WATER AND SANITATION PROGRAM: Learning note 56938 Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project Key findings Training and Capacity Building · Rural sanitation programs at scale require the use of host country to Scale Up Rural Sanitation human resources for training and implementation. June 2010 · A cascading training model (e.g., national- or regional-level trainers train local governments and INTRODUCTION the open and have achieved open- local government-level trainers The Water and Sanitation Program's defecation free (ODF) status. These train communities) is effective for (WSP's) Global Scaling Up Sanitation results have demonstrated the effec- implementation of rural sanitation Project combines the approaches of tiveness of a cascading training model projects at scale. Community-Led Total Sanitation (CLTS), to reach large populations. A review of · Trainers must have both technical, behavior change communications, and activities, however, highlights four areas subject matter expertise and social marketing to generate sanitation that need further improvement: training skills. demand and strengthen the supply of · High-quality, standardized training sanitation products and services at First, the lack of a formalized, strategic materials and methodologies--i.e., large scale. approach to training, one that follows maximum use of experiential established standards, has led to in- learning cycle, easily translatable Training has played an essential role consistent quality in training results. language, and inclusion of a to scale up rural sanitation in India, facilitator guide, a participant Indonesia, and Tanzania, where the Second, training materials developed manual, and visual aids--enable project has been implemented to date. during implementation need updates quality replication of projects at Two key learnings have emerged. First, and revisions that include new learn- scale. training skills are essential at all levels ing and apply more rigor to methodolo- gies and documentation. · Development of national or regional (national, regional, and local) to imple- training resources facilitates ment an at-scale rural sanitation pro- Third, training skills have received less replication in other regions, gram; and second, a training program attention than subject matter content. districts, and countries. must focus at the local government level for implementation. Though trainers need knowledge of the · Monitoring training outcomes subject matter (e.g., sanitation market- ensures quality programs. ing and/or CLTS), they also need the PROBLEM STATEMENT skills to facilitate groups and manage As of December 31, 2009, the na- trainings. tional and local governments in India, Indonesia, and Tanzania, with technical Fourth, initial project successes have support from the project team, have led other countries to express interest achieved impressive results: an esti- in replication. This replication requires mated 6.5 million people have gained sharing of materials and expertise, a access to improved sanitation and al- challenge that often requires localiza- most 2,000 rural communities have tion of training materials--for exam- stopped the practice of defecating in ple, translation into local languages 2 Training and Capacity Building to Scale Up Rural Sanitation Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project Illustration 1: Local Language Resources in Indonesia being hired to improve existing documentation as well as to develop new, high quality materials. Strengthen the training of trainers (tot). Improving the ability of trainers to train others has been prioritized. TOT redesigns are underway to ensure trainers attain not only knowledge of training content but also the requisite facilita- tion skills to train others. Develop training resources for regional use. Country pro- grams have identified the need to develop regional training re- sources for other countries. As part of this effort, training materials are being translated into English and national training resources are being developed and/or reinforced for regional purposes. in indonesia, Bahassa is the most commonly spoken language, but there are many local dialects as well. Creating effective training KEY LEARNINGS materials that are easily translatable within or between countries is Leveraging human resources is essential to reach scale in a common challenge for scaling up projects. a given country. Local government (e.g., districts) is the key focal point for training. Local government is the appropriate (Illustration 1) or use of culturally relevant examples--and level to focus training efforts for scaling up rural sanitation be- support visits by qualified trainers. Neither of these resources cause the local government structure is country-wide, increas- has yet been fully developed. ingly responsible for rural development initiatives, and typically ACTION has access to a cadre of educated professionals (teachers, A four-pronged approach has been formulated to address administrators, and other professionals) available for imple- these challenges and facilitate further scaling up and replica- mentation (Illustration 2). A smaller cadre of human resources is tion of CLTS and sanitation marketing approaches: Illustration 2: CLTS in India Develop standardized training resources. A number of training resources have been developed to standardize ap- proaches across countries. These resources provide a strong foundation on which future implementation can build successful programs. Resources include: Global Training Standards, Country Training Strategy Development Guide, The Experiential Approach to Training, Design Components of an Experiential Session, Template for Developing a Training Session, Sample Training Session, PowerPoint Development and Delivery Tips, Sample Post Training Evaluation Form, and Criteria for Selecting Master Trainer Candidates.1 revise, update, and develop training materials to scale Local government-level trainers use hands-on methods to teach up within each country context. Each project country has CLtS facilitation. in india and other project countries, trainers in outlined the training materials required for systematic replica- training learn social mapping techniques (shown above), among tion of the project on a national scale. Training specialists are other CLtS skills. 1 Contact the author for more information about these resources. www.wsp.org Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project Training and Capacity Building to Scale Up Rural Sanitation 3 Illustration 3: Mason Training in Tanzania Figure 1: District Cascading Training Model Adaptation Train district CLTS facilitators, masons, and vendors to trigger communities and build/sell slabs Trigger communities and build/sell slabs (with potential community facilitators, masons, and vendors) Select and train district master trainers Adapted (CLTS facilitators, masons, and vendors) model to train others (TOT) Train community Theoretical CLTS facilitators, masons, and vendors to model trigger communities and build/sell slabs Trigger communities and build/sell slabs Local governments provide a country-wide human resource base Note: vendors = retailers and/or entrepreneurs for scaling rural sanitation. By training local masons to build quality sanitation products (e.g., sanplats), governments provide quality assurance and boost sustainability. Ensuring that trainers have the skills to successfully train oth- ers can be achieved by requiring them to complete a training required at national and/or regional levels that then train imple- course that provides practice in facilitating training sessions. menters at the local government level. (Illustration 3). High-quality training materials must be developed to en- a cascading training model is appropriate but needs sure best results within and between countries. During the modification. The initial training model trained master train- replication phase, training materials are an essential element for ers at the district level who were then responsible for training transferring learning. Materials must be developed by qualified community resources (masons, vendors2, and CLTS facilita- training design experts and must adhere to pre-established tors) to implement the project. However, during implementa- training standards to ensure high quality. They must be easy to tion, a modified training model emerged in which district-level adapt to different cascading levels--for example, community- resources are trained to trigger communities and provide san- level materials require more visual aids due to literacy issues, itation goods and services. The strongest of these resources whereas district- or provincial-level materials utilize more text-- are now identified during fieldwork and then trained as master and must be easily translatable into other languages. trainers (Figure 1). national and/or regional training resources must be training of trainers (tot) should ensure that trainers have identified. Qualified training partners are essential to ensure both relevant technical knowledge and the skills to train oth- sustainability and quality of program implementation within ers. Content specific knowledge can be ensured through estab- and between countries. When introducing the project in a lishing criteria for trainer selection that include field experience. new district or region, qualified trainers with experience will For example, a district-level vendor, mason, or CLTS facilitator improve the quality of replication. As new countries attempt should be trained to train others only after they have experience to replicate this program, training expertise in one country in the field implementing the activities they will train others to do. can be utilized by consultants in another country. 2 Throughout this document, "vendors" functions as the generic term for retailers and/or entrepreneurs. www.wsp.org 4 Training and Capacity Building to Scale Up Rural Sanitation Global Scaling Up Sanitation Project WHAT ELSE DO WE NEED the trainers become more market- Related reading TO KNOW? able. How can these trainers be Please see Building the Capacity WSP's Global Scaling Up Sanitation retained to carry on the work of of Local Governments to Scale-Up Project has experience in three di- scaling up rural sanitation? What Community-Led Total Sanitation verse countries--India, Indonesia, and type of incentive schemes might and Sanitation Marketing in Rural Tanzania--and has confronted myriad be used to increase retention? Are Areas by Fred Rosensweig and challenges. As it replicates in new dis- there opportunities to tie trainers' Derko Kopitopoulos, available at tricts, regions, and countries, however, performances to incentives in other www.wsp.org/scalingupsanitation. there are still questions that need to be jobs they might have, for example, addressed: as teachers? About the project · Capacity building will play a large role Global Scaling Up Sanitation is a --By ian r. Moise in replication, but who will manage WSP project focused on learning a nationwide capacity building pro- how to combine the approaches gram? How can training be institution- of Community-Led Total Sanitation alized and made sustainable? How Acknowledgements (CLTS), behavior change can partners best contribute to rolling Thank you to the many WSP staff communications, and social out and managing a new program? members who provided exceptional marketing of sanitation to generate And what will be the role of national support during field visits, including sanitation demand and strengthen governments in implementation? Chris Heymans, C. Ajith Kumar, Upneet the supply of sanitation products · To date, the project has imple- Singh, and Anand Chodke in India; and services at scale, leading to mented activities in a limited number Almud Weitz, Djoko Wartono, Amin improved health for people in rural of districts in each country. Is it pos- Robiarto, Ari Kamasan, Wano Irwantoro, areas. It is a large-scale effort to sible to implement at a countrywide and Nyoman Oka in Indonesia; and meet the basic sanitation needs of scale? Are there sufficient human Jason Cardosi, Kaposo Mwambuli, and the rural poor who do not currently and financial resources available at Yolande Coombes in Tanzania. have access to safe and hygienic one time to implement a country- sanitation. The project is being wide training program? How will the We would also like to extend our appre- implemented by local and national need to localize training materials ciation to the national and local govern- governments with technical for different regions within a country ments, institutions, non-governmental support from WSP. For more impact the rollout and timeline? agencies, and resource agencies in information, please visit · When national governments de- India, Indonesia, and Tanzania for their www.wsp.org/scalingupsanitation. velop and/or refine trainers' skills, ongoing support and dedication. Contact us For more information please visit WSP is a multi-donor partnership created in 1978 and administered by the World Bank to support www.wsp.org or email Ian Moise at poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP's donors include Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates wsp@worldbank.org. Foundation, Ireland, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank. WSP reports are published to communicate the results of WSP's work to the development community. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of the World Bank Group concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. © 2010 Water and Sanitation Program