91223 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Featuring Climate-Smart Agriculture Science for a food-secure future CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 1 CGIAR is a global partnership that unites organizations engaged in research for a food-secure future. CGIAR research is dedicated to reducing rural poverty, strengthening food security, improving human health and nutrition, and sustainably managing natural resources. It is carried out by the 15 Consortium Research Centers in collaboration with hundreds of partner organizations, including national and regional research institutes, civil society, academia, and the private sector. For more information, visit www.cgiar.org. This report, and additional associated content, is available online at www.cgiar.org/AR2013. Citation: CGIAR. 2013. Annual Report 2013: Featuring Climate-Smart Agriculture. CGIAR. Montpellier, France. 64 pp. This report was printed on paper certified by the Forest Stewardship Council according to the high environmental standards of Imprim’Vert specification, which ensures the use of only nontoxic products and the proper containment and disposal of hazardous substances. Compiled by Peter Fredenburg, the CGIAR Consortium and the CGIAR Fund Office. Design and layout by the International Potato Center (CIP), a member of the CGIAR Consortium, coordinated by Michelle Fotsy and Martina Mascarenhas, CGIAR Consortium; and Joseph Mizener, CGIAR Fund Office. Special thanks to Michele Pietrowski, CGIAR Fund Office, for help in formulating this report’s concept and content, and in coordinating its execution, and to Bruce Campbell, CGIAR Research Program on Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security (CCAFS) for editorial guidance. Cover photo credits: ©Neil Palmer/IWMI, ©Neil Palmer/IWMI, ©Felix Clay/Duckrabbit/WorldFish, ©Florence Sipalla/CIMMYT 2 | CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CONTENTS 4 Foreword 7 Scientific Progress 21 Feature: Climate Change and Climate-Smart Agriculture 41 Operational Progress 45 Tribute to CGIAR donors 47 Financial Highlights 57 CGIAR in 2013 60 CGIAR Consortium Research Centers 62 CGIAR Research Programs CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 1 CGIAR at a glance Our focus Rural Food Health and Natural poverty security nutrition resources CGIAR Partners and Consortium Independent Fund Independent Stakeholders Integrates and Evaluation Ensures Science and Work with us coordinates Arrangement funds for the Partnership for a food- researchers and Evaluates research of the Council secure future. funders. The the work of Consortium. Advises the Consulted Consortium the CGIAR The Fund Fund on through consists of the Research consists of the research the Global Consortium Programs. Funders Forum, priorities and Conference on Board, Fund Council funding. Agricultural Consortium and the Fund Research for Office and Office. Development. 15 Research Centers. PARTNERSHIPS/STAKEHOLDER CAPACITY GENDER ENGAGEMENT STRENGTHENING CGIAR RESEARCH PROGRAMS AQUATIC CLIMATE CHANGE, GENEBANKS MAIZE AGRICULTURAL AGRICULTURE AND SYSTEMS FOOD SECURITY DRYLAND DRYLAND FORESTS, TREES AND RICE CEREALS SYSTEMS AGROFORESTRY INTEGRATED AGRICULTURE GRAIN ROOTS, TUBERS SYSTEMS FOR THE FOR NUTRITION LEGUMES AND BANANAS HUMID TROPICS AND HEALTH LIVESTOCK WATER, LAND POLICIES, WHEAT INSTITUTIONS AND FISH AND ECOSYSTEMS AND MARKETS REDUCED RURAL OUTCOMES SUSTAINABLY MANAGED POVERTY INCREASED FOOD IMPROVED NUTRITION NATURAL RESOURCES SECURITY AND HEALTH 2 | CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Number of CGIAR Research Programs 16 Number of CRPs in Country Locations of action sites, beneficiaries and/or nurseries 1 6 11 2 7 12 Note: The color of each country corresponds to the number of CRPs with activities in a specific country (see legend). 3 Visit the online version of the map for more detailed information on which Centers work in each country (http://bit.ly/1gR8m5v). 8 13 4 Contributors: The HarvestChoice team at IFPRI analyzed the CGIAR CRP Annual Progress Report 2012, and the map was subsequently reviewed and revised 9 15 by the following contributors: Melanie Bacou (IFPRI; PIM and A4NH), Chandrashekhar Biradar (ICARDA; Dryland Systems), Martin van Brakel (IWMI; WLE), 5 10 Glenn Hyman (CIAT; FTA, CCAFS RTB, WLE, and Livestock and Fish), Andrew Jarvis (CIAT; CCAFS), Andy Nelson (IRRI; GRiSP), Leocadio Sebastian (IRRI; CCAFS), Salman Siddiqui (IWMI; WLE), Kai Sonder (CIMMYT; MAIZE and WHEAT), and Maarten van Zonneveld (Bioversity; CCAFS, PIM, A4NH, and Genebanks). Present in 10,000 Staff 90+ countries BIOVERSITY INTERNATIONAL ROME, ITALY ICARDA IFPRI BEIRUT, WASHINGTON DC, LEBANON USA ICRISAT IRRI CIMMYT PATANCHERU, LOS BAÑOS, WORLD INDIA PHILIPPINES MEXICO CITY, AFRICARICE AGROFORESTRY MEXICO COTONOU, CENTRE BENIN NAIROBI, WORLDFISH CIAT IWMI KENYA BATTARAMULLA, PENANG, CALI, IITA COLOMBIA SRI LANKA MALAYSIA IBADAN, ILRI CIP NIGERIA NAIROBI, LIMA, KENYA CIFOR PERU BOGOR, INDONESIA Number of CGIAR Research Centers 15 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 3 FOREWORD In 2013, CGIAR’s progress was marked by A number of improvements made within significant programmatic success, financial CGIAR over the past year are strengthening milestones and systemic developments to the impact of its work. The CGIAR Open improve the efficiency, efficacy and impact Access and Data Management Policy was of its research. The section of this report approved, committing the system to make all entitled “Scientific Progress” highlights some of its data and knowledge accessible for public of the steps forward in scientific research use. The Independent Evaluation Arrangement for development from our CGIAR Research completed its first year of operation, working Programs, and provides links to more detailed to keep CGIAR accountable to its investors reports as necessary. and reinforcing an impact-oriented culture. A set of measureable indicators and intermediary This year’s annual report focuses on climate targets were defined for CGIAR Research change and features work on climate-smart Programs to document how effectively their agriculture, which contributes to the “triple research yields tangible results in line with win” of increased productivity, improved the institutional mission to reduce poverty, resilience and greater mitigation through improve food security and nutrition, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions and sustainably manage natural resources. increased carbon storage. Climate change threatens to undo years of economic growth, CGIAR is committed to accelerating the with the most severe consequences falling momentum achieved in 2013, so that on developing countries and the poor. To with its partners it can continue to achieve meet the complex global challenges posed critical advances toward sustainable, resilient by the unprecedented effects of climate agricultural systems and a food-secure future. change and the growing demand for food, CGIAR is scaling up research on climate- smart agriculture with a comprehensive and integrated landscapes approach, factoring in both geographic and socioeconomic aspects of managing land, water and forest resources. A special climate change section of this report showcases how research-for-development is helping rural communities to achieve a triple win. Included in this section are case studies about “climate-smart villages”; conservation agriculture; climate-smart gender initiatives; and climate-smart crops. 2013 also marked significant financial and operational progress. CGIAR reached a historic milestone in 2013 as its total revenue Rachel Kyte Carlos Pérez del Castillo surpassed $1 billion, having risen by 14% over Chair Chair 2012, thanks to the financial commitments CGIAR Fund Council CGIAR Consortium Board made by valued investors. The benefits of this growth are far-reaching and will allow CGIAR to lead the global effort to enhance food and nutrition security in the face of climate change, and to continue to demonstrate value for money. 4 | CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 5 ©Neil Palmer/CIAT 6 | CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Neil Palmer/CIAT SCIENTIFIC PROGRESS Smallholder farmers, fishers, foresters advance four critical development outcomes: and herders in developing countries face reduced rural poverty, strengthened food a multitude of constraints, including security, improved nutrition and health, and environmental degradation, limited access sustainably managed natural resources. to new technologies and knowledge, The evolving partnerships and scientific prohibitively costly inputs, and the ever- discoveries developed through these research increasing effects of climate change, which programs were vital to generating innovative trap them in a vicious cycle of poverty and solutions to improve the lives of the poor. hunger. In response, CGIAR’s ambitious This report selects examples that demonstrate and comprehensive research agenda was the breadth of CGIAR’s work in 2013. For a developed to tackle these challenges comprehensive report on the whole research holistically and to sustainably meet the portfolio, as well as individual annual reports needs of poor smallholders and protect the of the CGIAR Research Programs, please visit ecosystems in which they live and work. Its www.cgiar.org/AR2013. 16 global research programs are designed to “One global challenge is to feed a CGIAR Research Programs growing population. The Sida support to CGIAR is an efficient way to ensure Agriculture for Nutrition and Health more relevant research in agriculture Aquatic Agricultural Systems with a specific focus on food security Climate Change, Agriculture and Food Security and poverty reduction in developing Dryland Cereals countries. This is an innovative way Dryland Systems to increase cooperation with other Forests, Trees and Agroforestry relevant international research Grain Legumes funding partners, and allows for an Integrated Systems for the Humid Tropics increase of the knowledge base in this field. The global research programs Livestock and Fish define various scientific issues of Maize importance, targeting the goals for Managing and Sustaining Crop Collections poverty alleviation, access to and Policies, Institutions and Markets conservation of natural resources, Rice (Global Rice Science Partnership) food security, improved nutrition and Roots, Tubers and Bananas health, and economic development.” Water, Land and Ecosystems Charlotte Petri Gornitzka, Director General, Wheat Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida) CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 7 ©Neil Palmer/CIAT BETTER CROPS THROUGH BETTER SCIENCE Building upon decades of previous work, traditional varieties yield only 2.5 tons. Under CGIAR and its partners expanded their drought so severe that most varieties yield portfolio of improved crop varieties to increase nothing, Sahbhagi dhan can still yield 1-2 tons farmers’ harvests, incomes and household per hectare — a huge advantage as drought food security. Many crops were bred for becomes more frequent and acute under higher yield; resistance to pests and disease; climate change, especially in South Asia and tolerance of heat, flooding, salinity and Sub-Saharan Africa. other environmental stresses; and improved Underpinning CGIAR’s vital crop improvement nutrition. As of December 2013, staple programs are its genebanks, which safeguard food crops that were bred to rich in the key the world’s largest and most diverse seed micronutrients iron, zinc and vitamin A had collections of crops, their wild relatives and reached half a million farmers worldwide, other plant genetic resources. Containing helping to combat malnutrition among the genes for various desirable traits such as poor. As a global research partnership, CGIAR tolerance to heat or pests, the seeds in the is well positioned to deliver benefits to poor genebanks are freely available to plant farmers and consumers by strengthening the breeders, researchers and farmers worldwide ability of basic staple crops to flourish under a to help breed more productive, resilient and variety of challenging circumstances, including nutritious crops. the negative effects of climate change. Using modern genomic tools such as marker- For example, the 44 new rice varieties released assisted selection, which helps scientists in 2013 included 9 salt-tolerant varieties in identify genes for desired traits, it is now the Philippines (of 29 varieties released in possible to more fully exploit the potential Southeast Asia), 3 flood-tolerant varieties of the genebanks’ vast genetic diversity. in South Asia (of 8 varieties released), and Genomics research, bioinformatics and 7 varieties in Sub-Saharan Africa. As part advanced phenotyping provide the bases for of this work, a milestone was reached with innovations over the long term. Precise and the launch of a new brand: Advanced Rice efficient phenotyping that applies modern Varieties for Africa (ARICA). Researchers hope automated methods to characterize plant ARICA will repeat in Africa the successful structure and performance has the potential to experience in South Asia with Sahbhagi dhan, accelerate breeding progress and is essential a drought-tolerant variety that has earned the to meeting future challenges posed by climate name Wonder Rice since its release in India change, rising demand for food and degraded in 2009. Last year saw the continued spread natural resources. of Sahbhagi dhan to create what have been dubbed “rice oases” in drought-stricken An initiative with India’s National Food Security areas. The improved variety yields 4-5 tons Mission to breed improved heat tolerance per hectare under normal conditions in which into chickpea refined screening techniques to 8 | CGIAR Annual Report 2013 “The world is currently facing the huge challenge of achieving sustainable food and nutrition security for a growing population with more diverse consumption patterns in the face of increasingly scarce natural resources and the impacts of climate change. This challenge is most severe in developing countries where rates of poverty remain high and 170 million children still suffer from stunting. Public investment in agricultural research is an essential part of the solution. As the major international public research institution focused on developing countries, CGIAR is well positioned to develop the key new technologies and approaches that are needed. We welcome the adoption of poverty reduction, food security, nutrition and sustainable natural resource management as overarching goals for the reformed CGIAR, noting that these closely correspond to our development priorities in the European Union. CGIAR needs to work with partners to ensure the public goods are appropriate and are accessible to the farmers and decision makers so that genuine sustainable impacts can be realized. Running this last mile is often the most challenging part.” Klaus Rudischhauser, Deputy Director General, Development and Cooperation Directorate-General – EuropeAid, European Commission identify heat-tolerant genotypes, studied the access to seeds that meet their changing genetics and physiological mechanisms of heat needs. Adopting a crowdsourcing approach tolerance, accelerated breeding for improving developed by CGIAR and its partners, it heat tolerance, and evaluated heat-tolerant recruited 6,000 smallholder farmers in varieties and breeding lines in farmers’ fields. Cambodia, Ethiopia, Honduras, India, Kenya, Progress was also made in improving sorghum Laos, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Tanzania varieties grown after the rainy season to meet and Uganda to act as local scientists by expanding demand there for sorghum grain testing, observing and comparing different and fodder, the latter product equal to fully crop varieties. Participants also try new two-thirds of the value of the grain. Scientists farming techniques and experiment with began to breed into six popular sorghum different crop rotations before reporting their varieties so-called “stay-green” drought- results to project researchers. The project has tolerance genes, demonstrating that they can used modern geographic information systems improve in predictable ways grain and fodder to develop an atlas identifying genebank yield, as well as fodder quality traits, with accessions that have high potential for no tradeoffs among these traits. Improved adaptation under current and future climate varieties showed exciting synergy between conditions. fodder productivity and fodder quality, which CGIAR scientists are helping to draw molecular researchers are pursuing in the second phase atlases that capture the genetic diversity of of the project. maize and wheat and help identify novel Research was launched to increase the sources of variability. In wheat, researchers productivity of direct-seeded rice by characterized more than 20,000 genebank incorporating genes that allow rice to accessions for morphology and grain- germinate under water. Whereas traditional quality traits, 27,000 for responses under rice cultivation depends on seedlings drought and high temperature, and 4,500 sprouted in a nursery and then transplanted for disease resistance. In maize, researchers into standing water that inhibits weed characterized 20,000 accessions. They further germination, direct seeding features rice seed analyzed the world’s most comprehensive sown and sprouted in the field, eliminating the mapping panel for discovering new genes and laborious transplanting of seedlings by hand. identified novel markers potentially valuable to breeders. The initiative has produced the Another initiative aims to identify crop most comprehensive dataset to date on maize varieties that are better suited to existing genetic resources and has set up several or projected conditions and to strengthen populations of maize for marker-assisted local seed systems, so that they provide breeding and pre-breeding for genomic farmers with information about varieties and selection. CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 9 ©Riccardo Gangale/ILRI EXPANDING REACH THROUGH INNOVATIVE PARTNERSHIPS To ensure that the outcomes of research vaccine production and launching vaccination get into the hands of those who need them campaigns. So far, it has provided vaccine most, CGIAR engages in diverse partnerships to distributors in Kenya, Malawi, Tanzania to disseminate new technologies and and Uganda. The current vaccine campaign knowledge at greater speed and scale. In fact, released over 1 million doses in the region, partnership is fundamental to the success benefiting 50,000 households. of CGIAR Research Programs, which bring Another fruitful initiative in the region is together hundreds of partners, such as public Drought-Tolerant Maize for Africa, which development partners and private companies, continued to make impressive progress toward to tackle global development challenges, its goal of reaching more than 30 million including constraints on the delivery and farmers by the end of 2016. In 2013 alone, adoption of research. the project produced 30,000 tons of drought- One example of an important public-private tolerant maize seed, including 17,000 tons partnership is the African Orphan Crops from new varieties, with yield advantages of Consortium (AOCC), which launched the 20-30% over farmers’ traditional varieties. African Plant Breeding Academy to help improve the livelihoods and food security of Africa’s smallholder farm families and boost the continent’s food supply. Using the latest scientific equipment and techniques, the partnership aims to genetically sequence, assemble and annotate the genomes of 100 traditional African food crops that do not attract international attention because they are not economically important on the global market. Its purpose is to guide the development of more robust and nutritious produce. Another public-private consortium launched a new vaccine initiative to tackle East Coast fever, a deadly cattle disease in Africa. In parallel with this consortium, which builds on earlier collaboration with research institutions in Malawi, the United Kingdom, Belgium and the United States, CGIAR is facilitating a ©Isagani Serrano/IRRI global public-private partnership for scaling up 10| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Anne Wangalachi/CIMMYT It did so in 13 African countries: Angola, A joint working group with the Alliance for a Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mali, Green Revolution in Africa was established to Mozambique, Nigeria, Tanzania, Uganda, ensure that seed companies and agricultural Zambia and Zimbabwe. As a result, some dealerships are able to stock enough seed 3 million households planted over 1 million and build good distribution networks to reach hectares with drought-tolerant varieties. farmers across the continent. Other such Much of this success can be attributed to networks include the Wheat Yield Consortium, the project’s partnership with African seed Sustainable Modernization of Traditional companies, 110 of which have adopted the Agriculture, and hybrid rice consortia in Latin improved varieties for production and sale to America and Asia. These partnerships facilitate farmers. 1 million smallholders’ testing of novel varieties and adoption of improved agronomic practices. “Agricultural research investment has high economic and social rates of return. Greater investments in agricultural research will help to boost global food production, build resilience in the food supply system, protect the environment, and assure household and national food security. Focusing on agriculture as a business and powering this with a market-driven research system are crucial for lifting hundreds of millions out of poverty into wealth, while creating jobs for millions of youths. Nigeria is proud to partner with CGIAR and invest in our shared mission to boost food production in Africa and turn Africa into a food basket for the world.” Dr. Akinwumi Adesina, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development, Federal Republic of Nigeria CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 11 ©AS Rao/ICRISAT LEVERAGING AGRICULTURE TO IMPROVE NUTRITION AND HEALTH While agriculture has made remarkable CGIAR scientists developed training manuals advances in the past decades, progress and new protocols for food products that are in improving the nutrition and health of bred to be rich in key vitamins or minerals, poor farmers and consumers in developing and contributed papers to The Lancet’s countries is lagging behind. Research can second seminal series on maternal and child help by evaluating integrated agriculture, nutrition. The papers show that the critical nutrition and health programs and underlying determinants of malnutrition — documenting what’s working, and what including income, food security, women’s isn’t. Improving collaboration between time, empowerment, and access to nutritious researchers, policymakers, and development food and diet quality — need to be addressed practitioners is also critical to ensuring that simultaneously, taking into account the diverse research outcomes are relevant and timely and dimensions of the agriculture-malnutrition- ultimately lead to results on the ground. nutrition nexus. Researchers worked with various governments One of the newly released nutrient-rich food and the Codex Alimentarius Commission crops is the pearl millet Dhanashakti, which to improve national food safety regulations boasts, in addition to an 11% increase in and nutrition plans. In particular, they yield, a 9% increase in iron content in grain, achieved significant results toward controlling as well as greater zinc content. The nutritional aflatoxin, a deadly contaminant of stored benefits of Dhanashakti are potentially most grain. Research partnerships for biocontrol significant in countries with endemic anemia. are advancing in nine African countries; In India, for example, where the new variety a workshop identified research gaps and was released, 52% of women, 80% of opportunities, paving the way for greater pregnant women and 74% of children under scientific synergy and efficiency, as well as the age of 3 suffer from anemia induced by greater impact; and a set of related policy iron deficiency. Product diffusion, marketing briefs was produced. While much of the and processing are also addressed to focus of this work is currently on aflatoxin in effectively reach consumers. Africa, a scoping study on public health risk was initiated in South Asia and scheduled for completion in early 2014. 12| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©M. Yousuf Tushar/WorldFish In Bangladesh, small freshwater fish that As fruit plays an important role in nutrition, live in rice paddies are typically consumed efforts have been made to conserve fruit tree whole, greatly enriching local diets with diversity in Central Asia, the center of origin animal protein, calcium for bones, and highly for many temperate fruit species. Extreme bioavailable forms of vitamin A, iron and climatic variability has helped Central Asian zinc. Researchers are working to enhance the farmers produce strains of apple, apricot, productivity and diversity of fish in flooded peach, pear, plum, grape, almond, pistachio, paddies by improving and catalyzing local pomegranate and fig that tolerate drought techniques to equip them with microhabitats and other environmental stresses. in which fish can shelter during short As threats to this rich agricultural biodiversity periods of low water. Farmers dig into their became evident in the 1990s, CGIAR led a paddies concrete rings that create low-water project that analyzed legislation and policy sanctuaries some 75 centimeters in diameter toward strengthening legal and policy and a meter deep, from which fish emerge frameworks to conserve the genetic diversity when rainfall restores paddy flooding. More of horticultural and wild fruit, culminating in than 180 rings have been set in Bangladesh the landmark publication Conservation of fruit to test the strategy, which contributes to tree diversity in Central Asia: Policy options improved nutrition and health, the sustainable and challenges. The project renewed farmers’ management of natural resources, and poverty interest in planting local fruit varieties to reduction. replace aging trees and expand their orchards into degraded areas. As a bonus, landscapes thus restored provide improved grazing for animals, whose meat and dairy products further enrich diets. CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 13 ©Hamish John Appleby/IWMI IMPROVING GENDER EQUITY FOR GREATER IMPACT Knowing that it will not achieve lasting impact A survey analysis found that women receive unless it takes gender disparities into account significantly less information about climate- in all aspects of its work, CGIAR mainstreams smart agriculture than do men but, once gender research and analysis throughout informed, are equally likely to adopt these its portfolio and is committed to closing responses to climate change. The analysis the gender gap in agriculture. Researchers identified institutional and policy constraints continued to roll out training on the Women’s that limit the benefits for women from climate- Empowerment in Agriculture Index to over related finance and used this information to 1,000 participants, undertook participatory guide low-emissions development. Researchers technology evaluation and gender audits integrated gender into the design of innovation to establish benchmarks and assess new platforms on water management, identifying tools and technologies for likely gender crosscutting gender constraints on women’s implications, promoted sex-disaggregation in participation in income generation and using surveys, published findings on strategies that this result to benchmark and identify targets for narrow the gender gap in productive assets future work. for agriculture, and studied gender-related constraints. The Gender, Agriculture and Climate Change Research Network was established to strengthen research on the gender aspects of climate change adaptation and mitigation. Scientists in the network explore how their research can help address the different needs and interests of men and women. One of the network’s main strategies is to strengthen the ability of national and local partners to conduct gender-sensitive research. With this in mind, 50 professionals took part in a gender training and strategizing workshop to learn how to design studies that capture the different perspectives of male and female stakeholders. ©Milo Mitchell/IFPRI 14| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Studies analyzed how to facilitate the of this research, a project implemented by sustainable scaling up of results through Heifer International is using the VFT approach innovation platforms or hubs, with the goal to reach 315,000 dairy farmers in four of reaching significant numbers of farmers countries in East Africa. The proportion of in a manner that promotes gender equity. In women VFTs in the region was 33% in 2011, the polder zone of Bangladesh, for example, when fewer than 10% of professional trainers progress was made to improve system and extension staff in the project were female. productivity by helping households produce The study showed that female trainers were as vegetables, providing higher-quality fish seed effective as their male counterparts. at scale, and training men and women on In contrast, a review of gender relevance aquaculture. These improved practices reached across various research projects found half a million farmers, including 48,000 that seed multiplication training in Malawi men and 52,000 women trained to manage disadvantaged women, enabling men disease-resistant shrimp. Farmer field days to dominate profitable sweet potato expanded these numbers by fostering learning vine multiplication even in communities within and across communities. where sweet potato had previously been Related research showed that volunteer farmer produced by women. Results will inform the trainers (VFTs) offer a very effective way to development of seed systems frameworks reach farmers, women and men alike, with and projects under development. Meanwhile, new knowledge. VFTs have deep knowledge an assessment of 20 value chains and their of local conditions, live in the community and contributions to consumer health and instill confidence in other farmers. They train nutrition concluded that gender roles were on average 20 other farmers per month, with more important determinants of health risk the backing of trained extension agents and than were biological constraints. specialists on subject matter. Using the results ©Felix Clay:Duckrabbit/WorldFish CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 15 ©International Rice Research Institute/IRRI IMPROVING LIVELIHOODS THROUGH BETTER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Just as gender equity leads to greater impact, Fifteen innovation platforms were set up better agricultural practices and resource in arid areas of Africa and Asia to identify management can improve productivity, priority entry points for system improvement: incomes and livelihoods. In Indonesia, for land degradation, crop-livestock integration, example, an initiative works directly with maintaining system productivity while farmers to improve their livelihoods through shrinking the environmental footprint of better forest management. Halfway into the agriculture, and improving access to markets. 5-year project, it had taught more than 8,000 This new “integrated agro-ecosystem and farmers and local government staff about livelihoods approach” aims to sustainably sustainable natural resource management, intensify agriculture in arid areas, as established 78 community tree nurseries articulated in a paper published in the journal benefiting 9,000 farmers, trained nearly 1,000 Food Security. farmers and other stakeholders on how to In India, more than 185,000 farmers get agroforestry products to market more have adopted sustainable intensification efficiently and with better returns for farmers, technologies through an initiative and worked with villagers, farmers and local implemented throughout South Asia. The government staff to develop better ways initiative has developed information and of governing the landscape to sustainably communication technology tools for site- improve productivity. specific nutrient management that are In Jepara District of Central Java, a project expected to significantly improve profitability aiming to improve livelihoods helped small- for farmers while shrinking the environmental scale local furniture makers overcome short footprint of fertilizer use in South Asia. The supplies of high-quality teak and mahogany, Nutrient Expert® decision-support tool for poor cash flow and other constraints. The maize and wheat, for example, will help project founded a furniture producers farmers apply just enough fertilizer to ensure association, 78% of whose members high productivity while minimizing costly improved production, sales and income, waste, water pollution and greenhouse gas increased timber use efficiency by 10-15%, emissions. and helped some producers attain national In East and Southern Africa, a CGIAR-led certification for green furniture, improving partnership provided farmers with high-quality their access to European markets. Fast- chickpea seed for planting on approximately growing teak trees were planted, increasing 660,000 hectares. As chickpea – a key carbon storage, improving sustainable natural source of protein for the poor – fixes more resource management and increasing climate than 50 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, change mitigation. by conservative calculation, and as the 16| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 average price of urea fertilizer that is 50% CGIAR is also bringing together scientists to nitrogen is $340/ton, chickpea provided by address the challenge of seed degeneration in the partnership would contribute through environments afflicted by pathogen buildup. nitrogen fixation alone some $23 million In partnership with Kansas State University, in benefits to famers along with significant they developed a new model that integrates environmental benefits. different options for managing the problem, builds upon existing knowledge of virus After reviewing the investment monitoring ecology and evolution, and incorporates needs of African stakeholders, researchers variability in environmental and biological started using Hubbard’s Decision Research systems. Initial results indicate that seed tools to assess the risks and returns from large degeneration in banana, potato, sweetpotato, investments in natural resource management. yam and cassava can be arrested using on- The framework was applied to eight cases, farm management and host plant resistance. and the results are being used to develop This integrated approach appears to be far a model to guide intervention decisions more effective than the usual wholesale globally. The analyses have had significant replacement of planting material. Field studies impact on recommendations for interventions, to confirm preliminary results are now under assessing some to be marginal or negative way in 11 countries: Burundi, Cameroon, and others to be positive. The Routledge China, Colombia, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Kenya, publication Wetland management and Nigeria, Peru, Tanzania and Uganda. sustainable livelihoods in Africa demonstrates how sustainable wetland agriculture and fisheries can contribute to livelihoods without threatening wetlands, as is widely feared. ©Felix Clay/Duckrabbit/WorldFish CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 17 ©International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas/ICARDA LOOKING AHEAD As this report shows, in 2013 CGIAR and its rather than exploring the tradeoffs between partners achieved significant scientific progress the ecological, social, economic and that brought real impact on the ground and agronomic dimensions of sustainability in positive change in people’s lives. Building different biophysical and socioeconomic on this work, the research-for-development environments. In 2014 and beyond, recently agenda is firmly on track to contribute further launched programs that take a systems or to reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition landscapes approach to research are expected while promoting gender equity and climate to contribute interesting and significant change mitigation and adaptation. The results, adding value to outputs from the rest portfolio also has the potential to shrink of the CGIAR portfolio by applying them in the environmental footprint of agriculture, their target agro-ecosystems for the benefit forestry, livestock and fisheries, as well as to of the poor and the planet. There is an urgent strengthen productive systems’ resilience and need to develop and disseminate locally sustainability. appropriate technologies and knowledge to support climate change adaptation and To date, most research on sustainable mitigation through climate-smart agriculture, intensification focuses on one or another the topic to which this report now turns. dimension of sustainability, such as agronomy, 18| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 19 ©Neil Palmer/CIAT 20| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©C. Schubert/CCAFS FEATURE: CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE Key to the success of agricultural interventions Agricultural research must do more to is their durability under climate change, safeguard the progress achieved so far toward which threatens to roll back decades of ending hunger, poverty and environmental progress. A modest 2°C rise in global degradation. In addition to raising productivity temperature by 2100 — in line with the and yields, rural communities of smallholder optimistic low-emission scenario posited farmers, fishers, foresters and livestock by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate keepers need to strengthen their climate Change — is enough to destabilize current resilience by adapting to change. Further, they farming, forestry and ecosystems, even as must contribute to climate change mitigation the world struggles to sustainably produce by curbing the 32% of greenhouse gas (GHG) 70% more food by 2050 to meet growing emissions currently caused by agriculture. global demand. This is alarming for Africa and Taken together, better productivity, resilience South Asia, two regions that are particularly and mitigation add up to the “triple win” vulnerable to climate change and home to promised by climate-smart agriculture. most of the 850 million undernourished people who already suffer as worsening weather extremes pummel food production. ©V.Reddy (ViDocs)/CCAFS CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 21 ©Aulia Erlangga/CIFOR CLIMATE CHANGE Adaptation and mitigation method of accounting and monitoring carbon sequestration in grasslands. Currently, carbon CGIAR and its partners have achieved far- markets ignore grasslands and the carbon reaching outcomes that address climate they sequester. The method, which meets change. Armed with more extensive and rigorous double-verification requirements, accurate climate data and analytical tools, promises to give herders access to carbon innovative communication methods, and financing in exchange for culling their herds to increased capacity, agricultural researchers, allow overgrazed grassland to recover and to policymakers and extension personnel are improve livestock productivity. better equipped to promote more effective policy and practices to accelerate climate A complementary initiative in East Africa change adaptation and mitigation. aims to quantify GHG emissions and identify farmers’ mitigation options at both the farm One noteworthy breakthrough is the and the landscape scale. Recognizing that successful breeding of tropical grass hybrids efforts to curtail emissions are best guided that provide highly productive forage for cattle by knowledge of their causes, a study found while curbing GHG emissions. The breeding that beef and dairy cattle account for 77% program uses the grass Brachiaria humidicola, of all GHG emissions from livestock globally. whose roots suppress nitrification, the As most livestock in Sub-Saharan Africa, chemical process that generates the extremely for example, graze on marginal land and potent GHG nitrous oxide and leaches crop residues, they typically exhibit low nitrates into the water table. After breeding feed efficiency and high emission intensity. B. humidicola for biological nitrification Cattle foraging in arid areas can release the inhibition, scientists measured the hybrids’ equivalent of 1,000 kilograms of carbon for GHG benefits in a subsequent maize crop, every kilogram of protein they produce, or finding higher grain yield achieved with less 100 times the emission intensity recorded fertilizer. These results, published in the journal in parts of the developed world. Animals in Nature, show the potential to limit GHG the developing world require more food to emissions and water pollution while improving produce a kilogram of protein than do animals livestock and crop productivity. A further in wealthy countries, and ruminants require up advantage of Brachiaria and other superior to 5 times more feed to produce a kilogram forage grasses is their ability — second only of protein as meat than as milk. This new to that of tropical forests — to sequester large data will help to assess the sustainability of amounts of carbon in their deep root systems. livestock production systems. In northwest China, researchers worked with In Uganda, research showed that herders and partners in government and intercropping two of the country’s most the private sector to develop a cost-effective important cash crops, coffee (which earns 22| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 20% of national export revenues) and banana, In South Asia, a collaboration with the can earn farmers half again more income than Nepal Development Research Institute growing either crop alone. A study found produced radio jingles and public service that the practice may also help farmers cope announcements to reach 1 million farmers with climate change. Average temperatures with advice on how to adapt to climate in Uganda are expected to rise by 2°C in change. As 90% of households have mobile the coming decades. Shade from the taller phones, researchers disseminated 20 text banana trees can cool the coffee plants by messages on climate change and climate- at least this much, and banana’s permanent smart practices for rice, wheat and maize to canopy, roots and mulch prevent soil erosion thousands of farmers in 11 districts. Farmers and degradation in Uganda’s hilly landscape. found the text messages and agro-advisories Moreover, banana captures atmospheric so useful that 84% of those interviewed said carbon dioxide, enriching soil carbon stocks they would pay 10-20 US cents a month while mitigating climate change. to subscribe to such a messaging service. This initiative demonstrates that innovative communication partnerships can indeed help Communications and capacity building reach deep into rural areas. Strategies to mitigate and adapt to However, information technology cannot climate change must be communicated to entirely replace face-to-face capacity stakeholders, especially in South Asia and building, and recognition is growing that Sub-Saharan Africa, the regions deemed to be special efforts are required to reach women most at risk. Several initiatives are extending stakeholders. Restricted access to land, the information age to farmers in these other productive resources and information regions to compensate for overstretched leaves many women in low-income countries agricultural extension services. In Kenya, a disproportionately vulnerable to climate partnership with Shamba Shape-Up, a weekly change. Moreover, policy makers have long reality TV show on farm makeovers that overlooked the potential of engaging rural reaches over 3 million viewers, is bringing women usefully in adaption and mitigation science into the makeovers and supporting initiatives. To address these issues, 15,000 the scale out of gender-sensitive climate-smart practices. ©Felix Clay/Duckrabbit /WorldFish CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 23 local women leaders were trained on climate- an estimated 2 million of them. It further smart agriculture in Nepal and the neighboring collaborated with the national meteorological Indian state of Bihar through a training-of- agency and agricultural extension department, trainers program. Another project in Haryana and with local farmers’ associations, to help State, also in northern India, first interacted farmers learn how to interpret the data so that in person with women farmers, elected they could decide what to grow and when to heads of villages (some of them women) and perform critical farming tasks. educated women in male-headed households, The CGIAR-sponsored climate portal eventually involving more than 1,200 female progressed its goal of becoming the go-to and male farmers in eight villages. Each source for open access climate data that is farmer in the project now receives two properly scaled and coupled with crop models voice messages daily (along with detailed to make it useful for understanding the effects text messages when required) that provide of climate change on agriculture. Last year, weather forecasts, information about pests over 65,000 files were uploaded to the portal, and their control, and details of climate-smart to which users in nearly 700 institutions in technologies. 163 countries made over 14,500 unique visits. Some 5,000 users downloaded 135,000 files Weather forecast and analysis containing 125 terabytes of data. To help smallholder farmers cope with Good weather data is essential to a new increasingly variable and extreme weather, insurance product released in India in national meteorological services need to cooperation with the Agricultural Insurance improve their forecasts and deliver them Company. Affordable weather-indexed more effectively to end users. Research and insurance now protects 50,000 farmers, the capacity investment have helped national vanguard of what is expected to become meteorological services in developing millions of policyholders in the coming years. countries produce climate information at a The advantages of weather-indexed insurance resolution high enough to be useful to rural are its low transaction costs and timely claims communities. At least four such services processing. Providers of weather-indexed have changed their policies and practices in insurance pay claims automatically if rainfall light of improved understanding of farmers’ fails to reach a set threshold, with no need to perceptions and information needs, adopting assess each farmer’s actual loss. The program newly designed and disseminated methods provides rainfall data for each cropping of delivering climate information services that season, and local rainfall thresholds are set better meet those needs. using historical data on land use, weather patterns, soil and crop management, and In Senegal, the results of participatory research regional crop models. Participating Indian revealed what kinds of seasonal weather farmers can now shield themselves from forecasts farmers wanted and in what format. devastating crop losses and be certain of Researchers then worked with an association prompt compensation if crops fail because of of community radio stations to get these drought. new kinds of forecasts to farmers, reaching ©Neil Palmer/IWMI 24| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Ollivier Girard/CIFOR Influencing policy and practice and provide scientific evidence to underpin policy. Recognizing the critical need to provide Strong policy support is needed to successfully sound evidence to support a common African manage the impacts of climate change. CGIAR position, agricultural scientists and other studied national climate change adaptation experts reviewed progress on agricultural plans, policies and processes in 12 countries negotiations under the United Nations across West and East Africa and South Asia to Framework Convention on Climate Change see how they could be improved; supported and eventually reached agreement on a Kenya’s release of its national adaptation plan; conceptual framework for a technical paper assisted the first national implementation on the situation. project of the United Nations Global Framework for Climate Services in Tanzania Scientists have also analyzed different aspects and Malawi; and played a part in formulating of United Nations-led work on reducing the climate change adaptation strategy emissions from deforestation and forest adopted by the Ethiopian government. In degradation (REDD+) such as conserving Central America, it helped shape Nicaragua’s forests, enhancing forest carbon stocks and adaptation strategy, which attracted from sustainably managing forests. Research on the International Fund for Agricultural these areas has helped to inform evidence- Development an investment of $24 million based decision making, influence policies and to help coffee and cocoa farmers adapt to change institutional mechanisms to more climate change. effectively address climate change and better serve the poor. CGIAR and its partners in East Africa are pushing for national and international climate change talks to fully integrate agriculture CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 25 Climate change, food and farming: 2010s 26| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Productivity CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 27 Adaptation 28| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Mitigation CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 29 30| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Georgina Smith/CIAT CLIMATE-SMART AGRICULTURE Climate change has raised the stakes restore soils, as discussed in the section on for experts in agricultural research for climate-smart villages, or facilitate optimized development and called attention to the sowing times for improved varieties, as under inadequacy of stock approaches. Reducing conservation tillage. The promotion of climate- poverty, hunger and the environmental hardy crops like sorghum and millet can keep footprint of agriculture requires climate-smart drought-prone land productive and sustain options that deliver the triple win of improved the livelihoods of local farm communities. productivity, strengthened resilience and As highlighted by research on forestry mitigated greenhouse gas emissions. Positive and gender, the sustainability of triple win results can come from simple adjustments to interventions depends on building the capacity land, crop and livestock management that of all stakeholders, men and women alike. ©Georgina Smith/CIAT CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 31 ©K. Trautmann/CCAFS COORDINATED ACTION Climate-smart villages bring together diverse assessment. Local stakeholders convene to stakeholders to test how farmers can adapt prioritize climate-smart approaches, then test to climate change, manage risk, build on their own farms how well the preferred resilience and boost incomes. Encouraged options work under local conditions. by smallholders’ success, CGIAR is extending Two factors affecting productivity, resilience the approach from climate hotspots in Africa and climate change mitigation are soil carbon and South Asia to Southeast Asia and Latin and nitrogen. The agroforestry option adopted America. in the Lower Nyando Valley is one way to Farmers in the Lower Nyando Valley of improve soil carbon content. It boosts fertility Kenya plant maize, sorghum and other crops as it sequesters carbon between rows of trees. The nitrogen-fixing to mitigate climate Soil carbon sequestration trees fertilize the soil. Their roots prevent soil change. Other options and the precise dosing of erosion, slow rainwater runoff, and improve are conservation tillage, nitrogen fertilizer improve soil structure and carbon content. The trees managing crop residues provide leaf fodder for sheep and goats and, and livestock manures yields, reduce input costs later, wood for fuel and building materials. more efficiently, and and curtail the release of the Meanwhile, the emerging market for saplings diversifying land-use greenhouse gases that cause has encouraged local entrepreneurs, more systems. Similarly, farmers climate change. than half of them women, to set up 22 tree can improve their use nurseries. of nitrogen fertilizer with leaf-color charts, handheld crop sensors This is one of 15 climate-smart villages and nutrient decision-maker tools, including selected since 2011 for their vulnerability to those accessed by mobile phone. Nitrogen climate change, alternative land-use options, application needs to be just right because contacts with implementation partners and deficiency reduces crop yield, and excess interest in participation. Where community wastes money and generates greenhouse groups do not yet exist, the program helps gases. farmers, village officials, agro-advisory service providers and researchers form them and Water and energy register for government subsidies. resources are two other Better community water factors. Rainwater management enables the Next, a steering committee of community representatives and researchers conducts harvesting and drip operation of vertical drainage a baseline survey to determine resource irrigation are among systems in India to protect availability and which climate-smart the on-farm water standing crops from floods management techniques while recharging aquifers. technologies are realistic options for that that help farmers use village, as well as to inform later impact water more efficiently. In 32| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 India, better community water management take farmers from one climate-smart village to enables, for example, the operation of vertical another to see how their counterparts cope drainage systems to protect standing crops today with climate conditions predicted for from floods while recharging aquifers depleted their own village tomorrow. by excessive groundwater withdrawal. Laser Community seed banks have inspired an land leveling distributes irrigation evenly over innovative approach to crowdsourcing seed a field to nourish a uniform crop and prevent and variety evaluation that promotes farmer- soil waterlogging. Pumping less irrigation to-farmer exchange and provides feedback to water, and doing so with fuel-efficient crop breeders. In India, women-empowering engines, reduces costs and greenhouse gas local partners Alternative Futures and Bihar emissions, as does curtailed plowing under Mahila Samakhya trained a core group of conservation tillage and improved residue women trainers who reached 1,500 other management. Biogas obtained from manure farmwomen with songs they composed to can meet some fuel needs. convey easy-to-remember messages in the Climate analogue visits take Climate resilience traditional way. Success story and testimonial farmers from one climate- depends on knowing videos shot in climate-smart villages are smart village to another to what to expect and screened in nearby villages, and word is hedging risk. Climate- further spread through local, national and see how their counterparts smart villages partner international media. cope today with climate with government conditions predicted for their Climate-smart villages link farmers and local departments and organizations with scientists and policymakers own village tomorrow. others to link farmers through a site coordinator and assistant in with weather news, each village. Participating farmers keep daily agro-advisories and market information diaries and, with the site coordinator, monitor through newspapers, radio, television and and evaluate their chosen interventions. cellphone messaging. Program partners Researchers analyze the results at the end of include private firms that offer cost-effective each cropping season to validate and expand crop insurance indexed to local rainfall and the body of knowledge that climate-smart temperatures, sometimes supported by villages tap to adapt to and mitigate climate government subsidies. Climate analogue visits change. ©C. Schubert/CCAFS CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 33 ©International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) CLIMATE-SMART CROPS Sorghum and pearl millet are hardy, climate- Climate change is tightening the squeeze smart grain crops ideal for environments on food security caused by rapid population prone to drought and extreme heat. CGIAR growth and worsening mineral P shortage and is breeding sorghum and millet varieties that will likely make the Sahel depend even more thrive on soils low in phosphorus, which on drought-tolerant crops such as sorghum constrains their cultivation in West and Central and pearl millet, both of which originated Africa. here. One option for addressing food security in the region is to make them more productive Settled communities in the Sahel struggle to under limited soil P. eke a living out of this band of marginally arable land that stretches across Africa A project on abiotic production constraints in from Senegal to Eritrea. This is the zone of pearl millet and sorghum-based agricultural transition from savanna to the Sahara Desert, systems of the West African Sahel conducted which sprawls across the northern third of crop trials from 2010 to 2013 in multiple the continent. The two most widely grown locations in Burkina Faso, Mali, Niger and crops, sorghum and pearl millet, are nutritious Senegal. After establishing research protocols, and well adapted to heat and water stress. scientists evaluated some 300 sorghum and Yet the 120 million people who live in the millet genotypes for their performance under western and central portions of the Sahel — a P-sufficient and P-deficient conditions. population forecast to double by 2050 — are Working with colleagues One option for tackling food among the poorest and most food insecure in in the national the world. One leading cause is the prevalence agricultural research insecurity in the Sahel is to on smallholder farms of soils deficient in systems of the four West make sorghum and pearl phosphorus (P), an abiotic constraint that African countries, and millet more productive on the holds sorghum and millet yields below their phosphorus-deficient soils simultaneously training potential. them on international prevalent in the region. Amending soil with P fertilizer is not practical best practice, CGIAR for most farmers in the Sahel because they researchers identified promising sorghum and cannot afford these inputs, which are all the millet landraces and crossed them to generate more expensive after being trucked long intermediate breeding materials for national distances over bad roads. Further, mineral P is, crop-improvement programs. Using modern like petroleum, a limited resource worldwide. genomic techniques, they made significant Maritime guano deposits have long since strides toward identifying molecular markers been exhausted, and global production for low-P tolerance in sorghum, as well as from phosphate rock is expected to peak in headway in the smaller parallel subproject for about 2030 as reserves of this nonrenewable millet. resource dwindle. 34| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) Heat and drought tolerance Alternative crop the local economy, beverages and biofuel. make sorghum and pearl management techniques, A highly significant research achievement such as fertilizer micro- in dryland cereals was the introduction of millet resilient and well- dosing with a capful for hybrid sorghum, which boosted yields and suited for continued use in each plant, were also simultaneously supported the development of the Sahel and for adoption explored. This innovation seed cooperatives and small seed enterprises. in other climate-vulnerable boosted millet yield by In a single year, Mali tripled its production of areas. 55% in experimental hybrid sorghum seed to 30 tons, which helped fields in Niger while supply the 10,000 farmers in the region who using only a sixth of the fertilizer expended in have adopted hybrid sorghum. conventional application. Heat and drought tolerance make sorghum The project was the first effort to integrate and pearl millet resilient and well-suited for conventional and marker-assisted breeding continued use in the Sahel and for adoption in with improved natural resource management other climate-vulnerable areas in future. They to enhance sorghum and millet productivity allow the production of highly nutritious grain in Sub-Saharan Africa. The relative impact to be sustainably increased, thereby bolstering on millet productivity from drought, low-P food security. And they better enable farmers soil and their interaction was assessed, with to cope with the more frequent and severe the aim of developing varieties that tolerate droughts expected under climate change, multiple abiotic stresses in the Sahel. especially in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Improved tolerance of P-deficient soils, As these dryland crops Any increase in sorghum which addresses the key factor that constrains require little or no irrigation and millet yield promises their productivity, promises to make sorghum or fertilizer, their cultivation many benefits, as these and pearl millet even better options for future crops provide not only generates only modest food for people but farm environments increasingly challenged by greenhouse gas emissions, also fodder for livestock climate change. mitigating climate change. and, with processing that adds value within CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 35 ©Yuriy Zelenskiy/CIMMYT CONSERVATION AGRICULTURE Zero tillage, crop residue retention, and other Conservation agriculture Conservation agriculture cuts components of conservation agriculture cut embraces both zero expenditures by reducing the costs, boost yields, strengthen resilience and and low tillage, the idea mitigate climate change. CGIAR experts joined behind both being to use of labor, machinery, fuel, with multiple partners to make Kazakhstan, disturb the soil as little as fertilizer and irrigation water, the world’s sixth-largest wheat exporter, its possible while preparing while raising yields from second-fastest adaptor of this often climate- a field and sowing seeds. unirrigated wheat fields. friendly practice. Permanent soil cover provided by crops or their residues benefits Drought and high temperatures in 2012 soil health in many ways. Vegetation shields helped underscore the advantages of these soil from direct exposure to rain and sun to agricultural practices to many wheat farmers prevent crusting and rapid runoff, improve on the steppes of northern Kazakhstan. While water infiltration and retention, and reduce or production in this Central Asian breadbasket eliminate soil erosion. It feeds beneficial soil plunged from 24 million tons in 2011 to only organisms, permits natural biological tillage 11 million, its 2 million hectares of zero-tillage and the slow circulation of air and water, wheat produced up to 3 times as much grain promotes humus formation, and stabilizes soil per hectare as those that had been plowed temperature. in the conventional way. The 700,000 tons of wheat protected from drought was worth Preserving crop stubble is especially important $220 million freight on board. in the wheat belt of northern Kazakhstan, where 40% of annual precipitation falls as This impressive result will likely speed the snow. The stubble keeps it from blowing away adoption of conservation agriculture in before the spring thaw, and the resulting deep Kazakhstan, where the wheat area under saturation from snow melt contributes to zero tillage more than tripled from 2007 to observed yield improvement by 30% in years 2012, to occupy 10% of all wheat land. Only with good weather, 40% in dry years and in China is conservation agriculture spreading 80% under drought. With normal weather, more quickly. Worldwide, the farmland under zero tillage and residue retention add 2 million conservation agriculture ballooned from 3 tons of wheat to Kazakhstan’s annual harvest, million hectares in 1973 to 45 million in 1999 which is enough to feed 5 million people for and 72 million in 2003, largely in the Americas a year or to cover the country’s 2013 wheat and Australia but increasingly in Asia and exports to Afghanistan, which met a third of Africa. wheat consumption there. 36| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©M. Ellis/CIMMYT Kazakhstan has recorded Testing and promotion of well as to starve wheat pathogens and pests. wheat yields improving under conservation agriculture This has constrained adoption in northern in Kazakhstan began Kazakhstan, where many farmers see no conservation agriculture by in 2000. The combined commercial alternative to wheat. Because the 30% in wet years, 40% in efforts of CGIAR, the full benefits start to be realized only after 5-7 dry years and 80% under World Bank, the Food and years, farmers must take the long view. drought. Agriculture Organization Wheat farmers in Kazakhstan and elsewhere of the United Nations, are switching to conservation agriculture and many national partners have raised the because it boosts yields and profits in profile of conservation agriculture from nil to good years, salvages bad years, and makes official state policy. Adopting farmers began to agriculture more sustainable over the long receive state subsidies in 2008. term by minimizing wind and water erosion Outlays are steep at $250-300 per hectare in while restoring and maintaining soil health. the first year for machinery and herbicides. Meanwhile, everyone in Kazakhstan can Costs not covered by subsidies are recouped benefit as conservation agriculture mitigates from higher grain sales and annual savings, the greenhouse gas emissions that cause estimated at $15 per climate change. It does so by using much less Toward mitigating climate hectare, from lower use fuel to operate farm machinery, especially of labor, machinery, fuel, change, conservation fertilizer, seed and — for tractors for plowing but also pumps for agriculture in Kazakhstan the 7% of wheat land in irrigation. The practice uses less mineral currently locks up 1.3 million Kazakhstan with irrigation fertilizer and so cuts carbon emissions associated with its shipment and application. tons of carbon dioxide, which — water. Time savings In addition, higher crop production and equates to taking 270,000 permit an optimized residue retention sequesters the carbon that cars off the road. planting schedule. contributes to global warming if released However, zero-tillage into the atmosphere as carbon dioxide. It is wheat must be rotated estimated that conservation agriculture as with pulses or oil seeds to facilitate nitrogen currently practiced in Kazakhstan locks up 1.3 fixation, nutrient cycling and root penetration million tons of carbon dioxide. This equates to to different depths to rejuvenate the soil, as taking 270,000 cars off the road. CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 37 ©Ricky Martin/CIFOR FORESTS AND GENDER Women have little say in managing local community land, because Climate change demands forests relative to their extensive use and tree-planting signified gender balance in forest knowledge of these communal resources, landownership. Training or relative to men. CGIAR studies ways to under the initiative, which resource management, as facilitate women’s participation in forest user reached 596 men and few communities can hope groups in Nicaragua and Uganda, toward 562 women in Uganda, to cope with its unique strengthening their tenure rights. has changed people’s challenges without the strong Responsibility for managing forests has minds such that both participation of women. customary restrictions shifted in recent decades away from remote have loosened. Today, women in project areas state authorities into the hands of the local have more freedom to plant trees that support communities that depend directly on forests livelihoods, restore forest environments and and therefore care the most about their sequester greenhouse gases. sustainable use and conservation. However, this favorable global trend has not translated Another project set out in 2010 to understand into forest management that fully engages the dynamics of forest user groups in women, as traditional community power Nicaragua and Uganda. It aimed to apply this structures often marginalize them. knowledge toward formulating strategies to make user groups more receptive to women’s Forest communities need better gender participation and leadership and, ultimately, to balance in their resource management to strengthen women’s forest tenure rights. improve their prospects for sustainable development and poverty reduction. Climate Nicaragua and Uganda have signed change lends urgency to this need, as few international treaties on women’s rights and communities can hope to cope with its unique empowerment. Both embrace gender equity challenges without the strong participation in their legal frameworks, including forestry of women. The whole community must pitch law and policy, but have not realized equity in in to regulate forest use so that it reduces forest communities. The project investigated poverty now and in a future increasingly whether negotiation and facilitation by affected by climate change, without trusted intermediaries could fill the void undermining the role of woodlands as carbon and strengthen women’s forest rights. This sinks to mitigate climate change. approach is premised on the observation that land and resource rights are generally In this regard, an initiative in Uganda has allocated in customary systems through changed attitudes toward women planting negotiation between the authorities and trees on land they do not own. Before the resource users. project, a woman could not plant trees on her husband’s land without his consent or on 38| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 People’s attitudes have begun Working with academic up from zero before ACM, and women to change in Uganda such and other partners in now fill about half of all leadership roles, up both countries and from 16%. Coordination has improved with that customary restrictions from the United States, forestry agencies, research organizations against women planting trees researchers trained local and nongovernmental organizations. on land they do not own stakeholders at 15 of Communities in each country have received have been relaxed, facilitating 36 project sites in the up to 10,000 seedlings for reforestation, and carbon sequestration. problem-solving and those in Uganda have further been trained on learning process called establishing tree nurseries and beekeeping. adaptive collaborative management (ACM). Having successfully solicited this assistance, Baseline surveys conducted in 2011 will allow the communities now plant more of the tree comparison with follow-up surveys in 2015 species preferred by men and women alike. to compare results achieved with and without These positive results appear to stem ACM. from actively encouraging women’s Improvements in gender Preliminary findings show participation, but not to the exclusion of equity stemmed from actively better results at ACM men, while developing rules to ensure that sites in both Nicaragua all stakeholders contribute and share benefits encouraging women’s and Uganda. In some equitably, as well as mechanisms to manage participation, but not to communities, women conflicts. the exclusion of men, while participate more actively, Building on the success achieved with ensuring that all stakeholders confidently and assertively local stakeholders in the first phase of the contribute and share benefits in group discussions. They project, the partners launched in October equitably. fill more leadership roles 2013 the second phase to extend gender in forest user groups; sensitivity training to policy makers in national in Uganda, the forest user groups at four of government. six ACM sites are now chaired by women, ©Olivier Girard/CIFOR CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 39 40| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©CCAFS OPERATIONAL PROGRESS Strategic partnerships, committed investors, enhancing policies on risk management streamlined business processes, enhanced and conflict of interest, improving strategic accountability, expanded access to knowledge leadership, and refining CGIAR’s brand and and stronger orientation for impact — these image. As a first step, the Fund Council are some of the assets and ideals that enable established a Resource Group, which will CGIAR to generate and deliver research that collaborate with Consortium counterparts yields real results on the ground. to coordinate fundraising across the system, develop best practices and make donor CGIAR has long been one of the best investments more efficient. To expand on the investments for sustainably reducing poverty, earlier governance review, the Fund Council hunger and malnutrition. As the Scientific commissioned a comprehensive midterm Progress section of this report highlights, review of the CGIAR reform to assess progress it continues to provide solutions to some and recommend course corrections and of the world’s most pressing development improvements. challenges. Recognizing how important good governance, strong financial systems and Another key decision was to extend the effective business practices are to producing current CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs) world-class research, CGIAR took a number of to the end of 2016 so that lessons learned steps toward more efficient operations to put from the first round of CRPs can be fed it in an even better position to deliver science into the development of the second and technology that benefits the poor. generation of research programs, along with recommendations emerging from the midterm The second 3-year term of the Fund Council, review and the evaluation of each CRP. The the decision-making body of CGIAR’s new portfolio of CRPs is expected to be more multilateral trust fund, began in 2013. The robust, relevant and results-oriented, as well new Fund Council includes four “recognition as better aligned with the CGIAR Strategy seats,” which were created to guarantee and Results Framework, which is also under that donors who contributed most to pooled revision along with its Action Plan — a funding — the Netherlands, Sweden, the roadmap to improve the quality, coherence United Kingdom and the United States — and integration of the research agenda. To have a direct voice in the governance of the provide input and background information CGIAR Fund. for the Action Plan, the Independent Science Following a thorough assessment of the and Partnership Council (ISPC) commissioned numerous recommendations emerging from the foresight study Trends in urbanization and a review of CGIAR governance, the Fund farm size in developing countries: Implications Council decided to focus on developing a for agricultural research. system-wide resource mobilization strategy, CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 41 “It has been a great privilege to serve as the inaugural ISPC Chair. Over the past 3 years, I believe all players in the CGIAR system have learned a great deal, providing a strong foundation for moving ahead. I look forward to watching the continued evolution of CGIAR and believe all the pieces are in place for continued success if underpinned by good faith, good leadership, good science and good partners.” Ken Cassman, Chair of the Independent Science and Partnership Council (ISPC), 2011-13 Improving accountability for results structures, strengthen the independence and legitimacy of decision-making, improve Significant efforts were made toward transparency, provide CRP leaders with the developing an improved accountability authority to manage for results, and sustain framework. Leaders of the CRPs met for the the institutional capacity of CGIAR Research first time en masse with donors, implementing Centers. The Independent Evaluation partners and colleagues from other parts Arrangement Office launched the Evaluation of the CGIAR system to review the CRPs’ Community of Practice and established the theories of change, activities and priorities. Quality Assurance Advisory Panel to provide In conjunction with the fall Fund Council strategic advice on evaluation approaches, meeting, the CGIAR Knowledge Day was standards and procedures. convened to provide another opportunity for donors and scientists to engage in dialogue. In response to concerns from the Centers and CRP leaders presented their achievements CRPs regarding the stability and transparency to date, with particular attention to gender of CGIAR financing plans, the Consortium put equity and value for money. Participants in place a new multiyear financing plan for assessed CRPs’ progress and plans in terms 2014-15. This new approach is a step toward of expected impacts on four broad outcomes a clear quantitative accountability framework critical to development: reduced poverty, planned for the next round of CRPs. The strengthened food security, improved nutrition new plan was well received by donors and and health, and sustainably managed natural researchers alike. resources. Science leaders in the CRPs and Centers Greater impact through open access and collaborated with experts in the ISPC to efficiency identify measurable contributions to large- Open access is gathering pace in agriculture, scale development impact. They agreed on 11 and the reformed CGIAR has the means common intermediate development outcomes and the will to lead the way. Building on — including improved productivity, stronger the 2012 Principles on the Management emphasis on gender and empowerment, of Intellectual Assets, the first Open Access mitigated climate change and improved Policy was developed in a groundbreaking nutrition for vulnerable populations, especially effort to address open access system-wide. women and children — to fill in the “missing The policy commits CGIAR to provide open middle” between research on the ground and access within the next 5 years to its wealth of the four broad outcomes mentioned above. data, information and knowledge — including Monitoring and evaluation are vital at all spatial, crop, socioeconomic and genomic levels of operation, from the front lines to datasets. All 15 Research Centers adopted the system management, and to reinforcing policy, which is now mandatory. a results-based culture, keeping CGIAR This clear commitment to open access will accountable to its donors and stakeholders, improve the efficiency, efficacy and impact of and demonstrating value for money. The CGIAR research; aid interdisciplinary studies; Independent Evaluation Arrangement made and allow the public to further benefit good progress in its first full year of operation. from research outcomes. For example, in Among other activities, it conducted its first response to a call from the Group of Eight, evaluation of a CRP, reviewed the Generation collaboration is underway with the Forum for Challenge Programme, and initiated a Agricultural Research in Africa and its partner governance and management review that organizations on the African Agricultural included recommendations to streamline Technology Platform to develop a platform 42| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Neil Palmer/IWMI toward scaling up African smallholders’ use To further enhance the value and relevance of agricultural technologies. The platform of its work, CGIAR is aligning its research includes a virtual space from which data priorities with the priorities of its key and information will be freely accessible to stakeholders and ultimate beneficiaries, decision-makers and other stakeholders to use including by aligning the work of the CRPs in addressing development challenges. and the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme of the New CGIAR explored the feasibility and desirability Partnership for Africa’s Development, a of scaling up shared services to improve flagship program of the African Union. efficiency and reduce costs across the The CGIAR Consortium and African Union Consortium. In addition to putting existing signed a memorandum of understanding shared services on a fee-for-service basis, the that is already showing results through a Consortium pursued establishing field office collaboratively developed science agenda. “hubs,” undertaking a Consortium-wide approach to staff security and instituting joint To track compliance with CGIAR’s Intellectual procurement in a number of areas. Efforts will Assets principles, the Fund Council Intellectual continue to identify additional ways to work Property Group assessed the Centers’ more efficiently and cost-effectively. implementation of and compliance with the new policy, which aims to harness the assets of all partners, including the private sector, to Building effective partnerships speed the dissemination and adoption of new Building on active engagement with the technologies and knowledge, especially to Global Forum on Agricultural Research and poor smallholders. hundreds of partners, CGIAR is committed Capacity development received a much- to developing an effective partnership needed boost when experts began strategy. In 2013, it celebrated 30 years of collaborating on a capacity development scientific collaboration and partnership with strategy, driven in large part by the need China. To mark the anniversary, the Chinese to apply science in practice for tangible Academy of Agricultural Sciences hosted a impact. Working with global initiatives such major event in Beijing, at which participants as the Tropical Agriculture Platform — an highlighted the role that joint initiatives can initiative hosted by the Food and Agriculture play in transforming people’s lives through Organization of the United Nations to the tangible impacts of agricultural research. promote and facilitate capacity development CGIAR strives to learn lessons from what has for agricultural innovation — CGIAR has been worked particularly well, so that it can direct exploring how best to contribute to improved more attention and resources to the most capacity development and is committed to effective programs, policies and partnerships, delivering more in this area. ultimately delivering more and better benefits to the poor. “For more than 3 decades, China has benefited greatly from its scientific collaboration with CGIAR and the global public goods that CGIAR uniquely provides, making tremendous progress in reducing poverty, hunger and malnutrition through the tangible impacts of agricultural research, such as improved crop varieties. Going forward, China is committed to strengthening and expanding its strategic partnership with CGIAR so that together we can achieve global food security while contributing to the good of the planet.” Mr. Qu Sixi, Counsel, Department of International Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, China CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 43 44| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Georgina Smith/CIAT TRIBUTE TO CGIAR DONORS CGIAR achieved an historic milestone in challenges, this annual report demonstrates 2013, with total system revenue surpassing why this money matters and how investment the $1 billion mark. This is an exceptional in CGIAR pays big dividends for the benefit achievement and one in which all partners can of the world’s poorest people and for the find a lot of satisfaction. The real credit goes planet itself. Sincere appreciation is extended of course to dedicated investors who, despite to donors for their valuable contributions, challenging economic realities, stepped up sustained commitment to pursuing a food- and provided unparalleled support to CGIAR, secure future for all, and belief in the power making it possible to pursue the common of agricultural science and innovation to mission. By sharing success stories, examples transform and improve lives across the of concrete impact, and development developing world. Donors contributing to the CGIAR Fund in 2013 Australia Luxembourg Bangladesh Mexico Belgium Netherlands Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation New Zealand Canada Nigeria China Norway Denmark Portugal European Commission Russia Finland South Africa France Spain India Sweden International Development Research Centre Switzerland International Fund for Agricultural Development Thailand Ireland Turkey Italy United Kingdom Japan United States of America Korea World Bank CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 45 46| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 ©Neil Palmer/IWMI FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS Overview In 2013, CGIAR system revenue surpassed the $1 billion mark to reach $1.007 billion, or a 14% increase over 2012 revenue. Expenditure in 2013 was $984 million, an increase of $108 million, or 12%, from 2012. The net result was a surplus of $23 million. Table 1 sets out revenue and expenditure in 2013, comparing it with 2012. Table 1: CGIAR Revenue and Expenditure ($ million) 2013 2012 Revenue Total CRPs Non-CRPs Total CRPs Non-CRPs CGIAR Fund Windows 1&2 343 324 19 284 260 24 CGIAR Fund Windows 3 140 115 25 78 56 22 483 439 44 362 316 46 Bilateral 503 362 141 498 384 114 Sub-total funding 986 801 185 860 700 160 Center own income 21 5 16 27 Total revenue 1,007 806 201 887 Expenditure CRPs 806 700 Center own programs 161 162 Systems entities 17 14 Total expenditure 984 876 Net result 23 11 Sources of revenue The CGIAR Fund’s share of total CGIAR revenue As illustrated by Figure 1, revenue growth grew from 27% in 2011 to 41% in 2012 and has been strong over the past 3 years, driven 48% in 2013, indicating greater donor interest by increased contributions through CGIAR’s in a multilateral approach to funding. Donors multi-donor trust fund, which was established to the Fund may designate their contributions in December 2010 to provide reliable and to one or more of three funding windows. predictable multiyear funding to enable Contributions to Windows 1 and 2 — which research planning over the long term, resource are the least restricted — together accounted allocation based on agreed priorities, and the for 34% of CGIAR revenue in 2013. timely and predictable disbursement of funds. CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 47 Figure 1: Sources of Revenue $ million 1100 1000 900 800 343 700 284 187 600 140 16 78 500 400 300 532 524 200 525 100 0 2011 2012 2013 Bilateral and other CGIAR Fund W 3 CGIAR Fund W 1 and 2 CGIAR Fund The CGIAR Fund finances research carried available for distribution, as indicated in Table out by the 15 CGIAR Centers working with 2. Of the total available, only $503 million hundreds of partners through CGIAR Research was disbursed in 2013, as the late receipt Programs (CRPs). The CGIAR Fund Council of some contributions hampered the timely determines how contributions to Window disbursement of funds to CRPs, leaving a 1 are allocated to CRPs, used to pay system balance of $201 million at the end of the year. costs or otherwise applied to achieving the Of the $503 million disbursed in 2013, $286 CGIAR mission. Contributions to Window million came from Windows 1 and 2 ($169 2 are designated by Fund donors to specific million from Window 1 and $117 million research programs, while contributions to from Window 2) and $217 million came Window 3 are allocated by Fund donors to from Window 3. Of the funds disbursed from specific CGIAR Centers. Windows 1 and 2, $47 million was used to Contributions channeled through the CGIAR finance 2012 activities that had been pre- Fund increased by 27%, from $514 million funded by CGIAR Centers, and $239 million in 2012 to $652 million in 2013, with 78% was used to fund 2013 activities, particularly of commitments received by the end of the those undertaken by CRPs, as well as system year (Annexes 1 and 2). When those funds costs. Annex 3 shows cash flow to the CRPs in were combined with $181 million carried 2013, as reported by their Lead Centers. over from 2012, a total of $704 million was 48| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Table 2: CGIAR FUND Statement of Receipts, Disbursements and Fund Balance as of December 31, 2013 ($ million) Window 1 Window 2 Window 3 Provisional Total 2013 Balance b/f from 2012 67.8 35.8 51.5 25.5 180.6 Receipts 2012 Contributions received in 2013 7.1 1.4 8.5 2013 Contributions received in 2013* 215.8 98.1 195.7 2.8 512.4 Other (CSP from Bilaterals) 2.3 2.3 Total available in 2013 285.9 141.0 248.6 28.3 703.8 Transfers Collection of Cost Sharing Percentage 6.5 (2.5) (4.0) 0.0 Transfer from provisional 11.1 9.0 (20.1) 0.0 Less: disbursements (168.6) (117.2) (216.9) 0.0 (502.7) Fund balance 123.8 32.4 36.7 8.2 201.1 Contributions in process* 1.5 38.2 91.8 8.5 140.0 * see Annex 1 Fund inflows and outflows Figure 2 shows monthly cash flow and Fund Development Research Centre, Luxembourg, balance during 2013. Despite many donors the Netherlands, Russia, Spain, Sweden, continuing to disburse their contributions Switzerland and the United Kingdom. The toward the end of the year, disbursement multiyear commitments shortened the timeliness improved thanks in large part to processing time required to get contributions donors who provided multiyear contributions: into the Fund, thereby faciliating their more Australia, Belgium, the Bill & Melinda Gates timely disbursement. Foundation, Denmark, the International Figure 2: Balance in the CGIAR Fund in 2013 in $ million 250 201 200 181 150 136 130 121 121 99 104 88 93 88 100 77 70 50 0 Carryover balance January February March April May June July August September October November December Inflows Disbursements Balance CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 49 Expenditure Expenditure in 2013 was $984 million, an Expenditure by cost category is shown in increase of 12% over the $876 million spent Figure 4. Collaboration and partnership in 2012. As shown in Figure 3, Sub-Saharan expenditures continued to increase, from Africa absorbed 50% of expenditures in 2013, 17% in 2012 to 20% in 2013. This is sharply compared with an average of 43% during the up from the historical average of 4%, clearly period from 1972 to 2008. Investment in Latin demonstrating CGIAR’s strengthening emphasis America rose from an average of 15% in the on collaboration. Personnel as a percentage earlier timeframe to 19% in 2013. Meanwhile, of total costs edged up from 36% in 2012 to expenditure in Asia decreased from 31% to 38% in 2013, while supplies and services eased 25%, and in the Central and West Asia and from 35% to 29%. System costs decreased North Africa region from 11% to 6%. from more than 3% in 2009 to less than 2% in 2013. Figure 3: 2013 Expenditure by Region 6% 19% 50% 25% Sub-Saharan Africa Asia Latin America Central and West Asia and North Africa Figure 4: Expenditure by Cost Category 6% 7% 20% 38% 29% Personnel costs Supplies and Services Collaboration and Partnerships Travel Depreciation 50| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Research Program financial summary In 2013, CRP expenditures were $806 mil- in 2013, financing $439 million, or 54%, of lion, or 82% of the $984 million expended CRP activities during the year. Windows 1 by Centers, up from $700 million, or 80%, and 2 provided $324 million in funding, and in 2012. As shown in the breakdown of CRP $115 million came from Window 3. Bilateral funding by source in Table 3, the CGIAR Fund funding accounted for $362 million, or 45% was the major source of funding to the system of CRP funding. Table 3: Summary of CRP Funding, 2013 ($ million) From Individual Centers’ Financial Statements % of Individual CRP funding Total Windows Own Windows (% of 1 and 2 Window 3 Bilateral Funds Total 1 and 2 Window 3 Bilateral Total) CRP 1.1 Dryland 12 7 16 0.4 35 33% 20% 46% 4% Systems CRP 1.2 Humidtropics 12 7 7 0.3 26 46% 26% 28% 3% CRP 1.3 Aquatic 13 4 9 0.3 26 48% 16% 34% 3% Agricultural Systems CRP 2 Policies, 27 15 50 0.3 93 29% 16% 54% 12% Institutions and Markets CRP 3.1 WHEAT 12 5 16 - 33 36% 16% 48% 4% CRP 3.2 MAIZE 13 14 28 - 55 24% 26% 51% 7% CRP 3.3 GRiSP 34 11 45 - 91 38% 13% 50% 11% CRP 3.4 Roots, Tubers 29 12 24 - 65 45% 18% 37% 8% and Bananas CRP 3.5 Grain Legumes 20 10 18 - 48 41% 22% 37% 6% CRP 3.6 Dryland Cereals 8 1 7 - 16 48% 8% 44% 2% CRP 3.7 Livestock and 11 4 9 - 24 47% 18% 36% 3% Fish CRP 4 Agriculture for 26 5 39 0.2 70 37% 6% 56% 9% Nutrition and Health CRP 5 Water, Land 23 7 27 1.3 58 40% 11% 46% 7% and Ecosystems CRP 6 Forests, 27 8 42 2.4 79 34% 10% 53% 10% Trees and Agroforestry CRP 7 CCAFS 42 4 20 - 66 64% 6% 30% 8% Genebanks 15 - 6 0.4 21 72% 0% 28% 3% 324 115 362 5 806 41% 14% 45% 100% CGIAR Center financial summary As shown in Table 4, CGIAR Centers exhibited Agriculture and $1 million for the International wide variability in financial results in 2013, Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry showing a net accumulated surplus of $23 Areas. The surpluses recorded by both the million. It is worth noting that the two Centers International Potato Center and the Center for that experienced financial strain in 2012 International Forestry Research reflected the finished 2013 with financial surpluses: $2 mil- late receipt of unrestricted income, which has lion for the International Institute of Tropical been designated for expenditure in 2014. CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 51 Table 4: Financial Results by Center, 2013 ($ million) Surplus/ Revenue Expenditure (Deficit) Center CRP Non-CRP Other Total CRP Non-CRP Total AfricaRice 21.9 8.2 0.4 30.5 21.9 8.0 29.9 0.6 Bioversity 33.1 3.7 2.2 38.9 34.1 3.8 37.9 1.0 CIAT 66.5 7.0 1.7 75.2 66.5 6.3 72.8 2.4 CIFOR 36.8 7.1 0.4 44.2 36.8 6.2 43.0 1.3 CIMMYT 83.0 72.0 1.2 156.3 83.0 68.2 151.3 5.0 CIP 46.7 4.5 0.4 51.6 46.7 2.0 48.7 2.8 ICARDA 41.5 12.7 1.9 56.1 41.5 13.3 54.9 1.3 ICRISAT 59.0 2.1 3.0 64.0 59.0 2.8 61.8 2.3 IFPRI 105.5 3.1 0.3 109.0 106.4 1.9 108.3 0.6 IITA 71.5 1.5 0.8 73.7 71.5 0.2 71.7 2.0 ILRI 46.4 21.5 5.4 73.3 46.4 24.3 70.7 2.5 IRRI 69.7 7.2 0.7 77.6 69.7 8.1 77.8 (0.2) IWMI 36.0 0.5 1.1 37.5 36.0 1.5 37.5 0.0 World Agroforestry 49.5 6.0 1.4 57.0 52.3 4.6 56.9 0.1 WorldFish 33.8 1.0 0.4 35.1 34.1 0.1 34.2 0.9 Subtotal 800.9 157.9 21.3 980.1 805.9 151.5 957.4 22.8 Challenge Program partners 10.3 10.3 10.3 10.3 - Total 800.9 168.2 21.3 990.4 805.9 161.8 967.6 22.8 System-level activities - 16.6 16.6 - 16.6 16.6 - Total 801 185 21 1,007 806 178 984 23 Figure 5 sets out Center revenue by source of national Livestock Research Institute has sig- funding. The International Maize and Wheat nificant non-CRP revenue largely from hosting Improvement Center has by far the most of the BecA-ILRI Hub at its research campus non-CRP revenue because it realigned bilateral in Nairobi, in collaboration with Biosciences projects to non-CRP activities, while the Inter- eastern and central Africa. Figure 5: Center Revenue by CRP and non-CRP ($ million) 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 AfricaRice WorldFish IWMI Bioversity CIFOR CIP ICARDA World Agroforestry ICRISAT ILRI IITA CIAT IRRI IFPRI CIMMYT CRP Non CRP Other 52| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Annex 1: CGIAR Fund 2013 Donor Contributions ($ million) Receipts Window 1 Window 2 Window 3 Provisional Total CGIAR Fund Australia 2.7 6.3 15.8 24.8 Bangladesh 0.1 0.1 Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation 1.7 51.5 53.2 Canada 14.2 19.7 0.4 34.4 China 0.1 2.9 3.0 Denmark 3.1 3.1 6.2 European Commission 3.7 3.7 Finland 1.3 1.3 1.3 4.0 France 1.6 1.6 International Development Research Centre 0.5 0.5 International Fund for Agricultural Development 0.5 0.5 India 0.7 4.6 5.4 Ireland 2.7 2.9 5.7 Italy 0.5 0.6 1.1 Japan 0.2 1.4 18.6 20.2 Korea 0.3 0.3 Luxembourg 0.3 0.4 0.7 Mexico 0.5 0.5 1.0 Netherlands 11.4 30.0 15.9 57.3 New Zealand 1.9 1.9 Nigeria 0.2 0.2 Norway 21.2 21.2 Russia 1.2 1.0 2.2 South Africa 0.1 0.4 0.5 Spain 0.2 0.2 Sweden 17.6 21.9 39.5 Switzerland 6.2 9.3 2.0 17.5 Thailand 0.1 0.1 Turkey 0.5 0.5 United Kingdom 80.6 22.5 103.1 Unites States of America 49.3 2.8 52.1 World Bank 50.0 50.0 Subtotal 2013 receipts 215.8 98.1 195.7 2.8 512.4 Contributions in process Belgium* 7.7 2.5 10.1 European Commission * 33.8 33.8 Portugal ** 0.1 0.1 United States of America* 1.5 30.5 55.5 8.5 95.9 Subtotal contributions in process 1.5 38.2 91.8 8.5 139.9 Total 2013 contributions 217.3 136.3 287.5 11.2 652.3 * Contributions that are supported by signed contribution agreement but the money was not yet received by Dec 31, 2013 ** includes contributions which have been received but the contribution agreement is still in process CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 53 Annex 2: CGIAR Fund 2013 Window 2 Donor Contributions by CRP in US $ million CRP 1.1 CRP 1.2 CRP 1.3 CRP 2 CRP 3.1 CRP 3.2 CRP 3.3 CRP 3.4 CRP 3.5 CRP 3.6 CRP 3.7 CRP 4 CRP 5 CRP 6 CRP 7 Donors Total Dryland Humid Aquatic Policies, WHEAT MAIZE GRiSP Roots, Grain Dryland Livestock Agriculture Water, Forests, CCAFS Genebanks Systems Tropics Agricultural Institutions Tubers & Legumes Cereals and Fish for Nutrition Land and Trees and Systems and Markets Bananas and Health Ecosystems Agroforestry 2012 contributions received in 2013 Belgium 7.11 2.40 2.31 2.40 Received Australia 6.26 0.42 0.21 0.21 0.63 0.63 0.42 0.42 0.21 0.63 0.21 0.42 0.63 0.63 0.42 0.21 Canada 19.69 19.69 China 0.14 0.02 0.02 0.10 54| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Denmark 3.12 3.12 Finland 1.32 0.66 0.66 IDRC 0.49 0.49 Ireland 2.71 1.35 1.35 Japan 1.40 1.00 0.40 Mexico 0.50 0.25 0.25 Netherlands 30.00 2.80 6.40 4.30 4.30 4.30 2.90 2.90 2.10 Russia (2013) 1.20 1.20 South Africa 0.10 0.10 Sweden 21.90 2.14 3.22 3.06 2.14 1.22 3.22 1.53 2.14 3.22 Switzerland 9.31 1.13 1.69 1.13 0.80 1.69 0.56 0.62 1.69 Subtotal 98.13 6.49 5.11 4.89 13.09 0.65 0.79 1.52 7.42 0.88 0.21 8.59 28.70 6.23 7.19 4.28 2.09 Transfers from PA Russia 3.99 0.50 1.48 0.51 0.50 1.00 United States 7.00 5.00 2.00 India 0.10 0.10 Subtotal 11.09 0.50 - - 1.48 0.51 - - - 5.10 2.00 - 0.50 - - 1.00 - Confirmed in process Belgium (2013) 7.65 1.91 1.91 1.91 1.91 United States 30.50 1.00 1.50 4.50 1.50 4.50 5.00 5.00 2.00 4.00 1.50 - Subtotal 38.15 1.91 1.91 1.00 1.50 4.50 1.50 4.50 6.91 5.00 2.00 4.00 1.50 - 1.91 - - Annex 3: Summary of CRP Cash Flows, 2013 ($ million) Opening CRP Lead Center Balance Receipts Disbursements Balance CRP 1.1 Dryland Systems ICARDA 1.4 12.5 (9.5) 4.4 CRP 1.2 HumidTropics IITA (7.2) 17.6 (11.8) (1.4) CRP 1.3 Aquatic Agricultural Systems WorldFish 0.4 7.3 (12.8) (5.1) CRP 2 Policies, Institutions and Markets IFPRI 12.4 15.0 (27.5) (0.1) CRP 3.1 WHEAT CIMMYT 1.0 7.1 (10.3) (2.2) CRP 3.2 MAIZE CIMMYT 5.4 7.9 (13.1) 0.2 CRP 3.3 GRiSP IRRI 5.6 23.9 (40.1) (10.6) CRP 3.4 Roots, Tubers and Bananas CIP 9.8 17.4 (23.6) 3.6 CRP 3.5 Grain Legumes ICRISAT 0.0 24.8 (24.0) 0.8 CRP 3.6 Dryland Cereals ICRISAT 0.0 11.1 (10.1) 1.0 CRP 3.7 Livestock and Fish ILRI 6.5 10.3 (11.4) 5.4 CRP 4 Agriculture for Nutrition and Health IFPRI 4.1 32.8 (27.1) 9.8 CRP 5 Water, Land and Ecosystems IWMI 5.0 14.9 (25.7) (5.8) CRP 6 Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CIFOR 1.5 23.8 (25.3) 0.0 CRP 7 CCAFS CIAT 16.0 29.5 (45.5) 0.0 61.9 255.9 (317.8) 0.00 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 55 ©World Agroforestry Centre 56| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR IN 2013 CGIAR FUND The CGIAR Fund is the largest public vehicle for financing the agricultural research needed to meet the food security challenges of the 21st century. Established in 2010, the multi-donor trust fund finances research carried out by the 15 CGIAR Centers in collaboration with hundreds of partners worldwide through CGIAR Research Programs (CRPs). The Fund aims to provide reliable and predictable multiyear funding to enable research planning over the long term, resource allocation based on agreed priorities and the timely disbursement of funds. The CGIAR Fund is governed by the Fund Council. CGIAR Fund Trustee CGIAR Fund Office The World Bank serves as Trustee of The Fund Office supports the Fund Council the CGIAR Fund and in this role has the and its Chair in the conduct of its business following functions: It holds in trust the funds and meetings, including by liaising with all transferred by Fund donors under Trust Fund CGIAR system entities and drafting background administration agreements. It serves as an notes and papers. In acting as a liaison to the agent of the Fund Council for disbursing Fund Trustee, the Consortium, the ISPC and the IEA, resources based on instructions from the Fund the Fund Office assists the Fund Council in Council and through fund transfer agreements maintaining its business relations and dialogue between the World Bank and the CGIAR with the CGIAR system entities on day-to-day Consortium. And it provides regular reports on operational matters and collaborates with the its Trustee activities to the Fund Council, Fund World Bank Trustee as needed. The Fund Office donors and the Consortium. manages Fund contributions and relations with Fund donors, analyzes the Fund’s status and Trustee the Consortium’s compliance with performance agreements, and supports the Fund Council’s Pamela Crivelli resource mobilization efforts, including by raising prospective investors’ awareness of the value of investing in CGIAR. The Fund Office, which is hosted by the World Bank, also organizes the Funders Forum and supports its Chair. Head, Fund Office Jonathan Wadsworth CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 57 CGIAR Fund Council Observers The CGIAR Fund Council, a representative Carlos Pérez del Castillo, Chair, CGIAR body of Fund donors and other stakeholders, Consortium Board is the decision-making body of the CGIAR Frank Rijsberman, CEO, CGIAR Consortium Fund. It sets priorities for the use of resources Kenneth Cassman, Chair, ISPC from the Fund and, in consultation with Rachel Bedouin, Head, IEA the Consortium, sets criteria, standards and processes for funding CRPs. The Fund Council also has responsibilities for governance, monitoring and evaluation, such as appointing Independent Science and the Independent Science and Partnership Partnership Council Council and authorizing independent The Independent Science and Partnership evaluations of CRPs, which are commissioned Council (ISPC) advises Fund donors on major through the Independent Evaluation science issues. It is a panel of world-class Arrangement. The chair leads the conduct of scientific experts chosen by the Fund Council the Fund Council’s business and meetings. to provide independent advice. Where there is no conflict of interest, the ISPC also responds Chair of the CGIAR Fund Council to requests for advice from the Consortium. Rachel Kyte As the ISPC reports to the Fund Council, it is also an important link between donors and the Consortium on scientific issues. Executive Secretary of the CGIAR Fund Council Jonathan Wadsworth Chair of the ISPC Kenneth G. Cassman CGIAR Fund Council Members Asia-Pacific Association of Agricultural Research Institutions Executive Director of the ISPC Secretariat Australia Peter Gardiner Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation Canada Independent Evaluation China Arrangement European Commission The Independent Evaluation Arrangement is Food and Agriculture Organization of the United the totality of the provisions of the CGIAR Nations Policy for Independent External Evaluation, France which was adopted by the Fund Council and Global Forum on Agricultural Research became effective in February 2012. The policy India addresses the independent external evaluation of CGIAR as a whole and of its ongoing and International Fund for Agricultural Development completed policies, programs and institutional Japan entities, in particular the CRPs. Mexico Nigeria Head, IEA Netherlands Rachel Bedouin Norway Papua New Guinea Russia South Africa Sweden Switzerland Turkey United Kingdom United States of America World Bank 58| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Consortium Observers The CGIAR Consortium is an international Shenggen Fan organization that, together with the CGIAR Director General, International Food Policy Fund, advances international agricultural Research Institute, Consortium Research research for a food-secure future by Centers’ representative to the CGIAR integrating and coordinating the efforts of Consortium Board those who fund research and those who do the research. The CGIAR Consortium is made Alan Tollervey up of the Consortium Board, the Consortium Department for International Development Office and the 15 Research Centers that are of the United Kingdom, CGIAR Fund members of the CGIAR Consortium. The Council’s representative to the CGIAR CGIAR Consortium develops and carries Consortium Board out research programs to address complex development issues related to agriculture. CGIAR Consortium Office Chief Executive Officer The CGIAR Consortium set up its Frank Rijsberman headquarters, in Montpellier, France, in March 2011. The Consortium Office supports the Consortium Board and helps it CGIAR Consortium Board carry out its responsibilities; helps Research The Consortium Board leads the CGIAR Centers that are members of the CGIAR Consortium, sets policies and is responsible Consortium communicate and collaborate for the attainment of the CGIAR Consortium’s among themselves and with the Consortium purpose. The Consortium Board has 10 Board; positions the Consortium globally, members, including an ex officio member who advocates for international agricultural is the chief executive officer of the CGIAR research and mobilizes resources; explores Consortium. opportunities to improve efficiency, adopt best practices and share knowledge; develops, in cooperation with the Research Centers Chair that are members of the CGIAR Consortium, Carlos Pérez del Castillo donors, and partners, the CGIAR Strategy and Results Framework for approval by the Vice Chair Funders Forum; approves and manages the performance of CRPs; reviews the efficiency Carl Hausmann and structure of the Research Centers that are members of the CGIAR Consortium and Members decides on appropriate action in accordance Mohamed Ait-Kadi with the Constitution; and develops, manages and operates shared services to boost Ganesan Balachander efficiency. Gebisa Ejeta Marion Guillou Lynn Haight Martin Kropff Agnes Mwang’ombe Ex officio member Frank Rijsberman, Chief Executive Officer CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 59 CGIAR Consortium Research Centers Center Board Chair Director General AfricaRice (AfricaRice) Peter Matlon Papa Abdoulaye Seck (until September 2013) www.AfricaRice.org Adama Traoré (Interim Director General, since September 2013) Bioversity International (Bioversity) Paul Zuckerman Emile Frison (until July 2013) www.bioversityinternational.org‎ M. Ann Tutwiler (since August 2013) International Center for Tropical Wanda Collins Ruben Echeverría Agriculture (CIAT, for Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical) www.ciat.cgiar.org Center for International Forestry Hosny El-Lakany Peter Holmgren Research (CIFOR) www.cifor.org International Maize and Wheat Sara Boettiger Thomas A. Lumpkin Improvement Center (CIMMYT, (until March 2013) for Centro Internacional de Andrew Barr Mejoramiento de Maíz y Trigo) (since April 2013) www.cimmyt.org MR International Potato Center (CIP, Rodney D. Cooke Pamela Anderson for Centro Internacional de la Papa) www.cipotato.org A member of the CGIAR Consortium International Center for Camilla Toulmin Mahmoud Sohl Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) www.icarda.org International Crops Research Nigel Poole William Dar Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) www.icrisat.org 60| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 Center Board Chair Director General International Food Policy Fawzi Al-Sultan Shenggen Fan Research Institute (IFPRI) www.ifpri.org International Institute of Tropical Bruce Coulman Nteranya Sanginga Agriculture (IITA) www.iita.org‎ International Livestock Research Lindiwe Majale Jimmy Smith Institute (ILRI) Sibanda www.ilri.org International Rice Research Emerlinda Roman Robert Zeigler Institute (IRRI) www.irri.org International Water Donald Blackmore Jeremy Bird Management Institute (IWMI) www.iwmi.cgiar.org World Agroforestry Centre Eric Tollens Tony Simons (legally the International Centre for (until May 2013) Research in Agroforestry, or ICRAF) John.Lynam www.worldagroforestry.org/ (since May 2013) WorldFish (WorldFish) Remo Gautschi Stephen Hall www.worldfishcenter.org CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 61 CGIAR Research Programs CGIAR Research Program Program Leader Lead Center / Organization Agriculture for Nutrition and John McDermott IFPRI Health (A4NH) a4nh.cgiar.org/ RESEARCH PROGRAM ON Aquatic Agricultural Systems Patrick Dugan WorldFish Aquatic (AAS) Agricultural aas.cgiar.org/ Systems Climate Change, Agriculture Bruce Campbell CIAT and Food Security (CCAFS) ccafs.cgiar.org/ Dryland Cereals Dave Hoisington ICRISAT RESEARCH (acting until June 2013) PROGRAM ON drylandcereals.cgiar.org/ Dryland Cereal s Shoba Sivasankar (since July 2013) Dryland Systems Bill Payne ICARDA RESEARCH PROGRAM ON drylandsystems.cgiar.org/ Dryland Systems RESEARCH Forests, Trees and Robert Nasi CIFOR PROGRAM ON Agroforestry (FTA) Forests, Trees and foreststreesagroforestry.org/ Agroforestr y Grain Legumes David Hoisington ICRISAT RESEARCH (acting until June 2013) PROGRAM ON grainlegumes.cgiar.org/ Grain Legumes Noel Ellis (since July 2013) RESEARCH PROGRAM ON Integrated Systems for the Kwesi Atta-Krah IITA Integrated Syste ms Humid Tropics (Humidtropics) for the Humid humidtropics.cgiar.org Tropics 62| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Research Program Program Leader Lead Center / Organization Livestock and Fish (L&F) Thomas Fitz Randolph ILRI RESEARCH PROGRAM ON livestockfish.cgiar.org/ Livestock and Fish Maize (MAIZE) David Watson CIMMYT maize.org/ ‎ RESEARCH PROGRAM ON Managing and Sustaining Crop Paula Bramel Global Crop Managing and Collections (Genebanks) Diversity Trust Sustaining Crop croptrust.org/content/managing- Collections genebanks Policies, Institutions and Markets Karen Brooks IFPRI (PIM) pim.cgiar.org/ Global Rice Science Partnership Bas Bouman IRRI (GRiSP) grisp.net/ RESEARCH Roots, Tubers and Bananas Graham Thiele CIP PROGRAM ON (RTB) Roots, Tubers rtb.cgiar.org/ and Banana s Water, Land and Ecosystems Andrew Noble IWMI (WLE) wle.cgiar.org/ Wheat (WHEAT) Victor Kommerell CIMMYT wheat.org/ CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 63 ©International Potato Center (CIP) 64| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 CGIAR Annual Report 2013 | 65 CGIAR CONSORTIUM CGIAR Consortium Office 1000 Avenue Agropolis 34394 Montpellier, France Tel: +33 4 67 04 7575 • Fax: +33 4 67 04 7583 Email: consortium@cgiar.org CGIAR FUND CGIAR Fund Office The World Bank Group 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: +1 202 473 8951 • Fax: +1 202 473 8110 Email: cgiarfund@cgiar.org www.cgiar.org 66| CGIAR Annual Report 2013 66