1 Tracking Access to Electricity 2014/9 Supported by A Knowledge Note Series for the Energy & Extractives Global Practice The bottom line Tracking Access to Electricity Between 1990 and 2010, 1.7 billion people gained Why is this issue important? Group and the UN Secretary-General, SE4ALL calls governments, access to electricity, while the businesses, and civil society to address urgent energy challenges by global population expanded Electrification yields significant social and economic 2030 (SE4ALL 2012). by 1.6 billion. Most of the returns To support the achievement of these goals, a starting point incremental electrification must be set, indicators developed, and a framework established to occurred in urban areas. Access to electricity in flexible, reliable, and sustainable forms brings track those indicators until 2030. The World Bank and International Regionally, Sub-Saharan Africa a range of social and economic benefits, enabling people to leap Energy Agency have led a consortium of 15 international agencies to was an exception. There, growth from poverty to a better future, enhancing the quality of household produce data on access to electricity for the SE4ALL Global Tracking in the electrified population life, and stimulating the broader economy. Modern energy is essen- Framework. Launched in 2013, the framework defines electricity was slower than growth tial for the provision of health care; clean water and sanitation; and access as the presence of an electricity connection in the household in population. Worldwide, reliable and efficient lighting, heating, cooking, mechanical power, as typically reported through household surveys. The report is under- 1.2 billion people—17 percent transportation, and telecommunications. pinned by several databases, including the World Bank Electrification of the global population—still Achieving universal access to modern energy services is one of Database (box 1). lacked access to electricity the three complementary objectives of the Sustainable Energy for All in 2010. About 85 percent of (SE4ALL) initiative. Formally launched in the UN General Assembly in those without access live in September 2012 and co-chaired by the president of the World Bank rural areas; 87 percent are found in Sub-Saharan Africa and Southern Asia. Box 1. Assembling the data on access to electricity Various household sources were leveraged to establish a historical demand-side data. In particular, utility data may fail to capture (i) highly series of data on electrification in 212 countries between 1990 and 2010. decentralized forms of electrification in rural areas and (ii) illegal access to Data were collected from various sources and nationally representative electricity in urban areas. household surveys (including national censuses). Survey sources Sudeshna Ghosh included Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Living Standards Surveys such as the DHS and the LSMS/income-expenditure surveys are Banerjee is a senior Measurement Surveys (LSMS), Multi-Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS), the typically conducted every 3–4 years, whereas most censuses are held economist in the World World Health Survey (WHS), other nationally developed and implemented every 10 years. Thus, some countries have gaps in available data in any Bank’s Energy Practice surveys, and data from various government agencies (for example, given year. There are 42 countries with no data points; for those countries, ministries of energy and utilities)—all captured in the World Bank Global the weighted regional average was used as an estimate for access to Elisa Portale is an Electrification Database. While utility data are a valuable complement to electricity in each of the data periods. For the 170 countries with between energy economist in the household survey data, they provide a different (supply side) perspective one and three data points, missing data were estimated using a model same practice. on access and cannot be expected to yield the same results as with region, country, and time variables. 2 Tracking Access to Electricity Figure 1. The electricity access deficit in 2010 (in millions) Figure 2a. Top 20 access-deficit countries: home to 889 million of the 1.2 billion people in the world who lack access to electricity India 306.2 Other Nigeria 82.4 157 Bangladesh 66.6 Ethiopia 63.9 Congo, DR 55.9 “Sub-Saharan Africa and SSA Rural Tanzania 38.2 590 With access, Without access, 993 Kenya 31.2 Oceania are the only world 5.7 billion, 1.17 billion, Sudan 30.9 83% 17% Uganda 28.5 regions where most of Myanmar 24.6 SA Mozambique 19.9 the population remains 418 Urban Afghanistan 18.5 173 Korea DPR 18.0 nonelectrified.” Madagascar 17.8 Philippines 15.6 Pakistan 15.0 Burkina Faso 14.3 Niger 14.1 Source: World Bank Global Electrification Database 2012. Indonesia 14.0 Note: The regional groupings used in this figure, and in the note generally, are those used by the Malawi 13.6 United Nations. Australia and New Zealand are included in the developed countries group (and 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 not in Oceania). CCA = Caucasus and Central Asia; DEV = industrialized world; EA = Eastern Access deficit (millions of people) Asia; LAC = Latin America and the Caribbean; NA = Northern Africa; SEA = Southeastern Asia; SA = Southern Asia; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; WA = Western Asia. Source: World Bank Global Electrification Database 2012. What is the current level of access? Three-quarters of the global access deficit was Figure 2b. The 20 countries with the lowest rates of access to located in 20 countries in 2010 electricity In 2010, 1.2 billion people—17 percent of the global population—still Zambia 18.5 lacked access to electricity. About 85 percent of those without Mauritania 18.2 Lesotho 17.0 access to electricity live in rural areas; 87 percent are found in Sub- Mali Congo, DR 15.2 16.6 Saharan Africa and Southern Asia (figure 1). Mozambique 15.0 Tanzania 14.8 Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania are the only world regions Uganda 14.6 PNG 14.5 where most of the population remains nonelectrified. Urban Madagascar 14.3 Burkina Faso 13.1 areas have achieved more than a 90 percent electrification rate in Sierra Leone 12.1 Rwanda 10.8 every region except Sub-Saharan Africa (63 percent of the urban CAR 9.5 Niger 9.3 population) and Oceania (65 percent). Rural areas have achieved Malawi 8.7 Burundi 5.3 more than 60 percent electrification in all regions except these two, Liberia 4.1 Chad 3.5 where only 14 percent of the rural population is electrified. Thus, the South Sudan 1.5 electrification challenge remains concentrated in rural areas and in 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania. Access rate (%) The top 20 countries with the greatest access deficits measured Source: World Bank Global Electrification Database 2012. in absolute terms are home to 889 million people who lack access to Note: Congo, DR = Democratic Republic of Congo; Korea, DPR = Democratic People’s Republic electricity (figure 2a), more than two-thirds of the global total. Eight of Korea; PNG = Papua New Guinea; CAR = Central African Republic. 3 Tracking Access to Electricity are in Asia and twelve in Africa. India’s share is the largest—India’s Table 1. Rate of electrification, by region, 1990–2010 nonelectrified population is equivalent to the total population of the United States. Of the 20 countries with the lowest electrification % of total population with access to electricity rates, 19 are in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 2b). Moreover, half of 1990 2000 2010 the globe’s rural dwellers without access to electricity are found Oceania 21 23 25 “India’s nonelectrified in Sub-Saharan Africa. Across the subcontinent, 28 countries have Sub-Saharan Africa 23 26 32 access rates of less than 30 percent. In seven, the rate is lower than Southern Asia 52 63 75 population is equivalent to 10 percent. Southeast Asia 71 81 88 the total population of the Northern Africa 85 92 99 United States.” How has access evolved historically? Latin America and Caribbean 88 92 95 Growth in access to electricity has slightly exceeded Western Asia 89 89 91 population growth East Asia 93 96 98 Caucasus and Central Asia 95 99 100 The share of the global population with access to electricity rose Industrialized world 100 100 100 from 76 percent (3.9 billion people) in 1990 to approximately WORLD 76 79 83 83 percent (5.7 billion people) in 2010. Southern Asia and Southeast Asia all witnessed dramatic progress, registering increases of 24 Source: World Bank Global Electrification Database 2012. and 17 percentage points, respectively, over the two decades. Sub-Saharan Africa followed far behind, with an increase from 23 to 32 percent during the same period (table 1). Although the absolute number of people with access to elec- tricity increased by 1.7 billion between 1990 and 2010, the global of 1.9 percent. The global annual average increase in access was population grew by 1.6 billion, holding back the increase in the share 1.3 percent (figure 4). However, even among the fastest-moving of the population with access, which rose from 76 to 83 percent countries, none has been able to increase electrification by more during the period. than about three percentage points of the population each year. Most of the incremental electrification over the period 1990–2010 occurred in urban areas, where electrification grew by 1.7 percent What will access look like in 2030? of the population annually, about twice the rate in rural areas (0.8). Population growth and urbanization will continue to However, even with this significant expansion, electrification only just kept pace with rapid urbanization, so that the overall urban shape the evolution of access to electricity electrification rate remained relatively stable, growing from 94 to The future is increasingly urban. The world population is expected 95 percent over the period. By contrast, more modest growth in rural to increase by 2.3 billion between 2011 and 2050, reaching 9 billion populations allowed the rural electrification rate to increase more in 2050. By then, about 6.3 billion people will live in urban areas. The steeply, from 61 to 70 percent, despite a much lower overall level of rural population is expected to start slowing in about a decade, and electrification in the rural space (figure 3). by 2030 there will be fewer people living in rural areas than today. The 20 countries that made the most progress between 1990 The urban populations of Asia and Africa will increase dramatically— and 2010 provided electricity to an additional 1.3 billion people. by 1.6 billion and 0.9 billion, respectively (UN 2011). As a result, it will India made particularly rapid progress, electrifying an average of become increasingly important to support urban electrification with 24 million people annually since 1990, with an annual growth rate new and innovative solutions. 4 Tracking Access to Electricity Figure 3. Global and regional progress in access to electricity, 1990–2010 Population with access in 1990 Rural Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 Population without access in 2010 Urban “Although the absolute number of people with Total access to electricity increased by 1.7 billion 0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 Population (million) between 1990 and 2010, the global population grew SA EA by 1.6 billion, holding back DEV the increase in the share SSA SEA of the population with LAC Population with access in 1990 access.” WA NA Incremental increase in access, 1990–2010 CCA Population without access in 2010 Oceania 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 Population (million) Source: WHO Global Household Energy Database 2012. Note: SA = Southern Asia; EA = East Asia; DEV = industrialized world; SSA = Sub-Saharan Africa; SEA = Southeast Asia; LAC = Latin America and Caribbean; WA = Western Asia; NA = Northern Africa; CCA = Caucasus and Central Asia. Figure 4. The 20 countries with the greatest annual increases in access to electricity, 1990–2010 Incremental Access (million) Incremental Total Population (million) 25 4% Annual growth in Access (%) Annual growth in access (%) 20 Population (million) 3% 15 2% 10 1% 5 0 0% ia ina ia tan h zil es a o m n co y uth d q bia ia i t ud yp rke eri es xic Ira an Ira iop Ind es tna Bra pin roc lom Ch Sa Eg kis So lad ail Nig on Me Tu Eth Vie ilip Mo Pa Th Ind ng Co Ph Ba Source: World Bank Global Electrification Database 2012. 5 Tracking Access to Electricity Figure 5. Number of people without access to electricity in rural is likely to proceed much more slowly. Access to electricity will and urban areas, by region, 2010–2030 improve in relative terms in all regions except Sub-Saharan Africa, where the current trend will worsen over time. Sub-Saharan Africa Rest of world South-Eastern Asia Sub-Saharan Africa South Asia is projected to overtake developing Asia in a few years as the region 1,200 with the largest population without access to electricity. “It will become increasingly 1,000 important to support urban Million people 800 References electrification with new and 600 400 IEA (International Energy Agency). 2012. World Energy Outlook 2012. innovative solutions.” 200 Paris SE4ALL (Sustainable Energy for All Initiative). 2012. In Support of the 0 2010 2010 2020 2020 2030 2030 Objective to Achieve Universal Access to Modern Energy Services Rural Urban Rural Urban Rural Urban by 2030. Technical Report of Task Force 1: New York. http://www .sustainableenergyforall.org/about-us. Source: Based on the “New Policies Scenario” presented in IEA (2012). UN, 2011. World Urbanization Prospects, 2011 Revision. New York. http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf. World Bank. 2013. Global Tracking Framework. Sustainable Energy for The number of people lacking access to electricity around the All. Washington, DC. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/ world will decline to just over 990 million in 2030, around 12 percent en/2013/05/17765643/global-tracking-framework-vol-3-3- of the global population at that time under the assumptions of the main-report. IEA New Policies Scenario, which anticipates the continuation and This note is based on chapter 2 of the Global Tracking Framework prepared implementation of currently announced policies. About 1.7 billion by the Sustainable Energy for All Initiative and published by the World people will gain access to electricity by 2030, but that achievement Bank in 2013. The GTF underwent Bankwide peer review; reviewers will be diluted, to a large extent, by global population growth (figure included Dana Rysankova, Jeff Chelsky, Mohua Mukherjee, and Todd 5). Whereas urban residents without electricity will be a very small Johnson. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2013/05/17765643/ proportion of the total urban population in 2030, rural electrification global-tracking-framework-vol-3-3-main-report 6 Tracking Access to Electricity Make further connections Live Wire 2014/6. “Measuring the Results of World Bank Lending in the Energy Sector,” by Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Ruchi Soni, and Elisa Portale. Live Wire 2014/8. “Widening Access to Nonsolid Fuel for Cooking,” by Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee, Elisa Portale, Heather Adair-Rohani, and Sophie Bonjour. This page intentionally left blank Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. Professional printing can Each Live Wire delivers, in 3–6 attractive, highly readable pages, knowledge that is immediately It is a resource to relevant to front-line practitioners. also be undertaken on a customized basis for share with clients and specific events or occasions Live Wires take a variety of forms: counterparts.” • Topic briefs offer technical knowledge on key issues in energy and extractives by contacting GSDPM Customer Service Center at • Case studies highlight lessons from experiences in implementation (202) 458-7479, or sending a • Global trends provide analytical overviews of key energy and extractives data written request to cgsdpm@ • Bank views portray the Bank Group’s activities in the energy and extractives sectors worldbank.org. • Private eyes present a private sector perspective on topical issues in the field Each Live Wire will be peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners in the Bank. Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas Contribute to If you can’t spare the time to contribute to Live Wire, but have an idea for a topic, or case we should cover, let us know! Do you have something to say? We welcome your ideas through any of the following Say it in Live Wire! channels: Via the Communities of Those working on the front lines of energy and extractives development in emerging economies Practice in which you are have a wealth of technical knowledge and case experience to share with their colleagues but active seldom have the time to write for publication. By participating in the Energy Live Wire offers prospective authors a support system to make sharing your knowledge as easy as and Extractives Global possible: Practice’s annual Live Wire • Trained writers among our staff will be assigned upon request to draft Live Wire stories with series review meeting staff active in operations. By communicating directly • A professional series editor ensures that the writing is punchy and accessible. with the team (contact • A professional graphic designer assures that the final product looks great—a feather in your cap! Morgan Bazilian, mbazilian@ worldbank.org) Live Wire aims to raise the profile of operational staff wherever they are based; those with hands-on knowledge to share. That’s your payoff! It’s a chance to model good uroPe and cenT ral asia 2014/29 all in easTern e ble energy for “knowledge citizenship” and participate in the ongoing change process at the Bank, v i d i n g s u s Ta i n a ess Toward Pro 1 Tracking Progr where knowledge management is becoming everybody’s business. A KNOWLEDGE NOT E SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRACT IVES GLOBAL PRAC TICE rgy Providing Sustainable Ene Tracking Progress Toward Or 2014/5 1 U n d e r s ta n d i n g C O 2 emissiOns frOm the glObal energy seCt THE BOTTOM LINE pe and Cen tral Asia for All in Eastern Euro stand where does the region on the quest for sustaina ble based on that frame- measures. This note is databases—technical updated version of energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an has near-universal access to WhyD is this important? ERGY PRACTICE work (World Bank 2014). E G E N O T E S E R I E S F O R T H E E N to electricity, and 93 percent of A K N O W L g regiona l trends is critical monitoring the GTF in 2015. data sources that the GTF uses to Trackin The primary indicator s and the population has access s of the Sustain able Energy for All the three SE4ALL goals are summari zed below. the progres track progress toward Understanding CO Emissions from the Global Energy Sector nonsolid fuel for cooking. is measured to modern energy services THE BOTTOM LINE to Your Name Here t (SE4ALL) initiativ e Energy access. Access connection despite relatively abundan 2 population with an electricity ional Year of Sustainab le Energy for by the percentage of the access to nonsolid fuels. 2 hydropower, the share the energy sector contributes In declaring 2012 the “Internat objectives percenta ge of the population with establish ed three global and the and reported about 40 percent of global of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly using household surveys Why is this issue important? access to modern These data are collected 2030: to ensure universal and the World Become an author has remained emissions of CO2. three- consumption to be accomplished by of renewable energy in in the World Bank’s Global Electrification Database high energy knowledge the share of the 2010 . energy requires very relatively low. Mitigating climate change services, to 1 double ld Energy Database quarters of those emissions rate of improvement Organization’s Househo CO2 intensity levels have come and to double the global Figure 1. CO2 emissions Health Figure 2. energy-related The share of renewable energy in the energy come from six major the global energy mix, sources of CO question s2 emissions to the period 1990–201 0 (SE4ALL 2012). by sector Renewab le energy. emissions by country consumption down rapidly. The big economies. although coal-fired in energy efficiency relative countries setting percenta ge of total final energy mix is measured by the of Live Wire and global, with individual LICs evolve les will opportunities to cut emissions of greenhouse aregases used to plants account for just are how renewab Identifying The SE4ALL objectives le energy resources. Data 0.5% picks upunderstanding of the main sources ofin those a way that is consistent with emis- the overall that is derived from renewab energy balances published 40 percent of world energy when energy demand requires a clear their own national targets in their ability are obtained from calculate this indicator Other Carbonrates for more than 80 percent of differ greatly countries Residential production, they were again and whethersions.recent dioxide (CO2) accounts spirit of the initiative. Because 6% sectors progress Other MICs nal Energy Agency and the United Nations. will make more rapid 15% intensity gas emissions globally, 1 primarily from the burning s, some 10% by the Internatio China improvement of energy efficiency is contribute to your responsible for more than of decline in energytotal greenhouse to pursue the three objective on their Other HICs . The rate of energy sector—defined include toexcel elsewhere, depending Energy efficiency 30% growth rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. of fossil fuels (IFCC 2007). The will 8% in one area while others by the compound annual Energy 70 percent of energy-sector as well as on 41% approxim and heat generation—contributed and compara tive advantages 41 ated Japan 4% energy the ratio of total primary Industry emissions in 2010. despite fuels consumed for electricity respective starting points 20% Russia energy intensity is that they are able to marshal. in 2010 (figure 1). Energy-related intensity, where USA product (GDP) measured in purchas- improvements in some percent of global CO2 emissions the resources and support 7% gross domestic practice and career! up the bulk of such ent of the SE4ALL Other consump tion to India 19% intensity is an at the point of combustion make for the achievem calculate energy countries, the global CO2 Elisa 2 emissions COPortale To sustain momentum transport Road 7% EU terms. Data used to andinare generated by the burning of fossil is needed. global progress to 2030 6% transport fuels, industrial ing power parity (PPP) the International economist objectives, a means of charting balances published by emissions 11% emission factor for energy energy 16% EnergyandSector nonrenewable municipal waste to generate nal Energy Agency led electricity Internatio a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the thewaste, generation has hardly changed United Nations. ent Assistance venting and leakage to establish the emissions SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the sector at the point and over the last 20 years. and heat. Black carbon and methane Managem tium of 15 international agencies Notes: Energy-related CO2 emissions are CO2 emissions from the energy from the GTF to provide a regional of the for regular This note usesanddata domestic Program (ESMAP) are not included in the analysis presented in this rk note. which provides a system (GTF), of combustion. Other Transport includes international marine aviation bunkers, of SE4ALL for Eastern Extractives Tracking Framewo available Other Sectors rail and pipeline transport; perspect ive on the three include pillars commercial/public World Bank’s Energy and given aviation and navigation, country on rigorous—yet practical, services, agriculture/forestry, fishing, energy industries other than electricity and heat genera- Global Practice. global reporting, based elsewhere; Energy = fuels consumed for electricity and Where do emissions come from? tion, and other emissions not specified as has in the opening paragraph. HIC, MIC, and LIC refer to high-, middle-, access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when on the planet heat generation, every person defined The universal access goal of countries heating fuels, energy economistare Emissions concentrated in 1 in a handful to modern energy services provided through electricity, fuels, clean and low-income clean cooking countries. cooking solutions” to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural The term “modern Source: IEA 2012a. Solid fuels are defined and briquettes), and the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and come primarily from burning and energy coal for productive electricity or gaseous fuels involve (including liquefied petroleum gas), of and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed Vivien Foster is sector Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates at or near those other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting or solid/liquid fuels paired emissions closely manager for the Sus- The geographical pattern of energy-related CO Practice. gas 2 (www.sustainableenergy forall.org). liquefied petroleum middle-income countries, and only 0.5 percent by all low-income tainable Energy Depart- mirrors the distribution of energy consumption (figure 2). In 2010, ment at the World Bank countries put together. almost half of all such emissions were associated with the two (vfoster@worldbank.org). Coal is, by far, the largest source of energy-related CO2 emissions largest global energy consumers, and more than three-quarters globally, accounting for more than 70 percent of the total (figure 3). Daron Bedrosyan were associated with the top six emitting countries. Of the remaining works for London This reflects both the widespread use of coal to generate electrical energy-related CO2 emissions, about 8 percent were contributed Economics in Toronto. power, as well as the exceptionally high CO2 intensity of coal-fired by other high-income countries, another 15 percent by other Previously, he was an power (figure 4). Per unit of energy produced, coal emits significantly energy analyst with the more CO emissions than oil and more than twice as much as natural 2 World Bank’s Energy Practice. Gas Inventory 1 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, Greenhouse 0.php gas. Data—Comparisons By Gas (database). http://unfccc.int/ghg_data/items/380