YEP COORDINATIVE LEADING GROUP YUNNAN ENVIRONMENTAL PROJECT OFFICE Yunnan Environmental Project ADDENDUM TO ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT March 1996 Yunnan Institute of Environmental Sciences in assodation with Montgomery Watson GHK/MRM International IFI Hunting Technical Services FILE C_ _i Severn Trent Water International under assignment from Overseas Development Administration CONTENTS page no. I.:troduction I Issue No. I Kuumning and Qujing Solid WVaste Landfills I Issue No. 2 Selection of Wastewater Treatmnent Processes for Kumning 2 Issue No.3 Water Demand Management 5 Issue No. 4 Review of Alternatives 5 Issue No. 5 Water Quality Data for Lake Dianchi I I Issue No. 6 Ecology of Lake Dianchi 11 Issue No. 7 The Fisheries of Lakie Dianchi 15 Issue No. 8 Industrial Pollution Control Investments 18 Issue No.9 Water Quality Model 21 Issue No. 10 Beneficiaries of YEP 24 Issue No. I I Implementation of YEP 28 Appendix I Preliminary List of Key Variables to Lake Dianchi Ecosystem Recovery Appendix 2 Data on Lakle Dianchi Fish Fauna and Catches ADDENDUM EA REPORT Introduction The Environmental Assessment (EA) Report for the Yunnan Environment Project (YEP) was submitted to the World Bank in February 1996. Following its review by the World Bank. a number of issues requiring clarifiration were identified. Furthermore, as a result of ongoing development of the sub-components of the YEP, other aspects of the project were also finalised. This Addendum to the EA Report therefore addresses the issues raised by the World Bank and provides further information on other aspects of the YEP which have now been agreed. Issule No I - Kunmwr' and QXfin, Solid Waste Landfls The EA Report provides few details on the environmendal mitigation measures to be employed at the three landfil sites. tw in Kzmming. one in Qaiing. More detailed information is required on the linersystem, leachate control and teatment and offsite water management. Reference should be made to Sections 3.4.3 and 3.5.4 of the EA Report. Containment The landfill designs for both the Kunming and Qujing Solid Waste projects have progressed to the detail design stage and the preliminary proposals have been reviewed. Containment and removal of leachate are ack-nowledged as the most important objectives of a landfill site. At all three landfills, containment will be achieved by an appropriate combination of impermeable membrane and clay from the site. Further geotechnical tests are to be carried out over the site areas to confirm the precise extent and nature of the clay available on each site. This in turn will permit determination of the areas of impermeable membrane which are required. This will be placed where the clay layer is too thin or where voids are to be filled with a soil-cement mixture. Only clay with a field impermeability of 10'7 cm/s will be used without a liner. Where the clay is not suitable, a single or double impermeable membrane will be used as appropriate, each membrane being placed over 600mm of clay. The membrane will be of HDPE to an appropriate international standard like ASTM. Leacrate Generation and Treatment To minimise the generation of leachate, surface water will be diverted around the landfill sites by temporary and permanent peripheral drains, one of which has already been installed at Hongshuitang to keep water from entering the landfill as run-off from adjacent areas. As far as possible, the sites will be filled from the top down so as to minimise the entry of stormwater into the leachate collection system and into the landfill. Average annual rainfall in Kunming is 1,W07mm, 85% of which falls in the period May to October. Annual average evaporation is 2,120mm. Leachate will be collected in perforated pipe drains with access for internal cleaning byjetting.. A 300mm continuous gravel drainage blanket will be provided to carry the leachate to the drains. The leachate will be collected in a leachate pond with a volume of 24,000 m3 and treated by recirculation through the landfill. Disposal of leachate will be by way of irrigation on the site and later also on completed landfill. Typical leachate production at all sites is about 10% of rainfall, and annual leachate on an area of 30 pageI of 28 Addendum mu (2 ha) would therefore be 20,000 mi. This will increase as morm of the site is filled. The design of the drainage system will ensure that leachate short-circuiting does not occur. Recirculation also has the advantage that it helps speed up refuse degradation. There will be no net outflow of leachate from the site. In the early years, the leachate quantity will be small and easily manageable. Leachate quantity and quality will be monitored and additional treatment and disposal capacity provided when needed. Should further treatment be required, it is likely to be by aeration of the leachate pond. However, recirculation may well be sufficient to ensure satisfactory disposal. After final capping, the annual quantity of leachate will reduce. The leachate quality will also slowly improve when the process of waste stabilisation is well advanced. Average annual rainfall in Qujing is 950mm, 85% of which falls in the period May to October. Annual average evaporation is 2,130mm. Leachate will be collected in perforated pipe drains with access for internal cleaning byjetting. A 300mm continuous gravel drainage blank-et will be provided to canry the leachate to the drains. Initially, the leachate will be collected in a leachate pond with a volume of 24,000 m' and treated by recirculation through the landfill. In due course, the leachate pond is expected to be connected to the city's sewage treatment works, where its impact on the design loads will be minimal. |i is not clear why the specfic approachesfor wastewater treatment were selected as they were. It is clear, however, that phosphoas removal is a primary objecrive Col this not be accomplished in the primary stage using chemical treatment? What other methods are under consideration for reducing the inflows ofphosphorus to Lake DianchZ in particular from non- point sources? What about the use ofphosphate-free detergnts? Reference should be made to Section 3.4.1 of the EA ReporL Wastewater Discharge Standards The philosophy for the design of the sewage treatment works in Kunming is based on the discharge effluent into the Waihai and Caohai via a number of watercourses. The Waihai is one of the city's primary water resources and is suffering from increasing pollution and eutrophication (excessive nutrients and most probably phosphorus). The watercourses draining to the Waihai and Caohai have little base flow (hence there is no dilution of treated effluents) and are used all year round as sources of irrigation water and also for a variety of industrial uses. The relevant Enviromnental Quality Standards (which define Class II IV and V surface waters) and Effluent Discharge Standards (for a Grade I discharge to a Class III surface water) defined in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standards are summarised in Table No I on the following page. The criteria defined in the Integrated Wastewater Discharge Standard document are maximum allowabie concentrations (MACs). With the very limited (frequently zero) dilution available within the local watercoumses, the required effluent discharge standards can be considered to be equal to the EQSs. From a design point of view, the average effluent quality should be about 25% of the MAC (and the 95 percentile about half of the MAC) although from a technological standpoint the current state of the art does not provide means to achieve the EQS-based standards for BOD, COD and TP page 2 of 28 EA Report without excessive cost, i.e. microfiltration plus chemical tratnent Thus, a set of standards has been adopted (which are to be complied with on a 95 percentile basis). These are considered to be appropriate, technically achievable without excessive cost and relate to the National Standards. Table No 1 Water and Effluent Quality Standards Maimum Allowable Concentration (mg/1) Effluent Standard for Kunming STWs (mg/l) GB8978-8 GB3838-88 GB383888 GB3838-88 Compliance on a Grade I EQS Class EQS Class EQS Class 95%ile basis discharge to mI IV V Class M BOD 30 4 6 10 15 COD 100 15 20 25 n/s SS 70 n/s n/s nIs 15 TN n/s 21 22 22 - 12 TKN 15 as NH3N 1 2 2 n/s but expect 2 NO3N n/s 20 20 25 n/sbuteexpect 0 |P2asP | 05 0.1* 02 0.2 1.0 Q.05 for lake or reservoir n/s not stacd CLbs;m Il- Domestic Potable Watcr Source Cbss IV - Industrial & Recreafion: Clss V - Agriocltmial and General Amenity TretmentReqairemeas and Options Both oxidation of ammonia and removal of nitate by denitrification will be required to ensure compliance with EQS for Class IV and V waters. The incorporation of denitrification into the treatnent process provides benefits in terms of process economics and process stability, i.e. reduced air requiremnents, reduced alkalinity loss and a selector gradient which will tend to reduce potential sludge bulking problems. Phosphorus remnoval is required to protect the lake. Wastewater characteristics as calculated in the "Design Parameters Reporft indicate that low levels of phosphate (less dhan I mg/l as P) can be easily achieved through the provision of biological phosphorus removal at a very low incremental cost The design proposed for STW Nos. 4B and No. S has been based on the Modified UCT (University of Cape Town) process which provides measures to reduce the potential interference of recycling nitrate associated with the Returned Activated Sludge (RAS) through denitrification. Alternative methods of removal of phosphorus from wastewaters which are not considered appropriate to the local situation in Kunming include: * chenical dosing with iron salts either prior to settlement of crude sewage or into the works final effluent prior to the-renoval of precipitated/flocculated solids by sedimentation or filtration. Aluminium salts are not recommended as any soluble residual is toxic to aquatic life and the use of lime has potential disadvantages as a result of high sludge yields relative to aluminium or ferric addition, potential scaling problems and increased recarbonation requirements (dependent upon the operating pH). page 3of 28 Addendum Chemnical dosing at the primary stage cannot be recommended (these conclusions are supported by USEPA) prior a denitrif;ying activated sludge plant as there would be some loss of soluble carbon which may necessitate an cxternal carbon source such as methanol to ensure denitrification (such practises are of particular concern in this instance due to the toxicity of methanol with respect to water supply); and potential bulking problems may arise by the loss of trace organics from the system. Chemical addition to the works' eMfluent will re-'aire significant additional plant in the form of sedimentation tanks or filtration equipment and facilities for storage, dosing and mixing of chemnieals Further reservations regarding the removal of phosphorus by chemical treatment relate to the high consumption of a number of chemicals (including ferric chloride, lime, polyclectrolyte and possibly methanol) and the associated problems of availability, quality, reliability of supply and cost * more recent innovative designs which include fluidised or fixed upflow beds (such as Crystalactor type process) and ion exchange technology (using cliptilonite and anionic resins) are complex, have high regenerant requirements and are unlikely to be cost effective for large municipal sewage tratnent works. Plhospzarte-hosed Detergeels Consideration was given to the possible banning of the use of phosphate-based detergents in Kunming to reduce phosphorus levels in the raw sewage. The impact of such a policy on the design and operation of a conventional biological sewage treaument works is considered to be negligible, as increased biological phosphorus removal can easily be achieved at a nominal incremental cost For phosphorus removal systems based on the use of chemicals, the impact would be more significant, as operational costs are directly proportional to the reduction in phosphorus levels achieved. However, policies banning phosphate-based detergents are not considered to be practical. Enforcement within the PRC is likely to be difficult to achieve. Furthermore, switching to alternative non-phosphate based detergents such as zeolites has potential secondary impacts on the design of the STWs with respect to sludge production and Ulodegradability. Fortunately, since the STWs for Kunming are based on biological treatment processes, there arc no cost implications related to the level of phosphorus in the raw sewage, so control of detergents is unnecessary. Sluade Treatmen and Disposal For the sewage tratment works in Kumning, the sludge treatment schemes have based on gravity thick-ening followed uy dewatering using conventional belt presses. This option provides a low cost, robust and reliable solution using technologies familiar to local operators. Provision has been included in designs to eliminate phosphorus which may return in the sludge liquors, by precipitation with ferric salts. The slu'dges produced in the wastewater treatment process are considered to be stable, as a result of the long sludge age required to ensure full nitrification hence further stabilisation processes such as aerobic or anaerobic digestion are not considered to be necessary. Dewatered sludge cake will be disposed of to the sanitary landfill sites. page 4 of 28 EA Report Issue Ne 3 - Waer Demand Manngemen: It -would seem that, in a situation where water quantity will be an issue within a few years. more effort shoud be put water conservation and re-use approackes. The EA Report provides litte information on the potential of this. The water losses quoted in the EA (8 to I01%) are those officially reported by the Kunming Water Supply Company (KWSC). However, as all the final flow meters at the water treatment works (WTWs) are either stopped or faulty, the water loss figures are calculated using estimated flows from the WTWs. The State Planning Council has instructed water agencies and companies throughout the country to aim for a target water loss of IO%/o. Preliminary evidence suggests that the actual water losses in Kunming may be in excess of ;0% in some areas. The Kunming People's Government and senior managers of KWSC acknowledge that water losses must be reduced. To this end, KWSC has established a Water Loss Reduction Leading Group which is responsible for developing an integrated company-wide loss reduction strategy for the company. The duties and responsibilities of the group, which have been agreed by management, are to develop loss control strategies, set targets for reducing losses, implement control meares and monitor achievement of the targets. The Water Saving Office of the Kunming Municipality is responsible for setting consumers maximum water consumption targets linked to tariffs. It also has a responsibility for public education about water. | Issue No 4- Review QfAlternC al In the EA Report, one finds lale discussion of aiternatrues or how speciftc technologies and approaches were selected fiom a host of possibilities This pertains in particular to the selection of the wastewater treatment processes. Th also appeors to be little environmental just ftcaftonfor the selection ofapartiwdar alternative aside from simple least cost Reference should be made to Sections 3 and 6 ofthe EA ReporL I KZunmuag Wastewater Project Kunming discharges all its wastewater either directly or through sewers to the rivers and canals which flow into Lake Dianchi. These rivers and canals are therefore grossly polluted. Domestic and industrial pollution, land abuse, erosion and land reclamation have resulted in the lake ecosystem changing to a turbid water body, the Caohai being worse affected than the Waihai. The water quality in the lake has deteriorated to worse than Class V, well below the level at which it should be used as a drinking water source. Nevertheless, the Waihai supplies up to half Kunming's water in dry years and there are therefore very strong environmental reasons why Kunming's wastewater should be treatet. The overall objective of the Kumning wastewater project is therefore to ensure the capture of all wastwater being generated in the urban area (both industrial and non-industrial) and prevent it entering watercourses and the lake untrated. This will be achieved through four integrated strategies: page S of 28 Addendum * constructing trunk sewers; * reticulating currently unsewered areas; * constructing sewage treatmnent works (STWs); * maximising connections to the system. The decision concerning which basic wastewater treatment technologies to adopt for sewage treatment, e.g. chemical treatment, oxidation ponds or conventional, intensive treatment systems, was made first in favour of biological systems (see Issue No 2) and then in favour of intensive treatment on the basis of the excessive land requirements and costs associated with ponds designed for the climatic conditions in Yunnan. The two key factors compared were the number and location of STWs and the detailed selection of processes. The location of the STWs had already been approximately fied by the existing Sewerage Master Plan. However, other potential locations were also identified and comparison analyses carried out. To a large extent, network layout has been determined by the topography, trunk sewer minimisation, location of STWs, and existing and proposed urban development. Thus comparison of network layouts was based more on utilising existing sewers and in ensuring the most economical pipe size was used. Within the city centre, the key issue lay not so much with the network arrangement, but whether to convert the existing combined sewers into a separate system. The latter will ultimately reduce treatment costs as STW capacities can be limited as they will only treat sewage flows and not stormwater flows as they do at present The construction of a separate sewer system also has advantages in that it reduces large sewer size and should minimise pumping, especially in a region with large seasonal rainfall variations. The key selection factor was to achieve the most cost effective method for phosphorus removal, the pollutant of prime concem in the Dianchi Basin. Secondary factors include nitrogen, BODICOD and suspended solids removal. The processes adopted are those believed to be the most suitable to achieve the phosphorus objective without compromising the secondary objectives. In addition, the selected processes have the advantage of being technologies already operating in China. Dewvatered sludge will be disposed of to one of the landfill sites being developed under YEP. The altemative for agricultural use has not been pursued due to the lackl of mark-et potential and ptential difficulties with contamination. 2 Qutjng WastewaterProjed Qujing discharges its wastewater to the Nanpanjiang River (headwater of the Pearl River) whick' plays a decisive role in providing industrial and agricultural water supply to Qujing. Historically, the water was of sufficient quality to pernit its use as a source of potable water, but continued failure to capture and treat the city's wastewater has resulted in serious deterioration. The increasing pollution has reduced the water quality to worse han Class V which now limits its use even to industry and agriculture. To achieve the stated water quality objective of Class IV for the Nanpanjiang River, full sewage treatment would be required, so a least-cost analysis of treatment options was carried out. Four main treatment options were considerecL - oxidation ponds, * primary settlement followed by activated sludge, * extended aeration activated sludge, and * two-stage activated sludge. Despite the low operating costs, the large land requirements of oxidation ponds, together with the lack of suitable waste land or wetlands and the costs and environmental impact of using agricultural land led to this option being rejected. Of the other three, variations on the activated sludge process, the least cost option was identified as the extended aeration activated sludge at a cost (mcluding the vage 6pof028 EA Report sewerage system) of some *l 85 million. An evaluation was also made of an altenative site for the STW, 5 km further away from the city. This would have incurred additional cost for the longer inlet sewer and for upgrading the access road (a total additional cost of some *23 million on an overall sewerage cost of *38 million) without any significant benefits except a lower land cost for the STW site. It was agreed that the Qujing Master Plan should be revised to avoid further development immediately adjacent to the selected STW site. The option of providing two STWs, the second to serve the new Western Development Area after about the year 2010, was also considered. The additional costs of the sewerage and pumping required to carry the flows to-one site were shown to be outweighed by the economies of scale from a single STW, as has also been demonstrated for Kunming. The re-use of the effluent for agriculture also favoured the location of a single STW in the agricultural area However, the autthorities judged the overall cost of the project to be still too high. To reduce the cost of this phase, the decision was taken to provide as extensive a sewerage system as possible at the outset to intercept all the sewage flows reaching the rivers running through the city but initially to lower the discharge standard (with only removal of gross solids and some BOD) in the first phase. This could be achieved by providing a reduced level of treatment. Although this treatment will not meet the long temc requirements, it will nevertheless result in significant environmental quality improvements. Two options to achieve this were considered: * the first stage of the two-stage activated sludge process; * chemically enhanced primary sedimentation. Chemically-enhanced primary sedimentation was found to offer the lowest initial cost but, due to the cost of chemicals, operating costs would be higher. Tests on the actual sewage treated would be required to establish the optimum dose rate. However, lime was expected to offer the lowest chemical cost which was estimated be in the order of 0.01 to 0.02 W/m3 of sewage treated. Investment would be required in chemical storAge, dosing, mixing and flocculating equipment which would become redundant as soon as full sewage treatment is provided. Therefore, alternatives were considered which, although requiring higher initial expenditure, would lead to savings in initial operating costs and less redundant facilities when full treatment is eventually provided. The first stage of the two-stage activated sludge process is a high rate process which produces unstable sludge. It is necessary to stabilise the sludge prior to dewatering. There are several methods of achieving this but, in order for the initial investment in sludge stabilisation to remain useful in the eventual two stage activated sludge process, the most appropriate method is aerobic stabilisation. This can take two forms: * aerobic digestion of surplus sludge; * aerobic stabilisation of return sludge. The volume of the aemted tank required for both alternaives is similar, the former providing a relatively long retention of a smnaller amount of sludge and the latter providing a shorter retention time for the larger volume of return sludge. If the returned sludge is stabilised, the process becomes the contact stabilisation process which provides the additional advantage of reducing the amount of ammonia in the treated sewage. Since only minor modifications are required, both sludge stabilisation options can be provided for little additional cost, giving the flexibility to use the mode of operation which is found by experience to provide the most cost effective treatment. Enhanced primary teatment will be provided using high rate contact oxidation and aerobic stabilisation of either return or surplus activated sludge. Land is being set aside for the provision of full biological treatment using the two-stage activated sludge process as soon as that is affordable. page 7 of 28 Adde-diam 3 Gejia WYastewater Project Gejiu discharges its domestic sewvage .o Lake Gejiu, which receives wastewater from tin mining and processing and other industrial activities and is also used as a balancing reservoir for industrial water supply . As a result, the water quality of the Lake has deteriorated to worse than Class V. Excess water from the lake (particularly in times of wet weather) is pumped out of the closed valley in which the city is located into the Zhadian River to the north. Flooding of Gejiu City occurs when the capacity of the existing pumping station is exceeded. To achieve the stated water quality objective of Class IV, the sewage and industrial wastewater must be prcvented from entering the lake. The considerable benefits to both lake and downstream river of completely separating these from the flood water were identified during project development. Principal options considered were based on the location of the STW, since there are effectively no significant alternatives to the two interceptor sewers which will pick up sewage flows around Lake Gejiu. Four possible STW sites were considered, two by the lake and two beside the road north out of the city. The lakeside sites were rejected on the grounds that the high value of land within the city would not make these the least cost solutions. (Environmental impact on the surrounding urban areas is a further reason for rejecting these, as was the higher cost of treatnent required to achieve the higher effluent standard for discharge to the lake.) Of the two sites north of the city, Site 1 was preferred o-ver Site 2 because of its closer proximity to the city, requiring a shorter inlet sewer. The additional cost of the inlet sewer to Site 2 would be 12 million for the extra I km required. The capital cost of the sewerage and pumping stations for Gejiu is Y40 million. The arguments on the treatment process to be adopted are the similar to those for Qujing, with full treatment options being initially considered. As with Qujing, the overall project was deerned unaffordable by the authorities. The desired reduction in project cost was achieved by reducing the level of treatment provided in the first phase whilst maintaining the extent of the sewerage system (thus ensuring that all wastewater currently reaching Lake Gejiu will be collected and treated). Enhanced primary treatment will therefore be provided using high rate contact oxidation and aerobic stabilisation of either return or surplus activated sludge. Land is being set aside for the provision of full biological treatment using the two-stage activated sludge process as soon as that is affordable. Despite the lower treatment level, Lakle Gejiu water quality will be greatly improved by discharging the treated effluent to the Zhadian River and replacing the lost water in the dry season (if required) with high quality surface water from controlled discharges from local reservoirs. The risk of flooding in the city will be greatly reduced. 4 Kanmdg Water SArply The Kunming Water Supply component was evaluated on a least cost basis. Initially, three options were considered: 1. the extension of two existing WTWs; 2. construction of a new WTW; 3. the extension of existing WTW No I plus construction of a new WTW. Option 3 was selected on least-cost grounds and because it was considered to be the most practical. Sensitivity analysis based on varying the capacities in each of the options found this selection to be robusL A set of long run sraegies are -being evaluated on a least cost basis as part of the Water Resources Master Plan development and the preliminary results of this analysis infonned project identification. All of them include the eventual importation of water, the key being that the page 8 of 28 EA Report combination of effective water demand management and the proposed projects, together with other interventions, should defer importation as long as possible. Provided all potential water resources within the catchment are developed, the indications are that there could be sufficient resources to meet the vater demand up to the year 2020 at 95% reliability. This involves continuing use of Lake Dianchi for municipal water supply, albeit using advanced treatment processes, and therefore justifies the investment to limit damage to the lake. It also clearly stresses the importance of protecting the lake as a local source for future use for drinking, water supply and in so doing defer more costly interventions as long as possible. The raw water source of Songhuaba was _z.lected because it is at present the least cost source and although the primary role of Songhuaba is for irrigation and flood control, small increases in municipal supplies can be obtained at the lowest average incremental cost. The Songhuaba augmentation project will involve a modest increase in the yield of the reservoir initially through the construction of a tail end dam. This was in turn selected as the least cost way of increasing yields as the alternative of resettlement to allow the level of the entire reservoir to be raised would have been much more excpensive. A further increase in yield could also be obtained by the construction of the Huang Shi Yen Reservoir within the Songhuaba catchment. S Qujing Water Project The Qujing Water Supply Project is required primarily because the lackl of available water is severely constramining industrial development in the city and therefore inhibiting its ability to act as a valuable counter-magnet to Kunming despite its abundant coal and other mineral resources. Qujing has made commendable efforts to conserve water and the price of water is presently significantly higher than in Kunming and other towns in the area. The situation does not lend itself to full economic analysis. It is not possible to identify with any accuracy the amount of industry that has been lost due to water shortage and whether this industry had to locate or relocate in areas which result in real economic losses. Nevertheless, the view in the Province and particularly in the Municipality is that the shortage of water is significandy limiting present and future economic welfare. All low cost sources of water for Qujing have been fully developed and the future options will require a significant increase in water costs. Initially, four options were considered, based on the exploitation of two existing reservoirs, Huashan 30km north of Qujing and Du Mu, 40km southeasL For each reservoir, two locations for the WTW were evaluated and costed. Identification of the potential additional yield of Huashan Reservoir rcvealed that, because of existing commitments, it would be insufficient to justify the large expendi:ure. Consideration of Du Mu options revealed that the least cost solution involved location of a new WTW to the south of the city, but that this solution, at Zf440 million, was still considered as too expensive for the city. Following a detailed review and redesign of the project in which the route of the aqueduct was optimised and the pipe material and diameter rationalised, the least cost solution was reduced to *300 million, and the project included in the YEP. 6 Soid Wase - Kwzg and Qjing Initial choices for the solid waste management projects-in both Kunming and Qujing were based on an evaluation aimed at defining the most appropriate technologies. A least cost analysis of options was developed for the optimisation of the key components. Tse initial evaluation considered potential solid waste treatment and disposal strategies including recycling, composting, incineration and gasification, and landfilling. Recycling already plays an active role in each of the cities, capturing most of the five percent of the municipal waste stream that can be profitably recycled, mainly glass, plastics and metals. The industry is highly competitive, with a combination of state- page 9 of 28 Addendum owned and private firms providing services and little scope for additional municipal intervention. It also provides employment for the lower end of the social economic ladder. Composting, to recycle organic materials, has been tested in both Kunming and Qujing, but there have been serious operational and environmental problems. costs have been high and markets have not supported sales. Both incineration and gasification have been shown in other cities with similar waste streams to be substantially more costly than landfill. The current continuing significant us-e of coal in Kunming also gives the waste a low combustion *alue, over half the waste stream being inorganic. This represents a major problem for both composting and incineration/gasification from which the residues still require landfilling. Landfill was therefore chosen in both cities for the disposal of municipal solid wastes. An evaluation of the collection system in Kunming showed the advantage of developing two landfill sites to serve opposite sides of the city and significantly reduce the haul distances and environmental impact. The identification and assessment of sanitary landfill sites took into account factors including haul distance, life expectancy, cost, access, land use, land acquisition and resettlement, cover material, ecology, hydrogeology and potential re-use. Five potential sites were identified for Kunming. Acknowledging the difficulty in a geologically active area lik-e Yunnan of fnding a landfill site which can meet all the impermeability requirements naturally, it was accepted that artificial linings would have to be provided for at least some part of any landfill site chosen for the two cities. However, the risk of earthquake damage to the liner and the potential for groundwater contamination is only smalL there having been only fourteen earthquak-es in the region of not more than 7 (on the Richter scale) over the last 500 years. The preferred sanitaly landfill sites for Kunming were identified as Hongshuitang and Baishuitang with a total cost of W45.8 million and a life expectancy of 21 years. In a similar exercise for Qujing, in which four sites were subject to a similar assessment, a single size, with a total cost of *1 1.8 million in the first phase and a life expectancy of 19 years and located between the city's two main urban centres (Qujing and Zhanyi), was chosen at Back Valley of Tail: Mountain. In both cases, the least cost site had, as one of the main decision criteria, minimization of the joint cost of transport and land- acquisition. Since land acquisition cost correlates very strongly with resettlement impact, this criteria also tends to minimize resettlement Sanitary landfills must also comply with national standards, which require leachate and gas collection. No attempt was made, therefore, to compare the cost of including these with the damage which would ensue from their absence. Given the long run risks inherent in unprotected landfilk, the need to provide leachate and gas collection was accepted and additional impact evaluation was not carried out. Although solid waste collection and transfer vehicles and equipment have a relatively short life, the transfer stations which form an integral part of the systern have much longer lives, and therefore need to be designed for flexibility to adjust to changing situations. The analysis of the waste collection system therefore addressed both the cost of collection and transfer equipment and the optimisation of size, location and c sign of small, medium and large transfer stations (STSs, MTSs and LTSs) within the city. Costs of collection and transfer were analysed and optimised using the UNCHS WAGS Compactor Program for equipment ranging from tricycles to container trucks. Optimisation of the numbers of collection vehicles showed that for Kunming the ideal system should be one with a large numberof STSs. Waste is carried direct from them to the landfill sites in 8 tonne containers. However, an evaluation of the land acquisition and environmental impact aspects of the thirty-five STSs originally proposed demonstrated the considerable problems of trying to locate a large number of transfer stations of any size within the city. Particular environmental problems related to noise disturbance in residential areaS and to increased traffic movements during the nighL page 10 of 28 EA Report On these grounds, the decision was taken to limit the number of transfer stations in Kunming and thus build only thirteen STSs and, instead, to locate four MTSs in the areas of greatest environmental impact. Sites for a further two MTSs were identified for future expansion. The evaluation showed that there was no need at all for LTSs, because the time saving achieved would not justify the additional capital and opeating costs of the LTS and related vehicles. A similar exercise in Qujing showed that the least-cost system would be one with five STSs in Qujing City and one in Zhanyi in the long-term. No MTSs are required because of the short haul distance to the landfill site. Issue No 5 - Water Q&fffli Data for Lk Dianchi Ambient water quality datafor Lake Dianchi appear to have some problems. For exanple, the quaity of the inflows from rzvers is higher than the receiving body There are several values quoted in the data which are contrary to conzmon sense. such as 12 mg/Ifor a dissolved oxygen concentration. cdearly in the supersaturated range- Reference should be made to Section 4.1.7 of the EA Report. Water quality data for Lake Dianchi and its influent rivers have been collected by a number of different agencies during both regular sampling programmes and special surveys over a period of many years. Many of the data available are dated and there are clearly some compatibility problems, which probably derive from different sampling and analysis techniques and different personnel. However, it was not possible within the scope of the project to mount a new comprehensive water quality study, especially as the principal problems with water quality are well-known. The data clearly demonstrate a significant deteriororation since 1988. Issue No 6 - Eology oLak Dianchi We understand there have been sigl4ficant changes in Lake Dianchi's ecology over the past severalyears What are some of these changes and what do theyforetell asfar aspossibilities for restoration? How has hiodiversity been reduced over the years? Few data are available on the ecology of Lake Dianchi. Most are biological data fron the 1950s and 1988-1989, on macrophyts, plankton, fish and benthos, contained in an English translation of a compendium "The Ecosystem in Lake Dianchi Catchment". The spatial and temporal variation of the data is unknown, because most have been sunmarised and/or are only qualitative. Only some structural page 11 of28 Addendum analysis of the ecosystem is possible. A functional analysis would require more data. Table No 2 offers a comparison of the characteristics of the lake between the 1950s and today. Table No. 2 Comparison of both Biotic and Abiotic Characteristics of Lake Dianchi between the 1950s and the 1988-1989/current situation In some cass a disincon was made betwhe Caohai or ,ier lake (1) and dte Waihai or outer lake (0) Variable lunit 1950s current transparency m (bottom) 0A (1) 0.7 (0) max-min watei level m unknown 1.90 total-P mg/l unknown 0.57 (1) 0.14 (0) total-N mgil unknown 3-7 (1) 1-2 (0) N:Y unknown 6 (1) 12 (0) shoreline sloping/gradient steep (1) sediment probably thin thick, polluted macrophyte species n 41 20 macrophyte lake coverage % >80 <3 dominant group Charophyres Eikhomia (1) Myriophyllum (0) phytoplankton species n 186 126 dominant group _ unknown Cyanobacteria * numberof algae n*lO3/l 1 3(1)37(0) 19,000 (1) 11,000 (0) zooplankton species _ unknown 61 dominant group _ Rotifers i abundancy _ _ nll 1200-1,400 14.000 (1) 14,000 (0) dominant fish species endogenous >60% exotic * dominance of Cyamobactria. at kast in biomass. is deduced from the oca rence of alga blooms dmt were reported: ChIoroavaea and BacillariophIcae (sti) domine nnuericaly. Thc species prost have cnged from mesotrophic to etrophic indicato Soume: DRA CotamWs sumway of papcrs by Yutmna organisations ainmges to Lake Ecoloy In the early fifties, Lake Dianchi was an oligo- to mesotrophic clear water lake. Sediments were largely covered by macrophytes, Charophytes being dominant nhe fish community consisted largely of indigenous species, while phytoplankton was dominated by Chlorophymaea (green algae) and Bacillkio- plycaea (diatoms). Some Cyanobacteria (bluegreens) were also present Under these conditions of low to moderate productivity, zooplankton numbers of about 1,20QII apparently succeeded in suppressing algal grwth. Shores were sloping, resulting in different zones of littoral macrophyte communities, contributing to a large biodiversity. In the sixties and seventies, apparently important changes took place in the ecology of the lake. in- creased human activity led to domestic and industrial pollution, land abuse, erosion processes, land reclamation at the shores, overcatching of fish and introduction of exotic edible fish species. As a result, the lake ecosystem changed into a turbid waterbody, the fish community probably being dominated by caps, and the algae by blue-greens, (periodically) including harmful taxa such as AMsrocyutis, Oscglioria and Aphaomenon. Average chlorophyll-a values incrased to 120-150 pg/I for the Caohai and 20-50 WpI in the Waihai. Zoopbnkton numbers increased more than 10-fold over the years and now mainly consists (60%) of page 12 of 28 £4 Report smaller Rotifera which hardly contribute to filtering the lake as the larger Cladoceaans would. Despite the enriched sediment, the inner lake surprisingly almost lacks macrozoobenthos (80 - 3,000 individuals/m2), which can only be explained by a very high sedimentation rate, anoxic conditions andlor serious toxic pollution. The sediments of the outer lake sediments contains much more zoobenthos and numbers of O13,000/r have been reported. Macrophyte coverage changed from >80%6 to -2% of the lake surfice. By the early seventies, eutrophic indicators such as Ceratophyflum demersum and Powamogeton pectizaus became dominant over the Charophytes. In the late seventies, these species disappeared resulting in almost no subnersed macrophytes at all. Nowadays, dominant macrophytes in the outer lake are Myriophyliwn (west bank) and Phragmites (east bank). The Caohai is covered (40-50%) by water hyacinth (Eichronia), closing off large parts of the water column from light and oxygen. Indications are given in the literature that certain parts of the west bank might be in a process of landforning. Marshy species like A-olHa and Polygomm have been reported in these areas. Only in a few western parts of the Waihai (Huiwan Bay) macrophyte coverage is adequate for fish to spawn and matu In Table No. 3, some of the current abiotic conditions in the lake are summarised. These show that eutrophication is only one of the current ecological problems. Another is the discharges from industry, of which especially the copper smelter and the pesticide industry seem to have a large impat on the water and the sediments. As there is very litle information, the table must be used with great care. The process of deterioration of the ecosystem can hardly be reconstructed, because there is a lack of comprehensive data between 1950 and 1995. This is especially regretted because this historical perspective could have been helpful to derive measures for restortion or assess the feasibility of those measures. Table No.3 Summary of Crrent Abiotic CharacterticL Variable unit Caohai Waibai transparency (SD) m 037 0.68 total phosphorus mg/i 0.42-0.97 0.07-0.14 total nitrogen mgIl 3-7 1-2 chlorophyll-a _ gl_ 100-130 15-40 waterdepth m 1-2 34 (10) Cu (sediment) mg/k 360-714 34-446 Pb (sediment) mg/kg 661-1000 28-66 Cd (sediment) mg/g 42-80 0.4-3.36 Hg (sediment) mkg 1.0-1A 0.1-0.35 As (sediment) mg/kg 267-332 13-43 Souc DRA Consultants sumamy orpapces by Ytmnan organisations Eco-toxicological effects on the aquatic community largely depend on the bio-availability of toxins to both benthic and aquatic species and on foodweb strcu Apart from acute lethal effects (to organisms that are exposed to high concentrations of toxins), diffirent sublethal effi:cts are possible to happen. Sub-ledtl efects can include a general decrease in physical condition, the forming of carcinomas, loss of reproductivity and genetic changes. As a result, sensitive species disappear from the aquatic community, changing the structure of it and leaving out functional groups in the foodweb. In different ways, man could suffer from these eco-toxicological effects. Possible effects include diseases, reduced fish productivity and a general loss of natd values. page 13 of 28 Addendum Restoraton of te Lake Ecoloy In general, highly eutrophic ecosystems are hard to restore Large reductions of the phosphorus loading are needed to force the lake into another trophic state. Therc might even be a resistance of the current foodweb to changes. Reduction of the phosphorus loads will hardly ever result in an immediate response of the in-lake concentration, amongst other reasons because of release of phosphorus from the cnriched sedimcnts, especially if there are major reductions in the water column. It has been shown that, even if phosphorus loads into the lake were reduced to zero, it would still take about 10 years for the phosphorus concentrations to return to the pre-1970 levels. Furthernore, hysteresis effects in the relationship between thie limiting nutrient (often phosphorus) and chlorophyll-a are known. As a result, chlorophyll-a will drop long afler expected from the nutrient concentrations established in the lake. These hysteresis effects are often caused by factors such as foodweb changes, lost spawning grounds for fish, etc. Reduction of TP to concentrations ofthe order of 0.05 to 0.Q mg/l is likely to be required before a significant improvement in the lake ecology can be achieved. This recovery could be assisted by the re-introduction of appropriate macrophytes within the lake. Proposals already exist for such a project. In determining the best measures to be taken with respect to reduce the effects of eutrophication, the limiting nutrient should be known. Front the data analysis carried out,t it appears that the lak-e is phosphorus limiting. Very effective nitrogen reduction by a dense macrophyte coverage has been reported in the literature on Lake Dianchi. Nevertheless, phosphorus reduction is generally more safe to reduce algal productivity in freshwater, because certain nitrgen fixing Cyanobacteria could reject the positive effects expected from nitrogen reduction only. Lake ecosystens that are affected by eutrophication, sedimentation, water shortage, changes in morphology and ecotoxins at the same time, need a set of integmated measures to be restored. These mneasures must address the k-ey variables to which the aquatic ecosystem will respond. Preferred standards should consist largely of variables that are easy to monitor. It is cost effective to spend most effort in getting relevant and representative ("clever") variables instead of spending it on broad monitoring programs. A preliminary list of key variables for Lakle Dianchi based on the available infornation, is presented in Appendix 1. It is also cssential to have a good understanding of the current ecology of the lakle and proposals for comprehensive studies are under preparation. These should include determination of the capacity of the lake to absorb pollution, especially phosphorus, and how this can be improved, a- this is critical to understanding the long-tern ecological status ofthe lake. Beneueks and the Needfor Further Stuey Beneficial effects of restoring Lake Dianchi include increased possibilities for tourism, natural values and wildlifi:, sustainable fisheries, and less eutrophication related problems, such as water hyacinth coveage, algal blooms, odour, fish kills, water supply problems resulting from algal blooms and oxygen depletion. Waterborne diseases will probably decrease However, further study is needed to understand how the restoation will be achieved. One key aspect is the dynamics of pollution fiom non-point source phosphorus in the catchment This has the potential to be of particular significance to the future of the lake. Further study needs also to address the apparent paradox in which nutrient levels and clear water conditions combine with sustainable fisheries. If these two objectives appear to be contradictory, than perspectes for intensified pisciculture around the lake should be examined, because the curreiit fish catches fromn Lake Dianchi make about 30Xe of the total fish production in the Yunnan Province. Related matters such as the edible species preferred znd the fisherman's income perspectives should also be taken into account page 14 of 28 EA Report To help start the restoration of Lake Dianchi effluent standards for municipal and industrial discharges have been set (see Issue No. 2 above). These include standards for both phosphorus and nitrogen. However, the difficulties in restoring Lak-e Dianchi to the clear water conditions of 40 years ago need to be acknowledged. The ecological response will not always follow abiotic improvements proportionally. For instance, algal blooms will not necessarily disappear when the phosphorus concentration drops to 0.2 mg IPA, but will do so if it drops from 0.2 to 0.05 mg TPAI. Issue No 7The Fistikes of L Dake Iin,hi The diversity and number offcs species are good indicators of general biodiversity The EA Report provides little information on the dynamics offish species since the 1950s, when the lake was considered to be heathy. Should we consider a fish survey at this time to obtain a good picture of the cwrrent sitation before tee project implemented? In addirion little information is provided on aquacuftral activities and the economic impact of fishing and Fisk Species in Lake Fisheries biologists identified 23 indigenous fish species as having been present in the lake originally, 12 of them being endemnic to Lake Dianchi. In addition, a further 30 exotic species have been stocked into the lake since the late 1950s, making a total of 53 fish species. However, competition for food and living space, along with increasing fishing effort and escalating pollution of inflowing river waters, is reported to have resulted in the extinction of at least 16 of the indigenous group according to surveys conducted by Prof. He Ji-chang and Liu Zhen-hua of Yunnan University during 1984/85. They also found that 6 of the exotics had not survived, with the result that the fishery then comprised some 31 species (see Appendix 2 Table 1). - Kunming Municipal Fishery Administration and Management Department (MFAMD) reports since then suggest that the fish fauna has contacted further to 27 species. In fact, only 6 of these fish species figure prominently in fishermen's catches together with quantities of shrimp and molluscs. There arr now indications that all but 2 of the 12 endemic fish species have disappeared from Yunnan and that only one, Anabarilius alburnops (Regan) actually remains in the lake today. This fish is listed in the China Biodiversity Conservation Action Plan as a Grade C Priority Fish Species. Two other indigenous fish in that Plan (Sinocyclocheilts grmami (Regan), which is on the Grade B list, and Cyprinas micristius micristius (Regan), which is on the Grade C list, may therefore have already disappeared. Fish Stocks and Cathes Contrary to an earlier view that fish catches and stocks in Lake Dianchi were generally on the decline, catch data supplied by MFAIAD covering the period 1984 to 1994 and preseted in Appendix 2, Table 2, now suggests that of the 6 commercially important fish, only Neoslanx zaihuensis is in serious trouble, catches having dwindled from 3500 tonnes in 1984 and 3200 tonnes in 1987 to only 200 tonnes in 1994. Catches of molluscs have also fallen over the decade, from more than 1000 tonnes per year in 1984/85 to 300 tonnes in 1994. MFAMD efforts to conserve fish stocks include annual releases of hatchery produced fish fry into the lake, e.g. 16.64 million in 1993, comprising five of the species of commercial importance. Other page 15 of 28 Addendum measures include reductions in fishing effort, fishing net mesh size rules and closed seasons imposed when judged necessary. In response to the decline in stocks of Neosakmx, MFAMD has imposed restrictions on size of the fishing fleet so as to reduce fishing efforL In particular, the use of motorised fishing boats was prohibited as from January 1994 and it is reported that fleet size has fallen from 3236 boats in 1992 to 2463 boats in 1994. Very few of the boats carry more than 3 fishermen and it follows that the smaller fleet has also caused a reduction in numbers of fishermen, from 9630 in 1992 to 7380 in 1994. Although this reduction in employment might have had serious sociological consequencies, it is understood that the majority of fishermen are also farmers who, having access to farmland, fish on the lake for only part of the year, usually for no more than 3 months. According to MFAMD, only 350 of the 1992 fishing labour force were fill-time fishennen and most of them still continue to operate. Fishing nets in use include a small mesh drag-net for catching bottom living small species, particularly Neosalanx and shrimp, and a variety of surface-set and bottom-set gill nets for the various kinds of carp and other fish. Despite its unpreposessing appearence the Caohai does still contain some introduced fish, particularly Silver Carp and Grass Carp, and is still fished by a number of fishermen using gill nets. They said that catches nowadays are much lower than in the past and comprised mainly the two carp species with very few other fish. Traders come each day to the lake shore to buy their catches paying 11/kg for Silver Carp and * 8/kg for Grass Carp. According to the record, overall production of fish and shellfish from the lake increased rapidly from about 100 tonnes per year in the early 1950s to peak at 9100 tonnes per year during 1987 to 1989, since when there has been a moderate decline to around 7500 tonnes. (see Appendix 2, Table 2). In more detail, it appears that the catch of large fish, mainly the major carps, has held up quite well whereas other fin-fish species have declined sharply in recent years, and particularly so as regards the Neosalax catch. Production of shrimp has fluctuated quite widely from year to year but the trend is for the catch to increase, in line with growth in consumer demand. Shrimp, being bottom living plankton eaters and scavengers, no doubt benefit from the current superabundance of food in the main lake. As regards the catch of molluscs, the sharp fall in 1985/86 is said to have been caused by lack of demand and low prices, and since then production has held fairly steady at an annual average of about 200 tonnes. A point of concern is that many gastropods (aquatic snails) and bivalve molluscs are filter feeders and are known to concentrate heavy metal ions such as lead, mercury and also arsenic and can therefore be highly toxic to eaL It is difficult to draw definite conclusions from this rather mixed pattern of fish catches, except to suggest that at least part of the fishery is in a rather unstable state and therefore, that it is vulnerable to any further environmental deterioration. In addition to any measures necessary to improve water quality the situation certainly requires strict monitoring of catch rtes and fishing effort, leading to the possible imposition of firther conservation measures to safeguard against the risk of overfishing, if stocks do decline in future, from whatever cause. It is strongly urged that there should be no further introductions of yet more exotic fish species but that the annual restocking with major carps, such as Grass Carp which in any case cannot breed natumlly in the lake, should continue and even be expanded if possible, in support of the fishing industry. Aquaculture It is reported that there are now about 30 mu (2 ha) of floating, anchored net cages on the lake in which intensively reared and artificially fed carp yield up to 60 tonnes of fish per mu, or about 1800 tonnes of fish per year, mostly Cyprinus carpio. Half of these cages are owned by local govt and half by some 40 families. In addition, there are a further 50 mu of semi-intensive fenced cages/enclosures, some of them being located along the western side of the inner lake, in which the page 16 of 28 EA Report fish have to depend on naturally occuring food mn the lake water, without any supplementary feeding. These enclosures are reported to yield about 5 tonnes of marketable fish per mu per year, or 250 tonnes of fish per year in total, mosty of Silver Carp. Local government owns 2S mu of these cages and the other 22 mu are privately owned by about 100 families. MFAMD stated that there are some 10,W00 mu (670 ha) of fish ponds belonging to more than 3000 farners and situated on flat land close enough to the lake shore for owners to be able to fill their ponds by pumping water from the lake. These ponds are stocked with a variety of carp species, especially Cienopharyngodon (grass carp). Hypophamych (silver carp). Aristickthys and Carssius spp. Annual yields are reported to average 400 kg/mu or 6 tonnes/ha, although one pond owner said that he harvested only about I tonne per year from ponds totalling 8 mu. His yield was thus only 125 kgtmu or 1875 kg/ha, which is rather low by current fish-farming standards. Interestingly, although intensive duck rearing was in progress at the time of the visit, adjacent to the fish pond complex, none of the pond owners had taklen up polyculture, in which combinations of carp with duck, poultry or pigs can be reared together, producing greatly enhanced yields of fish as well as of the other animal involved. This suggests a need for more effective extension work- in the area to provide farmers with the necessary information and technical support for further development All these forms of aquaculture have a need, in common, for good quality water. Contaminated water supplies impose added stress on farned fish, particularly under intensive culture conditions and render them more vulnerable to stress related and epidemic diseases, with adverse impacts on the farmers incomes and livelihood. The fish farming sub-sector is thus as much at riskl as is the lake fishery to any increase in pollution. Value of Frsheries. In the absence of published data, information was sought as often as possible on prices paid to fishermen and fish farmers in order to makle a provisional assessment of the industry's worth and the economic cost of any changes which might endanger its future wellbeing. These figures are presented in Appendix 2, Table 3 and show that the community, including ancillary workers and families, who derive all or much of their livelihood from fishing or fish farmingr totals nearly 42,000 people. The value of 1994 fish production to the producers at current prices is IF12 1,500,000. A capture fisherman's gross annual income from fish sales is of the order of M 7950, from which has to be deducted the costs of boat repairs/depreciation and fishing net repair and replacement, amounting to perhaps M 4000 per year, leaving his net income still well in excess of average rural incomes. In the past, Lake Dianchi produced more than 50OX of the annual provincial total capture fish yield, but this has dwindled during the last 4 years or so, to barely 39%. Nevertheless, the lak-e is still the largest single fish producer and, as such is an asset to be safeguarded at almost any cosL The Dianchi Basin and Provincial figures show a similar trend as regards the growth in farmed fish production, especially from ponds. Pond area has expanded from 9900 ha in 1990 to nearly 19,000 ha in 1993, whilst production from the ponds has similarly increased from 18,800 tonnes in 1990 to 29,240 tonnes in 1993. In the Provincial context, the Dianchi Basin fisheries currently contnbute, overall some 28% of total fish supply and, as population grows will be expected to produce even more in future. This need must therefore be taken into account in the planning process. Summary of Condusion (a) The most discernable impact of eutrophication of Lake Dianchi waters to date is the growth in shrimp catches since 1991. Shrimp are bottom living detritus scavengers and it seems that the stocks are benefitting from the superabundance of food material rining down onto the lake bed. However, as noted, this benefit cannot be expected to continue indefinitely. page 17of 28 Addendrm (b) The collapse in stocks of Neosalanx in the lake appears to be due more to overfishing than to the impacts of pollution, although the latter will not have helped. Again, as noted above, measures are being taken to reduce fishing effort in the hope that this will enable the stocks to recover. (c) The fall in production of molluscs from Lake Dianchi is reported to have been because of a drop in consumer demand. Should pollution continue to increase, consumption of molluscs will become increasingly dangerous because of their ability to concentrate substances toxic to humans, and public health needs may have to result in prohibition of their production and sale. (d) The inner lake presents a different picture in that it appears the only fish remaining in fishermen's catches are Silver Carp and Grass Carp, pollution having progressed beyond the stage where the other fish species could breed or survive. Even the stocks of these two carp species are only sustained by means of MFAMD's annual restocking with hatchery produced fiy. It is clear that unless action is taken soon to improve water quality in the inner lake, it will become totally barren. (e) It is being suggested that the fenced fish cages along the Western side of the inner lake should be demolished because they are a source of water pollution. In reality, their contribution is minute compared to the other inflows of industrial and urban liquid waste and as the fish in this type of enclosure do not receive supplementary feed they are in fact net consumers of eutrophytes and are being unfairly attacked. On the other hand, if the cages are in an area which is due to be dredged, then the project budget should include provision for their relocation and reconstruction. (f) The most notable feature to emerge from the study of fisheries within the Dianchi Basin, is the very rapid growth in pond fish-farming. This has more than compensated for any loss in fish production from other causes in recent years, and should continue in future. However, it is not known how much suitable land still renains which could be converted to ponds, assuming adequate water supplies, and it is recommended that the necessary surveys should be undertaken as a matter of urgency. Proposed Lake Dianchi Studies Terms of reference have have been drawn up to carry out a brief study to identify the current diversity of the ecology of Lake Dianchi, with particular emphasis on the declining indigenous fish. It will seek to identify the fish species remaining in the lake. It is proposed that this work will be carried out during April and May 1996. Iwsike No 8- hNd&trial Pollution Control GPO * mme n zs Liate i?!foriation is provided n the EA Report on the ims and benefits of te industrial . pollution control insemer -. There is a need for a snmay of the specfi quantities of polhaantth willbereducedanda whatcasLo- Kuwnmg Chemic Fertiser Facory (KCF19 Reference should be made to Section 3.4.6 of the EA Report. Wate:r Pollution The main water polluting processes of the factory are the ammonia plant and the phosphoric acid/MAP plant In the ammonia plant, the coal gasification is a difficult process, mainly in design, where direct cooling is used, there is poor maintenance, and elemental sulphur is not recovered. In page 18 of 28 EA Repot the phosphoric acid plant, troubles are mainly caused by frequent shut-downs caused by supplies of sulphuric acid, which must be purchased, running out The equipment used for fluoride scrubbing is also in poor repair, and so the scrubber- liquor, instead of being recirculated, is often directly discharged. There are two facilities for treating the wastewater, one for the phosphoric acid plant wastewater, which is operating reasonably, and one for the cyanide from the coal gasification, which is seldom operational. The IPC project for KCFF includes the following elements: * construction of a sulphuric acid plant, which will eliminate the stop-start phosphate production; * installing indirect cooling to replace direct cooling; * recover waste elemental sulphur, at 200 tonnes per year, * renovate the fluoride scrubbing circuit; * a single-stage nitrifying activated sludge wastewater treatment works to meet the effluent standard for Lake Dianchi (Class III of Table No. I above). Air Pollution The main air pollutors are the desulphurisation plant, which emits H2S and S02, the phosphoric acid reaction which emits fluoride gases, the G!ainular Triple-Super Phosphate which emits fugitive fluoride gases. The proposals for improvement are: - recovery of sulphur, * use of tannin-catalysed desulphurisation; * use of pressure swing adsorption for decarbonisation; . fluorine scrubbing. Simulation tests indicate that the S02 levels will be halved by the above measures. Although these will be off-set by the emnissions from the new sulphuric acid plant, the net effect is neutral. However, the Class 2 standards will not be infringed by the proposed changes. Health. Safety and Housakeeping (H. S & ID KCFF is reasonably good in these matters by dhe standards observed in the PRC, but fails to provide a suitable maintenance programme. A well-directed maintenance schedule will markedly improve the environmental aspects of the site. The overall environmental benefits of the proposed project for the KCFF are summarised in Table No.4. Table No. 4 Environmental Benefits of KCFF Before After Incremental Gain/Loss TP 35 tonnesyar 0.5 tonnedyear - 34.5 tonneslyear -4Y16M peryear damage costs avoided NHrN 555 tonneslyear 10 tonneslyear -545 uonneslyear Water used 631 mn':hr 205-234 m'lhr - 400 m3lhr Wastewater 550 m'ihr 60-93 mV/hr - 475 m3/hr discharges Based on Ywnan Provincial Inisitue of Chenical Engineering Design (YP1CED) and KCFF data. page 19 of 28 Addendum Kanyang Pkosphate Fertser Factory (KPFF7 Reference should be made to Section 3.4.6 of the EA ReporL Water Pollution At present, there are a number of main polluting processes, but in the forefront are the fused calcium magnesium phosphate (FCMP) process, sulphuric acid (SA), granulated triple super/single superphosphate (GTSP/SSP) and yellow phosphorus (YP). The FCMP process produces large amounts of solids and fluoride that must be scrubbed out of the gas steam, and is transferred to water as solids and acidic liquor. The sulphuric acid plant should not be a problem, but the cast-iron cascade acid coolers are in such a bad state of repair that there are frequent leaks. The resulting acidic water is often totally discharged, short-circuiting the recirculation process. The phosphate processes evolve fluoride gases that must be scrubbed out The granulation process produces dust that is also scrubbed out, resulting in high concentrations of F and P in the water. These pollutants are only partially eliminated at a later stage. As with all phosphoric acid plants, the gypsum by-product provides some problems, as it is wet with acidic water that oozes out with time. The YP process results in elemental P in both the tail-gas and the collection troughs. There are four facilities for treating the water. - a neutaliser and settler in the FCMP plant; * a neutraliser forthe SA water, * a lime neutraliser, settler and filterfor the phosphate; * a lime neutraliser, settler and filter for the YP. The phosphate and YP facilities are reasonably effective. The proposals include: * close down the FCMP plant and replace with a product mix of high value low-polluting industrial and food chemicals; * change the raw material source for SA from pyrites to elemental sulphur, * upgrading the capacity ofthe SA plant will also tak-e some pressure off the performnance to the benefit of the environment; * install new, probably plate type, coolers in the SA plant; * attempt to contain some of the liquid run-off from the gypsum; * recycle more scrubber water in the GTSP plant, and uograde the WPP for the resulting purge; * for the YP, imnprove the efficiency of water recycle and upgrade the efficiency of the WPP, * improve the separation ofthe "cleane and "dirty water streams; * improve the final CWTP, in a two step neutralisation to remove the remainder of the F and P that has slipped by the individual WPPs, and ensure the standards are met. Air Pollution The main air polluters are the sulphuric acid plant and the boilers from the chemical evaporators, which emit SO2 , the GTSPJSSP plants which emit F, and the FCMP plant which emits F and SO2. The proposals for improvement are closing down the FCMP plant, and improving the scrubbing of the tail gases of the YP and GTSP plants. This action will reduce the SO2 and F levels, even with the proposed increase in the SA plant and specialty chemicals. page 20 J'28 E4 Report Simulation and monitoring programmes show that the present emission levels are not higher than the standards, so it is reasonable to assume that a simulated reduction due to improved conditions will be even further below standards. Health Safty and Housekeeping The Kunyang plant does not measure up well with reasonable standards of H, S & H. There are many examples of un-guarded belts, pulleys, etc., protective clothing is not seen, while the housekeeping is very poor. These are often the consequences of an older plant, but it is true that an untidy plant is not likely to be a profitable plant. A project to improve the maintenance organisation should be considered. The overall environmental benefits of the proposed project for the KPFF are summarised in Table No. 5. Table No 5 Environmental Benefits of KPFF Before After Incremental GainlLass TP 77 tonnes/year I tonnefyear - 76 tonnes/year 44r34 Wyear darnage costs avoided Water used 650 m3/hr 210 m3dhr - 440 m3/hr Wastewater 540 m3/hr 117 m3/hr - 423 mn3hr discharges Based on YPICED and K PFF daa The detailed studies carried out show that, although KPFF may slightly exceed the ground level concentations of sulphur dioxide and fluoride occasionally, with the proposed changes the emission standards should very seldom, if ever, be exceeded. Issue No 9 - Water Qualt Mid,: We understand tha a water quality model has been used in assessing the various strategtes to be applied .The EA makes only limited mention of this modeL Is it an ineationally accepted model has it been used elsewhere. and has it been property calibrated? Reference should be made to Section 4.1.7 of the EA Report. The significant deterioration in water quality of the Waihai over 10 to 15 years has also been caused by increased nutrients, particularly phosphate (024 mg/l in 1994) and nitrate, and also by dissolved organics and toxic heavy metals. The current classification is worse than Class V. These high phosphorus levels have stimulated the growth of algae in the lake. The algae in tun, have resulted in difficulties with operation of water treatment processes at WTW Nos 5 and 3. The latter works is now shut down because ofthis problern. page 21 of 28 Figure No 5.3 Schematic Representation of the Waihai TP Model .............................................................................................................. NON-POINT SOURCES POINT SOURCES FLOWS Runoff (Farznland Kunming Domestic and mining) and Industrial Flows WATER TVEs RESOURCES Rural Sanitation Small Town Sewage MODEL Atmosphere p, | SCENARIOS . O I X1 3 45 '-. ... .. .... ... ... ................... .. ...................... .......... INFL,OW LAKE TP ABSTRACTION f LAKE ION D < ~ \ J COEFFICEENT VOLUME V R OUTLOWv Qout ............ ...I......... . ....I... ................................................... o 1 2 3 4 5 TP CONCENTRATIONS H IN LAKE ........................................................................................................... E4 eport Mean values for TN, DO and BOD shows wide variation in results for both the lake and the incoming rivers with important implications for both the interpretation and reliability of the data. The variation in the data exceeds the range over which these parameters are thought to be deteriorating, consequently sampling variation is greater than the trend which we wish to identify. The trend will only become evident with the collection and analysis of substantially more samples as part of the proposed Environmental Management and Monitoring sub-component of the World Bank funded YEP. TP was assessed to be the principal limiting nutrient for algal growth in the lake. Because of its important role in the deterioration of Lake Dianchi as a water resource, predict of future changes in TP levels was identified as crucial, both in understanding how existing development trends would cause levels to rise and also in assessing the costs of the worsening situation. A simple (spreadsheet-based) water quality model (see Figure No. I) to predict future TP concentrations in the Waihai has been prepared by YEPO. A simplified approach was adopted for the modelling because of the very limited data sets available. The model was calibrated and validated using data fiom the period 1987 to 1994. In particular, annual average TP concentrations in the Waihai were used. The model uses the mass balance approach and incorporates the major flow elements into and out of the Waihai (assuming the Caohai flows are discharged via the Xiyuan tunnel and do not enter the Waihai, either at all or in any significant amount). It is based on a 36 year hydrological sequence and the relationship between inflows and the retention of TP in the lake. Using a total of six scenarios, including "Do Nothing", 'Do Nothing More" (than is already being implemented) and the implementation of the YEP components, the model also considered the effects of effective removal of non-point source TP from the water in the rivers flowing into Lake Dianchi. These waters are used for irrigation for nearly 90% of the year and flows into the lake only occur for about 50 days per year. A relationship was derived between long-term TP concentrations in the lak-e and the inflow TP load. This showed that, based on the assumption that effective reduction of TP achieved from non-point sources is 50% because of the way in which river water is used for irrigation throughout the year, the effect of implementing YEP is expected to avoid the significant danger that treantrent of water from the Waihai becomes impossible without resorting to much more advanced and expensive forms of water treatment in WTWs using Waihai water. This is illustrated by Figure No. 2. The water quality studies highlighted the need for further detailed studies of. - the mechanism and effect of retention of non-point source TP within the catchment - the capacity of the lake to absorb phosphorus; - the biological processes taking place in the lake. These studies should be carried out during the YEP implementation as part of the environmental monitoring of the project page 23 of 28 Addendum Figure No 2 Predicted Effect of Implementation of YEP on TP Levels in Lake Diancbi lbis is based on no future increase in non-point sourcs ofTP 1ad 50% effective ranoval of TP in mn-off from non-point sources as a rsult of current irrigation practices 0£ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Worst Case T DANGER ZONE FOR Do Nothing More 0A4 WATER TREATMENI y 03 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - _, - - - E C- IE V A INCREASIN/G F 02 - | DIFFICULTIES W7TH WATER TREATMENT 0.1- Zero TP %x from 1996 - - -x u-: z : I : :.. ;I 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990, 2000 2010 2020 Year Issue No io- R i. r orEP Atfiough the project is quite clearly intended to address and inprove te environmentaf and, indirecty. living conditkons of about 3 million people or more, the "beneficiries" are barely mentroned at alL Wha are people 'sperceptions. priorities, concerns demand or willingness to pay or to connect to the sewer services? What about the importance of public education?- People's Perceptons, Priorities, Concerns, Demands and illingness to Pay There is no doubt that people in Kunming are very concerned about their deterioating enviroment generally and Dianchi in particular. This is supported by evidence from two main sources: Kunming AbDity and Willingness (A & W) to Pay Survey of 444 households (0.15% sample in 4 districts), which questioned people's knowledge and attitudes about environmental problems (Kunming Institute of Social Sciences, July 1995) page 24 of 28 ., EA Report * Surveys done as part of the EA process - quoted in EA Report (Section 7). The Kunming A & W Survey found that * the vast majority (nearly 1 000/e of respondents) connect environmental quality with human health, but their understanding of the links between pollution and human health was limited * respondents first priorities, in ranked order, for improving the environment are: reduce air pollution; reduce noise levels; clean up canals, rivers and drains; and improve public gardens and spaces. * many respondents were prepared to contribute time, labour or funds to clean up the environment, especially in their own neighbourhoods. However, mechanisms for public participation and action are not well developed - there is some uncertainty about the responsibilities for pollution control between govenunent agencies, the private sector and communities in a fast changing economy. * in open-ended questioning, 20% of respondents stated that the main solution to environmental problems lies with govemment action to enforce existing environmental legislation and to improve urban planning. This was the single most important issue raised by respondents themselves. Respondents also want the service agencies to improve the quality of service if the tariff increases - there was some scepticism that higher costs would translate into a better service. * water charges currently comprise only 0.4% of mean total household income. All services (water, power, sanitation - paid by a few households only - and solid waste) amount to just 4% of total household income. * whilst 72%/o of respondents are willing to pay more for better quality water supplies, only 57o are willing to pay for sewerage. Yet fully 75% are willing to help pay a small extra (mean *8 per month) charge to clean up Dianchi. With good public education, this could be translated into more support for the proposed sewerage charges. The Rapid Rural Appraisal Survey (Yunnan Institute of Geography, October 1995) in Dianchi Catchment found a lower tevel of concern about the environmenL Environmental protection is seen as having costs which do not necessarily benefit farmers - for example the restrictions on TVE development in the Songhuaba Catchment penalise local people. Market demand and low prices for fertilisers and pesticides ensure that farmers keep using these substances - although some farmers themselves prefer to eat organically grown vegetables. Project Beneficiaries Table No. 6 summarises the ponulations who will benefit from the different components of the YEP and summarises the key benefits. Public Education Public education has been recommended be an integral part of YEP. Good public education programs are needed to address key issues such as water demand management, sewer connections, solid waste management, the tariff structure, fertiliser and pesticide use and on what people can do themselves to help address the complex causes underlying environmental deterioration. The options are: * add public education to selected World Bank funded components; * invest in a separate public education component through World Bank funding, other donor funding or through PRC resources. Kunming Municipal Health personnel prepared an environmental health surveillance/public education project proposal which could be reactivated if a donor can be found. Public education could also help in the critical area of water demand, e.g. fixing water leaks at home. A programme for service intermediaries (street committees, work units,. etc.) would help make the higher tariff a more efficient mechanism for reducing water demand. Presently, the intermediary units diffuse the relationship between the tariff and demand through a range of user fees and subsidies. page 25 of 28 Table No 6 Beneficiaries and Benefits of YEP Project Population Benefitting Key Benefits K'UNAG Kunming Population (in 2010) of e increasing connections to sewerage systman of each STW; Wastewater area served by: * improved street drainage and odour problems as sewerage Project STW No I - 320.000 system is improved; STW No 4B - 237,000 STW No 5 - 167,000 Entire population of * reduced pollusion of rivers and Lake Dianchi; Kunming and living in * long-term inprovements in river and lake ecosystems; towns and villages around * reduced risk of waterbomne diseases Lake Dianchi * long-tern reduction in water supply costs. Kunming Solid Entire population of * improved aesthetic situation in city fron new collection Waste Project Kusming urban area equipment, transfer stations and work practices; served by KMESS - * reduced incidence of injury and poisoning fromn illegal waste 1,800,000 (I995) rising to disposal within the city; 2,200,000 (2005) * reduced rodent breeding and associated diseases from illegal waste dumping; * reduced pollution of surfice and groundwater as a result of clean-up of existing uncontrolled dumps; * release of commercially valuable land for developmeni (or open space) from clean-up of existing dumps; * secure sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste avoiding __________ _______________ groundwater and surface water drainage. Kunming Water Population of Kumming * more secure water supply with better flows and delivery Supply urban area served by pressures; KWSC - 1,500,000 (1995) * increasing connections to water supply system from 84% of rising to 2,100,000 (2010) popuation in 1995 to 90% in 2020. Population of area of city * higherwater supply quality as Songhuaba water is used instead served by WTWs drawing of Lake Dianchi water. water from Lake Dianchi - - 1,000,000 ChenggDng Population served by STW * increasing comnections to sewerage system; Wastewater - 98,000 (X010) a imnproved street drainage and odour problems as sewerage systen is built. Population around local * reduced pollution of rivers and Lake Dianchic rivers and Lake Dianchi * long-term improvements in river and lake ecosysems * reduced risk of waterbome diseases. Jinning Population served by STW * increasing connections to sewerage system; Wastewater - 60,000 (2010) * improved street drainage and odour problems as sewerage system is built Population around local * reduced poDution of rivers and Lake Dianchi; rivers and Lake Dianchi * long-term improvements in river and lake cosystms; * reduced risk of waterborne diseases. Rumal Sanitation Families and population of * improved agriculture and reduced health risks from use of pilot villages - Xiaohe conpost and/or digested waste as soil conditioner; (population 4,300), * gas for heating and cooking fiom waste digesters; Dounan (5,000) and * improved water supply from improved network; Wulong (3,000) (as * reduced polution of local ponds and watercourses fromn appropriate) provision of sewerage system and tement; * yield of plants and fish from pond sewage treatment system. Table No 6 (continued) Beneficiaries and Benefits of YEP Project Population Benefitting Key Benefits G EJIU __ _ _ _ _ _ _ -__ __ _ _ __-__ _ _ __ _ -_ _ _ Gejiu Wastewater Population served by STW * increasing connections to sewerage system; - 160.000 (2010) * improved drainage and odour problems as sewerage is built. Population around local * reduced pollution of rivers and Lake Gejiu; rivers and Lake Gejiu * long-tem improvements in river and lake ecosystems; * reduced risk of waterborne diseases. QUJING Qujing Population served by STW * increasing connections to sewerage system; Wasewater - 410,000 (ZO1) * improved drainage and odour problems as sewerage is built Population living around * reduced pollution of NanpanJiang and other rivers; local rivers * long-term improvements in river ecosystems; * reduced risk of waterbome diseases. Qujing Water Population of Qujing * more secure water supply, better flows and delivery pressures; Supply urban area served by * increasing connections to water supply system from 87% of QWDC -410,000 (2010) population in 1995 to 90Ye in 2020. Qujing Solid Population of Qujing * improved aesthetic siuation in city from new collection Waste urban area served by equipment, transfer stations and work practices; QMESS - -200,000 (1995) * reduced incidence of injury and poisoning from ilegal waste rising to 430,000 (2005) disposal witiin the city, * reduced pollution of surface and groundwater as a result of clean-up of existing uncontrolled dumps; . release of commercially valuable land for development (or open space) from clean-up of existing dumps; * secure sanitary landfill of municipal solid waste avoiding groundwater and surface water drainagc INDUSTRLAL POLLUTION CONTROL Kunming CFF Population living around * reduced air pollution; factory and adjacent to * reduced pollution of Lake Dianchi; Lake Dianchi * long-tm improvements in lak-e ecosystens; a long-term reduction in water supply costs Factory stakeholders and * improved working environment families - 10,000 * improved health and safty-, a more secure work opportunities; * improved profits. Kunyang PFF Population living around * reduced air pollution; factory and adjacent to a reduced pollution of Lake Dianchi; Lake Dianchi * long-term improvements in lake and river ecosystems; * long-term reduction in water supply costs Factory stakeholders and * improved working environment families - 3,000 a improved health and safety; * more secure work opportunites; I imnproed profits. OTHER Environmental All populations served by 7 improved water, air and soil environment; Management and the projects and living * improved ecosystem; Monitoring around the rivers and lakes * improved awareness of the envimmnent; of the three cities * reducing costs of environmental management Institutional All populations seved by o improved water, air and soil e_vironment Strengthening the projects and living e improved ecosystem; around the rivers and lakes * irnproved awareness of the enviromnent; of the three cities * reducing costs of environmemtal management Addendum Demandfor Sewerage Demand for indoor sewerage is not great in Kumning. The A & W Survey found less than 10% of the 4CM of households not currently served want indoor WCs. Only 43% of households surveyed had an indoor bathroom, so it is difficult to see where they would put an indoor WC. Survey data for Qujing and Gejiu are not available but the constraints are expected to be similar. The key constraints are tangible (cost, space and custom) and cannot really be overcome by "compelling" people. The measures which have been recommended to boost sewerage coverage include: * public education, e.g. highlighting the problem of Dianchi and the environmental health issues; * more low-cost, accessible sewered alternatives e.g. communal WCs; * new housing progams to include indoor sewered WCs. Implementing these measures requires good baseline data on zxisting services - and a public education programme. A programme of dissemination is planned as part of the projecL ssue iNo t1 ampemPntnri o eYEP How wiul implementation of the YEP actally be co-ordinated and carried out by the agencies of rheprovincio and mwicipal governments of Ywma? During project preparation since 1994, work has been co-ordinated by YEPQ, a special project office established under the management and direction of YEPB. In the project cities of Kunming, Qujing, and Gejiu, similar project offices (KEPO, QEPO and GEPO) were established to co-ordinate the preparation of the sub-projects for the three cities. These offices report to YEPO. It has now been agreed by the different levels of People's Governments that - project funds be on-lent by the provincial government to the municipal implementing agencies (water and drainage companies, city appearance committees, etc.) and the two fertiliser industries, which will be responsible for repaying the individual loans; and, * the implementing agencies will be directly responsible for implementing the components of the project under their control and operating the works or project components that will be part-funded by the World Bank. The co-ordination of the overall project implementation will be the responsibility of YEPO on behalf of the Yunnan Provincial Govenment The project offices, implementing agencies and design institutes will continue to be advised on the management of the YEP by the DRA Consultants, Montgomery Watson Ltd, whose contract runs until the end of 1996. Technical assistance packages fonn an early part of the World Bank funded project to achieve the institutional strengthening necessary to assist the various agencies concerned to implement the YEP successfully. ' * * * $* *-* * * * page 28.f28 Appendices Appendix I Preliminary List ofKey Variables to Iake Dianchi Ecosystem Recovery 1. Generl - pollution control (point and non-point sources) 2. Related to submersed macrophyte recovery - nutrient concentration - chlorophyll-a - wind and wave action - sediment structure - transparency of the water - benthivorous fish - presence and condition of seeds in the sediment - toxicity of the rooting zone in the sediment - filter feeders 3. Related to eco-toxicological effects of contaminated sediments - spatial differences in (type of) contamination - bio-availability and bio-accumulation ofthe contaminants 4. Related to hydrology - retention time of the lake water - annual changes in water level - occurrence and duration of shore or bank inundations 3. Related to bio-productivity - food web structure and energy flows through it 6. Related to morphology - shore/itoal morphology - suitability of littoral zones as spawning grounds to fish 7. Related to socio-economical aspects - sustainable fisheries and aquaculture - feasibility of recreation page I of 3 Appendices Appendix 2 Data on FiLh Fauna and Catehes in Lake Dianchi Table 1 Lake Dianchi Fish Fauna in late 1980s A. Surviving Indigenous Species Anabarilius alburnops Xenocypris yunnaensis Cyprinus carpio ckilk& .................. ....... (ci) Carassius auratus auratus . (ci) Misgurnus anguillicaudatus Oryzias latipes Monopterus alba B. Surviving Introduced Species Cuiter erythropterus ............. ......... fci) Neosalanx tangkahkeu taikuensis ................. (ci) C:enopharyngodon idellus ...................... (ci) Toxabramis swinhonis Toxabramis hoffnani Hemicufder lezcisculus Parabramispekensis Megaiobrama ainblycephala Rhodeus sinensis Rhodeus ocellaths Pseudoperilampus light Acanthorhodeus macropterus Acanthorhodeus tanionalis HypophhalmichAys molitrix ...................... (ci) Aristichtlys nobiis . .................. (ci) Cyprinus carpio rubrofJiscus ......................... (ci) Pseudorasborapava Henibarbus maculatus Sarcocheiic4ays n. nigripining Abottina rividaris Siniperca sp. Rhinogobius girmnus Hypseleotris swinhonis Hyporhampius intermedius Note: Further changes are believed to have occured since this study but precise data are not available. Commercially important species marked .... (ci). Sounc. HJi-chang & Liu Zhcn.hua; Journal of Yunnan Univrsiy. VoL 7.1985. page 2 of 3 Appendfic Appendix 2 Data on Fi'sh Fauna and Catches in L-ake Dianchi (continued) Table 2 Production of Fish and Shellfish from Lake Dianchi; 1984 to 1994 (tonnes) Year Large Fish Neosalani Other Fish Shrimp Mofussa Totals 1984 1600 3500 300 1500 1500 8400 1985 1500 360 1600 3200 1150 7810 1986 3200 2200 800 1500 400 8100 1987 3400 3200 400 1800 300 9100 1988 2800 2300 900 2500 250 8750 1989 2300 2500 1200 3000 100 9100 1990 4500 1100 1700 1200 200 8700 1991 2730 500 1690 2780 280 7980 1992 2210 350 520 4920 200 8200 1993 1300 400 200 5600 10 7510 1994 3040 200 - 3800 300 7340 No=t Figurcs rounded to nearest ten tonnes Source: Kunimng Municipal Fishcrics Adminstratimi and Management Departnt Table 3 Fisheries Sector - Economic Data - Lake Dianchi Area Capture Cage Pond Fish Totals Fishinag Culture Culture Direct Employment 7380 240 3300 10920 Ancillary workers (Fish traders, Boat buildes, etc. estimatd) 1000 - - 1000 8380 240 3300 11920 Totals, including families (x3.5) 29330 840 11550 41720 Annual Fish Production (tonnes) 7340 2050 4020 13410 Producer Price ( Wlg ) .8.0 13.0 9.0 - Catch Value (* million) 58.7 26.6 36.2 121.5 Notw Sociological studies shaw that rural family sie frequently avaage up to 5 pesons. A conservative estimate of 3.5 has bee adopted in tfis case for lack of more precise data on fishing comnunities. Reail mrket values have not been investigated but the mark-up may be xpected to amount to between 50% and !OOY of the producer prie. page 3 of 3