer in the FFS will be required to contribute an annual amount to be determined by the FFS members, into an IPM Fund that will be managed by their own district, regional and national committees, and for utilization in IPM activities. The IPM specialist providing technical support to the farmers will assist them to plan the activities at the beginning of each year. Other possible options will be derived from the consultations among the beneficiaries and PPS staff in the course of project implementation taking lessons from other similar national experiences. It will be important to note that governance issues surrounding the scheme, and indeed any other option will be properly analysed to ensure its sustainability and to create a functional framework. 34 7.6 Monitoring and Evaluation Successful implementation of the PMP requires regular monitoring and evaluation of activities undertaken by the national implementing institutions and the Producers. The focus of monitoring and evaluation will be to assess the built up of IPM capacity in the Producers and the extent to which IPM techniques are being adopted in vegetable crop production, and the economic benefits that farmers derive by adopting IPM. The inclusion of an IPM specialist in project supervision missions is strongly re commended. 7.6.1 Activities to be monitored Activities that require regular monitoring and evaluation during project supervision include the following: 1. IPM capacity building in membership of Producers: Numbers of men and women farmers who have successfully received training in IPM methods; evaluate the training content, methodology and trainee response to training through feedback 2. Numbers of men and women farmers that attended the IPM training: assess farmers’ understanding of the importance of IPM for sustainable cr op production 3. Numbers of IPM Networks/FFS operational and types of activities undertaken 4. Extent to which pesticides are used for crop production 5. Level of reduction of pesticide purchased and used by the farmer for crop production 6. Number of farmers’ families supplied and using impregnated bed-nets for mosquito control 7. Number of IPM sub-projects successfully funded 8. Number of IPM participatory research projects that have been completed 9. Overall assessment of: i) activities that are going well; ii) activities that need improvements; (iii) remedial actions required 7.6.2 Major benefits that members of FFSs derive by adopting IPM • Economic benefits - i) Increase in crop production due to adoption of IPM practices (ii) Increase in farm revenue resulting from adoption of IPM practices, compared with farmer conventional practices  Social benefits – improvement in the health status of farmers • Knowledge benefits- improvement in the level of knowhow on IPM -before and after 35 7.6.3 Monitoring Plan During the first year of project implementation, the IPM Specialist will design the instruments to be used in monitoring and evaluating implementation of the IPM activities described in this PMP. The following monitoring and supervision plan is proposed as a basis for monitoring; this plan will be modified according to progress in the implementation of the PMP. Project Year Monitoring and Supervision Component Listed in Table 9.1 Year 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Year 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year 3 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Year 4 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Year 5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8.0 COST ESTIMATES The cost estimate presented in Table 8.1 provides for the implementation of the PMP for the duration of the project including coordination by PPS. It also includes the cost of implementing the training plan detailed in Table 9.1. Table 8.1 Cost Estimates for Implementation of the PMP (US $) Activity Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4 Year Total 5 PPS Coordinate 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000 20,000 PMP implementation Support to IPM 900 900 900 900 900 4,500 Specialist at PCU Support to PPS 1,500 5,000 4,000 2,000 500 13,000 Sub Total 5,500 9, 000 8,000 6,000 4,500 37,500 Sensitization and 6,000 5,000 6,000 2,500 2,000 21,500 Training Workshops Sub Total 6,000 5,000 6,000 2,500 2,000 21,500 IPM Training 5,500 2,000 - - - 7,500 Sub Total 7,500 36 Farmer Field 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 1,000 5,000 Days Sub Total 5,000 Training - Health 1,000 - 2,000 - - 3,000 and Safety Provision of 3,000 - - 1,000 - 4,000 protective gear Sub Total 7,000 Support to 3,000 200 5,000 1,000 500 9,700 MOH/VCU - Sub total 9,700 Review/Evaluati - 3,000 - 2,500 2,000 7,500 on Workshops Sub Total 7,500 Support to - - 4,000 2,000 1,000 7,000 Institutions (NEA, NARI) Sub Total 7,000 Grand Total 102,700 9.0 CAPACITY STRENGTHENING IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PMP This PMP has been designed to build on, and where necessary strengthen existing national capacities at all levels, for the promotion of IPM for the duration of the project, and beyond for sustainability of IPM nationally. The capacity building activities will include the following areas, and presented in Table 6.1: 9.1 IPM Training for Farmers and Extension Workers This will include the following activities: i. Supporting activities of the Regional and District IPM Committees ii. Developing IPM training capacity in the extension services of Agriculture and NGOs by training Trainers in IPM practices iii. National IPM Workshops and Seminars iv. Develop IPM capacities amongst Farmer Field Schools (FFS) and farmers in village locations v. Organize Farmers’ Field days ( x 1) per year X 5 = 5 Farmer Filed Days 37 vi. Produce field brochures, IPM posters, field guides and other IPM promotional materials; purchase of various IPM Extension Guides and publications vii. Conduct public awareness programs and IPM networking amongst the private operators 9.2 Health and Safety Training for Farmers and Extension Workers on Handling and Storage of Pesticides The training will be targeted and adapted to beneficiary groups such as NEA’s agents; Research Scientists; Plant Protection Officers; Agricultural Production Officers; Health workers; Farmer Organizations and other NGOs active in pest and vector control. It will mainly focus on pesticide management, workers’ health and environment to enable them to acquire the necessary knowledge about the content and prevention methods, to evaluate their working environment and improve it by reducing risk factors; to adopt precautionary measures that might reduce intoxication risks; to promote the use of protective equipment and to correctly apply the procedures in case of accident or intoxication. Box 9.1 - Proposed Training Module  Information on risks as well as health and safety advice  Rules governing the storage and the conservation of pesticides by farmers  Basic knowledge about risk handling and management procedures  Carrying of protective and safety equipment  Risks associated with pesticide transportation  Handling, loading and offloading procedures  Vehicle equipment  Protective equipment  Outline of treatment and operation procedures  Health and safety in connection with the operations  Emergency and relief procedures  Technical procedures  Maintenance of equipment  Emission control  Process and residue monitoring  Biological monitoring of pesticide exposure The training will also focus on village level facilitators and other local people active in pest and vector control. 38 The training modules will cover the risks associated with pesticide handling, sound management methods (collection, disposal, storage, transportation, and treatment), adequate behavior and good environmental practices, facilities and equipment maintenance, protective measures and measures to be adopted in case of intoxication, etc. Special emphasis will be laid on the requirements for a secure storage in order to avoid a mix up with other products of common domestic use, as well as on the reuse of empty packages and containers. It is recommended that at project inception the IPM Specialist develop the modules outlined in Box 9.1 into a “Guidebook� on good pesticide management practices for use by trainers. 9.3 Institutional Strengthening for PMP Implementation This will involve support to develop the institutional capacities of the implementing agencies involved in this PMP. They are as follows: a. Assistance to NEA’s laboratory – by supply of reagents to conduct pesticide formulation analysis b. NARI’s laboratory to conduct research in IPM related issues c. PPS’s laboratory –reagents to conduct residue analysis In addition to the above the following activities need to be implemented to enhance the capacity of the institutions: i. Support PPS for implementation and coordination of IPM activities of the Project and monitoring pest and diseases ii. Support for NEA to train Designated Pesticide Inspectors iii. Training of Medical Staff on Pesticide Poisoning, treatment and conducting cholinesterase tests, and procurement of antidotes and test kits 9.4 Integrated Vector Management: Surveillance of Disease Vector Populations in Project Sites i. Training of Trainers medical staff on Integrated Vector Management ii. Surveillance teams to be set up in regions to conduct regular surveys on the incidence of malaria and other vector borne diseases iii. Collaboration with National Malaria Control Program on the use of impregnated bed nets for mosquito control and the management of the spread of malaria iv. Training of FFSs /villages in the re-impregnation of bed nets with pesticides and safety precautions 39 9.5 Public Sensitization and Awareness Direct beneficiaries’ understanding end-users of IPM techniques and distributed pesticides and the use of the PMP in the project is key to its successful implementation. In order to raise awareness of farming communities and the public at large, a number of sensitization meetings are proposed. Public sensitization campaigns will be incorporated into the training and capacity development activities where feasible, or campaigns will be carried out specifically to enhance stakeholders’ capacity. The radio and Environment Columns of the Dailies will be used to sensitize on safe handling of pesticides, among other themes. 9.6 Recruitment of Integrated Pest Management Specialist A national IPM specialist will be required to provide technical backstopping for the implementation of the PMP at the level of the project coordination unit at MOA. The Specialist will develop the “Guidebook� design the instruments to be used in monitoring and evaluations at field level, PMP reviews and end of project evaluation. The Specialist will review research proposals for funding by the Project, and provide technical backstopping to the National IPM Committee and Peer Review Committee. The qualification required for the IPM Specialist is a Master’s Degree in Agriculture/Plant Protection with more than 5 years’ experience in managing safeguard programs, and must h ave pest management experience with ability to travel in country. He/she will conduct regular supervisory missions in country, conduct annual evaluation workshops, PMP mid-term reviews and end of project evaluation, to determine achievements, constraints and impacts of the activities implemented. Support for IPM Specialist with vehicle is required to implement project activities. Table 9.1 Training Plan and Proposed Timing Year Activity Remarks Indicative /Activity Cost (US No $) 1 1 Recruit Integrated Pest Management Specialist Second PPS Staff 4,500 1st Q to PCU 2 Formation of farmer groups in project areas 1st Q PPS/PCU/IPM 500 Specialist 3 Conduct training needs assessments of farmers IPM 0 and extension workers 1st Q Specialist/PPS 4 Support Vector Control Unit - pesticide-treated Purchase of nets 3,000 bed nets 1st and 2nd Q 40 5 Identification of trainers (including farmers) 1st Mainly Staff of 0 Q PPS 6 Establish Regional and District IPM Action Consultations/PPS 1,000 Committees and Technical Committee 1st Q 7 Prepare plans for and conduct sensitization By IPM Specialist 3,000 Workshop and IPM training for farmers in 1st Q /PPS 8 Training on health & safety -handling and By Health 1,000 distribution-for farmers, health personnel and Personnel dealers - 2nd Q IPM Specialist 9 Develop IPM training materials and field testing 500 of tools in 2nd Q /PPS 10 Training on IPM at a locality (national level) 2nd Q IPM 2,000 Specialist/PPS 11 Organize Farmers’ Field Day and establish Organized by 1,000 district, regional, national and international PCU/PPS networks and Associations on IPM 4th Q 12 Conduct institutional labs’ needs assessment National 1,000 (NEA, NARI, & PPS) 3rd Q Consultant/PPS 17,500 Sub Total 2 1 Organize Farmers’ Field Day 4th Organized by 1,000 PCU/PPS 2 Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation IPM 0 reports 3rd Q Specialist/PPS 3 Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue PPS/IPM 2,000 analysis on plants and submit reports Specialist 4 Conduct vector population surveillance in Project By Health 200 locations and submit situation reports 3rd Q Personnel th 5 Training on IPM continues in 4 Q By IPM 2,000 Specialist/PPS 6 Conduct training and begin pesticide residue PCU and PPS 2,000 analysis 3rd & 4th Qs 7 Organize a PMP implementation review PCU/IPM 3,000 workshop 4th Q Specialist/PPS Sub Total 10,200 3 1 Support Vector Control Unit - pesticide-treated Purchase of nets 5,000 bed nets 1st and 2nd Q 2 Farmer trainings by region on IPM–1st & 3rd Qs PCU/IPM 2,000 Specialist/PPS 3 Health and safety training per region (one in 1st PCU/Health 2,000 Q and one in 3rd Q) Specialist 4 Organize Farmers’ Field Day 2nd Q Organized by PCU 1,000 41 5 Training on pesticide poisoning – identification PCU/IPM 2,000 and first aid (one in 2nd Q ) Specialist 6 Conduct research on IPM/pest management NARI 2,000 issues beginning in 2nd Q (continuous) 7 Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue PPS 2,000 analysis on plants and submit reports 8 Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation IPM 2,000 reports (annually) Specialist/PPS 9 Conduct vector population surveillance in project Health Specialist 2,000 locations and submit situation reports -semi annually 10 Continue formulation analysis of pesticides NEA 2,000 Sub Total 10,200 4 1 Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation IPM 2,000 reports – annually Specialist/PPS 2 Conduct vector population surveillance in project Health Specialist 1,000 locations and submit situation reports -semi annually 3 Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue PPS 1,000 analysis on plants and submit reports 4 Continue formulation analysis of pesticides NEA 1,000 5 Organize Farmers’ Field Day 1st Q PCU/PPS 1,000 6 Conduct research on IPM/pest management NARI 1,000 issues 7 Organize a PMP implementation review IPM 2,500 workshop 4th Q Specialist/PPS Sub Total 9,500 5 1 Workshop Evaluation and identification of gaps National 2,000 Consultant rd 2 Organize Farmers’ Field Day 3 Q PCU/PPS 1,000 3 Continue the monitoring of pesticide residue PPS 500 analysis on plants and submit reports 1st, 2, 3, 4, Qs 4 Continue formulation analysis of pesticides and NEA 500 submit reports –All Qs 5 Conduct research on IMP/pest management NARI 500 issues -All Qs 6 Design of post-project capacity enhancement in National 2,000 areas covered (i.e. IPM, health & safety, Consultant poisoning); should also address gaps identified 3rd /4th Qs 7 Conduct pest surveillance and prepare situation PCU/PPS 500 42 reports – annually -All Qs 8 Conduct vector population surveillance in project Health Specialist 500 locations and submit situation reports -semi annually 1st , 4th Qs Sub Total 7,500 GRAND TOTAL 54,900 43 ANNEXES Annex 1: List of Pesticides and Other Chemicals Banned or Severely Restricted In The Gambia It is Illegal in The Gambia to Import, Manufacture, Formulate, Offer, Hold on Stock, Sell, Use or Advertise the following Banned Chemicals: 1. 2,4,5-T 2. ALDRIN 3. CAPTAFOL 4. CHLOROBENZILATE 5. CHLORODANE 6. CHLORODIMEFORM 7. CROCIDOLITE 8. DDT (Persistent Organo-Phosphate, found in Cock Brand Coil from PRC) 9. DIELDRIN 10. DINOSERBY SALTS 11. EHTYLENE DIBORMIDE 12. FLUOROACETAMIDE 13. HEPTACHLOR 14. HEZACHLOROBENZENE 15. LINDANE (Present in Thiodal form Senegal) 16. MERCURY COMPOUNDS 17. PARATHION-METHYL (Toxic Oragno-Phophorus Pesticide present in “Spiridin� 18. PBBs (POLYBROMINATED BIPHENYLS) 19. PCBs (POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS) 20. PCTs 21. PENTACHOLOROPHENOL 22. TRIS (2, 3-DIBROMOPROPYL) 19.12.03 44 ANNEX 2: Stakeholder Consultations on PMP Date Site/Community Region/Site Main Issue(s) Person (s) Remarks 15.11.2013 Nuimi Lamin NBR Vegetable and related Adama Touray and Insect and other pests women farmers storage pests that affect vegetables and subsequent income losses 15.11.2013 Kuntaur Wassu CRR North Pests of rice Asst Regional Agric. Field and storage Director (RAD) pests of rice and Jammeh management practices 16.11.2013 Janjanbureh CRR – Pests affecting rice in Commissioner of The use of integrated Prisoners’ the field use Prisons - pest management Rice field Janjanbureh practices discouraging use expensive chemicals. 16.11.2013 Touba Demba Sama CRR South Currently tidally Maimuna Saidy Issues: irrigated (approx. 95 hippo threats; tsetse ha). Catchment flies; clogging of includes 9 other canals by overgrown communities ( Demba grass–habors snakes, Sama, Misira, mosquitoes Kanunku, Sambel Kunda, Wellingara, Karantaba, Yida and Banni 17.11.2013 Kanwally WCR Development of Women vegetable Use of neem leaves to Horticulture garden – growers control pests of leafy LHDP vegetables 1. 5 ha fenced area; 2. Infrastructure (water tank-75,000L), processing area for grading, sorting and cleaning; borehole; reticulation system. 17.11.2013 Tampoto WCR 1.Newly developed Women Group 1.The first attempt of area for horticulture the community to work on a project of 2. GALDEP provided : this type processing equipment to handle tomato; 2. Low soil fertility solar powered water supply system; inputs 3.Will need training in: waste management; pesticide and fertilizer use 17.11.2013 Yundum WCR Targeting Vegetable Mr. Ousman Vegetable production production Jammeh -RAD scheme needs: 45 Issues: 1. Good storage facility 1. current product quality is poor; need 2.Supply of relevant storage facility; inputs encounter too much spoilage and waste; 3.Capacity building in: packaging and materials processing and quality absent; Gambian maintenance; pest produce bought and management, etc. stored in Senegal and in times of scarcity returned to the Gambian market; 2. Growers need market information; efficient planning 3. Capacity building in pest management Bibliography 1. GOTG, (1990). Public Health Act, (1990) 2. GOTG, (1994). National Environment Management Act, 1994 3. National Environment Agency, (1994). Hazardous Chemical and Pesticide Control and Management Act, 1994 4. World Bank, (1999). Operational Manual and Procedures on Environmental Assessment Management, BP 4.01 5. World Bank, (1999). Operational Manual Operational Policies OP 4.01 Environmental Assessment 6. World Bank, (1999). Operational Manual Operational Policies OP 4.09 (Pest Management 7. National Environment Agency, (2003). List of Pesticides Banned in The Gambia 8. Ebrima A. Secka, (2005). Pest Management Plan for the Africa Emergency Locust Project, Department of State for Agriculture, The Gambia 9. National IPM Committee, (2006). Integrated Pest Management Policy of The Gambia 2006-2020, Department of State for Agriculture 10. GOTG, (2007). The National Water Management Act (2007) 11. GOTG, (2009). Agriculture and Natural Resources (ANR) Policy 2009 – 2015 12. GOTG, (2009). Environment and Social Management Framework for The Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project 13. GOTG, (2009). Pest Management Plan for The Gambia Growth and Competitiveness Project 14. GOTG, (2010). Participatory Integrated Watershed Management Project, Environmental and Social Management Plan 46 15. World Bank, (2011). Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF)- West Africa Agricultural Productivity Programme (WAAPP 1C) (GAMBIA) Provisory Report 16. Republic of Ghana, (2011). Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA)-Ghana Commercial Agriculture Project (GCAP) Pest Management Plan (PMP) Draft Final Report 17. OTG, (2012). National Health Policy 2012-2020 . 47