,4 1$!, O > @ ! 0 0 o t ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~II,' 'IM g. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- L 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1 C I //"~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/ /m W moo Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 July 2002 This paper suniniarizes World Bank Group support between 1992 and 2002 for conservationt and sustainable use of biodiversity in forest ecosystems. It was prepared by Kathy MacKinnon, Nabiha Megateli, Gutiars Platais, Tony Whittetn and Alan Isaac (Biodiversity Team) and David Cassells, Jinn.Douglas, Christian Peter and Anita Gordon (Forest Teani) withi generous input fronii regional Bank staff and the Interniational Fiiiance Corporation (IFC). This paper is a contribiltion to tile ongoing review of the Bank Biodiversity Portfolio. It is a work in progress atd lias not beeii for- mally cleared by Bank maniagemiient. This publication is available onlinte at <>. The World Bank Washington, D.C. © 2002 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA July 2002 All rights reserved. Design by Jim Cantrell Cover photograph: Kathy MacKinnon Contents The Bank's Forest Biodiversity Portfolio 1 Introduction 1 Methods 2 Portfolio Overview 3 Investment Trends 3 Highlights of the Portfolio - Projects and Partnerships 9 Protected Areas - Establishing and Strengthening Conservation Areas 10 Sustainable Use and Natural Resource Management 12 Benefit Sharing - Protecting Biodiversity, Alleviating Poverty 15 Partnerships for Conservation and Management 17 New Directions and Opportunities 23 Valuing Ecosystem Services 23 The Prototype Carbon Fund and the BioCarbon Fund 24 Improving Forest Governance 25 From Rio to Johannesburg 26 Challenges for the Future 27 Bibliography 29 Annex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 31 Annex 2 - Map of the World Bank Forest Biodiversity Portfolio 49 Boxes 1 Sustainable financing for protected areas 11 2 From planning to action - Forest conservation and management in Papua New Guinea 13 3 Forest rianagement and biodiversity conservation in Georgia 14 4 Spice production in park buffer zones 15 5 Information for managing forests and forest biodiversity 16 6 Nicaragua - Linking development with conservation to protect the Path of the Jaguar 19 7 Faith and forests 20 8 Ecomarkets in Costa Rica 24 9 Incentives for rainforest conservation - Ranching poison dart frogs in Peru 27 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Figures 1 Forest biodiversity investments, all funders by FY, 1992-2002 3 2 Total forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 4 3 Bank forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$1,640 million) 6 4 IBRD forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$694 million) 6 5 IDA forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$574 million) 6 6 GEF projects by grant window and Region, 1992-2002 7 7 GEF forest biodiverstiy investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$1,236 million) 7 8 Co-financing for forest biodiversity by Region, 1992-2002 (US$1,071 million) 7 9 Distribution of activity groups in forest biodiversity portfolio, 1992-2002 8 Tables 1 Total forest biodiversity investments by year, 1992-2002 (US$ million) 4 2 Forest biodiversity and leveraging by funder (US$ million) 4 3 Total forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$ million) 5 4 WBG forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 5 5 GEF investments in forest biodiversity by grant window, 1992-2002 6 6 Distribution of activity groups in forest biodiversity portfolio, 1992-2002 8 7 Progress in meeting Alliance targets 21 iv The Bank's Forest Biodiversity Portfolio Introduction Rio in 1992; this time span also covers the period that the Bank's current Forest Policy has T n he conservation and sustainable use of been in force. The review includes all projects forest ecosystems and forest biodiversity and project components which contribute are critical components of the World directly to conservation and sustainable use of Bank's mission to help alleviate poverty and forest ecosystems and forest biodiversity. It support sustainable development. More than 1.6 includes projects financed through the billion people in Bank client countries depend on International Bank for Reconstruction and forests for their livelihoods, while wood is the Development (IBRD), International main household energy source for heating and Development Association (IDA), the Pilot cooking of many of the world's poorest Program to Conserve the Brazilian Rainforest communities. Wise management of forests and (RFTF) and Global Environment Facility (GEF) forest resources is therefore central to sustainable projects executed through the World Bank. development with forests providing resources for Additionally, the International Finance livelihoods, sustenance, trade, medicines and Corporation (IFC) has contributed to industrial development. Forest ecosystems biodiversity conservation through private provide environmental services, including sector investments. The portfolio includes watershed and coastal protection, that reduce regular Bank lending projects as well as human vulnerability to natural hazards such as regular and medium-sized GEF projects drought, floods and hurricanes. Forests also (MSPs) and enabling activities (EAs). provide benefits of global value such as carbon storage and sequestration, nutrient cycling and In addition to projects and project biodiversity conservation. These vital components with specific and direct environmental services are important to local biodiversity-related objectives (the communities as well as the global community. biodiversity portfolio), the World Bank has Conservation and wise use of forest ecosystems been assisting many of its client countries is therefore a central pillar of World Bank with projects which may also have positive, assistance, and is embodied in the Bank's new albeit indirect, impacts on forests and Environment Strategiy. biodiversity. For example, projects that address watershed management, re- This paper summarizes the efforts of the World afforestation and establishment of plantations Bank Group (WBG) over the past decade to meet fuelwood and timber needs may (1992-2002) to assist client countries to benefit forest biodiversity by reducing conserve and manage forest biodiversity. It pressures on natural forests. This update, reflects investments in forest ecosystems and however, does not include forestry projects forest biodiversity since the Earth Summit in which provide such indirect benefits. It does Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 include some projects where specific incomplete since several more forest projects are biodiversity conservation measures have been in the pipeline and scheduled for Board review put in place in mitigation for environmental by June 2002. impacts resulting from a Bank-funded development project, e.g. the establishment of Selected projects were assessed for source of a cloud forest protected area beside the funding, whether WBG (loans or grants) or Colombia toll road concession. cofinancing from non-Bank sources. Where there was more than one source of WBG financing in a project these were assessed Methods separately to avoid double counting-see Annex 1. Cofinancing amounts include Today the World Bank is the largest single contributions from borrower governments, local international funding source for biodiversity beneficiaries, nongovernmental organizations projects. A previous review of the biodiversity (NGOs), bilateral donors, regional development portfolio covered the period from 1988 until banks and United Nations organizations. As in 1999 when the Bank mobilized US$2.6 billion of previous reviews, biodiversity costs were funding for more than 200 projects worldwide determined by itemizing each activity that promoted sustainable use and conservation component (World Bank 2000a). For each of biodiversity in 85 countries and 10 regional, project, figures have been computed for total multi-country efforts (World Bank, 2000a). costs, total biodiversity costs (WBG funds plus Approximately US$1.5 billion of that total associated cofunding), and Bank biodiversity targeted forest ecosystems. This review covers a funding. different time period (1992-2002) and focuses only n thse prject wit compnent andBiodiversity activities supported by Bank activities targeted to conservation and projects or project components were categorized into the following ten categories of explicitly sustainable use of forest biodiversity and forest stated, and funded, activities: 1) Institution- ecosystems. The data for FY 2002 are collated up Building, including institutional strengthening, policies and strategic action plans for biodiversity management at national, This review ofth foesr bidv rsypotli transboundary, ecoregional and landscape involved the following five-step methodology: leves;o2nImrovigiodet Inforation 1) Compilation of data from relevant Bank to mpping Biodiversity assesments, databases; 2) Updating Project List by cross through mappos g, bliodvers,ty assessments, checking with archived project documents; 3) ecological research, 3) Public Awareness Raising Comprehensive Database Creation; 4) Peer Review and environmental education 4) Ex-situ and revision of preliminary portfolio listings Biodiversity Conservation through breeding and data with task managers and the Bank programs and collections, arboreta and gene biodiversity and forestry specialists; and 5) banks; 5) Establishment of New Protected Areas Database Analysis to produce summary tables including designation and management; 6) and figures of regional and annual funding, Strengthening Management of Existing Protected funding source and biodiversity activity. Areas; 7) Development and Biodiversity Projects were assigned to fiscal year based on Management in Park Buffer Zones including their date of approval by the World Bank Board biodiversity conservation and sustainable use, or, for the case of MSPs and EAs, by the country rural development consistent with conservation management unit. The data for FY 2002 are objectives 8) Biodiversity Management in 2 The Banik's Forest Biodimersity Portfolio Production Landscapes including conservation 2002, WBG lending for all forest biodiversity planning and sustainable forest management in projects together totaled the equivalent of about biological corridors and production forests 9) US$1.6 billion and leveraged another US$1.1 Suistainable Financinig and Market Mechanisms for billion, resulting in a total forest investment long-term biodiversity management, including portfolio exceeding US$2.7 billion. Figure 1 trust and livelihood funds, economic incentives, summarizes biodiversity investments from all conservation easements, payments for funding sources. Table 1 shows annual forest ecological services, small enterprises and biodiversity investments by funding sources. private sector; and 10) Ecotourism. Annex 1 provides a listing of all selected projects with Client governments have borrowed 29 percent funding, source of funding and activities. of this total through IBRD loans or IDA credits, representing a total of US$778 million. Grants comprise 33 percent (US$887 million) through Portfolio Overview the Global Environment Facility (US$657 million), the Pilot Program to Conserve the The forest biodiversity portfolio of the WBG has Brazilian Rainforest (US$205 million) and the seen a gradual funding increase over the past Development Grant Facility (US$25million). The decade. Between 1992 and 2002 the Bank has remaining 38 percent (US$1,068 million) invested US$2.7 billion in 207 projects which represents cofinancing and parallel financing, fully or partially support biodiversity equivalent to an additional 64 cents leveraged conservation in forest ecosystems. These projects for every dollar invested by the Bank in forest are located in 90 countries, with 81 national biodiversity. Table 2 shows World Bank projects, two global and five regional initiatives investments and leveraging by funder. (see map, Annex 2). These projects directly support biodiversity conservation in a range of forest habitats, including tropical evergreen and Investment Trends monsoon forests, forested savanna woodlands and dry forests as well as temperate and boreal The WBG is supporting conservation and forests of cooler climes and montane and cloud sustainable use in forest ecosystems worldwide. forests. During the period between 1992 and Figure 2 and Table 3 show the cumulative Figure 1. Forest biodiversity investments, all funders by FY, 1992-2002 600 RFTF 500 - c 400 I DA E 300 l l1 E3OO~~~~~~~~~~~ *~~~~IBRD D 200 |_ * | 100 | -- i . GEF total 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Fiscal year 3 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Table 1. Total forest biodiversity investments by year, 1992-2002 (US$ million) 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 Total Grand Total 216.35 91.76 196.22 329.29 169.64 388.08 220.13 108.57 141.52 598.34 257.08 2716.96 RFTF 146.70 2.00 7.80 2.00 46.50 205.00 IDA 80.46 42.83 71.85 35.89 4.48 157.17 89.52 30.37 16.24 30.50 14.69 573.98 IBRD 100.41 25.79 60.66 97.96 54.87 88.58 35.69 22.36 57.57 146.96 11.10 701.93 GEF Total 35.48 23.15 63.71 48.74 110.29 140.33 94.92 48.05 67.72 418.88 184.79 1236.05 GEF IFC 20.00 20.00 40.00 GEF EA 0.40 2.88 1.30 0.18 0.44 5.21 GEF MSP 3.81 17.71 8.14 33.88 4.37 67.91 GEFREG 35.48 22.75 63.71 48.74 110.29 117.45 69.81 30.15 59.14 385.00 180.42 1122.94 Table 2. Forest biodiversity and leveraging by funder (US$ million) Counterpart Total Bank and co-funded Funder biodiversity biodiversity biodiversity Grand total 2716.97 1640.80 1076.17 RFTF 205.00 205.00 0.00 IDA 573.98 396.97 177.01 IBRD 701.93 381.67 320.26 GEF total 1236.05 657.16 578.90 GEF IFC 40.00 7.00 33.00 GEF EA 5.21 5.21 0.00 GEF MSP 67.91 22.92 44.99 GEF REG 1122.94 622.03 500.91 Figure 2. Total forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 5% US$ m _ 5 1SAR 404 MNA 32 10% LAC 1,342 - ECA 199 \ = ~~~~7% EAP 199 II AFR 328 50 m GBL 145 4 The Bank's Forest Biodiversity Portfolio Table 3. Total forest biodiversity investments by Region, 1992-2002 (US$ million) Global Total projects AFR EAP ECA LAC MNA SAR Grand total 2,716.97 145.00 328.45 266.31 199.16 1,341.68 32.33 404.04 RFTF 205.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 205.00 0.00 0.00 IDA 573.99 0.00 144.18 110.95 23.15 54.57 0.64 240.50 IBRD 701.93 0.00 0.00 48.89 84.11 566.24 2.69 0.00 GEF total 1,236.05 145.00 184.27 106.47 91.90 515.87 29.00 163.54 GEF IFC 40.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 20.00 0.00 0.00 GEF EA 5.20 0.00 0.56 1.02 1.87 0.86 0.89 0.00 GEF MSP 67.91 0.00 1.81 7.29 2.00 53.96 2.85 0.00 GEF REG 1,122.94 125.00 181.90 98.16 88.03 441.05 25.26 163.54 Note: Since this table is based on Total Biodiversity amounts, Grand Total = Sum of Total Biodiversity amounts associated with GEF Total, IDA, IBRD and RFTF. The World Bank's operational Regions are Africa (AFR), East Asia and Pacific (EAP), Europe and Central Asia (ECA), Latin America and Caribbean (LAC), Middle East and North Africa (MNA), and South Asia (SAR). biodiversity funding by Region. The major share credits. The relatively poorer countries of South (50 percent) of all biodiversity funding in forest Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa have received the ecosystems went to Latin America and the largest share of IDA funding, corresponding to Caribbean (US$1,342 million), with 15 percent 67 percent of total IDA funds dedicated to forest to South Asia, 12 percent to Africa, 10 percent to biodiversity. South Asia represents 42 percent of East Asia, and 7 percent to Eastern Europe and all IDA funding, with much of that lending to Central Asia. Only one percent of total India, both for direct conservation activities in biodiversity funding went to the Middle East protected areas and for joint forest management and North Africa. A further five percent of total activities consistent with sustainable use. From biodiversity funding represents financing these figures, it can be seen that even the through two global initiatives, the IFC Small poorest countries are borrowing for and Medium Enterprise Program and the conservation of forest ecosystems and forest Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund. biodiversity. Table 4. WBG forest The total World Bank Group investment in As an Implementing biodiversity forest biodiversity, excluding co-financing, Agency for the Global investments by reaches US$1.6 billion. The LAC region leads Environment Facility, Region, 1992-2002 the investments with US$812 million as shown the WBG provides GEF Funding in Table 4 and Figure 3. The total number of grants for enabling Region (US$ m) projects funded by IBRD and IDA is 54 projects activities, medium-sized GBL 53.5 and 50 projects respectively. Figures 4 and 5 projects and regular GEF AFR 170.0 show the cumulative IBRD and IDA funding for grants, both through the EAP 193.2 forest biodiversity by region. Latin America and Bank and the IFC. ECA 140.4 the Caribbean region has the largest share of Approximately 46 LAC 812.1 IBRD funding (81 percent). Many of the LAC percent of the total MNA 22.1 countries are among the mid to higher income forest biodiversity SAR 254.1 developing countries and not eligible for IDA portfolio is associated Total 1645.4 5 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Figure 3. Bank forest biodiversity investments with grant Table 5. GEF investments in by Region, 1992-2002 (US$1,640 million) funding forest biodiversity by grant 3% through the window, 1992-2002 15'% _ ~ 1/0% SAR Global Envi- (US$ m) MNA ronment Facility GEF total 1 ,236.05 1% _ (GEF). Table 5 12% 7-I LAC shows the dis- ... > .-wt bursements for GEF EA 5.20 ECA GEF forest pro- GEF MSP 67.91 t p _ EAP jects, implemen- GEF REG 1,122.94 % ~~EAP ted by the___ _________ \ X - - - 7 World Bank, X AFR over the period 1992-2002 by grant window. 50% GBL The cumulative total of GEF financing (GEF Li GBL grant plus associated cofinancing) is $1,236 million spread across 63 regular projects ($1,123 Figure 4. IBRD forest biodiversity investments million), 20 enabling activities ($5.2 million) and by Region, 1992-2002 (US$694 million) 29 medium-sized projects ($67.91 million). 7% MNA Twenty-one of the regular GEF grants are fully 12% 0% integrated in Bank lending operations. / 1 2% | 12 LAC Figures 6 and 7 illustrate GEF grants by window and how projects are distributed regionally, by E \CA number of projects and amount invested. Ten of -t -i & ' S ' eEAP the 20 enabling activities have been in Europe and Central Asia region (ECA). Assisting these countries with preparation of enabling activities has been an important step for developing a 81% dialogue which often led to Bank investment for biodiversity and forest management. The region with the most MSPs has been Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) where MSPs have Figure 5. IDA forest biodiversity investments by provided the opportunity for innovation in Region, 1992-2002 (US$574 million) conserving forest biodiversity. LAC is also the region with the highest GEF funding overall for SAR forest biodiversity, a reflection of the extent and 25% MNA high biodiversity value of the region's forests. 42% \0% m g LAC The introduction of the MSPs in 1997 made mid- F\1 LAC size grants more readily available to NGOs and ECA non-government stakeholders and allowed a rapid expansion of the biodiversity portfolio. By /l ^ .' O EAP 2002 there were 29 approved MSPs focusing on m \ / 0 forest biodiversity, the majority in LAC which \ ,.' 19% AFR has 19 ongoing MSPs targeting forest ecosystems. Overall, for GEF projects the ratio 10% 4% of leveraged funding against grant resources is 6 The Banik's Forest Biodiversity Portfolio Figure 6. GEF projects by grant window and Region, 1992-2002 45 - 40 / Regular vu35 - tl 02- 30 , 1 liMedium-sized 25 _ X '1 * project Ev 15 / |! w = # | g Enabling 3 '// 1-1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Activity 5 0 GBL AFR EAP ECA LAC MNA SAR Region Figure 7. GEF forest biodiverstiy investments by Overall, the largest amount of funding and Region, 1992-2002 (US$ 1,236 million) support has gone to expansion and 13% - 12% -SAR strengthening of protected areas, including conservation activities in park buffer zones. 2% MNA Although support to protected areas is likely to continue, the Bank is increasingly seeking 15% El LAC opportunities to expand biodiversity activities into the wider landscape. The South Asia * ECA region, and especially India, have already made - l l i / | excellent progress in this regard with 3 || /% n EAP biodiversity conservation and sustainable l1AFR management often fully integrated and 427% I I mainstreamed into regular Bank lending. FOR GBL almost 1:1. For MSPs the ratio of leveraged Figure 8. Co-financing for forest biodiversity by cofinancing is even higher, almost two dollars Region, 1992-2002 (US$ 1,071 million) for every dollar of GEF grant. 14% SAR Figure 8 shows the regional distribution of the l% MNA $1,071 million co-financing for forest M5%A biodiversity over the 1992-2002 decade. LAC The WBG forest biodiversity portfolio covers a ECA range of activities which promote conservation 7% and sustainable use of forest ecosystems and n EAP more equitable sharing of the benefits derived 5% 1 A1 from them. Table 6 and Figure 9 illustrate the 49 AFR distribution of biodiversity activities supported ' ' GBL within the entire forest biodiversity portfolio. 7 Biodiversity Coniservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Table 6. Distribution of activity groups in forest biodiversity portfolio, 1992-2002 Protected Areas and Buffer Zones (5, 6, 7) 240 Research and Monitoring (2) 163 Institutions and Planning (I) 161 Public Awareness (3) 124 Productive Landscapes (8) 89 Ecotourism (10) 61 Financing Mechanisms (9) 59 Ex-situ Conservation (4) 1 2 Note Numbers in parentheses refer to activities as grouped in Annex 1. Figure 9. Distribution of activity groups in forest biodiversity portfolio, 1992-2002 Ex-situ Conservation Financing Mechanisms Ecotourism ;0' Productive Landscapes Public Awareness Institutions and Planning > | ~Research and Monitoring 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Number of activities 8 Highlights of the Portfolio - Projects and Partnerships P rojects included in this review directly Papua New Guinea, Colombia); studies and support biodiversity conservation in adaptive research on indigenous forest forest ecosystems. These include knowledge (Guatemala, Peru, Uganda); activities such as conservation planning and community forest and woodland management preparation of national biodiversity strategies in (Benin, Ghana, India, Laos); sustainable over 20 countries; establishment of new harvesting of timber and fuel in park buffer protected areas and biological corridors (e.g. zones (Chad, China, Senegal); agroforestry Laos, Indonesia, Georgia, Ghana, Central systems such as shade coffee (El Salvador, America and Brazil); improved management of Mexico); coastal forest and mangrove 'paper parks' and existing protected areas (e.g. restoration (Bangladesh, Vietnam); and India, Madagascar, Uganda, Ecuador, Brazil); sustainable harvesting of non-timber forest ex-situ conservation and research on native tree products, including medicinal plants (Ethiopia, genetic diversity (Poland, Paraguay and Sri Lanka, India, Peru, Nigeria, Uganda). Turkey); conservation of medicinal plants (Sri Several projects provide innovative new Lanka and Ethiopia); control of invasive exotic financing mechanisms for protecting forest plants and restoration of native forests ( India, habitats and resources (Bhutan, Uganda) and Mauritius, Seychelles); and promoting financial incentives to encourage forest community management of forest protected regeneration and strengthen forest protection areas, indigenous reserves and sacred groves (Costa Rica). A notable feature of many of these (Colombia, Ecuador, Ghana, Peru). Large forest programs is the increasing involvement of local biomes are further protected by improved producer or community organizations in biome arefurter poteced b impovedimplementation, providing communities with a management systems, including fire control and keyestakin sustinabl rourceimanagemen prevntin pogrms n Brzil Rusia Meico key stake in sustainable resource management prevention programs in Brazil, Russia, Mexico and biodiversity conservation. and Venezuela. Through a combination of lending and grant Bankapoects an progrs promot assistance, the Bank is assisting client sustainable use of biodiversity through governments to seek creative ways to support institutional strengthening and capacity biodiversity conservation by working with building for more sustainable forest local, national and international NGOs, management and monitoring of forest academic institutions, other donors and local concessions (Cambodia, Cameroon, Russia, community organizations. Since the Bank's Papua New Guinea, Georgia); forest overarching mission is poverty eradication, a partnerships to encourage conservation set- key challenge is to find ways to promote asides and allow natural forest regeneration of development that encourages both biodiversity logged areas and degraded pastures (China, conservation and poverty alleviation. 9 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Protected Areas - Establishing and sustainability of protected areas. Under the Strengthening Conservation Areas program a biodiversity monitoring system will be established to track the threats posed by Protected areas are the cornerstones of deforestation, road construction, logging, cattle biodiversity conservation (Kramer and others raising and other development activities in and 1997). Throughout the world, the Bank is around parks. supporting the establishment of new conservation areas (Laos, Brazil, Panama, Russia contains about 22 percent of the world's Indonesia) as well as strengthening forests, including 25 percent of all old-growth management of existing parks in temperate and forests. Russia's 770 million hectares of forests boreal forest systems (Russia, Georgia, Poland) make up the largest share of temperate/boreal as well as tropical and monsoon forest forests in World Bank client countries and ecosystems (C6te d'Ivoire, Congo, Ecuador, harbor important endemic biodiversity. Because Indonesia, Cambodia and India). Projects target of Russia's size and forest cover, there is a all forest ecosystems from coastal forests and compelling need to balance economic mangroves (Ghana, Indonesia) to threatened development in the forest sector with cloud (Peru, Bolivia) and montane habitats sustainable management and conservation of (China, Bhutan, Morocco, Turkey) including biodiversity. A six year $20m GEF project is unique habitats such as forests on karst supporting conservation of forests in the limestone (Vietnam, Croatia). In many Russian Far East and will be complemented by countries, including Brazil, Madagascar, a new forestry project dealing with forest Indonesia and India, such protected area management, including management of fire in programs are explicitly linked to sustainable these biodiversity-rich forests. Also in the Far livelihoods and improved resource management East, a medium size grant (MSP) is promoting by local communities. conservation of Siberian tigers and their prey base in the forests of Khabarovsky Krai. Many of these conservation interventions target major forest wilderness areas in both tropical Elsewhere, many forest reserves are fragmented and temperate regions. In Brazil, the Bank with and isolated and their long-term survival will its Alliance partner, the World Wide Fund for depend on landscape conservation planning Nature (WWF), and the GEF is assisting the efforts that hinge upon a combination of government to protect 41 million hectares of political, social and economic factors. The Bank forest across the Brazilian Amazon. The is engaged in a multitude of Integrated Amazon Region Protected Areas Program Conservation and Development Projects (ARPA) is anchored in President Cardoso's (ICDPs) which attempt to reconcile local and commitment in 1998 to set aside at least 10 regional development needs with the percent of Brazil's forests as conservation areas; conservation objectives of protected areas and this will more than triple the area currently promote biodiversity conservation in the larger under strict protection. A program is underway production landscape. The ICDP for the one to strengthen 12.5 million hectares of existing million hectare national park of Kerinci Seblat in parks and to establish new protected areas in Indonesia provided maps for development another 28.5 million hectares, including planning to local government agencies; representative examples of forest in each of the supports biodiversity surveys and audits in Amazon's 23 ecoregions. The ARPA program adjacent forest concessions and provides small will establish a long-term financing mechanism development grants to communities which to cover the recurrent costs and ensure the enter conservation agreements with the park. 10 Highlights of the Portfolio -Projects anid Partnierslhips One of the greatest challenges for conservation is how to cover the recurrent costs of parks and protected areas. To address this problem, the Bank has helped to establish several national trust funds, using GEF financing as part of the cofunding. Trust funds in Bolivia, Peru and Mexico are helping to support protected area networks; another will shortly be established in C6te d' Ivoire. Trust funds have also been established for national training needs and capacity building to conserve forest ecosystems (Bhutan), to support a biodiversity grants program (Brazil) and to strengthen management at individual sites such as Mulanje mountain, Malawi. A regional fund is benefiting protected areas in the Transcarpathian mountains of eastern Europe. Conservation trust funds are especially valuable because they provide a regular and predictable source of funding. The Mexican fund will provide a long-term, reliable source of funds for core protection and conser- vation activities and contribute to strengthened protected areas management and protection of unique biodiversity in eligible and special biosphere reserves. Financing through the Peruvian fund for protected areas (PROFONAPE) has strengthened and extended the protected area network and improved the policy framework and financial sustainability. A new project will provide additional resources to PROFONAPE to encourage greater stakeholder and community participation in park management to promote social sustain- ability of the protected area system. The Mgahinga-Bwindi Impenetrable Forest Conservation Trust (MBIFCT) in Uganda focuses on two national parks, Bwindi and Mgahinga, which protect important gorilla habitat along the borders with Rwanda and Zaire. The trust fund provides resources for park management to strengthen protection of the gorilla popula- tions and for research to better understand the ecology and social behavior of the gorillas and other native wildlife. The majority of the income (60 percent), however, is used to provide sustainable livelihoods for local people as an alternative to agricultural encroachment into the park. Initially capitalized with $2 million of GEF financing, the trust fund has received additional support from USAID to finance park-related activities and an additional $2 million top up to the capital from the Government of the Netherlands. By providing resources to protect the gorillas in Uganda, the trust fund is helping to support reservoir populations of this endangered species which may provide migrants to recolonise forest habitats in Uganda's war-torn neighbors. The India Ecodevelopment Project provides communities to eradicate invasive alien species development opportunities to neighboring such as Euicalyptus and Lantana that subdue communities to address some of the social and natural regeneration and threaten ecosystem poverty needs that lead to biodiversity loss health. around evergreen and monsoon forest parks which provide important habitat for tigers in Similarly, Romania is expanding and Kerala, West Bengal, Karnataka, Madhya strengthening it's protected area system while Pradesh, Jharkhand and Rajastahan. At Periyar, also supporting ecosystem management and Kerala, park managers have developed rehabilitation of adjacent forest habitats innovative partnerships with different user degraded through overgrazing by livestock. To groups, such as thatch, reed and firewood reduce further pressure on natural habitats, collectors to allow organized collections in communities are being encouraged to adopt strictly zoned areas in return for help with more ecologically-sensitive agriculture and forest patrols and forest protection. The park is livestock management and to adopt activities also using its partnership with local that further conservation objectives. Strong Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 education and awareness programs and million people. A critical element of success has scientific monitoring of key species and been a change in attitude of state forest ecosystems underpin these activities. departments and an empowerment of local communities that has built capacity to improve New projects are giving increasing emphasis to both livelihoods and forest management. Both local community participation and their roles timber and non-timber assets have been within protected area management. In Peru the transferred from state to joint management; the Bank is helping to establish communal reserves net present value of theses assets is $19 billion that will be managed by indigenous people of which $2 billion is shared by the within biodiversity-rich wilderness areas. In communities. Although the primary objective of Papua New Guinea the Bank is establishing a these projects is poverty alleviation, there have trust fund to support conservation activities, also been substantial biodiversity benefits. including establishment of clan conservation areas, as an alternative to timber sales In Eastern Europe, and the Former Soviet agreements (Box 2). In the Philippines a Union, the Bank has used a range of lending, national NGO consortium, NIPA, is working and non-lending instruments and strategic with park managers, local communities and partnerships to mainstream biodiversity into the NGOs on land tenure, community lands and forestry sector, using the complementarities indigenous peoples issues within ten between GEF grants and WBG lending. WBG protected areas. assistance has focused on improved forest sector management, including fire and pest Sustainable Use and Natural management (Russia), development of regulatory frameworks, restitution of forest Resource Management lands to private landowners and communities (Romania) and restoration with native species of In India forestry is the second largest land use forests damaged by air pollution and acid rain after agriculture. More than 275 million people (Poland and Belarus). In Georgia the Bank is in India depend on forest lands for livelihoods engaged in dialue In p eorm and and cash income (firewood, non-timber forest incased com unity m ement o re products, building materials), including more and natural resources. An IDA forest than 35 million tribals, the most disadvantaged anagemen rojet lnkeD toaeF n groups in society. The World Bank has manarement project, linked to a GEF-funded committed over $800m to the forestry sector in project, will support boodtversEty planCang as India over the last 20 years with commitments the production forests of the Eastern Caucasus to 16 projects from Uttar Pradesh and West to maintain wildlife corridors (Box 3). Else- Bengal in the north to Tamil Nadu and Kerala in where in the region, the Bank has supported the south of the subcontinent. These forest sector reviews (Russia, Kyrgyz Republic) community-based joint forest management to identify conservation and management projects have led to significant improvements in priorities and an economic valuation of forests forest management, reversal of deforestation (Romania). A tri-national transboundary trends in three states and increases in assets and conservation project in the West Tien Shan in incomes for thousands of forest fringe villagers. Central Asia (Kyrgyz Republic, Kazakhstan and In Madhya Pradesh, for instance, the Bank Uzbekistan) will help to maintain important financed joint forest management activities juniper and walnut forests, as well as the gene which led to the establishment of over 2400 pool of native apple trees, within conservation oversight committees and benefited more than 6 areas and the intervening landscape. 12 Highliglhts of the Portfolio -Projects amd Partnershlips Box 2. From planning to action - Forest conservation and management in Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea (PNG) occupies the eastern half of the island of New Guinea and still boasts 33 million hectares of closed natural forest (77 percent of the country), home to numerous endemic species. Overall, PNG is sparsely populated with some 700 distinct cultural/language groups. Economic growth over the past two decades has been spurred by large-scale mining, petroleum and logging operations, though the majority of the population continues to rely upon subsistence agriculture (swidden) and collection and utilization of forest products. Some 15 million hectares of forests are accessible for logging, of which 1.5 million hectares have already been logged, generally in an unsustainable manner. Of the over 6 million hectare of approved timber blocks more than 1.5 million hectares overlap areas of high biological value. Forest loss and degradation is now becoming a serious problem. Papua New Guinea is an important wilderness area but has very few protected areas under government management, just 0.2 percent of the total land area . Opportunities to expand the conservation estate will depend on encouraging local landowners to adopt land use practices that are consistent with conservation objectives. The World Bank has been assisting the Government of Papua New Guinea to assess the trade- offs and conflicts between conservation and development and to find ways to feed these decisions into land use planning. Funded by the Bank, a consortium of Australian scientists has been field testing tools to ,identify priority areas for biodiversity conservation in PNG. The BioRap methodologies are based on biodiversity values but can be used to determine a range of options to 'capture' maximum biodiversity, each with different biodiversity gains and costs in terms of agricultural and forestry opportunities forgone. The BioRap methodology deals only with the planning stage and does not attempt to address how priority areas should be managed. A new World Bank/GEF project will work with the Government of PNG to improve current forestry practice and strengthen forest management to promote harvesting that is ecologically and socially sustainable. Changes in forestry policy have already been initiated to ensure greater benefits and royalties to landown- ers. In addition to policy dialogue, the project will help the Forest Authority strengthen its planning and monitoring role to encourage sustainable forestry management, including the initiation of independent auditing of logging operations. It will also support strengthening of landholder organizations and those environmental institutions responsible for requiring and monitoring environmental impact assessments on new and existing developments. To promote forest conservation, there will be a comprehensive effort to improve access to information and technical advice for better informed landowner decision making. This includes the identification of alterna- tive options to logging and the setting up of a Conservation Trust Fund to finance such options. This could include clan conservation areas, if landowners choose to follow a conservation development path in areas of high biodiversity value. The GEF will contribute $5m to establish and test the fund mechanism and a further $10m for capitalization, provided that other donors can mobilize equal amounts of matching capital. In Laos a program to promote village designed to ensure the long-term protection of management and regeneration of previously- national forests in watershed catchments and logged forests is maintaining natural forests and reduce vulnerability of downstream villages providing rural livelihoods from certified and towns to flooding. After the severe floods of timber. In China the Bank will provide support 1998, the Chinese government introduced a to the Natural Forest Protection Program, moratorium on logging and is now re-assessing 13 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Box 3. Forest management and biodiversity conservation in Georgia A new forest management project, financed by IDA, and a protected area project, partially funded by GEF, will work collaboratively to promote sustainable use and biodiversity conservation in Georgia's Caucasus region, a recognized global biodiversity hotspot. The two projects will work together to develop a plan for forest conservation and sustainable use in the Central Caucasus planning region, including identification of new protected areas, wildlife corridors, and land use and forest management consistent with biodiversity conservation. Special measures will be identified for conservation of threatened flora and fauna. In eastern Georgia, management plans or management guidelines have been prepared for three key protected areas in the Caucasus mountains: Tusheti (115,800 ha) and Vashlovani National Parks (44,796 ha) and Lagodeckhi Nature Reserve; the latter will be expanded under the project from 17,932 to 25,400 ha. These protected areas cover an altitudinal gradient from 100 to 4000 meters elevation comprising alpine, montane, and lowland forest, and grasslands. The sites contain some of Georgia's most important and threatened biodiversity, including critical habitat for unique large mammal fauna. The projects will place a particular emphasis on ecosystem management and corridor conservation. Corridor plans that link management activities within protected areas and those on adjacent state forest lands, under individual forest management units will be piloted in high priority areas, including a riparian corridor to conserve the last remaining stands of alluvial floodplain forest in eastern Georgia. The plans will focus on conserving biodiversity values in the production landscape by implementing habitat management practices (including no hunting zones) consistent with the needs of key threatened fauna such as Cauca- sian and Dagestan tur (mountain goats), lynx, and wolf. The plans will integrate recommendations for range management in specific alpine habitats and provide detailed performance indicators to gauge the effective- ness of management efforts. These will serve as models for replication in other forest management units under the Forestry Development Project. In the ecosystems of the central and eastern Caucasus both the wildlife and the threats they face are transboundary in nature. Therefore, responsible agencies from Russia will be invited to participate in development of the habitat plans. its forestry programs. Approximately 50 million The Bank Group's private sector arm, the hectares, more than half the country's natural International Finance Corporation (IFC), is forests, will now be re-assessed for designation promoting sustainable land use and improved as nature reserves, forest parks, watershed natural resource management, through small forests or areas for selective logging according loans under its Small and Medium Enterprise to their biological and protection values. The (SME) Program and investments in private program will promote biodiversity sector partnerships in South America through conservation, more sustainable use and a better the Terra Capital Fund. The SME fund has understanding of the critical ecosystem service assisted private landowners in Belize to role of watershed forests. In Vietnam the Bank is dedicate their properties to wildlife engaged in a partnership with government, conservation and tourism. Natural habitats and other donors and NGOs to promote a similar native wildlife populations are recovering and program to rationalize the country's forest local communities benefit from increased strategy, promote more production of timber in employment opportunities at the tourist lodges plantations, including those managed by and through associated community-run tourism communities, and assist with financing of key enterprises such as model villages and special use forests for biodiversity conservation. handicraft sales. 14 Highlights of the Portfolio -Projects anid Partniershlips IFC financing, through Conservation International, finances small farmers to grow Box 4. Spice production in shade coffee in the buffer zone of the El Triunfo park buffer zones Biosphere Reserve, Mexico (one of the last remaining cloud forest areas in MesoAmerica). ForesTrade is an American company financed Farmers adopt certified growing practices, by the IFC/SME program whose business including agreements not to clear forest and activities support the conservation of biodiversi- obey land-use restrictions; the certified product ty on a sustainable basis in Indonesia and is sold at a premium. In Costa Rica the IFC is Guatemala, promoting more equitable distribu- supporting reforestation and natural tion of benefits. The company has developed regeneration of forests in the buffer zones of sourcing contracts for organically grown spices national parks within the Conservation Area of and essential oils (for example, cassia cinna- the Central Volcanic Cordillera (the ACCVC). mon, cardamom, black pepper, ginger, patchouli the CentermedalrVolc UNDECORdi firan(tesACCVC and nutmeg oils) in over 60 areas involving An intermediary, FUNDECOR, finances some 3,000 individual producers and their advance wood purchases from small families. Many of the partnerships are located in landowners, whom they assist to prepare buffer zones of important national parks and reforestation and sustainable forest protected areas, for example, Gunung Leuser management plans to produce certified timber. National Park, Kerinci-Seblat N.P. and Way Kambas N. P. (Indonesia) and Maya Biosphere Reserve, El Peten and Sierra de Las Minas Benefit Sharing - Protecting Biosphere Reserve (Guatemala). Suppliers must commit to forest conservation and preservation. ForesTrade provides incentives to farmers through training opportunities and payment of a The overarching mission of the World Bank is small premium over market prices. The company poverty alleviation. Consistent with that also deals closely with NGOs, cooperatives, mission, the Bank recognizes that biodiversity community groups and local consultants to underpins human welfare and economic ensure organic and sustainable production, development and that many sectors of national harvesting techniques and yields. All products and local economies depend on biological are certified. diversity, natural ecosystems, productive landscapes and the environmental services they promote development that encourages both provide. Moreover, the poorest of the poor, biodiversity conservation and poverty especially the rural poor, tend to be the most allevition senvahonmend potecty depedenton lcall avilabe foest oodsand alleviation, linking environmental protection to dependent on locally available forest goods and sutial lielhods services for food, shelter, fuel, medicines, sustaiable livelihoods. employment, income, cultural heritage, and to protect clean water supplies and reduce their Ecodevelopment opportunities associated with vulnerability to natural hazards. key conservation areas are enabling local communities in India to break out of the Forest ecosystems throughout the world poverty trap and develop alternative support some of the poorest people and some of livelihoods consistent with conservation those most dependent on natural habitats and objectives. In Sri Lanka and Ethiopia medicinal their biological resources. Yet, many of these plant projects aim to reduce wild harvesting habitats have become severely degraded and and support community efforts to cultivate unproductive through human activities. A key medicinal plants to meet rural health needs. In challenge for the Bank is to find ways to rural Africa, in Ghana and Nigeria, the Bank is 15 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosysteis - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Box 5. Information for managing forests and forest biodiversity Information management and dissemination are important tools for improving the conservation and sustain- able use of forests and forest biodiversity. Several projects focus specifically on these needs. Regional collaboration In the Congo Basin, the Central Africa Regional Environment Information Management Project is encourag- ing collaboration and information sharing between Cameroon, Central African Republic, Congo, Democratic Republic of Congo. Equatorial Guinea and Gabon for mapping and monitoring of forest resources. The project has established national and regional information networks, with a regional coordination unit established under NGO leadership. National collections In Indonesia the Biodiversity Collections project supported restoration and rehabilitation of the national zoological and herbarium collections as well as improved information management to provide a key database for resource management. The Costa Rica Biodiversity Resources Management Project is supporting INBIO to collect and inventory key taxa from major forest reserves. The information will be used to better 'market' biodiversity as a resource for ecotourism, research, education and sustainable exploita- tion, including potential pharmaceutical and horticultural uses. Field guides In East Asia many nationals had no direct access to information about their national flora and fauna. Although some field guides were available, these tended to be in English, expensive and largely inaccessi- ble to a local market. Two Bank projects have specifically addressed this need for local language field guides. The Indonesia Biodiversity Collections Project, executed by the Indonesian Institute of Sciences, produced 15 books. The second project, funded by the Bank-Netherlands Partnership Program and man- aged by IUCN, produced 17 titles and 26 books (some titles appear in more than one language) in partnership with NGOs and academics across the region. Publications on emerging issues As part of its Biodiversity Impact series, the Bank has collaborated with Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) to publish two new papers relevant to forest management and biodiversity conservation. The papers entitled Biodiversity Consevation in the Context of Tropical Forest Management and Hunting of Wildlife in Tropical Forests are available as pdf files on the Bank biodiversity site <>. As a follow up, the Bank is working with WCS to develop management recommendations and indicators to strengthen biodiversity criteria in forest certification processes, with a special emphasis on the regulation of hunting. involved in projects that address problems such Finding and exploiting such linkages across the as land degradation, soil erosion, deforestation whole World Bank Group investment portfolio and loss of biodiversity through better will provide opportunities for mainstreaming watershed management and reforestation to biodiversity into national and regional improve environmental and social conditions. sustainable development agendas. 16 Highllights of the Portfolio -Projects and Partershiips Partnerships for Conservation "biodiversity-friendly cocoa," produced and Management organically to rehabilitate cocoa agroforestry areas managed by local farmers and indigenous The World Bank is committed to working Bribi in the Talamanca-Squirres Caribbean cooperatively with diverse partners to realize portion of the MesoAmerican Corridor. the objectives of better forest conservation and management. Aceh elephant landscapes Innovation through the Medium In northern Sumatra, Flora and Fauna Grant Window International (FFI), the government conservation agency and local student groups are working together to protect Indonesia's The Medium Size Grant (MSP) facility has provided are reing populationdofesian the opportunity to engage a broader range of players elaept Hai loss time oncesion in GEF-financed activities and work directly with lowland areas fost timber concessions in national and intemational NGOs, local community agriculture and plantatonverincr and indigenous organizations to support . . biodiversity conservation and sustainable usebrought elephants and local communities into close proximity and conflict. Surveys to identify around the world. By the end of FY02, the Bank had eehn irto otstruhAe' 29 MPs ocuingon onsrvaionandsusainble elephant migration routes through Aceh's 29 MSPs focust g on conservaion and sustanable forests will help NGOs and government use in forest ecosystems. planners to establish elephant corridors and implement appropriate land management, Shade coffee and cocoa including establishment of new protected areas in former logging concessions. Extensive Theovamid-se windw risk- well suited frorects. InEl conservation awareness programs and social innovative hirg ris h eward roe In El marketing are designed to create a constituency Savdr Niaau'n eio h aki for conservation, building on traditional folk providing incentives to farmers to maintain lor ansectfor the on elepans traditional systems of coffee production under lready, the projistedhenew fores covr ("sade offe"). Tese gro-Already, the project has assisted the new forest cover ("shade coffee"). These agro- autonomous government of Aceh to develop forestry systems provide excellent habitats and special legislation to protect elephants and their wildlife corridors, which are especially habitats. important as feeding and migration corridors for over-wintering migrant birds from North Protecting threatened lowland swamp forests America. The coffee produced in these forested in Sumatra habitats is independently certified and fetches a higher premium in international markets when The lowland forests of Sumatra are some of the sold as "biodiversity-friendly coffee." Both most endangered habitats on Earth. With farmers and biodiversity benefit. In Uganda, current rates of deforestation, it is estimated wild coffee, harvested from protected forests that they could all be lost by the year 2005. In surrounding Kibale National Park, will provide Jambi and South Sumatra, Wetlands livelihood opportunities to local farmers who International are working with provincial can sell their product at a premium because its governments and the Indonesian Conservation production is linked to conservation of natural Department (PKA) to create a new 205,000 forests. Similarly, a GEF MSP is supporting the hectare national park. The new Sembilang park marketing and ecological monitoring of will adjoin Berbak National Park, Indonesia's 17 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 first Ramsar site. Together the two parks will Old-growth temperateforests in Chile protect some of Sumatra's most important lowland forests, including large tracts of swamp Two medium-size projects in southern Chile forest and the most important mangroves in will encourage conservation and sustainable use western Indonesia. Improved protection will of old-growth temperate forests under pressure provide benefits to conservation of large from unsustainable logging. The projects aim to mammals (tiger, Sumatran rhino), migratory demonstrate that these forests contribute more birds and breeding populations of rare storks. It to national accounts through ecosystem services will also benefit local economies as the and recreational opportunities than through current logging practices. mangroves are major spawnng and nursery grounds for inshore fisheries. Forest and ecosystem restoration on small oceanic islands Management of an exceptional karst landscape Medium- size projects in Seychelles and Karst landscapes are an important, but rarely Mauritius are helping to protect and restore rare appreciated, facet of the Earth's biological and forest ecosystems on isolated oceanic islands. geological diversity with high landscape, The Seychelles project focuses on management ecological and cultural values. Levels of and restoration of remaining forest habitats in endemism among groups such as orchids, herbs, the Granitic Seychelles, including specific forest snails and cave invertebrates are conservation measures for rare and endangered generally extremely high. Such areas are poorly bird species in upland forests, coastal wetlands represented in both global protected area and coastal plateau forest. The Mauritius project networks and conservation investment focuses on removal of alien species and portfolios. reintroduction of native flora and fauna, including the restoration of hardwood forests on The Pu Luong-Cuc Phuong limestone range is a the island of Rodrigues. fine example of a karst ecosystem, the only remaining large area of lowland and limestone National Forest Programs forest in northern Vietnam. Cuc Phuong National Park covers the eastern section of the The Bank and its partners are supporting the range and was Vietnam's first national park; it is development of enhanced National Forest the last refuge in the region for large mammals, Programs with governments and other notably the critically endangered Delacour's stakeholders. Work on national forest programs langur. Pu Luong is a new nature reserve which iS in progress in over 90 countries and will serve as a basis for building and refining priorities protects the west of the range. During a forest and moving forward to better forest survey in these limestone areas in 1999, 92 management. In Vietnam, for instance, the Bank species of snails were found in a single plastic is a member of the Forest Sector Support bag of collected soil - a world record. A GEF Program in partnership with the government, MSP will strengthen conservation management other donors and NGOs. by establishing a new protected area to link Cuc Phuong and Pu Luong, strengthen existing Partnerships with Donors protected areas and build the capacity of relevant stakeholders to manage the wider karst The Bank's forest program has benefited in ecosystem through a regional landscape plan. recent years from partnerships with major 18 Highlighits of the Portfolio - Projects anid Partnerships Box 6. Nicaragua - Linking development with conservation to protect the Path of the Jaguar The MesoAmerican Biological Corridor, sometimes called Paseo Pantera (Path of the Jaguar), is a corridor of tropical rainforests, pine savannas, mountain forests and coastal wetlands that extends from Mexico to Colombia. In addition to the jaguar, South America's largest cat, the corridor provides habitat for thousands of other resident animals and plants, rare and threatened species such as tapirs and harpy eagles, and wintering habitat for Nearctic migratory birds. It is also home for hundreds of thousands of people, many of them indigenous tribes, who subsist from farming and harvesting forest products and other natural resources. Within Nicaragua the corridor of natural habitats extends almost unbroken along the Atlantic coast. Soils are fragile with little agricultural potential and human population levels are low. Only 390,000 people, about 10 percent of Nicaragua's population, live in the Atlantic region. Until recently, there has been only limited exploitation of the Atlantic region's natural resources - small scale forestry, mining, fisheries and limited agriculture. However, the civil war and the ensuing peace led to resettlement of indigenous and non-indigenous communities, land allocations to retired militia and the advance of the agricultural frontier into Nicaragua's tropical forests. Pressures to open up Nicaragua for more extensive logging, mining, fishing and transport routes are further threatening the rich biological resources of the Atlantic region. The Nicaragua Atlantic Biological Corridor Project was the first of several GEF projects in Central America prepared with the assistance of the World Bank (others include Honduras, Panama, Colombia, Guatemala and Mexico). These projects are part of a multi-national effort to conserve the Atlantic forests of Central America, an initiative supported by several donors, including a contribution of $110 million from the GEF. The $7.1 million GEF grant to Nicaragua is meeting the incremental costs of protected areas and conservation-based land use in the corridor as part of an integrated development and conservation project that is valued at $30.5 million. An IDA credit will support improved agricultural productivity in the more densely populated Pacific region of Nicara- gua, thus reducing out-migration to the Atlantic corridor and curbing expansion of the agricultural frontier into Atlantic forests. Within the corridor, indigenous communities will be assisted to develop livelihoods based on sustainable management of natural habitats and resources. Planning for development consistent with conservation objectives will be conducted at the regional, municipal and local level to produce development models scaled to meet local needs. By making develop- ment work to reduce pressures on native forests, the project will promote conservation of both biodiversity and ethnic cultures in one of the most intact parts of the MesoAmerican corridor. bilateral donors, such as the Bank-Netherlands including those in the CGIAR system, especially Partnership Program. In January 2002, the CIFOR. This partnership will strengthen efforts Program on Forests (PROFOR), a major bilateral to align national governments' and international donor partnership, moved to the World Bank. donors' priorities in the national forest PROFOR's presence combines the technical programs under development. strength, sector activities, and country dialogues of the Bank with the donors' analytical and Partnerships with the Private Sector financial resources. The move will increase PROFOR's access to the knowledge and The CEO Forum, chaired by the Bank's expertise of other research and policy bodies, President, has initiated a dialogue among 19 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistaice 1992-2002 leading forest companies, NGOs and the Bank. The Forum was initiated as a dialogue with the Box 7. Faith and forests chief executive officers of large forestry firms from developed and developmg countries. This Through the Bank-Netherlands Partnership arrangement has since expanded to include Program and the Forest Alliance, the Bank is firms from retailing and production, and some working with major faith groups in East Asia to major international and southern NGOs promote faith-based stewardship of forest resources and biodiversity. Partnering with the Through plenary meetings and working groups, world's largest, most enduring and most the CEO Forum has debated major issues such penetrating 'NGOs' for conservation is overdue. as high conservation value forests, sustainable In Indonesia this is being done through Islamic forest management and controlling illegal forest 'boarding schools,' in East Timor through the operations. In Africa it has led to a draft code of Catholic Church, in Papua New Guinea through conduct that could have significant implications the Evangelical Alliance, in Thailand and for how responsible logging companies conduct Cambodia through monastery schools, and in business m the region. In 2003, the Bank will Mongolia through the main monastery and its expand this private sector inihative by (i) satellites In Mongolia, two books have been bringing some major new potential "green' produced on sacred sites, their cultural value investors into closer contact with some major and conservation, the second of which has forest borrower country governments and other forewords by the Prime Minister and the stakeholders, an (hby partneringwithForestPresident of the World Bank in recognition of the sTakehnders,C and otherby partnering withg Fores importance of this approach. Late in 2002, there Trends, CIFOR and other agencies working on will be an Asia-wide multi-faith event at which the development of small-scale, local, private projects will be showcased and experiences investment in forests and forest-based shared. enterprises. Partnerships with NGOs collaborating with other key NGOs, such as IUCN, on protected area issues; the Nature Three key NGO partnerships enrich the World Conservancy and other NGOs on Sustainable Bank's forest activities: The World Bank-WWF Conservation Financing; and the World Global Forest Alliance, the Critical Ecosystem Resources Institute on the Millenium Partnership Fuind (CEPF), and Forest Trends. The Assessment. All of these initiatives focus, at CEPF is an international funding partnership least in part, on forest ecosystems. between Conservation International (CI), the GEF, the World Bank, the Government of Japan The Global Forest Alliance and MacArthur Foundation which will provide grant funding to conservation efforts in high The World Bank/WWF Alliance for Forest biodiversity areas, especially tropical forests. Conservation and Sustainable Use was formed Forest Trends is a Washington-based NGO, in April 1998 as a response to the continued initiated with the support of the World Bank depletion of the world's forest biodiversity, and and MacArthur Foundation. It works to develop of forest-based goods and services essential for markets for forest ecosystem goods and sustainable development. The Alliance will services, including support for sustainable work with governments, the private sector and livelihoods for forest-dependent peoples, and to civil society to achieve three targets by 2005: improve the efficiency of forest product use and the development of alternative, sustainable, 1. 50 million hectares of new protected areas sources of fibre. Additionally the Bank is in forests 20 Highlights of the Portfolio - Projects and Partnterslhips 2. Another 50 million hectares of existing ecologically important forest regions. Each protected areas under effective management commitment is being secured through a 3. 200 million hectares of production forests combination of government action, Alliance under independently certified sustainable efforts to raise awareness about the importance management. of forest biodiversity, the provision of technical and institutional assistance, the mobilization of Table 7 summarizes progress to date in support from grass-roots organizations, and the achieving these targets. leveraging of external funding. T'he Alliance is now worki-ng in 30 countries- In addition to its focus on protected areas and from Brazil where the government has certification, the Alliance produces analytical tools committed to protect an additional 28.5 million and commissions topical research that can be used hectares of Amazon rain forest, to the Lao to drive international and country-specific forest People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), where policies. The Alliance has developed a diagnostic the Alliance is helping villagers sustain the tool that enables governments and other largest natural forest in Asia under active stakeholders to assess forest estate governance community management. The Alliance's greatest and to prioritise interventions. The Alliance is also potential lies in its ability to leverage reforms and supporting the establishment of National Working influence ideas and the shape and financing of Groups on Sustainable Forest Management and new endeavors. In Vietnam for example, the Forest Certification Standards, and was Alliance has already helped mobilize more than instrumental in the development of a global vision $1 million in private-sector investment from the for 2050-a vision that sees a shift in the balance Tropical Forest Trust, an association of furniture from forests as a source of fibre production to buyers. forests managed to meet the needs of local communities, as well as for their environmental These commitments to increased forest and aesthetic values. protection involve some of the world's most Table 7. Progress in meeting Alliance targets Number of Area of PAs Area of Area under new PAs established Number of improved Pas SFMI SFM / certifi- Region established (Ha) improved PAs (Ha) certification cation (Ha) AFR 4 3,423,782 7 0 10 600,000 EAP 5 70,000 1 221,000 18 5,060,000 ECA 0 0 0 0 17 800,000 LAC 4 29,853,191 6 21,419,300 4 631,200 MNA I 0 2 0 1 0 SAR 2 0 7 0 7 3,248,434 Grand total 16 33,346,973 23 21,640,300 57 10,339,634 Notes: PA = Protected areas; SFM = Sustainable forest management. 21 New Directions and Opportunities Valuing Ecosystem Services and endemic riparian woodlands as part of micro-catchment vegetation management with F ~ orests provide multiple ecosystem, food local communities, including the Lakhdar and public health services. As well as watershed in Morocco, the northern Yemeni maintaining biodiversity, they serve as wadis and Turkey's Eastern Anatolia Basin. In buffers against the spread of disease, pollution Ecuador an integrated watershed management and pests. Forest ecosystems are critical to the project is being prepared with a specific energy balance of the earth and can stabilize component to capture payment for entire landscapes and coastlines. Forests also environmental services provided by forests. In protect soils and watersheds. Forest ecosystems China forests are being increasingly recognized play a role in influencing rainfall regimes and for their role in clean water supply. As part of climate at local and regional levels, helping to the Yangtze River Protection Program in contain global warming through carbon Sichuan and Hubei provinces, the Bank has sequestration and storage in soils and plant funded adaptive forestry research and extension biomass. Over the last decade, a number of to help local communities establish nearly World Bank forest-related projects have been 300,000 ha of mixed multiple-use protection making explicit linkages between forest forests by planting native conifers and biodiversity, carbon sequestration and hardwoods, such as Chinese fir and poplar, watershed values associated with erosion black locust and willows. control, clean water supplies, flood control and coastal protection. To reduce carbon sink and biodiversity losses, long-term programs have been put in place to Coastal forest projects in Croatia, Bangladesh, closely monitor and control Brazilian Amazon Honduras, Lithuania, and Vietnam are and Russian forest fires using state of the art improving management of coastal forests, technology and mobile units. In Belarus Bank swamps, floodplains and mangroves, including support for fire management will prevent spread restoration of degraded habitats. Forest services, of radionuclide contamination through forest such as coastal protection and protetion of fish fires. In Africa and Central America, explicit nurseries, are increasingly being recognized as carbon sequestration links are being made in essential to these countries' coastal economies. Bank-supported efforts to conserve forest In Ecuador and Argentina, flood control projects ecosystems. A sustainable energy program in utilize the natural storage and recharge Senegal will meet part of the growing urban properties of critical forests and wetlands by demand for household fuels from a community- integrating them into "living with floods" managed forest of 300,000 hectares surrounding strategies that incorporate forest protected areas the Niakolo-Koba National Park. It will promote and riparian corridors. Bank watershed projects improved stoves and fuel substitution to reduce in the Middle East incorporate natural forests overall fuel needs. 23 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Box 8. Ecomarkets in Costa Rica Payments for Forest Ecological Services is an alternative approach to encouraging the conservation and restoration of forest ecosystems. Land owners receive direct payments for the ecological services they produce when they adopt land uses and forest management techniques that protect the environment. Costa Rica's Forest Law recognizes four environmental services provided by forest ecosystems: (1) mitigation of GHG emissions; (2) hydrological services, including provision of water for human consumption, irrigation, and energy production; (3) biodiversity conservation; and (4) provision of scenic beauty for recreation and ecotourism. The Costa Rican Payments for Environmental Services Program (PESP), which is executed through the Fondo Nacional de Financiamiento Forestal (FONAFIFO) and the Sistema Nacional de Areas de Conserva- cion (SINAC), aims to protect primary forest, allow secondary forest to flourish, and promote forest plantations to meet industrial demands for lumber and other wood products. These goals are met through site-specific contracts of payments for ecological services with individual farmers. In all cases, participants must present a forest management plan certified by a licensed forester, as well as carry out conservation or sustainable forest management activities (depending on the type of contract) throughout the life of individual contracts. Management plans include inter alia information on land cadastre, cartography, and physical access; description of topography, soils, climate, drainage, actual land use, and carrying capacity with respect to land use; plans for prevention of forest fires, illegal hunting, illegal harvesting; and monitoring schedules. Commitments associated with the environmental service contracts are registered with the deed to the property, such that contractual obligations transfer as a legal easement to subsequent owners for the life of the contract. Furthermore, landowners cede their GHG emissions reductions rights to FONAFIFO to sell on the international market. It should be noted that the PES program sets different regulations for indigenous territories. Experience indicates that indigenous territories have clear land boundaries but they do not always hold titles to their land nor have legally established associations as representative of the territory. As a result, FONAFIFO exempts indigenous territories from complying with land ownership regulations. The PES program provides market-based incentives to conserve natural forest ecosystems. These econom- ic incentives help maintain habitats that are critical to a rich, globally important biodiversity, and have the potential for helping to maintain biological corridors linking national parks and biological reserves. Since 1997, nearly 320,000 hectares of forests have been incorporated into the program at a cost of approximately US$68 million. The Bank is supporting this program in areas of high biodiversity. In Costa Rica the Bank is providing financing preserve important forest ecosystems through from the GEF and the Prototype Carbon Fund to conservation easements on privately-owned fund the Ecomarkets Project-Box 8. lands outside protected areas in the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor in Costa Ecomarkets Will increase the production of Rica. environmental services by supporting the development of markets for services supplied The Prototype Carbon Fund and the by private sector forests, including protection of BioCarbon Fund biological diversity, greenhouse gas mitigation, and provision of hydrological services. The The Bank's Prototype Carbon Fund (PCF) has project will foster biodiversity conservation and been developed to provide a framework for 24 New Directionis anid Opportuitities action learning and research to demonstrate However, deforestation and other land use how project-based greenhouse gas emission activities also have a significant effect on the reduction transactions can contribute to global carbon cycle (see Watson et al, 2000). As a sustainable development and lower the costs of result, the Bank is currently taking steps to compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. It provides establish a new BioCarbon Fund to promote opportunities to develop markets for carbon action learning about the potential role emissions reductions under both the Joint LULUCF activities might play under the Implementation (JI) and Clean Development UNFCC and other conventions. Mechanism (CDM) that are emerging from the United Nations Framework Convention on The BioCarbon fund will develop Climate Change (UNFCC). understanding about the nexus between climate One of the Fund's early projects is supporting change, biodiversity conservation and an innovative fuel substitution project in Brazil management and desertification and land that is also producing biodiversity benefits. The degradation. It will involve both a "Kyoto Plantar properties in the state of Minas Gerais, Eligible" window and an "Over the Horizon" will produce charcoal for pig iron smelting with window to explore synergies between the new plantations of high-productivity, clonal various international environmental treaties and Eutcalyptus stands, but the plantation area also agreements. The BioCarbon Fund should have a supports areas of cerrado savannas in various similar capitalization to the Prototype Carbon stages of recovery. The global biodiversity value Fund (currently $180 million) and will support of cerrado ecosystems is high. The Plantar project action learning projects in areas such as will allow the recovery of natural cerrado improved forest management, agroforestry, ecosystems on Plantar lands because of fire avoiding deforestation, improved agricultural suppression and cessation of grazing on those practices, the prevention of land degradation, degraded cerrados that have been acquired to wetlands protection and restoration and establish each property's legal reserve (20 watershed management. percent of the property), and those that will be acquired during the project life period. Additional biodiversity benefits include the Improving Forest Governance establishment of biological corridors between fragments of natural vegetation; the acceleration Meeting in Bali m September, East Asian of natural recovery processes through planting ministers committed their countries to combat of succession-facilitating tree species; and fire suppression on surrounding properties. These illegal logging, associated illegal trade, and benefits are measurable and are expected to other forest crimes. Approximately 150 provide additional returns to project investors, participants, including representatives of government institutions, NGOs and the private Under its governing articles, the Prototype sector, contributed to the conference. The Carbon Fund can only invest a maximum of 10 declaration represents the first ever, percent of its funds in activities focused on land international commitment by governments to use, land use change and forestry (LULUCF). combat corruption in the forestry sector. The This mirrors developments under the Kyoto Bali conference was co-hosted by the World Protocol where reforestation and afforestation Bank and the Government of Indonesia and have now been recognized as eligible activities organized by the World Bank Institute (WBI). It for emissions reduction trading under the CDM. achieved a number of significant firsts: 25 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 * A forum for collaborative dialogue among Comprehensive Development Framework and national and international NGOs and other the Poverty Reduction Strategy Programs. The stakeholder groups new strategy aligns the Bank's forest activities * Recognition by the G-8 countries of with the World Bank's major institutional consumer country responsibility to join with objectives by: producer countries to combat forest crimes * A regional ministerial declaration * Harnessing the potential offorests to reduce expressing political commitment and a call poverty by creating opportunity, for action at the highest levels to stop illegal empowerment and security for rural people, logging. especially among indigenous groups and the rural poor, in the sustainable use and The Bank will work with governments and management of forests. other donors to support follow-up actions Integratingforests into sustainable economic arising from the conference. development by addressing the under- valuation, governance failures and perverse incentives that plague the sector. Future From Rio to Johannesburg activities will focus on developing markets for environmental services, encouraging There have been three critical junctures for the good forest management, improving World Bank and its work on forests in the governance including control of illegal decade since the Earth Surunit in Rio in 1992: activities, promoting active participation in (1) the commitments made at the United management decision-making by all Nations General Assembly Special Session stakeholders, and managing adverse cross- (UNGASS or Rio + 5), (2) the Review of the sectoral and macroeconomic impacts on World Bank's 1991 Forest Strategy and its forest resources. Implementation, completed by the World Bank's Operations Evaluation Department (OED) in * Protecting vital local and global environmental 2000, and (3) the Forest Policy Implementation services and values by working to create Review and Strategy, including a revised forest effective markets for global values and strategy, completed in 2002. other positive externalities from forests- markets that will provide incentives for The OED study recommended that the World both local and national stakeholders to Bank expand its policy to include interventions protect and manage the resource (Box 9). in all forest areas and refocus its forest strategy The Bank's new Forest Strategy places increased on poverty reduction, economic management, e o and ood overance Conurret wih th OED emphasis on issues of governance and partici- pation. Forest certification-or the independent evaluation, the Bank's forest team engaged in a auditing of forest management according to pre- review of the Forest Policy and a revision of the established standards-is an important com- Forest Strategy, shaped in consultation with ponent of this. Essential elements of the stakeholders worldwide. The revised Forest certification process encourage good gover- Strategy is aligned with the emerging Bank nance in the forest sector by including stake- instruments in programmatic lending, including holders in the definition of management the poverty reduction programs and credits. It standards, balancing the ecological, economic proposes a hierarchy of engagement in and equity dimensions of forest management, countries that is built on enhanced National and developing independent and credible Forest Programs and founded on the reporting mechanisms. 26 Newv Directionis and Opportnniities Box 9. Incentives for rainforest conservation - Ranching poison dart frogs in Peru A major cause of loss of rainforests is clearance for agriculture and shifting cultivation. In Peru, an innova- tive solution is being tested to enable local people to earn a sustainable income from intact rainforest, an income that is substantially higher than they could earn from converting forest to agricultural lands. The income is generated from the sale of poison dart frogs, beautiful amphibians that live in the rainforests of Latin America. Throughout Latin America, there are about 400 different species and varieties of these frogs, all spectacularly colored, diurnal and with interesting behavior. They fetch a high price in the interna- *tional pet trade (retail prices range from $50 to $350) with large markets in the U.S.A, Europe and Japan while exports have also gone to South Africa and Australia. The pharmaceutical industry is also interested. From the skin secretion of one species, a chemical has been isolated that is much more effective as a painkiller than morphine and not addictive. Furthermore, research is being done in France on possible curative properties of the frog skin secretions for Leishmaniasis and malaria. All poison dart frogs are on CITES Appendix 2 as endangered species that can only be exported if it can be shown that the export does not harm the wild population. The project therefore will not allow the sale of wild-caught frogs; it will only sell frogs that have been sustainably produced as a "surplus" by the wild population. Poison dart frogs live in the trees where the females lay only a few eggs which they glue to a leaf. The males often guard and water the eggs and when the tadpoles hatch the males carry them on their back to a small water body, usually in the leaf axils of certain host plants (usually one tadpole per axil as many species are cannibalistic). The male shows the female where he has put the tadpoles. She feeds them unfertilized eggs that she lays as a reaction to the tadpole nibbling her behind. Tadpoles of some species also feed on mosquito larvae, thereby helping to control transmission of mosquito-borne diseases. Research has shown that the limiting factor to the population is the number of suitable breeding sites. Males are territorial and need a breeding site to establish a territory. By providing artificial breeding sites in the trees (plastic soft drink bottles cut in half and filled with water), the number of frogs and their breeding success can be greatly increased. Since bottles contain more water than leaf axils they are also less likely to dry out and tadpole survival is high in the bottles. The "surplus" young can be harvested from the bottles, put in grow-out cages on the forest floor and exported as juvenile frogs. The project will only allow for the export of juveniles and promote legislation to this effect to combat the illegal export of wild caught poison .dart frogs (always adults caught when the males are calling). Juveniles are silent and almost impossible to find in the wild. A small NGO has been founded in Peru that has been trained in dart frog "ranching." This NGO has commit- ted itself to protecting the rainforest; its' activities serve as a pilot demonstration for a larger project to be funded by the IFC and GEF The model is replicable for other sites and species. The NGO has also won funding from the World Bank's 2002 Innovation in the Marketplace contest. Challenges for the Future synergies), while minimising the potential negative impacts of non-forest sector lending on The Bank has a large and expanding forest forests and forest biodiversity, (doing no harm). biodiversity portfolio. A major challenge for the future will be how to mainstream biodiversity It is now acknowledged that the impacts on into normal development lending and poverty forests and forest-dependent people of policy alleviation programs, (promoting positive reforms and investments outside of the forest 27 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 sector is of equal, or even greater, significance the main elements of the new strategy for than targeted forest sector activities. Non-forest forests into the Bank's broader poverty interventions, such as rural development and reduction, rural development, (including infrastructure programs and projects and integrated natural resource management), and economic adjustment measures, must be environment strategies. Poverty Reduction carefully formulated to avoid serious negative Strategy Papers (PRSPs) are an important impacts on forests and forest biodiversity. In avenue for engagement and forest information addition to the Bank's current operational should be factored into the broader proposals directive to protect natural habitats (O.D. 4.04), for poverty reduction. Ensuring that poverty a new Forests Operational Policy is in alleviation programs are consistent with preparation to ensure adequate safeguards for biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of forest ecosystems and forest-dependent peoples. forests will promote quality of growth and protect vital environmental services, both The Policy will encourage Bank staff and clients locally and globally. to proactively seek opportunities to integrate 28 Bibliography R.. Kramer, C. van Schaik and J. Johnson, eds. World Bank. 2000b. The World Bank and the 1997. Last Stand: Protected Areas and the Global Environment. A Progress Report. World Defense of Tropical Biodiversity. Oxford Bank, Washington, D.C University Press, Oxford and New York. World Bank. 2000c. Transboun1dary Reserves: Watson, R.T., I.R Noble, B.Bolin, N.H. World Bank Implementation of the Ecosystem Ravindranath, D.J. Verado, and D.T. Approach. World Bank, Washington, D.C. Dokken, eds. 2000. Land Use, Land Use World Bank. 2001. Making Sustaiinable Change and Forestry. Cambridge University Commitments: An Environment Strategyfor Press. the World Bank. World Bank, Washington, World Bank 2000a. Supporting the Web of Life: The D.C. World Bank and Biodiversity. A Portfolio Update. World Bank, Washington, D.C. 29 Annex 1 Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 GLOBAL 2 Projects Global Small and Medium 1997 GEF 40.00 20.00 2.00 _ * * Scale Enterprise IFC Program Global Critical Ecosystems 2001 GEF 125.00 125.00 51.50 * * * * * * * * * Partnership Fund REG DGF ___________________ AFRICA REGION: 3/ Projects, 6-BIe' d,dGEF-IDA Benin Natural Resource 1992 IDA 24.40 I .70 0.99 * * _ * T T Management Benin (a) National Parks 2000 GEF 23.90 23.90 6.80 _ _ _ Conservation and REG Management Program Benin Management of 2002 GEF 27.00 27.00 6.00 * * * Forests and Adjacent REG Lands Burkina Faso Community-Based 2001 IDA 114.85 3.82 2.22 * i r (a) Rural Development Cameroon Biodiversity 1995 GEF 12.39 12.39 5.96 _ _ _ _ _ _ Conservation and REG Management Note: (a) Projects that dedicate small investments toward forest ecosystems. Legend - Biodiversity Activities 1. Institution-Building, Policies and Strategic Planning 6. Strengthening Existing Protected Areas 2. Improving Biodiversity Information 7. Development and Biodiversity Management in Park Buffer Zones 3. Public Awareness Raising 8. Biodiversity Management in Production Landscapes 4. Ex-situ Biodiversity Conservation 9. Sustainable Financing and Market Mechanisms 5. Establishment of New Protected Areas 10. Ecotourism 31 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystens -World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Chad Household Energy 1998 IDA 6.31 1.36 1.14 _ _ _ Congo Wildlands Protection 1993 GEF 13.90 13.90 10.10 * * * * and Management REG Eritrea National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.28 0.28 0.28 o _ _ _ Strategy and Action Plan Ethiopia (a) Conservation and 2001 GEF 1.81 1.81 1.81 * Sustainable Use of REG Medicinal Plants Ethiopia (a) Conservation and 2001 IDA LIL 3.37 3.37 0.78 _ Sustainable Use of Medicinal Plants Gabon Forestry and 1993 IDA 38.20 12.44 6.44 _ Environment Ghana (a) Environmental 1993 IDA 27.60 0.99 0.66 * _ Resource Management Ghana Natural Resource 1998 GEF 9.40 9.40 8.70 _ _ _ _ _ _ Management I REG Ghana Natural Resource 1998 IDA 23.60 14.30 9.30 __________ Management i Kenya Tana River National 1997 GEF 7.14 7.14 6.20 - * _ Primate Reserve REG Kenya National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.16 0.16 0.16 _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ Strategy and Action Plan Madagascar Second Environment 1997 GEF 20.80 20.80 12.80 * * * * _ * _ _ (a) Program REG Madagascar Second Environment 1997 IDA 134.20 56.00 12.52 * * _ _ (a) Program Malawi Mulanje Biodiversity 2001 GEF 8.02 8.02 6.75 _ _ * * * * _ Conservation REG Mali (a) Natural Resource 1992 IDA 32.10 6.78 4.31 _ _ _ * * * * Management Mauritius Biodiversity 1996 GEF 1.60 1.60 1.20 * * * * * Restoration REG 32 Annex I - Forest Biodiversihj Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO Mozambique Transfrontier 1997 GEF 8.10 8.10 5.00 * * * * (a) Conservation Areas REG Pilot and Institutional Strengthening Nigeria Micro-watershed 2002 GEF 8.00 8.00 8.00 * * * and Environmental REG Management Program Nigeria Micro-watershed 2002 IDA 107.35 12.88 12.00 * * * _ _ _ and Environmental Management Program Regional - Regional 1997 GEF 19.76 19.76 4.08 _ _ * Central Africa Environment and REG Information Management Project - REIMP Regional - West Africa Pilot 1996 GEF 13.19 13.19 7.00 * * * * * Ivory Coast Community-Based REG and Burkina Natural Resource Faso (a) and Wildlife Management Senegal Sustainable and 1997 IDA 4.70 4.70 4.70 _ _ Participatory Energy Management Senegal Sustainable and 1997 IDA 15.20 4.38 1.50 _ _ * Participatory Energy Management Seychelles Management of 1999 GEF 1.06 1.06 0.74 * * * * * * Avian Ecosystems in MSP Seychelles Uganda Conservation of the 1995 GEF 4.89 4.89 4.00 * * * * * * * Bwindi Impenetrable REG and Mgahinga Gorilla National Parks Uganda Environmental 1996 IDA 15.20 1.38 1.08 _ _ Management Capacity Building Uganda National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.13 0.13 0.13 _ _ Strategy and Action Plan 33 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m I 2 3 4 S 6 7 8 9 10 Uganda Kibale Forest Wild 1999 GEF 0.75 0.75 0.75 _ * _ _ _ _ Coffee MSP Uganda (a) Institutional Capacity 1999 GEF 2.00 2.00 2.00 _ _ _ _ Building for REG Protected Areas Management and Sustainable Use ICB- PAMSU Uganda (a) Institutional Capacity 1999 IDA 18.29 18.29 12.37 * * * Building for Protected Areas Management and Sustainable Use ICB- PAMSU _ _ __ ____ Uganda (a) Environment 2002 IDA 15.40 1.38 1.08 * * * Management and Capacity Building 11 Uganda (a) Indigenous 2002 IDA IDF 0.43 0.43 0.43 _ _ _ _ _ Knowledge _ _ _ _ _________ EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC REGION: 24 Projects, 3 GEF-IDA, 2 GEF-IBRD Cambodia Forest Concession 2000 IDA 5.42 1.10 0.98 * * _ _ _ _ Management and Control Cambodia Biodiversity and 2001 GEF 3.00 3.00 2.75 * * * * * * Protected Areas REG Management Cambodia Biodiversity and 2001 IDA LIL 1.91 1.91 1.91 * * * * * * Protected Areas Management China Biodiversity 1993 GEF EA 0.40 0.40 0.40 * * - Conservation Action Plan China (a) Environmental 1993 IDA 76.00 29.40 20.00 _ _ Technical Assistance China Forest Resource 1994 IDA 333.10 20.55 12.34 * * * * * Development and Conservation China Nature Reserves 1995 GEF 23.60 23.60 18.40 _ * * * * * * * Management REG Indonesia Biodiversity 1994 GEF 11.40 11.40 7.20 * * * Collections REG 34 Annex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Indonesia Integrated Swamps 1994 IBRD 106.00 3.10 1.89 * * Development Indonesia Kerinci Seblat ICDP 1996 GEF 15.00 15.00 15.00 * * * REG Indonesia Kerinci Seblat ICDP 1996 IBRD 32.20 32.20 19.20 _ _ _ Indonesia Conservation of 2000 GEF 1.04 1.04 0.74 * * * _ _ Elephant Landscape MSP in Aceh Province, Sumatra Indonesia Biodiversity Strategy 2000 GEF EA 0.44 0.44 0.44 * * and Action Plan - IBSAP 2 Indonesia The Greater 2001 GEF 1.60 1.60 0.73 _ _ _ _ _ _ Berbak-Sembilang MSP Integrated Coastal Wetlands Conservation I I I I I I I I Indonesia Forests and Media 2002 GEF 1.23 1.23 0.94 * Project - INFORM MSP Indonesia Conservation of Key 2002 GEF 1.14 1.14 0.84 * * * * * Forests in the MSP Sangihe-Talaud Islands _____ Lao PDR Wildlife and 1994 GEF 5.00 5.00 5.00 * * * * * Protected Areas REG Conservation Lao PDR Forest Management 1994 IDA 15.30 7.75 4.35 _ _ _ _ * and Conservation Lao PDR Land Titling 1996 IDA 28.40 0.60 0.44 _ Lao PDR District Upland 1999 IDA LIL 2.25 2.25 2.00 _ _ _ _ _ Development and Conservation Mongolia Dynamics of 2001 GEF 0.98 0.98 0.83 Biodiversity Loss and MSP Permafrost Melt in Lake Hovsgol NP Papua New National Biodiversity 1999 GEF EA 0.18 0.18 0.18 _ * Guinea Strategy and Action Plan Papua New Forestry and 2002 GEF 17.30 17.30 17.30 * * * * * Guinea Conservation REG 35 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Papua New Forestry and 2002 IBRD 22.10 11.05 8.68 * * * * * Guinea Conservation Philippines Conservation of 1994 GEF 22.86 22.86 20.00 _ 0 _ _ * * _ Priority Protected REG Areas Philippines Land Administration 2001 IBRD 10.35 2.54 1.18 * * and Management LIL Vietnam Forest Protection 1998 IDA 32.39 32.39 21.51 * * * * * and Rural Development Vietnam (a) Coastal Wetlands 2000 IDA 65.60 15.00 7.27 * 0 0 0 0 Protection and Development Vietnam Conservation of Pu 2001 GEF 1.31 1.31 0.75 * * 0 0 0 Luong-Cuc Phuong MSP Limestone Landscape EAST AND CENTRAL EUROPE REGION: 30 Projects, I GEF-IBRD, I GEF-IDA Albania Forestry 1996 IBRD 21.60 4.15 1.54 _ 0 0 0 * 0 0 Albania National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.96 0.96 0.96 0 * Strategy and Action Plan Belarus Forest Biodiversity 1993 GEF 1.25 1.25 1.00 _ * _ _ 0 * Protection REG Belarus Forestry 1994 IBRD 54.70 2.13 0.50 _ 0 Development Bosnia- Forestry 1998 IDA 20.20 1.85 0.64 0 0 * Herzgovina ________________ Bosnia- Environmental 2000 IDA IDF 0.29 0.15 0.15 * Herzgovina Capacity Building Croatia Coastal Forest 1997 IBRD 67.00 34.23 21.45 0 0 Reconstruction and Protection Croatia National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0 Strategy and Action Plan Czech Biodiversity 1994 GEF 2.75 2.75 2.00 _ 0 0 Republic Protection REG Czech National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.10 0.10 0.10 * 0 Republic Strategy and Action Plan 36 Anniex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1O Georgia National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.12 0.12 0.12 * * Strategy and Action Plan Georgia Forest Development 2001 IDA 21.15 21.15 20.00 * * * * * * Georgia Protected Areas 2001 GEF 8.70 8.70 8.70 _ _ _ * _ _ _ _ _ Development REG Kyrgyztan National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.1 I 0.1 I 0. I I _ _ Strategy and Action Plan Lithuania Klaipeda 1995 IBRD 23.10 1.50 1.50 _ _ Environment Lithuania National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.07 0.07 0.07 * * Strategy and Action Plan Moldova National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.13 0.13 0.13 * _ Strategy and Action Plan Moldova Biodiversity 2002 GEF 2.00 2.00 1.00 * * * * * * * * * Conservation in the MSP Lower Dniester River Poland Biodiversity 1992 GEF 6.20 6.20 4.50 * * * * * Protection REG Poland Forestry 1994 IBRD 335.40 14.00 2.00 * * * Development Regional Central Asia 1999 GEF 13.65 13.65 10.15 * * * * * * * Central Asia: Transboundary REG Kyrgyz Biodiversity Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan (a) Romania Biodiversity 1999 GEF 8.80 8.80 5.50 _ * _ * Conservation REG Russia Biodiversity 1996 GEF 26.00 26.00 20.10 * * _ * Conservation REG Russia Sustainable Forestry 2000 IBRD 74.50 20.35 16.39 * _ _ Pilot Slovak Biodiversity 1994 GEF 2.86 2.86 2.17 * * * * * * Republic Protection REG 37 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 0 Slovak National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.08 0.08 0.08 * * Republic Strategy and Action Plan Slovenia National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.09 0.09 0.09 * * Strategy and Action Plan Turkey Eastern Anatolia 1993 IBRD 109.80 7.76 5.44 Watershed Rehabilitation Turkey (a) In-Situ Conservation 1999 GEF 5.70 5.70 5.10 * * * * * of Genetic REG Biodiversity Turkey (a) Biodiversity and 2000 GEF 11.54 11.54 8.19 * * Natural Resource REG Management _ _ _ _ _ Ukraine Transcarpathian 1994 GEF 0.58 0.58 0.50 * * * 4 * * Biodiversity REG Protection Ukraine National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.12 0.12 0.11 * _ Strategy and Action Plan LATIN AMERICA AND CARRIBEAN REGION: 91 Projects, 7 Blended GEF-IBRD Argentina Forestry 1996 IBRD 26.20 7.62 4.65 _ _ _ Development Argentina (a) Flood Protection 1997 IBRD 488.00 3.60 1.48 _ _ _ Argentina Native Forests and 1997 IBRD 30.00 30.00 19.50 _ _ * _ _ Protected Areas Argentina (a) Biodiversity 1998 GEF 21.90 21.90 10.10 * | | * Conservation REG Argentina(a) Indigenous 2001 IBRD 5.88 2.94 2.50 * | * Community LIL Development Belize Northern Belize 1999 GEE 3.91 3.91 0.75 * ** Biological Corridors MSP Consolidation and Maintenance Belize Community 2001 GEF 7.52 7.52 0.75 * * * * * Managed Sarstoon MSP Temash Conservation _I________ 38 Annex 1 -Forest Biodiversihy Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m i 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Bolivia Biodiversity 1993 GEF 7.60 7.60 4.50 * * * * * Conservation REG Bolivia National Land 1995 IBRD 60.40 0.50 0.50 * Administration Bolivia Sustainability of the 2001 GEF 43.69 43.69 15.00 _ * _ _ _ _ National System of REG Protected Areas Bolivia Indigenous 2001 IBRD 5.00 1.11 1.11 * * _ Development LIL Bolivia National Land 2002 IBRD 6.00 0.05 0.05 * Administration - Supplemental Brazil (a) Mato Grosso 1992 IBRD 285.70 48.50 44.70 _ * _ Natural Resource Management Brazil Rondonia Natural 1992 IBRD 228.90 38.70 35.90 _ _ _ _ Resource Management Brazil Demonstrations 1995 RFTF 22.00 22.00 22.00 _ * _ _ _ Brazil Extractive Reserves 1995 RFTF 9.70 9.70 9.70 * f * Brazil Indigenous Lands 1995 RFTF 20.90 20.90 20.90 * * Brazil Natural Resources 1995 RFTF 79.00 79.00 79.00 _ Policy Brazil Science Centers and 1995 RFTF 15.10 15.10 15.10 * Directed Research Brazil Environmental 1996 IBRD 109.00 10.90 5.00 _ _ Conservation and Rehabilitation Brazil Biodiversity Fund 1996 GEF 54.50 54.50 30.00 f * _ __ * * * _ and National REG Biodiversity Project PROBIO Brazil Forest Resources 1997 RFTF 2.00 2.00 2.00 _* _ _ _ * Management Brazil Gas Sector 1998 IBRD 2086.00 8.40 0.52 _ Development Brazil Bahia Water 1998 IBRD 85.00 6.87 4.10 * * Resources Management 39 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $M $m I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 0 Brazil Federal Water 1998 IBRD 330.00 0.63 0.38 * * Resources Management - PROAGUA Brazil (a) Land Management 1998 IBRD 124.70 10.72 4.73 * * * III: Sao Paolo Brazil Fire Prevention and 1999 RFTF 2.00 2.00 2.00 _ _ _ Mobilization Brazil Fire Prevention and 1999 IBRD 20.00 20.00 15.00 * * Mobilization in the Amazon - PROARCO Brazil Monitoring and 1999 RFTF 5.80 5.80 5.80 Analysis Brazil Fire Prevention and 2001 RFTF 2.00 2.00 2.00 _ * * Mobilization in the Amazon PROTEGER 2 _ ___ __ Brazil Amazon Region 2002 GEF 68.00 68.00 30.00 * * * 0 * Protected Areas - REG AMAZON 2000 Brazil Rain Forest 2002 RFTF 46.50 46.50 46.50 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ecological Corridors Chile (a) Environmental 1993 IBRD 32.80 16.40 5.75 * * Institutions Development ___ _____ Chile Valdivian Forest 2001 GEF 0.73 0.73 0.73 * * * * * * Zone: Private Public MSP Mechanisms for Biodiversity Conservation Colombia (a) Natural Resource 1994 IBRD 65.30 11.60 6.93 * * _ _ Management Program _ _ _ Colombia Sustainable Use of 1999 GEF 2.96 2.96 0.73 * * * * * * * Biodiversity in MSP Western Slope of Serrania del Baudo (Choco) Colombia Toll Road 1999 IBRD 572.30 1.70 0.00 _ Concession 40 Annex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Colombia Sierra Nevada 2000 IBRD 6.25 6.25 5.00 _ _ _ * * * _ Sustainable LIL Development Colombia Conservation and 2001 GEF 1.39 1.39 0.75 * * * * * Sustainable MSP Development of the Mataven Forest Colombia Andean Region 2001 GEF 30.00 30.00 15.00 _ _ * _ _ _ Conservation and REG Sustainable Use of Biodiversity Costa Rica (a) Training Program for 1995 IBRD 0.12 0.06 0.06 _ _ Sustainable IDF Development of Indigenous People Costa Rica (a) Institutional 1998 IBRD 0.40 0.20 0.20 _ * Strengthening on IDF Gender in Natural Resource Management and Agriculture Costa Rica Biodiversity 1998 GEF 11.00 11.00 7.00 _ _ _ * _ Resources REG Development Costa Rica (a) Training Program for 2000 IBRD 0.30 0.15 0.15 _ _ Sustainable IDF Development of Indigenous People Costa Rica EcoMarkets 2000 IBRD 41.20 27.47 21.53 * * * * * * Costa Rica EcoMarkets 2000 GEF 8.00 8.00 8.00 * * * _ _ * REG Costa Rica Sustainable Cacao 2001 GEF 3.01 3.01 0.72 * _ * _ Production in MSP Southeastern Costa Rica Dominican National 1998 IBRD 3.70 1.95 1.58 * _ * Republic Environmental LIL Policy Reform Dominican National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.25 0.25 0.25 _ _ Republic Strategy and Action Plan 41 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Ecuador Rural Development 1992 IBRD 112.70 I .93 1.44 * * * _ Ecuador Biodiversity 1994 GEF 8.70 8.70 7.20 * * * _ _ * Protection REG Ecuador (a) Indigenous and Afro- 1998 IBRD 50.00 6.91 3.47 * * * * * * Ecuadorian Peoples Development Ecuador Wetland Priorities 1999 GEF 0.91 0.91 0.72 * * * for Conservation MSP Action Ecuador Choco-Andean 2001 GEF 3.19 3.19 0.98 * * * * Corridor MSP El Salvador Promotion of 1998 GEF 3.81 3.81 0.73 _ * _ _ Biodiversity MSP Conservation with Coffee Landscapes Grenada Dry Forest 2001 GEF 1.13 1.13 0.72 _ * _ * * _ Biodiversity MSP Conservation Guatemala Management and 2000 GEF 1.66 1.66 0.72 _ * _ _ Protection of Laguna MSP del Tigre National Park Guatemala Western Altiplano 2001 GEF 8.00 8.00 8.00 * * * Integrated Natural REG Resource Management Guatemala Western Altiplano 2001 IBRD 43.14 43.14 12.77 * * Integrated Natural Resource Management Haiti Forest and Parks 1997 IDA 22.50 22.50 21.50 * _ _ Protection Technical Assistance Haiti National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.26 0.26 0.26 _ _ Strategy and Action Plan Honduras (a) Environmental 1995 IDA 12.48 2.50 2.16 _ _ _ * Development Honduras (a) Rural Land 1997 IDA 41.80 17.25 14.03 * * * * * Management 42 Annex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Honduras Biodiversity in 1998 GEF 9.50 9.50 7.00 _ _ _ * Priority Areas REG Honduras (a) Interactive 1999 IDA 9.30 2.33 2.08 * * * Environmental Learning and Science Promotion Mexico (a) Environmental 1992 IBRD 49.37 10.88 4.30 * _ _ Project _____ Mexico Protected Areas 1992 GEF 10.70 10.70 8.70 * * * * Program REG Mexico (a) Northern Border 1994 IBRD 762.00 15.00 7.24 _ _ _ Environmental Project Mexico Community Forestry 1997 IBRD 23.57 9.90 6.30 _ _ * * * Mexico Protected Areas 1997 GEF 34.55 34.55 17.48 * * * * Program: Proposed REG Restructuring Mexico Sustainable Hill-Side 1999 GEF 0.72 0.72 0.50 _ * _ Management in MSP Indigenous Micro- catchments in Oaxaca Mexico Indigenous and 2001 GEF 7.50 7.50 7.50 * _ * _ * _ Community REG Biodiversity Conservation COINBIO Mexico Indigenous and 2001 IBRD 11.20 11.20 2.60 * - _ _ _ _ _ _ * _ Community Biodiversity Conservation COINBIO Mexico Natural Disaster 2001 IBRD 658.30 1.28 0.78 _ * * Management Mexico Mesoamerican 2001 IBRD 76.61 76.61 4.20 _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Biological Corridor Mexico Mesoamerican 2001 GEF 14.92 14.92 14.92 _ * * _ _ Biological Corridor REG 43 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I 0 Mexico El Triunfo Biosphere 1999 GEF 2.12 2.12 0.73 * * * * Reserve: Habitat MSP Enhancement in Productive Landscapes Mexico Consolidation of 2002 GEF 60.12 60.12 16.10 * * * _ _ _ * * * * Protected Areas REG SINAP 11 _ _ _ Nicaragua Atlantic Biological 1997 GEF 7.10 7.10 7.10 * Corridor REG Nicaragua Rural Municipalities 1997 IBRD 40.40 7.65 5.68 _ _ _ _ * Nicaragua Sustainable Forestry 1999 IDA 15.00 7.50 4.50 * * * Investment Promotion Nicaragua Barrier Removal and 2001 GEF 12.08 12.08 0.73 * Forest Habitat MSP Conservation (Coffee/Allspice) Panama Rural Povertyand 1997 IBRD 27.30 3.20 3.00 _ _ _ _ Natural Resources Panama Atlantic 1998 GEF 12.80 12.80 8.40 * * * * * * Mesoamerican REG Biodiversity Corridor Panama Effective Protection 2000 GEF 2.23 2.23 0.73 * * * * * * with Community MSP Participation of San Lorenzo Protected Area Paraguay (a) Natural Resources 1994 IBRD 79.10 14.83 9.38 * * * _ Management Peru Trust Fund for Parks 1995 GEF 7.86 7.86 5.00 - _ _ _ _ and Protected Areas REG Peru Collaborative 2000 GEF 2.07 2.07 0.73 * * * * * Management for the MSP Conservation and Sustainable Development of the Northwest Biosphere Reserve (Tumbes) 44 Annex 1 - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv Bank b,odiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 /0 Peru Vilcabamba 2000 GEF 1.14 1.14 0.73 * * * * _ Conservation and MSP Sustainable Development with Indigenous Communities Peru Indigenous and Afro- 2000 IBRD 6.70 3.35 2.50 _ * _ _ Peruvian Peoples LIL Development Peru Indigenous 2001 IBRD 8.14 8.14 5.00 * * * Management of Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon Peru Indigenous 2001 GEF 14.61 14.61 10.00 * _ * * _ Management of REG Protected Areas in the Peruvian Amazon Peru Biodiversity 2001 GEF 0.95 0.95 0.75 _ * _ _ _ * _ Conservation MSP through Sustainable Management of the Nanay River Basin Regional - Terra Capita Fund 1998 GEF 20.00 20.00 5.00 * * * Latin America for Biodiversity IFC Enterprises Saint Vincent National Biodiversity 1998 GEF EA 0.35 0.35 0.35 * _ _ _ _ _ and Strategy and Action Grenadines Plan St. Lucia Watershed and 1996 IDA 7.10 2.50 0.93 * * _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Environmental Management Venezuela inparques 1995 IBRD 95.90 95.90 55.00 * * _ _ _ Venezuela Conservation and 1999 GEF 2.43 2.43 0.94 _ _ _ Sustainable Use of MSP Llanos Ecoregion Algeria Pilot Forestry and 1992 IBRD 37.40 0.40 0.27 _1i Watershed l Management . l l l ll 45 Biodiversity Conservation in Forest Ecosystems - World Bank Assistance 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total b,odiv Bank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Algeria (a) El Kala NP and 1994 GEF 9.56 9.56 7.20 * * Wetlands REG' Management Morocco Lakhdar Watershed 1999 IBRD 5.80 0.66 0.46 * * Management Pilot Morocco (a) Protected Areas 2000 GEF 15.70 15.70 10.50 * * * * Management REG Syria (a) Conservation of 1999 GEF I .43 I .43 0.75 _ - * _ Biodiversity and MSP Protected Areas Management Tunisia Second Forestry 1993 IBRD 148.10 1.63 0.87 * * * Development Tunisia National Biodiversity 1997 GEF EA 0.89 0.89 0.89 * *…_ Strategy and Action Plan Yemen Land and Water 1992 IDA 47.60 0.64 0.44… … … … … … …_ Conservation Yemen Protected Areas 1999 GEF 1.42 1.42 0.74 * * * * * Management MSP SOUTH ASIA REGION: 20 Projects, I Blended GEF-IDA Bangladesh Forest Resources 1992 IDA 58.70 27.20 22.10 _ * * * Management Bangladesh Biodiversity 2001 GEF 75.50 75.50 12.20 * * * * * T * Conservation in the REG Sundarbans Reserved Forest Bhutan Trust Fund for 1992 GEF 18.58 18.58 10.00 * * * * * Environmental REG Conservation Bhutan Third Forestry 1994 IDA 8.90 1.80 1.09 _ - _ * * Development India Maharashtra 1992 IDA 142.00 3!.24 27.28 _ * * * * Forestry __ India West Bengal 1992 IDA 39.00 6.50 5.67 * * * * Forestry India Andhra Pradesh 1994 IDA 89.10 28.80 25.02 * * * * * Forestry India Forestry Research 1994 IDA 56.40 8.30 6.92 * * * Education and Extension 46 Annex I - Forest Biodiversity Projects, 1992-2002 Forest biodiversity project investments Biodiversity activities Project Total biodiv 8ank biodiv Country Project name FY Funder total $m $m $m l 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 IO India Madhya Pradesh 1995 IDA 67.30 31.10 26.80 * * * * * Forestry India Ecodevelopment 1997 GEF 20.00 20.00 20.00 * * * * REG India Ecodevelopment 1997 IDA 47.00 47.00 28.00 * * * * * India (a) Environmental 1997 IDA 65.29 5.34 4.09 * * Management Capacity Building India Kerala Forestry 1998 IDA 47.00 19.70 16.35 * * * * * * India Uttar Pradesh 1998 IDA 65.01 19.93 16.23 * * * * * * Forestry Pakistan Environmental 1992 IDA 57.20 6.40 3.00 * * * * Protection and Resource Conservation Pakistan (a) Balochistan Natural 1994 IDA 17.80 4.65 3.84 * * * * * Resources Management Pakistan Punjab Forest Sector 1995 IDA 33.75 2.29 1.69 * * Development Pakistan Protected Areas 2001 GEF 10.75 10.75 10.08 * * * * Management REG Sri Lanka Conservation and 1998 GEF 5.21 5.21 4.60 * * * * _ * Sustainable Use of REG Medicinal Plants Sri Lanka Land Administration 2001 IDA 6.93 0.25 0.18 * * * * and Management Sri Lanka Protected Area 2001 GEF 33.50 33.50 9.00 * * * * * _ * Management and REG Wildlife Conservation TOTAL 11,307 2,717 1,645 47 U. World Bank Forest Biodiversity Portfdlio * I'v.* C- e ~ ~ 'C - / '___ '' r=.~~~o 4 ~' - t. ,- I<; ;v, On 9 Smal GobaMel P-omSrjesErters: a) ______ - L;---. -".5---, 1 _ l ol o Critial Ecosystems PartnershiplFod Fuo 0 ; , , .,, - 'MenProls(REIMP, = _ caamaa.'''' : ~~~~~, + _, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~tA . omeot/ Isl aml.or ' . .,). L)Agl3,. . . 4.j ._ . ~~~~~~0 - L',h .1. o,.l ,,l,.. .... Iloagmo Paa (RPP S.. j,dobrea5 J 4~~~~~~~~~~~~~ .1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~0 i^, .. n-- o is' r let, .s°-| k ....... , , t . ,.,, . -~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~...... Nuifiherof'Wo~, The worl92d b i6, s g;t World BdnkI,Rji;gionacl OertmIUni?r ;,- DentrtWA D?flh MlE . i RZiflaI~W~Ad dffic Sup tetbrestl0 4 A'ia and the Paific Middle ast ond NorthAfricaReg oE 4 IliLtiji the..ca~~~~~~FRvrinmetalnfrm2Io*Saarfrc L uiuuiv:i iiu~~~~~~ aS~~ie~~~Cen?roI Asia ~~~~~~~uth Asia 6 menJOrthderE M THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Telephone: 202-473-1000 Facsimile: 202-477-6391 Internet: www.worldbank.org E-mail: feedback@worldbank.org