ELECTRICIDADE DE MOÇAMBIQUE, E.P. MOZAMBIQUE-MALAWI 400 KV INTERCONNECTION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY Mozambique Section – From the Matambo Substation to the Border with Malawi (142 km) Project No. 161-07023-00 MAY 2019 MOZAMBIQUE-MALAWI 400 KV INTERCONNECTION PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDY Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 May 2019 Report (Final version) Proponent Av. Filipe Samuel Magaia 368 MAPUTO, Moçambique REVISION HISTORY Version Date Description 01 2017/07/19 Draft Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP and revised by EDM 02 2017/12/19 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for MITADER’s revision 03 2018/03/29 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for MITADER’s revision 2 04 2018/06/12 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for MITADER’s revision 3 05 2019/03/12 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for World Bank revision 06 2019/04/18 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for World Bank revision 2 07 2019/05/09 Full EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for World Bank revision 3 08 2019/05/22 Final EIS prepared by Consultec and WSP for World Bank Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 i SIGNATURES PREPARED BY Susana Paisana, geo. Consultec – Consultores Associados, Lda. REVISED BY Tiago Dray, biol. Project Director Consultec – Consultores Associados, Lda. Ghyslain Pothier, biol., M. Env., EESA Deputy Project Manager / Environmental Scientist WSP Jean-Marc Evenat, M.Sc.Env. Project Director / Lead Environmental Planner Reference to mention: WSP-CONSULTEC, 2019. Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project | Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study. Report produced for Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00. 10 chapters and appendices. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 iii PRODUCTION TEAM CONSULTEC SPECIALISTS Project Director: Technical Direction Tiago Dray Project Manager, Geology and Soils Specialist Susana Paisana Project Manager Assistant Margarida André Social Development / Socioeconomic and Resettlement Specialist Rafael Noronha Public Consultations Manager Guilhermina Honwana Fauna Specialist Valerio Macandza REVIEW TEAM WSP CANADA INC. (WSP) Project Director / Lead Environmental Planner Jean-Marc Evenat Environmental Scientist and Deputy Project Manager Ghyslain Pothier Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Specialist Andréanne Boisvert Biodiversity Specialist Hélène Chouinard Lead Social Development Specialist Antoine Moreau Anthropologist Marie-Andrée Burelle Communication and Community Development Specialist Francis Barbe GIS / Survey Expert Mylène Lévesque François-Xavier Lafortune Valérie Venne Editing Nancy Laurent Julie Boisvert Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 v ABBREVIATIONS µg/m3 Micrograms per cubic metre ADB African Development Bank ADC Area Development Committee ADI Area of direct influence AI Area of Influence AICD Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ANAC National Administration of Conservation Areas ANE Administração Nacional de Estradas AQUA National Agency for the Control of Environmental Quality ARA Regional Water Authorities BOD Biological Oxygen Demand BP Bank Procedure C Common CAHMP Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Management Plan CCF Community Compensation Fund CES Coastal & Environmental Services CFC Chlorofluorocarbons CFM Mozambique Ports and Railways CIGRE International Council on Large Electric Systems CLN Corridor Logistico Integrado de Nacala (Vale’s railway manager) CMIP5 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project CO Carbon Monoxyde CR Critically Endangered CT Current Transformers CVT Curriculum Vitae CVT Capacitor Voltage Transformers DAI Disclosure and Access to Information DAI Direct Area of Influence dB Decibel dB(A) A-Weighted Decibel DEMG Decentralized Environmental Management Guidelines DINAB Environment National Directorate DJFMA December-January-February-March-April DNA National Water Directorate DNAIA National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment DPASA Provincial Directorate of Agriculture and Food Security DPGCAS Direcção Provincial do Género, Criança e Acção Social DPRME Provincial Directorate of Mineral Resources and Energy DPTADER Provincial Directorates of Land and, Environment and Rural Development DPTC Direção Provincial dos Transportes e Comunicação DUAT Direito do Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra E&S Environmental and social EAP Environmental Action Plan Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 vi EDM Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. EHS Environmental, Health and Safety EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EIS Environmental Impact Study EMF Electromagnetic Field EMP Environmental Management Plan EN Endangered EP Ensino Primário EPDA Estudo de Pré-Viabilidade Ambiental e Definição do Âmbito ES Ecosystem Services ESCOM Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited ESG Ensino Secundário Geral ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations FIPAG Fundo de Investimento e Património do Abastecimento de Água GBIF Global Biological Information Facility GCMs General Circulation Models GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GIS Geographic Information System GPS Global Positioning System H&S Health and Safety ha Hectare HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus I&AP Interested and Affected Parties IAI Indirect Area of Influence IAS Invasive Alien Specie ICSC International Chemical Safety Cards ICVL International Coal Ventures Private Limited IEC Information, education and communication IFC International Finance Corporation IHPS Integrated Household Panel Survey INAM Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia INGC Instituto Nacional de Gestão de Calamidades INNOQ Instituto Nacional de Normalização e Qualidade IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ISO International Standards Organization IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature JJA June-July-August Km Kilometre KM/Hr Kilometres per hour kV Kilovolt A-weighted equivalent continuous sound level (in decibels measured over a Laeq stated period of time) Lr Lower Risk WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study vii LRC Local resettlement committee LRI Lower respiratory infections m Metre m3 Cubic metre MAM March-April-May MICOA Ministry for Coordination of Environmental Affairs MITADER Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development mm Millimetre MSDS Material Safety Data Sheets MVA MegaVoltAmpere MW MegaWatt MW MegaWatt N Negative impact N/P both negative and positive impacts NA Non applicable Nb Number NGO Non-Governmental Organization NIS National Institute of Statistics NNE North-North-East NO2 Nitrogen dioxyde NR.t Near-threatened NTS Non-Technical Summary NW North-West OHSAS Occupational Health and Safety Management System OP Operational Policies OPGW Optical Ground Wire OS Operational Safeguard P Positive impact PAP Project Affected Person PCP Public Participation Process PCR Physical Cultural Resources pH Potential Hydrogen PIU Project Implementation Unit PM Particulate Matter PM10 Particulate Matter of 10 Microns in diameter or smaller PM2.5 Particulate Matter of 2.5 Microns in diameter or smaller POPS Persistent Organic Pollutants PPE Personal Protective Equipment PPM Parts per million PPP Public Participation Process PPSK Person Per Square Kilometer PSC Project Steering Committee PSSR Physical and Socioeconomic Survey Report RAP Resettlement Action Plan RGRC Resettlement and Grievances Redress Committees RNT Rede Nacional de Transmissão Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 viii RoW Right-of-Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SADC Southern African Development Community SAIEA Southern African Institute of Environmental Assessments SAPP Southern African Power Pool SLRK Strategy Leader Resource Kit SO2 Sulfur dioxyde SON September-October-November SSW South-South-West STD Sexually Transmitted Disease SW South-West TA Traditional Authority ToR Terms of Reference TSS Total Suspended Solids TSX Toronto Stock Exchange TTL Task Team Leader UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change US $ United States Dollar USD United States Dollar USGC Unites States Geological Survey VC Very Common VESC Valuable Environmental and Social Component VU Vulnerable WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WEHAB Water, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity WHO World Health Organization WWF World Wildlife Fund WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study ix NON-TECHNICAL SUMMARY INTRODUCTION Ensuring that all member countries are interconnected is a high priority for the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP), therefore, in the SAPP’s 2013 Annual Report, the Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection was identified as a high priority project. On April 3, 2013, the Governments of Malawi and Mozambique signed a power interconnection agreement that includes two phases: (i) the construction of the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Transport Line from the Matambo substation in Tete, Mozambique, to the Phombeya substation in Balaka, Malawi; and (ii) construction of a second transport line from Balaka to Nacala, Mozambique. The current report only considers the first phase of this interconnection agreement and concentrates on the Mozambique section of the proposed interconnection line. The project proponent is Electricidade de Mozambique E.P. (EDM) which is the Public Company responsible for production, transport, distribution and sale of electrical energy in Mozambique (according to Decree nº 43/2005) and manages the National Electricity Grid. In order to obtain the Environmental License for the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project, required in terms of the Environmental Law (Law No. 20/1997, of 1 October) and the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Process Regulations (Decree No. 54/2015, of 31 December) EDM must conduct an EIA Process. The Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection project was initially considered in terms of its technical feasibility (2005) following an initial environmental impact assessment (EIA) completed in 2003 (for Malawi) and 2004 (for Mozambique). Presently, EDM wish to update the project and mandate WSP Canada inc. to conduct an update of the EIA and Fichtner to update the technical feasibility study. Consultec - Consultores Associados, Lda (Consultec) was sub-contracted by WSP to conduct the Environmental Impact Assessment Process. This EIA was prepared in accordance with national legislation, particularly Decree n. 54/2015 of December 31st, Ministerial Diplomas n. 129/2006 and 130/2006 of July 19th, which approve the General Directives on the preparation of Environmental Impact Study and Public Participation,also considering the Regulation on Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities (Decree No 31/2012, of 8 August) which sets out the basic principles and norms behind the resettlement process resulting from private or public economic activities, undertaken by individuals or groups, nationals or foreigners to improve people´s lives and for environmental protection as well as with the Southern African Power Pool and World Bank environmental and social policies. PROJECT DESCRIPTION The proposed transmission line is located in the province of Tete and, more specifically in the districts of Moatize, Changara and City of Tete. The transmission line has a total extent of 218 km of which 142 km are in Mozambique (approximately 65%) (See Figure 1). The proposed alignment was initially evaluated through the analysis of a 2-km wide corridor originating from the initial ESIAs of 2003 and 2004. This corridor was first optimized between 2005 and 2016 prior to the initiation of the current ESIA and again, following a preliminary site survey conducted in July 2016 at the beginning of the Scoping phase of the current ESIA process. Finally, an optimized alignment emerged based on an on-site technical survey and on the results of the Public Consultations Round 1, completed during the Scoping phase. The global 400 kV transmission line will start in the Matambo region (Matambo Substation) in Mozambique, which is supplied in electricity by the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric plant (HCB) and will reach the Malawian border just north of Mussacama. The Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection project is to be composed of a 400 kV double circuit transmission line, with only once circuit installed. The main characteristics of the proposed 400 kV transmission lines are presented in Table 1. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 x Table 1 Characteristics of the Global Proposed 400 kV Transmission Line Technical Aspect 400 kV Line Total Estimated Length 218 km Length in Mozambique 142 km Typical RoW width 55 m Type of Towers Self-supporting towers Tower Spacing average 450 m Height of the Towers 44 to 53 m Width of Base 18 to 23 m Type of Conductors ACSR Tern conductor Capacity of transport required 1200 MVA per circuits Minimum clearance from ground 10 to 12 m The new 400 kV equipment required for the substation to accommodate the 400 kV line will be installed in an extension to the existing Matambo substation that was approved by MITADER and World Bank through an ESIA and RAP completed in 2011 for the STE project (SCDS and MML, 2011). This extension will be made over a section of Road 258 requiring the realignment of the Road from the EN7 to the north of the Matambo substation. The final realignment scenario remains to be confirmed but it will be conducted in compliance with National specification and in consultation with National Roads Administration (ANE) and the Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH).Topics associated with Matambo Substation Extension and relocation of this road (alternative options, route selection criteria, anticipated impacts and mitigations measures, etc.) were analysed by another consultant and then approved by EDM, stakeholders, Government and World Bank (Mott Macdonald and SCDS, 2011a, 2011b and 2011c). Determination of the R258 final alignment and detailed assessment of its impacts are excluded from the scope of the present ESIA. However, related impacts and mitigation measures have been taken into consideration within the present report as well as related compensation aspects related to agricultural land losses and relocation of some primary and secondary structures. The construction work associated with the new transmission line includes some site preparation through vegetation clearing and soil movements, installation of work camps and of storage areas, erection of towers, installation of power lines and various construction work at the existing substation sites to install the required 400 kV equipment. The global project cost for the Mozambique line section and the equipment to be installed at the Matambo substation amounts to USD 91,846,000 that is USD 63,344,000 for the transmission line and USD 28,502,000 for the work at the substation. Various activities are associated with the realization of the project. The following table supplies a list of typical activities per project phase with a short description. Additional information is presented in the section 3.7 for some of the most important activities. More detailed information is provided in Technical reports (Fichtner, 2016). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xi Table 2 Typical Project Activities for the Construction of a Transmission Line Pre-Construction Land acquisition Procedures relating to agreements with landowners. Displacement of Populations Resettlement process of assets and economic activities of the populations / Economic Activities affected by the project. Construction Land and technical surveys Site preparation Site preparation activities (deforestation, removal of topsoil, excavation, earthworks) for the construction of temporary and permanent components of the project (access roads, storage areas, tower foundations and substations). Settling of workers camp and other temporary facilities and infrastructures used Installation of Work Site during construction (waste, water, energy, etc.). Construction Works Construction of the power transmission line and substations. Exploitation of borrow pits Exploitations of granular material for construction. Movement of road vehicles, trucks and construction equipment for labor Transportation / Circulation movement and the supply of materials and equipment during construction, including fueling and maintenance of vehicles and machinery. Purchase of Materials / Purchases required for procurement. Goods and Services Operation Operation of the Presence and operation of equipment, and inspection and maintenance of Transmission Line and conductors, towers and structures in substations. Substations Vegetation Management Vegetation clearance associated with the maintenance of the RoW. Waste and Hazardous Handling operations and storage of hazardous waste and used during the Materials Management operation, including oil used in transformers in substations. Employee transportation and movement of vehicles in the RoW, including the Transportation / Circulation fueling and maintenance of vehicles. Purchase of Materials / Purchases required for the operation of the power transmission line and Goods and Services substations. Decommissioning Work related to the dismantling of facilities and activities associated with the Removal of Installations final restoration (decontamination of substation sites, re-naturalization, etc.). Purchase of Materials / Purchases required to complete the decommissioning work. Goods and Services PROJECT’S AREAS OF INFLUENCE A practical approach for this ESIA and RPF was applied by using the center of a 2 km wide corridor as a proxy alignment to conduct the assessment. The actual alignement and tower locations will be determined as an outcome of the geological and topographical surveys leading to the preparation of a detailed design that will define the positioning of the tower footing. The baseline description and the impact assessment of the project is based on the delineation of two study areas that cover all physical, biological and social elements that may be directly or indirectly affected by the project or that could affect its implementation, in all of its phases. When considering the project’s direct impacts outside of the footprint area, it is useful to separate the biophysical and socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, the project’s area of direct influence (ADI) is delineated as follows: Biophysical environment: a 300 m wide and 142 km long corridor, centered on the project’s alignment, as most of the direct biophysical impacts are expected to be felt in the immediate surroundings of the footprint area. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xii Socioeconomic environment: the communities crossed by the proposed RoW. Even if employment and economy stimulation may extend to other communities, direct socioeconomic impacts are expected to be felt mostly by the villages and communities crossed, or near, the alignment. However, a map of community boundaries is not available for the project area and therefore the socioeconomic ADI is illustrated using a 2 km wide corridor centered on the line’s route. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 550000 600000 650000 Tanzania Malawi Tsangano Lilongwe Mozambique District Zambia Lusaka Shown Below Harare Antananarivo Zimbabwe Madagascar Botswana Indian Ocean 223 Gaborone Pretoria Maputo 0 350 km South Africa Zóbue Cantxusse Chiuta District Canhungue Mussacama Lizie Mozambique Sweet Mwanza Moatize District District Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje 222 103 Madamba 221 Malawi Cana-Cana Chikwawa District S136 Cambulatsitsi Nhamitsatsi Caldas Xavier Inhagoma Mufa Chingozi Cateme Airport Tete Moatize District Tete Guluate Benga Cancope To Cataxa Proposed Chamuarira Substation 258 Matambo Nhalcuni Mchenga Substation Changara 103 District Mutarara District Guro 550000 District 600000 650000 0 6 12 24 km ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL River IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT 1:600 000 Project Component Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Mozambique-Malawi, Proposed Line Route Mozambique Infrastructures Existing Substation Human Environment Figure 1 Benga Mine City Project Location Vale Coal Mine Airport Source: Primary Road District Boundary Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Secondary Road International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org International Boundary District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Railroad Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Existing Transport Line, 220 kV 2017-05-23 Interconnection Project 161-07023-00 Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account Existing Transport Line, 66 kV (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International xv The project’s Area of Indirect Influence (AII) is defined as follows: Physical environment: a 2 km wide and 142 km long corridor, centered on the project’s alignment, as most of the indirect physical impacts are expected to be felt in a corridor surrounding the new transmission line. Biological environment: the area of indirect influence includes areas where the natural environment shows a higher ecological integrity and anticipated to host species transitioning inside the project area. Socioeconomic environment: the affected districts (Moatize and Changara) and municipality (Tete) as benefits and impacts from project-induced changes in the ADI are likely to extend to other communities within these territories. BASELINE CHARACTERIZATION Physical Environment Most of the route is developed in Meso-plateau areas with altitudes up to 350 m or in flattened areas formed by small hills of gentle slope, especially the Tete area where the relief is characterized by predominant altitudes up to 200 m, with slopes of 0 - 3%. At the Eastern extremity of the proposed alignment (near the Malawi border) the relief is rugged, characterized by numerous hills, sometimes with steep slopes between 6-25% (USGS, 2006). The study area is largely composed of various Mesoproterozoic granitoids (with paleo and neo - proterozoic granitoids occurring to a smaller areal extent), by lithologies of the Lower Karoo Group (Matinde Formation) and by Cenozoic/Quaternary sediments (Makitie et al., 2008). Central Mozambique is under the influence of the Great Rift Valley with earthquake activity generally of low magnitude. However, the recent tectonic evolution of the Miocenic rift system across East Africa, could be responsible for the greater frequency of recorded earthquakes (Chorowicz, 2005). The geologic framework (parent materials) strongly influences the pedogenetic processes, so the main soil units in the study area are therefore associated with vulcanic rocks (basalts) and rocks of the Precambrian basement (acid rocks), namely Red and Black Basaltic soils and Red and Brown Soils (fine to coarse texture) (INIA, 1995). The erosion risk of the soils in the study area is considered low to medium with a higher risk potential associated with rainfall erosivity and rugged relief (SADCC, 1985). The project area is located in Zambezi River Basin, highlighting the Revubué River which is one of its main perennial tributaries. The Condedzi River sub-basin can be pointed out as a tributary of the Revubué River. The proposed alignment follows predominantly a ridge position of the main sub- basins, emphasizing the crossing of the Zambezi and Moatize Rivers (National Directorate of Geology, 2016). In the project´s area of direct influence, in the Tete Region, the main single significant air pollutant emission sources are the Benga and Vale coal mine site operations. The baseline ambient noise of the area of interest is in general terms mainly determined by natural noise sources (such as rain, wind, insects, etc.), low intensity road traffic and normal human activity on the settlements located along the proposed alignment. Biological Environment The study area is located in the eco-region of Zambezian forest in the transition between the miombo and mopane forests. Vegetation types found inside the study area are the following: open-deciduous mopane forest, the acacia savanna, wetland, undifferentiated forest, open semi-deciduous dry miombo forest, riverine forest. A total of 48 species of flora from 23 families has been identified during the flora surveys. In the sampled areas, some species of concern for conservation were found, namely: Dalbergia melanoxylon which is being suggested as an Appendix II of CITEs and is considered near-threatened according to the IUCN red data list. Other species of concern are Millettia Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xvi stuhlmannii and Pterocarpus angolensis (near threatened). The former is not listed in the IUCN red data list but have been considered nationally as under pressure from timber production. We did not found any herbaceous species of concern for conservation neither invasive species. Approximately 334 species, from 73 families and 208 genus, are likely to occur in the project area (Parker, 2005) of which 107 were confirmed during surveys undertaken in the course of this ESIA (32% of the total number likely to occur). These species are generally associated with woodlands and include one globally near-threatened species, Rynchops flavirostris (African Skimmer). Based on the data from Impacto (2009), the GBIF data base, Branch (1998), Carruthers (2001) and Channing (2001), a total of 40 herpetofauna species occur or potentially occur in the study area of the project, including 18 species of amphibians and 22 species of reptiles. The forest areas are richer in reptile species, while the freshwater bodies (rivers and lakes) and their margins are the main habitats of amphibians. Based on the data from GBIF, Smithers and Lobão Tello (1976), Impacto (2009), and Skinner and Chimimba (2005) 61 species of mammals belonging to 24 families occur or potentially occur in the project’s area of implementation. Muridae and Bovidae are the most represented families with 11 species. Among the listed species, 5 are protected by Mozambican legislation (Decree 12/2002, of June 6th): striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea), Cape genet (Genetta tigrina), banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and pangolin (Manis temminckii). The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), the elephant (Loxodonta africana) are both considered as vulnerable species according to IUCN while the pangolin (Manis temminckii) is considered as Near Threatened. Socio-Economic Environment The project crosses three (3) districts of Tete Province, namely those of Cidade de Tete, Changara and Moatize. According to projections of the INE, in 2016 the population of Tete Province is estimated to comprise 2 618 913 habitants. The population of Tete Province is young. Almost half (48.2%) is younger than 15 years of age. The members of the households affected by the project are young. About 45.1% are between 5 and 15 years old and 27.4% are between 16 and 35 years old. Moreover, around 15.8% of the members are between 0 and 4 years old. The proportion of older members (55 years old or older) is small 0.8%. Women (57.2%) are present in a higher proportion than men (42.8%). Tete Province presents a large variety of ethno-linguistic groups and therefore different mother tongues are spoken; the most common are Nyanja (46.5% of the province population), Nyungwe (27.5%) and Sena (11.4%) (INE, 2008). The main ethnic groups present in the villages crossed by the project are the Nynguè (86.6%), Chichewa (10.7%) and Nyanja (2.7%). The village’s population along the project is mainly Christian (92.6%) – including catholic and protestant. Based on data from Household Budget Survey 2014-2015, employment rate of the population aged 15 to 24 years reaches 58.2%, making it one of the two provinces (Tete and Zambezia) with the highest employment levels and putting it ahead of the national average of 44.7%. The population is essentially working (91.9%) in the fields of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (INE, 2016). Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in Tete Province, which is of two types: subsistence and cash crop agriculture. Concerning the ownership of the parcels used, about 55.0% of the lands used (affected or not) by the affected PAPs interviewed are customary lands. PAPs that own or have a certificate of ownership/leasehold account for 12.2%. Livestock rearing is also an important socio-economic component for the population of the project area, mainly in the Changara District, and fishing is practiced along the Zambezi River, mainly in the Cahora Bassa Dam. According to the socio-economic surveys, a total of 10.8% of affected households have chicken (poultry) and 4.9% have pigs. Only 3.4% of the affected households have cows, with an average of 255 cows possessed. Socio-economic activities also imply industries and trading. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xvii There are no tertiary institutions in the villages crossed by the wayleave. Primary schools are the most common (24), surveyed in 90.0% of the villages. Four (4) secondary schools were also found in the villages of the Zóbuè administrative post. In terms of literacy, 38.2% of the heads of households affected by the transmission line project have not attended primary school. However, 36.3% have attended primary school, while an additional 7.4% of them have also attended secondary school. In terms of health care access, only one primary health center is present in the Zóbuè administrative post, and the population has no hospital. Half of the villages involved in the project have access to water supply infrastructure (50.0%), representing a total of 22 sites. The water sources that supply the households with drinking water during the dry season are almost identical to the ones used in the wet season and 53.9% of affected households use rivers and lakes as water source. The dominant energy source for cooking by the affected households of the project area is firewood (biomass) (99.5%). A great number of households (86.8%) also use torches to light themselves. Wood is the second most important source of lighting (11.8% of affected households). As for the expenses incurred to cook and light themselves by household, most households are able to cook without disbursing anything (91.7%). The study has assessed vulnerable groups such as widows, the elderly, the physically and mentally disabled, and the chronically ill. Moreover, households headed by women or children, the very poor and disadvantaged groups in economic and social terms, including minorities (e.g. group of migrants, refugees), have also been considered vulnerable. According to the socio-economic surveys, eight (8) affected households have a sick or handicapped member (whom can be the head of household), 70 affected households are headed by women and 171 affected households own only one (1) land parcel that is likely to be impacted by the project. STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT A public information and consultation process was implemented to support the development of the Project’s ESIA and RPF studies. General objectives of this process were to: Ensure the early and informed consultation of stakeholders at key stages of the ESIA and RPF, in order to improve their results and increase the credibility of the process. Ensure compliance with national and international requirements for stakeholder engagement and public consultation during ESIA studies for major projects. Ensure the ESIA helps to consolidate the efforts made by EDM in order to establish lasting relationships with affected communities and other stakeholders. Stakeholder groups that were engaged through the development of the ESIA are relevant ministries and agencies at national level, provincial and district governments, customary authorities, affected communities, affected households and commercial stakeholders. Three stakeholder information and consultation rounds are to be conducted through the development of the studies. Those are planned according to key stages, or decision moments, throughout the study where the informed participation of stakeholders was expected to make the most significant contribution to the on-going analysis, namely the environmental and social scoping stage (1st round), the assessment of the preliminary line route and of PAPs’ needs and preferences (2nd round) and the disclosure of the EIA and ESMP draft reports (3rd round). Consultation formats include Public Hearings (1st and 3rd rounds) and direct exchanges with community representatives and heads of affected households (2nd and 3rd round), in addition to individual meetings with concerned authorities and other key informants. Stakeholders have highlighted the following concerns and expectations: Affected communities must benefit from the project, either through job opportunities, access to electricity or community development assistance (education, water and sanitation); Provincial and district services expect to be involved in next phases of Project development; Need for a reforestation program to compensate for vegetation losses; Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xviii Fair and timely compensation to affected households; Resettlement and livelihood restauration assistance; All efforts should be made to avoid affecting the recently-resettled households from other projects (around Vale’s mining concession and along the new railway). IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL IMPACTS The identification of the direct/indirect, positive/negative, trans-regional, social/economic and physical/ecological impacts have been established using an “environmental matrix” opposing, on the one hand, the potential sources of impacts tied to the transmission line’s pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning, and, on the other hand, all of the biophysical and socioeconomic components of the project. The positive impacts that are expected with the project implementation are the following: Positive opportunities for PAPs and communities in the form of temporary employment and business opportunities during the construction and operation phases, Increased electricity supply to communities and households. Many significant long-term positive indirect impacts could arise with the foreseen rural electrification projects. A potential co-benefit of rural electrification is the possibility to provide rural households with the opportunity to use electricity for their energy needs as an alternative to firewood and charcoal. The project could help reduce the deforestation rate in the project area. Improved availability and reliability of energy can also improve storage and processing of agricultural products, increasing their market value and/or extending their preservation periods. Negative impacts associated with the project implementation are summarized in the following tables for both construction and operation phases. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xix Table 3 Summary of Residual Impacts in Pre-Construction and Construction Phase Component Potential Impacts Intensity Extent Duration Importance1 Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas; Soil compaction in work areas; Loss of organic layer in areas where Soils excavation and backfilling activities are Low Local Medium Minor held; Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination. Changes in hydrology; Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and Water resources Low Limited Medium Minor suspended solids in water runoffs; Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration. Low Local Medium Minor Noise and Increase in noise and vibration levels. Low Local Medium Minor vibrations Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora; Modification of species composition in flora communities present in the project area; Terrestrial flora Potential impacts on vulnerable species Medium Local Long Moderate communities such as Lannea schweinfurthii; Increased pressure on natural resources; Invasive species introduction and risk of spread. Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258; Modification of species composition in fauna communities present in the project area; Changes in protected and IUCN- Terrestrial fauna Medium Local Long Moderate designated threatened species populations; Local reduction of fauna density for species of higher use value in given areas. Modification in habitat composition through introduction of flora invasive alien species. Modification and degradation of bird habitat; Avifauna Disturbances and modification of local Low Local Long Moderate bird communities by the construction activities. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xx Component Potential Impacts Intensity Extent Duration Importance1 Local degradation of aquatic and semi- aquatic habitats and associated fauna and flora disturbances; Permanent loss or effects on marshlands and riparian areas for construction of the towers and new Road 258 realigned section; Aquatic habitats Local impairment of hydrological and associated Low Limited Medium Minor dynamics (surface water runoffs, fauna watercourse flow leading to disturbances and alteration of aquatic habitats; Increased pressure on natural resources, especially in areas where new access is created; Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). Disruption of farming activities by construction works Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral lands Employment and Temporary loss in crops; economic Low Local Medium Minor Temporary perturbation of tourism and development recreation activities; Inflation risk; Increase in pressure on resources (ex. water, wood, and fauna). Restriction to land uses within the line’s RoW; Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral Land use Medium Limited Long Moderate lands; Disruption of farming activities by construction works. Houses and other buildings located within the transmission line, realigned Road 258 Built environment and Matambo substation extension’s Medium Local Long Moderate RoW will need to be relocated to clear these RoW. Need for relocation of existing infrastructure such as Road 258 (for a section of 3 to 5 km) or privately owned Infrastructure fences, wells, etc.; Low Local Medium Minor Increased traffic and disturbance of traffic flow; Damage to existing infrastructure. Risk of sexual abuse on women by workers, as well as child abuse; Women rendered vulnerable because they are not consulted during the compensation and decision making processes; Gender aspects Disturbance of women’s subsistence and vulnerable activities including agriculture, wood Medium Local Medium Moderate groups collecting and natural flora and fauna use; Marginalization of women, elders, cripples, youth and other vulnerable groups during the employment process; Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxi Component Potential Impacts Intensity Extent Duration Importance1 Land use and compensation disputes, reviving old quarrels (land resource and power conflict); Tensions over the awarding of jobs and contracts; Communities and Tensions with workers from outside; Low Local Medium Minor social cohesion Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups that would not receive any benefits from the project; Inadequate communication with communities and stakeholders. Potential disturbance or destruction of Cultural and archaeological sites and/or artifacts found archaeological fortuitously during construction work; Low Limited Long Minor heritage Destruction or potential disturbance of cemeteries, burials and/or sacred sites. Temporary degradation of landscape at Landscape Low Local Medium Minor worksite. Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS; Risk of sexual abuse on women by workers, as well as child abuse; Increased pressure on community health Safety and public services; Medium Local Medium Moderate health Accidents and physical injuries involving local residents; Risk of accidents due to project related traffic on local roads; Increased stress related to nuisances (noise, dust, air pollution). Well-being of construction workers not guaranteed as Contractor do not Worker’s health necessarily apply existing labor Low Local Medium Minor and safety standards; Work related injury or health effects. 1 The evaluation is undertaken after the application of mitigation measures and therefore represents the project’s residual impact on the environmental or social component. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxii Table 4 Summary of Residual Impacts in Operation Phase Component Potential impacts Intensity Extent Duration Importance Changes in soil chemical properties Soils Low Local Short Minor and risk of soil contamination. Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and Water resources suspended solids in water runoffs; Low Limited Short Minor Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration. Low Local Short Minor Noise and Increase in noise and vibration levels. Low Local Long Moderate vibrations Impairments of natural habitats and associated flora communities; Terrestrial flora Medium Local Long Moderate Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). Risks of bat collisions with towers and electrical wires; Terrestrial fauna Modification and alteration of terrestrial Medium Local Long Moderate fauna habitats, with associated modifications in fauna communities. Bird collisions and risks of electrocution; Modification and alteration of bird Avifauna Low Local Long Moderate habitats, with associated modifications in fauna communities and communities as the RoW is kept clear of trees. Disturbances of the water physical and chemical characteristics causing modifications in aquatic habitats and its associated fauna; Effects on fauna species adapted to Aquatic habitats marshland conditions and on species and associated Low Limited Short Minor of conservation interest; fauna Increased pressure on natural resources, especially in areas where new access have been created; Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). Employment and economic NA - - - - development Land use restriction in the RoW; Land use Occasional infringement of machinery Medium Limited Medium Moderate on crops for maintenance purposes. Built environment NA - - - - Radio and television signal interruption; Interference with train operating systems; Infrastructure Low Local Short Minor Collisions between line and towers at the level of the Zambezi River crossing with air traffic. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxiii Component Potential impacts Intensity Extent Duration Importance Maintenance activities in the line's Gender aspects RoW may increase women's and vulnerable vulnerability through loss of crops Low Local Short Minor groups planted in the RoW and risk of sexual harassment by foreign workers. Tensions between local population and outside workers; Communities and Land use disputes, reviving old Low Local Short Minor social cohesion quarrels (land resource and power conflicts). Cultural and archaeological NA - - - - heritage Permanent alteration to the landscape; Landscape Potential degradation of sensitive Low Local Long Moderate scenic areas. Risk of electrocution caused by equipment breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all other forms of unsafe contacts; Safety and public Accidents and physical injuries Low Local Long Moderate health involving local residents; Increased stress related to nuisances; Risk of accidents due to project related traffic. Absence of adherence to labor standards and well-being of Worker’s health construction workers; Low Local Medium Minor and safety Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers. 1 The evaluation is undertaken after the application of mitigation measures and therefore represents the project’s residual impact on the environmental or social component. The main key issues are related to loss of land associated with the presence of the towers and of the line’s RoW. This results in loss of vegetation cover and of fauna habitat as well as in loss of land for human uses and the need for relocating population and economical activities. Appropriate mitigiation measures aimed at revegetation programs and at minimizing vegetation clearing in theRoW are proposed for the first main issue. As for population and economical activities relocation, a preliminary compensation program as been developed within the independant Resettlement Policy Framework report which will become the basis for the full Resettlement Action Plan that will be developed and implemented before the begining of the construction work. Cumulative Impacts Known past, existing and future projects and infrastructure generated, generate and will generate impact that could have a cumulative effect with those associated with the 400 kV Transmission line project. The main potentially affected valued environmental and social components (VESC) include water resources / Aquatic habitats, Nuisances, Terrestrial Flora and Public Health and Gender Aspects. The potential effects of the past, present and future projects and infrastructure on the VESCs were determined and their potential cumulative effect with those of the 400 kV Transmission line were evaluated. The results show that none of the identified projects or infrastructures have significant cumulative effect and that the resulting impacts remains moderate to low. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxiv ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The ESMP aims at defining and structuring the measures to be implemented in order to mitigate or optimize the project's potential impacts. For each measure, responsibilities and costs are presented. The environmental management plan also comprises specific management plans which are: Waste Management Plan; Revegetation Plan; Erosion and Sediment Control Plan; Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Management Plan; Emergency Response Plan; Communication Plan; Education and Environmental Awareness Plan; Worker Health & Safety Management Plan. On a larger scale, the ESMP establishes responsibilities for the implementation and oversight of the proposed environmental and social management measures. Responsibilities are to be shared among several stakeholders, including relevant ministerial authorities, contractors and coordinating units. The ESMP includes both Environmental and Social Surveillance program for the construction phase as well as the Environmental and Social Monitoring program to be implemented during the operation phase. They both propose a set of performance indicators and a clear formulation of expected results to be achieved or maintained. Thus, it will facilitate ongoing adjustments to initial mitigation/optimization measures, within an adaptive management approach. The ESMP also comprises a schedule providing an overview of the key logical steps necessary to ensure its efficiency, avoid redundant efforts and to make sure that information is shared amongst all key project parties. In addition, it presents a summary of the main costs for the implementation of plans, programs and some management measures. The estimated costs for the ESMP, including RAP implementation is USD 5,562,971, excluding the costs of measures to be implemented by the contractor and EDMs operational budget. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................. 1-1 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPONENT................................................................... 1-1 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT ................................ 1-1 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA STUDY .......................................................................... 1-2 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE ............................................................................................... 1-2 1.5 PROJECT LOCATION ................................................................................................. 1-3 1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS .................................................................................................................... 1-3 PHASE 1: PROJECT INITIATION ............................................................................... 1-7 PHASE 2: SCOPING .................................................................................................... 1-7 PHASE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT STUDY ................................ 1-10 RESETTLEMENT PROCESS .................................................................................... 1-11 2 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ................................. 2-1 2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK.............................................................................. 2-1 ENERGY AUTHORITIES ............................................................................................. 2-1 ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES ............................................................................. 2-1 2.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................ 2-2 ENERGY LEGISLATIONS ........................................................................................... 2-2 ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS ........................................................................... 2-3 2.3 CONTRACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN MOZAMBIQUE AND MALAWI (2013) ...... 2-11 2.4 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ...................................................... 2-11 ENERGY INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ........................................................... 2-11 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS .................... 2-12 2.5 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICES...................................................................... 2-14 WORLD BANK ........................................................................................................... 2-14 IFC ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES............................... 2-18 SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL..................................................................... 2-19 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................... 3-1 3.1 ELECTRICITY SECTOR FRAMEWORK..................................................................... 3-1 3.2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 3-2 3.3 PROJECT GENERAL LOCATION .............................................................................. 3-2 3.4 PROPOSED ALIGNMENT AND OPTIMIZATION ....................................................... 3-3 ORIGIN OF THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT ............................................................... 3-3 3.5 INVESTMENT VALUE ............................................................................................... 3-13 3.6 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURES .............................................................................. 3-13 MATAMBO SUBSTATION ......................................................................................... 3-13 TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................................... 3-16 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxvi 3.7 PROJECT ACTIVITIES .............................................................................................. 3-19 PRE-CONSTRUCTION .............................................................................................. 3-20 CONSTRUCTION PHASE ......................................................................................... 3-21 OPERATIONAL PHASE............................................................................................. 3-23 DECOMMISSIONING PHASE ................................................................................... 3-23 3.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND COSTS ........................................................... 3-23 3.9 SPECIALIZED AND NON-SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION LABOUR .................. 3-23 4 PROJECT’S AREAS OF INFLUENCE ................................................ 4-1 4.1 AREA OF DIRECT INFLUENCE ................................................................................. 4-1 4.2 AREA OF INDIRECT INFLUENCE.............................................................................. 4-1 5 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS .................................................................................... 5-1 5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ........................................................................................ 5-1 CLIMATE ...................................................................................................................... 5-1 GEOLOGY ................................................................................................................... 5-9 SOILS ......................................................................................................................... 5-18 HYDROGRAPHY AND WATER RESOURCES......................................................... 5-24 AIR QUALITY ............................................................................................................. 5-29 NOISE ........................................................................................................................ 5-30 5.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ................................................................................. 5-31 FLORA........................................................................................................................ 5-31 AVIFAUNA ................................................................................................................. 5-51 FAUNA ....................................................................................................................... 5-67 CRITICAL HABITAT DETERMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HABITAT STATUS ..................................................................................................................... 5-79 CONSERVATION AREAS ......................................................................................... 5-81 ECOSYSTEM SERVICES.......................................................................................... 5-83 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ....................................................................... 5-86 ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE .............................................................................. 5-86 DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...................................... 5-86 ETHNICITY ................................................................................................................ 5-88 LANGUAGE AND RELIGION .................................................................................... 5-89 OCCUPATION, INCOME AND POVERTY ................................................................ 5-90 LAND USE ................................................................................................................. 5-90 EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURES .............................................................................. 5-96 FUTURE PROJECTS............................................................................................... 5-103 GENDER ASPECTS ................................................................................................ 5-104 VULNERABLE GROUPS ......................................................................................... 5-104 CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE................................................ 5-105 LANDSCAPE ............................................................................................................ 5-105 6 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ........................................................ 6-1 6.1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ............................................. 6-1 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxvii NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS ..................................................................................... 6-1 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS .......................................................................... 6-2 6.2 GENERAL PLANNING FOR STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ................................ 6-3 GENERAL OBJECTIVES ............................................................................................. 6-3 TARGET STAKEHOLDER GROUPS .......................................................................... 6-3 CONSULTATION ROUNDS......................................................................................... 6-4 6.3 RESULTS FROM INITIAL CONSULTATIONS (CONSULTATIONS ROUND 1) – SCOPING PHASE..................................................................................................... 6-5 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE PROCESS AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS....................................................................................................... 6-6 PUBLIC HEARINGS..................................................................................................... 6-6 ADDITIONAL MEETINGS WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS ........................................... 6-8 PERIOD FOR COMMENTS FOLLOWING THE PUBLIC MEETINGS ...................... 6-11 STAKEHOLDERS’ INFLUENCE ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE LINE ROUTE ....................................................................................................................... 6-12 6.4 CONSULTATIONS ROUND 2 - ON COMMUNITIES AND PAPS’ CONCERNS, NEEDS AND PREFERENCES .................................................................................. 6-12 ACTIVITIES PERFORMED ........................................................................................ 6-12 CONCERNS, EXPECTATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS EXPRESSED BY CUSTOMARY CHIEFS AND COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVES .......................... 6-14 6.5 CONSULTATIONS ROUND 3 - ON DRAFT ESIA AND RPF REPORTS ................ 6-15 DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF PUBLIC MEETINGS................................................................................................................. 6-15 CONSULTATION MEETINGS HELD ......................................................................... 6-16 KEY ISSUES AND CONCERNS RAISED ................................................................. 6-20 7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...................................................................... 7-1 7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS ................................................. 7-1 SOURCES OF IMPACT ............................................................................................... 7-1 VALUABLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS ................................. 7-1 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS AND PROJECT ACTIVITIES ............................................................ 7-3 7.2 METHOD FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT..................................................................... 7-3 INTENSITY ................................................................................................................... 7-4 EXTENT ....................................................................................................................... 7-4 DURATION ................................................................................................................... 7-7 PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE ............................................................................... 7-8 7.3 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT ........................................................ 7-8 POSITIVE IMPACTS .................................................................................................... 7-8 NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT ..................................... 7-9 NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT ............................... 7-21 NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT .................... 7-34 SUMMARY OF IMPACTS .......................................................................................... 7-61 7.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS ........................................................................................... 7-63 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxviii POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON VALUED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS ........................................................................................... 7-63 EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON VESC ........................................... 7-64 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN......................................... 8-1 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES ................................... 8-1 PRE-CONSTRUCTION ................................................................................................ 8-1 CONSTRUCTION ........................................................................................................ 8-2 OPERATION .............................................................................................................. 8-27 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .................. 8-38 EDM’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT UNIT ............................. 8-38 PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT ........................................................................ 8-39 WITNESS NGO .......................................................................................................... 8-41 CONTRACTORS........................................................................................................ 8-41 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ................................. 8-41 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICY ............................................................... 8-42 IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS AND IMPACTS ........................................................... 8-42 MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ................................................................................... 8-42 ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY AND COMPETENCY ............................................. 8-42 COMMUNICATION AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT ..................................... 8-42 MONITORING AND REVIEW .................................................................................... 8-43 8.4 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM ....................................................................................... 8-43 FIRST LEVEL: VILLAGE ............................................................................................ 8-45 SECOND LEVEL: CUSTOMARY GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEE AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL .............................................................................................. 8-45 THIRD LEVEL: TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR MONITORING AND SUPERVISION OF RESETTLEMENT AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL...................... 8-45 FOURTH LEVEL: TRIBUNALS AND/OR COURT SYSTEM ..................................... 8-46 8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SURVEILLANCE ............................................... 8-46 8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING .................................................... 8-47 8.8 IMPLEMENTATION TERMS AND COST SUMMARY .............................................. 8-51 IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE ............................................................................... 8-51 COST SUMMARY ...................................................................................................... 8-51 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................... 9-1 10 REFERENCES ................................................................................... 10-1 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxix FIGURES FIGURE 1-1 PROJECT LOCATION ............................................................................................... 1-5 FIGURE 1-2 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT LEVEL BY PROJECT CATEGORY ................. 1-7 FIGURE 1-3 OVERVIEW OF THE EIA PROCESS WITH RAP...................................................... 1-8 FIGURE 3-1 LOCATION OF THE 2005 SELECTED CORRIDOR AND OF THE ZAMBEZI RIVER CROSSING ALTERNATIVES ........................................................................ 3-5 FIGURE 3-2 SELECTED CORRIDOR AND PROPOSED INITIAL MODIFICATIONS................... 3-7 FIGURE 3-3 FINAL OPTIMIZED CORRIDOR .............................................................................. 3-11 FIGURE 3-4 PROPOSED MATAMBO SUBSTATION EXTENSION ............................................ 3-15 FIGURE 3-5 APPROXIMATE ROAD 258 REALIGNMENT ROUTING ........................................ 3-16 FIGURE 3-6 TYPICAL TOWER CONFIGURATION FOR A 400 KV DOUBLE CIRCUIT TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................................. 3-18 FIGURE 3-7 TYPICAL PROPOSED FOUNDATION INSTALLATION FOR THE TRANSMISSION LINE’S TOWERS ......................................................................... 3-19 FIGURE 3-8 TYPICAL GROUNDING INSTALLATION AT THE FOOT OF A TOWER (FICHTNER, 2016) ................................................................................................... 3-22 FIGURE 5-1 CLIMATIC CLASSIFICATION OF MOZAMBIQUE BASED ON KOPPEN- GEIGER ...................................................................................................................... 5-2 FIGURE 5-2 THERMO – PLUVIOMETRIC GRAPHS..................................................................... 5-3 FIGURE 5-3 RECORDS OF MONTHLY AVERAGE WIND SPEED .............................................. 5-5 FIGURE 5-4 WIND ROSE ............................................................................................................... 5-6 FIGURE 5-5 MONTHLY DISTRIBUTION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY ............................................ 5-7 FIGURE 5-6 CO2 EMISSIONS IN MOZAMBIQUE BETWEEN – 1992 AND 2013 ......................... 5-8 FIGURE 5-7 TERRAIN PROFILE OVERVIEW ............................................................................. 5-10 FIGURE 5-8 HYPSOMETRIC MAP OF THE STUDY AREA ........................................................ 5-11 FIGURE 5-9 GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA ......................................................................... 5-12 FIGURE 5-10 GEOLOGICAL FORMATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA ............................................ 5-14 FIGURE 5-11 LOCATION OF GREAT RIFT VALLEY DETAIL IN MOZAMBIQUE ........................ 5-16 FIGURE 5-12 SEISMIC ACTIVITY EPICENTERS IN THE REGION ............................................. 5-17 FIGURE 5-13 SEISMIC HAZARD ................................................................................................... 5-18 FIGURE 5-14 SOILS UNITS FOUND IN THE STUDY AREA ........................................................ 5-19 FIGURE 5-15 EROSION HAZARD ALONG THE LINE ROUTE .................................................... 5-23 FIGURE 5-16 ZAMBEZI RIVER BASIN AND REVUBUÈ SUB-BASIN INTERCEPTED BY THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................. 5-25 FIGURE 5-17 SURFACE WATER IN THE PROJECT AREA ......................................................... 5-26 FIGURE 5-18 HYDROGEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS IN THE STUDY AREA ................................ 5-27 FIGURE 5-19 NHARTANDA VALLEY AQUIFER ........................................................................... 5-29 FIGURE 5-20 LOCATION OF THE SAMPLING POINTS ............................................................... 5-33 FIGURE 5-21 SCHEME OF THE TRANSECTS AND FIELD SAMPLING PARCELS ................... 5-34 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxx FIGURE 5-22 MAP OF THE ECOREGIONS AND TYPES OF VEGETATION IN THE TETE PROVINCE ............................................................................................................... 5-35 FIGURE 5-23 LAND USE AND COVER MAP ALONG THE MOZAMBIQUE-MALAWI TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................................. 5-37 FIGURE 5-24 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX (IVI) OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT TREE SPECIES IN THE TETE REGION............................................................................ 5-38 FIGURE 5-25 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF MOPANE WOODLANDS ON TRANSECT 2 ALONG THE OUTLINE OF THE ENERGY LINE .................................................... 5-38 FIGURE 5-26 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE MOPANE WOODS AND SIGN OF WOODLANDS DEGRADATION, IN THE TETE REGION ................................................................ 5-39 FIGURE 5-27 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX (IVI) OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT TREE SPECIES OF TRANSECT 1 IN THE TETE REGION .............................................. 5-40 FIGURE 5-28 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN ACACIA SAVANNA SPECIES ALONG THE OUTLINE OF THE TRANSMISSION LINE IN TETE PROVINCE ..... 5-40 FIGURE 5-29 GENERAL ASPECT OF THE ACACIA SAVANNAS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 5-41 FIGURE 5-30 GENERAL VIEW OF THE WETLAND AROUND THE MATAMBO AREA .............. 5-42 FIGURE 5-31 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX (IVI) OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT TREE SPECIES OF TRANSECT 5 IN THE TETE REGION .............................................. 5-42 FIGURE 5-32 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSECT 5 IN THE TETE REGION ............... 5-43 FIGURE 5-33 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX (IVI) OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT LIGNEOUS SPECIES IN THE OPEN SEMI-DECIDUOUS DRY MIOMBO FORESTS IN TRANSECT 6 .................................................................................... 5-44 FIGURE 5-34 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION (CM) OF TRANSECT 6 IN THE MIOMBO WOODLANDS ALONG THE POWER LINE ............................................................ 5-44 FIGURE 5-35 IVI OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT LIGNEOUS SPECIES IN TRANSECTS 8, TETE REGION ......................................................................................................... 5-45 FIGURE 5-36 IVI OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT LIGNEOUS SPECIES IN TRANSECTS 9, TETE REGION ......................................................................................................... 5-45 FIGURE 5-37 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSECT 8 ALONG THE POWER LINE IN TETE ........................................................................................................................ 5-46 FIGURE 5-38 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF TRANSECT 9 ALONG THE POWER LINE IN TETE ........................................................................................................................ 5-46 FIGURE 5-39 IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX (IVI) OF THE 10 MOST IMPORTANT LIGNEOUS SPECIES IN THE RIVERINE FORESTS IN THE PROJECT AREA ... 5-47 FIGURE 5-40 DIAMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF TREES IN TRANSECT 4 .................................... 5-48 FIGURE 5-41 RIVERINE VEGETATION IN THE PROJECT AREA............................................... 5-49 FIGURE 5-42 BIRDS MIGRATION AXES ...................................................................................... 5-52 FIGURE 5-43 FREQUENT SPECIES LIKELY TO BE PRESENT IN PROJECT AREA ................ 5-53 FIGURE 5-44 BIRD SAMPLING POINTS ....................................................................................... 5-54 FIGURE 5-45 PERCENTAGE OF REPRESENTATIVE SPECIES IN WHICH MORE THAN 30 INDIVIDUALS WERE OBSERVED PER SPECIES (79.7% OF TOTAL OBSERVATIONS) .................................................................................................... 5-55 FIGURE 5-46 SPECIES WITH THE HIGHEST ABSOLUTE FREQUENCY, RELATIVE TO THE TOTAL NUMBER OF INDIVIDUALS OBSERVED .......................................... 5-56 FIGURE 5-47 MOST OBSERVED SPECIES IN AQUATIC HABITAT ........................................... 5-61 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxxi FIGURE 5-48 PERCENTAGE OF REPRESENTABILITY OF SPECIES IN WHICH MORE THAN 30 INDIVIDUALS WERE OBSERVED PER SPECIES (91.8% OF TOTAL OBSERVATIONS) .................................................................................................... 5-61 FIGURE 5-49 NEST OF PLOCEPASSER MAHALI (WHITE-BROWED SPARROW-WEAVER) .. 5-62 FIGURE 5-50 MIGRATORY BEHAVIOUR OF THE SPECIES IDENTIFIED IN THE PROJECT AREA ........................................................................................................................ 5-62 FIGURE 5-51 MOST OBSERVED PALEOARTIC MIGRATORY SPECIES .................................. 5-63 FIGURE 5-52 MOST OBSERVED AFRICAN MIGRATORY SPECIES CINNYRIS VENUSTUS (YELLOWBELLIED SUNBIRD) ................................................................................ 5-63 FIGURE 5-53 ENDEMIC SPECIES OBSERVED ........................................................................... 5-66 FIGURE 5-54 IMPORTANT BIRD AND BIODIVERSITY AREAS (IBA) IN TETE PROVINCE ...... 5-67 FIGURE 5-55 ELEPHANTS, CONDEDEZI RIVER BASIN ............................................................. 5-74 FIGURE 5-56 HIPPOPOTAMUS, ZAMBEZE RIVER (TETE) ......................................................... 5-74 FIGURE 5-57 EXAMPLES OF CAPTURED SPECIES................................................................... 5-78 FIGURE 5-58 HABITAT MAPPING IN PROJECT INSERTION AREA........................................... 5-80 FIGURE 5-59 AREAS OF CONSERVATION INTEREST WITHIN THE STUDY AREA ................ 5-82 FIGURE 5-60 PROVISIONING ECOSYSTEM SERVICES ALONG THE TRANSPORT LINE MOZAMBIQUE – MALAWI ....................................................................................... 5-85 FIGURE 5-61 ACTIVE MINING CONCESSION OF THE BENGA AND VALE MINES .................. 5-95 FIGURE 5-62 ROADS IN THE PROVINCE OF TETE .................................................................. 5-101 FIGURE 8-1 INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE EMP’S IMPLEMENTATION ......... 8-39 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxxii TABLES TABLE 1-1 PROPONENT CONTACT .......................................................................................... 1-1 TABLE 1-2 WSP CONTACTS....................................................................................................... 1-1 TABLE 1-3 CONSULTEC CONTACT ........................................................................................... 1-2 TABLE 1-4 PHYSICAL AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY REPORT (MINISTERIAL DIPLOMA 156/2014 OF 19 SEPTEMBER, SECTION 3.1)...................................... 1-12 TABLE 1-5 OBJECTIVES OF EACH ROUND OF PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ........................... 1-13 TABLE 2-1 KEY ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATION.................................................................... 2-5 TABLE 2-2 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ..................................................... 2-12 TABLE 3-1 CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF THE PROPOSED MODIFICATIONS ................. 3-9 TABLE 3-2 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PROPOSED 400 KV TRANSMISSION LINE ......... 3-17 TABLE 3-3 TYPICAL PROJECT ACTIVITIES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF A TRANSMISSION LINE ............................................................................................. 3-20 TABLE 5-1 CLIMATE DATA LOCATIONS ................................................................................... 5-1 TABLE 5-2 GEOLOGIC FORMATIONS IN THE STUDY AREA ................................................ 5-13 TABLE 5-3 LOCAL GEOLOGY IN THE LINE ROUTE ............................................................... 5-15 TABLE 5-4 SOIL CLASSIFICATION KEY FOR THE STUDY AREA ......................................... 5-20 TABLE 5-5 SOIL UNITS FROM VOLCANIC AND SEDIMENTARY BASIN ROCK ZONES ...... 5-21 TABLE 5-6 SOIL UNITS FROM THE PRECAMBRIC ROCK ZONES........................................ 5-22 TABLE 5-7 TYPES OF AQUIFER ALONG THE LINE ROUTE .................................................. 5-28 TABLE 5-8 AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MOZAMBIQUE ................................................. 5-29 TABLE 5-9 WORLD BANK NOISE LEVEL GUIDELINES .......................................................... 5-31 TABLE 5-10 TYPES OF VEGETATION SAMPLED ..................................................................... 5-34 TABLE 5-11 AREA (KM2) PER LAND COVER CLASS BASED ON THE SENTINEL -2 SATELLITE IMAGE .................................................................................................. 5-36 TABLE 5-12 SUMMARY TABLE OF IDENTIFIED SPECIES ON THE FIELD ............................. 5-50 TABLE 5-13 SPECIES DENSITY CALCULATED BY KM2 WITH THE DATA COLLECTED DURING FIELD SURVEYS AND WITH THE BIBBY ET AL (1985) METHOD ........ 5-57 TABLE 5-14 SPECIES WITH A VALUE OF ZERO DENSITY BASED ON THE BIBBY ET AL (1985) METHOD....................................................................................................... 5-58 TABLE 5-15 SPECIES OBSERVED IN WETLANDS DURING THE FIELD CAMPAIGN ............ 5-60 TABLE 5-16 SPECIES WITH CONSERVATION INTEREST POTENTIALLY PRESENT ........... 5-64 TABLE 5-17 SPECIES WITH NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PROTECTED IDENTIFIED IN FIELD SURVEY .............................................................................. 5-65 TABLE 5-18 LIST OF HERPETOFAUNA PRESENT OR POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN THE AREA OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROJECT ................................................ 5-69 TABLE 5-19 LIST OF MAMMALS PRESENT OR POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION ................................................................................ 5-71 TABLE 5-20 LIST OF FISH PRESENT OR POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN THE STUDY AREA . 5-76 TABLE 5-21 ASSESSMENT OF CRITICAL HABITAT CRITERIA ............................................... 5-81 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study xxxiii TABLE 5-22 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MAGOÉ NATIONAL PARK ..................................... 5-82 TABLE 5-23 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS OF CONSERVATION INTEREST INTERNATIONALLY CLASSIFIED ......................... 5-82 TABLE 5-24 TYPICAL ECOSYSTEM SERVICES BY HABITAT ................................................. 5-84 TABLE 5-25 DISTRICTS AND ADMINISTRATIVE POSTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................. 5-86 TABLE 5-26 PROJECTED POPULATION OF THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2016 ............................................ 5-87 TABLE 5-27 PROJECTED POPULATION BY MAJOR AGE GROUPS FOR THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2016................ 5-87 TABLE 5-28 FERTILITY, BIRTH AND MORTALITY RATES FOR THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2007................ 5-88 TABLE 5-29 ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE VILLAGE’S POPULATION INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT ................................................................................................................. 5-88 TABLE 5-30 DOMINANT LOCAL LANGUAGES IN MOZAMBIQUE, 2007.................................. 5-89 TABLE 5-31 RELIGION’S REPARTITION (IN %) FOR THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2007 ............................................ 5-89 TABLE 5-32 RELIGIONS OF THE VILLAGE’S POPULATION INVOLVED IN THE PROJECT .. 5-90 TABLE 5-33 SCHOOL INFRASTRUCTURES FOR TETE PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2008 ................................................................ 5-97 TABLE 5-34 ILLITERACY RATE AND ATTENDANCE CONDITIONS (IN %) OF THE POPULATION FOR THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2007 ................................................................ 5-97 TABLE 5-35 EDUCATION LEVEL COMPLETED (IN %) OF THE POPULATION 5 YEARS OF AGE AND OLDER FOR THE COUNTRY, PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2007 ................................................................ 5-98 TABLE 5-36 CHARACTERIZATION OF THE HEALTH FACILITIES IN MOZAMBIQUE............. 5-99 TABLE 5-37 HEALTH INFRASTRUCTURES AND EQUIPMENT (IN %) AVAILABLE IN THE PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2012.............. 5-100 TABLE 5-38 TYPE OF HOUSING CONSTRUCTION (%) IN THE PROVINCE AND DISTRICTS CONCERNED BY THE PROJECT, 2012 .......................................... 5-103 TABLE 6-1 TARGET STAKEHOLDER GROUPS ........................................................................ 6-4 TABLE 6-2 SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES, TARGET GROUPS, MEETING FORMATS AND TIMELINES FOR THE DIFFERENT CONSULTATION ROUNDS ............................ 6-5 TABLE 6-3 PUBLIC HEARINGS HELD DURING THE SCOPING PHASE ................................. 6-7 TABLE 6-4 MAIN ISSUES OF CONCERN RAISED DURING THE PUBLIC HEARINGS ........... 6-8 TABLE 6-5 ADDITIONAL MEETINGS – DATES, ORGANIZATIONS AND KEY ISSUES RAISED ...................................................................................................................... 6-9 TABLE 6-6 COMMENTS RECEIVED FROM STAKEHOLDERS DURING THE 2-WEEK PERIOD FOLLOWING THE PUBLIC MEETINGS ................................................... 6-11 TABLE 6-7 CONCERNS, COMMENTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FROM STAKEHOLDERS ON THE DRAFT LINE ROUTE .................................................. 6-12 TABLE 6-8 LIST OF MEETINGS WITH CUSTOMARY CHIEFS ............................................... 6-13 TABLE 6-9 LIST OF COMMUNITIES CONSULTED .................................................................. 6-14 TABLE 6-10 MAIN REQUESTS AND NEEDS EXPRESSED BY COMMUNITIES ...................... 6-15 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 xxxiv TABLE 6-11 PUBLIC MEETINGS HELD DURING CONSULTATION ROUND 3 ........................ 6-17 TABLE 7-1 SOURCES OF IMPACT ............................................................................................. 7-2 TABLE 7-2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS................................................... 7-3 TABLE 7-3 IMPACT IDENTIFICATION MATRIX.......................................................................... 7-5 TABLE 7-4 IMPACT MAGNITUDE MATRIX ................................................................................. 7-7 TABLE 7-5 AREAS OF AFFECTED HABITATS......................................................................... 7-23 TABLE 7-6 SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL IMPACTS IN PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES ..................................................................................... 7-62 TABLE 7-7 SUMMARY OF RESIDUAL IMPACTS IN THE OPERATION PHASE .................... 7-62 TABLE 7-8 PAST AND PRESENT PROJECT/INFRASTRUCTURE THAT MAY HAVE A POTENTIAL EFFECT ON VESCS ........................................................................... 7-64 TABLE 7-9 FUTURE PROJECTS THAT MAY HAVE A POTENTIAL EFFECT ON VESCS ..... 7-64 TABLE 8-1 MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE ......................................................................................... 8-3 TABLE 8-2 SUMMARY OF MONITORING ACTIVITIES FOR EVIDENCE OF EROSION AND SEDIMENT ACCUMULATION ........................................................................ 8-18 TABLE 8-3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL ACTIONS, DESCRIPTION AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE – COMMUNICATION PLAN ............................... 8-22 TABLE 8-4 RECORD DOCUMENTS FOR THE COMMUNICATION PLAN .............................. 8-23 TABLE 8-5 GOALS AND INDICATORS ..................................................................................... 8-25 TABLE 8-6 MANAGEMENT MEASURES TO BE IMPLEMENTED DURING THE OPERATION PHASE ............................................................................................... 8-29 TABLE 8-7 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING COMPONENT .......................... 8-49 TABLE 8-8 CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TRAINING PROGRAM ............................................... 8-50 TABLE 8-9 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING COMPONENT .......................... 8-52 TABLE 8-10 EMP AND RAP IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE – LINE AND SUBSTATIONS.... 8-53 TABLE 8-11 PRELIMINARY ESMP BUDGET ESTIMATE BASED ON MAIN COSTS ............... 8-55 APPENDICES APPENDIX 1 MITADER’S ACCEPTATION LETTER (REF. 132 / MITADER / GM / 183/2017) APPENDIX 2 DETAILED TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR THE ESIA APPENDIX 3 DRAFT FINAL ALIGNMENT AND SENSITIVE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENTS APPENDIX 4 SENSITIVE RECEPTORS, AIR QUALITY AND NOISE APPENDIX 5 LIST OF FLORA SPECIES FOUND IN THE FIELD APPENDIX 6 LIST OF BIRD SPECIES PRESENT OR POTENTIALLY PRESENT IN THE STUDY AREA APPENDIX 7 STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION ACTIVITIES APPENDIX 8 ACCIDENT REPORT TEMPLATE WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 1-1 1 INTRODUCTION Mozambique is part of the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) whose purpose is to meet the electricity needs of its member countries, ensuring that their production is based on renewable natural resources without unsustainable effects on the environment. In 1995, at the time of the creation of the SAPP, only the electrical utilities of nine of the twelve members (countries) were already interconnected that is, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The remaining member countries that would need to be connected were Angola, Malawi and Tanzania. The SAPP’s 2013 Annual Report the Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection was identified as a high priority project since it ensures that all member countries are interconnected. On April 3rd, 2013, the Governments of Malawi and Mozambique signed a power interconnection agreement that includes two phases: (i) the construction of the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV transmission line from the existing Matambo substation in Tete - Mozambique, to the projected Phombeya substation in Balaka - Malawi; and (ii) the construction of a second transmission line from Balaka - Malawi, to Nacala - Mozambique. The current report only considers the first phase of this interconnection agreement and concentrates on the Mozambique section. 1.1 IDENTIFICATION OF THE PROPONENT The project’s proponent is Electricidade de Mozambique, E.P: (EDM), whose contact details are provided in the Table 1-1. EDM is the public company responsible for electricity distribution in Mozambique (according to Decree nº 42/2005) and manages the national electricity grid. The company has the responsibility of production, transport, distribution and sale of electrical energy in Mozambique and to develop and maintain an efficient, coordinated and economical system for the transport and distribution of electricity in the country. Table 1-1 Proponent Contact Project Proponent Electricidade De Moçambique, E.P. Address Av. Filipe Samuel Magaia 368, Caixa Postal N°938 MAPUTO, Moçambique Contact Person Joao Catine, Project Manager E-mail Joao.catine@edm.co.mz / Jcatine1966@gmail.com 1.2 IDENTIFICATION OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANT WSP Canada Inc. (hereinafter designated as WSP) was appointed by EDM as the Environmental Impact Assessment process consultant (Table 1-2). Table 1-2 WSP Contacts Consultant for the project WSP Canada inc. 1600 Rene-Levesque Blvd. W. 16th Floor, Coordinates Montréal (Quebec), H3H 1P9, CANADA Jean-Marc Evenat, Project Director / Lead Contact Person Environmental Planner E-mail jean.marc.evenat@wsp.com Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 1-2 Consultec - Consultores Associados, Lda (Consultec) was sub-contracted by WSP to conduct the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment study (ESIA). Consultec is a Mozambican consulting company, privately owned, professional, independent and was established in 1990. Consultec provides consulting services in the engineering and environmental field and is registered as environmental consultant in the Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development, since 2002, as well as environmental auditor. Consultec has a quality management system certified by INNOQ (National Institute of Standardization and Quality), according to NM ISO 9001: 2008. Consultec contact information regarding this study is presented in Table 1-3. Table 1-3 Consultec Contact Project Consultant Consultec - Consultores Associados, Lda Address Rua Tenente General Oswaldo Tazama, 169 Maputo, Moçambique Contact Person Tiago Dray Contact Number + 258 21 491 555 E-mail tdray@consultec.co.mz 1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE ESIA STUDY This ESIA is part of the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project’s environmental approvals process. The main objectives of the ESIA are to: Identify key environmental and social impacts of the Project; Develop an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) that will be put forward to avoid, minimize or compensate the negative aspects and enhance the positive aspects of the Project, as well as mechanisms for their implementation in the Project process. The ESIA has been developed on the basis of the analysis of the proposed project design, for which detailed surveys were carried out, in addition to the collection of available data at the regional and local levels resulting from field visits and consultations with stakeholders. In doing so, the EMP will: Describe management of the mitigation and other environmental and social (E&S) measures to enhance E&S protection; Identify responsibilities and timing for implementation of E&S management measures as well as costs for their implementation. 1.4 REPORT STRUCTURE This report is organized in nine (9) chapters: Chapter 1 is the present introduction; Chapter 2 gives a description of policy, administrative and legal framework within which the project will operate; Chapter 3 deals with the project background and description; Chapter 4 presents the project’s area of influence; Chapter 5 details the baseline or existing conditions of the project site; Chapter 6 presents the results of the stakeholder consultations. Chapter 7 presents an impact assessment for the project, as well as a project alternatives analysis; Chapter 8 presents the Project EMP. Chapter 9 presents the report conclusion. Finally, Chapter 10 provides the references cited throughout the report. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 1-3 1.5 PROJECT LOCATION The project is located in the northwest part of Mozambique (see Figure 1-1), in the province of Tete and, more specifically in the districts of Moatize, Changara and in the City of Tete. It extends to the Southern Region of Malawi, in the districts of Mwanza, Neno and Balaka. The projected powerline has a total length of 218 km, of which 142 km is in Mozambique (approximately 60%), extending from the existing Matambo substation, to the southwest of Tete, and then to the Malawi border near the community of Cantxusse. 1.6 METHODOLOGY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT PROCESS In order to implement the proposed Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection Project, EDM must obtain an environmental license in terms of the Environmental Law (Law No. 20/1997, of October 1st) and the Environmental Impact Assessment Process Regulations (Decree No. 54/2015, of December 31st). The ESIA process is a preventive environmental management tool. Its aim is to identify and assess, both quantitatively and qualitatively, the positive and negative environmental effects of a proposed project, and to define the necessary mitigation measures, so as to avoid, reduce or eliminate the negative effects and optimize the positive ones. This section outlines the methodology used to complete the ESIA and the process that has been followed to date. This complies with the applicable Mozambican environmental legal requirements as well as the international standards. Article 3 of the ESIA Process Regulations (Decree No. 54/2015, of December 31st) states “that every private or public activity, that may directly or indirectly affect the environment, must be subject to environmental assessment”. The level of environmental assessment depends on the sensitivity of the environment and the nature of the project, as defined in the regulations’ annexes. Figure 1-2 illustrates the categorization of projects, as defined in Article 4 of the ESIA Process Regulations. Article 4º defines four different categories for proposed projects: Category A+: projects that, due to their complexity, location and/or irreversibility and magnitude of potential impact deserve not only a high level of social and environmental monitoring, but also the involvement of experts in the ESIA process. Included in this category are the activities listed in Annex I of the ESIA Process Regulations. Category A+ projects require an ESIA study with supervision by independent expert reviewers that have proven experience. A Pre-Feasibility study and Scoping report (EPDA) and the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA study must be compiled and approved by Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER) prior to the commencement of the study. Category A: projects that significantly affect living beings and environmentally sensitive areas. Their impacts are of longer duration, intensity, magnitude and significance. Included in this category are the activities listed in Annex II of the ESIA Process Regulations. Category A projects require an ESIA study, including an Environment Management Plan (EMP). A Pre-Feasibility study and Scoping report (EPDA) and the Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESIA study must be compiled and approved by MITADER prior to the commencement of the study. Category B: projects that do not significantly affect living beings or environmentally sensitive areas, compared to activities in Category A. These projects require a Simplified Environmental Study (SES) and EMP. Included in this category are the activities listed in Annex III of the ESIA Process Regulations. The ToR for the SES have to be approved by MITADER prior to the SES commencing. Category C: projects that cause negligible or insignificant negative impacts that do not cause irreversible impacts, cause higher positive impacts that are more significant than the negative ones. Included in this category are the activities listed in Annex IV of the ESIA Process Regulations. These projects require an EMP. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 River M1 Human Environment M5 City Angónia District Boundary International Boundary M8 Mozambique Infrastructures Macanga 223 Chifunde Airport Malawi Ntcheu Benga Mine Balaka Vale Coal Mine Tsangano Existing Substation Existing Transport Line, 220 kV Phombeya Substation Existing Transport Line, 66 kV T396 Primary Road Secondary Road Neno Railroad 222 S135 M1 Project Components Phombeya Substation Chiuta (Under Construction) T397 Proposed Line Route Study Area (2 km) Zóbue S138 Environmental and Social Issues Benga Mine's Active Concession Cantxusse M6 Blantyre Vale Coal Mine's Active Concession Canhungue Mussacama S137 0 7 14 28 km Cahora Lizie Chileka International Bassa Sweet Airport 1:700 000 Mwanza Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje Moatize Tanzania Cataxa Madamba Malawi Substation 221 Cana-Cana Lilongwe Lilongwe Mozambique Zambia 103 Lusaka S136 Shown Left Nhamitsatsi Cambulatsitsi 258 Harare Caldas Xavier T416 Chikwawa Antananarivo Inhagoma Zimbabwe Thyolo Madagascar Indian Ocean Mufa Chingozi Cateme Botswana Airport Tete Moatize Gaborone Gaborone Pretoria Maputo Tete Guluate 0 350 km South Africa Benga Cancope ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Changara Chamuarira M1 151 EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Mozambique-Malawi, Matambo Mozambique Substation Nhalcuni Mchenga Figure 1-1 103 Project Location Mutarara Sources: Preparation: G. Pothier Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Drawing: V. Venne International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org Verification: J.-M. Evenat District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Guro Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 2017-05-23 161-07023-00 1-7 Figure 1-2 Environmental Assessment Level by Project Category This project was classified as a Category A project by Provincial Directorates of Land and, Environment and Rural Development (DPTADER), and is therefore subject to the comprehensive ESIA process in three phases, namely: Phase 1: Project Initiation (Screening); Phase 2: Scoping (EPDA); Phase 3: Impact Assessment (ESIA). For Category A projects it is required to hold public consultations for both the scoping and ESIA phases. The three phases of the ESIA process are illustrated in the following figure and described in detail in the following sections. PHASE 1: PROJECT INITIATION The first step of the ESIA process was its screening. During this phase, a screening report was compiled and submitted to the DPTADER office of Tete to assist them in determining the level of environmental assessment required. The screening report contained information regarding the proposed project and a description of the biophysical and socio-economic contexts of the area. A Preliminary Environmental Information Form was included. The screening report was submitted to Tete’s DPTADER in September 2016. DPTADER classified the project as Category A, and therefore it must undergo the comprehensive ESIA process. PHASE 2: SCOPING The scoping study’s main goals were to (i) determine potential fatal flaws associated with the project’s activity and (ii) define the scope of the environmental assessment that will be undertaken in the ESIA study. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 1-8 Figure 1-3 Overview of the EIA Process with RAP WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 1-9 The scoping report (EPDA) was completed by realizing a literature review and a reconnaissance survey (July 2016), inside the project’s areas of influence. Secondary data was gathered from a variety of sources: other ESIAs undertaken in the Tete Province, information provided by several governmental and non-governmental institutions and organizations, as well as maps and satellite imagery. The following information relevant to the realization of the EPDA was provided: Description of the legal framework and national and international administrates, relevant to the project, such as the applicable laws and regulations and other environmental requirements within Mozambique and the directives of international organizations such as the World Bank (WB). It also presented relevant international conventions for which Mozambique is signatory. Preliminary definition of the project’s areas of influence. Description of the activities to be carried out for the entire project (pre-construction, construction, operations and decommissioning), as well as alternatives considered. Brief baseline description of the affected biophysical and socio-economic environments. Preliminary identification of potential impacts, negative or positive, that the proposed development might have on the environment and the communities. Identification and assessment of any potential fatal flaws (environmental and social risks) that may threaten the viability of the project. Identification of the detailed studies to be undertaken in the ESIA and development of the respective ToR. The scoping phase includes a public consultation that aims at presenting the proposed project to all Interested and Affected Parties (I&APs) and identifying issues and concerns about the proposed project. The main objectives of the stakeholder engagement process (SEP) are to: Identify I&APs and compile an I & AP database that will be updated during the ESIA. Provide I & APs with information regarding the proposed project and its potential impacts. Provide I & APs with the opportunity to participate effectively in the process and identify any issues and concerns associated with the proposed project. Elicit comments from I & APs with regards to the ToR. All of the SEP activities undertaken, including the issues and comments raised by I&AP’s, are documented in the SEP Report. The conclusions of the SEP report were integrated into the main scoping report, so as to reflect and respond to the issues and concerns collected through stakeholder consultation. Following the public participation of the Scoping phase (from30/10/2016 to 02/12/2016 - consultation period, including two weeks of access to information prior and two weeks for additional comments’ reception after), the Preliminary Scoping Report was updated to reflect and respond to the comments and concerns received during the public consultation process. As the final EPDA Report was, no fatal flaws associated with the project were identified and the EPDA Report, including the ToR for the ESIA, were submitted to MITADER on January 24, 2017 for review. Following its review, MITADER approved the EPDA and ToR on March 27, 2017 but transmitted it approval to the ESIA consultant only on June12, 2017, confirming that the AIA Process could move forward to the ESIA Phase. In the evaluation process of the EPDA, MITADER / DINAB pointed out recommendations, which were welcomed and followed while preparing the present ESIA report (See letter ref. 132/MITADER/GM/183/2017 in Appendix 1 – MITADER’s letter). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 1-10 PHASE 3: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT STUDY 1.6.3.1 OBJECTIVES The undertaking of the ESIA study is the third phase of the ESIA process. This report is the realization of the ESIA study as required by law. The main goals of this phase are to undertake the specialist studies, in accordance with the ToR approved by DINAB, assess the environmental impacts associated with the proposed project, define the mitigation measures for adverse impacts and the enhancement measures for positive impacts, and integrate those measures in an EMP, as clear, practical measures applicable to the local conditions, based on best practices and relevant legislations. 1.6.3.2 REPORT This ESIA report will support the relevant authorities in their decision-making process, resulting in either the environmental licensing or the rejection of the proposed project. The main tasks undertaken in this ESIA are: Baseline studies: these studies are undertaken to review and ascertain existing environmental and social conditions relevant to the project’s influence area and to highlight receptors and resources sensitive to potential impacts. Assessment of impacts and elaboration of mitigation measures: the focus is to identify and evaluate the likely extent and significance of the potential impacts on identified receptors and resources against defined assessment criteria, to develop and describe measures that will be taken to avoid, minimize, reduce or compensate for any adverse environmental impacts and to report the significance of residual impacts that occur following mitigation. Environmental Management Plan1: the identified mitigation measures are integrated into a suite of customized management plans, addressing a wide range of subjects. The EMP is developed to guide the environmental and social management during the construction and operational phases of the project. This is the mechanism whereby mitigation and the monitoring of environmental impacts (as identified in this EIS report) are integrated with the project’s implementation. This EIS report includes the following sections: Non-technical summary, outlining the main issues, findings and recommendations of this report. Information regarding the proponent of the project, as well as the consulting team responsible for the EIA process. Legal framework of the activity and its context within the existing planning instruments. Description of the activities to be carried out under the proposed project, for all phases (pre- construction, construction, operational and decommissioning), as well as alternatives considered. Definition of the project’s areas of influence. Baseline description of the affected biophysical and socioeconomic environments. Identification and assessment of the project’s environmental impacts. Definition of mitigation measures. Environmental and social management plan (ESMP). Some of the key aspects of the impact assessment phase, such as the specialist studies, the development of the ESMP and the public consultation process, are further described in the following sections. 1 The governmental legislation refers to an environmental management plan. In the context of the project, a more expansive plan was developed to incorporate the recognized international procedures. It is referred to, herein as an environmental and social management plan (ESMP). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 1-11 1.6.3.3 SPECIALIST STUDIES A number of specialist studies have been undertaken during the EIS, in accordance with the ToR developed in the scoping phase and approved by DINAB. These more detailed studies focus on the environmental and social aspects that could be impacted by project activities. The specialist studies undertaken for the EIS and their scope are presented in the ToR (see Appendix 2 of this report). 1.6.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN After elaborating the required mitigation measures, it is crucial to develop mechanisms to ensure that the recommendations and mitigation/optimization identified in the ESIA are fully and effectively implemented during the different phases of the project. Therefore, one of the ESIA’s key focus is the compilation of an ESMP. The ESMP is a fundamental tool in the ESIA process that guides the management and monitoring of impacts. It is presented in Chapter 8 of this document. 1.6.3.5 PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS Two consultation rounds were undertaken through the development of this ESIA. The first one is through the socio-economic survey process and occurred in group discussions with community leaders of affected villages, as well as in interviews with heads of potentially-displaced households. Its aims are to involve communities in the identification of sensitive elements within the final study corridor and to discuss options for compensations and resettlement assistance with communities. The other consultation round identified the final line routing and disclosed the key elements of the draft ESIA report. It was completed through open public assemblies in the study area with Non- Governmental Organizations (NGOs) and concerned authorities at the national, provincial and local levels and with the local communities / leaders with the presentation of the EIA conclusions and main directives of the Physical and Socio-Economic Survey that will serve as the basis for the elaboration of the Resettlement Plan. 1.6.3.6 SUBMISSION This final ESIA report integrates the comments and inputs from the I&APs. It is submitted to the Tete office of the DPTADER and DINAB for consideration. The RPF report is also submitted as an independent annex of the ESIA. Subject to the approval of this report and issuing of the environmental license for the project, all associated activities shall be governed by the ESMP, as well as conditions contained in the environmental license. These will need to be adopted by the proponent and further developed into a Project Environmental Management System, so as to form part of the proponent’s contractual obligations and ensure that the project is conducted and managed in a sustainable manner. RESETTLEMENT PROCESS The Ministerial Diploma 156/2014 of 19 September recognizes the need to harmonize the three phases to develop the Resettlement Plan (Physical and Socio-Economic Survey, Resettlement Plan and Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan) with the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. It should be noted that preparation of the Resettlement Plan (RP) is not included in the current consultants’ assignment. However, for clarity, the Resettlement Plan (RP) process that is to take place in the project implementation will be divided in three distinct periods, described below. Only the first period is included in the WSP/Consultec assignment. The first period coincides with the preparation of the Environmental Impact Study (EIS), which includes the initial planning of the process based on the physical and social knowledge of the project area as well as the alternatives of the areas for relocation of the affected families, designated by Physical and Socio-Economic Survey (PSES) Report. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 1-12 The PSES is the inventory and description of the physical-environmental, socio-economic baseline situation, the infrastructures likely to be affected by the project and possible host areas, as well as the steps to be taken in the preparation of the Resettlement Plan. This initial phase identifies the potential impacts of the project and of the whole resettlement process, and recommends ways to enhance or mitigate them. The second period occurs as soon as the details and the social and economic impacts of the exact location of the project are known, which corresponds to the preparation period of the Resettlement Plan (RP) The RP is the global instrument that defines with detail the mechanisms of social, economic and land tenure compensation, including the details of land use, general building conditions, layout of access roads, characteristics of infrastructure and service networks, social facilities, as well as social programs. During the RAP the Physical and Socio-Economic Survey is updated. The third period that corresponds to the Implementation of the Resettlement Action Plan (IRAP), which includes the process phasing, the institutional framework and the budget. The IRAP is a document that accompanies the RP and presents the institutional framework with the responsibilities of the different actors in the process, the schedule of activities and budget for the whole resettlement implementation process. The directive also specifies the results to be achieved in each of the defined periods and the content of each of the reports to be prepared. At the present time, and in attachment, is presented the PSES carried out for this project which according to the directive should include: Table 1-4 Physical and Socio-Economic Survey Report (Ministerial Diploma 156/2014 of 19 September, section 3.1) PSES Report Results PSES Report Content Population census and Inventory of Description of the Project area; infrastructures likely to be directly and Standard characteristics of affected families, including a indirectly affected; description of production systems, work and family Social and economic impacts that the organization, basic reference information on quality of life; project may cause; living standards of the displaced population; Public consultation and participation Impact of total or partial loss of assets and degree of process; physical or economic displacement; Complaints mechanisms; Description of population census and inventory of Basic principles, screening, rights of those infrastructure directly and indirectly affected; affected, eligibility criteria for resettlement Presentation of social and economic impacts of the affected and compensation; population; Mitigation measures and compensation for Compensation; losses suffered; Principles, criteria and objectives governing the preparation Alternatives to resettlement sites for those of the resettlement and compensation process; effected; Total number of families directly and indirectly affected; Institutional arrangements; Presentation of the affected population by age group, Definition of the preparation process of dependents and vulnerable groups; Resettlement Plan (PR); General organizational procedures for compliance with Public Consultation Report containing the obligations; respective minutes. Description of compensation mechanisms for losses suffered; Consultation mechanisms to the affected; Mechanisms for handling complaints and conflicts; Agreements and commitments between the parties; Agreements for monitoring between the executing entity and stakeholders or by independent monitors; Analysis of potential alternative areas of resettlement; Terms of Reference for the preparation process of the Resettlement Plan. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 1-13 To note that the public consultation process associated with the Resettlement Process is independent of that carried out in the EIA Process (Section 4.2 (d) of Ministerial Diploma 156/2014 of 19 December) and provides for at least four public consultation (Arº 23, Decree 31/2012 of 8 August): First public consultation should be conducted early in the resettlement process to inform stakeholders of the objectives, relevance and impacts of the process and should occur simultaneously with the fieldwork of the census taking place in each community that will be affected by the project. This first public consultation was done as part of the current assignment. Second meeting to present and discuss alternatives to resettlement areas and should occur in affected district capitals and in each affected community. It should be noted that the Project is a linear project which does not require the study and definition of a host area for the resettled families, since they will be moved to an area immediately adjacent to the place where they are currently (but outside the ROW ). Thus, the second consultation is not carried out, due to the lack of a specific host area for all the families that will be resettled by the Project; Third meeting should take place after preparing the resettlement plan with budget and schedule and should occur in affected district capitals and in each affected community. It will come at a later project development stage; Fourth meeting should be held at the end of the document and before its approval by the governmental authorities. It will come at a later project development stage. The specific objectives of the each meeting are specified in the following table. Table 1-5 Objectives of each round of public participation Round Objectives To present the Project to the affected communities; To present the possible impact which the Project may have in the communities; To present to the population what their rights are regarding the Project’s impacts, and specifically regarding potential resettlement impacts (as stipulated in); First round To collect information regarding possible resettlement host areas in each community; To hear and clarify any questions that the population may have regarding the project, and specifically regarding the resettlement process To present the Socioeconomic and Inventory Survey Report; To present the impact identified in the EIA, that the project will have, given emphasis to resettlement impact; To present the mitigation measures proposed to be used to minimize the impact on Second Round resettlement; To present resettlement possible host area; To present the ToR for the Resettlement Action Plan; and To hear concern and comments and clarify any questions that the participants may have. To present the detailed host area study results; To present all detailed architectural designs; Third Round To Present the Resettlement Plan; To present the resettlement action and implementation plan; and To hear concerns and comments and clarify any rised questions To present the final Resettlement Plan and Resettlement Action and Implementation Plan; Present the Implementation schedule; Fourth Round Present the following steps that will take place during the implementation of the resettlement; and To hear concern and comments and clarify any questions that the participants may have. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-1 2 LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS The ESIA process is being developed in compliance with Mozambique's national legislative requirements and applicable international standards. The conventions and protocols ratified by the Mozambicans and directives of international organizations (such as the WB and the SAPP) in matters that are not covered by national legislations, but are relevant to the environmental and social management of the project are also considered. This chapter outlines the national, international development and environmental legal frameworks applicable to the proposed project including the: Administrative framework: relevant governmental institutions and authorities with jurisdiction over the project or over relevant environmental factors. Legislative framework: relevant legal diplomas for the energy sector or for the project's environmental assessment. Relevant international conventions. International best practices. 2.1 ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ENERGY AUTHORITIES The Ministry of Mineral Resources and Energy, created by Presidential Decree No. 1/2015, of January 16th, is the main institution of the State Apparatus responsible for geological research, exploitation of natural resources and energy and the development and expansion of electricity, natural gas and petroleum products supply infrastructures. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. (EDM), designated by Decree No. 43/2005, of November 29th, is the public institution under the Ministry responsible for the management of the National Network of Energy Transportation, including the planning and development of the system. As stated by Decree No. 43/2005, of November 29th, EDM is the competent authority for the production, transportation, distribution and sales of affordable electrical energy in the public’s interest and for the benefit of the consumer while preserving the environment. In addition, EDM is responsible for: ensuring free and non-discriminatory access to the electrical transport system; ensuring security, stability and purpose of the interconnected system, so that the energy can be transported from the producers to the distribution network; monitoring and controlling system operations; managing network congestion; setting the dispatch; meeting the power demand of all direct or indirect consumers provided by the national network of power transport; administering the market, in particular, making the power measurement, counting, invoicing and payments. ENVIRONMENTAL AUTHORITIES The Ministry of Land, Environment and Rural Development (MITADER), is the central authority that oversees environmental matters. At the provincial level, MITADER is represented by the Provincial Directorates of Land and, Environment and Rural Development (DPTADER). At the district level, MITADER is represented by the Planning and Infrastructure District Services. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-2 In 1995, the National Environment Policy was approved by the Council of Ministers, through Resolution No. 5/95, of August 3rd, with the main objective of ensuring sustainable development of the country. This policy reinforced MITADER's role as the entity responsible for coordinating, advising, monitoring and evaluating the degree of utilization of natural resources in the country, and ensuring the integration of environmental considerations in the process of planning and management of socio- economic development. ESIA applications are monitored by MITADER, through the Environment National Directorate (DINAB), at a national level, and through the DPTADER at a provincial level. The management and monitoring of environmental quality, including such aspects as pollution control, water, soils and air quality, noise emissions and waste management, are also a part of MITADER's attributions. The National Agency for the Control of Environmental Quality (AQUA) was created by Decree 80/2010, of December 31st, and is tasked, among other attributions, to develop and implement strategies for the integrated control of water, air and soil pollution. Water management is the responsibility of the National Water Directorate (DNA), coordinated through the Regional Water Authorities (ARA). ARAs are water management authorities, organized according to hydrological regional basins, established under Article 18 of the Water Law, with its main responsibilities including: licensing and granting water use in the public domain; authorization of discharges; compliance enforcement of granted rights. Management of conservation areas falls under the responsibility of the National Administration of Conservation Areas (ANAC), created by Decree No. 11/2001, of May 25th. ANAC was formerly under the Ministry of Tourism, but has recently been transferred to MITADER (in 2014). The Ministry of Culture and Tourism, is the central body of the State which, in accordance with the principles, objectives and tasks defined by the Government, coordinates, directs and plans the implementation of policies and strategies in the areas of culture and tourism It was created by Presidential Decree No. 1/2015 of January, 16th, is the central level authority that oversees the cultural area, including the inventory, preservation, valorization, and conservation of the cultural heritage of the Mozambican people and protection of goods classified as cultural heritage. 2.2 LEGAL FRAMEWORK ENERGY LEGISLATIONS The Energy Law (Law nº 21/97, of October 1st) regulates electricity production, transport and distribution as well as the sale of electricity and defines the general policy of the organization responsible for the power supply sector and its management. It establishes the general legal framework of production, transport, distribution and sale of electricity in Mozambique, as well as its import and export and the concession regime of the activities. Decree nº 42/2005 of November 29th establishes the Regulations of Standards Relating to the National Power Network. This regulates planning, construction, management and operation activities of the transport lines. Decree nº57 / 2011 of November 11st approves the Regulation of Safety of the High Voltage Power Lines in order to adapt the regulation of the electrical installations to the current reality and the technological evolution, as well as to the legal framework and institutional arrangement in force. The Energy Policy (Resolution nº 5/98 of March 3rd) sets out its objectives and defines its strategies at the level of the different energy subsectors. Amongst the defined objectives the following should be highlighted: To ensure the reliable power supply at the lowest possible cost, To meet the current consumption levels and the needs of economic development; To increase the exports of energy products. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-3 The Energy Strategy (Resolution 24/2000, of October 3rd) complements the Energy Policy, outlining and specifying the Government’s intentions in the development of action plans, programs, projects, investments and other actions for the various energy sub-sectors, as well as for the guidance of industry operators, financing institutions and investors. The electrical energy is considered a raw material that should be valued internally first before equating its export. Regarding power transmission, the Energy Strategy emphasizes the need for interconnection of the national power grids of Mozambique and Malawi, as part of the regional cooperation strategy, enabling the interconnection between the Cahora Bassa hydroelectric and the 282 MW systems installed in the Shire River in Malawi. EDM has regulations and its own guidelines for its activities, to be followed by contractors and any other private company with concessions in power distribution. ENVIRONMENTAL LEGISLATIONS The Constitution of the Republic of Mozambique defines the right of all citizens to a balanced environment and the duty to protect it (Article 90º). Additionally, the State is required to ensure: (i) the promotion of initiatives to ensure ecological balance and environmental preservation, and (ii) the implementation of policies to prevent and control pollution and integrate environmental concerns in all sectorial policies so as to guarantee the citizen the right to live in a balanced environment supported by sustainable development (Article 117º). The proposed project must comply with the legal requirements for environmental licensing, taking into consideration not only the specific ESIA process regulation but also all the applicable environmental regulations (biophysical and social) that may be relevant to the project throughout its life cycle (construction, operation and decommissioning). The environmental instruments and regulations relevant to the project include: National Environmental Policy, Resolution No. 5/95, of December 6th, and the Environmental Law, Law No. 20/97, of October 1st; Regulation for Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Process, Decree No. 54/2015, of December 31st; Regulation for the Environmental Audit Process, Decree No. 25/2011, of June 15th; Regulation for the Environmental Inspection Process, Decree No. 11/2006, of June 15th; General Guidelines for the preparation of Environmental Impact Studies, Ministerial Diploma No. 129/2006, of July 19th; General Guidelines for Public Participation Process in the ESIA process, Ministerial Diploma No. 130/2006, of July 19th. Further to the ESIA specific regulation, additional legislations which may be relevant considering the nature of the Project and its location includes: Water Policy, Resolution No. 46/2007, of October 30th, and the Water Law, Law No. 16/91, of August 3rd; Regulation for Environmental Quality Standards and Effluent Emission, Decree No. 18/2004, of June 2nd (as amended by Decree No. 67/2010, of October 31st); Regulation on Water Quality for Human Consumption (Ministerial Diploma No. 180/2004); Regulation on Urban Solid Waste Management, Decree No. 94/2014, of December 31st; Regulation on Hazardous Waste Management Decree No. 83/2014 of December 31st; Land Law, Law No. 19/1997, of October 1st, and its Regulation, Decree No. 66/98, of December 8th; Law for Territorial Planning, Law No. 19/2007, of July 18th, and its Regulation, Decree No. 23/2008, of July 1st; Regulation for the Resettlement Process Resulting from Economic Activities, Decree No. 31/2012, of August 8th; Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-4 Directive for the Expropriation Process resulting from Territorial Planning, Ministerial Diploma No. 181/2010, of November 3rd; Internal Rules of Procedure for the Operation of the Technical Commission of Resettlement Monitoring and Supervision, Ministerial Diploma nº 155/2014 of September 19th; Technical Directive of the Preparation and Implementation Process of the Resettlement Plans, Ministerial Diploma nº 156/2014 of September 19th; Cultural Heritage Law, Law No. 10/88, of December 22nd; Forest and Wild Life Law, Law No. 10/99, of July 7th, and its Regulation, Decree No. 12/2002, of June 7th; Ordinance No. 117/78, May 16th, regulates Hunting Arrangements in Mozambique; Regulation of Recreational and Sport Fishing, Decree No. 51/99, of August 31st; Law No. 16/2014, of June 20th, regulates the National System of Conservation Areas; Labour Law, Law nº 23/2007, of August 1st; Protection Law of Workers with HIV / AIDS, Law nº 19/2014 of August 27th; Regulation on General Labour Inspectorate, Decree nº 45/2009 of August 14 th; Health and Safety Regulation, Legislative Diploma nº 48/73 of June 5th, 1973; Legislative Diploma nº 57/73 of November 29th, 1973, supplement to the Health and Safety Regulations. The relevance and applicability of these regulations for the project are briefly discussed in Table 2-1 below. Please note that a given decree may be relevant to different matters, e.g. the Environmental Law must be considered for both biodiversity conservation and waste management. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-5 Table 2-1 Key Environmental Legislation LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE Environmental Assessment Establishes the basis for all environmental legislation. According to item 2.1, its main goal is to ensure sustainable development in order to maintain an acceptable balance between socio- The project should strive to meet the economic development and environmental Resolution No. 5/95 - policy’s goals, integrating protection. To reach the aforementioned goal, National Environmental environmental considerations into the this Policy requires, among other requirements, Policy design, thus minimizing impacts on the integration of environmental considerations natural resources and ecosystems. in the socioeconomic planning, the management of the country’s natural resources and the protection of ecosystems and of the essential ecological processes. Defines the legal basis for the sound use and management of the environment towards The project should strive to meet the Law No. 20/97 - sustainable development of the country. The sustainable development principles Environmental Law Environmental Law applies to all public and defined by the Environmental Law, private activities that may directly or indirectly throughout its life cycle. affect the environment. Establishes that one of the fundamental instruments for environmental management is the ESIA, which aims at mitigating the negative impacts that certain projects, in the public and The project should be submitted to a private sectors, may cause to the natural and Decree No. 54/2015 formal ESIA process, in accordance socio-economic environment, through the (revokes the previous with this regulation. An environmental undertaking of environmental studies prior to Decree nº 45/2004) - license needs to be obtained from commencement of the projects. Defines the Regulation for MITADER, and the issuance of the environmental impact assessment process, the Environmental Impact environmental license precedes any required environmental studies, public Assessment other license or permit required for participation process, studies review process, the project. project environmental viability decision process and environmental license emission. Applies to all public or private activities with direct or indirect influence on environmental components. Defines an environmental audit as a documented and objective instrument for management and systematic assessment of the management system and relevant During construction, the proponent Decrees No. 25/2011 - documentation implemented to ensure should organize independent Regulation on the protection of the environment. Its objective is to environmental audits, without Environmental Audit assess compliance of work and operational prejudice to the public that may be Process processes with the environmental management requested under this decree. plan, including the environmental legal requirements in force, as approved for a particular project. During the implementation of the project, MITADER may undertake Decree No. 11/2006 - inspections in order to ascertain Regulates the supervision, control and Regulation for compliance with environmental verification of compliance with environmental Environmental legislation and the Environmental and protection rules at a national level. Inspections Social Management Plan (ESMP). The proponent must allow for and facilitate such inspections. Provides details on environmental license Ministerial Diploma No. procedures, as well as the format, general The Environmental and Social Impact 129/2006 - General structure and contents of the environmental Assessment (ESIA) report must Guidelines for impact assessment report. The objective is to conform to the guidelines outlined in Environmental Impact standardize procedures followed by various role- this Ministerial Diploma. Studies players in the environmental impact assessment process. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-6 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE Ministerial Diploma No. Defines the basic principles related to public The Public Participation Process 130/2006 guides the participation, methodologies and procedures. (PPP) of the ESIA must conform to Public Participation Considers public participation as an interactive the guidelines provided in this Process of the ESIA process that initiates at the design stage and Ministerial Diploma. process continues through the life time of the project. Atmospheric Emissions and Air Quality Article 9.1 forbids the discharge of any toxic Law No. 20/97 - substances to the atmosphere if exceeding the Environmental Law legal standards. The emission standards are defined by Decree No. 18/2004 (see below). The Project must comply with the air Decree No. 18/2004 (as Establishes parameters for the maintenance of quality standards, considering the amended by Decree air quality (Article 7º); patterns of emission of admissible emissions by law, so as No.67/2010) - Regulation gaseous pollutants for various industries (Article not to harm the environment. for Environmental 8º); and standards for emission of gaseous Standards and Effluent pollutants from mobile sources (Article 9º) - Emissions including light and heavy vehicles. Water Resources and Water Quality Ministerial Diploma n.º180 / 2004 - Define water quality standards for human Any project must meet water quality Regulation of water consumption and define measures for its standards for human consumption. quality for human control, in order to protect public health consumption This Policy includes significant matters not included in the previous policy (Resolution No. 7/95), such as the improvement of sanitation in Resolution No. 46/2007 - urban areas, peri-urban and rural areas, - Water Policy hydrologic networks, development of new hydraulic infrastructure and integrated management of water resources with the participation of interested parties. This law is based on the principle of public water use, water management based on river basins, the principle of user pays and polluter pays principle. Intends to safeguard the ecological If the project requires the abstraction balance and environment. Water uses require of water from natural sources, a water either a water concession (permanent or long license must be obtained from the term water uses) or a water license (short term competent authority (Regional Law No. 16/91 - Water water uses). Licenses are given for a period of Administration of the Waters). Law 5 renewable years, while concessions are valid for a period of 50 renewable years. If the project requires the discharge of effluents into water bodies (such as Article 54 of this Law stipulates that any activity may be required by construction with the potential of contaminating or degrading camps), a license must be obtained. public waters, in particular the discharge of effluent, is subject to a special authorization to be issued by the Regional Water Administration and payment of a fee. Decree No. 18/2004 (as Determines that when an industrial effluent is amended by Decree discharged into the environment, the final The project must comply with the No. 67/2010) – effluent must comply with discharge standards water quality and effluent emissions Regulations for established in Annex III of the decree. The standards, so as not to harm the Environmental Quality discharge of domestic effluent must comply with environment. Standards and Effluent the discharge standards in Annex IV. Emissions Ministerial Diploma No. Defines water quality parameters for human 180/2004 - Regulation on Any project must comply with water consumption and outlines measures for its water quality for human quality for human consumption. control in order to protect human health. consumption WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-7 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE Pollution and Waste Management Regarding environmental pollution, Article 9º of the Environmental Law forbids the production The project needs to include and deposition of any toxic or polluting measures to prevent pollution Law No. 20/97 – substances on soils, sub-soils, water or the throughout its life cycle. The project Environmental Law atmosphere, as well as forbidding any activities must conform to the requirements which are likely to accelerate any form of outlined in this regulation. environmental degradation beyond the legally established limits. Establishes the legal framework for the management of municipal solid waste. The key The project should implement good objective is to establish rules for the production, waste management practices during collection or disposal of municipal solid waste in the construction and operation Decree No. 94/2014 - order to minimize their negative impacts on phases. A Waste Management Plan Regulation on Urban health and on the environment. Municipal solid should be developed and Solid Waste waste, in accordance with this Regulation, is implemented for the project’s Management classified according to the NM339 Mozambican construction phase, in compliance Standard - Solid Waste - Classification. with the requirements defined in this Waste management obligations are assigned to Regulation. Municipal Councils and District Governments in their respective areas of jurisdiction. Establishes the legal framework for the hazardous waste management. The key objective is to lay down rules for the production, collection or disposal of hazardous waste in order to minimize the negative impacts on health The project must conform to the Decree No. 83/2014 - and on the environment. Annex IX of this regulation’s requirements related to Regulation on Hazardous regulation presents the classification of waste. management of hazardous wastes Waste Management Confirms MITADER as responsible for during construction work and hazardous waste management skills, in operation. particular the licensing of management units. Only registered and licensed entities may collect and transport the waste outside the limits of the facilities. Land Use and Land Rights Establishes that the State must provide the land The project must conform to the for each family to build or possess their own Resolution No. 10/95 – principles of this policy, as per the habitation, and is responsible for land use and Land National Policy regulations defined in the physical planning, although plans can be made implementing laws, below. by the private sector. Defines the rights of land use, including details on customary rights and procedures for acquisition and use of land titles by communities and individuals. This law recognizes and protects the rights acquired through inheritance The project must comply with the and occupation (customary rights and duties of communities land rights. If any Law No. 19/1997 – Land good faith), except for legally defined reserves activities (such as agriculture) are Law or areas where land has been legally transferred disturbed by the proposed project, to another person or institution. then affected parties would need to Article 8º (letter g) states that the 15 m corridor be compensated accordingly. surrounding secondary and tertiary roads, and the 30 m corridor for primary roads, is defined as public domain. The land use in this corridor is thus reserved for the road infrastructure. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-8 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE Defines total protection areas, set aside for nature conservation and State defense, as well as partial protection areas, where land use titles may not be granted, and where activities cannot This regulation defines total and be implemented without a license. Partial partial protection zones. In these protection areas, which include, amongst others: zones, land use is restricted. The 50 m strip of land along lakes and rivers, 250 m project should consider the strip of land surrounding dams and reservoirs, Decree No. 66/98 – interferences with these protection 100 m strip of land along the seafront and Regulation for Land Law zones. estuaries, a strip of 2 km along the terrestrial This regulation states that the border. A 15 m corridor surrounding secondary construction of power lines should be and tertiary roads, and 30 m corridor for primary deployed as a partial protection zone roads, is also considered a partial protection with a 50 m confining strip. zone and the land use in this corridor is thus reserved for the road infrastructure. There is also a 50 m corridor protection for the railway lines. Defines rules and basic principles for Decree No 31/2012 – This regulation states that if a project resettlement processes from the implementation Regulation for the results in physical or economic of public or private economic activities. Article Resettlement Process resettlement, a Resettlement Plan 15 states that the Resettlement Plan is part of Resulting from Economic needs to be developed as part of the the ESIA process and that its approval precedes Activities ESIA process and approved. the issuance of the environmental license. It covers the operation of the Regulations on the Resettlement Process and facilitates greater involvement and rapprochement between all parties involved, so that the resettlement does This regulation states that if a project not have a social destructive character, but results in physical or economic takes the opportunity to develop well-structured Ministerial Diploma No. resettlement, it is necessary to and standardized new housing centres. 156/2014 - Technical develop a Resettlement Plan, as part The Directive standardizes the resettlement of the ESIA process, and approved as Guideline of Planning plans, through the formulation of a reasoned defined in this Regulation. and Implementation and coherent conceptual framework based on Process of Resettlement This plan identifies all potential theoretical principles and practical experience. Plans affected people by the project and The Directive presents guidelines of the process characterizes al the affected and identifies the different steps that improvements. characterize the development and implementation of the resettlement plan, and sets out the content and the results required for each phase. Ministerial Diploma No. Establishes the organization and functioning of 155/2014 - Technical the actors in the monitoring and supervision of Monitoring Commission resettlement. Regulation Aims to establish regulatory territorial planning measures and procedures, to ensure the rational and sustainable use of natural The construction of the project will resources, regional potentials, infrastructure and require expropriation of land and land urban centers, and to promote the national rights in the project area. The cohesion and safety of the population. Articles expropriation process should abide by Decree No. 23/2008 – 68 to 71 deal with the procedures for the requirements stated in this Regulation for Territorial expropriation of private property for national regulation, namely the principle of just Planning public interest reasons. Article 68 states that compensation for losses of property expropriation for territorial planning is or goods. Expropriation requires the considered to be of public interest, if it aims to issuance of a declaration of public acquire areas to build economic or social interest for the project. infrastructure with great social positive impacts. Article 70 states that expropriation should be preceded by just compensation. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-9 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE Establishes procedures for the expropriation Ministerial Diploma No. processes resulting from territorial planning, Expropriation of land and land rights 181/2010 – Guidelines including procedures for the issuance of a within the project area must follow the for the Expropriation declaration of public interest, compensations for procedures established in these Process Resulting from expropriation (including calculation methods) guidelines. Territorial Planning and the expropriation process itself. Cultural Heritage Aims to legally protect material and non-material assets of the Mozambican cultural heritage. Under this law, cultural heritage is defined as a “group of material and non-material assets created or integrated by the Mozambican people Some archaeological objects may be through history, with relevance to the definition found during the construction phase of the Mozambican cultural identity”. Law No. 10/88 - Cultural of the project. If this happens, the Material cultural assets include: monuments, Heritage Law proponent must communicate the find groups of buildings with historic, artistic or immediately to the relevant cultural scientific importance, places or locations (with heritage agency. archaeological, historic, aesthetic, ethnologic or anthropologic interest) and natural elements (physical and biological formations with particular interest from an aesthetic or scientific point of view). Biodiversity Articles 12 and 13 state that the planning, implementation and operation of projects should guarantee the protection of biological resources, particularly of plant or animal species threatened Law No. 20/97 – The project must consider protected with extinction or that, by their genetic value, Environmental Law biodiversity. ecological, cultural or scientific, require special attention and this issue is to extend their habitats, especially those built in areas of environmental protection. Establishes the principles and basic rules on protection, conservation and sustainable use of forest and wildlife resources. Article 10 defines protection zones as territorial delimited areas, representative of the national natural heritage, designated for their biodiversity and fragile ecosystems or the conservation of animal and Law No. 10/99 - Forest plant species. Article 11 (2) states that all and Wildlife Law activities that result in changes to land, disturbance to flora or fauna as well as water pollution are forbidden within national parks. It should be noted, however, that these two articles were recently revoked by the new Conservation Areas Law (Law 16/2014, of June 20th), which is discussed below. The project should consider the protection of forests and fauna. This Decree approves the regulation of the Law 10/99 and applies to protection, conservation, use, exploration and production activities of fauna and flora resources. Includes the commerce, transport, storage and primary artisanal or industrial transformation of these Decree No. 12/2002 – resources. Includes a list of protected fauna Regulation on the species, Annex II, for which hunting is Forestry and Wildlife Law prohibited. Article 3 states that the exceptional exercise of any activity in protection zones, as defined in Article 11 (2) of Law No. 10/99 will only be approved by issuance of an environmental license, as per standing law. However, Article 11 of Law No. 10/99 was Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-10 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE recently revoked by the new Conservation Areas Law (Law 16/2014, of June 20th). This law establishes the general rules to guide the hunting activities, defining the modalities and Ordinance No. 117/78 - the licensing and establishing the main Hunting Arrangements in limitations as well as crimes and their Mozambique punishments. In attachment, Map II presents the list of protected animals whose hunting is not allowed. This law was passed June 20th, 2014. It regulates the creation and management of all conservation areas in Mozambique, revoking the Forestry and Wildlife Law’s competences in this matter. Article 16 states that all activities that could result in changes to land and vegetation cover, or that could disturb flora, fauna and ecological processes up to the point of compromising their maintenance, are forbidden Law No. 16/2014 – within national parks, except if required for - Conservation Areas Law scientific reasons or management needs. Article 26 states that activities can be approved within conservation areas, if outlined in the area’s management plan. Article 43 states that conservation areas are managed through a management plan, which among other things defines the construction of the infrastructure required for the area’s management or that aimed to improve the quality of life of the local populations. This Decree approves the Regulation of the Decree No. 51/99 - Fisheries Law, Law No. 3/90 of September 26th. The project should consider the Regulation of Includes, in Annex I, is the list of species subject protection provided by this Recreational and Sport to fishing restrictions and Annex II lists the Regulation. Fishing species for which fishing is prohibited. Work and Safety This law establishes the general principles that aim to ensure that all employees and job applicants are not discriminated against in the It is prohibited to test for HIV/AIDS in workplace or when applying for jobs, for being workers, job seekers, candidates to suspected of having or having HIV/AIDS. Article evaluate the training or promotion 53 candidates at the request of Employers' obligations, paragraph 3 – it is stated Law nº 19/2014 - Law of employers, without the employee's or that within the limits of the law, employers must Protection of Workers job seeker consent. The proponent establish policies and programs to prevent and with HIV/AIDS must train and reorient all workers combat HIV and AIDS in the workplace. infected with HIV/AIDS, who are able Paragraph 6 of the same article states that to fulfill their duties at work, by placing employers are required to subscribe health them in a position compatible with insurance, which, among others, can cover their residual capacities. situations of occupational infections of workers by HIV and AIDS, during the exercise of functions. This Regulation lays down the rules on The proponent shall comply with the Decree nº 45/2009 - inspections, under the control of the legality of requirements. In the case of an Regulation on the work. Paragraph 2 of Article 4 provides for the inspection, the proponent must help General Labour employer's responsibility for the prevention of to provide all necessary information to Inspectorate occupational health and safety risks of the the inspectors. employee. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-11 LEGISLATION DESCRIPTION RELEVANCE The proponent must provide to their employees, good physical condition, environmental and moral work, inform them about the risks of their work and instruct them about compliance with the standards for hygiene and safety This law applies to legal relations of subordinate at work. The proponent must also work established between employers and provide first aid to workers in the Law Nº 23 /2007 - domestic and foreign workers in all industries, event of accidents, sudden illness, Labour Law operating in the country. Chapter VI provides the poisoning or feeling unwell. principles of safety, hygiene and health of The proponent, in cooperation with workers. the union, shall inform the competent body of administration work on the nature of work accidents or occupational diseases, its causes and consequences, after doing its queries and registration. 2.3 CONTRACT AGREEMENT BETWEEN MOZAMBIQUE AND MALAWI (2013) This contract was signed on April 3rd, 2013, between the Government of Malawi and the Government of Mozambique to set out the framework for interconnection of electrical power systems between the Parties for the implementation of an Interconnection of the two countries power systems. It also allows for parties to enter any other agreements with any other Southern African overnment in furtherance of this Agreement which shall include Power Purchase Agreements under SAPP for power supply. The objectives of this agreements are: To interconnect the power systems of the Parties from Matambo Substation in Mozambique to Phombeya Substation in Malawi; To extend the interconnection of power systems from Phombeya substation in the Republic of Malawi to Nacala in the Republilc of Mozambique; and To facilitate power trading between the Parties or any other member of SAPP through the Project. The project’s implementation is governed by Terms and Conditions attached in Appendix of the agreement and it is overseen by a Project Steering Committee (PSC). 2.4 RELEVANT INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS ENERGY INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Mozambique is part of the Southern African Energy Pool (SAPP), a cooperation of national electricity companies in Southern Africa under the auspices of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The members of the SAPP have created a common power grid between their countries and a common market for electricity in the SADC region. SAPP was founded in 1995. The SAPP aims to meet the electricity needs of its member countries, ensuring that their production is based on natural resources renewable without unsustainable effects on the environment. The Administrative and Technical Unit of the Energy Sector of the SAPP’s Environmental Management Commission produced several directives for the energy sector of member countries. These directives have, as guiding principles, the appropriate adoption of environmental policy in development projects, transparency in licensing procedures, the equitable energy distribution to the population and the fight against poverty. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-12 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS Relevant international conventions for the project are provided in the following table. Table 2-2 Relevant International Conventions CONVENTION DESCRIPTION Biodiversity and Protected Areas The fundamental principle of this Convention consists in the Contracting States adopting measures to ensure conservation, utilization and African Convention on the development of soil, water, flora and fauna resources in accordance with Conservation of Nature and Natural scientific principles and with due regard to the best interests of the people. Resources, 1968 Pursuant to Resolution No. 18/81, of December 30th, 1981, the Republic of Mozambique acceded to the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. An international legally-binding treaty with three main goals: conservation of biodiversity; sustainable use of biodiversity; and the fair and equitable United Nations Convention on sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. Its overall Biological Diversity, 1993 objective is to encourage actions which will lead to a sustainable future. Mozambique ratified this convention in 1994, by Resolution No. 2/94. Convention on the International It ensures that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants Trade of Endangered Species of does not threaten their survival. It accords varying degrees of protection to Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), more than 33,000 species of animals and plants. This Convention was 1973 ratified by Mozambique through Resolution No. 20/81. Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, Especially Sustainable use and conservation of wetlands. Ratified by Mozambique in as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar 2003. Convention), 1971 Convention on the Conservation of It aims to adopt protection measures for migratory species of wild animals Migratory Species of Wild Animals throughout their natural range, a conservation strategy for wildlife and (Bonn / CMS Convention), 1979 habitats on a global scale. Ratified by Mozambique in 2008. SADC Protocol on Wildlife It ensures the conservation and sustainable use of wildlife resources. Conservation and Law Ratified by Mozambique in 2002. Enforcement, 1999 Hazardous and Non Hazardous Waste This convention regulates the import, export and trans-boundary movement Basel Convention on the Control of of hazardous waste. The Basel Convention was superseded by the Trans-boundary Movements of Bamako Convention (see below). The Republic of Mozambique ratified the Hazardous Wastes and their Basel Convention on the control of Trans-boundary Movements of Disposal, 1989 Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal by way of Resolution No. 18/96, of November 26th. During the negotiation of the Basel Convention, the African states Convention on the Ban of the represented by the Organisation for African Unity adopted the Bamako Import into Africa and the Control of Convention believing that the Basel Convention was not strict enough. The Transboundary Movements and Bamako Convention totally prohibits the import of hazardous waste into Management of Hazardous Wastes Africa. The Convention came into force on April 22nd, 1998. The Republic within Africa, Bamako, 1991 of Mozambique ratified the Bamako Convention by way of Resolution No. 19/96, of November 26th. Air Quality/Climate Change UNFCCC is an international environmental treaty produced with the objective of achieving stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. The Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC The United Nations Framework was adopted in December 1997, whereby most industrialized nations and Convention on Climate Change some central European economies in transition agreed to legally binding (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol, reductions in greenhouse gas emissions of an average of 6 to 8% below 1992 & 1997 1990 levels between the years 2008-2012, defined as the first emissions budget period. The UNFCCC was ratified by way of Resolution No. 1/94, of August 24th and the Kyoto Protocol acceded to by the Republic of Mozambique by way of Resolution No. 10/2004, of July 28th. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-13 CONVENTION DESCRIPTION As per Article 2.1 of this Convention, the parties thereto undertook the obligation to take appropriate measures to protect human health and the Vienna Convention for the environment against adverse effects resulting or likely to result from human Protection of the Ozone Layer, activities which modify or are likely to modify the ozone layer. Pursuant to 1985, London 1990, Copenhagen Resolution No. 8/93, of December 8th, the Republic of Mozambique 1992 acceded to the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and to its 1990 and 1992 amendments. Designed to control the production of ozone depleting substances in order The Montreal Protocol on to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the Substances that deplete the Ozone earth’s ozone layer. Forbids the use of chlorofluorocarbons. Mozambique Layer, 1987 ratified this convention through Resolution No. 9/2009. Pollution Prevention Action and control at world level of chemicals that persist in the Stockholm Convention on environment, bio-accumulate in the food chain and pose a risk to human Persistent Organic Pollutants health and the environment. These substances are listed in Annex I. (POPS), 2001. Mozambique ratified this convention in 2005. Cultural Heritage Designed to help identify and protect both cultural sites (monuments, UNESCO Convention Concerning groups of buildings and sites) and the natural heritage (natural features, the Protection of the World Cultural geological and physiographical formations and natural sites). Mozambique and Natural Heritage, 1972 ratified the convention in 1982. Convention for the Safeguarding of Safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage and to ensure respect for the Intangible Cultural Heritage the intangible cultural heritage of communities, groups and individuals. (UNESCO), 2003 Ratified by Mozambique in 2007. Convention on the Protection and Protect and promote the diversity of cultural expressions, promote dialogue Promotion of the Diversity of between cultures and promote respect for cultural diversity. Ratified by Cultural Expressions (UNESCO), Mozambique in 2007. 2005 Human Rights Forced Labour Convention, ratified in June 2003: Convention concerning Forced or Compulsory Labour. Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, Dec 1996: Convention concerning Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise. Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, Dec 1996: Convention concerning the Application of the Principles of the Right to Organise and to Bargain Collectively. Equal Remuneration Convention, June 1977: Convention concerning the equal remuneration for men and women workers for work of equal value International Labour Organisation refers to rates of remuneration established without discrimination based on conventions and national legislation sex. relating to labour Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, June 1977: Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour. Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, June 1977: Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation. Minimum age specified: 15 years June 2003: Convention concerning Minimum Age for Admission to Employment. Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, June 2003: Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour. International Covenant on Civil and Recognises equal and inalienable rights to all human beings in terms civil Political Rights and political freedom. Ratified in 1993. State Parties “undertake to pursue by all appropriate means and without International Covenant for the delay a policy of eliminating racial discrimination in all its forms and Elimination of Racial Discrimination promoting understanding among all races”. Ratified in 1983. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-14 CONVENTION DESCRIPTION States have the obligation to ensure the equal rights of men and women to Convention on the Elimination of enjoy all economic, social, cultural, civil and political rights. Ratified in Discrimination against Women 1997; 2008. State parties prohibit themselves under any circumstances from committing Convention Against Torture acts of torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatments or punishments. Ratified in1999. Convention on the Rights of the Guarantees protection of children’s rights. Signed in 1990 and ratified in Child 1999. Its primary objective is to protect migrant workers and their families, a International Convention on the particularly vulnerable population, from exploitation and the violation of Rights of Migrant workers their human rights. Signed in 2012; ratified in 2013. International Convention on the States have the obligation to protect the rights and dignity of persons with Rights of Persons with Disabilities disabilities; signed in 2007. Several protocols and charters promoting and protecting human rights and African Union related protocols basic freedoms, children rights and others on the African continent. 2.5 INTERNATIONAL BEST PRACTICES In addition to the national rules and regulations, the development of this ESIA process will take into account the international best practices, notably the environmental and social policies and guidelines as defined by the World Bank and the Southern African Power Pool ESIA’s guidelines for transmission infrastructure. WORLD BANK The World Bank (WB) environmental and social safeguard policies include both Operational Policies (OP) and Bank Procedures (BP). Safeguard policies are designed to protect the environment and society against potential negative effects of projects, plans, programs and policies. The potentially triggered safeguard policies which will be considered in the study are the following: OP/BP 4.01 Environmental Assessment, including public participation; OP/BP 4.04 Natural Habitats; OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources; OP/BP 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement; OP/BP 4.20 Gender and Development; OP/BP 4.36 Forests; BP 17.50 Disclosure Policy. In addition to these policies, this impact assessment also considered the Health and Safety Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Lines (2007) as a reference source for impact assessment and mitigation proposals. 2.5.1.1 OP/BP 4.01 ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The purpose of OP 4.01 is to ensure that projects funded by the WB are environmentally feasible and viable and that the decision making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and their probable environmental impacts (OP 4.01, par. 1). This policy is triggered if a project is likely to have potential (negative) environmental risks and impacts in its zone of influence. OP 4.01 covers: impacts on the physical environment (air, water and land); life environment, health and safety of populations; cultural and physical resources; environmental concerns at the transboundary and world levels. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-15 Social aspects (involuntary resettlement, indigenous populations) as well as natural habitats, pest control, forestry and safety of dams are addressed by separate policies with their own requirements and procedures. The WB undertakes environmental screening to determine the appropriate extent and type of environmental assessment to be conducted. It classifies the proposed projects into categories, depending on the type, location, sensitivity, scale of the projects and the nature and magnitude of their potential environmental impacts. This project has been classified as a category A project. The project is considered as category A, because of its length and the requirement for clearing a Right-of-Way for the installation of the transmission line which will generate adverse environmental impacts that could be significant on human populations or on environmentally important areas. These impacts may affect an area broader than the sites or facilities subject to physical works. The environmental assessment will examine the project's potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommend any measures needed to prevent, minimize, mitigate, or compensate any adverse impacts and improve its environmental performance. For all Category A or B projects, project-affected groups and local NGOs have to be consulted on the project's environmental aspects and their views must be taken into account during the environmental assessment process. The consultations must be initiated as early as possible. These groups should be consulted shortly after the environmental screening, before the terms of reference for the ESIA are finalized and also once a draft ESIA report is prepared. Consultations can also be conducted throughout the project’s implementation to address related issues that affect the PAPs. For meaningful consultations, all relevant material must be provided in a timely manner prior to consultations, in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. 2.5.1.2 OP/BP 4.04 NATURAL HABITATS The 4.04 conservation policy’s purposes are to protect natural habitats and their biodiversity and to ensure the sustainability of services and products that natural habitats supply to human societies. In principle, the WB will refuse to finance project’s that may be perceived as causing significant damages in Critical Natural Habitats (CNHs). The current project will imply the clearing of a right-of- way that has a high probability of going through natural habitats, thus the triggering of this OP. Its objective is to circumvent the conversion or degradation of non-critical natural habitats, as much as possible. These impacts should be avoided by reconfiguring the project, even in its size or its extension, and/or by implementing acceptable mitigation measures, such as the establishment of protected areas or the strengthening of effective protection of CNHs. Should the project involve the significant conversion or degradation of natural habitats that are not considered as critical, and if there are no alternative solutions for the project and its location, and if the complete analysis clearly shows that the project’s overall benefits are significantly higher than the environmental costs, then the WB can finance the project if the project includes appropriate mitigation measures. The WB defines natural habitats as land or water zones where biological communities sheltered by ecosystems are in majority made of indigenous plant and animal species, and where human activity has not fundamentally modified its zone’s main ecological functions. CNHs are defined as: existing protected areas and areas officially proposed by governments to be classified amongst ’’protected areas‘’ e.g. reserves that meet the criteria of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) classifications; areas recognized as protected by traditional local communities; sites maintaining vital conditions for the viability of such protected areas. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-16 2.5.1.3 OP/BP 4.11 PHYSICAL CULTURAL RESOURCES This policy assists in preserving physical cultural resources (PCRs) and helps reduce chances of their destruction and/or damage. The policy considers PCRs to be resources of archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious (including graveyards and burial sites), aesthetic or other cultural significance. The current project will be crossing areas occupied by various human activities resulting in potential adverse effect on cultural resources (ex. chuchs, schools, graveyards, etc.), thus the triggering to this OP. According to this policy, an investigation and inventory of PCRs likely to be affected by the project have to be conducted. The investigation should document the significance of such PCRs, and assess the nature and extent of potential impacts on them. Since many cultural resources are generally not well documented or protected by law, public consultations are an important mean of identifying PCRs. Such consultations include meetings with project-affected groups, relevant government and non-governmental organizations. If PCRs are found during an inventory, a management plan must be prepared. This management plan must include measures to avoid or mitigate any adverse impacts on PCRs, provisions for managing chance findings, any necessary measures for strengthening institutional capacity for the management of PCRs and monitoring systems to track the progress of these activities. Finally, whether or not a PCR is found at the inventory phase, provisions for managing chance finds must be implemented to ensure that PCRs that may be discovered be properly handled. 2.5.1.4 OP/BP 4.12 INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT The main objectives of the WB Resettlement Policy (OP 4.12) are to: avoid or minimize involuntary resettlement, whenever feasible; develop resettlement activities as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the displaced persons’ share in project benefits; meaningfully consult displaced persons and give them opportunities to participate in the planning and implementation of the resettlement programs; assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of the project’s implementation, whichever is higher. This policy is usually applied for projects that require international financing. Annex A (Paragraphs 17-31), describes the scope (level of detail) and the elements that a resettlement plan should include. These include objectives, potential impacts, socioeconomic studies, legal and institutional framework, eligibility, valuation and compensation of losses, resettlement measures, relocation planning, community participation, grievance management procedures, implementation schedule, costs and budgets, and monitoring and evaluation. The current project will be crossing areas occupied by various human activities resulting in potential resettlement requirements thus the trigerring of this OP. WB OP 4.12.(6a) requires that the resettlement plan include measures to ensure that displaced persons are (i) informed about their options and rights, (ii) consulted and offered choices among technically and economically feasible resettlement alternatives, and (iii) provided prompt and effective compensation of full resettlement costs. WB OP 4.12 (8) requires that particular attention should be places to the needs of vulnerable groups among those displaced such as: those below the poverty line, landless, elderly, women and children, indigenous populations and ethnic minorities. WB OP 4.12 (13a) stipulates that any displaced persons and their communities and any host communities receiving them should be provided with timely and relevant information. They also should be consulted on resettlement options and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing and monitoring of the resettlement. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-17 WB OP 4.12 (12a) states that payment of cash compensation for lost assets may be appropriate where livelihoods are land-based but only when the land taken for the project is a small fraction (less than 20%) of the affected asset and the residual is economically viable. WB OP 4.12 (6b&c) state that in case of physical relocation, displaced persons should be (i) provided assistance (such as moving allowances) during relocation; and (ii) provided with residential housing, or housing sites, and, if required, agricultural sites for which a combination of productive potential, locational advantages, and other factors is at least equivalent to the advantages of the old site. In addition, displaced persons should be offered support after displacement, for a transition period, based on a reasonable estimate of the time likely to be needed to restore their livelihood and standards of living. This development assistance comes in addition to compensation measures such as land preparation, credit facilities, training, or job opportunities. WB OP 4.12 (13a) requires that appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms be established to sort out any issues arising. 2.5.1.5 OP/BP 4.20 GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT The objective of the WB's gender and development policy is to reduce poverty and enhance economic growth, human well-being, and development effectiveness by addressing the gender disparities and inequalities that are barriers to development, and by formulating and implementing gender and development goals. The current project will be crossing areas occupied by various human activities resulting in potential impacts on gender issues thus the triggering of this OP. 2.5.1.6 OP/BP 4.36 FORESTS The OP 4.36 is about forest protection. The major objectives of the policy are: sustainable management of forests; conservation of wet forest zones; communities’ rights respected in their traditional use of forest zones in a sustainable manner. The WB does not finance projects that would involve significant conversion or degradation of critical sections of forests or essential (critical) natural habitats attached to them. The current project will be crossing forested areas and imply some forest clearing to allow for the transmission line’s right of way, thus the triggering of this OP. Should the project involve the significant conversion or degradation of natural forests or associated natural habitats that are not considered as critical, and if there are no alternative solutions for the project and its location, and if the complete analysis clearly shows that the project’s overall benefits are significantly higher than the environmental costs, then the WB can finance the project on condition that it includes appropriate mitigation measures. OP 4.36 is triggered by the project as some forest habitats are located along the projected transmission line route. 2.5.1.7 BP 17.50 DISCLOSURE POLICY This BP supports the decision-making of the WB by allowing the public access to information on the environmental and social aspects of projects. It is a mandatory safeguard policy that has specific requirements for disclosure. It requires that during the project’s design phase, the PAPs, affected groups and local NGOs will be consulted and that the environment and social aspects of the project will be presented. Also, consultations must be undertaken throughout the approval process of the project. The policy also requires that relevant documents be disclosed to PAPs, such as the ESIA and RAP and kept in places where individuals can gain access easily. Since this project will imply public disclosures at various stages of its progression, it was judged important to consider this BP. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 2-18 IFC ENVIRONMENTAL, HEALTH AND SAFETY GUIDELINES IFC’s Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines (EHS Guidelines) are implementation tools for IFC’s performance standards. They are technical reference documents covering cross-cutting and specific issues raised by general and specific types of projects and relevant to all performance standards. 63 EHS guidelines (1 general guidelines document, 62 sectoral guidelines) have been developed for various types of projects, and contain performance levels and measures considered generally acceptable by the World Bank Group. The IFC EHS guidelines are directly applicable to private projects funded by the IFC, which is the branch of the World Bank Group funding private ventures. As such, they are not directly applicable to the Mozambique-Malawi Interconnector as a public project. The present ESIA, therefore, was not prepared according to those guidelines but rather according to World Bank Safeguard Policies. The EHS Guidelines were used as guides however for some aspects of the mitigation. 2.5.2.1 IFC EHS GUIDELINES FOR ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION The EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution include information relevant to power transmission between a generation facility and a substation located within an electricity grid, in addition to power distribution from a substation to consumers located in residential, commercial, and industrial areas. They are divided in two main sections: Industry-Specific Impacts and Management, Performance Indicators and Monitoring. The EHS Guidelines for Electric Power Transmission and Distribution identify the main categories of environmental, community health & safety and occupational health & safety impacts to be expected from power transmission projects, and propose avenues for properly managing those impacts. Performance indicators are also proposed to be used at the ESMP implementation stage. The main potential impacts identified by the EHS guidelines are the following: Environmental impacts: Terrestrial habitat alteration (from construction and maintenance of right-of-way); Potential promotion of forest fires; Avian and bat collisions and electrocutions; Aquatic habitat alterations (from construction of corridors crossing aquatic habitats); Electric and magnetic fields; Potential spills of hazardous materials (pesticides for maintenance of right-of-way, transformer insulating oils, liquid petroleum fuels). Community health & safety impacts: Risks of electrocution; Electromagnetic interference; Visual amenity; Noise and ozone emissions; Aircraft navigation safety. Occupational health & safety hazards: Electrocution from contact with live components during construction, maintenance, and operation activities; Occupational hazards when working at heights during construction, maintenance, and operation activities; Exposure to electric and magnetic fields; Exposure to hazardous materials. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 2-19 SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL In September 2010, the Environmental Subcommittee of the SAPP published the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Guidelines for Transmission Infrastructure. This document is not regulatory in nature; it is a tool to assist in the realization of an ESIA. As such the guidelines provide assistance on the ESIA process leading to the project’s licencing by the respective national environmental agencies to a project’s proponent. These guidelines document the various steps of a typical ESIA process and in relation with the project’s phases. The approach promoted includes the production of: the project’s official registry with the national environmental agencies through a screening report; the initial presentation of the project and receiving environment as well as the preliminary terms of reference through a scoping report; the effective environmental assessment and the elaboration of an environmental and social management plan. The guidelines also insist on the needs for stakeholder engagement in the ESIA process and on the organization of adequate public consultations throughout the process, with more official activities realized during the scoping and ESIA stages. Finally, an emphasis is placed on ensuring that efficient monitoring is in place to verify the evaluation of the impacts and the adequacy of the proposed mitigation measures. The guidelines also encourage the proponents to conduct an audit of the ESIA report, of the ESMP and of the institutional capacity to implement the mitigation plan following the project’s realization. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-1 3 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 3.1 ELECTRICITY SECTOR FRAMEWORK The Zambezi Valley is characterized in the energy sector by the presence of Hidroeléctrica de Cahora Bassa (HCB), located in Cahora Bassa district, which has an installed capacity of 2,075 MW and contributes significantly to the domestic product of Tete Province, Zambezi valley region and the country. Currently, HCB supplies power to Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. Transport to South Africa is conducted through two power transmission lines in continuous current, which originate in Songo converting substation and going directly to the Apollo substation located in South Africa. The Songo substation through transportation lines in alternating current also feeds the Matambo substation (Changara district, close to Tete city) from which electric power is supplied to the central and northern regions of Mozambique. In terms of power transmission, the Zambezi Valley is part of the Energy Transport Systems of Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric Concession (HCB) and, what is called, Central-North Region operated by EDM, by the Center, North Central and North Divisions headquartered in Chimoio, Quelimane and Nampula, respectively. The power transmission system with a concession and operated by HCB, consists of: Two monopolar power transmission lines in the DC (+/-) 533 kV between Songo substation and the Apollo substation located in South Africa, in an extension of about 1,500 km. Matambo Substation, located in Tete city, including in particular the line park with a 220 kV input line panel/ painel de chegada de linha, a transformation panel of 44/22/22 MVA 220/66/33 kV, one 220 kV output line panel for Chibata substation (EDM), located in Manica Province, a 33 kV output line panel for Tete substation (EDM) and a 66 kV output line panel for Tete substation (EDM). A 220 kV transmission line between Songo substation and Matambo substation (Tete) with a length of about 120 km. A 220 kV transmission line between Matambo substation (Tete) and Chibata substation (Manica - EDM) with a length of about 320 km. The Power Transmission National Grid (Central/North System) of EDM responsibility consists of: A 400 kV transmission line between Songo substation (HCB) (Tete) and Bindura substation (Zimbabwe operated by ZESA) with a length of about 125 km to the border with Zimbabwe. This line is operated by HCB with 330 kV. One, two circuit, 220 kV line between the Matambo substation and ending at the southern limit of the Vale Mine concession. This line is already equipped with the two circuits but only one is energized. The energized line is currently feeding the Vale Mine substation through a single circuit 220 kV line constructed and managed by Vale. Two 220 kV lines between Matambo substation (HCB) and Caia / Chimuara substation (EDM), with a length of 290 km. A 220 kV line between Caia / Chimuara substation (EDM) and Mocuba substation (EDM), with a length of 262 km, with a 33 kV branch in Nicoadala for 20 km, which feeds Quelimane city. A 110 kV line between Caia / Chimuara Substation (EDM) and Marromeu, with a length of 90 km. According to the Integrated Program of Investments (Priority Infrastructure for 2014-2017, Ministério da Planificação e Desenvolvimento, 2014), at the power transmission level, the following objectives were established: Complete the construction of the electric power backbone - the STE - either in direct or alternating current ensuring sufficient transport capacity for large hydroelectric projects of the Zambezi Valley. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-2 Finish the construction of Chimuara - Namialo line. Finish the construction of Matambo interconnection line (Mozambique) - Phombeya (Malawi). Carry out studies with a view to enhancing interconnections to neighbouring countries in order to properly drain the surplus power. 3.2 PROJECT JUSTIFICATION Mozambique integrated the Southern African Power Pool (SAPP) at the time of its creation in 1995. At this time, only the utilities of nine of the twelve members (countries) were already interconnected, that is, Botswana, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe. The remaining member countries to connect were Angola, Malawi and Tanzania. Ensuring that all member countries are interconnected is a high priority for the SAPP and this is why, in the SAPP’s 2013 Annual Report, the Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection was identified as a high priority project. On April 3, 2013, the Governments of Malawi and Mozambique signed a power interconnection agreement that includes two phases: (i) the construction of the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Transmission Line from the Matambo substation in Tete, Mozambique, to the Phombeya substation in Balaka, Malawi; and (ii) construction of a second transmission line from Balaka to Nacala, Mozambique. The current report only considers the first phase of this interconnection agreement and is limited to the Mozambique section of the proposed interconnection line as per the terms of reference of WSP’s contract. This Project will link the Cahora Bassa hydropower systems of 2075 MW to the 282 MW hydropower systems installed in the Shire River, in Malawi. It also should be noted that, this project is one of the objectives of the Integrated Programme Investment (Priority Infrastructure for 2014-2017, Ministry of Planning and Development, 2014), being a government effort to reduce the deficit in terms of transport infrastructure and meet the growing demand of electricity for rural electrification and to feed the industrialization projects in Tete region. 3.3 PROJECT GENERAL LOCATION The proposed 400 kV transmission line has a total extend of 218 km, of which 142 km will be deployed in Mozambique (about 65%). This study refers only to the Mozambique section, starting in Matambo in Tete, to near Cantxusse community, on the border with Malawi. The project is located in the province of Tete and, more specifically in the districts of Moatize, Changara and City of Tete (see Figure 1-1). Tete Province is located in central Mozambique. The North is limited by Zambia, this is limited by Malawi, the West is limited by Zambia and Zimbabwe and South of the provinces of Manica and Sofala (which is separated by the Zambezi River). It offers an area of 98,417 km2, representing 12.3% of the country, is the third largest province of Mozambique in terms of surface, then the provinces of Niassa and Zambezia. The capital of Tete Province is the Tete city, and the province is divided into 15 districts, namely: Angónia, Cahora Bassa, Changara, Chifunde, Chiúta, Cidade de Tete, Dôa, Macanga, Marara, Mágoè, Marávia, Moatize, Mutarara and Tsangano e Zumbo. The project intercepts the districts of Moatize, Changara and City of Tete. The Moatize District is located in South of Tete Province, bordering the Republic of Malawi, with which it shares a border post Zóbuè. The district is bounded to the north by Tsengo and Chiuta districts, the south by the Mutarara district and Manica Province, the west by the Changara district and city of Tete and the east by the Republic of Malawi. It has an area of 8428 km2. The Changara District is located Southwest of Tete Province, bordering the Republic of Zimbabwe. The district is bounded to the North by Marara district, to the South by Manica Province, the East by the districts of Moatize and Tete City and the west by the Cahora Bassa district and the Republic of Zimbabwe. It has an area of 6143 km2. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-3 The District of Cidade de Tete is located in the center of Tete Province, bordering the north and east with the Moatize district, in the south with the Changara district and the west with the districts of Changara and Marara. It has an area of approximately 287 km2. 3.4 PROPOSED ALIGNMENT AND OPTIMIZATION ORIGIN OF THE PROPOSED ALIGNMENT The proposed alignment was initially evaluated through the analysis of a 2-km wide corridor originating from the initial ESIAs of 2003 and 2004. This corridor was first optimized between 2005 and 2016 prior to the initiation of the current ESIA and again, following a preliminary site survey conducted in July 2016 at the beginning of the Scoping phase of the current ESIA process. Finally, an optimized alignment emerged based on an on-site technical survey and on the results of the Public Consultations Round 1, completed during the Scoping phase. The following sections summarize the evolution of the studied corridor and resulting proposed alignment. 3.4.1.1 CORRIDOR EVALUATED AT THE SCOPING PHASE The Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection project was initially considered in terms of its technical feasibility (2005) following an initial environmental and social impact assessment (ESIA) completed in 2003 (for Malawi) and 2004 (for Mozambique). The ESIA Study was submitted and approved by the former MICOA, today MITADER. However, due to several reasons the project has not continued. Presently, Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. (EDM) and its homologous Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited (ESCOM), have reinitiated the project and are in the process of completing updated technical and environmental studies. In 2004, the EIA completed for the Mozambique section proposed a preferred corridor which globally presented less environmental and social impacts. However, this corridor was confronted to a significant technical constraint related to the crossing of the Zambezi River in Mozambique (See photo 3-1). Indeed, the river’s shores are separated by almost 1 km while the typical 400 kV tower span is limited to 465 m. Two alternatives were then considered for this corridor in relation with the river crossing constraint: Alternative 1: crossing the river near the Chamuarura village. Alternative 2: crossing the river near the Rupia village (see Figure 3-1). These alternatives were compared using criteria such as river crossing facilities, presence of villages or houses, presence of agricultural activities as well as flooding and erosion risks. All of these aspects have environmental, technical and economic implications. It resulted in Alternative 2 being the selected corridor. Between 2005 and 2016, the corridor selected in 2004 was revisited to generate a revised corridor that was presented in the terms of reference used by the ESIA consultant (see Figure 3-2).The revision was made to resolve some specific limitations such as the necessity to minimize encroaching in the International Coal Ventures Private Limited (ICVL Benga Project) and the Vale (Moatize coal Project) mine’s active concession areas and to take into account the recently built 220 kV line between the Matambo and Vale substations. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-4 Photo 3-1 Crossing of the Zambezi River at the Level of the Matambo-Vale 220 kV Line PROPOSED INITIAL MODIFICATIONS FOR CORRIDOR OPTIMIZATION FOLLOWING A PRELIMINARY SITE SURVEY The studied corridor was visited during an initial site survey conducted from July 21st to 23rd, 2016. The observations made by WSP during this site visit combined with the analysis of the available satellite images and initial baseline survey information were communicated to the Technical Feasibility Consultant whom evaluated potential modifications to optimize the corridor’s alignment in relation to highlighted sensitive areas. The design of the proposed modifications also took into consideration potential technical difficulties associated with the initial corridor as well as the criteria presented in Table 3-1. Most of the proposed modifications made by the Technical Feasibility Consultant are minor ones to avoid isolated buildings and small communities as well as to optimize the corridor’s alignment with regards to existing infrastructures such as the EN7 road and the Sena and Nacala Railway. However, three more significant modifications are proposed for three sections of the selected corridor alternative, one in Mozambique and two in Malawi. They are presented in Figure 3-2 and the modification in Mozambique is described hereafter: This modification starts immediately after the Zambezi crossing in Mozambique and is located in the southern part of the ICVL and Vale mine concessions. It is associated with a section of 14 to 15 km of the selected corridor alternative. The alignment of the 2004-2005 corridor alternative is located within the Benga Mine’s concession, very close to some of its mining installations and then turns to the southeast to exit the concession and continue according to an axis that bypasses the exploited sections of the Vale mine concession. Near the Zambesi River, it passes close to the village of Nhambalualu Chimbulabe before entering the mine concessions. The proposed modification turns immediately to the southeast after the river crossing following the upper part of the river’s flood zone for approximately 3.5 km before initiating a large curve towards the east and north in the southeastern extremity of an inactive part of the Vale Mine concession. The modification passes to the southwest of Nhambalualu Chimbulabe, crosses an area where agricultural activities are held, but clears the section of the ICVL and Vale mine concessions located close to the river. It thus moves away from all of the main ICVL mining installations. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 River Human Environment City Angónia District Boundary International Boundary Mozambique Infrastructures Macanga Chifunde Airport Malawi Ntcheu Benga Mine Balaka Vale Coal Mine Tsangano Existing Substation Phombeya Existing Transport Line, 220 kV Substation Existing Transport Line, 66 kV Primary Road Secondary Road Neno Railroad Project Components Phombeya Substation Chiuta (Under Construction) Proposed Initial Modifications Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Zóbue Environmental and Social Issues Cantxusse Blantyre Benga Mine's Active Concession Canhungue Vale Coal Mine's Active Concession Mussacama 0 7 14 28 km Cahora Lizie Chileka International Bassa Sweet Airport 1:700 000 Mwanza Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje Moatize Tanzania Cataxa Madamba Malawi Substation Cana-Cana Lilongwe Lilongwe Mozambique Zambia Lusaka Shown Left Nhamitsatsi Cambulatsitsi Caldas Xavier Harare Chikwawa Antananarivo Inhagoma Zimbabwe Thyolo Madagascar Indian Ocean Mufa Chingozi Cateme Botswana Airport Tete Moatize Gaborone Gaborone Pretoria Maputo Tete Guluate 0 350 km South Africa Benga Cancope ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Changara Chamuarira EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Mozambique-Malawi, Matambo Mozambique Substation Nhalcuni Mchenga Figure 3-1 Location of the 2005 selected Corridor and of the Zambezi River Crossing Alternatives Mutarara Sources: Preparation: G. Pothier Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Drawing: V. Venne International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org Verification: J.-M. Evenat District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Guro Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 2017-05-11 161-07023-00 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 River Human Environment City Angónia District Boundary International Boundary Mozambique Infrastructures Macanga Chifunde Airport Malawi Ntcheu Benga Mine Balaka Vale Coal Mine Tsangano Existing Substation Existing Transport Line, 220 kV Phombeya Substation Existing Transport Line, 66 kV Primary Road Secondary Road Neno Railroad Project Components Phombeya Substation Chiuta (Under Construction) Study Area (2 km) Proposed Initial Modifications 1 2 3 Zóbue Environmental and Social Issues Cantxusse Blantyre Benga Mine's Active Concession Canhungue Vale Coal Mine's Active Concession Mussacama 0 7 14 28 km Cahora Lizie Chileka International Bassa Sweet Airport 1:700 000 Mwanza Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje Moatize Tanzania Cataxa Madamba Malawi Substation Cana-Cana Lilongwe Lilongwe Mozambique Zambia Lusaka Shown Left Nhamitsatsi Cambulatsitsi Caldas Xavier Harare Chikwawa Antananarivo Inhagoma Zimbabwe Thyolo Madagascar Indian Ocean Mufa Chingozi Cateme Botswana Airport Tete Moatize Gaborone Gaborone Pretoria Maputo Tete Guluate 0 350 km South Africa Benga Cancope ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Changara Chamuarira EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Mozambique-Malawi, Matambo Mozambique Substation Nhalcuni Mchenga Figure 3-2 Selected Corridor and Proposed Initial Modifications Mutarara Sources: Preparation: G. Pothier Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Drawing: V. Venne International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org Verification: J.-M. Evenat District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Guro Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International 500000 550000 600000 650000 700000 2017-05-11 161-07023-00 3-9 The design of this deviation was based on a set of established criteria presented in the following table. Table 3-1 Criteria for the design of the proposed modifications Technical Criteria Find a path that is as short as possible to minimize the length of the line and reduces the construction and operation costs. Aim for a straight line to reduce the number of angle towers that drives costs higher. Avoid steep areas sensitive to erosion and landslide. Pair with existing right-of-way (RoW) of electrical equipment and/or existing linear infrastructure (roads, railways) to reduce visual impact and minimize footprint. Stay close to existing roads and tracks to facilitate access for construction and maintenance needs, even during the rainy season. Avoid poorly drained flooded or swampy areas, because of the poor bearing capacity of soils. Environmental and social criteria Use existing RoW in order to minimize land fragmentation and affected areas. Ensure crossing of rivers in their narrower segments, more specifically for the Zambezi River. Consider regional development plans. Avoid as much as possible encroaching the Vale and Benga Mine Concessions. Avoid urban populated areas. Avoid protected areas and zones of ecological interest (rivers, lakes, migratory corridors, dense forest areas, etc.). In addition to clearing the main environmental concerns for this section of the corridor, that is the infrastructures of the Benga Mine’s, the proposed modification: crosses only one existing electrical line (the original alignment crossed 2). follows 3.5 km of an existing road favoring its accessibility (the original alignment only crosses this road without following it). FINAL MODIFICATIONS TO THE PROPOSED CORRIDOR FOLLOWING THE PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ROUND 1 In addition to the initial modifications made based on the initial site survey, final modifications were made to the proposed corridor, following the Public Consultations Round 1. These modifications concern essentially the Mozambican section of the corridor and were prompted by the following requests: The request of the City of Tete that their Mpadwe urban expansion project be considered to minimize impacts to the land subdivision already planned. For this they ask the project considers implementing one of the following options: insert the new 400 kV line within the 100 m RoW available between the existing 220 kV Matambo-Vale line and the proposed expansion; divert the new 400 kV line south of the limit of the City of Tete, that is south of the Quiro River, and; if either of the two previous options can be implemented, consider juxtaposing the new 400 kV line to the southern limit of the RoW of a 66 kV line present in the southern part of the expansion project. The request, by Vale, that the proposed corridor not pass through their concession as their might be mining potential in this area. The request, by the District of Moatize’s representatives, that the corridor stays as much as possible south of the Nacala Railway alignment in the Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi to avoid a dense agricultural area. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-10 To address these observations, the corridor was reviewed to: After negotiations between the City of Tete and EDM, an alignment was designed that allowed for the new electrical transmission line to be inserted within the 100 m RoW available between the existing 220 kV Matambo-Vale line and the proposed expansion. Avoid crossing the Vale concession thus now passing along the external southeastern limit of the concession. Ensure that its center line passes south of the Nacala Railway, in the area between Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi. Figure 3-3 shows the final optimized corridor adjusted to meet the above-mentioned requests. PROPOSED ALIGNMENT RESULTING FROM THE SCOPING PHASE The proposed 400 kV transmission line alignment begins at the Matambo substation, extends towards the east for approximately 4 km and then turns slightly toward the northeast after crossing the EN7. The corridor is then parallel (80 m distance from center line to center line) to the Matambo-Vale 220 kV for approximately 9 km, that is, up to the western shore of the Zambezi River. At this point, it shifts slightly to the south, crossing the Zambezi River in such a way that on the eastern shore it is now located some 330 m south of the Matambo-Vale line. After crossing the river, the line turns to the southeast and then back gradually towards the east following the southern limit of the Vale concession for 24 km. It then turns again towards the northeast for 5 km and then again towards the northwest for 15 km completing the southeastern and northeastern bypass of the Vale concession and crossing the Sena Railway. The maps presented in Appendix 3 present the proposed alignment for the 400 kV Transmission line. Photo 3-2 Nacala Railway Corridor and one of its Access Roads followed by the Proposed Transmission Line WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 550000 600000 650000 Tanzania Malawi Tsangano Lilongwe Mozambique District Zambia Lusaka Shown Below Harare Antananarivo Zimbabwe Madagascar Botswana Indian Ocean 223 Gaborone Pretoria Maputo 0 350 km South Africa Zóbue Cantxusse Chiuta District Canhungue Mussacama Lizie Mozambique Sweet Mwanza Moatize District District Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje 222 103 Madamba 221 Malawi Cana-Cana Chikwawa District S136 Cambulatsitsi Nhamitsatsi Caldas Xavier Inhagoma Mufa Chingozi Cateme Airport Tete Moatize District Tete Guluate Benga Cancope To Cataxa Proposed Chamuarira Substation 258 Matambo Nhalcuni Mchenga Substation Changara 103 District Mutarara District Guro 550000 District 600000 650000 Project Components 0 6 12 24 km ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT Final Optimized Corridor 1:600 000 Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Final Study Area (2 km) Mozambique-Malawi, Mozambique Infrastructures River Existing Substation Human Environment Figure 3-3 Benga Mine City Final Optimized Corridor Vale Coal Mine Airport Source: Primary Road District Boundary Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Secondary Road International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org International Boundary District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Railroad Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Existing Transport Line, 220 kV Interconnection Project Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account Existing Transport Line, 66 kV 2017-05-09 (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International 3-13 Just before crossing the Nacala Railway, the alignment turns to the northeast following the south side of the railway for 35 km until reaching the Cana-Cana to Caldas Xavier Road. It continues in the same direction and crosses the Nacala Railway after 4.6 km and the EN7 after 17 km. It continues towards the northeast through a hilly area for another 16 km following the EN7 in a more or less parallel fashion. At this point it crosses the 223 Road and veers a bit more towards the east for 10 km crossing a second time the EN7 at the level of Canhungue and reaching the Malawian border just north of Mussacama. 3.5 INVESTMENT VALUE At this point of the project, the construction of the global Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection transmission line is estimated at USD 127,152,000 with one circuit installed. When the second circuit is built (when energy demand is sufficient), it will bring the total investment to USD 161,225,000. Specific project cost for Mozambique is presented in section 3.8. 3.6 PROJECT INFRASTRUCTURES The Mozambique-Malawi interconnection project is to be composed of a 218 km, 400 kV double circuit transmission line connecting the Matambo and Phombeya substations located respectively in Mozambique and Malawi. Initially, only one circuit will be installed and operated. This ESIA report address the 400 kV line with one circuit installed. The second circuit is forecasted to be installed when energy demand requires it. MATAMBO SUBSTATION The new 400 kV line will start from the Matambo substation in Mozambique, which is supplied in electricity by the Cahora Bassa Hydroelectric plant (HCB). In fact, the new 400 kV equipment required for the substation to accommodate the 400 kV line will be installed in an extension to the existing Matambo substation that was approved by MITADER and World Bank through an ESIA and RAP completed in 2011 for the STE project (SCDS and MML, 2011). Topics associated with Matambo Substation Extension (alternative options, route selection criteria, anticipated impacts and mitigations measures, etc.) were analysed by another consultant and then approved by EDM, stakeholders, Government and World Bank (Mott Macdonald and SCDS, 2011a, 2011b and 2011c). The related impacts and mitigation measures have been taken into consideration within the following report as well as related compensation aspects related to agricultural land losses and relocation of some primary and secondary structures. The FS Consultant has supplied a proposed design for the installation of the required 400 kV equipment in association with the current proposed interconnection power line (see Figure 3-4). To accommodate the new transmission line and ensure its connection to the existing network, the FS Consultant is proposing a new 400 kV double-bus substation that will have to be built with the following configuration: 400 kV double busbar with bus coupler and CVTs; Two (2) bays for the new 400 kV double-circuit transmission line to Phombeya Substation. Initially, only one of the two 400 kV transmission line bays will be installed initially. The second bay will be installed when energy demand requires it; Two (2) 400/220 kV transformer bays for the interconnection with a new “short” 220kV double- circuit transmission line that links this new substation to the existing Matambo 220kV Substation; Substation building housing all P&C, SCADA and telecommunication equipment. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-14 High-voltage equipment required at the Matambo substation western extension for each 400 kV line feeder bay shall consist of the following: three (3) surge arresters three (3) capacitor type voltage transformers one (1) three-phase disconnector with two (2) earthing switches three (3) current transformers one (1) three-phase circuit breaker two (2) three-phase busbar disconnectors The 400kV shunt reactors will be installed on the same bay and will consist of the following HV equipment: one (1) three-phase disconnector with two (2) earthing switches three (3) current transformers one (1) three-phase circuit breaker three (3) surge arresters one (1) shunt reactor Each transformer bay shall consist of the following HV equipment: three (3) 220 kV surge arresters three (3) 220 kV capacitor type voltage transformers one (1) 220 kV three-phase disconnector with two (2) 220 kV earthing switches three (3) 400/220 kV single-phase transformers three (3) 400 kV current transformers three (3) 400 kV capacitor type voltage transformers one (1) 400 kV three-phasecircuit breaker one (1) 400 kV disconnector two (2) 400 kV three-phase busbar disconnectors WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-15 (Source: Fichtner, 2017) Figure 3-4 Proposed Matambo Substation Extension The new 400 kV substation will be located to the west of the existing 220 kV substation, as determined under the overall STE project under consideration of long term system developments (refer to figure above). 3.6.1.1 REALIGNMENT OF ROAD 258 As visible on Figure 3-4 above, extension of Matambo substation will be made over a section of Road 258 requiring the realignment of a 4.5 km section or road 258, from the EN7 to the north of the Matambo substation which has not yet been built. Topics associated with relocation of road 258 (alternative options, route selection criteria, anticipated impacts and mitigations measures, etc.) were analyzed by another consultant and then approved by EDM, stakeholders, Government and World Bank as part of the Mozambique Regional Transmission Backbone Project (Mott Macdonald and SCDS, 2011a, 2011b and 2011c). Approximate alignment is presented in Figure 3-5 below. Determination of the R258 final alignment and detailed assessment of its impacts are excluded from the scope of the present ESIA. These tasks will be coordinated by EDM later in the project development process, in compliance with National specifications and in consultation with National Roads Administration (ANE) and the Provincial Directorate of Public Works and Housing (DPOPH). However, general impacts and mitigation measures have been taken into consideration within the present report based on general information available, in order to allow proper management when it is integrated in the construction and operation phases of the Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-16 (Source: MOTT MACDONALD and SCDS, 2011a) Figure 3-5 Approximate Road 258 realignment routing TRANSMISSION LINE As part of its internal procedures, EDM will acquire the entire right-of-way (RoW) of 55 m, that is, 27.5 m on both sides of the centre line. This RoW, when not on public lands, will be acquired through mutual agreement with owners or through an official expropriation process. The towers designed for this transmission line will be the self-supporting towers as presented in photos 3-3. (Source: Consultec, 2016) Photos 3-3 Typical Examples of Self-Supporting Towers The following table summarizes the main characteristics of typical 400 kV transmission lines and Figure 3-6 show typical tower configuration. Furthermore, typical measures such as the installation of corona rings and careful selection of all fittings have been planned to reduce electrical and magnetic fields as well as audible noise. The objective is to limit these emissions to acceptable ranges as per relevant industry accepted guidelines such as those of the International Council on Large Electric Systems (CIGRE). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-17 Table 3-2 Characteristics of the Proposed 400 kV Transmission Line Technical Aspect 400 kV Line Total Estimated Length 218 km Length in Mozambique 142 km Typical RoW width 55 m Type of Towers Self-supporting towers Tower Spacing average 450 m Height of the Towers 44 to 53 m Width of Base 18 to 23 m Type of Conductors Tern ACSR conductor Capacity of transport required at this time 1200 MVA per circuits Minimum clearance from ground 10 to 12 m Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-18 (Fichtner, 2016) Figure 3-6 Typical Tower Configuration for a 400 kV Double Circuit Transmission Line WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-19 3.6.2.1 TOWER FOUNDATIONS A typical tower foundation is composed of four concrete bases normally installed 3 to 4 meters deep in the soil. A concrete post with rebar and a steel support (Stub) is part of the concrete base (see Figure 3-7). This post rises to ground level. Once the base is buried and the material compacted, the first section of the towers can be bolted to each of the four stubs. (Fichtner, 2016) Figure 3-7 Typical Proposed Foundation Installation for the Transmission Line’s Towers 3.6.2.2 CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE OF ACCESS ROADS Unpaved access roads will be built to and within the axis of the transmission line’s RoW to allow for construction, surveillance, inspection and maintenance work. These roads link the line’s RoW with the existing road network and will run for the entire length of the proposed line except over significant rivers such as the Zambezi River. Since the proposed line’s RoW is often close to National roads from which many penetration roads already emerge, its linking to the main network should be facilitated. 3.7 PROJECT ACTIVITIES Various activities are associated with the realization of the project. The following table supplies a list of typical activities per project phase with a short description. Additional information is presented in the following section for some of the most important activities. More detailed information is provided in Technical reports (Fichtner, 2016). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-20 Table 3-3 Typical Project Activities for the Construction of a Transmission Line Pre-Construction Land acquisition Procedures relating to agreements with landowners. Displacement of Resettlement process of assets and economic activities of the populations Populations / Economic affected by the project. Activities Construction Land and technical surveys Site preparation Site preparation activities (deforestation, removal of topsoil, excavation, earthworks) for the construction of temporary and permanent components of the project (access roads, storage areas, tower foundations and substations). Settling of workers camp and other temporary facilities and infrastructures Installation of Work Site used during construction (waste, water, energy, etc.). Construction Works Construction of the power transmission line and substations. Exploitation of borrow pits Exploitations of granular material for construction. Movement of road vehicles, trucks and construction equipment for labor Transportation / Circulation movement and the supply of materials and equipment during construction, including fueling and maintenance of vehicles and machinery. Purchase of Materials / Purchases required for procurement. Goods and Services Operation Operation of the Presence and operation of equipment, and inspection and maintenance of Transmission Line and conductors, towers and structures in substations. Substations Vegetation Management Vegetation clearance associated with the maintenance of the RoW. Waste and Hazardous Handling operations and storage of hazardous waste and used during the Materials Management operation, including oil used in transformers in substations. Employee transportation and movement of vehicles in the RoW, including the Transportation / Circulation fueling and maintenance of vehicles. Purchase of Materials / Purchases required for the operation of the power transmission line and Goods and Services substations. Decommissioning Work related to the dismantling of facilities and activities associated with the Removal of Installations final restoration (decontamination of substation sites, re-naturalization, etc.). Purchase of Materials / Purchases required to complete the decommissioning work. Goods and Services PRE-CONSTRUCTION 3.7.1.1 DISPLACEMENT OF POPULATIONS / ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES The presence of infrastructures within the line’s RoW and at the level of the Matambo substation extension is low since a total of 40 structures (main buildings only, no secondary or community structures affected) were located for a total length of 142 km in Mozambique2. Displacement activities will imply the demolition and reconstruction on immediate vicinity of the various infrastructures detected such as houses, farm buildings, commerce, fences, etc. 2 The number of structures is based on the results of the socioeconomic survey completed in April 2017. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-21 CONSTRUCTION PHASE 3.7.2.1 SITE PREPARATION Although the entire RoW needs to be cleared of built infrastructures, total clearance of vegetation and soil levelling is not necessarily required for its entire width. Indeed, these activities must be completed for the access road, which will become at the operation phase the maintenance road, for the tower sites, for the storage areas and for the work camps. At this time, a precise estimate of the area to be cleared and levelled cannot be calculated as the project is still in its design phase. However, the following general clearance requirements can be described: All vegetation above 5 m in height for the entire length of the line (142 km) and for its total width (55 m), that is for an area of 7.8 km2. This is required to ensure long term minimal clearance under the conductors; All vegetation for the entire length of the line (142 km) and for 2 to 5 m in width for a total area of 0.7 km2. This is required to allow for the stringing of the conductors on the towers. 3.7.2.2 INSTALLATION OF THE WORK CAMPS Except for some of the local population, that will be hired to work on the project, most of the workers will come from some distance and will be living in work camps that will be located along the proposed alignment. The number of camps required will depend on the detailed work schedule to be elaborated by the selected contractor and on the number of work team required to respect this schedule. These camps will be living and operational centers and will have to be supplied with water, sanitary facilities, dormitories, health facilities, cafeterias, etc. Part or all the material, machinery and vehicles required for the construction activities will be stored within storage areas integrated in the work camps. Some of the material can be delivered directly at the construction site such as transformers and concrete blocks. Location of work camps will be determined in accordance with EDM Environment representative, the Supervising Engineer and a representative of the Mozambique environmental agency MITADER/DPTADER before construction starts. 3.7.2.3 LINE CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES The typical line construction activities are: The installation of the tower foundations which will require excavation machinery, concrete production equipment and transport vehicles. The erection of the towers which requires transport vehicles and a crane for lifting tower sections. The installation of the grounding equipment on each tower to avoid shocks for the future maintenance workers. Figure 3-8 shows a typical grounding installation at the foot of a tower. The installation of the insulators on the towers. The installation and hauling of the conductors and of the shield wires also called optical ground wire (OPGW). The exact nature and number of machinery and equipment that will be used will be determined by the selected contractor, to ensure efficient construction and respect of the established work schedule. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 3-22 Source: https://fannygate77.wordpress.com/author/fannygate77/ http://www.stringingequipments.com/sale-2049873-electric-power-transmission-lines-stringing-equipment-for-high-voltage-cable-41kn-110kv.html) Photo 3-4 Typical Tower Foundation and Installation of Conductor Figure 3-8 Typical Grounding Installation at the Foot of a Tower (Fichtner, 2016) 3.7.2.4 SUBSTATION RELATED CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES As there may be some additional equipment to install at the Matambo substation, the following construction activities will have to be realized: Construction of the substation’s foundation using excavation machinery and transport vehicles. Construction of the ground grid and of cable trenches and conducts using excavation machinery and transport vehicles. Erection of the steel support structures with the use of cranes and transport vehicles. Installation and assembly of equipment and bus work. Preparation of final grade including substation gravel. Testing and commissioning of the substation. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 3-23 OPERATIONAL PHASE During the operational phase the main activities will be linked to inspection and maintenance work including vegetation control. These activities will require the use of machinery, transport vehicles and replacement parts to replace broken or failing elements. DECOMMISSIONING PHASE Transmission lines are normally designed for a life span of 50 years and more and they are rarely decommissioned but rather undergo regular maintenance. However, if decommissioning is effectively required, the use of heavy machinery and cranes for the dismantling of the towers and transport vehicles to bring the material to elimination or recycling sites would be required. The same is effective for substation, as with regular maintenance, they are expected to be operational for much more than 50 years. Anyhow if a substation must be decommissioned, some decontamination works may be required if transformers or other oil containing equipment have leaked through the years. This type of activity will imply the use of excavation material and vehicles to send the contaminated soil to authorized sites. 3.8 CONSTRUCTION SCHEDULE AND COSTS Detailed construction schedule for line and substation construction cannot be presented at this time as they will be prepared by the contractor. However, typically, for a 400 kV transmission line of similar length, total construction time is around 24 to 30 months. According to the estimates realized by the Feasibility consultant (Fichtner, 2017), the construction cost for the transmission line and for the work required at Matambo substation are: 400 kV double circuit line with only one circuit installed: USD 63,344,000 New equipment at Matambo Substation: USD 28,502,000 Total project costs for Mozambique: USD 91,846,000 3.9 SPECIALIZED AND NON-SPECIALIZED CONSTRUCTION LABOUR The construction of a transmission line and of substation equipment will require hiring specialized and non-specialized work force for the various activities described above. The specialized workers may come from various areas of the country while the non-specialized workers should come mainly from the immediate regions through which the project will be developed. Exact number of work force is difficult to estimate at this time as it will depend, amongst other factors, on the availability of mechanical equipment. However, a gross estimate would be of at least 200 workers (150 specialized and 50 non-specialized) for the construction of the transmission line and probably from 50 to 100 workers (37 to 75 specialized and 13 to 25 non-specialized) for the various substation equipment to be installed. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 4-1 4 PROJECT’S AREAS OF INFLUENCE The baseline description and the impact assessment of the project is based on the delineation of two study areas that cover all physical, biological and social elements that may be directly or indirectly affected by the project or that could affect its implementation, in all of its phases. National Decree no 54/2015 defines the area of influence (AI) as the geographical area that is subject to changes in its physical, biological and/or socioeconomic environments as a result of the implementation and operation of a project. The area of direct influence (ADI) is defined as the area affected by the project’s direct impacts, whose delimitation is based on the physical, biological and socioeconomic characteristics of the surrounding ecosystems and on the characteristics of the project. The area of indirect influence (AII) is defined as the area subject to a project’s indirect impacts, including the ecosystems and physical, biological and socioeconomic environments that can suffer from the impacts resulting from the changes occurring in the area of direct influence. It should also be noted that the AI definition process should be continuous in the EIA process, as the knowledge, regarding the environmental and social baseline and the project impacts, increases. If necessary, the AIs defined can be reviewed or refined to improve the impact assessment. 4.1 AREA OF DIRECT INFLUENCE A practical approach for this ESIA and RPF was applied by using the center of a 2 km wide corridor as a proxy alignment to conduct the assessment. The actual alignement and tower locations will be determined as an outcome of the geological and topographical surveys leading to the preparation of a detailed design that will define the positioning of the tower footing. The project’s ADI is the combination of two different areas: the project’s footprint (the area directly occupied by the power line corridor and substations); the area where the direct impacts of the construction and its operation are likely to be felt. The footprint includes the areas occupied by the line’s RoW and substations. In the construction phase, the footprint also includes the ancillary infrastructures, such as temporary access roads, construction camp sites, borrow pits, disposal sites, etc. It is expected that these auxiliary infrastructures will be located in the immediate vicinity of the transmission line. In these work areas, several direct impacts will be felt, such as vegetation clearing, soil stripping, etc., but they will be contained to their footprint. When considering the project’s direct impacts outside of the footprint area, it is useful to separate the biophysical and socioeconomic impacts. Therefore, the project’s ADI is delineated as follows: Biophysical environment: a 300 m wide and 142 km long corridor, centered on the project’s alignment, as most of the direct biophysical impacts are expected to be felt in the immediate surroundings of the footprint area. Socioeconomic environment: the communities crossed by the proposed RoW. Even if employment and economy stimulation may extend to other communities, direct socioeconomic impacts are expected to be felt mostly by the villages and communities crossed, or near, the alignment. However, a map of community boundaries is not available for the project area and therefore the socioeconomic ADI is illustrated using a 2 km wide corridor centered on the line’s route. Figure 4-1 illustrates the socioeconomic ADI, which includes the biophysical ADI. 4.2 AREA OF INDIRECT INFLUENCE Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 4-2 Globally, the interconnection project may be considered as having an indirect influence, economically speaking, on the entire country as it will reap the benefits of better power exchange and be able to sell surplus electricity to neighbouring countries. However, when focusing more specifically on the project infrastructure and the biophysical and socioeconomic components, the project’s Area of Indirect Influence (AII) will be defined as follows: Physical environment: a 2 km wide and 142 km long corridor, centered on the project’s alignment, as most of the indirect physical impacts are expected to be felt in a corridor surrounding the new transmission line. Biological environment: the area of indirect influence includes areas where the natural environment shows a higher ecological integrity and anticipated to host species transitioning inside the project area. Socioeconomic environment: the affected districts (Moatize and Changara) and municipality (Tete) as benefits and impacts from project-induced changes in the ADI are likely to extend to other communities within these territories. Figure 4-1 illustrates the AII associated with the physical environment and with the socioeconomic environment. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 550000 600000 650000 Tsangano Human Environment Infrastructures Zóbue Mozambique Chiuta Cantxusse Canhungue Mussacama Lizie Cahora Mwanza Sweet Bassa Nhambulo Kaphiridzaje Project Components Moatize Cataxa Madamba Malawi Substation Cana-Cana Chikwawa Areas of Influence Cambulatsitsi Environmental and Social Issues Nhamitsatsi Caldas Xavier Inhagoma Mufa Projection: WGS84, UTM Zone 36S Chingozi Cateme Airport Tete Moatize Tanzania Tete Guluate Malawi Lilongwe Lilongwe Mozambique Benga Zambia Cancope Lusaka Shown Left Chamuarira Harare Antananarivo Zimbabwe Madagascar Matambo Indian Ocean Botswana Changara Substation Nhalcuni Mchenga Gaborone Gaborone Pretoria Maputo South Africa ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT REPORT EDM - ESCOM Interconnexion Mozambique-Malawi, Mozambique Figure 4-1 Mutarara Guro Areas of Influence Sources: Preparation: G. Pothier Basemap : ESRI World Street Map Drawing: V. Venne International Boundaries: Map Library, www.maplibrary.org Verification: J.-M. Evenat District Boundaries: OCHA 2007 Proposed Interconnexion Line: Lahmeyer International (April 2008), Mozambique - Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project Proposed Substations: Millenium Challenge Account (2015-12-17) and Lahmeyer International 550000 600000 Tambara 650000 2017-05-11 5-1 5 DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS 5.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT CLIMATE 5.1.1.1 REGIONAL CLIMATE Mozambique is located on the east coast of Southern Africa, South of the Equator, between parallels 10º and 26º, and has a tropical and subtropical climate, which is moderated by the influence of the mountainous topography in the northwest of the country. According to the updated classification of Köppen-Geiger, Tete Province has a subtropical arid climate of warm steppe type (BSh) (Figure 5-1), characterized for having a predominant dry season. This climate presents low relative humidity, high temperatures and low rainfall frequency. Close to the border with Malawi, the Aw climate type is found which corresponds to a tropical humid savannah climate characterized by high average temperatures with low monthly variations and an extended dry season. In this type of climate, and according with the Koppen-Geiger classification, the annual rainfall is typical less than 1,000 mm/H2O and occurs only in one specific annual period where the major rains episodes take place, from November to March. 5.1.1.2 LOCAL CLIMATE PARAMETERS The meteorological parameters were obtained by consulting the data available on the Tete Meteorological Delegation, which is managed by the INAM. Climate data from the region located near the border with Malawi was obtained through the consultation of climate normal data series (1961-1990) provided by the AQUASAT project responsibility of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The table below shows the location where meteorological data was consulted and retrieved. Table 5-1 Climate Data Locations COORDINATE COORDINATE LOCATION ALTITUDE X Y Tete – BSh climate type 33º34’50.8’’ E 16º10’42.8’’ S 478 m Malawi border – Aw climate type 34º26’58’’ E 15º36’33’’ S 940 m TEMPERATURE AND RAINFALL Figure 5-1 shows that rainfall and temperature vary in a similar way, typical phenomenon of tropical weather, where the lowest temperatures occur in the dry season (April to September) and July is the coldest month, with an average monthly temperature between 23ºC and 19,5 ºC. The hottest months are between October and December, with monthly average temperatures close to 30 °C in Tete’s Region. The seasonal distribution of rainfall is highly pronounced, concentrating in the wet season over 70% of annual precipitation. The episodes of precipitation in this region occur in the form of storms where individual precipitation events can be quite intense. This precipitation pattern creates an irregular rainfall distribution throughout the wet season. January is the wettest month; with rainfall reaching maximum values of 240 mm. August and September are the driest months, with rainfall reaching minimum values that do not exceed 5 mm H2O. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-2 Source: Peel MC, 2007 Figure 5-1 Climatic Classification of Mozambique Based on Koppen-Geiger Figure 5-2 represents the temperature and precipitation variation over the year in both climate types crossed by the project, Tete Region and the Malawi border (Zobue), respectably. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-3 Source: Consultec (Dados:INAM & FAO.org “Aquastat”) Figure 5-2 Thermo – Pluviometric Graphs Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-4 WIND REGIME In Tete region the prevailing wind regime is from the East-Southeast and Southeast quadrant. The lower wind speeds occur mainly during the wet season, and calm conditions, that is, wind speeds below 0.5 m/s are recorded especially in the dry season. The winds have an average annual speed of around 7 km/h. Cyclones do not reach directly the region in question, but its occurrence can possibly influence the configuration of the isobars (lines of equal atmospheric pressure), which in turn could affect the weather conditions and/or the direction of the winds. The graphs represented in Figure 5-3 shows the monthly distribution of wind speed average values throughout the year. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-5 Source: Consultec (Dados:INAM & FAO.org Aquastat) Figure 5-3 Records of Monthly Average Wind Speed Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-6 The following figure illustrates the prevailing wind direction and the distribution in terms of annual distribution by wind speed. Source: INAM, 2014 Figure 5-4 Wind Rose RELATIVE HUMIDITY The annual distribution of relative humidity (RH) follows the annual variability of temperature and rainfall characteristics of the marked distinction between the dry season and the rainy season (Figure 5-5). The highest value regarding relative humidity is 70.9% in the Tete region and 81.3% near the Malawi border. Maximum values are typically registered during February, while the lower HR values occur mainly between the months of September and October, typically lower than 55%. This has further confirmation in the usual monthly rainfall values, reflecting the low activity of the Intertropical Convergence Zone in this Mozambican region at that time of year. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-7 Source: Consultec (Dados:INAM & FAO.org Aquastat) Figure 5-5 Monthly Distribution of Relative Humidity Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-8 CLIMATE CHANGE Climate change refers to any change in the current climate, attributed directly or indirectly to human activity, to which is added the natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods (MITADER, 2007). It is widely accepted by the scientific community that global climate pattern will change in the future and that the trend will be an overall increase in average air temperature, greater variability in rainfall regime, rise in the average sea level and the an increase occurrence of extreme events such as flooding, cyclones and extended periods of drought. According to the National Strategy for Climate Change report (2013-2025), published by MICOA (currently MITADER), Mozambique is particularly vulnerable to climate change due to its geographical location, in the inter-tropical convergence zone and downstream shared hydrographic basins, to its long coast, and the existence of large areas with altitude below the current sea level. INGC (2009) recognized that in a period of 45 years, between 1960 and 2005, there is a clear trend of increase in temperatures for most of the country. The warming trend has not been uniform throughout the country; increases of up to 1.6ºC are seen in Central Mozambique during the winter, while the maximum temperatures have increased about 1.1ºC in the north during the months of March-April- May and September-October-November. The observations show that there is a tendency towards increases in either frequency or intensity of cyclones, however the number of events in this period is too limited to be statistically significant. The climate models suggest that for the Indian Ocean there is a general tendency for the reduction of tropical cyclones frequency but with an increase in its intensity (Emanual, 2008). Temperatures in Mozambique may increase between 1.2 to 1.7ºC until 2050 and 3.2 to 4.0ºC by 2095 (USGC). The rainfall variability will also increase; likely to manifest itself through changes in the beginning of the rainy season and in rainfall distribution, with more humid rainy seasons and drier dry seasons. The central provinces are more prone to floods, tropical cyclones and epidemics, followed by the Southern and Northern provinces. The South with its savanna climate, tropical and dry, is more prone to droughts than the central and northern regions, which are dominated by a rainy tropical climate and moderately humid climate modified by altitude, respectively (INGC, 2009). Figure 5-6 illustrates carbon dioxide emissions (CO2) in Mozambique between 1992 and 2013 according with the Word Bank (World Development Indicators) the published data. CO2 emissions here illustrated regards Fossil Fuel combustion and CO2 releases from industrial activities including cement production in Mozambique. Source: WB/WDI Figure 5-6 CO2 Emissions in Mozambique between – 1992 and 2013 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-9 GEOLOGY Geologic characterization of the study area was based on literature review and on the Line Routing Report of the project (Fitchner, 2016). Of the several bibliographic sources reviewed, special mentions were made to the geologic maps of National Directorate of Geology (1:250,000), in particular sheets 1633, 1634 and 1533/1534 that cover the study region. The following sections present the geologic characterization of the study area. The information is first provided from a regional point of view, followed by a more local perspective focused on the proposed powerline. 5.1.2.1 GEOMORPHOLOGY Geomorphologically, Mozambican territory can be divided into 4 physiographic zones (Afonso et al., 1998): Mountainous zones, with elevations of more than 1,000m. This region occurred as a result of the permo-carbonic Gondwana movements. The mountain tops and ridges are intrusive-tectonic in metamorphic formations of the Upper Archaean and Proterozoic Eras. Great Plateau zone, with elevations from 1,000 to 500m resulting from the erosive cycle associated with the break-up of the Gondwana during the Lower Cretacic. These are characterized by erosive-denuded surfaces, ruffled by granitic inselbergs carved in the Pre- Cambric formations and Karoo rocks. The study area falls within this sector. Middle Plateau zone, with elevations from 200 to 500m, resulting from the tilting movements during the middle Tertiary. These regions have flat areas, depressions, volcano-sedimentary rock surfaces and accumulation lowlands. Great Coastal Plain zone, with elevations of less than 200m, attributed to the Congo cycle, which probably initiated in the Plio-Pleistocene. This zone, dominated by tertiary and quaternary sediments, covers the region south of the Save River and the coastal strip. These units are delimited by more or less accentuated escarpments, and as a general rule, the altitude progressively increases from the coast to inland. Along the Mozambique line route, the altitude generally increases from the Zambezi River towards the East and West, with the following extreme topographic points: Matambo substation–400m; Zambezi River crossing–120m and border crossing–880m (Figure 5-7). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-10 Source: Fitchner, 2016 Figure 5-7 Terrain Profile Overview Most of the proposed powerline route is located in meso-plateau areas with altitudes over 500m. The south-western end of the line route, in the Tete area and at the crossing point with the Zambezi, runs through flattened areas formed by small hills with the predominance of lower altitudes (up to 200m) and gentle slopes (0-3%). At the north-eastern end of the proposed alignment (near the border), the relief is rugged and characterized by numerous hills, sometimes with steep slopes (6-25%) (Figure 5-8). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-11 Source: USGS, 2006 Figure 5-8 Hypsometric Map of the Study Area 5.1.2.2 GEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK Mozambique has a rich and complex geology, including formations ranging from the Mesoarchaic age (3,200 million years), occupying one third of the country, mainly in the Center-Southern regions and in the NE coastal strip, to formations of Quaternary age. The rocks of the study area can be divided in two groups: the crystalline basement of Archaean- Cambrian age and the Phanerozoic cover. According with Pekkala et al. (2008), the crystalline basement comprises a heterogeneous assemblage of paragneisses, granulites, migmatites, orthogneisses and metamorphic igneous rocks. The Phanerozoic cover is mainly comprised of lithologies deposited during the Karoo (Permian-Jurassic), Cretaceous and East Africa Rift Events (Tertiary to Recent). From a geodynamic point of view, it is generally accepted that the crystalline basement of Mozambique belongs to three major ‘building blocks’, or terranes, namely the East, West and South Gondwana, that collided and amalgamated during the Pan-African orogeny to form the Gondwana Supercontinent. Prior to the Pan-African orogeny, each terrane had been affected by a geodynamic development of its own (Vasconcelos and Jamal, 2010). The boundary between East and West Gondwana (together forming North Gondwana) is located to the north-east of the Tete area, where crystalline rocks with a NNW-SSE trend to the east are in Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-12 contact with a crystalline domain with a predominantly WSW-ENE ‘Irumide’ trend to the west. The Sânangoè Shear zone (SSZ) represents the boundary between West and South Gondwana (Figure 5-9). Source: National Directorate of Geology, 2006 Figure 5-9 Geology of the Study Area Being located close to the junction of these terranes the basement geology of the northern Tete Province is complex. The above three terranes are all present in the study area: South Gondwana terrane: comprised of the Zimbabwe Craton and a number of tectono or litho stratigraphic units that have been thrusted or deposited on top of the northern and eastern margin of the Craton. Sanangoè Shear zone (SSZ): now largely covered by Karoo and younger sediments of the Zambezi Trough, separates the South Gondwana terrane from the other terranes and is a major structure in the study area that characterizes the observed relief changes. West Gondwana terrane: the crystalline basement of northern Tete Province mainly belongs to a smaller structural element called Tete-Chipata Block, a triangular crustal block bounded by the E-W, limited by the SSZ in the south and the Mwembeshi Dislocation in the north. The Furancungo Suite is present near the border with Malawi belonging to the West Gondwana terrain. 5.1.2.3 LOCAL GEOLOGY The surface geology of the Mozambique Basin is hampered by scarcity of outcrops due to low relief depositional surfaces, alteration of sedimentary rocks and the presence of weathering residues such as laterite, calcrete, caliches and ferricrete (GTK, 2008). The geological formations intercepted by the proposed project are shown in Figure 5-10. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-13 The study area is largely composed of various Mesoproterozoic granitoids, with paleo and neo-proterozoic granitoids occurring to a smaller areal extent and of lithologies of the Lower Karoo Group. The granitic rocks are divided into several types on the basis of petrography, texture, geophysical signature, chemical composition and age. Most granitoids belong to the 1.2–1.0 Ga age group, are related to the Grenvillian Orogeny and are composed of different magmatic phases (Makitie et al., 2008). The Lower Karoo Group’s depositional history starts with the Dwyka age’s period of glaciation (latest Carboniferous) and ends with the deposition of mixed, coarse to fine grained clastic deposits during the Permian age. The Matinde formation of the lower Karoo Group present in the study was formed in the early to middle Permian age. Table 5-2 identifies the main geologic units intercepted by the project and the respective symbology that can be found on Figure 5-10. Table 5-2 Geologic Formations in the Study Area NUMBER CODE FORMATION LITHOLOGY ERA/PERIOD Paleoproterozoic/ 56 P2MG - Mungàri garnet gneiss-granite with metasediment - Chacocoma granit; porphhyritic biotite granite, 45 P2Cgr - augengnaiss, mylonitic to phyllonitic in places 65 P2Tgb Tete suite Gabbro, subordinate anorthosite Deformed desaranhama granite; biotite-hornoblend 52 P2FDd Mesoproterozoic/ orthogneiss, porphyritic granite and granodiorite - Furancungo Nacoco granite; equigranular granodiorite and 50 P2FC suite quartzo monzodiorite, subordinate charnockite Monte dezenza gneiss; biotite (-hornoblend) 55 P2FZ gneiss, scattered mafic and ultramafic rocks Monte calinga muci granite-gneiss with mafic 78 P3ROgm Guro suite Neoproterozoic/- gneiss, migamatitic Paleozoic/ 86 PeT Matinde Sandstone, marl, argilite, coal seams Permean-Traissic Mesozoic/ 21 JrRmd Rukore suite Mafic dyke Jurassic 89 Qt - Fluvial terrace gravel and sand Cenozoic/ 87 Qa - Alluvium, sand, silt, gravel Quaternary Source: GTK Consortium, 2006a, 2006b The description of the local geology provided in Table 5-3 is based on previous works on the subsurface and surface geology particularly by GTK Consortium (2006). It briefly describes the main characteristics of the formations occurring in the project area (although various lithologies occur in the region). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-14 Source: National Directorate of Geology, 2006 Figure 5-10 Geological Formations in the Study Area WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-15 Table 5-3 Local Geology in the Line Route Matambo Substation – River crossing Guro Suite P3ROgm: Aplitic granite gneiss- migmatite, pure felsic component of the bimodal suite. Thinner bands of aplitic granite/mafic. Paleo/Mesoproterozoic rocks east of the Rushinga group: P2Cgr: Chacocoma porhyritic biotite granite. Most commonly, the rock has been deformed into mylonitic augen gneiss. P2MG: Mungári garnet granite-migmatite Recent alluvial deposits Qa: Composed of silts, sands and gravels, are distributed on the flood plains of the Zambezi River, where prominent sand banks are often deposited on the river beds. Plain – Plateau Lower Karoo Group: Karoo are deposited in a number of graben-type rift structures, including the Moatize-Luia Graben. PeT: Matinde formation predominantly composed of sandstones and subordinate creamy coloured clay and conglomerate that alternate between rhyolites and basalts. Tete Suite: Forms an elongate, sub-horizontal sheet-like body with a surface area of close to 6,000km². It is composed predominantly of gabbro, leucogabbro and norite, with subordinate anorthosite and minor but widespread ultramafic rock types, mostly pyroxenite and rocks mainly composed of iron-titanium oxides. P2Tgb: Gabbro-fresh gabbro (and norite) is a grey, homogeneous, unfoliated, medium- to very coarse-grained rock. Hilly Region To The Border Town Of Zobue Furancungo Suite - P2FDd, P2FC and P2FZ: Of the Irumide Intrusive Suite, the Furancungo Suite forms a NNW-SSE directed, elongated massif (250x80km) continuing into Malawi in the SE and into Zambia in the NW. The main component is P2FDd composed principally of a non- or incipiently-foliated, pinkish grey, coarse, porphyritic biotite granite with potassium feldspar phenocrysts. Qt: Tertiary terrestrial sediments and Quaternary. Fluvial terrace sand: They are widely found along the Vudezi River. The upper terrace deposits are attributed an Early Pleistocene age. Source: GTK Consortium (2006) Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-16 5.1.2.4 SEISMICITY Central Mozambique is under the influence of the Great Rift Valley, which separates the Arabian, African and Indian plates, extending in the north-south direction from northern Syria to central Mozambique. In Africa, the Rift begins in the Red Sea, in the separation of the African and Arabian plates, extending along the NW-SE direction to the Gulf of Aden. Then, it is directed south to the Urema region, within the African plate. Prolongations of this Rift to the south can also be observed in the area of Machaze (Manica) in Graben region of Funhalouro, apart from others in the same region. The southern section is part of Niassa Lake, following the Shire River until it flows into the Zambezi River, about 250km downstream from Moatize. Figure 5-11 shows the location of the Great Rift Valley. Source: Chorowicz, 2005 Figure 5-11 Location of Great Rift Valley Detail in Mozambique Figure 5-12A plots the epicenters of major earthquakes in this region, showing a concentration of seismic activity along the Rift’s western branch, from South Sudan to southern Malawi. This activity extends into Mozambique, but in a much more diffuse way. The Rift’s eastern branch shows a much more diluted activity, with a grouping of epicenters in north Tanzania (Sousa, 2006). South from this area, the seismicity zone becomes diffuse and heads to the ocean, in the direction of the Mozambique Channel, where several epicenters can be observed further on to the south. According to USGS (2006), 190 earthquakes were recorded in Mozambique since 1973. More than half of these were of magnitudes greater than 4.0 and at least 15 had a magnitude equal or greater to 5.0, which is considered the lower threshold with the potential to cause structural damage. The greatest earthquake recorded in Mozambique occurred on February 22nd, 2006, in the Machaze district, southern Manica Province, with a magnitude of 7.0 (Sousa, 2006). The majority of recent continental seismic activity epicenters are located in the Machaze region (Figure 5-12B), roughly 600km from Tete. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-17 A.Southern and East Africa Seismicity (1927-1994 B.Seismic activity (epicenters) in Mozambican territory period), showing the epicenters of earthquakes of a (1973-2006) magnitude greater than 4.0 Source: Sousa, 2006 Figure 5-12 Seismic Activity Epicenters in the Region From the data presented, it can be seen that the earthquake activity in Mozambique, though recurrent, is generally of low magnitude (Figure 5-13). However, the recent tectonic evolution of the Miocenic rift system across East Africa, represented in Mozambique by the Lake Niassa-Shire-Urema-Sofala branch, could be responsible for the greater frequency of recorded earthquakes. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-18 Source: WHO, 2010 Figure 5-13 Seismic Hazard SOILS 5.1.3.1 SOIL UNITS The description of the soil units in the study area is based on the National Soil Map (INIA, 1994), which allows for the identification of the several soil units present in the study area, and the description of their main characteristics. Figure 5-14 illustrates the soil units found in the study area. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-19 In line with the classification criteria used in the legend of the National Soil Map (INIA), the identified soils can be grouped into 4 major physiographic units: Alluvial Zones, Sedimentary Basin, Volcanic Rocks Areas and Pre-Cambrian Basement. The geologic framework (parent materials) strongly influences the pedogenetic processes, although other factors also contribute to soil formation, such as climate, living organisms, relief and time. The main soil units in the study area are therefore associated with volcanic rock areas and the Precambrian shield that originated the parent materials. Source: INIA (1995) Figure 5-14 Soils Units Found in the Study Area Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-20 The following table documents the soil classification key of Figure 5-14 such as the geological environmental conditions of the soil formation; the parental material and the soil differentiating criteria (where they exist) and the respective symbology used in the figure. Table 5-4 Soil Classification Key for the Study Area PHYSIOGRAPHIC PARENT SOIL DIFFERENTIATING FAO SYMBOL UNIT MATERIAL CRITERIA CLASSIFICATION Red soils BV Ferric lixisol Vulcanic rock areas Basalt Depth > 30 cm Black soils BP Calcic vertisol Calcareous Sedimentary basin Brown soils WK sedimentary rock Medium Red soils VM Ferralic arenosol texture Coarse KA Câmbric arenosol Precambrian shield Acid rock texture Brown soils Medium KM Haplic acrisol texture Fine texture KG Ferric lixisol Source: INIA (1995) In Figure 5-14, some areas have a double symbol (e.g. the area near Malawi (n.15) KG+KM). When this occurs, two different types of soil (KG and KM) are found in the area, however, because of the map’s scale it is impossible to differentiate them. The first one listed is the dominant type in the area. Using the same example, the KG type is the main type of soil at this site, but some brown soils of medium texture (KM) can also occur in smaller percentages. Tables 5-5 and 5-6 describe the main characteristics of the dominant soil types for the proposed alignment. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-21 Table 5-5 Soil Units from Volcanic and Sedimentary Basin Rock Zones Soils from Volcanic Soils from Sedimentary Main Characteristics Rock Zones Basin Rock Zones (Bp) (Wk) Map (relative location) Soil grouping Black basaltic soils Shallow soils on calcareous rocks Clayey, black, heavy with cracks, Sandy clay loam, brown, moderately Dominant characteristics varying depth deep, calcareous Basaltic mantle along the Sedimentary rock outcrop of Karroo, Geology Precambrian shield Cretaceous or Tertiary Geomorphology Plains and slopes Undulated Top soil: siC-C Top soil: SL-SCL Texture* Sub soil: C Sub soil: C-SCL Soil depth (cm) 30-150 Generally <100 Drainage Moderate Imperfect-good Top soil: 6.5-7.5 Top soil: 6.5-8 Acidity and alkalinity (pH) Sub soil: 7-8 Sub soil: 6-9 Sodicity, sometimes depth, land Soil depth, sodicity, sometimes Main limitations for agriculture preparation salinity Organic matter Moderate-high (1.5-6%) Moderate (1-3%) Calcaric cambisols or eutric FAO (1988) classification Calcic vertisols cambisols USDA (1992) classification Typic calciusterts Typic ustochrepts Land capability (USDA) Moderate Moderate to marginal Land suitability for irrigation Marginally suitable-special use Moderately-marginally suitable (USBR) (overhead irrigation, rice) * SC: sandy clay; siC: silty clay; siCL: silty clay loam; L: loam; siL: silt loam. Source: INIA/DTA, 1995 The main soil units that are intercepted by the proposed route for the powerline are: Soils from volcanic rock zones, namely soils formed from basaltic rocks weathering. Black basaltic soils (BP) are clayed soils and, in some cases, silty-clay, clay loam and franco-clayey loamy, with a high clay content. This type of soil overlies the gabbros of the Tete Suite. Soils from sedimentary basin rock zones, from outcrops of Karoo; shallow soils on calcareous rocks (WK). Soils from Precambric rock zones, namely soils formed from acid rocks weathering, grouped into: Red soils with medium texture (VM), soils with a higher, subsurface clay content (argic horizon), as a result of the actions of pedogenic processes (especially clay migration). This soil type overlies the mylonitic augen gneiss. Brown soils of fine texture (KG) present profile ABtC type with an argic B horizon. They have a high clay content and develop polished surfaces and cracked clay textures that open and close periodically due to the variation of the moisture content. This type of soil overlies Furuncungo Suite. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-22 Table 5-6 Soil Units from the Precambric Rock Zones Soils from Precambric Soils from Precambric Main Characteristics Rock Zones Rock Zones (Vm) (Kg) Map (relative location) Soil grouping Medium-textured red soils Grey brown clayey soils Sandy clay loam, reddish brown, Dominant characteristics Clayey, greyish brown, deep deep Precambrian shield, acid rocks: Precambrian shield, acid rocks: Geology granite, gneiss ... granite, gneiss ... Interfluves, upper and middle Interfluves, middle and lower Geomorphology slopes slopes Top soil: LS-SL Top soil: LS-SCL Texture* Sub soil: SL-SCL Sub soil: SC-C Soil depth (cm) >100 >100 Drainage Good Moderate Top soil: 5.5-7 Top soil: 5-6 Acidity and alkalinity (pH) Sub soil: 5-7 Sub soil: 5-6.5 Germination conditions, erosion Germination conditions, erosion Main limitations for agriculture hazard hazard Organic matter Low-high (0.9-4.5%) Moderate (1.5-2.5%) FAO (1988) classification Ferric lixisols Haplic lixisols USDA (1992) classification Rhodustalfs kanhaplic rhodustalfs Kandic paleustalfs Land capability (USDA) Excellent to moderate Good to moderate Land suitability for irrigation Moderately-marginally suitable Moderately-marginally suitable (USBR) * SC: sandy clay; siC: silty clay; siCL: silty clay loam; L: loam; siL: silt loam. Source: INIA/UEM, 1995. In general, the soils present in the project area are deep soils (>100cm) with moderate drainage. They provide acceptable yields as long as they maintain a good organic matter content and are complemented by fertilization. The main limitations to the agricultural practice are related to the germination conditions of the plants. In the Moatize area, the soils allow the practice of several crops both rainfed and irrigated (sorghum, beans, cotton, rice, wheat and sugar cane). 5.1.3.2 EROSION RISK Soil formation and soil erosion are two natural and opposing processes. Many natural, undisturbed soils have a formation rate balanced by a rate of erosion. Under these conditions, the soil appears to remain in a constant state as the landscape evolves. Generally, the rates of soil erosion are low unless the soil surface is exposed directly to the wind and rainwater. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-23 Erosion problems arise when the natural vegetation cover is removed; rates of soil erosion are then greatly accelerated. In such cases, the rate of soil erosion exceeds the rate of soil formation, erosion control practices are then required to reduce erosion rates and maintain soil productivity. The only information available on erosion risk for the study area comes from the Erosion Risk Map of Mozambique and the observations made by the survey teams during their site visit. The erosion risk for the study area is presented in Figure 5-15 at a national scale (1:2,000,000). As can be seen in this figure, the line route is located in a region with a low to medium erosion risk. Only a small portion of the study area, to the north near the Malawi border, presents a medium erosion risk. The medium risk potential is associated with rainfall erosivity (and relief) and the lower risk is associated with soil erodibility. Source: SADCC, 1985. Figure 5-15 Erosion Hazard along the Line Route However, although the soil is in general of firm to dense compactness and often interbedded with rock debris or boulders or underlain by shallow rock structures resulting in generally good bearing properties, the low percentage of cohesive fine components makes the soil prone to localized erosion in exposed areas (Fitchner, 2016). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-24 HYDROGRAPHY AND WATER RESOURCES 5.1.4.1 SURFACE WATER From a regional perspective, the study area is included in the international basin of the Zambezi River. The Zambezi River originates in north-western Zambia, in the Kalene Mountains, and stretches for approximately 2,800 km to the Indian Ocean. Its route is characterized by several important waterfalls, including the Victoria Falls, which are 1,708m long and 100m in height. The Zambezi River basin represents the fourth largest hydrographic basin of Africa, after the Congo, Nile and Niger. The basin has an area of 1,385,300 km2 covering Zambia (where is inserted the largest portion of the basin, 41%), Zimbabwe (19%), Angola and Mozambique (11% each), Malawi (8%), Namibia and Tanzania (2% each). In Mozambique, the Zambezi River has a very significant importance and represents 52% of the water resources of the country (approximately 180,000 km2). Figure 5-16 illustrates the hydrographic basin of the Zambezi River and Revubuè sub-basin (13,000 km2) which are intercepted by the project. The Condedezi River sub-basin can be pointed out as a major tributary of the Revubué River that is intercepted by the project. This River is observed within the area of influence of the project (Figure 5-17). As it can be seen, the proposed alignment predominantly follows a ridge position of the main sub- basins – Condedezi/Revubué and the Malawi sub-basins - River Shire - which is the runoff of the large Rift Valley Lake Niassa. The Moatize River is also a tributary of the Revubué River (northeast of Vale Concession). Moarazi River is a direct affluent of the Zambezi and runs near the southeast limit of Vale’s coal mine concession. Besides the Zambezi River, only the Revubuè and Condedezi are considered perennial rivers which, under natural conditions, drain water throughout the year, either by having tributaries with different feeding regimes from precipitation or by having a continuous supply from aquifers. Indeed, during the rainy seasons, these aquifers carry surface and groundwater flows, since the underground water level is above the riverbed and feeds the water course. In the dry season, the water table may fall below the level of the river beds and runoff becomes scarce or ceases. The average flow of the Revubué River at Chingoze is 77m3/s with a coefficient of variation of 0.6 and the Zambezi River at Tete is 1,870m3/s coefficient of variation between 0.4-0.6. The following two intermittent rivers, showing water essentially during the rainy season, are also located within the project’s area of influence: The Moatize River is an intermittent river which, under natural conditions, has water during the wet season and is dry during the dry season. During the wet season, the Moatize River benefits from rainfall and feeds from aquifers, while, during the dry season, piezometric levels of aquifers descend stopping its feed. The Moarazi River is an ephemeral river that only has water during, and immediately after, rainfall periods, without any inflow from aquifers. In all these sub-basins, a predominance of 1st order tributaries is observed, which means that the hydrographic basins are only responding to episodes of rainfall, as most of their feeding water courses are temporary. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-25 Figure 5-16 Zambezi River Basin and Revubuè Sub-Basin Intercepted by the Project Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-26 Source: National Directorate of Geology, 2016 Figure 5-17 Surface Water in the Project Area WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-27 5.1.4.2 GROUNDWATER The description of groundwater resources provided is based on information from the Explanatory Notes of the hydrogeological map of Mozambique (scale 1:1,000,000) (Ferro and Bouman / DNA, 1987). The Mozambican part of the Zambezi River Basin can be roughly characterized by a large variability of the groundwater resources presenting all major types of predominant aquifers in the country, namely (i) aquifers in intergranular formations, (ii) groundwater in fissured formations belonging to the crystalline complex and (iii) aquifer sites in fissured or limited productivity intergranular formations. Given the nature of the geological formations along the alignment, surface aquifers are likely to behave in a similar way to porous mediums. However, they may also be both porous and fractured and, in some areas, behave as confined aquifers. Given the geological variability, the hydrogeology in the study area is characterized by various types of aquifers (Figure 5-18). Source: Map of Mozambique (Original Scale of 1:1000000) – Aquifer Systems, 1987 Figure 5-18 Hydrogeological Conditions in the Study Area Of noteworthy importance, fissured and fractured systems coexist laterally and in depth, many fractured zones with other little fractures can act as a buffer to the drainage. The existence of heterogeneous areas necessarily induces rapid changes in terms of hydrodynamics. These changes, even within the same system, are the result of the changes and transitions between possible different systems, which are, in some way, spatially interconnected. This justifies the range of expected productivity values in this type of formation / aquifer. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-28 In surface areas where course sandstone materials are separated, or plutonic/metamorphic materials are changed and sandy (porous zones), a detrital layer (5 to 12m thick) is formed on the rocky mass of low permeability that serves as a reservoir / surface aquifer. With the exception of areas where the depth exceeds 20m, the aquifers may be explored through shallow wells and/or mechanical holes equipped with manual pumps. The following table summarizes the main types of aquifer crossed by the line route. At the groundwater resource level, the alluvium has the potential to act as a water reserve for the installation of boreholes, although dependent on the fluctuations of rivers and inter-annual variations between the dry and rainy seasons. Table 5-7 Types of Aquifer along the Line Route CODE TYPES OF AQUIFERS (MORE REPRESENTED) Predominantly inter-granular (continuous, generally not consolidated). A1 Very productive aquifers (Q=>50 m3/h), occur in sandy deposits, of alluvial origin, including, sometimes, pebbles, silts, or clayish beds (marked dark blue). High Permeability. Predominantly inter-granular (continuous, generally not consolidated). A3 Moderately productive aquifers (Q=3-10 m3/h), occur in colluvium deposits associated with hill/mountains (marked in light blue). Low Permeability. Predominantly fissured (discontinuous). B3 Moderately productive (Q between 3-10 m3/h), Coarse to medium textured sandstones, compact, foliated fine textured sandstones, marlstones, mudstones and carbonaceous shales including coal beds and diorite intrusions (Karoo). Low Permeability. Mountain areas without a significant mantle weathering and almost without any groundwater. C3 Generally water appears in spring zones (Q<1 m3/h). Crystaline rocks of the gnaiss-migmatitic complex, including metasediments, charnockites and granites. In terms of productivity, the most interesting are the alluvium of the Zambezi (free or phreatic type aquifers) with a connection to the Zambezi River and the pelitic formations of the Lower Karoo, on which alluvium are based. In these areas the groundwater flow is associated with the occurrence of zones with high permeability where a positive artesian aquifer can occur. For its extreme importance, the presence near the project area of the aquifer system of the Nhartanda Valley (A1 type), consisting of an aquifer composed of alluvial deposits (fine, medium and coarse sand and gravel) must be highlighted. This alluvial deposit is covered by a layer of clay or loamy sand of low permeability. The aquifer can be broadly considered as a semi-confined aquifer. However, in the northeast limit of the valley, the aquifer may be more phreatic due to the absence of the top clay layer. The aquifer is limited by sandstone on its side and base and by the Zambezi River on its extremities (Weconsult, 2015). The Nhartanda Valley is an old branch of the Zambezi River (Figure 5-19). The river has eroded the Karoo sandstone and filled it with unconsolidated sediments. This important aquifer that supplies Tete city is located about 6km north of the corridor under study. Groundwater plays an important role in rural water supply and is the source of water supply to some cities and towns like the city of Tete but also plays an important role in preserving valuable ecosystems. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-29 Source: We Consult, 2015. Figure 5-19 Nhartanda Valley Aquifer AIR QUALITY In Mozambique, air quality is regulated by MITADER under the Environmental Quality and Effluent Discharge Regulation (Decree 18/2004). This Regulation establishes, amongst other aspects, the air quality standards for several atmospheric pollutants. From these, six major air pollutants are shown in the following table, namely Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide, ozone, total suspended particles and lead. Table 5-8 Air Quality Standards for Mozambique SAMPLING TIME PARAMETER Annual 1 hour 8 hour 24 hour arithmetical Sulphur dioxide (SO2) 800 -- 100 40 Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 190 -- -- 10 Carbon monoxide 30,000 10,000 -- -- Ozone 160 120 50 70 Total suspended particles -- -- 150 60 Lead 3 -- -- 0.5 3 3 Values in (mg/Nm ) Nm – normal cubic metre (0ºC, 101.3 Kpa) The regulation also establishes the standards for emission of gaseous pollutants by industries but for the current project only the air quality standards are relevant. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-30 In the project´s area of influence, the main single significant air pollutant emission sources are the ICVL and Vale coal mine operations, located just east of the urban area of Tete and south of the city of Moatize. Although the information on air emissions from these industrial extractive sites are not publicly available, these operations are likely to release emissions of suspended particles as well as other air contaminants from fuel combustion and the exposure of extractive surfaces to wind. The proposed line route bypasses these mining concessions to the south, passing less than 2km away from ICVL’s extractive areas and slightly over 6km away from Vale’s open pit area. In addition to these significant emission sources, other potential sources of air pollutants in the study area include: Road and railway traffic – vehicles and trains are likely to affect air quality through fuel combustion and dust emissions. The proposed alignment crosses or follows a number of major roads (N258, EN7, the road linking Cana-Cana and Caldas Xavier and N223). It crosses the Sena (ICVL) railway once and follows the Nacala railway for more than 40 km. The segment between Inhagoma and Cana-Cana appears to be the most likely to be affected by road and railway traffic emissions as, in that area, the proposed powerline remains within a distance of 1 km from EN7 and the Nacala railway. Agricultural activities – the proposed alignment crosses an area dominated by traditional farming activities. Slash-and-burn practices are widespread in the area and may result in significant emissions of dust and particles, affecting ambient air quality. Even though they are found throughout the proposed alignment, traditional agricultural activities increase in density in its eastern segment, between Kaphiridzaje and the border with Malawi. Wind erosion and uncontrolled bush fires – mobilization of fugitive dust due to wind erosion is another local emission source of particulate matter in the region. This phenomenon occurs mostly during the dry season and in open areas or areas with poor vegetation cover. Sensitive air quality receptors in the study area include the rural communities and hamlets, the agricultural fields and the livestock raising areas along the alignment. Communities crossed by the alignment are mostly found along the EN7 between Inhagoma and the border with Malawi. In particular, those communities host schools, health facilities, markets/trading centers and places of worship which are listed in Appendix 4. Agricultural fields are found throughout the alignment, whereas livestock raising activities are mostly found west of the Zambezi River. NOISE Mozambique has yet to establish national ambient noise guidelines. National environmental quality standards are established through Decree No. 18/2004, of June 2nd, (Regulation on Environmental Quality Standards and Effluent Emissions), as amended by Decree No. 67/2010, of December 31st, which determines the environmental standards and the limits to the emission of effluents, aiming to control and maintain acceptable concentrations of pollutants in the environment. This decree also states that ambient noise guidelines will be established by MITADER. Noise is also regulated under the Department of Labor by the Legislative Diploma 48/73 General Regulations on Hygiene and Safety on Industrial Plant. This Regulation does not identify any specific environmental standard and is essentially related to workers’ health protection measures. In 1998, the World Bank (WB) developed a pollution management program, so as to ensure that WB financed projects in developing countries were environmentally sustainable (WBG, 1999), the scope of which included noise. The results were then incorporated into WB and International Finance Corporation (IFC) guidelines, which state that noise impacts from a particular project should not exceed the levels presented in Table 5-9 or result in a maximum increase in background levels of 3 dB at the nearest receptor location off-site. The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Guidelines of the World Bank Group, revised in 2007, specify the following noise level guidelines. The general existing noise levels associated with the proposed corridor are currently generated by vehicle movement on the EN7 and other local access roads, by rail traffic on both existing railway WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-31 corridors (Sena and Nacala) as well as by other local human activities conducted in the vicinity of surrounding settlements. As the proposed corridor bypasses the ICVL and Vale mine concessions, noise generated by the mining activities may also be perceptible due to machinery operation and occasional blasts in the mine’s pit. Table 5-9 World Bank Noise Level Guidelines ONE HOUR LAeq (DBA) RECEPTOR Daytime Nighttime (07:00-22:00) (22:00-7:00) Residential, institutional, educational 55 45 Industrial, commercial 70 70 Near the Malawi border, the noise levels are expected to be those typical of natural and rural areas, meaning low to very low and expected to comply with the WB Guidelines. The baseline ambient noise of the project’s direct area of influence is mainly determined by natural noise sources (such as rain, wind, birds, insects, etc.), low intensity road traffic and the normal human activities in the settlements located along the proposed alignment. Existing noise levels are expected to be slightly higher in the segment of the proposed alignment between Inhagoma and Cana because of the proximity of the EN7, the Nacala railway and road-side settlements. As mentioned in section 5.1.5 above, schools, health facilities, markets/trading centers and places of worship hosted by thes communities crossed by the wayleave are considered as sensitive receptors and are listed in Appendix 4. 5.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT FLORA 5.2.1.1 METHODOLOGY This point presents in detail the methodology used towards completing the present study. For this effect a combination of methods was used, namely: analysis of secondary information in the EPDA report, analysis of satellite imagery for habitats mapping and field surveys for ecological characterization of habitats. One of the larger limitations of this study was the length of the study area, which corresponds to 142 km. This factor led to several constraints, especially for the detailed field based ecological characterization. The study area was then partially assessed as it was impossible to cover all the length. Representative surveys were undertaken. STUDY AREA The study area corresponds to the area of influence of the project within the border limits of Mozambique, which corresponds to 126 km from the Matambo sub-station in Tete, District of Changara, to Cantxusse, in the District of Moatize. The study was concentrated within the project’s direct and indirect areas of influence, considering an area of 5 km on each side of the line in order to consider the area of indirect influence and area of direct influence (100 m on each side of the line). SATELLITE IMAGERY ANALYSIS Satellite images were obtained from the Sentinel–2 satellite through the website - http://sentinel- pds.s3-website.eu-central-1.amazonaws.com/browser.html. The obtained images correspond to the period of May 2016, which represents the end of the rainy season and therefore vegetation is sufficiently green to be observed in images. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-32 Sentinel–2 is an optical, multi-spectral sensor with 13 bands, with varied spatial resolutions: 4 bands with 10 m, 6 bands with 20 m, and 3 bands with 60 m. Given this combination of characteristics, the sensor is appropriate for studies of vegetation, soil, water and coastal areas, and complements the Landsat sensor, but given the greater spatial resolution (10 m sentinela-2 vs. 30 m Landsat) of the bands for vegetation studies (red and near infra-red) this has been preferred for this end. For this study the bands were used in the visible spectrum and the infra-red corresponding to bands 1 to 10 of Sentinel–2. Another advantage of the Sentinel–2 images is that they are made available after correction of atmospheric effects and are already georeferenced, facilitating the user. For image analysis, it was initially decided to redimension bands 1 to 4 from 10 m to 20 m, to give them the same spatial resolution as bands 5 to 10. Afterwards, the bands were stacked and an image mosaic was formed, followed by the selection of the study area. Subsequently, the mosaic was classified using the maximum likelihood supervised classification (Lillesand et al., 2014). The vegetation classes used in this process were defined according to the National Forrest Inventory (Marzoli, 2007) and they were the following: Dense forest; Scrubland; Riverine forest; Agriculture; Bare ground; and Water lines. The mapped habitats were validated in the field to verify the veracity of the image classification and adjusted according to the results of the field campaign, using an accuracy analysis based on the error matrix and the Kappa index. When possible, the map was corrected after the field campaign to adjust classes that were not correctly classified. The analysis of information also permitted the definition and planning of the field sampling, described forthwith. DATA SURVEY IN THE FIELD The field survey regarding the characterization of the vegetation was based on two field campaigns, the first realized between November 1 and 6, 2016 and the second, between April 16th and 21st 2017. The field work were conducted by a team of three specialists. This field campaign had for main objective to complete the survey of ecological information on vegetation as well as the gathering of points of verification of the image classification. Figure 5-20 illustrates the field trajectory, as well as the sampling points. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-33 Figure 5-20 Location of the Sampling Points METHOD AND SAMPLING LEVEL A method of transects along the centreline of the transmission line was defined for the field survey. This method has been demonstrated to be efficient in field samples when there are time limitations, as it allows for the maximization of information collected in each sampling point and permits the observation of variations along the transect. A predetermined sampling was defined for the field data survey, in order to cover the types of vegetation existing in the area of influence and taking into account the following premises: Type of land cover; The powerline route, and Accessibility. The type of land cover was defined based on the most recent Google Earth images available which allowed to recognize the types of vegetation as well as to support the validation of the classification made on Sentinel-2 images. The accessibility was defined based on the existence of roads nearby the line. It is worthwhile mentioning that the second field survey campaign corresponded to very bad road conditions, which further limited the field work. The final number of samples also considered the number of days in order to complete the field work. Therefore, 8 transects (out of 9 initially planned) were established along the proposed route in each type of vegetation detected at the satellite image. Each transect was 500 m long and, in each, a number of parcels of 20x50 m (1,000 m2) was established, generally one in the beginning, one in the middle and the third in the end of the transect (Figure 5-21). The total area sampled is 2.1 ha. The riverine forest (transect 4) was only 10 m wide and thus we recorded all the species inside it but established the rest of the transect in a 500m line in order to measure the nearby vegetation, which was also influenced by the riverine environment. The wetland area (transect 7) was not accessible during the field campaign due to high water levels and thus we have only recorded the species observed, but no measurments were taken. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-34 Figure 5-21 Scheme of the Transects and Field Sampling Parcels Table 5-10 indicates the distribution of the number of parcels by type of vegetation present in the areas. The level of sampling used together with the secondary information allowed a reasonable characterization of the vegetation. Table 5-10 Types of Vegetation Sampled VEGETATION TYPES TRANSECTS PLOTS TOTAL AREA (HA) Mopane 1 3 0.3 Miombo 3 9 0,9 Riverine 1 3 0,3 Undifferentiated 1 3 0,3 Acacia 1 3 0,3 Wetland 1 0 0 TOTAL 8 24 2.1 DATA COLLECTION Each transect was covered in its full expansion and observations and records were taken on the type of vegetation, degree of crown coverage, species (trees and shrubs), level of decay, and existing resources for the local populations. Whenever possible, the transect path was followed together with a member of the closest community, which allowed for the collection of additional information about resource use at each sampling point. In the sampling parcels, all the adult trees and shrubs (with a Diameter at Breast Height-DBH greater than 5 cm) were identified and the DBH and height measured. Species identification was performed with the aid of a botanist from UEM (Eduardo Mondlane University), by collecting specimens in the field for subsequent identification. In doubt, specimens were collected for identification in the Herbarium of the UEM. DATA ANALYSIS In order to characterize the vegetation the following analyses were performed: Description of the type of vegetation; List of the tree and shrub species by vegetation type; Importance Value Index (IVI), which represents the ecological weight of each species in the ecosystem. The IVI is calculated based on the sum of the values of 3 important ecological parameters (% abundance + % frequency + % dominance). 5.2.1.2 REGIONAL FRAMEWORK The study area is located in the eco-region of Zambezian forest in the transition between the miombo and mopane forests (Figure 5-22). The mopane forests are mainly characterized by Colophospermum mopane (mopane) trees. This species frequently establishes homogeneous formations, but occurs generally associated with several WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-35 other trees and shrubs, namely Kirkia acuminata, Dalbergia melanoxylon (African blackwood), Adansonia digitata (baobab), Combretum apiculatum (red bushwillow), Combretum imberbe (leadwood), Acacia nigrescens (knobthorn), Cissus cornifolia and Commiphora spp (White 1983, Low and Rebelo 1996, Wild and Fernandes 1967, Smith 1998, Farrell 1968). Within this eco-region, the mopane communities present considerable variations in height and density. The dense forest or more open savanna forest trees can reach between 10 and 15 m in height and occur in deep alluvial soils, while in impermeable alkaline soils the mopane tends to be atrophied and shrubby (1 to 3 m) (WWF, 2016). The miombo forests in the Tete region normally correspond to a semi-deciduous dry miombo of moderated to low arboreal density (< 40%), with a tree height that does not reach 10 m. Source: WWF, 2016 and Marzoli, 2007 Figure 5-22 Map of the Ecoregions and Types of Vegetation in the Tete Province Although the eco-region, particularly the mopane communities, is considered by a poor endemism, it supports some of the largest and most significant wild fauna populations in Africa. The vegetation is more nutritious than in the surrounding ecoregions and the area is known for harbouring large concentrations of ungulates and elephants (Mills and Hes 1997, Huntley 1978). Elephants seeking for food and fires are the main factors that regulate the vegetation and ecosystems in the ecoregion. Forest fires are a serious issue. The north- western and central parts of the country are the most affected. Fire has become one of the main tools for land clearing for cultivation, hunting, timber exploitation and acquisition of other goods and services from the forest, including charcoal production and honey collection, and for protecting resources from wild animals. The miombo and mopane forests present a healthy conservation status; around 45% of the ecoregion belongs to state or private conservation areas. Outside the protected areas, the low agricultural potential of the region resulting in a large part of the habitats that are still relatively intact (Huntley, 1978). In Tete province, the mopane forests are in relatively good conditions, especially in the more Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-36 remote areas. However, in areas of high population density, these forests suffer high anthropic pressure due to agriculture and the collection of wood. In Tete region and Zambezi crossing there are the mining operators, urban areas, and areas of shifting cultivation with a tree cover of less than 10%. In the area, several riverine forests in diverse stages of degradation occur along rivers and streams. These forests play an important role in protecting watercourses from sediment deposition and maintaining the ecological balance of aquatic systems. They are also important repositories of animal and plant biodiversity, sheltering species of birds and other animals as well as unique arboreal species of this type of vegetation such as Khaya Anthoteca or Sterculia sp. Anthropized vegetation also occurs, which represents different types of vegetation in diverse degrees of disturbance, derived from human activities such as agriculture, cattle production, and collection of wood and non-wood forest products, regeneration areas, etc. In fact, most of the transects were located in areas with some level of degradation or in regeneration after disturbance. 5.2.1.3 LAND USE Land use types varies greatly throughout the transmission line route. In this section, land use was considered mainly based on the point of view of the existing habitats and particularly on their flora composition. The analysis and description of the land use related to human occupation and presence of infrastructures is presented in the sections on socioeconomic aspects (see section 5.3). According to field observations, the area south of the Zambeze River is mainly composed by a mixture of undifferentiated and acacia savannas, while towards the centre the vegetation is mostly mopane woodlands in different stages of degradation. The northern tip of the power line is covered mostly by a mosaic of Miombo woodlands in different stages of regeneration and agricultural areas. Our land cover classification indicates that most of the area of influence (33%) is covered by shrubland areas (Table 5-11). This area might be of two origins: natural in very rocky and dry areas (as acacia savannas or undifferentiated savannas) of the south and anthropogenic such as fallows or woodlands degradation for charcoal production. However, this is not possible to separate by analysing the satellite image. Forest cover 25% of the area of influence and as indicated in figure 5-23 they are more expressive in the southern portion of the power line, around the Moatize area. However, the northern tip has also some spots of forests, although interspersed with agriculture (occupies 22% of the land area). It is important to recognize that at the spatial resolution of 10m it is not possible to differentiate between the different forest types and thus this class includes areas of mopane and Miombo. Table 5-11 Area (km2) per land cover class based on the Sentinel -2 satellite image Area LC Class % of the total area (km2) Agriculture 297.5 22.0 Water 9.7 0.7 Shrubland 454.5 33 Forest 344.6 25 Riverine Forest 188.4 13.7 Exposed soil 81.5 6 Total 1376.1 100 The map of land use had a general exactitude of 79% and a kappa index of 0.72 (Figure 5-23). The shrub area class was somewhat confounded with the forest class, resulting in a kappa index of 0.78, while the agriculture class was somewhat confounded with all the vegetated classes, resulting in a kappa index of 0.74. The class with the worse performance was the riverine forest, which was frequently classified as forest, with a kappa index of 0.46. This was corrected manually by combining the criteria of location along stream/rivers and spectral signatures. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-37 Figure 5-23 Land use and cover map along the Mozambique-Malawi transmission line 5.2.1.4 VEGETATION TYPES Vegetation types found in the study area are presented below. Species identification associated with each type is based on representative surveys. Both woody and herbaceous species have been recorded. A complete list of species found in the field is presented in Appendix 5. All graphics presented in this section are the results of the flora surveys conducted by Consultec for the preparation of the ESIA. OPEN DECIDUOUS MOPANE FOREST The open mopane forests are generally characterized by the dominance of mopane trees (Colophospermum mopane) that form pure or almost pure settlements, with a vertical structure constituted by two strata, arboreal and shrub. This type of vegetation within the project area can be found along the outline of the energy transport line, occupying the larger part of the area. The sampling indicates the dominance of Adansonia digitata (baobab; IVI = 36) and C. mopane (IVI = 25) associated with other species such as: Combretum spp. (IVI = 19), Markhamia zanzibarica (IVI = 18) and Diospyrus quiloensis (IVI = 15). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-38 Figure 5-24 Importance Value Index (IVI) of the 10 most important tree species in the Tete Region Figure 5-25 Diametric distribution of mopane woodlands on transect 2 along the outline of the energy line The mopane woods, in general, are submitted to some types of disturbance, such as agriculture (including burning), collection of wood, coal and construction materials, etc. Regeneration is composed mostly by Colophospermum mopane, Ximenia americana and Euclea sp. The herbaceous and grass species found in the area include: Hyperthelia dissoluta, Phyllanthus reticulatus, Abrus precatorius, Urochloa mossambicensis, Hoslundia opposita, Vigna subterrane, Digitaria sp, among others. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-39 Source: N. Ribeiro, 2017, study area. Figure 5-26 General Aspect of the Mopane Woods and sign of woodlands degradation, in the Tete Region ACACIA SAVANNAS This type of vegetation was found in the southern tip of the power line, around the Matambo station and was covered by Transect 1 of this study. The acacia savannas are dominated by acacia species, namely (Figure 5-27): Acacia senegal (IVI=123) and Acacia nilotica (IVI=36.6), combined in some locations with Diospyrus sp. (IVI=26.7), Senna petersiana (IVI=14.6) among others. Other tree species of interest occurring in the transect are: Sterculia Africana, C. mopane, Strychnos sp.; Diospyrus quiloensis, D. usambarensis, among others. It is worthwhile mentioning that species composition of this vegetation type is very similar to mopane woodlands indicating a state of transition between poor acacia savannas and the mopane woodlands. It is also disturbed, with signs of chopping for the production of timber, charcoal and construction materials. Part of the transect (plot 3) was located in an abandoned machamba (around 7 years ago) thus constituting a fallow area with a fairly good regeneration status. The diametric distribution shows a savannah dominated by young individuals in the diametric class of 0-10 cm, which is likely due to the level of disturbance (Figure 5- Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-40 28). There are only a few individuals (less than 50/ha) on the adult classes (over 10 cm dbh) indicating also that these classes have been severely depleted. The grass and herbaceous layer is abundant of about 60-80% of the ground area and dominated by the following species: Maclura africana, Cissus integrifolia, Crotalaria sp., Ceratotheca triloba and Barleria saxatilis. Figure 5-27 Importance Value Index (IVI) of the 10 most important tree species of Transect 1 in the Tete Region Figure 5-28 Diametric Distribution of trees in acacia savanna species along the outline of the transmission line in Tete Province WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-41 Source: M. Soares, 2016, and N. Ribeiro, 2017 Figure 5-29 General Aspect of the Acacia Savannas in the Project Area WETLAND As indicated in the methodology section, this type of vegetation was not completely surveyed due to the limited accessibility to the area caused by flooding. The area was completely inundated and not appropriate for walking. Only species in the lagoon margin were surveyed and included: Cyperus papyrus, Sesbania sesban, Astrypomea malvaceae, Corchorus tricolor, Panicum sp., Indigofera astragalina, Cissampelos sp., Ziziphus mucronata (massaniqueira), Phyllanthus reticulatum, Hibiscus sinensis, Senna obovata and Rhynchosia sp. The lagoon is used for thatching grass and fishing during the wet season and seemed to be in good ecological condition (Figure 5-30). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-42 Figure 5-30 General view of the wetland around the Matambo area UNDIFFERENTIATED FOREST This type of vegetation was found in the central portion of the power line, around the Moatize area and covered by Transect 5. The undifferentiated forest is not dominated by a particular species as demonstrated by Figure 5-31. The most important species in this area are: Commiphora edulis (IVI=64.8), Combretum imberbe (IVI=38), Millettia stuhlamnnii (IVI=31.4), Bauhinia tomentosa (IVI= 25.8) among others. It is interesting to note the presence of elements of either mopane or Miombo species such as C. mopane and D. condilocorpon. Figure 5-31 Importance Value Index (IVI) of the 10 most important tree species of Transect 5 in the Tete Region WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-43 The grass cover is considerably high with more than 80% of ground cover and dominated by species such as: Ceratotheca triloba, Merremia pinnata, Fimbristylis exilis, Senecio sp., Aristidas adscensionis, Crotalaria monteiroi, Tylosema fassoglense and Rhichardia scabra. Figure 5-32 Diametric distribution of transect 5 in the tete region OPEN SEMI-DECIDUOUS DRY MIOMBO FORESTS In the project area, this vegetation type was observed near the Zobué locality, in the northern tip of the power line. This vegetation type was covered by three transects namely 6, 8 and 9. In general they represent areas of fallow or regeneration after logging, but with a good resiliency capacity in which tree species thrive quite well. Due to high variation among transects we did not compile the data but present it separately in order to capture the situation in each transect. This type of vegetation is largely used by the local communities for the practice of agriculture and grazing, but also for the collection of fruits, roots, medicinal plants, and wood. Therefore, they present a high socio-economic value. In transect 6, the woodlands fall within a fallow area in which the crop activity was abandoned about 7 years ago. The area presents quite good regeneration of Miombo species, with a mean height of 2-3m, medium canopy density (20-30%) and a high grass cover of more than 80%. The most important tree species were: Bachystegia boehmmii (IVI=122.5), Terminalia brachystema (IVI=47.9), Pseulachostylis maprouneifolia (IVI=39.7) and Diospyrus kirkii (IVI=29.9) (Figure 5-33). The diametric distribution shows a young stand with dominance of young trees, but also the presence of adults thus confirming the resiliency of the area after disturbance (Figure 5-34). According to local consultations, this area will be converted again to crops after a fallow period of 10 years. The grass component is abundant (over 90% of the ground cover) and dominated by the following species: Tephrosia sp., Acalypha villicaulis, Chamaecrista mimosoides, Crotolaria sp., Rottboellia cochinchenensis, Abutilon angulatum and Aristida adscensionis. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-44 Figure 5-33 Importance Value Index (IVI) of the 10 most important ligneous species in the open semi-deciduous dry miombo forests in transect 6 Figure 5-34 Diametric distribution (cm) of transect 6 in the Miombo woodlands along the power line In transects 8 and 9, the woodlands are dominated by other species than Brachsytegia and/or Julbernardia genera also indicating some level of disturbance. In general, the two transects have the same ecological characteristics as presented in Figure 5-35. Both are dominated by Diplorhynchus condilocarpon (IVI=119.8 in transect 8 and IVI= 63.6 in transect 9). It is worth to mention the ecological importance in both transects of timber species such as Pterocarpus angolensis in transect 8 and 9 (IVI=27.7 and IVI=18.2) and Millettia stuhlamnnii in transect 9 (IVI=62). The diametric distribution reveals a very young stand in which the highest diametric class is 20 cm indicating the absence of adults above that threshold (Figure 5-36). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-45 In these transects the grass component covers close to 90% of the ground area and is dominated by: Aristidas adscensionis, Digitaria eriantha, Abutilon angulatum, Hibiscus sidiformis, Eragrostis aspera, Chamaecrista mimosoiides and Eragrostis sp. Figure 5-35 IVI of the 10 most important ligneous species in transects 8, Tete Region Figure 5-36 IVI of the 10 most important ligneous species in transects 9, Tete Region Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-46 Figure 5-37 Diametric distribution of transect 8 along the power line in Tete Figure 5-38 Diametric distribution of transect 9 along the power line in Tete WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-47 RIVERINE FORESTS The riverine forests can be found along the watercourses, along the full Project area, and to a degree is found to be disturbed (Figure 5-39). Due to the narrow strip that is covered by this forest (<10 m), the transect covered also the nearby associated riverine areas. The riverine forest itself cover no more than 10 m and is covered by very tall trees (more than 15 m high), dense canopy cover (more than 80%) and low herbaceous layers. Tree species dominating this area are: Milletia stuhlmannii, Sterculia africana, Senna obtusifolia, Maclura africana, Ficus sycomorus and Ekebergia capensis. Along the transect the following species dominated: Dalbergia melanoxylon (IVI= 124.3) and Combretum molle (IVI= 89.3). D. melanoxylon (black wood) is listed as Near-threatened species by IUCN, implying that the species should be protected. The diametric distribution indicates a good representation of trees in the adult classes, showing a good conservation status of this area (Figure 5-40). According to local conversations, the area is not used for any particular purpose given that is gets flooded during the wet season and the soils are very heavy. The riverine forest itself is used only for the collect of fruits and some building materials and is good conservation status. The grass species in this area is almost absent due to either the high density of canopy cover or the flooding condition of the transect area. The few grass species present in the area are: Asystasia gangetica, Urochloa mossambicensis, Xylotheca kraussiana, Melhania forbesii and Maerua edulis. Figure 5-39 Importance Value Index (IVI) of the 10 most important ligneous species in the riverine forests in the project area Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-48 Figure 5-40 Diametric distribution of trees in transect 4 WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-49 Source: M. Soares, 2016, study area. Figure 5-41 Riverine Vegetation in the Project Area Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-50 5.2.1.5 SPECIES DIVERSITY A total of 48 species of flora from 23 families has been identified during the site visits conducted. Most species identified are trees (Table 5-12). Table 5-12 Summary Table of Identified Species on the Field Family Species Vegetation form Endemic IUCN character status Mimosaceae Acacia gerrardii Tree - - Mimosaceae Acacia seyal Tree - - Mimosaceae Acacia nigrescens Tree - - Mimosaceae Acacia welwitschii Tree - - Bombacaceae Adansonia digitata Tree - - Fabaceae Albizia amara Tree - - Fabaceae Albizia versicolor Tree - - Fabaceae Bauhinia tomentosa Tree - - Capparaceae Boscia mossambicensis Tree - - Fabaceae Brachystegia sp Tree - - Annonaceae Cleistochlamys kirkii Tree - - Caesalpiniaceae Colophospermum mopane Tree - - Combretaceae Combretum fragans Tree - - Combretaceae Combretum imberbe Tree - - Combretaceae Combretum padoides Tree - - Burseraceae Commiphora africana Tree - - Burseraceae Commiphora mollis Tree - - Fabaceae Cryptosepalum maraviense Tree - - Fabaceae Dalbergia melanoxylon Tree - - Sapindaceae Deinbollia xanthocarpa Tree - - Ebenaceae Diospyros mespiliformis Tree - - Ebenaceae Diospyros pseudomespilis Tree - - Ebenaceae Diospyros quiloensis Tree - - Ebenaceae Diospyros usambarensis Tree - - Malvaceae Grewia micracantha Tree - - Celastraceae Gymnosporia heterophylla Tree - - Fabaceae Julbernardia globiflora Tree - - Anacardiaceae Lannea schweinfurthii Tree - VU Bignoniaceae Markhamia zanzibarica Tree - - Olacaceae Olax dissitiflora Tree - - Loranthaceae Oncocalyx rhamnifolius Tree - - Fabaceae Philenoptera violacea Tree - - Anacardiaceae Sclerocarya birrea Tree - - Fabaceae Senna didymobotrya Tree - - Apiaceae Steganotaenia araliacea Tree - - Malvaceae Sterculia africana Tree - - WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-51 Family Species Vegetation form Endemic IUCN character status Loganiaceae Strychnos madagascariensis Tree - - Combretaceae Terminalia sericea Tree - - Fabaceae Xeroderris stuhlmannii Tree - - Sapindaceae Zanha africana Tree - - Rhamnaceae Ziziphus abyssinica Tree - - Poaceae Hyperthelia dissoluta Gramineous - - Phyllanthaceae Phyllanthus reticulatus Herbaceous - - Fabaceae Abrus precatorius Herbaceous - - Poaceae Urochloa mossambicensis Gramineous - - Lamiaceae Hoslundia opposita Herbaceous - - Fabaceae Vigna subterranea Herbaceous - - Poaceae Digitaria sp Gramineous - - 5.2.1.6 SPECIES WITH CONSERVATION CONCERNS In the samples areas, species that are of concern for conservation were found, namely: Dalbergia melanoxylon which is being suggested as an Appendix II of CITEs and is considered near-threatened according to the IUCN red data list. Other species of concern are Millettia stuhlmannii and Pterocarpus angolensis (near threatened). The former is not listed in the IUCN red data list but have been considered nationally as under pressure for timber production. We did not find any herbaceous species of concern for conservation neither invasive species. AVIFAUNA 5.2.2.1 INTRODUCTION More than 674 bird species (BirdLife International, 2016) have been recorded in Mozambique and more than 530 breeds within the country. A single species, Apalis lynesi, is endemic to Mozambique, occurring only on Mount Namuli in the north. Two distinct bird communities exist in the country, with the boundary between them coinciding more or less with the Zambezi River. North of the Zambezi, birdlife is largely shared with the one of East Africa, while south of the Zambezi, birdlife is largely characteristic of southern Africa. 5.2.2.2 REGIONAL FRAMEWORK According to the Atlas of birds of Central Mozambique (Parker, (2005), that presents observations of bird species recorded on a quarter-degree grid, where each grid cell comprises a quarter degree (15 minutes) of latitude by a quarter degree of longitude, 329 species of birds are likely to occur in the corridor of the transport line. Of these, 7 are included in the IUCN Red List. Among the species that potentially occur in the region, 59 are migratory, 29 of which are paleoartic migratory species and 30 are inter-African migratory species. Still, according to the work by Parker (2005), 85 species of aquatic birds are susceptible to occur. The high number of bird species is related to Revuboè and Zambeze river wetlands and to the migration routes of paleoartic birds. However, this region, like other regions of the country, has experienced an increase in human occupation, with the expansion of human populations to areas with intact habitats, with the resources and conditions for wildlife. This has increased the pressure on wildlife resources, both through hunting and habitats, through conversion to agricultural areas, selective cutting of trees to produce firewood and charcoal, and collection of plant material for housing, among other factors. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-52 The consequence of this anthropogenic pressure has been the progressive decline of the diversity and abundance of the faunal communities in the crossed districts. However, the pressure on ecosystems is higher in areas close to the main localities (Tete, Moatize and on the border with Malawi) and in the vicinity of access roads (road N7). 5.2.2.3 LOCAL FRAMEWORK The powerline passes near the two bird migration axes. One axis follows the Zambezi River – where the transmission line will cross the axis along the Zambeze River – and proceeds in parallel with the other migration axis along the Rift Valley, known for an important number of Euro-Asian migratory birds. Source: http://birding.krugerpark.co.za/birding-in-kruger-migration-routes.html Figure 5-42 Birds Migration Axes The study area is predominantly covered by miombo woodland with some sporadic patches of mopane forest. Several important alluvial areas cross miombo forests in a North-South direction. These locations are characterized by the presence of grasses temporarily flooded during the rainy season. The rivers that cross the study area are characterized by the presence of riverine vegetation, and the location with alluvial soils are characterized by the presence of acacias. In the study area, birds are the most common taxonomic group encountered. In general, the area is rich in birds, in particular, aquatic birds. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-53 Very frequent species, adapted to various kinds of habitats and levels of disturbance, stand out like Numida meleagris (guinea fowl), which is domesticated and can be commonly seen in local villages. The frequently-spotted Tockus alboterminatus (crowned hornbill), Streptopelia spp. and Turtur sp. (doves) are also very common, occupying diversified habitats. The Pycnonotus barbatus (common bulbul) is common, with a habitat associated with the bush, while the Laniarus Aethiopicus (tropical boubou) has a habitat associated with the riparian vegetation. Inside the woodland with an abundance of Acacia spp., the following species are common: Lamprotornis chalybaeus (greater blue-eared starling) and Dicrurus adsimilis (fork-tailed drongo). The rapine birds occur in proximity to areas of open shrubby savannah interspersed with herbaceous vegetation. In these habitats, the most frequently encountered species are the falcons Meliarax gabar (gabar goshawk), Accipter tachiro (African goshawk) and Kaupifalco monogrammicus (lizard buzzard). Numida meleagris (Guinea fowl) domesticated by the Streptopelia sp. (dove) local population Tockus alboterminatus (crowned hornbill) Pycnonotus barbatus (common bulbul) Figure 5-43 Frequent Species Likely to be Present in Project Area 5.2.2.4 METHODOLOGY The field survey completed for the avifauna along the transmission line’s alignment was completed from November 1 to 6, 2016 in compliance with the methodology presented below. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-54 FOREST AND WOODS BIRDS In order to study the birds along the powerline corridor, sampling points along transects were defined with 5 km separations. In each point, 4 bird listening points, chosen randomly and marked with GPS, were realized. A total of 100 points of observation were made. Figure 5-44 Bird Sampling Points The census point method (Bibby et al., 1985) was used to perform direct sightings with binocular or naked eye) or indirect (by hearing) observations (Sinclair et al, 2002) within a radius around a given fixed point (sampling). The sampling points were selected randomly and at a distance of more than 200 m between them. At each listening point, an imaginary circle was made with a maximum radius of 100 meters. All birds detected at a distance less than 30 m from the sampling point were considered to be within the sampling circle and at a greater distance if outside. This classification facilitates the calculation of the density of each of the species involved. With this information it was possible to calculate, on the one hand, the density of each species and, on the other hand, the percentage of representation of each species in each sampling point. The density for each species was calculated using the method of Bibby et al. (1985). By the following formula: n n D ln n2 m r2 Where: n is number of species within the pre-selected radius (0-30 m); n2 is the number of birds observed outside the pre-selected radius (30-100 m); m is the number of sampling points; r is the pre-selected radius. The calculated density reflects the number of individuals per square meter within the study corridor. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-55 AQUATIC BIRDS In relation to wetlands, areas of possible aquatic bird concentrations were selected and visited. At these places, observations were made (visual and auditory) with total counting of the number of individuals of each species, i.e. all birds sighted in the visited area were counted. MIGRATORY BIRDS Migratory birds were sought throughout the full extension of the proposed transmission line. For each observation, the name of the species was registered and, with a GPS, the geographic position it occupied. This information was used to map each species observed throughout the extension of the project. Some bird species were not registered during this work, but were considered as potentially present as they were referred to in the bibliography for the study corridor. 5.2.2.5 RESULTS SPECIFIC DIVERSITY Approximately 334 species, from 73 families and 208 genera, are likely to occur in the project area (Parker, 2005) of which 107 were confirmed during surveys undertaken during this ESIA (32% of the total number likely to occur) (See Appendix 6). These species are generally associated with woodlands and include one globally near-threatened species (BirdLife International, 2016), Rynchops flavirostris (African Skimmer). WOODLAND AND FOREST BIRDS During the field surveys, 2,150 birds were observed in the wood forests in the corridor under study, with a total of 83 species, belonging to 36 families. In the study corridor, 247 non-aquatic birds could potentially be present and the observed birds represent 33% of them. During the field surveys, 30 or more individuals of the same species were observed for about 18 species, corresponding to 79.7% of the total of the individuals observed. For the remaining 65 species, less than 30 individuals were observed per species and in total these species correspond to 20.3% of the individuals observed. Figure 5-45 Percentage of Representative Species in which more than 30 Individuals were Observed per Species (79.7% of Total Observations) Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-56 The most frequent species were Uraegithus angolensis (Blue-breasted Cordonbleu), Plocepasser mahali (White-browed Sparrow-Weaver) and Quelea (Redbilled Quelea) with 13.8%; 12.4% and 10.5% of the total observed individuals, respectively (Figure 5-45). Uraeginthus angolenis (Blue- Plocepasser mahali (White-browed Quelea quelea (Redbilled Quelea) breasted Cordonbleu) Sparrow-Weaver) Figure 5-46 Species with the Highest Absolute Frequency, Relative to the Total Number of Individuals Observed In terms of density by square kilometre, birds that feed on grass seeds presented greater densities, namely: Uraegithus angolensis (Blue-breasted Cordonbleu), Plocepasser mahali (White-browed Sparrow-Weaver) and Serinus mozambicus (Yelloweyed Canary). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-57 Table 5-13 Species Density calculated by km2 with the data collected during field surveys and with the Bibby et al (1985) method Density Species Name (n./km2) Uraegithus angolensis Blue-breasted Cordonbleu 0,0054 Plocepasser mahali White-browed Sparrow-Weaver 0,0037 Serinus mozambicus Yelloweyed Canary 0,0031 Ardea melanocephala Blackheaded Heron, Blacknecked Heron 0,0025 Passer griseus Greyheaded Sparrow 0,0025 Pycnonotus tricolor Blackeyed Bulbul, Common Bulbul, Dark-capped Bulbul 0,0021 Euplectes capensis Yellowrumped Widow 0,0019 Hirundo rustica European or Barn Swallow 0,0019 Ploceus velatus Masked Weaver 0,0013 Ploceus ocularis Spectacled Weaver 0,0012 Sylvietta rufescens Longbilled Crombec 0,0011 Prinia subflava Tawny-flanked Prinia 0,0009 Cisticola chiniana Rattling Cisticola 0,0008 Merops nubicoides Carmine Bee-eater 0,0008 Merops persicus Bluecheeked Bee-eater 0,0008 Turtur chalcospilos Green Spotted Dove, Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 0,0008 Urocolius indicus Redfaced Mousebird 0,0007 Phyllastrephus terrestris Yellow-fronted Canary 0,0007 Pytilia afra Aurora-de-asa-laranja 0,0006 Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical Boubou 0,0005 Chlorocichla flaviventris Klaas’s Cuckoo 0,0005 Tchagra australis Threestreaked Tchagra 0,0004 Cinnyris venustus Blackbreasted Snake Eagle, European Snake Eagle 0,0004 Acrocephalus shoenobaenus European Sedge Warbler 0,0004 Cercotrichas quadrivirgata Scarletchested Sunbird 0,0004 Poicephalus meyeri Brown Parrot, Meyer’s Parrot 0,0003 Batis molitor Chinspot Batis 0,0003 Lamprotornis mevisii Longtailed Starling 0,0003 Merops pusillus Little Bee-eater 0,0002 Tockus pallidirostris Pale-billed Hornbill 0,0002 Amadina fasciata Cutthroat Finch 0,0002 Andropadus importunus Sombre Bulbul, Sombre Greenbul, Zanzibar Sombre Greenbul 0,0002 Turdoides jardineii Arrowmarked Babbler 0,0002 Tockus alboterminatus Crowned Hornbill 0,0002 Turdus libonyanus Kurrichan Thrush 0,0002 Dryoscopus cubla Puffback 0,0002 Tockus leocomelas Southern Yellowbilled Hornbill 0,0002 Chalcomitra senegalensis Yellowbellied Bulbul, Yellow-bellied Greenbul 0,0002 Spermestes cuculata Bronze Mannikin 0,0001 Quelea quelea Redbilled Quelea 0,0001 Camaroptera brevicaudata Grey-backed Warbler 0,0001 Dicrurus adsimilis Forktailed Drongo 0,0001 Lybius torquatus Blackcollared Barbet 0,0001 Streptopelia semitorquata Redeyed Dove 0,0001 Corythaixoides concolor Grey Lourie, Grey Go-away Bird 0,0001 Emberiza flaviventris Goldenbreasted Bunting 0,0001 Oena capensis Namaqua or Long-tailed Dove 0,0001 Prionops ritzii Redbilled Helmetshrike 0,0001 Ploceus bicolor Tecelão-das-florestas Forest Weaver 0,0001 Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-58 The birds that feed on insects are also important in this area; the most notable are Sylvietta rufescens (Longbilled Crombec), Prinia subflava (Tawny-flanked Prinia), Cisticola chiniana (Rattling Cisticola). Species with a mixed diet of insects and seeds, were also expected to be important in the area. In this category, the species that presented greater density by square kilometre were Ploceus velatus (Masked Weaver) and Ploceus ocularis (Spectacled Weaver). Many species had a value of zero density. These species are presented in the following table which indicates the “rare” species observed in the study site. Many of these species were only recorded once during the point count surveys although they are probably much more common. Some species are nocturnal and thus easily overlooked during daytime surveys. The apparent rarity of the observations is best explained by the sampling bias that is eminent during such short survey periods. Table 5-14 Species with a Value of Zero Density based on the Bibby et al (1985) method Species Name Dendropicos fuscescens Cardinal Woodpecker Falco dickinsoni Dickinson’s Kestrel Parus niger Southern Black Tit Apalis flavida Yellow-breasted Apalis Bradornis pallidus Pallid Flycatcher, Mouse-coloured Flycatcher Lamprotornis elisabeth Miombo Blue-eared Starling Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard Corvus albus Pied Crow Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher Anthus cinnamomeus Grassveld Pipit, Richard’s Pipit Cercaetus pectoralis Familiar Chat, Red-tailed Chat Cercomemela familiaris Bearded Robin, Eastern Bearded Scrub-Robin Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon Gallirex porphyreolopha Purplecrested Lourie, Purplecrested Turaco Macheiramphus alcinus Bathawk Mirafra rufocinnamomea Flappet Lark Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher Trachyphonus vaillantii Crested Barbet Chrysococcyx klaas Yellowbellied Sunbird Cisticola lais Wailing Cisticola Coracias caudatus Lilacbreasted Roller Cossypha heuglini Heuglin’s Robin, White-browed Robin-Chat Cypsiurus parvus Palm Swift Elanus caeruleus Blackshouldered Kite Eurystomus glaucurus Broadbilled Roller,Blue-throated Hirundo abyssinica Lesser Striped Swallow Hirundo smithii Wiretailed Swallow Lagonosticta senegala Red-billed Firefinch Motacila agump African Pied Wagtail Nicator gularis Yellowspotted Nicator Oriolus larvatus Black-headed Oriole Pternistis afer Rednecked Francolin, Red-necked Spurfowl Telophorus sulfureopectus Orangebreasted Bush Shrike Vidua paradisaea Paradise Whydah WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-59 It is also worth mentioning the degree of disturbance the area presents, close to the national road, which connects Tete City to Malawi, and to the railroad that connects Moatize to Nacala Port via Malawi. In the field survey two unusual species were identified, which according to the Atlas of the Birds of Central Mozambique (Parker, 2005) do not occur in the study area, Cisticola lais (Wailing Cisticola) and Pytilia afra (Orange-winged Finch or Pytilia). AQUATIC BIRD COUNTING During the field works, most of the wetlands were dry since it was still early in the wet season - early summer. Bird observations were made on the Zambezi River where a total of 2418 individuals distributed among 41 species were observed. Since there are potentially 85 aquatic species in the study area (Parker, 2005), the observation corresponds to 49% of the potentially present species. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-60 Table 5-15 Species Observed in Wetlands during the field campaign Species Name Number % Quelea quelea Redbilled Quelea 1200 49,1 Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret, Buff-backed Heron 505 20,7 Merops bullokoides Whitefronted Bee-eater 192 7,9 Dendrocygna viduata Whitefaced Duck, Whitefaced Whistling-Duck 135 5,5 Riparia paludicola Brownthroated Martin, African Sand Martin 98 4,0 Anastomus lamelligerus Openbilled Stork, Openbill 82 3,4 Plocepasser mahali White-browed Sparrow-Weaver 30 1,2 Egretta intermedia Yellowbilled Egret, Intermediate Egret 22 0,9 Rynchops flavirostris African Skimmer 15 0,6 Scopus umbretta Hamerkop 15 0,6 Urocolius indicus Redfaced Mousebird 12 0,5 Ceryle rudis Pied Kingfisher 11 0,5 Euplectes hordeaceus Black-winged Bishop 11 0,5 Merops persicus Bluecheeked Bee-eater 10 0,4 Vidua macroura Pintailed Whydah 10 0,4 Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz’s Plover 7 0,3 Sarkidiornis melanotos Knobbilled Duck, Comb Duck 7 0,3 Ardea melanocephala Blackheaded Heron, Blacknecked Heron 6 0,2 Ploceus velatus Masked Weaver 5 0,2 Streptopelia decipiens Mourning Dove 5 0,2 Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis 4 0,2 Turtur chalcospilos Green Spotted Dove, Emerald-spotted Wood Dove 4 0,2 Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish Eagle 3 0,1 Motacilla aguimp African Pied Wagtail 3 0,1 Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose 2 0,1 Anthus cinnamomeus Grassveld Pipit, Richard’s Pipit 2 0,1 Butorides striata Greenbacked or Green Heron 2 0,1 Estrilda astrild Bico-de-lacre-comum Common Waxbill 2 0,1 Milvus aegyptius Yellowbilled Kite 2 0,1 Oena capensis Namaqua or Long-tailed Dove 2 0,1 Tockus nasutus Grey Hornbill 2 0,1 Uraeginthus angolensis Blue-breasted Cordonbleu 2 0,1 Vanellus albiceps Whitecrowned Plover, White-headed Lapwing 2 0,1 Alcedo cristata Malachite Kingfisher 1 0,0 Ardea cinerea Grey Heron 1 0,0 Bostrychia hagedash Hadeda Ibis, Hadada, Ibis Hagadash 1 0,0 Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon 1 0,0 Megaceryle maxima Giant Kingfisher 1 0,0 Nycticorax nycticorax Blackcrowned Night Heron 1 0,0 Polyboroides typus Gymnogene, African Harrier Hawk 1 0,0 Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur 1 0,0 The most observed species were Quelea quelea (Redbilled Quelea) and Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret, Buff-backed Heron) with a percentage of 49.1% and 20.7% of the total observed individuals corresponding to a total of 1200 and 505 individuals, respectively. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-61 Quelea quelea (Redbilled Quelea) Bubulcus ibis (Cattle Egret, Buff-backed Heron) Ardea melanocephala (Blackheaded Heron, Blacknecked Heron) Figure 5-47 Most Observed Species in Aquatic Habitat For 7 species, 30 or more individuals per species were observed, corresponding to 91.8% of the total number of individuals observed. Figure 5-48 Percentage of Representability of Species in which more than 30 Individuals Were Observed per Species (91.8% of Total Observations) The 35 species for which less than 30 individuals per species were observed correspond to 8.9% of the total observed individuals. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-62 Of the species observed in the wetlands, 10 had already been observed in the woods and forests. Falco dickinsoni (Dickinson's Kestrel) and Macheiramphus alcinus (Bathawk) were also found to be uncommon and according to Parker (2005) these species do not occur in the study area. Two individuals of each species were observed. Photos by: C. Bento, 2016, Study Area Figure 5-49 Nest of Plocepasser mahali (White-browed Sparrow-Weaver) Threskiornis aethiopicus (Sacred Ibis) was also observed. Although common in other country areas, it is not described in the bibliography (Parker, 2005) as occurring in the study area. MIGRATORY AVIFAUNA Although bird surveys were carried out in early summer, some migratory species were observed, both paleoartic migratory and African migratory, which represent respectively 4.5% and 5.4% of the birds identified. Figure 5-50 Migratory Behaviour of the Species Identified in the Project Area Of the 5 paleoartic migratory species, Merops persicus (Bluecheeked Bee-eater) and Hirundo rustica (European or Barn Swallow) were the more abundant and represent 4.3% and 3.3% of the total observed birds, corresponding to 93 and 72 individuals, respectively. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-63 Merops persicus (Bluecheeked Bee-eater) Hirundo rustica (European or Barn Swallow) Figure 5-51 Most Observed Paleoartic Migratory Species Of the 6 species with African migration, Cinnyris venustus (Yellowbellied Sunbird) stands out with 0.7% of the total of observed individuals (16 birds observed). Figure 5-52 Most Observed African Migratory Species Cinnyris venustus (Yellowbellied Sunbird) As summer progresses the number of migratory birds increases, reaching its peak in the months of January and February. This great concentration is explained by the fact that the study area is found in the convergence area between two migration axes, namely the Rift Valley and the Zambeze Valley. IMPORTANT SPECIES FOR CONSERVATION According to the IUCN Red List, among the birds potentially present in the corridor under study, 5 have Near-Threatened statuses and 1 has a vulnerable status. Among the birds identified in woods and forests, none are considered as threatened. Among the birds identified in the wetlands, only 1 Rynchops flavirostris (African Skimmer) has Near-Threatened conservation status, the rest are classified as Low Concern. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-64 Table 5-16 Species with Conservation Interest Potentially Present Specie Name Field Survey Migration Status Woodland Wetland Anhinga rufa Anhingidae CR NT X Circus macrourus Pallid Harrier MP NT X Rynchops flavirostris African Skimmer X MP NT X Dendropicos stierlingi Stierling's Woodpecker CR NT X Ploceus olivaceiceps Olive-headed Weaver RR NT X Bucorvus leadbeateri Southern Ground-hornbill CR VU X Legend: Migratory behaviour: CR – Common Resident; RR – Rare Resident; MP – Paleoartic Migration; Conservation Status: NT – Near-Threatened; VU - Vulnerable Of the species identified in field surveys, 15 have legal protection under the Regulation of the Forest and Wildlife Law (Decree 12/2002 of June 6), 8 identified in woods and 7 identified in wetlands. This regulation identifies the protected species in Mozambique, regulates the hunting activities and species of the fauna whose hunting is regulated. Under this law, activities that endanger species with protected statuses are restricted or prohibited. 20 species identified in the field visit are included in Appendix II of the Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals (Bonn Convention, CMS), 10 of which have been identified in woods and 10 in wetlands. This Appendix lists migratory species whose conservation status is unfavourable and whose conservation and management require the conclusion of international agreements as well as species whose conservation status would benefit significantly from international cooperation resulting from an international agreement. 11 of the species identified in the field work are included in Appendix II to the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), 8 which were observed in woods and 3 in wetlands. This appendix includes those species that are not necessarily threatened with extinction, but which may arise if trade is not strictly controlled. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-65 Table 5-17 Species with National and International Legal Protected Identified in Field Survey National CMS CITES Species Name Status (Appendix) (Appendix) Woodland Ardea melanocephala Blackheaded Heron X Batis molitor Chinspot Batis II Bradornis pallidus Pallid Flycatcher II Circaetus pectoralis Blackbreasted Snake Eagle X II II Elanus caeruleus Blackshouldered Kite X II II Falco dickinsoni Dickinson’s Kestrel X II II Falco peregrinus Peregrine Falcon X II II Kaupifalco monogrammicus Lizard Buzzard X II II Macheiramphus alcinus Bathawk X II II Mirafra rufocinnamomea Flappet Lark X II II Muscicapa striata Spotted Flycatcher II Tockus leocomelas Southern Yellowbilled Hornbill II Wetland Alopochen aegyptiacus Egyptian Goose II Anastomus lamelligerus Openbilled Stork, Openbill X Bubulcus ibis Cattle Egret, Buff-backed Heron X Butorides striata Greenbacked or Green Heron X Charadrius pecuarius Kittlitz’s Plover II Dendrocygna viduata Whitefaced Duck, Whitefaced Whistling-Duck II Egretta intermedia Yellowbilled Egret, Intermediate Egret X Haliaeetus vocifer African Fish Eagle X II II Nycticorax Blackcrowned Night Heron X Polyboroides typus Gymnogene, African Harrier Hawk X II II Sarkidiornis melanotos Knobbilled Duck, Comb Duck II Terathopius ecaudatus Bateleur X II II Threskiornis aethiopicus Sacred Ibis II Tockus nasutus Grey Hornbill II Vanellus albiceps Whitecrowned Plover, White-headed Lapwing II In relation to the endemicity, four of the species observed are near endemic. Of them, three (Lamprotornis mevesii - Longtailed Starling; Parus niger - Southern Black Tit and Tockus leucomelas - Southern Yellowbilled Hornbill) have been observed in woodlands and one (Scopus umbreta - Hamerkop) in wetlands. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-66 Lamprotornis mevesii (Longtailed Starling) Parus niger (Southern Black Tit) Tockus leucomelas (Southern Yellowbilled Hornbill) Scopus umbreta (Hamerkop) Figure 5-53 Endemic Species Observed NEARBY IMPORTANT BIRD AREAS In project insertion region, namely in Tete province, two important areas for bird conservation are highlighted, namely the Furancungo Forest and the Cahora-Bassa Dam Headwaters, both internationally classified as Important Birds and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) by BirdLife International. These areas are internationally significant sites for the conservation of birds on a global scale, identified through the application of international scientific criteria. They constitute the network of key sites for the conservation of all birds with unfavourable conservation statuses. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-67 Figure 5-54 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBA) in Tete Province FAUNA 5.2.3.1 METHODOLOGY The characterization of the main habitats and regional fauna in terms of species richness and distribution was performed by consulting studies that include the districts of the area of influence of the project, namely Moatize, Changara and City of Tete. The few available specialized studies were used as information sources: Smithers and Tello (1976), Stuart and Stuart (2001) and Skinner and Chimimba (2005) for mammals; Branch (1998) for reptiles and Carruthers (2001) and Channing (2001) for amphibians. Recent EIA reports and environmental monitoring reports for mining, road and bridge construction projects implemented in the region were also consulted. The species that occur or potentially occur in the area of influence of the project and that are conservation priorities nationally and/or globally were identified through consulting the following sources of information: List of Protected Species in Mozambique (Decree 12/2002 of June 6th); Red List of Threatened Species by the International Union for the Conservation of Nature – IUCN (2016) and; List of Species in the Appendices of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 5.2.3.2 HERPETOFAUNA Based on the data from Impacto (2009), the GBIF data base, Branch (1998), Carruthers (2001) and Channing (2001), a total of 40 herpetofauna species occur or potentially occur in the study area of the project, including 18 species of amphibians and 22 species of reptiles (Table 5-18). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-68 The forest areas are richer in reptile species, while the freshwater bodies (rivers and lakes) and their margins are the main habitats of amphibians. However, reptiles of high ecological and socio-economic importance like the crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus), the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) and turtles were registered in water bodies. The crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus) is listed in CITES Appendix II, which means that international commerce of this species should be controlled through attribution of exploration quotas so commerce does not harm the natural populations of this species. The rock monitor (Varanus albigularis) and the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus) are protected by Law in Mozambique (Decree 12/2002, of June 6th). 5.2.3.3 MAMMALS The study area crosses the Moatize, City of Tete and Changara districts. In the past, the districts of Moatize and Changara harboured a great variety of wild mammals, including large bodied mammals. However, with the increase of anthropogenic pressure, the class of mammals is presently dominated by small and medium bodied animals, such as monkeys, small antelopes, mongooses, squirrels and small rodents adapted to the mosaic of habitats that include areas of vegetation modified by humans and patches of acacia woodland and mopane forest. Based on the data from GBIF, Smithers and Lobão Tello (1976) and on the most recente existing studies completed in the study area, that is Impacto (2009), and Skinner and Chimimba (2005), 61 species of mammals belonging to 24 families occur or potentially occur in the area of project implementation (Table 5-19). The taxonomic classification followed Stuart and Stuart (2001). Muridae and Bovidae are the most represented families with 11 species. Among the listed species 5 are protected by Mozambican legislation (Decree 12/2002, of June 6th), namely: striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea), Cape genet (Genetta tigrina), banded mongoose (Mungos mungo) and pangolin (Manis temminckii). The polecat, genet and mongoose are present in a variety of habitats, including swampy areas, riverine vegetation, open and closed forests, humid forests, savanna-forest mosaic, cultivated prairie and suburban areas (Angelici et al., 2016). The hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (2016) and CITES Appendix II, is abundant in the Zambeze river and associated flood plains. It is an amphibious animal that spends the day in the water and emerges at night to feed. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-69 Table 5-18 List of Herpetofauna Present or Potentially Present in the Area of Implementation of the Project Conservation Status Source Family Specie Name Nacional Red List Carruthers 2001 Impacto Branch Cites Legislation IUCN Channing 2001 2009 1998 Amphibians Arthroleptidae Arthroleptis stenodactylus Shovel-footed Squeaker X Bufonidae Bufo garmani Eastern Olive Toad X Bufonidae Bufo gutturalis Guttural Toad X Hemisotidae Hemisus marmoratus Mottled Shovel-nosed Frog X Hyperoliidae Hyperolius pusillus Water-Lily Frog X Hyperoliidae Hyperolius marmoratus Painted Reed Frog X Hyperoliidae Hyperolius nasutus Long Reed Frog X Hyperolidae Afrixalus crotalus Snoring Leaf-folding Frog X Hyperoliidae Kassina senegalensis Bubbling Kassina X Microhylidae Phrynomantis bifasciatus Banded Rubber Frog X Phrynobatrachidae Phrynobatrachus acridoides East African Puddle Frog X Pipidae Xenopus muelleri Tropical Platanna X Pipidae Xenopus laevis Common Platanna X Ranidae Ptychadena anchietae Plain Grass Frog X Ranidae Ptychadena mossambica Broad-banded Grass Frog X Ranidae Ptychadena oxyrhynchus Sharp-Nosed Grass Frog X Pyxicephalidae Tomopterna marmorata Russet-backed Sand Frog X Rhacophoridae Chiromantis xerampelina Foam Nest Frog X Reptiles Order Crocodylia Crocodylidae Crocodylus niloticus Nile Crocodile II X X Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-70 Conservation Status Source Family Specie Name Nacional Red List Carruthers 2001 Impacto Branch Cites Legislation IUCN Channing 2001 2009 1998 Order Chelonia or Testudines Pelomedusidae Pelomedusa subrufa Cape Terrapin, Marsh Terrapin X Testudinidae Geochelone pardalis Leopard Tortoise II X Trionychidae Cycloderma sp. Terrapin X Order Squamata: agamas; chameleons, geckos; boas & pythons lizards; skinks; snakes; vipers Black-necked Agama, Southern Agamidae Agama atricolis X Tree Agama, Blue-throated Agama Agamidae Agama armata Tropical Spiny Agama X Chamaeleonidae Chamaeleo dilepis Flap-necked Chameleon II X Boidae Python natalensis Common African Python II X X Colubridae Psammophis spp. X Colubridae Lamprophis fuliginosos Brown House Snake X Elapidae Dendroaspis polylepis Black Mamba X Elapidae Dendroaspis angusticeps Green Mamba X Elapidae Naja mossambica Mozambique Spitting Cobra, Mfesi X Gekkonidae Hemidactylus mabouia Tropical House Gecko X Gerrhosauridae Broadleysaurus major Tawny Plated Lizard X X Scincidae Mabuya varia Common Variable Skink x Scincidae Mabuya quinquetaeniata Rainbow Rock Skink Scincidae Trachylepis striata Striped Skink X Typhlopidae Afrotyphlops schlegelii Giant Blind Snake X Varanidae Varanus niloticus Nile Monitor II X Varanidae Varanus albigularis Rock Leguaan, Rock Monitor II X Viperidae Bitis arietans Common Puff Adder X National Legislation: Protected CITES: I – Appendix I, II – Appendix II, III – Appendix III WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-71 Table 5-19 List of Mammals Present or Potentially Present in the Project Implementation Conservation Status Source Family Specie Name Stuart & Stuart 2001 National IUCN Impacto CITES GBIF Skinner & Chimimba Legislation Red List 2009 2005 Order Artiodactila: buffalos, antelopes, pigs, hogs and hippopotamuses Bovidae Aepyceros melampus Impala X Bovidae Cephalophus natalensis X Bovidae Hippotragus niger Sable X X Bovidae Neotragus moschatus Suni X Bovidae Raphicerus campestris Steenbok X Bovidae Raphicerus melanotis X Bovidae Raphicerus sharpei Sharpe’s Grysbok X Bovidae Redunca arundinum Reedbuck X Bovidae Sylvicapra grimmia Common Duiker X X Bovidae Tragelaphus scriptus Bushbuck X Bovidae Tragelaphus strepsiceros Kudu X Hippopotamidae Hippopotamus amphibius Hippopotamus VU X Suidae Phacochoerus aethiops Warthog X Order Carnívora: cats, wild dogs, hyaenas, mongoose Felidae Panthera pardus Leopard VU X Felidae Felis serval Serval X Hyaenidae Crocuta crocuta Spotted Hyaena X Viverridae Genetta tigrina Large-spotted Genet, Blotched Genet X X X Herpestidae Galerella sanguinea Slender Mongoose X X Herpestidae Mungos mungo Banded Mongoose X X Mustelidae Ictonyx striatus Striped Polecat X X Mustelidae Mellivora capensis Honey Badger X X Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-72 Conservation Status Source Family Specie Name Stuart & Stuart 2001 National IUCN Impacto CITES GBIF Skinner & Chimimba Legislation Red List 2009 2005 Order Logomorpha: hares Leporidae Lepus saxatilis Scrub Hare X Order Proboscidea: elephants Elephantidae Loxodonta africana Elephant I VU X Order Primates: monkeys and bushbabies Cercopithecidae Cercopithecus pygerythrus Vervet Monkey X X X Cercopithecidae Papio cynocephalus ursinus Yellow Baboon II X Galagonidae Otolemur crassicaudatus Thick-tailed Bushbaby X X X Order Rodentia: rats, squirrels, porcupines Hystricidae Hystrix africaeaustralis Cape Porcupine X Sciuridae Paraxerus cepapi Tree squirrel X X Thryonomyidae Thryonomys swinderianus Greater Canerat X X Muridae Acomys spinosissimus Spiny Mouse X X Muridae Aethomys chrysophilus Red Veld Rat X X Muridae Grammomys dolichurus Woodland Mouse X X Muridae Lemniscomys rosalia Single-striped Mouse X X Muridae Mastomis sp. Multimammate Mouse X Muridae Mus minutoides Pygmy Mouse X X Muridae Mus neavei Neave’s Mouse X X Muridae Rattus rattus House Rat X Muridae Thallomys paedulcus Tree Rat X X Muridae Saccostomus campestris Pouched Mouse X X Muridae Steatomys pratensis Fat Mouse X X Order Insectivora: Elephant-Shrews, Sengis Short-snouted Elephant-Shrew or Macroscelididae Elephantulus brachyrhynchus X X Sengi WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-73 Conservation Status Source Family Specie Name Stuart & Stuart 2001 National IUCN Impacto CITES GBIF Skinner & Chimimba Legislation Red List 2009 2005 Macroscelididae Petrodromus tetradactylus Four-foed Elephant-Shrew or Sengi X X Order Hyracoidea: Dassies Soricidae Crocidura sp. Musk Shrew X Procaviidae Procavia capensis Rock Dassie X Order Pholidota: pangolin Manidae Manis temminckii Pangolin CITES I X NT X Order Chiroptera: bats Hipposideridae Hipposideros caffer Sundevall’s Leaf-nosed Bat X X Hipposideridae Hipposideros ruber Noack’s Leaf-nosed Bat X X Persian Leaf-nosed Bat, Persian Hipposideridae Triaenops persicus X X Trident Bat Vespertilionidae Miniopterus natalensis Natal Long-fingered Bat X X Vespertilionidae Miniopterus schreibersii Schreiber’s Long-fingered Bat NT X X Vespertilionidae Nycticeius schlieffeni Schlieffen’s Bat X Vespertilionidae Pipistrellus nanus Banana Bat X Molossidae Chaerephon pumila Little Free-tailed Bat X X Molossidae Mops condylus Angola Free-tailed Bat X X Molossidae Tadarida aegyptiaca Egyptian Free-tailed Bat X X Nycteridae Nycteris thebaica Common Slit-faced Bat X X Pteropodidae Epomophorus cryturus Peters’ Epauletted Fruit Bat X Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus denti Dent’s Horseshoe Bat X X Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus hildebrandtii Hildebrandt’s Horseshoe Bat X X Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus landeri Lander’s Horseshoe Bat X X Rhinolophidae Rhinolophus simulator Bushveld Horseshoe Bat X X Nacional Legislation: Protected IUCN Re List: EN – Endangered; VU - Vulnerable; NT – Near Threatened; NE – Not Evaluated CITES: I – Appendix I, II – Appendix II, III – Appendix III Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-74 The elephant (Loxodonta africana), a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (2016) and from CITES Appendix I, tends to move across a variety of habitats. It is found in dense forests, open and closed savanna, and prairies (Stuart & Stuart, 2001). The leopard (Panthera pardus), a vulnerable species according to the IUCN (2016) and CITES Appendix I, mainly inhabits scrubland and forests. The pangolin (Manis temminckii), Near Threatened according to IUCN (2016), and listed in CITES Appendix I, occurs mainly in relatively humid miombo forests near the Zóbue. Schreibers' bat (Miniopterus schreibersii) is classified as Near Threatened according to IUCN (2016). This gregarious species feeds largely on moths and occasionally flies. It establishes colonies and shelters mostly in caves, tunnels, ruins and other man-made buildings, often in large colonies mixed with other bat species that inhabit caves (Haudson et al., 2008). Little details are known about bats’ occupation of the project area and migration corridors. (photo, Consultec, 2013) Figure 5-55 Elephants, Condedezi River Basin (photo, Consultec 2015) Figure 5-56 Hippopotamus, Zambeze River (Tete) WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-75 5.2.3.4 ICHTHYOFAUNA REGIONAL FRAMEWORK The region of the Zambeze River lower basin shows several types of habitats along the river itself and its tributaries, to a large degree seasonal and intermittent. These habitats include swamps, streams, floodplains, margins with vegetation, rocky margins and floating grass, which harbour not very well- known fish communities. For fish, an inventory carried out in 2007 by the National Institute of Fishing Research (INPP) showed that, 94 fish species can be registered in the Lower Zambeze (Bills, 1999 and Skelton, 2001), 66 of which are mainly freshwater species, four are catadromous eels, and the rest are estuarine. The majority of freshwater fish species lives in the flood plains. Around 30 species occur in the Revúboè River (Consultec, 2011). LOCAL FRAMEWORK Based on the available bibliographic information (Skelton, 2001) and in previous studies (Impacto, 2009; Golder, 2014; Consultec, 2015), a list of fish species expected to occur in the region of project implementation was compiled. This list includes the species that can occur in the Zambezi, Revobué and Moatize rivers. Based on this evaluation, 73 species were identified. According to monitoring campaigns recently conducted in the Zambeze and Revobué rivers (Golder, 2014; Consultec, 2015) and previous campaigns in the Zambeze, Revobué and Moatize rivers (Impacto, 2009) that included captures and interviews with local fishermen, 31 species of fish were identified in the area. The list is presented in the following table. There are no threatened fish species (according to the IUCN classification), however one species is considered as Near Threatened, the Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). The Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) occurs in all types of waters, except those with strong currents; it develops well in waters without current. It feeds on algae, especially diatoms and detritus; the larger specimens also feed on insects and other invertebrates. It reproduces in the summer and the females can spawn every 3 to 4 weeks within a season. This species is threatened due to the possibility of hybridization with Oreochromis niloticus, which was introduced for fishing and aquaculture, and has spread rapidly. This hybridization already occurs in the northern distribution of the species, most notably in the Limpopo River system. Although the threat of hybridization is generalized, it is probable that about 50% of the locations where the species occur are not yet affected. Given the rapid spread of Oreochromis niloticus, a rapid decline in the population by hybridization is expected (IUCN Red List, 2012\). The species O. niloticus occurs in the Zambeze River due to its introduction in Zambia for aquaculture in the Kafue River, a tributary of the Zambeze (Tweddle, 2010). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-76 Table 5-20 List of Fish Present or Potentially Present in the Study Area Source IUCN Impacto, 2009; Family Species Name Red Skelton, Golder, 2014; List 2001 Consultec, 2015 Mastacembelidae Aethiomastacembelus shiranus Shire Spiny Eel X Amphiliidae Amphilius natalensis Natal Mountain Catfish X Amphiliidae Amphilius uranoscopus Stargazer Mountain Catfish X Anguilidae Anguilla Bengalensis labiata African Mottled Eel X X Anguilidae Anguilla bicolor bicolor Shortfin Eel X Anguilidae Anguilla marmorata Giant Mottled Eel X Anguilidae Anguilla mossambica Longfin Eel X Cyprinidontidae Aplocheilichthys hutereaui Meshscaled Topminnow X Cyprinidontidae Aplocheilichthys johnstoni Slender Topminnow X Cyprinidontidae Aplocheilichthys katangae Striped Topminnow X X Cichlidae Astatotilapia calliptera Eastern River Bream X Cyprinidae Barbus afrohamiltoni Plump Barb X X Cyprinidae Barbus annectens Broadstriped Barb X X Cyprinidae Barbus haasianus Sickle-fin Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus kerstenii Redspot Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus lineomaculatus Line-spotted Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus macrotaenia Broadband Barb X X Cyprinidae Barbus manicensis Yellow Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus paludinosus Straightfin Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus radiatus radiatus Beira Barb X X Cyprinidae Barbus toppini East Coast Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus trimaculatus Threespot Barb X X Cyprinidae Barbus unitaeniatus Longbeard Barb X Cyprinidae Barbus viviparus Bowstriped Barb X X Characidae Brycinus imberi Imberi X X Characidae Brycinus lateralis Astriped Robber X Mochokidae Chiloglanis neumanni Neumann’s Suckermouth X X Clariidae Clarias gariepinus Sharptooth Catfish X X Clariidae Clarias ngamensis Blunttooth Catfish X Clariidae Clarias theodorae Snake Catfish X Anabantidae Ctenopoma multispine Manyspined Climbing Perch X Mormyridae Cyphomyrus discorhynchus Zambesi Parrotfish X Distichodontidae Distichodus mossambicus Nkupe X X Distichodontidae Distichodus schenga Chessa X X Gobiidae Glossogobius callidus River Goby Characidae Hemigrammopetersius barnardi Barnard’s Robber X Clariidae Heterobranchus longifilis Vundu X X Mormyridae Hippopotamyrus ansorgii Slender Stonebasher X Mormyridae Hippopotamyrus discorhynchus Zambezi Parrotfish X Characidae Hydrocynus vittatus Tigerfish X X WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-77 Source IUCN Impacto, 2009; Family Species Name Red Skelton, Golder, 2014; List 2001 Consultec, 2015 Kneriidae Kneria auriculata Southern Kneria X Cyprinidae Labeo altivelis Manyame Labeo X X Cyprinidae Labeo congoro Purple Labeo X X Cyprinidae Labeo cylindricus Redeye Labeo X X Cyprinidae Labeo molybdinus Leaden Labeo X X Cyprinidae Labeobarbus marequensis Largescale Yellowfish X Amphiliidae Leptoglanis rotundiceps Spotted Sand Catlet X Clupeidae Limnothrissa miodon Kapenta X Malapteruridae Malapterurus electricus Electric Catfish X Mormyridae Marcusenius macrolepidotus Bulldog X Megalopidae Megalops cyprinoides Oxeye Tarpon X Characidae Micralestes acutidens Silver Robber X X Anabantidae Microctenopoma intermedium Blackspot Climbing Perch X Mormyridae Mormyrops anguilloides Cornish Jack X Mormyridae Mormyrus longirostris Eastern Bottlenose X Aplocheilidae Nothobranchius orthonotus Spotted Killifish X Aplocheilidae Nothobranchius rachovii Rainbow Killifish X Cyprinidae Opsaridium zambezense Northern Barred Minnow X X Cichlidae Oreochromis mossambicus Mozambique Tilapia NT X X Cichlidae Oreochromis placidus Black Tilapia X X Kneriidae Parakneria mossambica Gorongoza Kneria X Mormyridae Petrocephalus catostoma Churchill X Cichlidae Pharyngochromis darlingi Zambezi happy X Cichlidae Pharyngochromis acuticeps Zambezi River Bream X Protopteridae Protopterus amphibius East-coast Lungfish X Protopteridae Protopterus annectens brieni Lungfish X Cichlidae Pseudocrenilabrus philander Southern Mouthbrooder X X Schilbeidae Schilbe intermedius Silver Catfish X X Mochokidae Synodontis nebulosus Cloudy Squeaker X Mochokidae Synodontis zambezensis Brown Squeaker X X Cichlidae Tilapia rendalli Redbreast Tilapia X Cichlidae Tilapia sparrmanii Banded Tilapia X Amphiliidae Zaireichthys rotundiceps Spotted sand Catlet X IUCN Red List: NT – Near Threatened. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-78 Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique Tilapia) Cyphomyrus discorhynchus (Zambesi Parrotfish) Schilbe intermedius (Silver Catfish) Clarias gariepinus (Sharptooth Catfish) Source: Consultec, 2015 Figure 5-57 Examples of Captured Species Generally, the most abundant species is potamodromous (fish species that migrate in fresh water), live in the main river (Zambeze) and hold seasonal migrations towards the margins and tributaries to reproduce, but their activity depends on the water level. Considering that adults (larger bodied individuals) were only captured in the Zambeze River and the juvenile were only captured in the tributaries (Revúbòe and Moatize), this indicates that these watercourses are used by juvenile fish as areas of refuge, growth and feeding (Impacto, 2009; Consultec, 2015). The most abundant species identified in the campaigns carried out (Impacto, 2009; Golder, 2014; Consultec, 2015) were Micralestes acutidens (elongated robber), Barbus annectens (broadstriped barb), Brycinus imberi (Imberi) and Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique Tilapia). The data collected in these campaigns do not indicate problems in the fish community, such as disease or reduction in the number of individuals. According to the local fishermen interviewed, the largest environmental problem that interferes with fishing in the study area is the decrease in the water flow of the Zambeze River, related with the control of flow at Cahora Bassa dam. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-79 CRITICAL HABITAT DETERMINATION AND CLASSIFICATION OF HABITAT STATUS 5.2.4.1 CLASSIFICATION OF HABITAT STATUS This section provides a synthesis and consolidation of information contained in the previous sections of habitat status and sensitivity for terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems along the proposed transmission line. Two classes of habitats that are encountered along the project are the following: Natural habitats are areas composed of viable assemblages of plant and/or animal species of largely native origin, and/or where human activity has not essentially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition. Modified habitats are areas that may contain a large proportion of plant and/or animal species of non-native origin, and/or where human activity has substantially modified an area’s primary ecological functions and species composition. In the classification of habitats in Mozambique (CEAGRN, 2015) between these two extremes, it was defined the category of Mixed Habitat: Mixed Habitat consists of a mosaic composed of natural areas, small cultivated areas and isolated villages / houses. In general, modified habitats are considered less sensitive to additional disturbance, since habitats have already lost their natural structure and integrity, thus containing more biodiversity of reduced value and lower conservation value. In opposition, natural habitats are considered highly sensitive to habitat loss and degradation, considering that they retain their natural structure and biodiversity largely intact in terms of the representation of natural species (albeit with a reduction in the abundance of large mammals), thus being vulnerable to the construction and increase of human disturbance. In the project area, most of the habitats crossed are considered natural or mixed (Figure 5-58). 5.2.4.2 CRITICAL HABITAT DETERMINATION The WB Environmental and Social Standard 6 (ESS6) - Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources requires that a Critical Habitat Determination be conducted to identify key biodiversity areas and requires specific levels of mitigation to ensure the effective conservation of these areas. Critical habitats are areas with high biodiversity value. The ESS6 provides the following five criteria to support the definition of Critical Habitats: (a) Habitat of significant importance to Critically Endangered or Endangered species, as listed in the IUCN Red List of threatened species or equivalent national approaches; (b) Habitat of significant importance to endemic or restricted-range species; (c) Habitat supporting globally or nationally significant concentrations of migratory or congregatory species; (d) Highly threatened or unique ecosystems; (e) Ecological functions or characteristics that are needed to maintain the viability of the biodiversity values described above in (a) to (d). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-80 Figure 5-58 Habitat Mapping in Project Insertion Area However, the critical habitat determination is not necessarily limited to these criteria. Other recognized high biodiversity values might also support a critical habitat designation, and the appropriateness of these should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. The following table summarizes the evaluation of the above criteria for the critical habitat determination. For the reasons mentioned above, no critical habitats were identified in the study area. It should be mentioned that a recent study on critical habitats in Mozambique (CEAGRN, 2015) identified two critical habitats in the province of Tete corresponding to the Cahora Bassa reservoir and its surroundings - the Mágoè National Park, and the wetland area of Furancungo. None of these areas are close to the project corridor. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-81 Table 5-21 Assessment of Critical Habitat Criteria CRITICAL HABITAT CRITERIA OBSERVATIONS No Critically Endangered or Endangered species were identified in the Habitat of significant importance to project corridor. Critically Endangered or Endangered species There aren’t any areas within the project corridor that could be an important habitat for the conservation or protection of these species. Hibiscus torrei is an endemic plant species potentially occurring within project area. This specie occurs in wetlands and has a vulnerable red list status and is threatened by human activities as agriculture. However, this specie was not identified in the field sampling and no area was identified as particularly favourable for the occurrence of this specie. In relation to birds, in the list of the potentially existing species, eleven Habitat of significant importance to near endemic species were identified, of which only four species were endemic or restricted range species observed in the field work. It should be emphasized that these species are not truly endemic species, they are considered near endemic species because they are restricted only to the southern African countries and not only to Mozambique (Schneider et al., 2007). One of them is aquatic, observed at the Zambezi River and the others were observed in several places - no area was considered as a favourable habitat for its occurrence. Habitat supporting globally or In the study area, no habitat was identified as an important point of nationally significant concentrations of concentration of migratory or congregatory species. migratory or congregatory species Highly threatened or unique No unique or threatened ecosystems have been identified in the study ecosystems area. Ecological functions or characteristics In the study area, no functions or characteristics of the ecosystems that are needed to maintain the necessary to maintain the viability of biodiversity values were identified. viability of the biodiversity values CONSERVATION AREAS The Conservation Law, Decree 16/2014 of June 20th, defines protection areas with the objective of conserving biological diversity and the fragile ecosystems or animal or plant species. The protection areas can be areas of total conservation or conservation areas of sustainable use. The areas of total conservation are destined for the preservation of ecosystems and species, whereupon in these areas the extraction of resources is not allowed. The conservation areas of sustainable use are also destined for conservation, but are submitted to an integrated management with levels of permission for the extraction of resources that respect the sustainable levels defined in the operating plans of these same areas. The National Magoé Park is located in the Tete province, near the southern limit of the Cahora Bassa dam. This national park was established in 2013, by Decree 67/2013 of February 11th. The park has an area of 3,745 km2 encompassing a large part of the Magoé District and a small part of the Cahora Bassa District. This park was created by the Tchuma Tchato Program, established since 2994, a project of community management of natural resources that involves the local communities in partnership with the State and the private sector, introduced in the Magoé and Zumbo districts. The Park is located outside the area of influence of the Project under study (Figure 5-59). We also highlight, in the Tete Province, some internationally recognized and classified areas, namely 2 IBA (Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas), the Furancungo Forest and the head of the Cahora- Bassa dam. These areas are located outside the area of the project (Figure 5-59). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-82 Figure 5-59 Areas of Conservation Interest within the Study Area Table 5-22 Characteristics of the Magoé National Park The park also has as its objectives the conservation of fragile and sensitive ecosystems Main Habitats along the Cahora-Bassa reservoir and Serra Comboio. One of the main objectives of the park is the protection of the roan antelope (Hippotragus equinus), species whose distribution is limited, occurring only in this area. Key Species This Conservation Area is also very important for several animal species, such as the elephant (Loxodonta africana), the lion (Panthera leo) and the African wild dog (Lycaon pictus). Table 5-23 Characteristics of the Important Bird Areas of Conservation Interest Internationally Classified Area of IBA Conservation Cahora Bassa Furancungo Forests with undulated terrains, with rocky outcrops and innumerous Fields of floodable grasses, palm savannas, watercourses/runoffs. riverine forests, semi-arid forests with Main Habitats baobabs (Adansonia digitata) and forested Miombo forests interspersed with clearings slopes. dominated by herbaceous grasses. Ploceus bertrandi; Lanius souzae; Sylvietta Falco dickinsoni; Agapornis lilianae; Key Species ruficapilla; Anthreptes anchietae Lamprotornis mevesii WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-83 We also highlight the existence of the community conservation area of Tchuma Tchato (with game management), implemented in the Tete province, in the northern area of the basin. This is a project of community management of natural resources, namely game and ecological tourism, begun in 1995 and financed by the Ford Foundation. Initially the project was implemented in the Magoé District, specifically in the Zambeze River Valley. Over time, the project extended to the Zumbu, Cahora Bassa, Marávia, Changara, Chifunde, Chiúta, Marara and Macanga districts. However, the project has been less active in the last years (PEOT, 2014). This area is located outside the area of influence of the Project under study. ECOSYSTEM SERVICES An ecosystem is defined as a dynamic complex of plants, animals, micro-organisms and non-living components interacting as a functional unit. Human communities are an integral part of ecosystems and are beneficiaries of many goods and services they provide. These benefits are recognized as Ecosystem Services (ES). The benefits that local communities obtain from local natural and modified habitats are crucial in their well-being. ES, provided within the project potentially impacted habitats or ecologically associated with these habitats, have been assessed at a high-level. ES are grouped into four categories that have been studied: Provisioning services: which refer directly to products people obtain from ecosystems (e.g. agricultural products, plants to eat, game, medicinal plants, fresh water, biofuel, timber, etc.). Inside the project area, the miombo woodlands and the aquatic habitats provide natural resources that are used by local communities. The main supply services are agricultural production, livestock and forage resources, wild food products, traditional medicine, fuelwoods and fisheries. Regulating services: which are the benefit local communities obtain from the regulation of ecosystem processes (e.g. climate regulation, waste decomposition, purification of water and air, etc.). Cultural services: which refer to the non-material benefits people obtain from ecosystems (e.g. sacred and spiritual sites, ecotourism, education, etc.). It may be materialized by the presence of sacred sites or sacred species protected by communities. Social baseline will provide more information on the presence of these elements inside the interconnection corridor. Supporting services: which are the natural processes that maintain the other services (e.g. nutrient cycling, genetic production and genetic exchange channels, etc.). 5.2.6.1 HABITATS AND ECOSYSTEM SERVICES This section identifies the range of ecosystem services of the project area, based on the Ecosystem Services guide and checklist developed by IPIECA/OGP (2011; 2016). Table 5-24 was prepared based on the knowledge of the habitat types in the project corridor, the surveys undertaken and available information on the variety of natural resources that are used by local residents and on which they are dependent, in order to illustrate the relative importance of different habitats for ecosystem services. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-84 Table 5-24 Typical Ecosystem Services by Habitat Ecosystem Services Woodland/Forests Wetlands/Rivers Provisioning Crops Livestock Fisheries Wild foods Timber and other wood fibres Fibres and resins Animal skins Sand, gravel etc. Ornamental resources Biomass fuel Freshwater Genetic resources Biochemical, natural medicines, and pharmaceuticals Regulating and Supporting Air quality regulation Global climate regulation Regional/local climate regulation Water regulation Erosion regulation Water purification Waste assimilation Disease regulation Soil quality regulation Pest/invasive species regulation Pollination Natural hazard regulation Cultural Recreation and ecotourism Spiritual and religious values Ethical / non-use values Legend: High importance of ecosystem service Medium/Low importance of ecosystem service. Table does not include not relevant/negligible importance of ecosystem service. 5.2.6.2 PROVISIONING SERVICES This section describes the livelihood based provisioning services of the project corridor based on observations during the field survey and supported by available desktop information: Hunting – hunting is undertaken by local communities along the project alignment, mainly for subsistence purposes. It is carried out primarily for subsistence, although surplus of hunted animals is sold within the settlements and along roadsides as a means of cash income. Hunting primarily takes place in woodlands and forest habitats; Timber and Charcoal - woodlands and forests are the primary source of wood for fuel, building, and planks and charcoal for sale. Charcoal is a primary source of cash income and extensive woodland habitats are destroyed to supply wood for charcoal making. These activities have caused significant opening up and fragmentation of woodland habitats especially around villages. Firewood for fuel is the main source of energy in most households, specifically for cooking purposes. The easy access and availability of wood, low purchasing power and lack of alternatives are the factors driving the harvesting of wood for both fuel and construction; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-85 Non-Timber Forest Products – these are products or services other than timber that are widely harvested in forests and woodlands. NTFPs are very important for local communities as they are a source of food, medicine, beauty products, materials for baskets, mats and other crafts, furniture, building materials, glue, and rope, among others; Agriculture - farming is undertaken by most households in the local communities. Most local communities have cultivated fields for household subsistence, although some degree of marketing of food crops is observed, when surplus production is achieved; Fishing - Rivers are sought for fishing by the local population. Fishing is a seasonal and subsistence activity practiced as a food supplement. Most fishermen fish with their own or borrowed canoe. The most commonly used fishing gear are hooks, driftnets and trawls. Fishing is carried out mainly on the Zambezi and Revúboè rivers. Building materials Timber and Charcoal Agriculture Fishing (Revubué) Figure 5-60 Provisioning Ecosystem Services along the Transport Line Mozambique – Malawi 5.2.6.3 REGULATION AND SUPORT SERVICES The main ecosystem services of regulation are: Nutrients providing - flooding of large rivers, such as the Zambezi, are important for bringing water and sediment to support floodplain agriculture. Annual flooding is critical to the livelihoods of most residents as it maintains the productivity of rice farming in almost all rivers and wetlands in the several project areas; Waste Assimilation and Water Purification - annual flooding events help to wash away human and animal waste and to assist with its assimilation and decomposition in rivers and estuaries and further provide nutrients to fishery production. In so doing, settled areas are cleansed and this helps to reduce certain waste-related diseases (e.g. diarrhea). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-86 5.2.6.4 CULTURAL SERVICES Cultural services derived from the natural landscape and biodiversity include: Tourism – Due to its historical, cultural and aesthetic values, and also due to the diversity of its habitats and good conditions for hunting, Tete attracts tourists seeking experiences in remote natural areas, depending on its natural setting, rural nature, plant presence and Wildlife and opportunities for ecotourism (e.g., bird and wildlife observation), as well as interactions with local communities and their livelihoods; Cultural/spiritual purposes – certain habitats and biodiversity may have cultural or spiritual significance to local communities. These include the importance of baobab trees as meeting places for gatherings to worship or commemorate ancestors or for important community meetings. 5.3 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT ADMINISTRATIVE STRUCTURE Administratively, Mozambique is divided into 10 provinces and one capital city (Maputo) with provincial status. Each province is subdivided into a variable number of districts (a total of 129), which are further divided into Administrative Posts (a total of 405), and then into localities and aggregated villages (localidades) (Commonwealth Local Government Forum, 2016). As previously mentioned, the proposed Project is located in Tete Province, in the central region of Mozambique. Tete is subdivided into 15 Districts, 34 Administrative Posts, three (3) Municipalities and 124 villages (localidades). The provincial capital is Cidade de Tete. The project crosses three (3) districts of Tete Province, namely those of Cidade de Tete, Changara and Moatize. At the administrative post level, five (5) are concerned by the proposed project. Table 5-25 presents this administrative structure. Table 5-25 Districts and Administrative Posts Concerned by the Project Districts Administrative Posts Cidade de Tete Cidade de Tete Changara Chipembere Moatize Moatize Cambulatsisi Zóbuè DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITIONS According to the results of the 1997 and 2007 censuses, the population of Tete Province has increased from 1 144 604 in 1997 to 1 807 485 inhabitants in 2007. In a decade (1997-2007), the province observed an average annual rate of growth of 4.6% against 2.7% recorded nationally. This increase corresponds to an increase of 662,881 inhabitants (INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010). According to projections of the INE, in 2016 the population of Tete Province was estimated to approximately 2 618 913 habitants, being the third most populous province in Mozambique, after the provinces of Nampula and Zambezia. The province has a population density of about 27 inhabitants per km2, and the national average is approximately 29 inhabitants per km2. Women are generally more represented in every population level (Mozambique, Tete Province, Changara and Moatize Districts – except in Cidade de Tete). Table 5-26 shows the population’s statistics according to the country, province, districts and administrative posts concerned by the project. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-87 Table 5-26 Projected Population of the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the project, 2016 Population Country, Province and Districts Men Women Total (Number) (Number) Mozambique 12,760,324 13,663,299 26,423,623 Tete Province 1,282,270 1,336,643 2,618,913 Cidade De Tete 111,274 110,141 221,415 Changara District 99,515 106,014 205,529 Moatize District 178,117 187,329 365,446 Source: INE, 2013d. The population of Tete Province is mostly young. Almost half of it (48.2%) is younger than 15 years of age. A similar situation is observed in Cidade de Tete (40.7%), the districts of Changara (49.5%) and Moatize (48.3%). On the other hand, the percentage of the working age population (15 to 64 years old) is quite similar, which means that the ratio of dependents is balanced. Table 5-27 presents the population by major age groups. Table 5-27 Projected Population by Major Age Groups for the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2016 Major Age Groups Country, Province and Between Between Between 65 years of Age Districts 0-4 years of Age 5-14 years of Age 15-64 years of Age and over Number % Number % Number % Number % Mozambique 4,488,579 16.9 7,328,278 27.7 13,799,674 52.2 807,092 3.1 Tete Province 494,648 18.8 760,783 29.4 1,291,991 49.2 71,491 2.6 Cidade De Tete 32,198 14.5 57,957 26.2 126,766 57.3 4,494 2.0 Changara District 39,615 19.3 62,116 30.2 96,689 47.1 7,109 3.4 Moatize District 67,429 18.4 109,237 29.9 179,013 49.0 9,767 2.7 Source: INE, 2013d. The members of the households affected by the project are young. About 45.1% are between 5 and 15 years old and 27.4% are between 16 and 35 years old. Moreover, around 15.8% of the members are between 0 and 4 years old. The proportion of older members (55 years old or older) is small 0.8%. Females (57.2%) are present in a higher proportion than males (42.8%). 5.3.2.1 FERTILITY, BIRTH AND MORTALITY RATE Fertility is one of the main components of natural population growth. Comparing with the results obtained in the 1997 Census, in 2007 there was an increase of the fertility rate in Tete Province. The increase went from 6.7 children per woman in 1997 to 6.9 in 2007. At the district level, the fertility rate remained stable in Moatize (6.9 children per woman), but decreased in the district of Changara (10.0 children per woman in 1997 to 8.4 in 2007) and Cidade de Tete (6.9 children per woman in 1997 to 4.9 in 2007). Changara has the second highest fertility rate in Tete Province after the district of Maravia (8.9 children per woman), and the second most important fertility rate in the early reproductive age – 15 to Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-88 19 years old – (0.169 children per woman) after the district of Zumbo (0.191 children per woman). On the other hand, Cidade de Tete has the lowest fertility rate in the province. Among the districts concerned by the project, Changara had the highest birth rate in 2007 (51.8%), but also the highest mortality rate (47.8%). During the same period, Cidade de Tete had the smallest natural growth rate of Tete Province with a rate of 2.7%, that is to say the smallest difference between the birth and mortality rates (INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010). Table 5-28 presents the situation of the Province of Tete and the various districts according to the major demographic indicators. Table 5-28 Fertility, Birth and Mortality Rates for the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2007 Demographic Indicators Country, Province and Districts Birth Rate Mortality Rate Fertility (%) (%) Mozambique 5.7 42.2 13.8 Tete Province 6.9 52.7 14.0 Cidade De Tete 4.9 37.4 -- Changara District 8.4 51.8 -- Moatize District 6.9 44.7 -- Source: INE, 2013a, b and c.; INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010. 5.3.2.2 INTER-DISTRICT MIGRATION Most of the Tete province districts showed a positive migration3 balance, which is to say that in general, the districts observed an increase in their population numbers. However, two of the three districts concerned by the project, recorded a negative balance of inter-district migration. This means that these districts lost their population to various other districts of the province, generally neighbor districts, during the period under observation (2002 to 2007). During this period, the migration rate of Changara District was -0.6 – explained by an immigration rate of 0.9 and an emigration rate of 1.5. Due to an immigration rate of 1.2 and an emigration rate of 1.3, the migration rate of the Moatize District for the same period was -0.1. Cidade de Tete, meanwhile, recorded a positive balance of 0.7 explained by an immigration rate of 5.8 and an emigration rate of 5.1 (INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010). ETHNICITY The main ethnic groups present in the villages crossed by the project are the Nynguè (86.6%), Chichewa (10.7%) and Nyanja (2.7%) (Table 5-29). Table 5-29 Ethnic Groups of the Village’s Population Involved in the Project ADMINISTRATIVE POST (%) POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total Ciudade de Tete Chipembere Moatize Zóbuè Nynguè 100 98.0 100 67.5 86.6 Ethnic Group Chichewa 0 0 0 26.1 10.7 Nyanja 0 2.0 0 6.4 2.7 Precisely, 77.5% of the heads of household affected by the project are Nynguè and 21.1% are Chichewa. 3 Note that migration is a spatial redistribution of the population factor in the province and should be analyzed from this perspective. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-89 LANGUAGE AND RELIGION According to the last census (2007), there are 21 local languages spoken in Mozambique. However, none of them have achieved the status of a national language, which is still Portuguese. Table 5-30 shows the most predominant local languages in the country in 2007. Table 5-30 Dominant Local Languages in Mozambique, 2007 Dominant Estimated Number of Principal Provinces Concerned Languages Speakers Makhuwa 4.1 million Cabo Delgado, Nampula, Niassa, Zambezia and Sofala Changana 1.7 million Maputo, Gaza, Inhambane (and some communities in Niassa) Sena 1.3 million Manica, Sofala, Zambezia and Tete Lomwe 1.2 million Nampula, Niassa and Zambezia Chuwabu 1 million Sofala and Zambezi Nyanja 900,000 Niassa, Tete and Zambezia Source: INFOSAID, 2012. Tete Province presents a large variety of ethno-linguistic groups and therefore different mother tongues spoken; the most common are Nyanja (46.5% of the province population), Nyungwe (27.5%) and Sena 11.4% (INE, 2008). Portuguese is the mother tongue of a very small percentage (3.2%) of the province population, but is widely spoken (33.8%), especially by young people and men, due to its inclusion in school life and the labor market. Most of the population who speaks Portuguese lives in urban areas (77.4%). According to the most recent census conducted by the INE in 2007, Christians made up 40.6% of Mozambique's population, Muslims (mainly Sunni) comprised 17.9% and Zions 15.5% of the population. On the other hand, 7.4% of the people held other beliefs, mainly animism, and 18.7% had no religious beliefs. Muslims are particularly present in the north of the country, particularly along the coastal strip, but some areas of the northern interior have a stronger concentration of Protestant or Catholic communities. The Muslim communities are organized in several "tariqa" or brotherhoods (of the Qadiriya or Shadhuliyyah branch). Catholics and Protestants are generally more numerous in the southern and central regions, but Muslim minority populations are also present in these areas (LIQUISEARCH, 2016). The National Directorate of Religious Affairs in the Ministry of Justice states evangelical Christians represent the fastest growing religious group in the country. Generally religious communities tend to draw their members from across ethnic, political, economic, and racial lines. Table 5-31 shows that in the three districts concerned by the project, the highest percentage of their populations does not identify with any religion. Furthermore, the Catholic and the Zionist/ Zion, are the two main preferences in terms of religion in each district concerned by the project. Table 5-31 Religion’s Repartition (in %) for the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2007 Country, Evangelic/ Anglican Without Province and Catholic Pentecostal Islamic Zionist Other Unknown Protestant Religion Districts Protestant Mozambique 28.4 10.9 1.3 17.9 15.5 6.7 0.7 18.7 Tete Province 21.5 10.7 1.8 0.8 17.0 8.7 0.7 38.8 Cidade De Tete 22.5 9.1 0.6 2.6 12.5 4.7 0.6 47.4 Changara District 8.0 5.9 0.4 0.1 11.3 1.4 1.4 71.4 Moatize District 16.7 12.0 1.0 0.8 12.6 8.5 1.1 47.4 Source: INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-90 The village’s population involved in the project is mainly Christian (92.6%) – including catholic and protestant (Table 5-32). Table 5-32 Religions of the Village’s Population Involved in the Project ADMINISTRATIVE POST (%) POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS Total Ciudade de Tete Chipembere Moatize Zóbuè Catholic 58.3 0 30.2 62.9 57.1 Protestant 41.7 25.0 21.1 30.2 35.5 Traditional / Ethnic religion / Religion 0 0 0 0.3 0.1 Animist No religion 0 75.0 38.7 2.8 5.2 Other 0 0 10.0 3.7 2.1 About 41.7% of heads of household affected by the project do not practice any religion while 21.6% are Protestant and 19.1% are Catholic. OCCUPATION, INCOME AND POVERTY Based on data from Household Budget Survey 2014-2015, employment rate of the population aged 15 to 24 years in Tete Province is of 58.2% making it one of the two provinces (Tete and Zambezia) with the highest employment levels and putting it ahead of the national average of 44.7%. The population is mainly working (91.9%) within the fields of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (INE, 2016). According to the socio-economic surveys, a clear majority (90.2%) of heads of households affected by the project are farmers. The Gross Domestic Product per capita was USD 1,200 in 2015, putting Mozambique at the 220th rank (over 229) in the world (CIA Factbook). Finally, in terms of poverty lines, based on the third National Poverty and Welfare Assessment in Mozambique (DNEAP, 2010), Tete Province has a poverty incidence rate of 42.0%, lying within the four (4) provinces with the lowest levels, and below the national average rate of 54.7%. In comparison with the poverty rate incidence in 2002-2003 at the provincial level, this rate represents a reduction of 17.8%. During the same period, the rate of poverty incidence was 59.8%, which also represented a reduction, given that in 1996-1997 the rate was 82.3%. Therefore, Tete has significantly decreased the incidence rate of poverty to a consistent trend throughout the period of analysis. LAND USE 5.3.6.1 AGRICULTURE Agriculture is the dominant economic activity in the Tete Province. There are, however, a few exceptions as is the case of Changara District where precipitation is low and erratic with frequent droughts, so that crop productivity is normally low. There are two types of agriculture in Tete Province, subsistence and cash crop agriculture, both practiced by the family sector. In Moatize District, cash crop agriculture is predominant (especially in the north of Zóbuè Administrative Post). In Changara there is also cash crop farming, although on a lesser scale. Main cash crops are tobacco, cotton and paprika. The cash crops are grown by the family sector, which has land and a family work force (or contracted labourers, in specific seasons) at its disposal for production. Small-scale subsistence agriculture is predominant and equally practised by the family sector. In general, each household has two fields, one for family consumption only and the other one for supplementing family consumption in crisis years and for selling in years in which surplus production WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-91 is possible. This type of agriculture is dominated by cereal growing (maize, sorghum and millet) and other crops such as groundnuts, watermelon, boer and nhemba beans and vegetables. The predominant type of agriculture is rainfed, sowing being done during the rainy season. However, there are also a few cases of irrigated agriculture in the project area, particularly in the areas near water courses and/or reservoirs, with the use of pedestal pumps, dykes, dams, channels and furrows. Furthermore, there are also a few cases of agriculture practised in low-lying areas, mainly on the margins of rivers and other watercourses. These are areas that suffer from temporary flooding and where the soil has a sufficient level of humidity to support the crops during the dry seasons. Allowing a better use of rainwater during the rainy season, the low-lying areas are used – intensively or semi- intensively – for growing specialized late-season crops, mainly vegetables, late-season maize, pumpkins and sweet potatoes. Normally, these areas do not need crop rotation, so that the land is used continuously, throughout the year. The land holding characteristics are pretty constant among the PAPs from different traditional authorities, ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 parcels on average. The average land parcel areas vary from 3,360 m2 to 23,043 m2 on average by traditional authority. Additionally, as it usually is the case with agrarian societies, 93.0% of land parcels used by households affected by the project are, among other things, used for crop growing. According to the socio-economic surveys, the main seasonal crop farmed by the PAPs is maize, as 42.2% of all households grow it. From this group, 15.1% of them sell some of their produce at the local market. The average quantity of maize produced per household is 10 bags. Other annual crops cultivated include: cowpeas (26.0%), sorghum (11.3%), groundnuts (6.9%) and millet (3.9%). As for permanent crops, the main ones harvested by impacted households are mangos (4.4%) and bananas (1.0%). The average quantities that are produced are 16 baskets of mangoes and eight (8) bunches of bananas. In general, family sector subsistence agriculture is for self-consumption, while the sale of surplus produce is possible in years with good yields. However, the families do not sell their surplus produce immediately. They only do it when they are sure that the next campaign will be successful. Until then, the agricultural produce, essentially maize, is stored in granaries. Vegetables and fruits are also sold. The family sector works essentially with their household members, mainly the women. However, in the weeding and harvesting seasons, an additional work force may be hired, mainly through ganho- ganho activities (e.g. the exchange of services for services or for agricultural produce and/or drinks). Hiring an external work force is common for these periods in the case of cash crops. In the north of Zóbuè Administrative Post the recruitment of a work force for the harvesting of crops such as tobacco is a common practice. This work force generally comes from Malawi (Impacto, 2004). LAND TENURE AND INHERITANCE In Mozambique, the state owns all land. Land ownership rights may not be sold, mortgaged or otherwise alienated (GOM Land Law 1997). The Land Law recognizes a use right to land, known by the Portuguese acronym, DUAT (Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento dos Terras). DUATs can be held individually or jointly, and two (2) types of DUATs are available: 1) DUAT obtained by occupancy; 2) DUAT obtained by grant. DUAT obtained by occupancy: DUATs can be obtained through occupancy of land according to customary norms and practices or good faith occupation of land for 10 years. Local communities have DUATs to their traditional territory. This kind of DUAT is perpetual and does not require plans for exploitation of the land. Delimitation and registration is voluntary: communities are not required to delimit or register their land to assert their DUAT. However, if local communities want to register their DUAT, they must prepare an exploitation plan. Members of local communities can also obtain DUATs for individual plots within the community land. Local communities can also grant third parties’, such as investors, rights to use land within their territories. DUATs based on occupancy need not be registered to be recognized and protected by law. If the occupation is challenged, the occupant must provide proof of customary or long-term occupancy. Such proof Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-92 may be in documentary form or introduced by the oral testimony of other community members. Although unregistered land-use rights obtained by custom are widely recognized and viewed as akin to ownership, land rights acquired by occupation remain invisible on official maps, and government officials may be unaware of the extent of rights held by communities and individuals. DUAT obtained by grant: The state grants DUATs for renewable periods of 50 years. There are no minimum or maximum sizes of land available by government grant. Grant applicants must prepare an exploitation plan. The state reviews the application and issues a provisional grant for either two years (to foreign persons or entities) or five years (to nationals). The level of state review is based on the extent of land sought: Provincial Governor – parcels up to 1000 hectares - issues the approval; Ministry of Agriculture – parcels of 1001 to 10 000 hectares; Council of Ministers – parcel of more than10 000 hectares. DUATs obtained by grant are registered under the Land Law and Regulations in the cadastral register maintained by the National Directorate of Land and Forests (DNTF) of the Ministry of Agriculture. In Mozambique, land use rights are obtained by inheritance, occupation, state grant, purchase or lease. In urban area, most residents access land through the land market (62%), either obtaining land on the formal market by buying or leasing use-rights held by DUAT-holders or, more commonly, obtaining use-rights on the informal market. Other means of accessing land include customary rights systems such as inheritance or borrowing (19%), state allocation (13%) and occupation (6%). Most rural land is held by communities, which have perpetual DUATs based on their traditional occupancy. Foreign persons and entities with local residences may obtain DUATs in connection with approved investment projects (USAID, 2010). Concerning the ownership of the parcels used, about 55.0% of the lands used (affected or not) by the affected PAPs interviewed are customary lands. PAPs that own or have a certificate of ownership/leasehold account for 12.2%. 5.3.6.2 LIVESTOCK REARING Livestock rearing is also an important socio-economic component for the population of the project area, mainly in Changara District, where the livestock rearing tradition, together with favourable climatic conditions (low precipitation contributing to a low incidence of diseases and the development of gramineas of good nutritional value), favours a good performance of this activity. Main animal species found include goats, cattle, birds, pigs, sheep and a few donkeys. Most of the livestock rearing is done by small family sector breeders, although there are a few large- scale breeders (i.e. with over 100 cattle heads). For the small-scale breeder, the animals are an important source of wealth and food security. The animals and their products contribute – either directly or indirectly – to food security, through meat, milk and eggs. Additionally, the animals are used for increasing agricultural productivity (through animal traction and the use of excrements as organic fertilizer), transport and as a source of direct income through the sale of milk and/or heads. Families that do not possess machambas4 resort to the sale of animals and/or their products for the acquisition or direct exchange for agricultural goods. The sale and handling of birds are handled by women, while men decide on the sale of goats and cattle. The sale of animals is generally done between villagers. However, there are many cases of sales to other points of the area, of the province and of the country. In these cases, sales are done through middlemen, who come to the villages to negotiate with the breeder. Main constraints occurring in livestock rearing include: droughts, tick-borne diseases, lack of infrastructures (dip tanks and watering-places) and also the lack of access to veterinary medicines on the part of the small breeder (Impacto, 2004). 4 Machambas refers to agricultural land property, usually associated with family sector. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-93 According to the socio-economic surveys, a total of 10.8% of affected households have chicken (poultry) and 4.9% have pigs. Only 3.4% of the affected households have cows, with an average of 255 cows possessed. 5.3.6.3 FISHING Fishing is an important activity in Tete Province. It is practiced along the Zambezi River, mainly in the Cahora Bassa Dam5. In this district, there are several foreign fishing companies operating, which are basically engaged in kapenta fishing. After drying and salting it, this fish is then exported to Zimbabwe, Zambia, the Congo, Malawi and South Africa and also transported to Manica, Sofala and Niassa Provinces for domestic consumption. This semi-industrial activity contributes to the economic growth of the province, through the imposition of an annual levy and export service rendering. Fishing is also practiced at family level, as a means of subsistence, mainly for the population living near the Zambezi and Moatize Rivers. The family sector fishes basically banded tilapia (Tilapia sparmanii), pende or Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus), chicoa or bull shark (Carcharhiunus leucas), congoro or purple labeo (Labeo congoro) and tigerfish (Hydrocynus vittatus). Fishing done by the family sector is traditional, with the use of fishhooks, nets and canoes. Fishing is considered an activity complementary to agriculture. However, there is a small number of families who live exclusively from this activity. In the family sector fishing is basically done for consumption. However, at times of low agricultural income, fishing serves as a basis of family income and fish is sold fresh or salted. For the affected villages, further away from the Zambezi and Moatize Rivers, and where the existing small watercourses have little fish, activity is less important for consumption and family income (Impacto, 2004). Traditional techniques are used by local communities to catch fish. The fishing effort is not very high and the daily production volume per fisherman with hook varies between 3 and 5 kg and with gillnets varies between 5 and 30 kg. About 15 different species are explored. The species with greater interest are the larger ones such as: Oreochromis mossambicus (Mozambique Tilapia), Clarias gariepinus (Sharptooth Catfish), Synodontis zambezensis (Brown Squeaker), Shilbe intermediu (Nhakundande), Labeo altivelis (Manyame Labeo), Malapterurus eletricus (Nthintha) or Hydrocynus vittatus (Tigerfish) (Consultec, 2015). Photos 5-1 Reed Traps (Consultec, 2013) The reed traps are made traditionally. Local communities use leftover food to attract the fish, that enter when the water rises and are retained when the water level drops. 5 The presence of Tigerfish in Cahora Bassa Dam attracts practitioners of recreational fisheries, placing Tete in the route of tourists worldwide. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-94 Photos 5-2 Sand Traps (Consultec, 2013) The dishes are washed in the sand trap and remaining organic material serves as bait to attract fish. Photos 5-3 Cage Traps (Consultec, 2013) Cages are used during the late rainy season in tributary streams to catch fish that migrated during the rains. According to the socio-economic surveys, only 0.5% of the households affected by the project practice this activity, and none of them considered it as a source of income. 5.3.6.4 INDUSTRY Until 2010, Tete Province was featured by the tobacco industry (Tete City has the largest processing factory of the country), paprika processing, beverage production, production of metal structures, furniture and small industrial units designed for milling of cereals, sawmills, bakeries and ceramics, as well as for the informal industry sector that was dedicated to the production of building materials (brick and stone). The beginning of coal mining in recent years has attracted many multinational companies in this sector. Tete Province has a high potential for the extraction of mineral resources, especially coal. Much of the known coal reserves in the country are in this basin (93%), with special emphasis on Moatize-Minjova basin, located in the Southern region of Moatize District where are located the large coal industrial projects currently in operation, in particular: Benga Coal Project (operated by ICVL, maximum production of 10 Mtpa), Moatize Coal Project (Vale Moçambique, maximum production of 11 Mpta) and Moatize Coal Mining Project (Becon Hill Resources, maximum production 4 Mtpa). Upstream, in Chitima district stands out the Chirodzi Coal Project (Jindal Africa, maximum production of 6.6 Mtpa). All these projects are open-pit mining. To note that in Tete Province there are several other coal projects under development (currently are assigned nine (9) Concessions, of which only WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-95 four (4) are in operation including the ICVL and Vale mining operations located near the studied corridor) (TPF et al., 2014). Figure 5-61 Active Mining Concession of the Benga and Vale Mines 5.3.6.5 TRADING The trading network in Tete Province is still very poor. In this context, trading is dominated by the informal sector, with the main establishments and/or sales points in the study area situated along National Road EN8. The main products traded derive from agricultural and other family-level activities and include vegetables, fruits, flour, firewood and charcoal. In addition, other products traded are sugar, salt, cooking oil, sweets, soap, radio batteries and spare bicycle parts. Most of these products come from warehouses located in Cidade de Tete. However, other products are also traded by the informal sector, such as clothes, shoes and fuels that come from Malawi (Impacto, 2004). According to the socio-economic survey, only 1.0% of affected households have declared business as a source of incomes. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-96 5.3.6.6 TOURISM Despite its rich fauna, flora, and thermal water zones, tourism in the Tete Province is still undeveloped and basically consists of hunting. Few companies carry out tourist activities related to hunting. Southern Safaris are operating in the study area, near Benga, in a crocodile and hippopotamus hunting camp. In addition, the province has a community management scheme, the already referred to Tchuma-Tchato project, which promotes eco-tourist and trophy hunting activities managed by the community itself. More precisely, in Changara District, the main potential targets for tourist exploitation are the historical monuments, thermal water and a fauna rich in elephants, zebras, kudus, impalas and gazelles, while in Moatize District, the identified potential tourist targets include a sacred forest, scenic landscapes and a few historical monuments. In terms of areas of historical and cultural interest, Tete Province possesses several sites and places, revealing its strategic importance in the course of time, since the Monomotapa Empire, regarding Portuguese exploitation and the revolt against colonialism. Main historical landmarks in the province are rock paintings (scattered all over the province), the Cahora Bassa dam (one of the three major dams on the Zambezi River system), the Sao Jose de Boroma church, Ntchinga Base, Tete Fortress and also the hanging bridge over the Zambezi River (Impacto, 2004). However, according to the socio-economic surveys, no lodging facilities can be found in the villages traversed by the transmission line. 5.3.6.7 UN EXPLODED ORDINANCE There is a risk that some Un Exploded Ordinance (UXO) may still be present in the border areas of both countries crossed by the project. The current situation is not precisely known and should be investigated before the start of the construction. The Contractor would need to assess the situation with the local security authorities to evaluate the need to prepare a specific security protocol to that effect (see section 7.3.1.2 and 8.1.2 for impacts and measures). EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURES 5.3.7.1 EDUCATION According to the Ministry of Education and Human Development of Mozambique, the education system in the country is divided into three subsystems: pre-school education – kindergarten (creches); school education – divided into primary, secondary, professional and technical, and higher education; extra school education – literacy and education of people outside the school system. The education system in Mozambique follows the structure shown below: level 1 primary school (EP1) – 1st to 5th grade; level 2 primary school (EP2) - 5th to 7th grade; complete primary school (EPC) – 1st to 7th grade; level 1 secondary school (ESG1) – 8th to 10th grade; level 2 secondary school (ESG2) – 11th to 12th grade; technical and vocational education – the technical and vocational education is given in schools and technical institutes. Offered courses cover three (3) main areas (industrial, commercial and agricultural), at the elementary, primary and secondary levels; higher education - university degrees and higher. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-97 The districts concerned by the project have several school facilities of primary and secondary levels. Table 5-33 shows the various school infrastructures present in Tete Province and districts concerned by the project. Table 5-33 School Infrastructures for Tete Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2008 Primary School Secondary School Province and EPI EPII ESGI ESGII Districts Private/ Private/ Private/ Private/ Public Public Public Public Communitary Communitary Communitary Communitary Tete Province 941 2 164 2 40 2 3 0 Cidade de Tete 28 2 16 2 5 2 1 0 Changara District 99 0 21 0 4 0 1 0 Moatize District 107 0 22 0 5 0 0 0 Source: INE, 2013a, b and c. The community survey indicated that there are no tertiary institutions in the villages crossed by the wayleave. Primary schools are the most common (24), surveyed in 90.0% of the villages. Four (4) secondary schools were also found in the villages of the Zóbuè administrative post. Among children who finish primary school in Mozambique, nearly two-thirds leave the system without basic reading, writing and math skills. Furthermore, while 94% of girls in Mozambique enroll in primary school, more than half drop out by the fifth grade, only 11% continue on to study at the secondary level, and just 1% continue on to College (USAID, 2016). According to the data, 56.2% of the population of 15 years old and more in Tete Province is illiterate, which means people who can neither read nor write. Except for Cidade de Tete and the districts of Cahora Bassa and Magoe, almost half of the population of every district of Tete Province cannot read or write. The illiteracy rate is about 50.1% in the Changara District and 51.0% in the Moatize District. Overall, illiteracy rates are higher among women than among men. Concerning the school attendance conditions of the population, five (5) years old and more, the last census indicated that 47.4% of the population of Tete Province never attended any school. Moreover, if more than half of the population of almost every district never attended school, the situation in the three districts concerned by the project is different (INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010). Table 5-34 presents this situation. Table 5-34 Illiteracy Rate and Attendance Conditions (in %) of the Population for the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2007 Illiteracy Rate1 Attendance Conditions2 Country, Province and Districts Have Never Men Women Attend Attended Attended Mozambique 34.5 64.1 N/A N/A N/A Tete Province 39.3 71.5 28.2 24.5 47.4 Cidade de Tete 8.8 30.9 44.2 37.8 18.0 Changara District 29.5 67.5 32.4 26.2 41.4 Moatize District 33.7 66.7 31.0 24.8 44.2 Note 1: The illiteracy rate concerns the population 15 years old and more. Note 2: The attendance conditions concern the population 5 years old and more. Source: INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-98 The majority (38.2%) of the heads of households affected by the transmission line project have not attended primary school. However, 36.3% have attended primary school, while an additional 7.4% of them have also attended secondary school. Generally, about 39.2% of the heads of household affected by the project followed an informal education program (adult education, vocation, etc.). Although a considerable part of the population has attended school throughout their life, few are those who completed some levels of education, which reflects the high rates of school dropouts. Almost all districts of Tete Province, more than half the population 5 years old and over, has not completed any level of education (80.8%). The level of education completed by most of the population of all districts, including Changara (16.1%) and Moatize (13.7%), is the primary, except in Cidade de Tete where more people have completed the secondary level. Table 5-35 presents this situation. Table 5-35 Education Level Completed (in %) of the Population 5 Years of Age and Older for the Country, Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2007 Country, Province and Education Level Completed Districts None Primary Secondary Higher Unknown Tete Province 80.8 12.2 6.3 0.0 0.6 Cidade de Tete 50.0 23.3 25.3 0.3 1.0 Changara District 77.0 16.1 6.0 0.0 0.8 Moatize District 78.7 13.7 7.0 0.0 0.7 Source: INE, Gabinete Central do Recenseamento, 2010. Most of members aged between 16 and 35 years old have attended the primary school, except in Ciudade de Tete where all the member of this age category have attended the secondary school. However, all members aged between 36 and 54 years old have only frequented a primary school. 5.3.7.2 HEALTH The health sector in Mozambique focuses on primary health services. However, it consists of different types of health units, each one providing a particular type of health care. Table 5-36 provides a description of the various types of health units that are registered in the country. It is important to note that some of the facilities may be better equipped than others, depending on their location and the number of people they serve. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-99 Table 5-36 Characterization of the Health Facilities in Mozambique Health Service Type of Health Unit Type Services Offered Community Midwife Elementary Multipurpose Agent (EPA): Community member of the community, formed by an NGO Community or by the NHS to provide basic, preventive and Service promotional care to the same community. EPA Health Posts (provide primary health care) Elementary Midwife Elementary Nurse Rural Health Centre Type II: Type II facility is more modest in its infrastructure and staff, with a Elementary Midwife Minimum health technician instead of a doctor, but still able to Elementary Nurse Service perform consultations and deliveries. They Nutrition Agent provide primary health care. Technician or Medical Assistant Basic Midwife Type II - Rural Health Centre Basic Nurse Basic Nurse or Agent Type I – Rural Health Centre In a rural setting, Type I units are considered the Physician, technician or medical agent best equipped. Usually they have a medical staff Basic Midwife consisting of a trained physician, and all the Medical Prevention Agent infrastructure for primary care, surgical Basic Nurse operations with operating theatres Basic Midwife Urban Health Centre Type C Medical prevention Agent Comprehensive Basic Nurse health Service Physician, technician or medical agent Basic Midwife Type II - Urban Health Medical Centre Medical prevention agent Basic Nurse Physician, technician or medical agent Basic Midwife Type A - Urban Health Centre Medical prevention agent Basic Nurse Physician, technician or medical agent Basic Midwife District Hospital Medical prevention agent Basic Nurse Physician Medical Technician Obstetric Surgery Technical District Hospital Obstetric Nurse Laboratory Technician or Agent Basic or medium MCH nurse Basic or medium Nurse Physician Medical Technician Obstetric Surgery Technical Rural Hospital Obstetric Nurse Specialized Laboratory Technician or Agent Service Basic or medium MCH nurse Basic or medium Nurse Physician Medical Technician Obstetric Surgery Technician Hospital General Obstetric Nurse Laboratory Technician or Agent Basic or medium MCH nurse Basic or medium Nurse Provincial Hospital Full staff Central Hospital Full staff Source: Health Initiative Worldwide - Strategy for Mozambique, 2011-2015. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-100 In 2012, the Tete Province had 105 health units, including four (4) hospitals (three (3) rural and one (1) provincial), 100 health centers and 1 health post, to serve a population of more than 2 million people. Table 5-37 shows the various health facilities available in Tete Province and the three districts concerned by the project as well as statistics relating to the equipment. Table 5-37 Health Infrastructures and Equipment (in %) Available in the Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2012 Infrastructure Equipment Province and Districts Health Rural Provincial General Maternity Health Post Center Hospital Hospital Bed Bed Tete Province 1 100 3 1 1,425 531 Cidade de Tete 1 8 0 0 422 75 Changara District 0 13 0 0 76 44 Moatize District 0 12 0 0 132 60 Source: INE, 2013a, b and c. According to the World Health Organization, HIV/AIDS was the most common disease in Mozambique in 2012 with 81 800 deaths (26.2%). Lower respiratory infections (LRI) were in second place (7.6%) and were followed by malaria (5.6%). For children under 5 years of age, the main cause of deaths was malaria (18%). Acute respiratory infections (14%) and prematurity (12%) were respectively the second and third largest causes (World Health Organization, 2015). According to the socio-economic surveys, only one (1) primary health center is present in the Zóbuè administrative post, and the population has no hospital. The main cause of disease or handicap identified by households is malaria (67.7% of households included in the category). Professional medical care is generally favoured by impacted households over traditional medicine (95.6%). However, access can be demanding since 59.3% of households will need to walk for one (1) to two (2) hours or for 22.5% of them for over two (2) hours. Almost all households travel to the hospitals (Changara, Ciudad de Tete and Moatize) for care (99.5%). 5.3.7.3 WATER INFRASTRUCTURE None of the considered villages benefit from piped water distribution systems and sewerage and drainage systems. Water is mostly obtained by boreholes, public drinking fountains and wells. In some cases, the water is obtained from rivers and/or small streams, or rocky places that allow the accumulation of rainwater or direct access to the water table (Impacto, 2004). Vale possesses a water pipeline linking the mine site to the Zambezi River. The alignment crosses this water pipeline at the approximate KP32. According to the socio-economic surveys, half of the villages involved in the project have access to water supply infrastructure (50.0%), representing a total of 22 sites. The water sources that supply the households with drinking water during the dry season are almost identical to the ones used in the wet season. Indeed, 53.9% of affected households use rivers and lakes. The average time traveled by household to fetch water is about 30 minutes. 5.3.7.4 TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Tete Province is traversed by a network of roads linking the country and the province with Zimbabwe (EN8), Malawi (EN7) and Zambia (EN9). From this network, road EN102 branches off, linking Tete Province with Manica province and the Centre and South of the country. According to ANE, the province has a total of 2 970 km of classified roads, divided in four (4) types: 540 km of primary roads, WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-101 229 km of secondary roads, 788 km of tertiary roads and 413 km of local roads. Apart from these, the province also has approximately 1 570 km of unclassified roads. Only 961 km (32%) of the classified roads are paved. Source: ANE, 2016 Figure 5-62 Roads in the Province of Tete Tete province also benefits from the Sena railway, linking Moatize to the Port of Beira, Sofala Province. Built in 1914, the Sena line was at a complete standstill for 20 years during the civil war ended in 1992 (MAUCAUHUB, 2016). In 2011, this railway was rehabilitated in order to flow the coal from Moatize region to the international markets. Also, it became possible to transport people and goods throughout all the districts crossed by the railway. The province is also recently served by Nacala railway, linking Nacala to Velha Port, in Nampula Province, passing through Malawi, for the transport of coal and passengers. There are no formal bus services. Transport of people is guaranteed by informal operators, using minivans, mainly covering the whole length of EN8. The main means of transport in the study area is the bicycle. Tete city has an airport which establishes an air link with the other provincial capitals, and also with South Africa. Tete air traffic has recorded a sharp growth associated with the dynamics that the province has been experiencing as a result of investments in the coal sector. Energy Infrastructure The proposed 400kV line crossed four high power transmission lines, including three (3) 220 KV lines (two (2) linking the Matambo and Caia substations and one (1) linking the Matambo and Chibata substations) at the level of the Matambo substation and one (1) 66 kV line just before crossing the Zambezi River. The proposed 400 kV line’s tower will be designed at a slightly greater height to allow for the crossing of these lines. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-102 The main villages of the Chioco and Cambulatsitsi Administrative Posts do not have access to electricity from the national grid. According to the socioeconomic surveys, none of the 10 villages concerned by the ROW is connected to the power grid. The main village of Zóbuè Administrative Post represents an exception in the area, as it benefits from electrical energy from Malawi. The supply is regulated through agreements between EDM and ESCOM. EDM is in charge of line maintenance and the collection of payment for the consumption in Mozambican territory. The small villages included in the project’s influence area do not benefit from electricity. Firewood, charcoal, and candles are the most used sources of fuel for cooking and lighting (Impacto, 2004). The dominant energy source for cooking by the affected households of the project area is firewood (biomass) (99.5%). A great number of households (86.8%) also use torches to light themselves. Wood is the second most important source of lighting (11.8% of affected households). As for the expenses incurred to cook and light themselves by household, most households are able to cook without disbursing anything (91.7%). The remainder 6.4% spend on average per month less than 50 Mt. Lighting is more likely to require funds since 18.1% of affected households spend less than 50 Mt, while 13.2% spend nothing. 5.3.7.5 TELECOMMUNICATIONS The telecommunications infrastructure includes: fixed (“Telecomunicações de Moçambique”) and mobile telephone, radio and television communications. All district headquarters are covered with Vodacom and MCell mobile network signals and more recently with Movitel. All district headquarters are covered by the sign of "Rádio de Moçambique" and "Televisão of Mozambique." There are also some community radio stations. One (1) communication tower will have to be relocated at the level of the Matambo substation’s extension. According to the socio-economic surveys, 37.7% of the affected households have a telephone or cellular. 5.3.7.6 RELOCATION The project area has experienced many resettlement processes in the past years for some of the projects mentioned above (mining, railway and power lines). Families recently displaced by the Vale – Nacala railroad were resettled along the EN7 road between Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi, on the north- west side of the road. Furthermore, a few families were recently displaced for the construction of Vale’s new 220 kV transmission line in Benga. The project avoided affecting these resettled families. 5.3.7.7 HOUSING AND FAMILY ASSETS According to INE, most of Tete province settlements show rural character and only 14% of the population lives in urban areas. In terms of dwellings typology in the Province, 1.5% of the houses are built with concrete blocks, 13.8% with brick blocks, 34.2% with adobe blocks and the remaining with different materials, from reed, sticks, bamboo, to cardboard, among others (INE, 2008). In terms of coverage, only 14.6% of the houses are covered with zinc plates and about to 82.8% of the houses are covered with grasses or other plant material. Most of the concrete blocks or brick houses are located in urban areas, meaning that a large majority of households in rural areas are of precarious types. Table 5-38 shows the type of housing found in the different districts affected by the project. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-103 Table 5-38 Type of Housing Construction (%) in the Province and Districts Concerned by the Project, 2012 Cement Brick Adobe Sticks with Province and Districts Reed Others Block Block Block Mortar Tete Province 1.5 13.8 34.2 7.8 42.1 0.6 Cidade de Tete 9.1 38.8 8.8 2.3 40.5 0.5 Changara District 0.5 8.2 7.0 3.4 80.2 0.7 Moatize District 1.4 22.4 11.1 5.3 59.7 0.1 Source: INE, 2013a, b and c. The percentage of houses made of cement blocks and brick blocks in Changara District is very insignificant. The district of Moatize presents a more significant percentage of these types of housing, because the second largest urban agglomeration in the province is to be found in this district, namely the town of Moatize. In this district, the conventional housing has grown as a result of high demand related to the coal mining projects that are taking place in the district. Most structures in the districts concerned by the project are built with sticks (see Photo 5-4). This fact reflects the conditions of well-being of the population of these districts, which have low purchasing power, depending almost exclusively of materials found in the natural environment and employing local family labor. Materials used for construction are found locally and building methods are adapted to the local climate. The use of precarious materials reflects low resistance to natural disasters. (Consultec, 2013) Photo 5-4 Houses Built with Sticks and Mortar in Moatize District According to the socio-economic surveys, the main materials for the walls of the primary housing residences of the affected PAPs are: mud (55.9%) and burnt bricks (28.4%). The predominant roof materials of these structures is thatch (48.0%) and grass (26.5%). Moreover, most of the houses (89.2%) have floors of earth/sand/dirt and straw. FUTURE PROJECTS The section of the preliminary line route between the EN7 and the Zambezi River crosses the Municipality’s urban expansion area for the borough of Mpadue. Residential and industrial developments are planned in this area and could be partly compromised by the passage of a new transmission line. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-104 Phase 1 of the Mpadue urban development plan has already been approved by the Ministry of State Administration and many lots have already been attributed to developers, while others are in the process of being allocated. GENDER ASPECTS According to the Human Development Index (ranked 165 out of 169 countries) and the Gender Development Index (ranked 123 out of 130 countries), Mozambique remains poor in overall as well as in gender equality terms. During the past years, important progress for women has been made in areas such as political representation (ranked 61 out of 116 countries under the Gender Empowerment Measure), education and health. However, the socio-economic position of women remains weak and shows large variations in key areas, such as, employment, agricultural productivity, income, and various types of abuse. In Mozambique, the social organization of households as key social units reflects the social and cultural order of society at large. Men have more authority and power in the communities and within households than women and male-headed households are in a better economic position than female- headed households. Women have a far heavier workload than men in the areas of agriculture, cooking, fetching water, collecting firewood, cleaning and food-processing, while men have a heavier workload than women in purchasing and house maintenance. One of the most disturbing aspects of Mozambican society, from a gender perspective, is the high incidence of domestic violence. About 54% of all women in Mozambique have been abused. According to a World Development Report of 2012, the high level of domestic violence seems to be related to a complex set of conditions that include: a sociocultural tradition of bringing up children “by hand”, experiences of violence from colonialism and war, and the increasing loss of status and social control by men, who use violence as a way to assert their masculinity. Moreover, the practice of lobolo6 may also contribute to the use of violence as it symbolically transfers the woman into the property of the man and therefore legitimizes the man’s authority over the woman. Mozambique has one of the highest rates of child marriage in the world. Indeed, 18% of Mozambican girls aged between 20 and 24 are married before the age of 15, while 51% are married before the age of 18. At first marriage, the average age among girls varies from 16 years in Nampula to 20 in Maputo City. Traditionally, early marriage was a way to form political or economic alliances between lineages and clans, and having young wives (young girls often became the second or third wife in a polygamous union) was a sign of wealth and prestige. Obviously, poorest families are more likely to marry their girls early – in these situations, marriage becomes a strategy to reduce the pressure on the household and acquire additional resources, either directly through lobolo or by having fewer mouths to feed and in expectation of future support from the husband (Tvedten, 2011). VULNERABLE GROUPS According to the definition of the World Bank, the disadvantaged or vulnerable groups refer to: “Those who may be more likely to be adversely affected by the project impacts and/or more limited than others in their ability to take advantage of a project’s benefits. Such an individual/ group is also more likely to be excluded from/unable to participate fully in the mainstream consultation process and as such may require specific measures and/or assistance to do so. This will take into account considerations relating to age, including the elderly and minors, and including in circumstances where they may be separated from their family, the community or other individuals upon which they depend” (World Bank, 2016). Considered as such are widows, the elderly, the physically and mentally disabled, and the chronically ill. Moreover, households headed by women or children, the very poor and disadvantaged groups in economic and social terms, including minorities (e.g. group of migrants, refugees), should also be 6 In the patrilineal system, lobolo refers to the “bride price” – in cash or kind – which a prospective husband or head of his family undertakes to give to the head of a prospective wife’s family in consideration of a customary marriage. After the marriage, the wife will move to live with her husband’s family in exchange. Therefore, lobolo is seen as compensation from one family to another for the loss of the labor power that the bride-to-be represents. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 5-105 considered vulnerable. It is important to note that there are no indigenous peoples within the meaning of OP 4.12 in the project area. Such individuals may require special or extra help for resettlement because they are less able to cope with physical and/or economic displacement than the relevant general population. According to the socio-economic surveys, eight (8) affected households have a sick or handicapped member (whom can be the head of household), 70 affected households are headed by women and 171 affected households own only one (1) land parcel that is likely to be impacted by the project. The main cause of disease or handicap identified by households is malaria (67.7% of households included in the category). There are no children head of households impacted by the project. All the heads of household that are widowed are also woman (100.0%). CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE Tete Province is rich in historical places, revealing its strategic importance in the course of time, since the Monomotapa Empire, regarding Portuguese exploitation and the revolt against colonialism. Main historical landmarks in the province are rock paintings (scattered all over the province), the Cahora Bassa dam, Ntchinga Base, Tete Fortress São Miguel”, “São Tiago Maior” and “D. Luis” and also the hanging bridge over the Zambezi River, “Ponte Samora Machel”. In addition to these places, there are also a few colonial buildings, in an advanced state of degradation, such as the tsetse fly control station in Nhambulo, railway stations in Moatize and Cambulatsitsi, a few stonework houses that mark the presence of prazo lords and of the Portuguese administration of Zambézia in the 16th century and a few Catholic Churches (Sao Jose de Boroma, Changara district, Miruro church, Zumbo District, among others) (Impacto, 2004). The province of Tete features several characteristics reflecting the existence of various ethnic groups and offers their famous dances such as “Nhau and Kadaba” that depict the invocation of spirits from the former traditional worriers. Recall that the “Nhau” dance has been enshrined in 2007 by UNESCO, World Cultural Heritage, and considered a masterpiece of oral and untouchable heritage of humanity. The population of the Province also practices the Mafuwe, Nhanga, Tchintali, Tchiwere, N 'handa, N'Goma and N'cansuere dances which are frequent at ceremonies for the reception of major figures, and to invoque natural events (as the request for rain to the spirits) and others. The music and traditional dances, arts and literature are the most prevalent art forms in the district. The sculpture of ebony, the pottery, baskets, tin and metal sculptures are other artistic and handicraft activities practiced in Tete Province. However, no legally protected or internationally recognized cultural or archaeological sites/remains were identified in the project area during the field survey, interviews and literature review. LANDSCAPE The landscape in the project area is dominated by natural vegetation characterized by miombo woodland (with a tree density that varies) and grasslands. The study area crosses few water courses, and notably the Zambezi River and its associated floodplain and wetlands. Apart from natural habitat, the land-use is characterized by a rural area where subsistence crops are practiced and where human constructions are spread. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 5-106 Photos 5-5 Zambezi River (left) and Typical Miombo Landscape (right) WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-1 6 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT This chapter outlines the public information and consultation process conducted in Mozambique to support the development of the EIA and RPF studies for the Mozambique – Malawi interconnection Project. Relevant national and international requirements for stakeholder engagement and public disclosure are first briefly reminded, followed by the description of the process implemented by the consultant to enable the informed consultation and participation of stakeholders in the development of the studies. The stakeholders reached at the different stages of the studies, as well as their concerns, expectations and recommendations in view of the project, are finally reported. Finally, indications are provided on how stakeholders’ inputs have influenced the project design and the studies’ final recommendations. 6.1 NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS Key elements of the national regulations and international requirements, relative to stakeholder engagement and relevant for the Mozambique – Malawi Interconnection Project’s EIA and RPF development process, are highlighted below. NATIONAL REQUIREMENTS National legal requirements regarding stakeholder engagement activities to be conducted by project proponents as part of the EIA development process are found in Mozambique’s Decree no 54/2015 Environmental Impact Assessment Process Regulation and its article 15 on the Public Participation Process. Provisions of article 15 include, amongst others, the following: The public participation process should provide all directly and indirectly-affected parties the opportunity to: a) receive information; b) ask for clarifications; and c) formulate suggestions and recommendations (par. 1). Through the development of the EIA, a minimum of two series of public consultative meetings should be conducted in each locality, the first one to present the preliminary study and collect comments and suggestions, and the second to present the final version of the study (par. 5). Public meetings should be publicized at least 15 days prior to the meetings through adequate media (par. 7). Results from the public participation process should be compiled into a Consultation report (par. 9). Technical reports produced as part of the EIA development should be made available for public consultation (par. 12). Comments from the public on the draft EIA report should be submitted to the consultant in charge of the EIA within 15 days following the consultation (par. 14). In addition to these provisions, par. 2 of article 15 reminds that public participation should be performed accordingly with the guidance from Ministerial Diploma nº 130/2006 General Directive on Public Participation Process in the Environmental Impact Assessment Process. This complementary Diploma sets forth a series of basic principles for public consultation and information disclosure, including the ones ensuring: the availability and accessibility of relevant information; the broad participation of citizens; the representativeness and independence of stakeholders; functionality; negotiation and responsibility. It also proposes methodological steps to conducting efficient consultations, namely: 1) Stakeholder identification; 2) Information disclosure; 3) Dialogue; 4) Treatment of received information; and 5) Restitution of consultation results to stakeholders. In projects where there is a need to conduct a Resettlement Process, Article 11 of Decree no 54/2015 stipulates that the preparation of the Physical and Socioeconomic Survey Report (PSSR), required to be appended to the EIA report) needs to integrate at least two public consultations, namely: Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-2 Informing interested parties about the objectives, relevance and impacts of the resettlement process; Presenting and discussing alternatives for resettlement sites. It should be noted that the Project is a linear project which does not require the study and definition of a host area for the resettled families, since they will be moved to an area immediately adjacent to the place where they are currently (but outside the ROW). Thus, the second consultation foreseen in the EIA process is not carried out, due to the lack of a specific host area for all the families that will be resettled by the Project. INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 6.1.2.1 WORLD BANK’S REQUIREMENTS The World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.01, on Environmental Assessment, requires that, during the EIA process, the project-affected groups and local NGOs be consulted about the project's environmental aspects and their views be taken into account. Stakeholders’ consultations shall be initiated as early as possible and should occur at least twice: (a) shortly after environmental screening and before the terms of reference for the EIA are finalized; and (b) once a draft EIA report is prepared. For meaningful consultations, O.P. 4.01 emphasizes on the disclosure of relevant material in a timely manner and in a form and language that are understandable and accessible to the groups being consulted. For the initial consultation, it stipulates that a summary of the project's objectives, description, and potential impacts shall be disclosed. For consultations on the draft EIA report, stakeholders need to be provided with a summary of the EIA's conclusions. In addition, the proponent is expected to make the draft EIA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs. 6.1.2.2 AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK The African Development Bank’s requirements, on public consultation and disclosure and applied to the EIA development process, are set forth by the Operational Safeguard (OS) 1 on Environmental and Social Assessments. Among its specific objectives, OS1 aims to "Provide for stakeholder participation during the consultation process so affected communities and stakeholders have timely access to information in suitable forms about Bank operations, and are consulted meaningfully about issues that may affect them.” The OS1 stipulates that it is the borrower or customer's responsibility to carry out and provide evidence of meaningful consultations with communities potentially affected by the environmental and social impacts, and with local stakeholders. The borrower or customer must ensure broad community support, especially for projects involving the resettlement of over 200 people (Category 1 projects). The OS1 also points out that the consultation of stakeholders must be preceded by the disclosure of relevant environmental and social information to ensure that participants are fully informed. The "Handbook on Stakeholders Consultation and Participation in ADB Operations" (2001) provides clarification on the basic principles of stakeholder involvement, as well as on the central aspects of good practices in the domain. In addition, the "Framework for Enhanced Engagement with Civil Society Organizations" (2010) highlights the ADB's desire to promote, through its actions, awareness, dialogue and partnerships with civil society organizations. Finally, it should be noted that the development of ADB projects must comply with the World Bank Group's Disclosure and Access to Information ("DAI Policy") policy in place since February 2013. Collaboration with all stakeholders, transparency and accessibility of information are the core principles of this policy. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-3 6.1.2.3 SOUTHERN AFRICAN POWER POOL The Southern African Power Pool’s requirements on public consultations are presented in the official ESIA Guidelines published in 2010. These Guidelines consider stakeholder engagement and public consultations and participation to be essential as it leads to better and more acceptable decision- making. The objective is to give the affected parties and communities an opportunity to learn about the project, its potential impacts and mitigation measures that will be implemented. Moreover, it must be the occasion for individuals and groups to express their views (expectations and preoccupations) on the project at both the Scoping and ESIA phases. The SAPP Guidelines make specific reference to a Handbook of Public Participation in Environmental Assessment in Southern Africa developed by the Southern African Institute of Environmental Assessments (SAIEA, 2004) which can be consulted through the following internet link: http://www.saiea.com/calabash/handbook/index.html. 6.2 GENERAL PLANNING FOR STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT GENERAL OBJECTIVES General stakeholder engagement objectives for this study were to: Ensure prior and informed consultations of stakeholders, at key stages of the EIA and RPF, in order to improve their results and increase the credibility of the process. Ensure compliance with national and international requirements for stakeholder engagement and public consultations during EIA studies for major projects. Ensure the EIA helps to consolidate the efforts made by EDM in order to establish lasting relationships with affected communities and other stakeholders. TARGET STAKEHOLDER GROUPS Stakeholder groups that were engaged with through the development of the EIA and RPF studies are briefly described in Table 6-1. A comprehensive list of the stakeholder organizations identified for this project is provided in Appendix 7-1. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-4 Table 6-1 Target Stakeholder Groups Stakeholder Groups Description Relevant ministries and Includes the Ministries or national agencies in charge of Environment, Agriculture, agencies at national Mineral Resources and Energy, Land Planning, Roads, Railways, Wildlife, Forests and level Cultural Heritage. Tete province’s relevant provincial directions and services: Lands, Environment and Rural Development; Wildlife and Forest Resources; Mineral resources; Geography and Provincial government Cadaster; Energy; Roads; Culture and Tourism; Gender and Social Affairs; Agriculture and Food Security. Administrators and relevant technical staff of Tete municipality, Changara district and District governments Moatize district, as well as administrators of affected administrative posts (Chioco, Moatize, Kambulatsisi and Zobué). Customary authorities Traditional chiefs known to be influential in the study area. All the communities (villages / povoados) affected by the line route. 25 affected Affected communities communities, located within 11 localities, were identified. The potentially affected persons (PAPs), that are likely to be either physically or Displaced households economically displaced by the project. These are households that are located within the line’s wayleave, or that possess crops or any other asset within the wayleave. Industrial or commercial organizations potentially affected by the line route. Three of Industrial and such organizations were identified, namely the Vale Coal Mine, ICVL (mining company commercial operating a railway crossed by the line route) and CDN (manager of the Nacala stakeholders railway, also crossed by the line). Relevant NGOs at national and local levels in the fields of conservation, environment, NGOs social development and Human Rights. Stakeholder groups considered to be directly affected by the project (project-affected groups) are the following: the Tete and district governments, customary authorities, affected communities, potentially- displaced households and industrial / commercial entities within the study corridor. An emphasis on those groups has been maintained throughout the stakeholder engagement process. CONSULTATION ROUNDS Three stakeholder information and consultation rounds are to be conducted through the development of the EIA and RPF studies. Those are planned according to key stages, or decision moments, throughout the study where the informed participation of stakeholders was expected to make the most significant contribution to the on-going analysis, namely the environmental and social scoping stage (1st round), the assessment of the preliminary line route and of PAPs’ needs and preferences (2nd round) and the disclosure of the EIA, ESMP and RPF draft reports (3rd round). The next table outlines the stakeholder engagement process and shows, for each consultation round, the specific engagement objectives, target groups and implementation periods. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-5 Table 6-2 Specific Objectives, Target Groups, Meeting Formats and Timelines for the Different Consultation Rounds Engagement Objectives Target Groups Consultation Formats and Tools Time Consultations Round 1 – On preliminary EPDA report Disclose and validate key elements of the preliminary Scoping (EPDA) report; Open public assemblies in Moatize Present upcoming activities as part of and Tete, publicized through local the EIA development process media Identify key issues, concerns and Provincial directions Personalized invitations to target expectations associated with the District organizations and community leaders Project governments to attend public assemblies Involve stakeholders in the assessment Industrial / Additional meetings with authorities Nov. 2016 of corridor deviations commercial and technical services at provincial Present the objectives of the stakeholders and district level authorities resettlement process and preliminary General public Public information depositories in compensation framework affected districts with all relevant Expose, validate and enhance information, including the preliminary elements of the stakeholder scoping report engagement plan Consultations Round 2 - On communities and PAPs’ concerns, needs and preferences Customary Disclose the preliminary line’s route to Individual meetings with Customary Authorities communities Authorities Affected Identify sensitive elements within the Group discussions and field walks communities / final study corridor with community leaders April 2017 Community leaders Present and discuss with communities Interviews with heads of potentially- Potentially- the options for compensations, displaced households (through socio- displaced resettlement sites and assistance economic surveys) households Consultations Round 3 – On the draft EIA / RPF reports Open public assemblies in affected districts, publicized through local Publicize the final line routing media Affected Present, validate and enhance key communities Individual meetings with province and elements of draft reports, including district-level authorities and technical Provincial / district impact assessment, proposed services governments mitigation/compensation measures, Public information depositories in all July. 2017 and proposed resettlement sites and Relevant ministries affected districts with all relevant assistance and agencies at information, including a draft version national level Discussion of all relevant information of the EIA report contained in the RPF NGOs Meetings with the leaders and accompanying persons designated by them from all affected communities 6.3 RESULTS FROM INITIAL CONSULTATIONS (CONSULTATIONS ROUND 1) – SCOPING PHASE The first public consultation round, conducted from November 14th to 18th, 2016, has served to introduce the project to key stakeholders and disclose the preliminary EPDA report. It has included two public assemblies (one in Tete and the other in Moatize) which were complemented by additional meetings with a selection of key stakeholders. The public disclosure process and results for these meetings are summarized below, while the detailed consultation reports are provided in Appendix 7-2 (for the public assemblies) and Appendix 7-3 (for the additional meetings). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-6 PUBLIC DISCLOSURE PROCESS AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS In accordance with the national EIA regulations, different and complementary methods were used for the project’s disclosure and announcement of the public consultations, namely: announcement in the media; direct invitations through personalized letters; public information depositories. Two newspaper adverts outlining the EIA process and announcing the upcoming public hearings were placed in Mozambique’s main newspaper (Jornal Notícias), two weeks and one week ahead of the hearings. The adverts also said that the Draft EPDA Report and the Non-Technical Summary (NTS) document were made available to the public in the following locations, during the two weeks preceding the public meetings: National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment (DNAIA - MITADER) in Maputo; Provincial Directorate of Land, Environment and Rural Development of Tete; Administrative Post of Zóbué; Administrative Post of Kambulatsisi; Consultec Office, Maputo; Consultec’s Website: www.consultec.co.mz; EDM Office, Maputo. Additionally, when requested, a copy of the NTS was sent by email to the requesting organizations or individuals. PUBLIC HEARINGS Public hearings were held on November 15th in Tete and November 16th in Moatize. The next table indicates the venues and dates of public meetings, as well a description of audiences, while pictures of these events are presented in Photo 6-1. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-7 Table 6-3 Public Hearings Held during the Scoping Phase Meeting Date City Participants Venue (year 2016) 27 registered participants, including: representatives of provincial government and directorates (Provincial Secretariat; Environment, Land and Rural Development; Conference Gender, Child and Social Action; Mineral Resources and Energy; Tete Room Hotel Nov. 15 th Agriculture and Food Security) VIP representatives of other government institution and state-owned companies (CFM; ANE; FIPAG; EDM) representatives of local civic authorities of Tete and Changara district 22 registered participants, including: representatives of provincial government and directorates (Provincial Secretariat; Land, Environment and Rural Development; Gender, Child and Social Services; Mineral Resources and Energy; Health) representatives of state-owned companies (FIPAG; Zambezi Valley Moatize Hotel Moatize Nov. 16 th Development Agency; EDM) representatives of the District of Moatize (Permanent Secretary of Moatize; Gender and Social Action District Services; Economic Activities District Services) Representatives of affected communities, including: Chief of Moatize Administrative Post, Chief of Kambulatsitsi Administrative Post, and Mussacama Locality Chief (representing the Chief of Zobué Administrative Post). Public hearing in Tete Public hearing in Moatize Photo 6-1 Pictures of the Public Hearings During these public meetings, the Project and the EIA process were introduced and the key findings of the preliminary EPDA report were presented. The presentation was followed by a discussion period where participants could raise their concerns, questions and suggestions which were all recorded and, to the extent possible, answered. The table below highlights the main issues of concern that were raised by participants during public hearings in Tete and Moatize. The detailed minutes of the public meetings are provided in Appendix 7-2. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-8 Table 6-4 Main Issues of Concern Raised during the Public Hearings Subject Main issues, concerns and questions raised If this is a new EIA process, considering that the project has already been submitted to MICOA in 2005 On the EIA process Supervisory actions Involvement of technical officers from relevant provincial and district services Exact location of line route Railway crossings On technical aspects Origin of the energy Project life span Expansion of the Matambo substation Necessity of a reforestation plan On biophysical Prevention of soil and water contamination aspects Consideration of the development plan for the Zambezi Valley Protection of ecosystems Compensation to affected families and farmers for their losses Resettlement assistance to displaced families On socioeconomic Hiring local manpower aspects Electrification of the nearby communities Support to community development / Social responsibility of the project ADDITIONAL MEETINGS WITH KEY STAKEHOLDERS In addition to the public hearings, individual consultative meetings with key stakeholders at the provincial and district levels were also conducted from Nov. 14th to 18th, 2016, in order to validate and enhance the consultant’s understanding of the potential issues, concerns and expectations associated with the Project. The organizations consulted and the key issues raised through these complementary meetings are summarized in Table 6-5, while the detailed minutes are provided in Appendix 7-3. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-9 Table 6-5 Additional Meetings – Dates, Organizations and Key Issues Raised Date Organization Key issues and concerns raised Provincial Direction Access to electricity is a critical need for the villages of the project area. of Mineral Nov. 14th The project should integrate a rural electrification component, either Resources and 2016 through the extension of the existing distribution network or through Energy (DPRME - funding of solar energy projects in affected communities. Tete) In Zobué and Kambulatsitsi, field conditions have changed a lot from what was observed over ten years ago, when this preliminary line route was selected. Some areas are today densely cultivated and inhabited and should be avoided. The Sweet and Kanhungue areas are highlighted as the most problematic. Families recently displaced by the Vale – Nacala railroad were resettled Chiefs of Zobué, along the EN7 road between Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi, on the north-west Nov. 16th Kambulatsitsi and side of the road. The project should avoid affecting these recently resettled 2016 Moatize families. administrative posts Other major concerns raised include: Fair compensation and assistance to displaced families; Job opportunities for local populations; Access to electricity for the villages affected by the transmission line, which is said to be critical for the project’s social acceptability; Access to drinking water for the displaced families. The section of the preliminary line route between the EN7 and the Zambezi River crosses the Municipality’s urban expansion area for the borough of Mpadue. This raises a major concern as residential and industrial Municipality of Tete Nov. 16th developments are planned in this area and could be partly compromised – department of 2016 by the passage of a new transmission line. Phase 1 of the Mpadue urban urban planning development plan has already been approved by the Ministry of State Administration and many lots have already been attributed to developers, while others are in the process of being allocated. Many developments have occurred in the area since the selection, in 2004, of the line corridor, including the expansion of many villages and farmed areas. This must be considered and deviations must be proposed for areas that are now densely occupied. Provincial Direction The project is expected to provide for adequate and fair compensations of Land, Nov. 16th and resettlement assistance. Affected communities must be directly Environment and 2016 informed and consulted during the ESIA and RAP development process. Rural Development The project area has experienced many resettlement processes in the past (DPTADER – Tete) years for different projects (mining, railway, power lines). A major concern is to avoid having to resettle the already displaced families for a second time. Areas where such situations could occur are Benga and on the north side of EN7, between Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi. At first sight, the proposed preliminary line route does not raise any major issues in terms of impact on agriculture. This area is generally considered to be a low density agricultural area. Compensations must be provided for losses of crops, productive trees and all improvements / labor invested in the preparation of agricultural lands. The Direction has an official price chart for productive trees and crops, but Provincial Direction this chart needs to be updated. Nov. 17th of Agriculture and Displaced farmers are not expected to face any significant difficulty in 2016 Food Security finding quality replacement lands to restore their production. Replacement (DPASA – Tete) land is considered to be generally available in the area. The project will affect mostly customary and unregistered agricultural lands. However, the number of registered land rights (DUAT - Direito de Uso e Aproveitamento da Terra) has been rising in the province and some are likely to be found along the line route. These land rights are protected by the Law and will require compensation. The project should avoid affecting families that have already been resettled recently by other projects. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-10 Date Organization Key issues and concerns raised It is recommended to invite an officer from the direction of Agriculture to participate to the field surveys. A few registered lands (DUAT) are likely to be affected by the line route. The service will gather the information on existing DUAT in the project area and will share it with the consultant. Compensations must be provided for losses of productive trees, crops and houses. Compensations are also required for the works and improvements made to the land, but not for the land itself. For registered land rights Provincial Service Nov. 17th (DUAT), an additional compensation is required for the lost rights of use of Geography and 2016 and transaction costs. Customary land rights are recognized by Law in Cadaster Mozambique and therefore owners of customary lands are also eligible to compensation. In land-for-land compensation strategies, it is recommended to let the displaced families look themselves for replacement lands, rather than having the government trying to find new lands for them. This will allow for a better consideration of each families’ preferences. Communities and their farming areas are concentrated along the main and secondary roads. The proposed line route should remain as far as possible from roads so as to minimize the impact on agricultural and community areas. Many of the villages that will be affected by the project do not appear on the consultant’s map. The segment of the preliminary line route between Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi is considered to be problematic: in that area, communities and farming areas are concentrated between the EN7 and the Vale railway. To minimize impacts on communities, the line should remain to the south of Vale’s railway. Running north of the EN7 in that area is not recommended as this is where the families that were displaced by the railway have been resettled. The whole section between the localities of Lizié / Sweet and the border with Malawi also raises particular concerns, as it is densely occupied by farm plots. In general terms, the district recommends that the line route should try as much as possible to run parallel to Vale’s railway, on its south-eastern side, and maximize the use of the existing access roads to the railway. This would reduce interferences with community activities which are concentrated to the north-west of the railway. It would also eliminate the Nov. 17th Moatize District risk of affecting the families recently resettled because of the railway, as 2016 Office these were resettled to the north, closer to the EN7. In Benga, a few families were recently displaced for the construction of Vale’s new 220 kV transmission line. The project should try to avoid as much as possible affecting these resettled families. Avoiding inhabited areas should be prioritized over farming areas. Agricultural lands are considered easier to replace than houses. The proposed width of the ROW (total of 55 m) is considered insufficient to protect the people that would live on its edges in the event that a 50 m high tower would fall. The project needs to consider the potential impact on Cateme’s urban expansion area, which includes a strip of land along the Inhagoma – Cateme road. The project could affect a new industrial landfill that is planned along the Cana-Cana – Caldas Xavier road, just south of the railway. Based on recent resettlement experiences with other projects, the district recommends that district officers, government technicians and representatives from the civil society should be involved in the RAP development and implementation process, for greater transparency and coordination. Affected communities need to be directly engaged in the development of the RAP. Public consultations in communities need to be conducted and properly publicized. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-11 Date Organization Key issues and concerns raised Many small communities (hamlets) are located in the south-east area of the concession and could be affected by the preliminary line route. These communities already cope with different nuisances and disturbances from the proximity to the mine site, and cumulative impacts on these communities should be assessed. In the mining concession, a minimal clearance of 15.5 m from the electric wires to the ground is required to allow for movement of mining machinery and equipment. Nov. 18th Vale conducts an extensive environmental monitoring program in its Vale Mining 2016 concession. It expects that the project will also conduct its own environmental monitoring program so that, in the event of unexpected alteration to the natural environment, there is no confusion about who is responsible between the mine and the transmission line. No mining operations are planned in the short-term (2-year horizon) in the area of the mining concession that is affected by the proposed line route. The information on the proposed line route will be taken to the mining long- term planning team to assess the potential for conflicts with long-term perspectives. PERIOD FOR COMMENTS FOLLOWING THE PUBLIC MEETINGS After the public hearings and additional consultative meetings, a 2-week period for comments was opened during which the I&APs were invited to contribute, by sending their concerns and suggestions to the EIA team. This could be done by sending written comments by email or fax, to the addresses publicized during the public consultations. The period for comments ended on November the 30th, 2016. Two contributions were received during that period, as indicated by Table 6-6. Table 6-6 Comments Received from Stakeholders during the 2-Week Period Following the Public Meetings Stakeholder Format Comment Response provided by the EIA team Fatal flaws are assessed throughout the EIA process, first in accordance with legal Potential for fatal flaws is not requirements relating to protected or addressed with the sufficient level conservation areas and potential occurrence of detail by the EPDA report. of endemic / endangered / migratory species, Namely, the report does not and second through the specialized field provide an analysis of endemic / studies and surveys that will be undertaken in restricted species, of migratory the EIA phase and which will identify and Sean Nazerali, species and of ecosystem document the presence of such species. Independant Email services, as required by These elements are addressed in sections consultant, legislation 54/2015. 6.2.2 and 6.2.3 of the EPDA report on Flora Environmentalist and Fauna, as well as section 6.2.4 on Ecosystem services Residual impacts should be At the EPDA phase, the potential impacts are assessed after the identified but not assessed. It is at the EIA implementation of the proposed phase that the assessment of impacts and mitigation measures, so as to identification of required mitigation measures better inform on the project’s final will be realized. As such, the residual impacts impacts. can only be assessed at the EIA phase. The electric line should be outside the lease, or if inside of the lease, it should be close to Julian David the lease boundary limit in the Quiceno Diaz, south and south east. This is to Long Term Mine This will be considered by the environmental Email avoid constraints or interferences Planning and technical teams. with future mining operations, and Manager, Vale potential relocation costs, as at Coal Mine the moment the mining potentials in this area of the lease are still not well known. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-12 STAKEHOLDERS’ INFLUENCE ON THE OPTIMIZATION OF THE LINE ROUTE Capitalizing on the various comments and observations collected during the public consultations Round 1, presented above, the optimized corridor was reviewed to take into consideration the different elements brought to the consultant’s attention by the stakeholders. The next table summarizes the main comments and recommendations made by stakeholders on the preliminary line route and indicates the nature of the adjustments made in response to these inputs. Table 6-7 Concerns, Comments and Recommendations from Stakeholders on the Draft Line Route Stakeholder Comments / Recommendations Adjustments Made to the Line Route In Mpadue urban expansion area, the proposed line Mpadue urban expansion project City of Tete – route was inserted in the 100 m RoW of the existing must be considered. Impacts should Department of 220 kV Matambo-Vale line. As a result, the project be minimized on the land subdivision Urban Planning no longer induces any additional land take in the already planned in this area. urban expansion area. The line route should not enter the The proposed line route was diverted to remain Vale Coal Mine mining concession to avoid potential outside of mining concession (southeastern conflicts with future mining activities. bypass). The line route should stay as much as possible to the South of the Line route was slightly moved southwards to avoid District of Moatize Nacala Railway between the localities denser agricultural areas between Inhagoma and of Inhagoma and Nhamitsatsi so as to Nhamitsatsi. avoid denser agricultural areas. CFM (national Moving the line route southwards in the area of agency in charge of Reduce number of railway crossings Inhagoma also allowed to avoid two railway railways) crossing points. 6.4 CONSULTATIONS ROUND 2 - ON COMMUNITIES AND PAPS’ CONCERNS, NEEDS AND PREFERENCES The second public consultation round, conducted from March 31st to April 25th, 2017, in parallel with socio-economic surveys, has served to expose the project to local leaders, affected communities and potentially displaced households and document their respective concerns and recommendations. The consultation activities realized, the stakeholders reached and the concerns and views expressed by the latter are summarized below. ACTIVITIES PERFORMED Consultations Round 2 included the following activities: Meetings with Customary Authorities: Informative and consultative meetings were held with local customary leaders (1st, 2nd and 3rd escaloes chiefs or their representatives) in six (6) different locations along the proposed line route. These meetings have served to present the proposed line route, to inform local leaders on the upcoming field activities (socioeconomic surveys) and to document their concerns, expectations and recommendations. Printed maps of the proposed line route were displayed and a project information document in Portuguese was distributed to participants. Table 6-8 indicates the date, place and participants to these meetings. Detailed minutes of meetings and a copy of the project information document are provided in Appendix 7-4. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-13 Table 6-8 List of Meetings with Customary Chiefs Number of Participants Date Place Participants (Excluding the Consultants) 31/03/2017 Nhaliemue Locality Locality Chief accompanied by heads of villages 5 Congonlongonde 01/04/2017 Village Chief and Village members 5 Village Customary chiefs from Nhambaloalo, 03/04/2017 Nhambaloalo Village 5 Nhamssebe and Chitondo villages Locality Chief, village chief and community 04/04/2017 Caphirizange Locality 7 members. Administrative Post Chief, accompanied by the post officials, the representative of Moatize 10/04/2017 Zobué Post Office 16 District Economic Activities Services and local customary chiefs (1st, 2nd and 3rd escaloes) 22/04/2017 Machedue Village Customary chiefs 2 Focus group discussion with community representatives: As part of the Community Survey, community leaders were engaged in a focus group discussion in each one of the twenty-five communities affected by the proposed line route. This has served to present the proposed alignment and to document community representatives’ concerns, expectations and recommendations. Printed maps of the proposed line route were displayed and a project information document in Portuguese was distributed to participants. Community representatives were taken to a field walk to locate the proposed alignment and identify community assets or other elements of importance to communities likely to be impacted by the project. Communities reached through the Community Survey (including a focus group discussion and field reconnaissance walk with local representatives) are listed below. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-14 Table 6-9 List of Communities Consulted Number Date District Administrative Post Locality Community 1 31-03-2017 Changara Chipembere Muchenga Nhaliemué 2 31-03-2017 Changara Chipembere Muchenga Nhaliemué 3 31-03-2017 Changara Chipembere Muchenga Nhaliemué 4 01-04-2017 Cidade de Tete Cidade de Tete Tete Mpadue 5 03-04-2017 Moatize Moatize Benga Nhambaloalo e Nhamssembe 6 04-04-2017 Moatize Moatize Benga Nhambaloalo 7 04-04-2017 Moatize Moatize Benga Chinthondo 8 10-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Campirizange Nhambulo 2 9 10-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Campirizange Nhambulo 2 10 10-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Campirizange Nhambulo 2 11 11-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Caponhatola 12 12-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Suite 13 13-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama camphinembule 14 15-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 15 17-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 16 18-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 17 15-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 18 15-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 19 18-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 20 18-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 21 21-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 22 21-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Mussacama Mboola 23 24-04-2017 Moatize Moatize Moatize Machedua 24 25-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Zóbuè candjunchi 25 25-04-2017 Moatize Zóbuè Zóbuè candjunchi Household Survey: The Household Survey Questionnaire (Appendix 7-5), which was completed with the heads of all potentially displaced households, has included a number of open and consultative questions aiming to document their concerns, preferences and expectations with regard to the project and the resettlement process. Preferences and issues raised by the heads of affected households are documented in the RPF document CONCERNS, EXPECTATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS EXPRESSED BY CUSTOMARY CHIEFS AND COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVES The main issues raised by stakeholders during the second round of consultations are summarized below, according to the different groups. 6.4.2.1 CUSTOMARY CHIEFS In all the meetings, local customary chiefs have emphasized on the following issues: Communication: The chiefs expect the Project to establish a sustained and transparent communication with communities throughout its lifecycle; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-15 Community Development: The chiefs welcome the Project as it is expected to contribute to the improvement of the living conditions of the displaced households and nearby communities; Rural Electrification: In particular, the chiefs expect the Project to accelerate the rural electrification process in the area; Job Creation: The Project is expected to use the local workforce for low-qualification jobs. 6.4.2.2 COMMUNITY REPRESENTATIVES Open discussions held with community representatives as part of the community survey have allowed to identify some of the most important requests and expectations from communities in view of the Project. These are listed in Table 6-10, grouped under the different districts and administrative posts. Job opportunities for the local population and new boreholes to supply water to nearby communities were the two most frequently raised expectations, while the construction of health dispensaries, schools, police stations or markets were also requested by some of the villages. Table 6-10 Main Requests and Needs Expressed by Communities District Administrative Post Main requests and needs expressed by community representatives Recruitment of local workforce for low-qualification work New boreholes for water supply in nearby communities Changara Chipembere Construction of a hospital or health dispensary Construction of a school Access to electricity or other form of energy Tete Ciudade de Tete Recruitment of local workforce for low-qualification work Recruitment of local workforce for low-qualification work Moatize New boreholes for water supply in nearby communities Rehabilitation of the road to Cateme Recruitment of local workforce for low-qualification work Moatize New boreholes for water supply in nearby communities Construction of a hospital or health dispensary Zóbuè Establishment of a police station Construction of a market in Mussacama Acquisition of grinding equipment for cereals 6.5 CONSULTATIONS ROUND 3 - ON DRAFT ESIA AND RPF REPORTS This last round of stakeholder information and consultations has served to expose the main findings and recommendations contained in the preliminary ESIA and RPF reports in order to pre-validate these elements and obtain feedback and suggestions from stakeholders, to improve them. The activities carried out, the organizations reached and the results obtained are summarized below. The list of signatures as well as the meeting minutes are presented in Appendix 7-6. DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION AND ANNOUNCEMENT OF PUBLIC MEETINGS In accordance with EIA regulations and considering the type and nature of I&APs identified, were used two complementary methods for the dissemination of the project and its public consultation, including: Ads in the media; Sending direct invitations through letters, faxes and emails. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-16 Media disclosure has the objective of disseminating information to the public about the Project and public participation process (PPP). As such, newspaper adverts were made. The adverts were placed in Mozambique’s main newspaper (Jornal Notícias) in the weeks prior to the public consultation meetings. An example of an advertisement in the paper is presented in Appendix 7-6. Individual invitations, through personalized letters, were also used in order to ensure the dissemination of the information on the public consultations to institutional stakeholders, including governmental and non-governmental institutions. The letters were sent in two weeks preceding the public meetings, and during the week preceding the consultation these invitations were followed up using phone calls. In order to allow the consultation of technical documentation, the Preliminary Report of the EIA, including its Non-Technical Summary (NTS), was made available to the public at the following locations during the two weeks before the public meetings: National Directorate of Environmental Impact Assessment (DNAIA - MITADER) in Maputo; Provincial Directorate of Land, Environment and Rural Development of Tete; Administrative Post of Zóbué Administrative Post ofKambulatsisi Consultec Office, Maputo. Consultec’s Website: www.consultec.co.mz (throughout the consultation period -11 August to 15 September) EDM Office, Maputo CONSULTATION MEETINGS HELD Two open public meetings were conducted (in Tete and Moatize cities), aimed at the authorities, institutional stakeholders and the public and four meetings with the communities (locality chiefs; Leaders and representatives from all villages covered by the project). Meetings took place from August 28th to 31st, 2017, 15 days after the publication of the first ad in the paper, in order to provide sufficient time for the I&AP s to effectively participate in public meetings. The following table indicates the location and date of the public meeting as well as the number of registered participants. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-17 Table 6-11 Public meetings held during consultation round 3 Local Place Date Participants (2016) Tete Conference Aug. 28 th 29 registered participants, including: Room Hotel Representatives of the Tete Provincial Government - VIP Permanent Secretariat. Representatives of government institutions and state enterprises, including: DPTADER, DPREME, DPTC and DPGCAS. Representatives of other entities and companies, including: FIPAG, ARA Zambeze. Representatives of government institutions of Changara District, including: Permanent Secretary, district directors. Representatives of Benga. Representatives of Kambulatsisti Administrative Post. Members of Civil Society. Moatize Hotel Moatize Aug. 29 th 16 registered participants, including: Representatives of the Provincial Directorate of Land, Environment and Rural Development; Representatives of government institutions and state enterprises, including: District Services of Planning and Infrastructure, Mozambique Railways, District Services for Economic Activities; Representatives of Zobué Administrative Post accompanied by the Locality Chiefs of Caphirizange, Mussacama and Zobué Sede; Representatives of NGOs, including: Human Rights League; Muchenga Nhalicumue Aug. 30 th 24 registered participants, including: Village Representative of the district administrator; Representative of the administrative post chief and Locality Chief; Leader of the village affected by the project; Representatives of the village; Benga Nhambaloalo Aug. 31 st 16 registered participants, including: Village Village Leaders of Nhassembe; Nhambaloalo and Chintondo; Representatives of the three villages; Campirizange Campirizange Aug. 31 st 26 registered participants, including: Representatives of the Locality Chief Head. Leaders from all villages of the Locality. Representatives of the villages. Mussacama Mussacama Aug. 31 st 48 registered participants, including: Locality Chief. Leaders from all villages covered by the project. Representatives from all villages. 6.5.2.1 OPEN PUBLIC MEETINGS SUMMARY The consultation meetings were conducted using an audiovisual presentation about the Mozambique- Malawi 400 KV Interconnection Project and the main findings of the ESIA report. Explanatory posters were displayed in the public meetings, describing the project and the EIA process. Also, the Non Technical Summary (NTS) of the ESIA was distributed among the participants. Following the presentations a period for open debate was given, in which I&AP were encouraged to express their opinions and submit questions, concerning either the Project or the EIA Process. The meetings’ presentations and answers to comments received were conducted in a simple, objective and clear speech, so as to ensure that all participants fully understood the presentation and Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-18 the following discussion. In the Tete and Moatize meetings, no translation to Portuguese or English was necessary. In the communities, translation from/to Portuguese and local dialects were provided by local translators, to ensure an active participation of all attendees. At the end of the meetings, I&AP were informed that further comments and suggestions could be sent to the e-mail, fax or postal addresses provided in the meetings and in the NTS by 16 September 2017. The following photo illustrate Tete’s meeting Photo 6-2 Picture of the Public Meeting at Tete (28.08.2017) 6.5.2.2 MEETINGS WITH THE COMUNITIES As part of consultation round 3, meetings were held with the communities located within the RoW. The presentation of the preliminary ESIA was made in Portuguese and in some communities translated into the local language, since most participants do not understand the Portuguese language. The presentation was made by Consultec with illustrative laminated posters of the project, maps showing the location of the powerline and Matambo’s substation in relation to communities, the legal procedures for an ESIA, and the main environmental and social issues that the project could bring, the specialist studies done to address these issues as well as the Resettlement Policy Framework. After the presentations, a discussion took place, where the communities were given the opportunity to present the main questions, comments and concerns. The questions were answered by the consultant or the person best placed to answer the question, in this case, the project proponent EDM. The consultant informed the community that if there were aspects that have not been properly clarified or if other aspects arise or not mentioned that they consider relevant to the project, they would have 15 days after the meeting to forward these issues. These could be sent to their leaders and they will make the proper referral until the information reaches the consultants and be incorporated. The main objectives of these meetings were: To transfer knowledge about the project; To present the project’s potential environmental and socioeconomic impacts, which are relevant to the consulted communities; To present potential mitigation plans in order to improve the positive impacts and reduce the negative ones; and Clarify any queries and collect any comments and concerns which the population may have about the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 6-19 Nhalicumue Nhambaloalo Photo 6-3 - Meetings with local authorities and community representatives Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 6-20 KEY ISSUES AND CONCERNS RAISED The main issues, suggestions and comments raised during the public participation process during consultation round 3 were related to the following issues (Table 6-12) Table 6-12 Main Issues of Concern Raised during consultation round 3 Subject Main issues, concerns and questions raised On the EIA process Consideration of the development plan for the Zambezi Valley On technical aspects Parallelism with Vale's line Specific coordinates of the line Foreseen schedule for the construction works On biophysical Mitigation measures for the impacts on flora and fauna aspects Man-wildlife conflicts On socioeconomic Mitigation measures related to the presence of workers coming from other places aspects Impacts on the existing roads Hiring local manpower Electrification of the nearby communities Resettlement Policy Definition of the Resettlement Policy Framework Framework Access to the Resettlement Policy Framework Report Involvement of district authorities in the field work Attention to vulnerable groups Possible increase in the number of families affected compared to the current ones Justice in the compensation process Water resources and social infra-structures Continuation of planting activities Foreseen schedule for the resettlement Update of the Socioeconomic and Inventory Census Location of the resettled families and their crop fields Registration of farmers and owners of agricultural parcels Future compliance with established WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-1 7 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The following sections present the impacts that can be anticipated at the pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the transmission line project. The identification of the direct/indirect, positive/negative, trans-regional, social/economic and physical/ecological impacts will be established by an “environmental matrix” opposing, on one hand, the potential sources of impact tied to the transmission line’s pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning, and, on the other hand, all the biophysical and socioeconomic components of the project’s areas of influence. This will be based on the following information: Technical characteristics of the project: enables the identification of potential sources of impact based on the technical characteristics of the infrastructures to be built, as well as construction activities, methods and schedules. The project is described in detail in chapter 3. Environmental and socio-economic baseline data: allows the understanding of the ecological and social contexts in which the project is implemented and to identify, if applicable, issues that should be considered. The environmental components are described in chapter 5. Issues and concerns raised by PAPs and other stakeholders: allows the identification of the main issues related to the project. Public issues and concerns are discussed in chapter 6. 7.1 IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL INTERACTIONS SOURCES OF IMPACT The sources of impact can be defined as all the activities linked to the project likely to have an impact on the environment. The sources of impact are grouped by project phase: pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases. The following table summarizes these sources of impact (Table 7-1). The detailed descriptions of the sources of impact are presented in section 3.7 of this report. It should be noted that impacts, resulting from the project’s decommissioning phase, were neither identified nor assessed in the present report. Indeed, it is anticipated that the powerline and associated substations will be continuously maintained and operated for several decades. This very long useable life makes it very difficult and potentially counter-productive to predict, at this stage, the circumstances under which the project’s installations might ultimately be decommissioned. However, it is recommended to conduct the full assessment of the decommissioning phase’s impacts when enough information becomes available. VALUABLE ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS Determining valuable environmental and social components (VESC) consists in identifying, based on available data, all elements of the physical, biological and socio-economic environments that are likely to be affected by one or more sources of impact. The VESCs identified for the project are listed in Table 7-2. The ESIA process will focus only on these components. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-2 Table 7-1 Sources of Impact Sources of Impact Description Pre-Construction Land acquisition Procedures relating to agreements with landowners. Resettlement Resettlement process of the people affected by the project. Displacement of economic Resettlement of economic activities affected by the project. activities Construction Site preparation activities, including establishment of equipment storage Site preparation yards and worker camps, vegetation clearing, removal of topsoil, excavation, earthworks and construction of access roads. Road transportation of materials, equipment and workers to and from the Transportation and circulation site, including fueling and maintenance of vehicles and machinery. Construction of the power transmission line and substations, including Construction activities temporary facilities used during the work phase, such as borrow pits. Waste and hazardous materials Management and storage of waste, hazardous substances and other management materials to be removed, including hydrocarbons. Purchase of materials, goods and Purchases required for the construction of the power transmission line and services substations. Presence of workers Workers present along the RoW and substation sites. Worksites’ restoration Restoration of worksites. Operation Presence and operation of line, Presence and operation of facilities. substations and access roads Road transportation of materials and equipment, including vehicle fueling Transportation and circulation and maintenance. Inspection, maintenance and repairs of conductors, towers and structures Maintenance and repairs in substations as well as RoW maintenance. Waste and hazardous materials Handling operations and storage of hazardous waste used during the management operation, including oil used in transformers at substations. Purchase of materials, goods and Purchases required for the operation of the substations and the services transmission line. Presence of workers Employees operating substations and, during maintenance along the line. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-3 Table 7-2 Environmental and Social Components Component Description Physico-chemical characteristics of the surface deposits, including Soils vulnerability to erosion. Physico-chemical characteristics of the surface water, sediments and Water resources groundwater. Air quality Physico-chemical characteristics of the air. Noise, vibrations and Noise, vibrations and EMF levels. electromagnetic fields Terrestrial flora Terrestrial plant communities, including special-status species. Terrestrial and semi-aquatic animal species and their habitats, including Terrestrial fauna special-status species. Avifauna Bird species and their habitats, including special-status species. Aquatic habitats and Riparian and aquatic plant communities and marshlands, with associated fauna associated species, including special-status species. Employment and economic Local and regional economic development, employment. development Land uses: agriculture, livestock rearing, fishing, tourism, mining, Land use forestry, urban, etc. Impacts on existing buildings present in the project area (commercial, Built environment residential, industrial, institutional, etc.). Electricity and telecommunication networks, public services (health, Infrastructure education), regional and local road networks, railroads, etc. Women’s living conditions, including women’s economic opportunities Gender aspects and gender equity within the communities. Traditional knowledge, social cohesion and vulnerable groups (the poor, Communities and social youth, women, elderly and indigenous people), as well as post-conflict cohesion issues. Cultural and archaeological Religious, cultural or historical sites and structures. heritage Landscape Integrity of landscape features (landmarks, etc.). Safety and public health Population’s well-being and health, including HIV/AIDS issues. Workers’ health and safety Health and safety issues including labor issues and child protection.7 INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS AND PROJECT ACTIVITIES As mentioned previously, the identification of the direct/indirect, positive/negative, trans-regional, social/economic and physical/ecological impacts is established by an “impacts identification matrix”, where on one axis the project’s sources of impact are identified, and, on the another, all of the biophysical and socioeconomic components of the project. Table 7-3 presents these interactions and will be the basis for the impact evaluation. 7.2 METHOD FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT Following the identification of the potential and significant interactions, the positive and negative impacts of each project activity on each of the valuable environmental and social components will be qualitatively and/or quantitatively assessed. The magnitude of the impact will be determined by an overall assessment of how one or several sources of impact affect an environmental component. This assessment takes into account the measures already applied at the project’s design phase to optimize the transmission line’s alignment and evaluates the impact’s magnitude based on three criteria (intensity, extent and duration) and on 7 Worker’s health and safety is not described in the socio-economic environment baseline (section 5.3). However, since there are national regulations, it has been added as a pertinent social component. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-4 the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures. Impact magnitude is determined to be major, moderate, or minor in nature (Table 7-4). The assessment criteria are hereafter defined while the proposed mitigation measures are listed in Table 8-1 of the ESMP chapter. INTENSITY The intensity of the impact on environmental and social receptors indicates the degree to which the assessed component is disturbed. The analysis considers the receptor’s properties and particularly its sensitivity and its capacity to accommodate to changes, as well as its estimated value. Impact intensity is divided into three levels: High: the impact damages the concerned receptor permanently, jeopardizes significantly its integrity, or changes substantially or irreversibly its environmental distribution or role. Medium: the impact alters the receptor’s quality and its environmental distribution or role, without damaging its integrity. Low: the impact slightly alters the concerned receptor without changing substantially its quality, and environmental distribution or role. Regional: the impact has regional effects (or an area wider than the study area) or affects most of the population in surrounding districts. Local: the impact mainly affects the direct area of influence or bordering population groups. Limited: the impact affects only a limited area or some individuals in the direct area of influence. EXTENT The extent of the impact refers to the range of the modified natural and human environments. The extent is a function of the project’s footprint, area of influence or portion of the population affected by it. It could be regional, local or limited: WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-5 Table 7-3 Impact Identification Matrix Environmental Component Physical Environment Biological Environment Socio-Economic Environment Sources of Impact by Phase Pre-Construction Land acquisition N N N N Resettlement N N N Displacement of economic activities N N Construction Site preparation N N N N N N N N P N N N N N Transportation and circulation N N N N N N N/P N N N N Construction activities N N N N N N N P N N N N N N Waste and hazardous materials management N N N N N Purchase of materials, goods and services P Presence of workers N N N N N N/P N N N N Worksites’ restoration N N P P P P N Operation Presence and operation of line, substations and access roads N N N/P N N Transportation and circulation N N N N N Maintenance and repairs N N N N N N P N N N Waste and hazardous materials management N N N N Purchase of materials, goods and services P Presence of workers N N N N Notes: N = negative impact P = positive impact N/P = both negative and positive impacts Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-7 Table 7-4 Impact Magnitude Matrix Analysis Criteria Magnitude Intensity Extent Duration Long-term Major Regional Medium-term Major Short-term Major Long-term Major High Local Medium-term Major Short-term Moderate Long-term Major Limited Medium-term Moderate Short-term Moderate Long-term Major Regional Medium-term Moderate Short-term Moderate Long-term Moderate Medium Local Medium-term Moderate Short-term Moderate Long-term Moderate Limited Medium-term Moderate Short-term Minor Long-term Moderate Regional Medium-term Moderate Short-term Minor Long-term Moderate Low Local Medium-term Minor Short-term Minor Long-term Minor Limited Medium-term Minor Short-term Minor DURATION The duration of the impact refers to the period of time during which the effects of the project will be felt. This parameter reflects the intermittent nature of the impact. An impact could be long-term, medium-term, or short-term: Long-term: the impact is felt continuously or intermittently throughout the project’s lifetime. The impact is often permanent or irreversible. Medium-term: the impact is felt temporarily, continuously or intermittently, during the construction phase. Short term: the impact is felt temporarily, continuously or intermittently, for a limited period of time during the project’s construction and/or decommissioning phases. Public consultation activities will help to identify and confirm the impact assessments on given components representing issues of the affected communities. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-8 PROBABILITY OF OCCURENCE The impact assessment also examines the probability of occurrence, i.e. the likelihood that an impact will affect a component. The probability may be: High probability: the impact will probably manifest itself. Moderate probability: the impact might occur, without any certainty. Low probability: it is unlikely that the impact occurs or it could occur only in the event of an accident. Note that the analysis of the impact’s probability of occurrence is conducted separately from that of the importance, since they are two independent criteria that do not influence each other. Thus, this criterion is not included in the impact assessment matrix. However, the evaluation of these two criteria is presented together in the following sections. 7.3 IMPACTS ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROJECT POSITIVE IMPACTS 7.3.1.1 EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT Positive opportunities for PAPs and communities can be in the form of temporary employment and business opportunities during the construction and operation phases, including revenues from the sale of food and other consumable goods to workers from other parts of the country and abroad. It is expected that some jobs will be available during construction of the transmission line for the local population, mainly as casual workers. However, these employment opportunities are expected to be temporary and benefit the community in the short-term only. This would result in a minimal positive impact on employment, since few local people are likely to be employed. To maximize the project’s positive impacts on the creation of jobs, the following enhancement measures are recommended: Apply human resource policies favoring local labor; Implement training programs to build local capacity; Disclose information on newly created business opportunities. 7.3.1.2 INFRASTRUCTURE There is currently a lack of electricity in areas crossed by the project and one of the most important anticipated benefits to the population would be increased electricity supply to communities and households. The Feasibility Consultant has identified, in is Feasibility Report, three potential rural electrification projects for the areas of Matambo, Cana-Cana and Zobué (Fichtner, 2017). These projects require additional technical evaluations but they could be made possible by the strengthening of the overall national network to which the current 400 kV Interconnection will contribute. Many significant long-term positive indirect impacts could arise if these rural electrification projects are effectively implemented. With the additional energy supply, community institutions and trading centers could improve services, increase economic activity and accelerate their development in their areas of expertise. Furthermore, the existing electricity grid is likely to become more stable with the interconnection. The following section provides project integration avenues that could be considered in order to maximize positive impacts. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-9 REDUCING DEFORESTATION An additional potential co-benefit of rural electrification would be the possibility to provide rural households with the opportunity to use electricity for their energy needs as an alternative to firewood and charcoal. Firewood harvesting is responsible for deforestation. The project could help reduce the deforestation rate in the project area. AGRICULTURAL INFRASTRUCTURE Potential improved availability and reliability of energy could also improve storage and processing of agricultural products, increasing their market value and/or extending their preservation periods. Storage with refrigerators can preserve dairy products, fruits and vegetables that can be sold or consumed during the following days. Grain mills can be built in the villages instead of bringing products to "mill towns", thereby reducing transportation costs and time losses. These improvements could result in higher values for agricultural products and better incomes for farmers in the long term. POVERTY REDUCTION Rural electrification is at the center of poverty reduction programs to reduce poverty and could support rural economic development through the provision of energy to power water pumps and grain mills, as well as favour the development of tourism, local industries, etc. In addition, the construction of the transmission line, of the Matambo extension and of the new Road 258 section, should generate temporary jobs and stimulate markets through local increase demand in goods, thus helping in reducing poverty in the area. WELL-BEING OF WOMEN Local electrification could have the potential to significantly reduce women’s workloads through the usage of water pumps and electricity, thus eliminating the arduous and time consuming daily responsibilities of collecting water and firewood. This improvement could also have a significant indirect positive impact on the environment, through reduction of deforestation and of soil erosion. EDUCATION AND HEALTH Electrification could also support investments in education and strengthen capacity building efforts to overcome critical constraints in the implementation of development programs. Power supply to health facilities, cold storage for transport and storage of vaccines and other essential medicines could be significant improvements to health services in the project area. SECURITY The assessment of the current situation related to Un Exploded Ordinance (UXO) in the border areas of both countries crossed by the project will increase the security of the area. As needed all UXO present in the area will be removed as per the current safety protocol and procedure and disposed of in a secure way. (See 8.1.2 for measures). NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT There are no impacts on any physical components during the pre-construction phase as the associated impact sources essentially affect socioeconomic components. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-10 7.3.2.1 SOILS DESIGN MEASURES At the design stage, the nature of the soils in the general study area was verified to ensure towers will be installed on stable ground. At an advanced stage, the geotechnical study will assess the soil conditions at the location of towers. Adjustments will be made in either location or design if conditions are deemed unstable. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas; Soil compaction in work areas; Loss of organic layer in areas where excavation and backfilling activities are held; Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation; Construction activities; Waste and hazardous materials management; Transportation and circulation; Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Contractor to develop and implement a construction worksite ESMP which will translate chapter 8’s requirements into detailed actions to be carried out during construction works, including implementation of mitigation measures and environmental & social monitoring. Worksite ESMP to cover all elements under the contractor’s control (i.e. construction works), and consider detailed specifications of activities to be conducted during construction and specific locations where they will be conducted; Implement the Waste Management Plan (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan); Develop and implement an Emergency Measures Plan (to be prepared by the contractor as stipulated in Chapter 8); All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers; Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Control and reduce at source the production of wastes and hazardous waste; Optimize the use of existing accesses; Restrict transportation to the identified access by clearly marking out the limit of the RoW and access roads; Restrict construction activities, materials and manpower movements to existing roads/tracks and RoW limits; Operate machinery on land in a way that minimizes disturbance to the banks of watercourses and marshlands; Prepare and implement erosion and sediment control plans, particularly in areas identified as having high erosion potential (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan); WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-11 Avoid construction activities in areas where soils are highly saturated (flooding areas, wetlands, etc.); Construct a designated, signposted, concrete wash down bay that is fully contained for all excess concrete and concrete wash down. The wash down bay can be composed of any impervious structures that can collect all the wash down and allow for the suspended concrete to settle. Once most of the concrete as settled, the overhead water can be pumped and evacuated after passing it through an appropriate filter; Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, by treating any water prior to release to natural systems; De-compact soils following construction with appropriate equipment; Segregate the organic layer of soils and store separately from the non-organic layers. Reuse the organic soils for revegetation work or offer them to local farmers to improve their agricultural lots; Revegetate areas of bare and disturbed soils, as soon as possible. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Even prior to the construction phase, one of the Contractor’s main obligations will be to upgrade the ESIA’s ESMP into a detailed Worksite ESMP. This Worksite ESMP will consider detailed specifications of construction activities (such as workers’ camp/ equipment yard/workshop, borrow pits, presence of workers, etc.) and indicate how and when the ESMP's mitigation measures and monitoring requirements will be implemented. The Worksite ESMP is not limited to impacts on soils and will cover all environmental and social components, analyzed herewith. This obligation will ensure environmental and social impact mitigations are fully adapted to detailed construction activities and equipment specifications which are currently unknown. During the construction phase, the construction of access roads and realignment of Road 258 as well as the vegetation removal and excavation required to install the foundations for the Matambo substation extension and the towers are the main activities likely to affect soil structure and quality. Foundations will be dug up to variable depths depending on the tower type and soil characteristics. These excavations will cause modifications in soil structure at foundation sites. Excavation work and removal of vegetation, especially on steep slopes, will render soils unstable and more vulnerable to erosion. The line’s RoW is mostly composed of calcic soil and of calcaric cambisol, including clayey and sandy clay loams. These soils have a fine texture and are not considered to represent an erosion hazard. Two other soil groups located respectively in the Matambo substation area and near the border with Malawi, that is ferralic arenosol and ferric lixisol, are considered to represent an erosion hazard. Furthermore, the topography in the study area is flat to gently sloped with low to medium potential for soil erosion. As a vegetation cover stabilizes the soils and ensures resistance to erosion, the removal of vegetation will be restricted to a minimum. The herbaceous and ligneous species that do not represent a risk for the powerline will be maintained in place and will contribute to maintaining the natural soil stabilization. The construction of access roads, the realignment of Road 258 and vehicle movement along the project area can lead to soil compaction in those areas where soils are clayey or highly saturated. In the project area, the following soil types are likely to be vulnerable to soil compaction: the black soils from Volcanic Rock Zones, the brown soils from the sedimentary basin rock zones and the brown soils from precambric rock zones. These soils cover approximately 75% of the study area between the Matambo substation and the area of the community of Nhambulo. Application of the mitigation measures outlined above such as the decompaction of soils following construction as well as the postponing of construction activities during times when soils are saturated will help reduce associated adverse effects. Excavation and backfilling work associated with the construction of the towers, the extension of the Matambo substation, the access roads and the realigned Road 258 section, could result in the loss of the organic layer of the soils through mixing with other layers. The agricultural potential in the study Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-12 area is generally recognized as being poor, so any existing layers of organic soil should be preserved. By initially removing the first inches of soils (exact depth to be determined on-site) and storing those separately from the rest of the excavated soils will allow for their reuse. In addition, soil contamination may also result from unsound waste management practices. Hazardous waste can be easily ignited, corrosive, reactive, or toxic. They can also have other physical, chemical, or biological characteristics that pose a potential risk to human health or the environment, if improperly managed. Contractors and sub-contractors will be required to develop and implement waste management plans that comply with relevant WB waste management guidelines to ensure the various types of waste produced during the construction phase (sanitary, non-hazardous and hazardous) are adequately recovered, stored and disposed of. Finally, soils can be contaminated during the construction phase by soil mixing during the excavation of foundation pits or by accidental oil/fuel spills from heavy machinery either at storage yards or work sites. With respect to soil mixing, excavated soils will be segregated and stockpiled in authorized sites during the construction phase in order to prevent soil mixing. In the case of accidental spills from heavy machinery, the extent of soil contamination will depend on the magnitude of these accidental events. However, the establishment of equipment storage yards and maintenance areas on adapted surfaces and the implementation of the Emergency Response Plan will help manage accidental spills correctly. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low since the potential for soil erosion in the study area is low and the application of general mitigation measures will reduce erosion or compaction soil vulnerability, loss of organic layers as well as possible soil contamination from soil mixing or accidental spills. The extent of the impact is local since soil erosion, compaction, organic layer losses or contamination are likely to occur in a well-defined area within the RoW. The duration of the impact is medium since soil erosion, compaction, organic layer losses and contamination could occur throughout the entire construction phase. The impact on soils during the construction phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is low after the application of mitigation measures. Impact on Soils during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: Low OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence and operation of lines, substations and access roads. Maintenance and repair. MITIGATION MEASURES Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), transformers, free of leaks, excess oil and grease. All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-13 Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally. Control and reduce at the source the production of waste and hazardous waste. Inspect regularly all equipment at the substations that may contain contaminants, such as transformers. Adapt the Contractor’s Emergency Measures Plan (EMP) develop for the Construction phase into an Operation phase EMP for EDM’s use. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, oil spills could result from equipment breakdown at the substation sites and lead to soil contamination in proportion with the magnitude of these accidental events. As during the construction phase, the risk of soil contamination from accidental oil spills from maintenance vehicles and machinery cannot be completely discarded. Moreover, specific attention must be given to the proper management of hazardous waste, particularly waste oil and substation equipment such as transformers. However, the application of general mitigation measures and of the waste management plan will help in reducing this risk significantly. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low, since immediate response to accidental spills and decontamination would be possible. The extent of the impact is limited since any spill or inappropriate management is likely to occur in a well-defined area within the RoW and substation site. Moreover, the duration of the impact is short, given that any accidental spill will be contained and cleaned-up immediately. The impact on soils during the operation phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is low after the application of mitigation measures. Impact on Soils during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low 7.3.2.2 WATER RESOURCES DESIGN MEASURES As a general measure, existing access roads, including those recently opened for the construction of the Nacala railway corridor will be used whenever possible to minimize the need for new ones. This will help reduce the number of waterbody crossings. Additionally, the watercourse crossings will be perpendicular to the line, therefore reducing the length of said crossing. When possible, the crossings will be located in the narrowest sections of waterbodies. The positioning of the towers will be located outside of waterbodies and floodplains whenever possible. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Changes in hydrology. Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water runoffs. Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-14 SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES The following specific mitigation measures should also be applied: Implement the Waste Management Plan (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan); Develop and implement an Emergency Measures Plan (to be prepared by the contractor as stipulated in Chapter 8); Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease; When operating machinery close to watercourses or marshlands, ensure it is done in a way that minimizes disturbance to their banks; Prepare and implement erosion and sediment control plans, particularly in areas identified as having high erosion potential (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan); Construct a designated, signposted, concrete wash down bay that is fully contained for all excess concrete and concrete wash down (e.g. plastic lined); Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, by treating any water prior to release to natural systems; All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers; Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Control and reduce at the source the production of waste and hazardous waste; Always maintain hydrologic connectivity upstream/downstream in work areas. When stream crossings are unavoidable (ex. for the realignment of Road 258), construct a suitable culvert that allows for a sufficient water supply to maintain a viable fish habitat; Avoid material piling, equipment and vehicle movement in rivers, floodplains and marshland areas, namely flood zones on both shores of the Zambezi River, its tributaries. If unavoidable, reduce access to a minimum; Properly delineate marshlands and floodplain areas, while working within marshlands, restrict all equipment movement to access roads; Limit activities in watercourses or marshlands to the extent possible but if necessary, set and implement strict procedures for in-water work, if required; Promptly pump any groundwater that could have been contaminated during excavation work; Conduct activities during the dry season to minimize disturbance of sensitive shoreline and marshland areas, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River, its tributaries and associated marshlands; Install silt barriers (e.g., fencing) when working in steep riparian areas and along marshlands to minimize potential sediment transport to aquatic habitats, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River, its tributaries and associated marshlands. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-15 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The proposed transmission line route crosses at least 12 times the watercourses, including the Zambezi River, as well as some marshlands (essentially on the shores of the Zambezi River). Sources of impact to watercourses are the removal of vegetation, the construction of access roads, vehicle movement along the RoW and construction sites and excavation required for tower installations. In addition, the realignment of Road 258 implies the crossing of one watercourse. Vegetation removal in riparian areas can increase soil erosion, causing sediment to be deposited of into the waterbodies, especially during rain events. Ultimately, this could lead to the deterioration of water quality as well as modification of the natural hydrology of these watercourses. Construction of access roads, realignment of Road 258 as well as vehicle movement along the construction sites can result in changes in run-off as well as hydrology by modifying the water flow dynamics. This impact will be minimized by prohibiting permanent access roads in marshland areas, minimizing construction of access roads in such areas to what is strictly essential to the project’s construction and decommissioning of all construction access roads in marshland areas as soon as they have fulfilled their purpose. Moreover, the excavation of pits for the towers’ foundations could expose groundwater. This groundwater will be consequently more exposed to contamination by spills or leaks of contaminants. Thus, any contaminated groundwater observed during excavation should be pumped out of the pits. In addition, the development and implementation of both a waste management and an emergency measures plans by the contractor and sub-contractors will mitigate the risks occurring from unsound waste management practices and potential spills that could result in both surface water and groundwater contamination. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low since all impacts can be efficiently mitigated or eliminated through efficient application of proposed mitigation measures. The extent is limited since any modification or disruption will be experienced in a specific area and will be controlled with the application of specific management measures. The duration is medium since contamination of water resources will be addressed immediately with the Emergency Measures Plan and changes in hydrology will be mitigated. The impact on water resources during the construction phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is low after the application of mitigation measures. Impact on Water Resources during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: Low OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water runoffs. Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-16 SOURCES OF IMPACT Waste and hazardous materials management. Maintenance and repair. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES The following mitigation measures aimed at controlling accidental spills should be applied: Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease; Adapt the Contractor’s Emergency Measures Plan (EMP) develop for the Construction phase into an Operation phase EMP for EDM’s use; Regularly inspect all equipment at the substations that may contain contaminants, such as transformers; All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers; Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Implement the Waste Management Plan (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan). DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, oil spills could result from equipment breakdowns at the substation sites and lead to ground and surface water contamination in proportion with the magnitude of these accidental events. Moreover, specific attention must be given to the proper management of hazardous waste and products and of substation equipment such as transformers. However, the application of general mitigation measures and of the waste management plan will help reduce this risk significantly. Additionally, the movement of machinery required for maintenance work near marshland areas could be the cause for water quality alterations through leaks of contaminants. These impacts will be mitigated by applying proposed mitigation measures and favoring manual maintenance in their vicinity. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low, since immediate response to accidental spills would be possible and circulation in existing marshlands can be avoided. The extent of the impact is limited since any spill or inappropriate management is likely to occur in a well-defined area within the RoW and substation site. Moreover, the duration of the impact is short, given that any accidental spill will be contained and cleaned-up immediately. The impact on water resources during the operation phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is low after the application of mitigation measures. Impact on Water Resources during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-17 7.3.2.3 AIR QUALITY DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures were implemented for this component. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Temporary air quality deterioration and generation of greenhouse gases. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Transportation and circulation. Worksite restoration. MITIGATION MEASURES Moreover, the following specific measures should be put in place: Implement the Waste Management Plan (see Chapter 8 – Environmental and Social Management Plan), namely prohibiting the burning of waste along the RoW and other work areas; Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), transformers, free of leaks, excess oil and grease; Prohibit idling of vehicles on-site. Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use; Stockpiles of fine materials will be covered during periods of high winds; Cover excavated materials and loads of brittle material during transport with erosion control blankets to avoid dust generation; Use water for dust suppression on stockpiles, exposed soils and roads if dust generation is visible; Revegetate areas with exposed and disturbed soils with native species as soon as possible; Undertake a selective cutting of the vegetation in order to keep low scrubby and herbaceous species that do not represent a risk for the powerline; Prohibit the burning of wastes; Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where relevant. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the construction phase, several construction activities will be conducted at separate locations around the work sites (e.g.: excavations, off-road equipment operations, traffic along the RoW and on unpaved roads, etc.). These activities will generate dust and exhaust emissions, which will lead to temporary air quality deterioration and disturbances to neighboring populations. Additionally, clearing activities could contribute to the local reduction of the air quality considering the emissions of organic matter as pollen and the exposition of bare soil. However, with the application of general management measures, potential air quality deterioration during the construction phase is not expected to lead to significant effects to neighbouring populations. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-18 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low since the application of mitigation measures will help reduce significantly particulate matter. The extent is local since particulate matter are likely to be generated along the local road network and within the RoW and construction sites. The duration of the impact is short since air quality deterioration will occur sporadically throughout the entire construction phase. The impact on air quality during the construction phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is high since emissions of particulate matter are commonly associated to construction activities. Impact on Air Quality during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Temporary air quality deterioration. SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), transformers, free of leaks, excess oil and grease. Prohibit idling of vehicles on-site. Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use. Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where relevant. Use water for dust suppression on stockpiles, exposed soils and roads if dust generation is visible. All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers. Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally. Control and reduce at the source the production of waste and hazardous waste; DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, occasional maintenance activities will be conducted along the line such as RoW or access road maintenance. These activities will generate dust and exhaust emissions, which will lead to temporary air quality deterioration and disturbances to neighboring populations. Also, handling of waste and hazardous material at the substation will need to be properly done to avoid unpleasant odors and deterioration of the air quality. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-19 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low and the extent limited since the application of mitigation measures will help reduce the emission of particulate material and toxic emissions. The duration of the impact is short since air quality deterioration will occur sporadically during the operation phase. The impact on air quality during the construction phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is high since dust and exhaust emissions are commonly associated with maintenance activities. Impact on Air Quality during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High 7.3.2.4 NOISE AND VIBRATIONS DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures were implemented for this component. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Increase in noise and vibration levels. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Transportation and circulation. Worksite restoration. MITIGATION MEASURES Locate access roads and lay down areas away from residences to the extent possible. Implement a worker training program on noise reductions near sensitive receptors (see Appendix 5). Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease. Prohibit idling of vehicles on site or near sensitive receptors. Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use. Respect noise limits in residential, institutional and educational areas to 55 dB (A) during the day (7am to 10pm) and 45 dB (A) at night (10pm to 7am). Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where relevant. If blasting is required for a tower’s installation, the local population will be advised in advance to prevent nuisances. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-20 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Noise and vibrations will occur during site preparation and construction activities. In some locations, work will be done near residences, farms or businesses located along the RoW or near substations. Traffic, as well as the use of construction equipment and machinery, will lead to temporary noise that may disturb the neighbouring communities and the local fauna. Noise and nuisance levels resulting from the construction work will be limited in time and will be significantly reduced with the implementation of the mitigation measures outlined above. These measures include maintaining machinery and equipment in good running condition and restricting noise-generating activities to daytime hours. Additionally, noise and vibration from construction activities will contribute to the workers’ health and safety by keeping large, dangerous animals away during construction activities. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures will help keep a low intensity for the impact. The extent of the impact is local since noise and vibration levels most likely will increase in the work sites and the immediately surrounding areas. The duration of the impact is considered short since it will occur sporadically during the entire construction phase. The impact of noise and vibrations during the construction phase is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is high because noise and vibrations are part of construction activities. Impact of Noise and Vibrations during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Increase in noise and vibration levels. SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES The following mitigation measures, aimed at controlling noise levels, should be applied: Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease; Prohibit idling of vehicles on site or near sensitive receptors. Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use; Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where relevant; Implement an operator training program on noise reduction near sensitive receptors (see Appendix 5); Restrict noise and vibration generating activities near residential or institutional sensitive receptors to the period considered as daytime (between 8 am and 5 pm) by national and WHO noise standards; Offer the possibility to residents with a house within 50m of the Matambo substation limits to move it beyond that area. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-21 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, maintenance activities conducted near pylons, substations, transmission line or RoW could lead to an increase in noise levels which may disturb neighbouring communities. However, these disturbances will be temporary since they will be felt only during maintenance activities. Management measures proposed to reduce noise impacts during the construction phase will also be helpful in reducing noise impacts through the operation phase. Moreover, operating transmission lines and substations emit a permanent background sound which is audible and which may also disturb communities in the vicinity to the line or substations. Noise produced by transmission lines, which mainly comes from conductors, can be experienced as a buzz or a crackle (Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, 2013), whereas noise produced by substations comes mainly from power transformers. In general, noise produced by substations is higher than that produced by transmission lines. In addition, weather conditions can have an influence in noise-related impacts. For example, noise propagation is likely to be higher during rain events than during dry conditions (Hydro-Québec TransÉnergie, 2013). Also, noise may be especially noticeable during nighttime hours when ambient noise levels are lower (Public Service Commission of Wisconsin, 2013). Despite the above, noise levels emitted by transmission lines and substations carry no known health risks (IFC, 2007), but can rather cause some discomfort especially during nighttime hours. In order to eliminate this impact, residents of the Matambo substation with a house located within 50m of the substation limit will be offered the possibility resettle beyond that limit. It is estimated that only a few houses fall within that limit, on the South-East side of the substation extention. Overall, intensity of noise-related impacts during the operation phase are expected to be low. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low, since the application of the mitigation measures will significantly reduce noise and vibration levels. The extent of the impact is local as noise and vibrations will be generated all along the transmission line and at the substation. Even if the noisier impacts will be felt during maintenance which will occur only for a short period of time, background noise from the powerline and the substation will be produced during the whole operation phase. The duration of the impact is then considered long. The impact during the operation phase is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is high since maintenance work will be needed to ensure the transmission line’s operation. Impact of Noise and Vibrations during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Low Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT There are no impacts on any biological components during the pre-construction phase. 7.3.3.1 TERRESTRIAL FLORA DESIGN MEASURES Since no terrestrial ecological sensitive areas were identified at the scoping phase, no specific design measures were implemented. Thus, no protected areas are crossed by the line. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-22 CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora (approximately 2.6 km2 of shrubland, 2 km2 of forest and 1.1 km2 of riverine forest). Modification of species composition in flora communities present in the project area. Potential impacts on vulnerable species communities such as Lannea schweinfurthii. Loss of ecosystem services. Increased pressure on natural resources in some areas. Loss of individuals from species of use- value. Invasive species introduction and risk of spread. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Transportation and circulation. Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES The following specific mitigation measures should be applied: Restrict construction activities, materials and manpower movement to existing roads/tracks and RoW limits; Minimize the construction of new access roads. Promote the use of existing access roads for machinery and vehicle movement, increasing their width as necessary; Clearly mark the extent of the transmission line and Road 258 section’s RoW as well as the Matambo substation extension with stakes at intervals of 50 m or less. Identify and mark the vegetation to be preserved along sections of the RoW; Undertake a selective cutting of the vegetation in order to keep low scrubby and herbaceous species that do not represent a risk for the powerline. Vegetation cutting should be done manually; Conserve all the vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, crops) present at the edge of watercourses and on steep slopes; Establish a Revegetation Plan for the loss of natural habitats. Promote the use of native species and include the plantation of Lannea stuhlmannii and any other species of conservation concern that could be found inside the project footprint. Collaborate with communities to identify native species with higher use-value and integrate them also to Revegetation Plan; Make chopped woody resources and residues available to the local population in order to reduce additional pressures on natural resources; If possible, collect seeds from Lannea stuhlmannii mature specimens; Inspect and clean construction equipment properly after working in areas known to be infested with flora invasive alien species; Burn, in authorized sites, residues of flora invasive alien species to reduce the risk of propagation to other areas; Rehabilitate and revegetate temporary access roads and work areas as soon as possible using vegetation species that will be useful to local fauna; Revegetate areas of bare and disturbed soils as soon as possible with native species; Promote the selection of areas with bare soils and less need for tree cutting for temporary work and storage areas. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-23 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the construction phase, local vegetation will be cut for the construction of access roads, for the extension of the Matambo substation, for the new Road 258 section and under the transmission line’s RoW. Vegetation clearing will lead to a permanent loss of terrestrial habitats all along the powerline for a width of 55m. The areas of affected habitats are presented in the following table. Table 7-5 Areas of Affected Habitats Area Category (km²) Forest 2.25 Riverine Forest 0.61 Shrubland 2.76 Agriculture 1.69 Exposed soil 0.40 Water 0.05 However, a portion of these habitats, particularly between the community of Sweet and the border with Malawi, are already used for agriculture, reducing the loss and fragmentation of natural habitats. Also, since a maximum vegetation height of 3m can be tolerated under the powerline, a large part of the shrubby and herbaceous vegetation could be kept in place. Moreover, the proposed line route follows existing linear infrastructures, reducing the additional habitat fragmentation and loss. A vulnerable species of flora as well as a near-threatened species, Lannea stuhlmannii, has been surveyed inside the study area. As a botanist will be part of the site preparation team, specimens of species of conservation concern will be kept on-site, when possible. However, if the cut is necessary, GPS coordinates of each specimen and the description of their habitat will be noted. Each loss of specimen will need to be compensated and the success of their plantation will be followed. The application of the Revegetation Plan will ensure no net losses. The vegetation clearing means also that local populations may face a slight reduction in the access of natural resources. While charcoal is made from available ligneous biomass, specific plants are targeted for food or medicine use. Based on a list of species of use-value in the miombo (Bruschi et al, 2014), 10 species of surveyed trees have been identified (Albizia versicolor, Cleistochlamys kirkii, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Gymnosporia heterophylla, Hyperthelia dissolute, Julbernardia globiflora, Markhamia zanzibarica, Sclerocarya birrea, Terminalia sericea and Urochloa mossambicensis). Revegetation activities should take into account the plantation of species of use-value to reduce impact of access to ecosystem services. Extended vegetation clearings for the transmission line’s RoW, access roads, Road 258 realigned section and work areas could result in an increased likelihood of invasive alien species’ (IAS) establishment along the power line route, as these species often thrive in disturbed environments. Habitat providing food and cover for local wildlife may be altered or lost if these IAS out-compete existing native plants, resulting in a loss of plant and animal diversity. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact to medium. The extent of the impact on terrestrial flora is local since almost all vegetation inside the RoW will be eliminated during the construction phase. The duration of the impact is considered long as the vegetation will need to be cut and maintained at a given height. The impact on terrestrial flora is thus considered of medium importance. The probability of occurrence is high since, when the project is approved the construction work will happen. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-24 Impact on Terrestrial Flora during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Impairments of natural habitats and associated flora communities. Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES Maintain all work inside the access road and RoW footprints to reduce encroachment on natural habitats. Clearly mark the extent of vegetation control in the RoW. Identify and mark the vegetation to be preserved along sections of the RoW Undertake selective control of the vegetation in order to keep low (<5m) scrubby and herbaceous species that do not represent a risk for the powerline (species that cannot grow more than 3m in height). Use mechanical methods for vegetation control inside the RoW. Forbid use of chemical pesticides to control vegetation in the RoW. Dispose of organic material removed from the RoW properly and in collaboration with local communities. Implement an IAS monitoring program following project construction and site revegetation in sensitive areas, forest reserves, and forest stands. Consider conduction along with RoW management. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, the RoW’s maintenance will require regular vegetation clearing to reduce short-circuit risks caused by electric arcing. This means no vegetation will be allowed to grow above 5 m within the RoW, which will result in continuous alteration of natural habitats. The most affected forms of flora will be woody species as they can grow over these limits. This periodic disturbance will maintain RoW habitats in earlier vegetation development stages, leading to the presence of more common species and the rarity of specialized species. The presence of access roads in previously inaccessible areas could lead to an increase in natural resources exploitation and a reduction of species communities with a higher use value. This could be felt particularly after the line crosses the Zambezi River until it reaches the railway. Moreover, periodic RoW maintenance activities can also lead to IAS proliferation, especially if these activities include moving and clearing of vegetation. Once introduced, IAS will likely spread and impact adjacent areas with habitats that correspond to their ecological requirements. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-25 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is medium since the vegetation will need to be cut above a certain height to reduce any risk for the powerline operation. The extent of the impact on terrestrial flora is local, as maintenance work will be needed all along the RoW. The duration of the impact is considered long as the impact will be effective during the entire operation phase because of the continuous need for RoW maintenance. The impact on terrestrial flora is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is medium as the maintenance works will just be undertaken in the case there is regeneration of ligneous vegetation inside the RoW. Impact on Terrestrial Flora during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: Medium Probability of occurrence: Medium 7.3.3.2 TERRESTRIAL FAUNA AND ASSOCIATED HABITATS DESIGN MEASURES Since no terrestrial ecological sensitive areas were identified at the scoping phase, no specific design measures were implemented. Thus, no protected areas are crossed by the line. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258. Modification of species composition in fauna communities present in the project area. Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species populations. Local reduction of fauna density for species of higher use value in given areas. Modifications in habitat composition through introduction of flora invasive alien species. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Transportation and circulation. Construction activities. Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Restrict construction activities, materials and manpower movement to existing roads/tracks and RoW limits. Establish a Revegetation Plan for the loss of natural habitats. Provide the use of native species and include the plantation of Lannea stuhlmannii and any other species of conservation concern. Clearly mark the extent of the transmission line and Road 258 section’s RoW as well as the extension of the Matambo substation with stakes at intervals of 50 m or less. Identify and mark the vegetation to be preserved along sections of the RoW. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-26 Undertake a selective cutting of the vegetation in order to keep low scrubby and herbaceous species that do not represent a risk for the powerline. Vegetation cutting should be done manually. Conserve all the vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, crops) present at the edge of watercourses and on steep slopes. Inspect and clean construction equipment properly after working in areas known to be infested with flora invasive alien species. Burn residues of flora invasive alien species to reduce the risk of propagation to other areas. Rehabilitate and revegetate temporary access roads and work areas as soon as possible using native vegetation species that are ecologically associated with local fauna. Promote the selection of areas with bare soils and less of a need for tree cutting for temporary work and storage areas. Implement a biodiversity protection awareness program with workers. Prohibit workers from owning firearms and other hunting gear, and raise awareness about the prohibition to engage in any kind of poaching. Inform the Contractor's E&S specialist when endangered fauna species are observed in or close to project sites. Implement the Revegetation Plan. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Heavy duty machinery movements and increase in traffic during construction could lead to mortality of small mammals, reptiles and amphibians. During the construction phase, site preparation for access roads, extension of the Matambo substation, realignment of Road 258 and the power line construction will lead to a loss of habitats for some terrestrial fauna species. Removal of vegetation along the powerline and the Road 258 realigned section can also increase habitat fragmentation in the study area. Impacts of habitats loss and fragmentation could be more detrimental for protected and threatened species susceptible to be present inside the study area which are the rock monitor (Varanus albigularis) and the Nile monitor (Varanus niloticus), the striped polecat (Ictonyx striatus), the slender mongoose (Galerella sanguinea), the Cape genet (Genetta tigrina), the banded mongoose (Mungos mungo), the pangolin (Manis temminckii), the hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius), the elephant (Loxodonta africana) and the leopard (Panthera pardus). The potential impacts on these species will be reduced if a manual selective clearing is made prior to construction activities, meaning that the vegetation that does not constitute a rick for the powerline will be maintained. It will result in a habitat degradation which is less intense than a habitat loss. Compensation efforts should focus on the plantation of ligneous species which contribute to the habitat quality of these species. As described previously, vegetation clearance will be optimally planned and reduced to a minimum. The mitigation measures proposed will contribute to minimize habitat losses. Construction activities could favor the spread of invasive alien species which can reduce the suitability of the habitats for some native fauna species. Proper cleaning of equipment and monitoring will be implemented to reduce the risks of spread. Construction activities can also cause increased noise which may disturb species present in the area. These impacts are temporary and terrestrial fauna species are likely to migrate to similar but quieter habitats in the vicinity of construction areas. Waste generation has the potential to cause a local increase of pest fauna if waste is not managed properly. In addition, an awareness program should be implemented for biodiversity protection with workers including a prohibition to own firearms and other hunting equipment, sensitization about prohibition to engage in poaching and sensitization about animal behavior and handling. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-27 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact to low. The extent of the impact on terrestrial fauna is local as most of their habitat has already been modified by human presence. The duration of the impact is considered long, as the habitat will be modified on a long term. The impact on terrestrial fauna is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is high because the RoW needs to be prepared prior to construction work and will then generate habitat loss and fragmentation. Impact on Terrestrial Fauna during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risks of bat collisions with towers and electrical wires. Modification and alteration of terrestrial fauna habitats, with associated modifications in fauna communities. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence and operation of line, substations and access roads. Maintenance and repairs. MITIGATION MEASURES Implement a bat mortality monitoring program in partnership with local communities. Develop specific mitigation measures for species that are involved in mortality. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operational phase, vegetation clearing and maintenance on the RoW will lead to a loss of habitats for some terrestrial fauna species and the presence of flora species of earlier stages of development. It could lead to a local adaptation of wildlife communities with higher representation of common species. Vegetation clearing will be minimized to limit habitat destruction. Vegetation maintenance activities could favor the spread of invasive species which can reduce the suitability of the habitats for some fauna species. Proper cleaning of equipment and monitoring will be implemented to reduce the risks of spread and associated impacts on wildlife. Powerlines are susceptible to impact bat populations during the operational phase because there is a risk of collision with flying mammals. Electrocution is only possible when bats get in contact with two live wires at the same time. Considering the powerline is designed with single conductors, the electrocution risk is considered nil. There is still a risk of collision but it involves only frugivorous species. The only protected or threatened bat specie susceptible to be present inside the study area (Miniopterus schreibersii) is not frugivorous but insectivorous, thereby limiting the intensity of the impact. However, since little information is known about bats’ occupation of the project area and migration corridors, a bat mortality monitoring program will be implemented as a precautionary measure in order to follow up the number of mortality and species involved. Species specific mitigation measures will be proposed according to results of monitoring. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-28 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures helps limit the intensity of the impact to low. Even if most of the significant effects on wildlife habitats will happen during the construction phase, risk of mortality for bats and habitat modifications will occur during the entire operation phase. The duration is considered long since the line will become a permanent feature in the receiving environment. The extent of the impact is local since effects will be felt all along the line corridor. The probability of occurrence is medium considering the potential impacts on bat communities. Impact on Terrestrial Fauna during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: Medium Probability of occurrence: Medium 7.3.3.3 AVIFAUNA DESIGN MEASURES Bird diverters will be installed on transmission lines during the construction phase along ecologically sensitive areas for birds. Theses diverters will be positioned on the top wire to make the line more visible. For the current project, it is proposed to place bird diverters while the line crosses the Zambezi River along a 4 km stretch (2 km each side of a central axis represented by the river). The river is considered to be a regional corridor for migratory birds. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Modification and degradation of bird habitats. Disturbances and modification of local bird communities by the construction activities. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Establish a Revegetation Plan for the loss of natural habitats. Promote the use of native species and include the plantation of Lannea stuhlmannii and any other species of conservation concern. Place bird diverters on the top wire to make the line more visible to birds, near ecologically sensitive areas such as the Zambezi River crossing. Installation of indicator lights at night for high towers such as those required for the crossing of the Zambezi River. Undertake bird nest surveys within a period of 2 weeks before clearing to identify nests of protected or endangered species. Where a protected or endangered species is nesting, do not undertake tree clearing within a radius of 500 m. Wait until the nest is deserted. If a nest of the vulnerable Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is found, stop all activities, from September to December, in a radius of 750 m from the nest. Compensate any loss of breeding/nesting sites by the creation of suitable habitats elsewhere, notably from enhancement of degraded habitats. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-29 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Construction activities will lead to habitat losses, modifications and fragmentation for some terrestrial and waterbirds. Vegetation clearing will however be minimized as much as possible to limit habitat destruction. The habitat loss could impair habitats for birds, like breeding or nesting sites. Habitat loss could be particularly problematic for globally threatened species and for species that are legally protected at national level. Indeed, 15 legally protected species by the Mozambique government and one vulnerable species according to IUCN have been surveyed inside the study area. The vulnerable Southern Ground-hornbill (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is a long-lived and slow-breeder bird which could magnify the impact on nesting site destructions. Laying occurs in large cavities in trees, cliffs or earth banks, mainly from September to December. The incubation lasts 37 to 43 days and the juveniles stay at the nest for 86 days. So, where the species is nesting, no clearing activities should be undertaken between September and June. Construction activities will also lead to increased noise which may disturb the bird species present in the area. However, as for the terrestrial fauna, the avifauna is likely to migrate to similar but quieter habitats located in the vicinity of construction areas. This phenomenon could cause a short-term increase in habitat competition as the bird communities may concentrate in these adjacent habitats. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact on avifauna to low. The extent of the impact on the avifauna is local since vegetation clearing will be realized all along the RoW. The duration of the impact is considered long, as the habitat will be modified permanently. The impact on avifauna is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is high because the RoW needs to be prepared prior to construction work and will then generate habitat loss and fragmentation. Impact on Avifauna during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Bird collisions and risks of electrocution. Modification and alteration of bird habitats and communities as the RoW is kept clear of trees. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence of lines, substations and access roads. RoW management. Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES Implement a bird mortality monitoring program in partnership with local communities that will review mitigation measures according to their efficiency and develop specific mitigation measures for species that are involved in bird mortality. Make sure land planning by local authorities avoids the implementation of infrastructure or land uses that may constitute an attraction for birds, such as a landfill. Undertake tree planting and implementation of artificial perching devices to reduce bird interactions with the powerline. Schedule ROW management activities to avoid breeding and nesting seasons of bird species with special status. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-30 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The presence of the power line is likely to affect bird communities, especially when located in open air space habitats. The presence of the powerline can affect birds mainly through collisions with powerlines or towers. Electrocution risks due to contact with live components are deemed low. The environmental characteristics and location of the powerline can greatly influence collision probabilities. Collision rates between birds and the proposed powerline could be highly variable both temporally and spatially. There are many factors that can contribute to specie’s vulnerability to collisions with powerlines, such as flocking behavior, rapid flight, high wing loading, nocturnal migrants, and species with poor vision (cranes and waterfowl). Aquatic birds, including shorebirds, waterfowl, cranes, and herons, are known as the most common victims of power transmission lines (Rioux et al. 2013). Collision risks are higher for species with small binocular fields of vision and large blind areas. Thus, visual field topographies, which have evolved primarily to meet visual challenges associated with foraging, may render certain bird species particularly vulnerable to collisions that extend into the otherwise open airspace above their preferred habitats. The concentration of waterbirds inside marshlands and along watercourses as the Zambezi River could increase the impacts on their populations. On the other hand, electrocution rates could be higher for species nesting on powerlines, such as storks. As well as putting them at risk of electrocution, this could escalate the probability of collision by increasing the amount of time spent flying close to powerlines (Martin and Shaw, 2010). The proposed mitigation measures should help reduce the risk of collision and electrocution. However, the success of mitigation measures could be highly variable depending on the species. A proper bird mortality monitoring program will be developed and implemented to identify areas and species that are more impacted. On the basis of the monitoring program results, other measures could be proposed. It should also be noted that additional bird diverters could be installed on any line segment identified following the bird mortality survey results, an activity identified in the ESMP and detailed in the following chapter. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The implementation of the proposed mitigation measures will help reduce the impacts on avifauna to a low intensity. The extent of the impact on avifauna is local as it could happen on any given portion of the line. The duration of the impact is considered long as it is likely to occur during the entire operation phase. The impact on avifauna is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is high. Impact on Avifauna during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: Medium Probability of occurrence: High WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-31 7.3.3.4 AQUATIC HABITATS AND ASSOCIATED FAUNA DESIGN MEASURES At the design stage, the location of the crossing at the Zambezi River has been studied, considering notably the extend of the flooding area in order to position the towers outside of the floodplain, as well as all watercourses and permanent marshlands, whenever possible. Watercourses might be crossed by access roads at a 90-degree angle and when possible in the narrowest section of the waterbody. CONSTRUCTION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated fauna and flora disturbances; Permanent loss on marshlands and riparian areas for construction of the towers and new Road 258 realigned section; Local impairment of hydrological dynamics (surface water runoffs, watercourse flow) leading to disturbances and alteration of aquatic habitats; Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation; Construction activities; Waste and hazardous materials management; Transportation and circulation; Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Develop and implement an Emergency Measures Plan (to be prepared by the contractor as stipulated in Chapter 8); Always maintain hydrologic connectivity upstream/downstream in work areas. When stream crossings are unavoidable (ex. for the realignment of Road 258), construct suitable culverts allowing for a sufficient water supply to maintain a viable fish habitat; Avoid material piling, equipment and vehicle movement in rivers, floodplains and marshland areas, namely floodplains on both shores of the Zambezi River and its tributaries. If unavoidable, reduce access to a minimum; Avoid any water-works and movement of vehicles in tributaries during rainy season to avoid impacts on threatened fish species; Set and implement strict procedures for in-water works, if required; Conserve all the vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbaceous plants, crops) present at the edge of watercourses and on steep slopes; Avoid construction of temporary access roads along river banks or in areas where soils are saturated, to the extent possible, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River and its tributaries; Maintain fish access when road crossings of watercourse are unavoidable by utilizing clear span bridges or open-bottom culverts. Install diversion structures (canals, dikes, coffers) that neither obstruct fish movement nor diminish habitat width below 2/3 of the current water bodies, including rivers, marshlands, etc.; Maintain vegetated buffer zones within and around marshlands and along both sides of watercourse crossings, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River and its tributaries. Restore as soon as possible any disturbed areas in the riparian buffer zone; Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-32 Do not allow any temporary access roads to be built during the construction phase marshland areas; Avoid equipment and vehicle movement in rivers, floodplains and marshland areas. If unavoidable, reduce access to a minimum length in marshlands and floodplains and select the most optimized site for the access considering human uses and areas of higher ecological integrity; Conduct activities during the dry season to minimize disturbance of sensitive shoreline and marshland areas, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River and its tributaries; Do not operate heavy machinery in marshland areas with standing water or running water; After termination of construction work, restore natural river bed conditions (minor bed, natural obstacles, etc.); Use marshland mat or bridge for vehicle and machinery movement inside permanent marshland to avoid the need for building a road. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The construction of access roads, of the new realigned section of Road 258 and towers as well as vegetation clearing in the RoW may lead to impacts on river, marshland and riparian areas. The construction of access roads and of the new realigned section of Road 258 can change the quantity or direction of water flow, causing permanent changes to hydrological conditions sustaining marshland and stream dynamics and habitats. If flowing water is stopped by structures, a lentic habitat could replace the existing lotic ones. Flora communities would consequently switch and be replaced by adapted vegetation. Construction of access roads will necessitate the implementation of water crossings which have the potential to cause modifications to water dynamics and consequently deterioration, destruction or disturbance of marshlands and watercourses, comprising habitats for fish and other aquatic organisms. Moreover, they have the potential to become obstacles for aquatic fauna movement, leading to restricted access to specific habitats for a variety of species. This could be particularly problematic as the access road could affect Zambezi River tributaries where fish species may migrate seasonally. This impact will be minimized by the implementation of the design measure, the need for new access roads will be reduced to a minimum and where access roads will be kept away from riparian land except when strictly necessary. Installation of culverts sized according to water flows and the application of preventive mitigation measures on the remaining access road can limit this loss of habitat further by avoiding the barrier effect that the work can have on aquatic habitats and associated fauna. Construction activities could result in an increase in suspended solids leading to the siltation of spawning and feeding sites for aquatic and semi-aquatic species. Increases in organic material inside the aquatic environment could also result in a higher BOD and a reduction of dissolved oxygen for aquatic wildlife, locally. However, the implementation of the mitigation measures listed above will help prevent these impacts. Additionally, water could also be contaminated through accidental spills of chemical products, hydrocarbons, and wastewater resulting from poor environmental management. Such contamination during dry seasons, with shallow and slow-moving water being more frequent, will exacerbate the impacts as the contaminants could be locally concentrated. Environmental contamination could affect the aquatic and semi-aquatic fauna, among which amphibians and fish which are sensitive to the presence of contaminants in their habitat. The implementation of the Emergency Response Plan and the appropriate mitigation measures will minimize this impact. Moreover, vehicles and construction equipment can introduce IAS that evolve well in marshlands. IAS species may compete with native vegetation, destroying valuable wildlife habitat, adding to direct habitat loss. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-33 IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact to low. The extent of the impact on aquatic habitats and associated fauna is limited since the aquatic habitats are punctual along the proposed transmission line and the impact could be restricted to permanent marshlands and watercourses if the construction work schedule is well planned. The duration of the impact is considered medium as, with the application of the proposed mitigation measures, the permanent water crossings will be built to maintain the watercourse’s integrity. The impact on aquatic habitats and associated fauna is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is high since water crossings will be necessary if the project is approved. Impact on Aquatic Habitats and Associated Fauna during the Construction Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Disturbances of the water’s physical and chemical characteristics causing modifications in aquatic habitats and its associated fauna. Effects on fauna species adapted to marshland conditions and on species of conservation interest. Increased pressure on natural resources, especially in areas where new accesses have been created. Potential introduction of invasive alien species (IAS). SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. Waste and hazardous materials management. MITIGATION MEASURES Implement an IAS monitoring program following project construction and site revegetation in sensitive areas, forest reserves, and forest stands. Consider conduction along with RoW management. Forbid use of chemical pesticides to control vegetation in the RoW. Avoid the destabilization of shores and sediments or other pollutant rejections in watercourses during road and wayleave maintenance. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Possible changes in the hydrological conditions that could be related to the presence of access roads and pylons within a marshland or a watercourse’s flood zone could lead to modifications of ecological parameters and associated disturbances of the aquatic and semi-aquatic fauna. Maintenance of access roads and related ditches is essential in order to prevent the water crossings from becoming insurmountable obstacles for the aquatic fauna and for soil erosion to encroach spawning grounds or other critical ecological habitats. As mentioned above, no permanent access roads shall be built in marshlands. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-34 During the operation phase, the movement of people and vehicles along the RoW and access roads for RoW maintenance and for repair of transmission line can lead to the introduction of invasive alien species (IAS) and accidental spills. Seeds and other propagating parts of IAS can be carried out into a marshland or watercourse inadvertently, by equipment. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact to low. The extent of the impact on aquatic habitats and associated fauna is limited since the aquatic habitats are punctual along the proposed powerline. The duration of the impact is considered short, since maintenance work will be needed occasionally during the operation phase. The impact on aquatic habitats and associated fauna is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence is medium as it is related to a good maintenance of ditches and access roads. Impact on Aquatic Habitats and Associated Fauna during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Moderate NEGATIVE IMPACTS TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENT 7.3.4.1 EMPLOYMENT AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT DESIGN MEASURES At the scoping stage, the line alignment was chosen to avoid areas where settlements, businesses or industries were located. This measure helped decrease the project’s potential impacts as entire areas were deemed unavailable and therefore avoided. After negotiations with the City of Tete, the proposed line route was modified to minimize its effect to the Mpadwe Urban Development project in Tete by inserting the new line inside an existing RoW and to the mining concessions by following the external limit of their concessions. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Disruption of farming activities by construction works. Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral lands. Inflation risk. Increase in pressure on resources (ex. water, wood, fauna); SOURCES OF IMPACT Construction activities. Displacement of economic activities. Transportation and circulation. Presence of workers. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-35 MITIGATION MEASURES Provide compensation measures and resettlement assistance to affected households and landowners. Adopt procurement and labor policies promoting local products and services, when available. Clearing of plantations or cutting of trees in the RoW will only be done when consent of each owner has been obtained. Restrict transportation to the identified access by clearly marking out the limit of the RoW and access roads. Carefully select the landing area of falling trees to minimize damage to crops. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION There are no strong adverse impacts on the local and regional economy at the pre-construction and construction stages. Some speculations could happen before the beginning of construction which could act as an upward pressure on commodity prices. During the construction phase, the upward pressures on commodity prices in areas where construction will happen (because of increased demand by workers or by contractors) could temporarily cause some slight market distortions. It is however expected that the local markets will react accordingly by increasing local supplies of key merchandise. The increased supply should in turn drive prices down to their former level. Furthermore, contractors could state that local commodities and services will not be purchased over a certain price in order to reduce the risk of inflation. The dissemination of reliable information is essential to maintain a swift and efficient market for the goods and services required by contractors and workers. Therefore, it will be essential that local and regional populations be informed well in advance of the onset and duration of construction work to allow them to adjust their supplies accordingly and avoid bottlenecks resulting in steep price increases. As for agricultural activities, adequate compensation measures should offset the temporary loss in crops. However, the compensation package should ideally be adjusted to replicate the normal revenue stream of farmers (i.e. more than one instalment), if judged convenient by both authorities and communities. Experience has shown that dividing a compensation package into several instalments tends to reduce inequalities in households and preserves more efficiently social organization. The separate RPF report provides the necessary details on the compensation measures and mechanisms. Impacts on local economies can also be offset by hiring local workers in priority, especially for unspecialized jobs. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures limits the intensity of the impact to low as some economical activities and inflation could be seen in construction due to the increase in economic activity in the vicinity of construction areas. The extent of the impact is local since, if the impact occurs, it will be felt mostly around construction sites. The duration of the impact is considered medium because inflation could be felt over a period of time corresponding to the extent of the construction period. The impact is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence of the impact is medium because inflation may occur. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-36 Impact on Employment and Economic Development during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Moderate OPERATION PHASE No adverse impacts on employment and economic development are expected during the operation phase. 7.3.4.2 LAND USE DESIGN MEASURE At the scoping stage, the line alignment and proposed Road 258 realignment section were designed to avoid areas where local populations, businesses or industries were located. This measure helped decrease the project’s potential impacts as entire areas were deemed unavailable and therefore avoided. As for the proposed transmission line route, it was modified to: avoid private estates; inserts itself into an existing RoW within the proposed Mpadwe Urban Development in Tete, and; avoid the mining concessions by following the exterior limits of their concession. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Restriction to existing and future land uses within and in proximity of the line’s RoW. Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral lands. Disruption of farming activities by construction works. SOURCES OF IMPACT Land acquisition. Construction activities. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES Provide compensation measures and resettlement assistance to affected households and landowners. Restrict transportation to the identified access by clearly marking out the limit of the RoW and access roads. Restrict construction activities, materials and manpower movement to existing roads/tracks and RoW limits. Validate with local leaders temporary areas to be used during construction activities. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-37 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Agricultural activities and livestock are likely to be affected during the work due to the loss of arable lands, restrictions imposed on the movement of livestock, potential breakage to fences and drainage channels. Adequate compensation and/or reestablishment measures (decompaction of land, reconstruction of fences, etc.) will be proposed to affected landowners. Crops in the wayleave area will be destroyed or delayed during the construction period. It is however difficult to assess the precise impact on the annual harvest since the exact period and duration of construction in each locality are not known at this stage. All these aspects will be detailed in the RPF. In addition, crops that may be removed temporarily for construction purposes (camp, access road) will also have to be compensated. Land use directly adjacent to substations, especially near urban areas, will be modified with time, since these lands are subject to new residential development. Overtime, these residential developments can generate conflict between inhabitants and equipment operators: complaints about noise, risks of electrocution, etc. The power transmission line, the Road 258 realigned section and the Matambo substation extension affect mostly small-scale agricultural land, as well as some lands that might be used for grazing. Therefore, the clearance of the line’s RoW will impact local farmers. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact on land use is medium since compensation and resettlement assistance will be provided to affected households and the RoW use is tolerated for small cultivators (Machambas). The extent of the impact on land use is local since land use will mainly be altered along the transmission line and new access roads. The duration of the impact is considered long since land use will be altered beyond construction. The impact on land use during the pre-construction and construction phases is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence is high since land used will certainly be altered in the RoW. Impact on Land Use during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Medium Extent: Limited Importance: Major Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Land use restriction in the RoW. Occasional infringement of machinery on crops for maintenance purposes. SOURCE OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. MITIGATION MEASURES Allow grazing cultivation in the RoW, provided plantations do not exceed 5 m in height. Plan for maintenance activities to be conducted outside of the growing and grazing seasons. Carefully select the landing area of falling trees to minimize damage to crops. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-38 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION During the operation phase, impacts on land use consist of land use restrictions in the RoW and infringement by machinery on crops during RoW maintenance. Effects on land use should not be significant since grazing should be tolerated within the RoW, provided plantations do not exceed 5 m in height. Moreover, infringement on crops by machinery during RoW maintenance will be prevented by conducting maintenance activities outside the growing and grazing seasons. However, certain farmers could choose to cultivate the land in the RoW without regard to the land use restrictions. In the event of maintenance work, the removal of these crops would not be compensated. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is considered medium since maintenance work will be required along the RoW, sporadically requiring land clearings. The extent of the impact on land use is limited since it will be felt by a small portion of the population within the project area. The duration of the impact is considered medium since land use will be altered during maintenance work. The impact on land use during the operation phase is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence of the impact is medium because land use will be restricted within the RoW. Impact on Land Use during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Medium Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Moderate 7.3.4.3 BUILT ENVIRONMENT DESIGN MEASURES Generally, the transmission line alignment and the Road 258 realigned section were chosen to avoid residential housing. This measure helped decrease the project’s potential impacts as dense urban areas were circumvented. As well, areas known to be occupied by individuals that have already been resettled in previous projects were also avoided. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Houses and other buildings located within the transmission line, realigned Road 258 section and Matambo substation extension’s RoW will need to be relocated to clear these RoW. SOURCES OF IMPACT Land acquisition. Resettlement. MITIGATION MEASURES Provide compensation measures and resettlement assistance to affected households and landowners. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-39 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Several houses (40) located within the transmission line’s Row and adjacent to the Matambo substation extension will be demolished or moved. The RPF report details the procedures and compensation measures that will alleviate some of the impacts associated with land acquisitions and resettlement. The impact of the project on these households will be minimized but still be potentially significant. Sufficient time and care to assist communities and households is crucial to minimize the impact on these resettlements. It should however be noted that the definitive number of households likely to be displaced will be established during the final property and asset inventories. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is medium since the built environment within the RoW will not simply be removed or destroyed; it will be either relocated or compensated according to the agreement reached with the owner. The extent of the impact is local since it will occur within in the whole RoW. The duration of the impact is considered long since houses and buildings will be relocated for the lifetime of the transmission line. The impact is thus considered of moderate importance. The probability of occurrence of the impact is high because a portion of the built environment and habitations within the project area will certainly be displaced due to construction activities. Impact on Built Environment and Habitations during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE No negative impacts on houses and secondary structures are expected during the operation phase since these structures will have been displaced during the pre-construction phase. 7.3.4.4 INFRASTRUCTURE DESIGN MEASURES General design parameters were followed for road and railway infrastructure crossings. Towers were located at least 30 m from existing roads and whenever possible crossings were designed at 90- degree angles. As for railway infrastructure, a minimum distance of 40 m was respected between the tower and the rail’s RoW and angle crossing recommendations of 60 and 90 degrees were respected. The towers were implemented to follow a minimal 14 m height for the line cables passing over the railway. Other design options implemented to protect existing or proposed infrastructure include: The installation of signal lights on the oversized towers used for the Zambezi River to ensure air traffic safety; Avoiding the projected Cana-Cana industrial landfill site. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Need for relocation of existing infrastructure such as Road 258 (for a section of 3 to 5 km) or privately-owned fences, wells, etc. Increased traffic and disturbance of traffic flow. Damage to existing infrastructure. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-40 SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Transportation and circulation. MITIGATION MEASURES Avoid traffic interruption on Road 258 by planning the construction of the realigned section prior to initiating the construction of the Matambo substation. If this is not possible, ensure a temporary connection. Preserve the existing section of Road 258 present to the north of the Matambo substation’s proposed extension to ensure that vehicles (buses, cars, delivery trucks, etc.) can still reach the village located 200 m north of the proposed extension. Travel to and from the construction sites should be done during low traffic periods. Coordinate with the railway companies to ensure the line’s installation work will be done without interrupting the rail schedule, namely with those managing the Sena and the Nacala Railways. Design pylons to respect security standards. Rehabilitate any damaged infrastructure after the construction. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The extension of the Matambo substation implies the relocation of Road 258 to the west and the removal of the section currently passing through the proposed extension. Inadequate work planning may cause impacts to communities located along this road if traffic flow is interrupted for any length of time as it is the only link to the National Road 7. Roads, electricity, railway and telecommunications infrastructure were surveyed. On main roads, the presence of construction vehicles and equipment may lead to increased traffic and affect traffic flow. The project’s equipment could potentially damage some existing infrastructure. Also, several existing secondary roads will be used as access roads to the RoW, and new access roads will be constructed. However, all affected infrastructure will have to be rehabilitated after the construction phase if they have been damaged. Some secondary roads may also be dismantled. Proper signaling will also be key in indicating the presence of machinery traffic. An increase in road traffic as well as a temporary road blocks could lead to difficulties with regards to water access for some communities. Also, the project will cross railways at some points. To ensure that work is performed safely without interfering with railway operations, coordination will be required between the contractor and the relevant authorities. Construction work should not create any impacts on the operation of nearby existing telecommunication antennas, except by temporarily limiting their access. Finally, the proposed alignment for the 400 kV line will cross three 220 kV lines at the level of the existing Matambo substation and one 66 kV line just before crossing the Zambezi River. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low since the application of the proposed mitigation measures will offset the impact of the construction activities on infrastructure within the project area. The extent of the impact is local since the impact on infrastructure, if any, will be felt mainly by the population living in proximity with the line and access roads. The duration of the impact is considered medium since the negative effect on infrastructure will be felt continuously throughout the construction phase. The impact on infrastructure is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence of the impact is low because the project construction is not likely to damage or cause the relocation of existing infrastructure. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-41 Impact on Infrastructure during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: Low Probability of occurrence: Low OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Radio and television signal interruption. Interference with train operating systems. Collisions between line and towers at the level of the Zambezi River crossing with air traffic. SOURCE OF IMPACT Presence of line, substations and access roads. MITIGATION MEASURES Ensure the presence of signal lights at the top of the crossing tower in compliance with aeronautical codes. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Transmission lines do not usually interfere with normal television and radio reception. In some cases, interference can occur very close to the wayleave due to weak broadcast signals or poor receiving equipment. Furthermore, the presence of indicator lights on top of high towers will reduce the risk of collision between air vehicles and lines or towers. As well, the line could interfere with the train operating systems where it runs parallel to the tracks, however the railway guidelines were followed at the design stage which should prevent this impact. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is low as infrastructure within the project area will be minimally affected by operation activities. The extent of the impact is local since the impact will be felt mainly by the population living very close to the wayleave. The duration of the impact is considered short since a negative effect could be felt sporadically over a short period of time. The impact is thus considered of minor importance. The probability of occurrence of the impact is low because the transmission line is unlikely to cause the interruption of radio and/or television signals or air collisions. Impact on Infrastructure during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Low Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Minor Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Low Probability of occurrence: Low Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-42 7.3.4.5 GENDER ASPECTS AND VULNERABLE GROUPS DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risk of sexual abuse on women by workers, as well as child abuse. Women rendered vulnerable because they are not consulted during the compensation and decision-making processes. Disturbance of women’s subsistence activities including agriculture, wood collecting and natural flora and fauna use. Marginalization of women, elders, cripples, youth and other vulnerable groups during the employment process. Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups. SOURCES OF IMPACT Land acquisition. Resettlement. Presence of workers. Construction activities. MITIGATION MEASURES Favor the employment of local workers to reduce the risk of sexual harassment and violence caused by foreigners. Organize education campaigns for the workers and surrounding communities to facilitate workers and communities interactions. Implement and follow-up on grievance redress mechanisms. Prepare and implement an STD and HIV/AIDS prevention program for all community members and workers including a strict prohibition of sexual abuse and sexual intercourse with partners younger than 18 years of age (underage sex). It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees do not commit acts of sexual abuse and/or underage sex. Sensitize all contractors, workers and communities on the STD and HIV/AIDS program, including explanations on risks posed by STDs, sanctions, etc. as well as on grievance mechanisms in place. Immediately report any suspected case of sexual abuse or underage sex to the supervising engineer and EDM. If a sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint or event treated in front of a grievance committee (which may involve one or more workers) where accusations of sexual abuse and/or underage sex are found to be justified shall entice the following actions: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM. Encourage the recruitment of female workers, with equal payment for male and female workers, for equivalent jobs. Provide opportunities to women in income generating activities during construction, e.g. provision of catering services, selling local products, etc., with price limits in order not to cause inflation. Proper consideration of gender issues in decision making processes and, the attribution and distribution of compensation packages. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-43 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION According to the socioeconomic surveys, 57.2% of the members of the households affected by the project are women and 42.8% are men. However, the heads of households affected by the project are predominantly men (65.7%), while 34.3% of heads of households are women. Close interactions between workers and communities may also result in cases where some workers commit sexual abuse or have sexual intercourse with underage community members. These impacts of labour influx and presence of foreign workers are further discussed in section 7.3.4.11. During the pre-construction phase, attention should be paid to the treatment of women in the surveying of propriety/land titles and their registration. It is primordial that the project ensures women are not sidetracked from the process. This will be particularly important for the attribution of compensation packages for agricultural losses. During the construction phase, impacts of the project on gender aspects are mostly related to employment opportunities and land use by women. Within the project area, traditional cultural norms play an important role in women and girls’ education, gainful employment and other social benefits. With little education, women have had little access to formal employment. Hence, they represent a negligible proportion of persons currently employed in professional, technical and administrative occupations, which the proposed project will, to some extent, provide. Should this pattern continue with the onset of the project, it will inevitably lead to an increase in men/women inequality, through heavy employment of men, as opposed to women. At the very least, such impacts should be kept to a minimum by actively making sure that women with proper qualifications (technical work or administrative work, generally) are hired for various jobs (surveying, signaling, etc.). There should also not be any gender inequalities in terms of wages for equivalent jobs. Also, land lost and subsequent loss of crops (annual and perennial) due to the project could affect women more than men. In fact, women are usually in charge of subsistence activities and struggle to provide for the household when crops are limited. Proper consideration of this dynamic in the attribution and distribution of compensation packages is recommended. To reduce this inequality, women should be provided with adequate information at all phases of the compensation process. Moreover, a scaling formula of payments and joint bank accounts should be used to reduce the misuse of funds by husbands or relatives. In addition to women, the compensation distribution can make some people more vulnerable (disabled or elderly persons, for example) to social and family pressures that would reduce their ability to use the funds. The negative impacts can be mitigated by assuring the collaboration of legitimate leaders and an adequate follow-up with the PAPs regarding compensation distribution and management. Moreover, the impacts on livelihood benefits of vulnerable groups can be more severe, as these groups generally have less resources and have trouble using the services available for their condition. It is essential to prioritize households and vulnerable people in terms of access to various social measures and programs that are offered, especially in the RAP. These PAPs will also receive special assistance in organizing transportation to the relocation site and the construction of their new structures, if necessary. The details related to vulnerable PAPs are provided in the RPF. IMPACT ASSESSMENT With the adoption of adequate mitigation measures, the intensity of the impact is considered medium because the project could negatively impact women within the project area. The extent is considered local as only a portion of women within the project area will be affected. The impact duration is estimated medium as the negative impacts will be felt during the construction phase. The importance of the impact on gender relations is considered major. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is medium because there is a slight probability that women will not be impacted by the project. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-44 Impact on Gender Aspects and Vulnerable Groups during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Moderate OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Maintenance activities in the line’s RoW may increase women’s vulnerability through loss of crops planted in the RoW and risk of sexual harassment by foreign workers. SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. RoW management. Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES The following mitigation measures should be implemented: Sensitize all contractors, workers and communities on the STD and HIV/AIDS program, including explanations on risks posed by STDs, sanctions, etc. as well as on grievance mechanisms in place; Plan for maintenance activities to be conducted outside of the growing and grazing seasons. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Although the impacts on gender are likely to be mostly felt during the construction phase, they are also likely, to a lesser degree, during maintenance activities. Loss of crops (annual and perennial) due to maintenance activities may affect women more than men. In fact, women are usually in charge of subsistence activities and struggle to provide for the household when crops are limited. An effort should be made to schedule maintenance work after crops have been harvested to avoid any losses that would affect women. Close interactions between workers and communities may result in cases where some workers commit sexual abuse or have sexual intercourse with underage community members. This impacts of labour influx and Presence of foreign workers is further discussed in section 7.3.4.11. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact is considered low because women and vulnerable groups will be minimally affected by the project during the operation phase. The extent is considered local as only a portion of women and vulnerable groups within the project area will be affected. The impact duration is estimated short as the negative impacts will be felt sporadically over the lifetime of the project, during maintenance operations. The importance of the impact on gender aspects and vulnerable groups is considered minor. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is low because it is unlikely that women will be impacted by the project during the operation phase. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-45 Impact on Gender Aspects and Vulnerable Groups during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low 7.3.4.6 COMMUNITIES AND SOCIAL COHESION DESIGN MEASURES Generally, the line alignment was chosen to avoid residential housing and development (such as the Mpadwe Urban Development in Tete and the proposed expansion area for the Cateme community). This measure helped decrease the project’s potential impacts as dense urban areas were circumvented. Furthermore, areas occupied by individuals that have already been resettled in previous projects were also avoided. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Social cohesion and harmony within communities could be jeopardized because of: Land use and compensation disputes, reviving old quarrels (land resources and power conflict); Tension over the awarding of jobs and contracts; Tension with outside workers; Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups that would not receive any benefits from the project; Inadequate communication with communities and stakeholders. SOURCES OF IMPACT Land acquisition; Resettlement; Displacement of economic activities; Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Involve traditional leaders in the resettlement process to minimize dispute an ensure validity of the process; The Contractor will prepare a Community Engagement Plan with the following components: A Project Stakeholders list derived from the present ESIA, the RPF and future RAP, information from RAP implementation as well as any other relevant information; Analysis of stakeholder engagement to date; Identification of methods of communication and information disclosure; Action plan for stakeholder information and engagement during project construction; Roles and responsibilities: Communicate with communities effectively and involve their representatives; Encourage the recruitment of local workers; Encourage the recruitment of female workers; If blasting is required for a tower’s installation, the local population will be advised in advance so as to prevent nuisances. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-46 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The steps leading to final arrangements prior to the construction could stress some communities, reviving old quarrels. Moreover, the distribution of compensations among claimants (e.g. landlords, tenants, and family members) can create tensions inside and outside the impacted households. Recommended solutions to both conflict-related and “regular” land conflicts during resettlement converge towards proper communication of compensation rules and procedures to all interested parties and implementation of mechanisms involving all parties to the conflict including local representatives in discussions aiming towards mediation and peaceful conflict resolution. Therefore, the grievance redress mechanism to be implemented through the RPF will define how to deal with conflicts that may arise. Furthermore, outsiders going to remote locations for the preparation of work may disturb some communities and disrupt their traditional habits and schedules. The impacts of influx of foreign workers is further discussed in section 7.3.4.11. Impacts on livelihoods of vulnerable groups (such as the elderly people, the disabled, the landless and women-headed households), may be more severe, since these groups usually have less resources and have trouble in using available services due to their condition. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, establishes the intensity of the impact at low. The extent of the impact is considered local as only a portion of the population in affected communities will be affected. The impact duration is medium as it will be felt continuously during the construction phase. The importance of the impact on communities and social cohesion is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is high because land and compensation disputes and the increase in marginalization of vulnerable groups will most likely occur during the pre-construction and construction phases. Impact on Communities and Social Cohesion during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Tension between local population and outside workers. Land use disputes, reviving old quarrels (land resource and power conflicts). SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Communicate with communities effectively and involve their leaders. Restrict project land use during the operation phase to the line’s RoW to avoid project developer conflict with local communities. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-47 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Although the impacts on communities and social cohesion are likely to be mostly felt during the construction phase, they could also be felt, to a lesser degree, during the operation phase due to the presence of workers, for maintenance activities. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact to low because the size of the workforce to be employed during the operations will be very limited. The extent of the impact is considered local as only a portion of the population in affected communities will be affected. The impact duration is short as it will be felt sporadically over the maintenance phase. The importance of the impact on communities and social cohesion is thus considered minor. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is low because tension between the local population and maintenance workers is not very likely to occur during the operation phase. Impact on Communities and Social Cohesion during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Low Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Minor Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Short Duration: Short Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low 7.3.4.7 CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE DESIGN MEASURES As a general measure, where possible, project components were designed and redesigned to avoid or minimize impacts to known physical cultural heritage resources based on input from cultural heritage specialists. In some instances, towers and the line alignment were adjusted to avoid cultural and archaeological sites. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Potential disturbance or destruction of archaeological sites and/or artifacts found fortuitously during construction work. Destruction or potential disturbance of cemeteries, burials and/or sacred sites. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. MITIGATION MEASURES Implement the Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Management Plan. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The socio-economic surveys and consultations with district officials and communities did not identify the presence of any site or resource linked to the cultural heritage in the RoW that is no cemeteries, sacred sites or archaeological sites. Social disruptions associated with the eventual displacement of cemeteries/sacred sites and/or other cultural heritage sites must be made according to the rules and planning established within the population. To mitigate this impact and associated social risks, a complementary Cultural and Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-48 Archaeological Heritage Management Plan specifying, for each site, the modalities for their relocation (when it is possible), should be prepared. This plan should be developed in close collaboration with communities and households involved in order to ensure cultural relevance. The project’s chance findings procedure should be updated prior to construction to include information on relevant contact persons in case of a chance find. During construction activities, unknown archaeological sites or artifacts can be discovered and partially damaged by the machinery. An archaeologist should accompany the construction team during excavation work and should make some sporadic checks at the pylon locations. Should any archaeological or historic remnants be encountered, construction work will immediately stop along that section, and the proper authorities will be informed. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, listed above, limits the intensity of the impact to low as the constant surveillance should avoid any disrupting of cultural heritage sites. The extent is limited because the risk of disturbance is confined to a limited space, that of the facilities where the ground needs to be disturbed during the construction. The impact duration is estimated to be long, if integrity is lost or an archaeological site or artifact is destroyed. Indeed, the nature of such losses or destructions could be permanent and irreversible. The importance of the impact on archeology and heritage is considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is minor since it is possible that cultural and/or archaeological sites will be accidentally damaged along the project line route. Impact on Cultural and Archaeological Heritage during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Limited Importance: Moderate Extent: Limited Importance: Minor Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low OPERATION PHASE No adverse impacts on cultural and archaeological heritage are expected during the operation phase. 7.3.4.8 LANDSCAPE DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures were implemented for this component. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Temporary degradation of landscape at worksite. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-49 MITIGATION MEASURES Obtain authorizations prior to harvesting the trees, clearly delineate areas to be deforested and vegetation to be cut, and minimize vegetation clearing around work areas. Maximize use of existing access roads. Revegetate areas of bare and disturbed soils, as soon as possible, with native species. Rehabilitate and revegetate temporary access roads and work areas as soon as possible. Promote the selection of areas with less of a need for tree cutting for temporary work and storage areas. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION Aesthetic impacts during the construction phase will be limited to the work areas. Deforestation of the RoW will alter the landscape. Moreover, to minimize the impacts of construction activities on the landscape, existing access roads will be used as much as possible. Finally, all temporary access roads and work areas will be restored upon completion. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the intensity of the impact on the landscape, during the pre-construction and construction phases, to low. The extent of the impact is local as the impact will only be felt along the RoW and access roads. The impact duration is medium as it will be felt continuously over a period of time equivalent to the construction phase. The importance of the impact on the landscape during the pre-construction and construction phases is thus considered minor. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is high because the landscape will certainly be disrupted at the work sites and potentially at scenic areas. Impact on Landscape during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Medium Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Permanent alteration to the landscape. Potential degradation of sensitive scenic areas. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence of lines, substations and access roads. MITIGATION MEASURES Use existing access roads optimally, to reduce the need for new deforestation. Minimize the number of permanent access roads, to and in the RoW, when possible, and proceed to early closing and rehabilitation of access roads near sensitive scenic areas. Allow tree and shrub species, whose height is limited to 5 m, to grow within the RoW. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-50 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The overall aesthetic effect of a transmission line is likely to be negative to most people, especially where proposed lines would cross natural landscapes. The tall steel structures may seem out of proportion and not compatible with agricultural landscapes, vast plains or luxuriant hills. Substations will generally have a subtler impact on the landscape as they will blend better with the urban or peri-urban areas in which they will be installed. Research and experience shows that reactions to the aesthetics of transmission lines vary. Some residents do not notice them or find them objectionable from an aesthetic perspective. To some, the power transmission lines or other utilities may be viewed as part of the infrastructure necessary to sustain everyday lives and activities and are therefore acceptable. To others, new transmission lines may be viewed in a positive way as they are associated with economic development. During the community and household consultations, the aesthetic impact of the project was not mentioned, which indicates that it is not a major concern for the impacted populations. To reduce the visual impact, visual barriers (trees, shrubs) should be installed, where possible, to reduce the visibility of the line. Finally, during maintenance activities, existing access roads will be used as much as possible to avoid new landscape disturbance. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The application of the proposed mitigation measures, limits the impact on the landscape, during the operation phase, to a low intensity. The extent of the impact is local as the impact will be felt along the entire length of the transmission line. The impact duration is long as it will be felt continuously for the lifetime of the transmission line. The importance of the impact on the landscape during the operation phase is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is high because the landscape will certainly be disrupted, and maybe even at scenic areas. Impact on Landscape during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: Medium Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High 7.3.4.9 SAFETY AND PUBLIC HEALTH DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures were implemented for this component. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Risk of sexual abuse on women by workers, as well as child abuse. Increased pressure on community health services. Accidents and physical injuries involving local residents. Risk of accidents due to project related traffic on local roads. Increased stress related to nuisances (noise, dust, air pollution). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-51 SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Organize education campaigns for the workers and surrounding communities to facilitate workers and communities interactions. Maintain construction camps in clean and healthy condition as prescribed by international worker health standards. Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with their health and safety policy and ensure that it complies with relevant WB health and safety requirements and EDM's corporate policy. Develop and implement an H&S management plan to protect every worker involved in construction activities, even temporary workers (e.g. vaccines, etc.). Implement and follow-up on grievance redress mechanisms described in section 8.4 of this study and in chapter 13 of the RPF report. Prepare and implement an STD and HIV/AIDS prevention program for all community members and workers including a strict prohibition of sexual abuse and sexual intercourse with partners younger than 18 years of age (underage sex). It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees do not commit acts of sexual abuse and/or underage sex. Sensitize all contractors, workers and communities on the STD and HIV/AIDS program, including explanations on risks posed by STDs, sanctions, etc. as well as on grievance mechanisms in place. Immediately report any suspected case of sexual abuse or underage sex to the supervising engineer and EDM. If a sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint or event treated in front of a grievance committee (which may involve one or more workers) where accusations of sexual abuse and/or underage sex are found to be justified shall entice the following actions: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank ESDP Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. Strictly prohibit child labor. It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees are all 18 years of age or more. All child labor cases should be immediately reported to EDM by the supervising engineer. The first child labor case discovered (which may involve one or more child-laborers) shall entice the following consequences for the Lead Contractor: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank ESDP Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. Education programs on community risks for workers and drivers. Secure equipment and demarcate any excavation work areas. Sign and fence construction areas where necessary. Locate access roads and lay down areas away from residences to the extent possible. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-52 Reduce nuisances especially near settled areas with adequate noise, dust and air pollution reduction measures. Educational programs in schools and communities on hazards and safe behaviors near high voltage transmission lines. Create an emergency response plan to respond to accidental spills or environmental emergencies. Notify landowners along the line route and the main public transportation routes about the construction schedule and activities. Confine construction period to normal working hours; 7am to 7pm. Screen health of potential employees as part of the recruitment process. If blasting is required for a tower’s installation, the local population will be advised in advance, to prevent nuisances. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The influx of foreign workers may cause significant health and safety impacts on local communities. These impacts are discussed in detail in section 7.4.3.11 Also, during project construction, the population of the project area may increase temporarily, increasing the pressure on local health systems. Accidents are likely to happen during construction works. In fact, construction sites pose potential hazards to nearby communities because they may raise curiosity, especially among children. In order to prevent any accidents, the contractor will secure equipment and demarcate any excavations when construction is not in progress, such as with temporary fences. Non-authorized persons will also be kept away from any construction sites. In addition, warning signs will be posted for public safety. Increased traffic in the villages could be a source of accidents. The contractor will have to develop appropriate strategies to manage transportation of supplies. The contractor will have to ensure its compliance with all applicable laws and regulations, such as maximum load restrictions and speed limits. These measures will minimize the risk of accidents due to project related traffic. With regards to overall quality of life, nuisances (noise, dust, air pollution and accident risks) will create stress, especially in usually calm rural areas. Proper mitigation measures and confinement of construction activities during normal working hours will reduce these inconveniences to local population. Finally, this project may create an “induced development” effect, i.e. an influx of population in the area that can increase the pressure on public services. This risk is low due to the moving nature of the construction site. IMPACT ASSESSMENT With the adoption of proposed mitigation measures, the intensity of the impact on safety and public health is considered medium. The extent of the impact is considered local as only a portion of the population will be affected within the project area. The impact duration is medium as it will be felt continuously during pre-construction and construction phases, but not throughout the lifetime of the project. The importance of the impact on safety and public health is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is high because some of the potential impacts listed above will manifest themselves. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-53 Impact on Safety and Public Health during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risk of electrocution caused by equipment breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all other forms of unsafe contacts. Accidents and physical injuries involving local residents. Increased stress related to nuisances. Risk of accidents due to project related traffic. SOURCES OF IMPACT Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. Presence of lines, substations and access roads. MITIGATION MEASURES Implement EDM’s Emergency Measures Plan. Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease. Maintain a minimum working distance of 2.5 m to the energized components, during maintenance work. Educate local populations on safe behavior in the presence of a high voltage powerlines such as bushfires, slash and burn practices under and close to the powerline. Install warning signs and anti-climbing devices on pylons. Ensure the development of local and regional emergency plans in case of infrastructure breakdowns, especially near roads or residential areas. Monitor and control illegal connections. Install downward-facing security lighting at the Matambo substation to help avoid or reduce light pollution. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The presence of electric powerlines constitutes potential risks and safety for the population living nearby, where people sometimes try to make illegal connections. Steel theft on pylons can also pose significant safety risks and cause tower collapses. However, towers are designed according to the best practices and applicable norms and standards. The land use restrictions within the wayleave will prevent contacts with the energized conductors and minimize risks to public safety, in the event of a tower collapse. Light pollution may also present a nuisance in residential areas if the enlarged Matambo substation is equipped with lights that operate all night long to discourage vandalism and unauthorized individuals. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-54 In order to prevent that impact, downward-facing security lighting will be installed at the Matambo substation to help avoid or reduce light pollution. IMPACT ASSESSMENT With the adoption of the proposed mitigation measures, the intensity of the impact on safety and public health, during the operation phase, is considered low. The extent of the impact is local as the impact associated with electrocution is possible all along the transmission line. The impact duration is long as it will be felt continuously for the lifetime of the transmission line. The importance of the impact on safety and public health during the operation phase is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is medium because potential impacts listed above might occur, but without any certainty. Impact on Safety and Public Health during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: Moderate 7.3.4.10 WORKERS’ HEALTH & SAFETY DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures were implemented for this component. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Well-being of construction workers not guaranteed as Contractor do not necessarily apply existing labor standards. Work related injury or health effects. SOURCES OF IMPACT Site preparation. Construction activities. Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. Presence of workers. Worksite restoration. MITIGATION MEASURES Develop and implement an Emergency Measures Plan (to be prepared by the contractor as stipulated in Chapter 8). Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with relevant WB health and safety requirements and EDM's corporate policy. Develop and implement an H&S management plan to protect every worker involved in construction activities, even temporary workers. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-55 Require all contractors to adopt and comply with policies and procedures that comply with national legislation and address all aspects of labor standards relevant to the project as specified by WB/IFC health & safety guidelines for electric power transmission projects. Sub-contractors will be contractually required to comply with labor and health and safety legislation. Specific provisions must be included for: Supply drinking water and maintain its quality and ensure sanitation at the construction sites; Provision of sanitation at camps, substations and tower erection points; Provision of separate accommodation and sanitation facilities in worker camps, in order to satisfy both gender needs; Declaration of accidents through an accident reporting mechanism; Handling domestic and specialized waste, as well as dangerous goods; Procedures in case of injuries and accidents; Use of personal protective equipment (e.g.: helmets, fall protection equipment) Secure equipment and demarcate any excavation works areas; Sign and fence construction areas, where necessary; Maintain construction camps in a clean and healthy condition as prescribed by international worker health standards. Implement a long-term training program throughout the construction phase to ensure adequate training and qualification of all staff employed for the project. Specific training must be provided for: Working around live power lines; Working at heights. Provide medical facilities throughout the construction phase for the use of workers where required. Ensure reasonable working hours, wages and other benefits. Provide suitable and safe accommodation and sanitation facilities, including available drinking water and improved latrines. Provide and ensure the use of personal protective equipment (PPE). Establish a ‘grievance mechanism’ for workers and local residents. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The project construction work will likely require hiring a large labor force, which leads to several issues in the absence of proper worker welfare. It must be ensured that the labor and working conditions are of an acceptable standard. Access to medical facilities is crucial with respect to accidents and illness either in the workplace or outside. Other working conditions such as reasonable working hours, wages and other benefits are considered good working practices and should be employed at all times. In addition, many labourers may be housed temporarily near the work sites. Housing must be adequately designed with adequate lighting, adequate services (air conditioning, telephone, plumbing, etc.), adequate sanitary and safety facilities such as sufficient fire exits and fire suppression systems (fire detectors, fire alarms, fire extinguishers, fire suppressants); a fire break must be maintained outside the perimeter. Issues such as retrenchment policies must be clearly defined prior to work beginning. Child labour is a risk during construction work that should be avoided at all costs. Child labour is described as having workers below 18 years of age. Therefore, child labour shall be strictly prohibited and any case thereof should be reported to EDM by the individuals responsible for surveillance. The ultimate responsibility for preventing child labor lies with the contractor, the same grievance mechanisms as identified above for sexual assault will be followed for child labor. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-56 Moreover, activities planned during the construction phase could be a source of accidents. The main common causes of accidents in construction are: Working at height; Working in an unsecured excavation; Working on slippery surfaces; Accidentally falling objects; Moving heavy loads; Bad working positions, often in confined spaces; Working on or near water (drowning); Encounters with dangerous fauna (i.e. presence of crocodiles and hippopotamus along the Zambezi River); Working near live electrical wires and equipment (electrocution). All workers could be exposed to accidents at the worksite. However, implementation of suitable health & safety procedures should help preventing or reducing the probability of accidents from occurring. Also, the application of all aforementioned mitigation measures should help prevent or reduce the risk of accidents on site. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact on workers would be low, provided proper management measures are applied to ensure the workers’ health & safety as well as proper worker welfare. The extent of the impact is local since workers would be affected all along the construction of the transmission line. The impact duration is considered medium given that it will last over the entire construction phase. The importance of the impact on workers’ health & safety during the construction phase is thus considered minor. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is medium. Impact on Workers’ Health & Safety during the Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Long Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High Probability of occurrence: Moderate OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Absence of adherence to labor standards and well-being of construction workers. Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers. SOURCES OF IMPACT Maintenance and repairs. Waste and hazardous materials management. Transportation and circulation. Presence of workers. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-57 MITIGATION MEASURES Adapt the Contractor’s Emergency Measures Plan (EMP) develop for the Construction phase into an Operation phase EMP for EDM’s use. Maintain a minimum working distance of 2.5 m to the energized components during maintenance work. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION All workers could be exposed to accidents at the worksite. However, implementation of suitable health & safety procedures and the mitigation measures should help prevent or reduce the probability of accidents from occurring. The implementation of the Emergency Measures Plan will reduce environmental risks and hazards associated to the manipulation of hazardous materials. The activities accomplished during maintenance and repair activities could be a source of accidents, the most common being: Falls from working at height; Slips and trips; Being struck by falling objects; Bad working positions, often in confined spaces; Encounters with dangerous fauna (i.e. presence of crocodiles and hippopotamus along the Zambezi River); Electrocution. IMPACT ASSESSMENT The intensity of the impact on workers will be low, provided proper management measures are applied to ensure the workers’ health & safety as well as proper worker welfare. The extent of the impact is local since workers could be affected during maintenance work all along the transmission line. The impact duration is considered medium given that it will occur during maintenance operations. The importance of the impact on workers’ health & safety during the operation phase is thus considered minor. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is low. Impact on Workers’ Health & Safety during the Operation Phase Pre-mitigation assessment Post-mitigation assessment Intensity: High Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Major Extent: Local Importance: Minor Duration: Long Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: Moderate Probability of occurrence: Low 7.3.4.11 LABOUR INFLUX AND PRESENCE OF FOREIGN WORKERS DESIGN MEASURES No specific design measures. PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risk of sexual abuse by workers, especially child abuse. Tension over the awarding of jobs and contracts. Tension with workers from outside. Risk of increased incidences of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-58 Risk of sexual abuse by workers and especially child abuse. Risk of abuse by contractors hiring underage workers (child labor). Increased pressure on community health services. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence of workers; MITIGATION MEASURES Develop and implement a Labour Force Management Plan (including a Worker Code of Conduct). Favour the employment of local workers to reduce the risk of sexual harassment and violence caused by foreigners and avoid tensions with local communities. Locate worker camps at a minimum distance of 2 km from towns and villages to limit worker – community interactions. Organize education campaigns for the workers and surrounding communities to facilitate workers and communities interactions. Maintain construction camps in clean and healthy condition as prescribed by international worker health standards. Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with their health and safety policy and ensure that it complies with relevant WB health and safety requirements and EDM's corporate policy. Develop and implement an H&S management plan to protect every worker involved in construction activities, even temporary workers (e.g. vaccines, etc.). Implement and follow-up on grievance redress mechanisms. Prepare and implement an STD and HIV/AIDS prevention program including a strict prohibition of sexual abuse and sexual intercourse with partners younger than 18 years of age (underage sex). It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees do not commit acts of sexual abuse and/or underage sex. Sensitize all contractors, workers and communities on the STD and HIV/AIDS program, including explanations on risks posed by STDs, sanctions, etc. as well as on grievance mechanisms in place. Immediately report any suspected case of sexual abuse or underage sex to the supervising engineer and EDM. Management of such cases should be based around the following principles: Immediate suspension of employment for accused worker; Trigger grievance redress mechanism processes if not already done and invite an impartial observer to follow the process. If accusations are found to be justified, the Lead Contractor shall: Immediately cease employment of the accused worker and report criminal offences to appropriate authorities for prosecution; Compensate the affected person and community according to an agreement to be negotiated using a grievance redress mechanism. These compensations may not take a monetary form, and shall be validated as fair by the impartial observer mentioned above as well as the World Bank ESDP Project’s social specialist. If accusations are found not to be justified, the Lead Contractor shall reinstate the worker in its regular tasks with compensation for lost income during suspension. The first sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint or event treated in front of a grievance committee (which may involve one or more workers) where accusations of sexual abuse and/or underage sex are found to be justified shall entice the following consequences for the Lead Contractor, in addition to those listed above: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-59 Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. The second instance where a sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint treated in front of a grievance committee finds accusations to be justified shall trigger immediate suspension of all construction work. The World Bank Inspection Panel shall be called in to conduct an inquiry and provide guidance on the way forward. Strictly prohibit child labour. It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees are all 18 years of age or more. All child labour cases should be immediately reported to EDM by the supervising engineer. The first child labour case discovered (which may involve one or more child-labourers) shall entice the following consequences for the Lead Contractor: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank ESDP Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. Any additional case(s) of child labour shall trigger immediate suspension of all construction work. The World Bank Inspection Panel shall be called in to conduct an inquiry and provide guidance on the way forward. DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION The influx of foreign workers may cause significant health and safety impacts on local communities. First and foremost, interactions between workers and female community members increase the risk of communicable disease transmissions such as HIV/AIDS and other STDs. To prevent this impact, worker camps should be located away from towns and villages. The contractor responsible for the construction work will also undertake a prevention program for STDs and HIV/AIDS among his workers and the local communities. Close interactions between workers and communities may also result in cases where some workers commit acts of sexual abuse and/or have sexual intercourse with underage community members. Such serious offence should be strictly forbidden and, in case of violation, determined actions should be automatic. The procedure to be applied in such an event, as provided in the mitigation actions listed above, is the immediate suspension of involved workers. The contractor will need to collaborate with communities through the grievance resolution mechanism to determine whether accusations are justified, dismiss the workers at fault and report them to public authorities if accusations are indeed justified. They will also be responsible for victim and community compensations through non- monetary mechanisms to be determined by common agreement. It should be noted that the ultimate responsibility for women and children’s safety from sexual abuse lies with the contractor. The first sexual abuse / underage sex event (where accusations are found justified) shall result in a warning and an obligation for the contractor to prepare a remedial plan that will need to be approved by EDM. Any further event of sexual abuse / underage sex shall result in immediate suspension of all construction work and calling in the World Bank Inspection Panel to inquire and provide guidance. Child labour is another risk during construction work that should be avoided at all costs. For purposes of the present ESMP, child labour is described as having workers under 18 years of age. Therefore, child labour shall be strictly prohibited and any case thereof should be reported to ESM by the supervising engineer. Ultimate responsibility for preventing child labour lies with the Lead Contractor. The first child labour case that is discovered shall result in a warning and an obligation for the Lead Contractor to prepare a remedial plan that will need to be approved by ESM and the WB ESDP project’s TTL and Social specialist. Any additional cases shall result in immediate suspension of all construction work and calling in the World Bank Inspection Panel to inquire and provide guidance on the way forward. Furthermore, outsiders going to remote locations for the preparation of work may disturb some communities and disrupt their traditional habits and schedules. The construction phase will mainly impact communities and social cohesion due to the presence of workers, sometimes from outside of Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-60 the region, and dispersed throughout the different sections of the line. The local population will be exposed to different systems of values that may be conflicting with their own, due to the presence of different stakeholders (project managers, contractors, subcontractors, employees and/or consultants). The a forementioned factors could potentially lead to tension, conflicts with local and traditional authorities, as well as draw cleavages between different groups. Finally, during project construction, the population of the project area may increase temporarily, increasing the pressure on local health systems. Impacts on livelihoods of vulnerable groups (such as the elderly people, the disabled, the landless and women-headed households), may be more severe, since these groups usually have less resources and have trouble in using available services due to their condition. IMPACT ASSESSMENT With the adoption of proposed mitigation measures, the intensity of the impact of labour influx and presence of foreign workers is considered medium. The extent of the impact is considered local as only a portion of the population will be affected within the project area. The impact duration is medium as it will be felt continuously during pre-construction and construction phases but not throughout the lifetime of the project. The importance of the impact on safety and public health is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is high because labour needs are indeniable and some of the potential impacts listed above will likely manifest themselves. IMPACT ON COMMUNITIES’ HEALTH AND SECURITY DURING THE PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES Intensity: Medium Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Medium Probability of occurrence: High OPERATION PHASE POTENTIAL IMPACTS Risk of sexual abuse by workers, especially child abuse. Tension between local population and outside workers. Tension over the awarding of jobs and contracts. Tension with workers from outside. Risk of increased incidences of STDs and HIV/AIDS. Risk of sexual abuse by workers and especially child abuse. Risk of abuse by contractors hiring underage workers (child labor). Increased pressure on community health services. SOURCES OF IMPACT Presence of workers. MITIGATION MEASURES Restrict project land use during the operation phase to the line’s ROW to avoid project developer conflict with local communities. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-61 DETAILED IMPACT DESCRIPTION As in the construction phase, workers will travel along the corridor to realize maintenance operations. This could result in cases where some workers commit sexual abuse or have sexual intercourse with underage community members. Although the impacts on communities and social cohesion are likely to be mostly felt during the construction phase, they could also be felt, to a lesser degree, during the operation phase due to the presence of workers for maintenance activities. IMPACT ASSESSMENT With the adoption of the proposed mitigation measures, the intensity of the impact the impact of labour influx and presence of foreign workers during the operation phase is considered low. Labour needs will be much lower then during the construction phase. The extent of the impact is local as the impact associated presence of workers is possible all along the transmission line. The impact duration is long as it will be felt continuously for the lifetime of the transmission line. The importance of the impact during the operation phase is thus considered moderate. The probability of the occurrence of this impact is medium because potential impacts listed above might occur without any certainty. IMPACT ON COMMUNITY AND HEALTH SECURITY DURING THE OPERATION PHASE Intensity: Low Extent: Local Importance: Moderate Duration: Long Probability of occurrence: Medium SUMMARY OF IMPACTS The following tables summarize the project’s residual impacts, by phase. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-62 Table 7-6 Summary of Residual Impacts in Pre-Construction and Construction Phases Component Intensity Extent Duration Importance8 Soils Low Local Medium Minor Water resources Low Limited Medium Minor Air quality Low Local Medium Minor Noise and vibrations Low Local Medium Minor Terrestrial flora Medium Local Long Moderate Terrestrial fauna Medium Local Long Moderate Avifauna Low Local Long Moderate Aquatic habitats and associated fauna Low Limited Medium Minor Employment and economic development Low Local Medium Minor Land use Medium Limited Long Moderate Built environment Medium Local Long Moderate Infrastructure Low Local Medium Minor Gender aspects and vulnerable groups Medium Local Medium Moderate Communities and social cohesion Low Local Medium Minor Cultural and archaeological heritage Low Limited Long Minor Landscape Low Local Medium Minor Safety and public health Medium Local Medium Moderate Worker’s health and safety Low Local Medium Minor Labour influx and presence of foreign Medium Local Medium Moderate workers Table 7-7 Summary of Residual Impacts in the Operation Phase Component Intensity Extent Duration Importance1 Soils Low Local Short Minor Water resources Low Limited Short Minor Air quality Low Local Short Minor Noise and vibrations Low Local Long Moderate Terrestrial flora Medium Local Long Moderate Terrestrial fauna Medium Local Long Moderate Avifauna Low Local Long Moderate Aquatic habitats and associated fauna Low Limited Short Minor Employment and economic development - - - - Land use Medium Limited Medium Moderate Built environment - - - - Infrastructure Low Local Short Minor Gender aspects and vulnerable groups Low Local Short Minor Communities and social cohesion Low Local Short Minor Cultural and archaeological heritage - - - - Landscape Low Local Long Moderate Safety and public health Low Local Long Moderate Worker’s health and safety Low Local Medium Minor Labour influx and presence of foreign Low Local Medium Moderate workers 8 The evaluation is undertaken after the application of mitigation measures and therefore represents the project’s residual impact on the environmental or social components. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-63 7.4 CUMULATIVE IMPACTS POTENTIAL CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON VALUED ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL COMPONENTS Cumulative impacts are the result of the combination, or even of the synergic effect, of various past, present or future projects. The evaluation of cumulative impacts first requires that a list of Valued Environmental and Social Components (VESCs) be established from the global list of environmental components identified for the impact assessment (see table 7.2). The selection of the VESCs was based on their biophysical and/or socioeconomic importance in the areas crossed by the proposed Interconnection Transmission Line. A total of four (4) VESCs have been selected for the current assessment. They are listed below with the indicative aspects that will be considered for the evaluation of cumulative aspects: Water resources / Aquatic habitats. Indicative aspects: water quality and water flow. Nuisances (air quality, noise and vibration). Indicative aspects: increase noise/vibration levels and alteration to local air quality (dust and particulate emissions). Terrestrial flora. Indicative aspect: fragmentation and forest cover decrease. Public Health and Gender Aspects: Indicative aspects: increase in foreign workers. The cumulative impact assessment also requires that a realistic area and time period be established within which past, present and future projects are identified. As for the area considered, the project’s indirect area of influence corresponding to the territory of the affected Districts was selected. As for the time period, since the Interconnection project construction period is of short duration and that it is a relatively low impact project, an extent of three years in the past and future was retained. Amongst the past project realized in the concerned districts in the past three years that could have generated potentially cumulative impacts with those from the Interconnection project, there are: the Nacala railway corridor connecting Moatize to Nacala-à-Velha Port through Malawi; the restoration of the Sena railway connecting Moatize to Beira Port; the construction of the Matambo-Vale 220 kV Transmission line; Existing infrastructure or activities that could be generating impacts which may be cumulative with the Interconnection project, include: the EN107 and associated road systems; the ICVL and Vale Coal Mines operations; the slash and burn agricultural practices that occur throughout the concerned districts but mostly in the Moatize District. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-64 Table 7-8 Past and Present Project/Infrastructure that May Have a Potential Effect on VESCs Effects on the VESC Past and Present Project/ Water Terrestrial Public Health And Infrastructure Resources/ Aquatic Nuisances Flora Gender Aspects Habitat Nacala Railway Potential effect on Local noise and Fragmentation and water quality and vibration increase loss of forested cover None water flow (Operation) (Operation) (Presence) Sena Railway Potential effect on Local noise and water quality and vibration increase None None water flow (Operation) (Operation) Matambo-Vale 220 kV Fragmentation and Line None None loss of forested cover None (Presence) Presence of EN107 Potential effect on Local noise and and road system water quality and None None vibration increase water flow Operation of ICVL and Local air quality Potential local Potential effect on Vale Coal Mines reduction and noise Loss of forest cover. increase in foreign water quality increase workers Active Slash and Burn Potential effect on Local air quality Loss of forest cover None Agricultural Practices water quality reduction Upcoming projects that could be initiated in the next three years and produce impacts that could be cumulative with those of the interconnection project include: The initiation of construction in the proposed Tete southern expansion project; The construction and operation of the proposed industrial landfill of Cana-Cana. Table 7-9 Future Projects That May Have a Potential Effect on VESCs Future Projects Effects on the VESCs Water Resources/ Nuisances Terrestrial Flora Public Health and Aquatic Habitat Gender Aspects Tete southern Potential effect on Local noise and Loss of forested cover Potential local expansion water quality vibration increase. increase in foreign Local air quality workers reduction Potential requirements for some population relocation Cana-Cana Industrial Potential effect on Local noise increase Loss of forested cover Potential local landfill water quality Local air quality increase in foreign reduction workers EVALUATION OF CUMULATIVE EFFECTS ON VESC Evaluation of cumulative effects takes into consideration the potential impacts that could be generated by the 400 kV Matambo-Phombeya Transmission Line and adds those generated by past, existing and future projects. This evaluation will be realized through the analysis of the various projects effects on each of the VESCs. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-65 7.4.2.1 WATER RESOURCES / AQUATIC HABITAT Potential impacts of the proposed Transmission Line on these VESCs are defined by: Removal of local vegetation favoring soil exposition and its transport to water courses with rain runoffs; Opening of new access roads requiring water course crossings; Operation of vehicles and machinery which may be the source of contamination through accidental spills or leaks of contaminants; Excavation work which disturbs soil structure and favors sediment transport to water courses with rain runoffs. With the design principals applied and the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the resulting residual impact was evaluated to be minor. The various past projects and existing infrastructure will only affect these VESCs as follow: For the linear infrastructure (railways, Line and the EN7) vegetation is controlled within their RoW but regrowth of vegetation was allowed in unused areas. All unnecessary access roads were abandoned and revegetated naturally or through man intervention. Trains are regularly inspected to ensure they are in good working order and only pass a few times per day minimizing the contamination risk. Important vehicle transit occurs on the EN7, but this roadway is paved facilitating recuperation of potential leaks or spills. Finally, excavation works will only be required from time to time at specific locations for maintenance and improvement purposes. As for the mining operations, water treatment installations are in place to control water runoff quality, abandoned areas are subjected to vegetation regrowth and intervention material and teams are active to act upon any accidental spills and leaks of contaminants. All excavation work associated with the mining activities are subject to water treatment. Slash and burn agricultural activities expose surface soils that could be transported by surface water runoff. However, these areas are generally scarce in the vicinity of the transmission line. Furthermore, they are normally cultivated and the plants that are sowed will help stabilize the soils and reduce runoff during rainy season. Considering that: past projects are now in operation and that the proposed transmission line is essentially close to sections of linear infrastructure and to a limited amount of slash and burn areas; these infrastructure and activities have a minor effect on water resources / aquatic habitat. Some cumulative effect may be anticipated. However, with the application of the general mitigation measures the result will be a minor residual impact. As for the mining activities, they have a moderate to minor effect on these VESCs. As the transmission line passes at the outer limit of the mine’s active concessions, no cumulative effects are expected on these specific VESCs The three future projects could affect the VESCs as follows: The southern expansion of the City of Tete will be a long-term project that will be developed in phases. It will probably have some effect to the local affluent of the Zambezi River by facilitating soil runoff and by modifying local surface water flow. In the long term, it may also increase the introduction of contaminants in the Zambezi River depending on the nature of the water management facilities and measures that will be applied. The Cana-Cana Industrial landfill site is also a long-term project. Its construction will have similar effects as to mobilizing soils that could be carried by surface water runoff and as to generating accidental spills or leaks through machinery and vehicle operations. The nature of this project will require a very strict water management system because of the nature of the waste that will be stored on this site. All water exiting the site will have to be treated prior to entering the surrounding natural water network. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 7-66 For the Tete expansion project and the Cana-Cana Industrial Landfill projects no cumulative impacts are foreseen with the proposed Transmission Line because of the time gap between the projects and because of the minor effects associated with the operation of the transmission line. 7.4.2.2 NUISANCES The nuisances VESC includes effects on noise and vibration as well as on air quality. Potential impacts of the proposed Transmission Line on these VESCs are defined by: Increasing temporarily noise levels, dust emissions and combustion gases emissions during the construction phase; Increasing permanently, although moderately, noise levels in close proximity to operational high voltage transmission lines and substations; Temporary air quality deterioration at construction and maintenance sites. With the design principals applied and the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures, the resulting residual impact was evaluated to be minor for the construction phase. However, for noise generation the resulting residual impact was evaluated to be moderate for the operation phase because, although noise levels will be moderate near the line, it will be present for the life of the infrastructure. The various past projects and existing infrastructure will affect these VECs as follow: Local atmospheric contaminant production from the operation of the locomotives and from the vehicular movements on the local road network. These activities also will generate noise and vibrations at a local scale. The operation of the mines is a significant source of dust from the coal extraction and processing as well as from vehicular movements on the mine site. Coal processing and vehicles/machinery movement will also be the source of some atmospheric contamination. Significant dust and atmospheric contaminant emissions is generated during slash and burn activities. The nuisances generated by the existing linear infrastructure are similar to that of the Transmission line. However, the level generated by the construction or operation of the Transmission Line are estimated to be significantly lower from those generated by the roads and rails activities. Thus, although some cumulative impacts may be anticipated, they will remain minor. The effect of the coal mine operations and of the slash and burn activities generate high nuisance levels. The nuisances generated by the construction and operation of the Transport Transmission Line will have a minor effect in comparison to those of these two activities. Thus, cumulative effect, although existent, will have a minor residual effect from the Transport Transmission Line project’s perspective. The nuisances generated by the identified future projects of the City of Tete and of the Cana-Cana Industrial Landfill are mostly associated with the construction activities. At the time of their construction, it is expected that the Transport Transmission Line will already be in operation, thus its cumulative effect with those of the construction phase of the projects should be minor. 7.4.2.3 TERRESTRIAL FLORA The effect on this VCE from the proposed 400 kV Transmission Line is essentially associated with loss of vegetated areas. With the design principals applied and the implementation of the proposed mitigation measures (such as vegetation compensation programs), the resulting residual impact was evaluated to be moderate for the construction (initial vegetation clearing) and operation (regular vegetation control in RoW) phases. As for the existing linear infrastructure, only the recently constructed Nacala railway and Matambo- Vale Transport Transmission line can have a cumulative effect with the proposed project. Both these projects have required vegetation clearing within a definite RoW for part of their alignment. For the WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 7-67 Matambo-Vale Line, part of the RoW could maintain a vegetation cover which is controlled to limit its height only. The proposed 400 kV Transport Transmission Line has a cumulative effect with these past projects but the resulting effect remains moderate since some vegetation was maintained and that not all of the total length of their alignment required vegetation clearing. The mining activities may imply some vegetation losses through the extension of the extraction areas, the opening of new access roads and the construction of new buildings and infrastructure required for the mines operations. The clearing of new areas will be required in the future according to the mine’s expansion phases. Although some cumulative effect can be anticipated with the loss of vegetation resulting from the Transport Transmission Line construction, the resulting residual effect should remain moderate. The slash and burn activities, by definition, results in the loss of vegetation cover. However, these losses generally concern small parcels which are revegetated with plants useful for the local population’s livelihood. Cumulative effects are most likely with that of the construction of the Transport Transmission Line. However, most of the areas crossed by the Transport Transmission Line are either in very low density populated areas as the land offers little agricultural value or in areas that have been cultivated for some time. The resulting residual effect will thus remain moderate. As mentioned previously, the City of Tete expansion project will be conducted in phases and, although the total loss of vegetation cover will be significant, some vegetation regrowth will have been favored in the developed sections. In comparison, the cumulative effect associated with vegetation loss for the 400 kV Transport Transmission Line in the area of the City of Tete project will be non- significant thus maintaining a moderate effect. The area affected by vegetation loss for the Cana-Cana Industrial Landfill will be relatively limited as the site will correspond to a moderate area characterized with low flora density. The cumulative effect associated with vegetation loss for the 400 kV Transmission Line in the area of this project will be low thus maintaining a global moderate effect. 7.4.2.4 PUBLIC HEALTH AND GENDER EFFECT These VCEs are affected by the 400 kV Transmission Line through the arrival of foreign workers that could disrupt local social pattern and introduce new health risks. Relocation of families living within the proposed RoW may have an effect on women through unequal distribution of compensation for the loss of land and infrastructure. Relocation may also affect health by increasing stress and loss of income and food supply. The Transmission Line’s residual effect on both these VCEs was considered to be moderate. The only existing activity that may have a cumulative effect with the construction of the 400 kV line is the mining operations that attract foreign workers that can introduce new health risks and cause some social disruption affecting women. However, only a section of the Transmission Line is sufficiently close to the mine to have a cumulative effect. Furthermore, the territory crossed by the Transport Transmission Line is characterized by a very low population density. The cumulative effect is thus considered to be low and the residual effect remains moderate. As for the upcoming projects, both may require the need for foreign workers, but it will be at specific location and at times when those for the Transmission Line will no longer be present. Thus, if there is a cumulative effect as to the general presence of foreign workers in the region it will be very low and the residual effects will remain moderate. With regards to population relocation, both projects are also susceptible of requiring such displacement, but they concern small number of households in areas distinct from the ones affected by the Transmission Line. Although a regional cumulative effect will be felt, it will remain low and, with adequate compensation, the residual global effect will remain moderate. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-1 8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN This chapter presents the project’s Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The EMP aims at defining and structuring the measures to be implemented in order to mitigate or optimize the project's potential impacts identified in Chapter 7. For each measure, responsibilities, schedule and costs are presented. On a larger scale, the EMP establishes responsibilities for the implementation and oversight of the proposed environmental and social management measures. Responsibilities are to be shared among several stakeholders, including relevant ministerial authorities, contractors and coordinating units. The EMP also provides guidelines for a comprehensive monitoring plan which shall ensure, on an ongoing basis, the adequate implementation of the proposed environmental and social management measures. This Monitoring Plan will be based on a set of performance indicators and a clear formulation of expected results to be achieved or maintained. Thus, the Plan will facilitate ongoing adjustments to initial mitigation/optimization measures, within an adaptive management approach. Finally, the EMP provides orientations on training and capacity building requirements for its successful implementation. 8.1 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MITIGATION MEASURES PRE-CONSTRUCTION The main source of impact at the pre-construction phase is the resettlement of the PAPs. The execution of this resettlement is outlined in a separate RPF report9. This report documents any concerns by the PAPs as well as all the information provided during the project’s consultations, the socio-economic survey results and how the proposed resettlement is to be realized. The RPF’s objectives are listed below: At the design stage, minimize involuntary resettlement through the optimization of the line route in collaboration with the environmental and technical specialists and relevant stakeholders; During the preparation of the RPF, address social issues related to land acquisition and livelihood restoration, associated to the construction activities, as well as optimize the compensation measures to all stakeholders, through their identification and consultations; During the preparation of the RPF, prepare cost estimates for resettlement/compensation by determining the affected assets and socio-economic status of the PAPs, identifying vulnerable PAPs and households, and assessing compensation and mitigation measures; During the preparation of the RPF, assess opportunities, for affected communities and PAPs, to benefit from the project’s positive impacts; Provide baseline information so post-project phase comparisons can be made to assess whether the PAP’s socio-economic situation, because of the project, has positively changed or has maintained a status quo; Integrate the best practices for resettlement, during the project’s implementation, in order to comply with guidelines of funding agencies, therefore facilitating international funding; Outline the institutional arrangements necessary for the RPF’s execution such as procedures and responsibilities, grievance mechanisms, monitoring and evaluation. Land acquisition, resettlement and the displacement of economic activities are the main sources of impact at the pre-construction phase. 9 WSP and Consultec, 2017. Mozambique-Malawi Interconnection. Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), Mozambique. Multiple pagination and Appendices Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-2 The implementation of the RPF is the mitigation measure for the pre-construction phase. As mentioned previously, the RPF is presented in a distinct report where related mitigation measures will be found. CONSTRUCTION Table 8-1 shows the mitigation measures that will allow the avoidance, mitigation, compensation or enhancement of potential impacts that were identified in the previous chapter and are the basis of the EMP. When chosen, the contractor will compile these best practices into a work plan. This work plan will locate all project specific infrastructure (such as workers’ camp, equipment yard, workshop, borrow pits, etc.) and indicate how and when the mitigation measures outlined hereinafter will be implemented. This will ensure environmental and social impact mitigation measures are fully adapted to detailed construction activities. There are, however, a few major activities that will necessitate their own plans. They are: Waste Management Plan; Revegetation Plan; Erosion and Sediment Control Plan; Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Management Plan; Emergency Response Plan; Communication Plan; Education and Environmental Awareness Plan; Worker Health & Safety Management Plan; Traffic Management Plan; Labour Force Management Plan (including a Worker Code of Conduct). UXO assessment protocol and if needed a management program to remove all UXO The following outline the main components of such plans as well as some of the best practices that will need to be included into these documents, to be developed by the Contractor and approved by the PIU. Development of the Traffic Management Plan and Labour Force Management Plan will be sole responsibility of the Contractor. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-3 Table 8-1 Management Measures to be Implemented during the Construction Phase Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Temporary air quality deterioration Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination Site preparation Air quality Modifications of Surface water quality with a risk of contamination Included in the Construction activities Implement the Waste Management Plan. Soils through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water Contractor construction Waste and hazardous Water resources runoffs contract materials management Modifications of Groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills Potential disturbance or destruction of archaeological sites and/or Included in the Implement the Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Cultural and archaeological objects found fortuitously during construction work Construction activities Contractor construction Management Plan. heritage Destruction or potential disturbance of cemeteries, burials and/or contract sacred sites. Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination Soils Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination Site preparation; Hydrography and water through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water Construction activities; resources runoffs. Included in the Waste and hazardous Develop and implement an Emergency Response Plan. Aquatic habitats and Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination Contractor construction materials management associated fauna through hazardous material leaks/spills. contract Transportation and Safety and public health, Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated circulation Workers' health and safety fauna and flora disturbances Work related injury or health effects Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas Soils Soil compaction in work areas Construction activities Included in the Restrict transportation to the identified access by clearly Land use Restriction to existing and future land uses within and in proximity of the Transportation and Contractor construction marking out the limit of the RoW and access roads. Employment and economic line’s RoW circulation contract development Disruption of farming activities by construction works Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas Soil compaction in work areas Restriction to existing and future land uses within and in proximity of the line’s RoW Soils Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora; Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Construction activities Included in the Restrict construction activities, materials and manpower Land use transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258; Transportation and Contractor construction movement to existing roads/tracks and RoW limits. Terrestrial flora Modification of species composition in flora and fauna communities circulation contract Terrestrial fauna present in the project area; Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species populations Temporary disruption of socioeconomic activities Site preparation Minimize the construction of new access roads. Promote Included in the Terrestrial flora Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Construction activities the use of existing access roads for machinery and Contractor construction Terrestrial fauna transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Transportation and vehicle movements, increasing their width as necessary. contract circulation Temporary air quality deterioration Increase in noise and vibration levels Air quality Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination Maintain equipment and machinery in good running Site preparation Noise and vibrations through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water Included in the condition, including brakes, mufflers and silencers, Construction activities Hydrography and water runoffs; Contractor construction catalyzers and clean (power washed), free of leaks, Transportation and resources contract excess oil and grease. Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination circulation Safety and public health through hazardous material leaks/spills Increased stress related to nuisances Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-4 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Prohibit idling of vehicles on-site or near sensitive receptors (see appendix 4). Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use. Stockpiles of fine materials will be covered during periods of high wind. Cover excavated materials and loads of brittle material Site preparation during transport with erosion control blankets to avoid dust Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration Construction activities Included in the generation. Noise and vibrations Increase in noise and vibration levels Transportation and Contractor construction Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances circulation contract Use water for dust suppression on stockpiles, exposed Worksites' restoration soils and roads if dust generation is visible. Prohibit the burning of wastes. Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where relevant. Site preparation; Included in the Implement a worker training program on noise reductions Increase in noise and vibration levels Construction activities; Noise and vibrations Contractor construction near sensitive receptors (see Appendix 4); Increased stress related to nuisances Transportation and contract circulation Restrict noise and vibration generating activities near Site preparation; Included in the residential or institutional sensitive receptors (see Noise and vibrations Increase in noise and vibration levels Construction activities; Contractor construction appendix 4) to the period considered as daytime (between Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances Transportation and contract 8 am and 5 pm) by WHO noise standards. circulation Operate machinery on land in a way that minimizes disturbance to the banks of watercourses and marshlands. Prepare and implement erosion and sediment control plans, particularly in areas identified as having high erosion potential. Avoid construction activities in areas where soils are highly saturated (flooding areas, wetlands, etc.). Construct a designated, signposted, concrete wash down bay that is fully contained for all excess concrete and Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas concrete wash down. The wash down bay can be Site preparation composed of any impervious structures that can collect all Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination Construction activities; the wash down and allow for the suspended concrete to Modifications of Surface water quality with a risk of contamination Transportation and Included in the Soils settle. Once most of the concrete as settled, the overhead through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water circulation Contractor construction Water resources water can be pumped and evacuated after passing it runoffs contract Waste and hazardous through an appropriate filter; Modifications of Groundwater quality with a risk of contamination materials management Regularly maintain the concrete washout bay, by treating through hazardous material leaks/spills any water prior to release to natural systems. All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will be stored in clearly labelled containers. Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally. Control and reduce at the source, the production of waste and hazardous waste. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-5 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Optimize the use of existing accesses. De-compact soils following construction with appropriate equipment. Segregate the organic layer of soils and store separately Soil compaction in work areas from the non-organic layers. Re-use the organic soils for Transportation and Included in the Loss of organic layer in areas where excavation and backfilling circulation revegetation work or offer them to local farmers to Soils Contractor construction activities are held improve their agricultural lots. Construction activities contract Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil contamination Segregate the organic layer of soils and store separately from the non-organic layers. Reuse the organic soils for revegetation work or offer them to local farmers to improve their agricultural lots; Soil erosion in erosion-prone areas Soils Included in the Revegetate areas of bare and disturbed soils as soon as Modification of species composition in flora communities present in the Terrestrial flora Construction activities Contractor construction possible with native species. project area Landscape contract Temporary degradation of the landscape at worksite Always maintain hydrologic connectivity upstream/downstream in work areas. When stream crossings are unavoidable (ex. for the realignment of Road 258), construct suitable culvert to ensure it allows for sufficient water supply to maintain a viable fish habitat. Avoid material piling, equipment and vehicle movements in rivers, floodplains and marshland areas, namely flood zones on both shores of the Zambezi River and its tributaries. If unavoidable, reduce access to a minimum. Changes in hydrology Limit activities in watercourses or marshlands to the Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of contamination extent possible but if necessary, set and implement strict Water resources Included in the through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water procedures for in-water work; Aquatic habitats and Construction activities Contractor construction runoffs; Conduct activities during the dry season to minimize associated fauna contract Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated disturbance of sensitive shoreline and wetland areas, fauna and flora disturbances. namely along the shores of the Zambezi River, its tributaries and associated marshlands; Install silt barriers (e.g., fencing) when working in steep riparian areas and along wetlands to minimize potential sediment transport to aquatic habitats, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River, its tributaries and associated marshlands. Promptly pump any groundwater that could have been contaminated during excavation works. Establish a Revegetation Plan for the loss of natural Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora habitats. Promote the use of native species and include (approximately 2.6 km2 of shrubland, 2 km2 of forest and 1.1 km2 of riverine the plantation of Lannea stuhlmannii and any other Terrestrial flora forest) Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Site preparation species of conservation concern that could be found Terrestrial fauna EDM USD 25,000 transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Construction activities inside the project footprint. Collaborate with communities Avifauna to identify native species with higher use-value and Modification of species composition in flora and fauna communities integrate them also to Revegetation Plan; present in the project area Clearly mark the extent of the transmission line and Road Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora 258 section’s RoW as well as the Matambo substation (approximately 2.6 km2 of shrubland, 2 km2 of forest and 1.1 km2 of Included in the Terrestrial flora extension with stakes at intervals of 50 m or less. Identify riverine forest) Site preparation Contractor construction Terrestrial fauna and mark the vegetation to be preserved along sections of Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species contract the RoW. populations. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-6 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Temporary air quality deterioration Undertake a selective cutting of the vegetation in order to Air quality Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Included in the keep low scrubby and herbaceous species that do not Terrestrial flora transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Site preparation Contractor construction represent a risk for the powerline. Terrestrial fauna Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species contract populations. Included in the If possible, collect seeds from Lannea stuhlmannii mature Potential impacts on vulnerable species communities such as Lannea Terrestrial flora Site preparation Contractor construction specimens. schweinfurthii contract Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Terrestrial flora transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Conserve all the vegetation (trees, shrubs, herbaceous Included in the Terrestrial fauna Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species Site preparation plants, crops) present at the edge of watercourses and on Contractor construction Aquatic habitats and populations. Construction activities steep slopes. contract associated fauna Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated fauna and flora disturbances. Inspect and clean construction equipment properly after Invasive species introduction and risk of spread. Construction activities Included in the Terrestrial flora working in areas known to be infested with flora invasive Modification of species composition in fauna communities present in Transportation and Contractor construction Terrestrial fauna alien species. the project area. circulation contract Invasive species introduction and risk of spread. Included in the Burn, in authorized sites, residues of flora invasive alien Terrestrial flora Site preparation Modification of species composition in fauna communities present in Contractor construction species to reduce the risk of propagation to other areas. Terrestrial fauna Construction activities the project area. contract Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral lands; Make chopped woody resources and residues available to Included in the Land use Loss of ecosystem servi es; Site preparation local population in order to reduce additional pressures on Contractor construction Terrestrial flora Increased pressure on natural resources n some areas. Loss of Construction activities natural resources. contract individuals from species of use-value. Air quality Rehabilitate and revegetate temporary access roads and Temporary air quality deterioration Site preparation Included in the Terrestrial flora work areas as soon as possible using native vegetation Permanent loss of natural habitat area and of its associated flora Construction activities Contractor construction Terrestrial fauna species that are ecologically associated with local fauna Temporary degradation of the landscape at worksite. Worksites' restoration contract Landscape Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Promote the selection of areas with bare soil and less of a Terrestrial flora Modification of species composition in flora and fauna communities Included in the Site preparation need for tree cutting for temporary work and storage Terrestrial fauna present in the project area Contractor construction Construction activities areas. Landscape Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species contract populations. Temporary degradation of the landscape at worksite. Terrestrial habitat fragmentation and degradation along the Implement a biodiversity protection awareness program transmission line’s RoW and along the realigned section of Road 258 Included in the with workers. Prohibit workers from owning firearms and Modification of species composition in flora and fauna communities Terrestrial fauna Presence of workers Contractor construction other hunting gear, and raise awareness about the present in the project area. contract prohibition to engage in any kind of poaching. Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species populations. Modification of species composition in fauna communities present in Included in the Inform the Contractor's E&S specialist when endangered the project area. Terrestrial fauna Construction activities Contractor construction fauna species are observed in or close to project sites. Changes in protected and IUCN-designated threatened species contract populations. Compensate any loss of breeding/nesting sites by the Modification and degradation of bird habitat Included in creation of suitable habitats elsewhere, notably from Avifauna Disturbance and modification of local bird communities by the Construction activities Contractor revegetation plan enhancement of degraded habitats. construction activities WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-7 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Place bird diverters on the top wire to make the line more visible to birds, near ecologically sensitive areas such as Avifauna Bird electrocutions and collisions and risks of electrocution Construction activities Contractor USD 15,000 the Zambezi River (2 km on each side). Included in the Installation of indicator lights at night for high towers Avifauna Bird electrocutions and collisions and risks of electrocution Construction activities Contractor construction located for the crossing of the Zambezi River. Infrastructure contract Undertake bird nest surveys within a period of 2 weeks Modification and degradation of bird habitat Included in the Site preparation before clearing to identify nests of protected or Avifauna Disturbance and modification of local bird communities by the Contractor construction Construction activities endangered species construction activities contract Where a protected or endangered species is nesting, do Modification and degradation of bird habitat Included in the Site preparation not undertake tree clearing within a radius of 500 m. Wait Avifauna Disturbance and modification of local bird communities by the Contractor construction Construction activities until the nest is deserted construction activities contract If a nest of the vulnerable Southern Ground-hornbill Modification and degradation of bird habitat Included in the (Bucorvus leadbeateri) is found, stop any activities from Site preparation Avifauna Disturbance and modification of local bird communities by the Contractor construction September to December in a radius of 750 m from the Construction activities construction activities contract nest. Avoid construction of temporary access roads along river Included in the banks or in areas where soils are saturated, to the extent Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation Contractor construction possible, namely along the shores of the Zambezi River associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities contract and its tributaries. Maintain fish access when road crossings of watercourse are unavoidable by utilizing clear span bridges or open- Included in the bottom culverts. Install diversion structures (canals, dikes, Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation Contractor construction coffers) that neither obstruct fish movement nor diminish associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities contract habitat width to less than 2/3 of the current water bodies, including rivers, wetlands, etc. Maintain vegetated buffer zones within and around wetlands and along both sides of watercourse crossings, Included in the Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation namely along the shores of the Zambezi River and its Contractor construction associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities tributaries. Restore as soon as possible any disturbed contract areas in the riparian buffer zone. Included in the Do not allow any temporary access roads to be built Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation Contractor construction during the construction phase wetland areas. associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities contract Avoid equipment and vehicle movements in rivers, floodplains and wetland areas. If unavoidable, reduce Included in the access to a minimum length in wetlands and floodplains Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation Contractor construction and select the most optimized site for the access associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities contract considering human uses and areas of higher ecological integrity. Do not operate heavy machinery in marshland areas with standing or running water. Use marshland mat or bridge for vehicle and machinery Included in the movement inside permanent wetland to avoid the need for Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated Site preparation Contractor construction building a road. associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. Construction activities contract Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-8 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components After termination of construction work, restore natural river bed conditions (minor bed, natural obstacles, etc.). Avoid Included in the Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated any water-works and movement of vehicles in tributaries Construction activities Contractor construction associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. during rainy season to avoid impacts on threatened fish contract species. Use marshland mat or bridge for vehicle and machinery Construction activities Included in the Aquatic habitats and Local degradation of aquatic and semi-aquatic habitats and associated movement inside permanent wetland to avoid the need for Transportation and Contractor construction associated fauna fauna and flora disturbances. building a road. circulation contract Included in the Validate with local leaders, temporary areas to be used Land use Loss of land, crops, tree and pastoral lands Resettlement Contractor construction during construction activities. contract Infrastructure Included in the Safety and public health Transportation and Prepare and implement a Traffic Management Plan Increase in traffic and circulation perturbation Contractor construction circulation Workers’ health and safety contract Included in the Travel to and from the construction sites should be done Transportation and Infrastructure Increased traffic and disturbance of traffic flow; Contractor construction during low traffic periods. circulation contract Construction activities Included in the Rehabilitate any damaged infrastructure after the Infrastructure Damage to existing infrastructure Transportation and Contractor construction construction. circulation contract Included in the Adopt procurement and labour policies promoting local Employment and economic Purchase of materials, Inflation risk Contractor construction products and services, when available. development goods and services contract Clearing of plantations or cutting of trees in the RoW will Included in the Employment and economic Site preparation only be done when consent of each owner has been Loss of arable, grazing and pastoral lands Contractor construction development Construction activities obtained. contract Avoid traffic interruption on Road 258 by planning the Site preparation Included in the construction of the realigned section prior to initiating the Need for relocation of existing infrastructure such as Road 258 (for a Infrastructure Contractor construction construction of the Matambo substation. If this is not section of 3 to 5 km) or privately-owned fences, wells, etc.; Construction activities contract possible, ensure a temporary connection. Preserve the existing section of Road 258 present to the north of the Matambo substation’s proposed extension to Site preparation Included in the Need for relocation of existing infrastructure such as Road 258 (for a ensure that vehicles (buses, cars, delivery trucks, etc.) Infrastructure Contractor construction section of 3 to 5 km) or privately-owned fences, wells, etc.; Construction activities can still reach the village located 200 m north of the contract proposed extension. Coordinate with the railway companies to ensure the line’s Included in the installation work will be done without interrupting the rail Infrastructure Increased traffic and disturbance of traffic flow Construction activities Contractor construction schedule, namely with those managing the Sena and the contract Nacala Railways. Included in the Carefully select the landing area of falling trees to Employment and economic Site preparation Permanent loss of crops Contractor construction minimize damage to crops. development Construction activities contract Site preparation Notify landowners along the line route and the main public Included in the Construction activities transportation routes about the construction schedule and Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances (noise, dust, air pollution) Contractor construction Transportation and activities. contract circulation WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-9 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Site preparation Included in the Implement and follow-up on grievance redress Construction activities Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances (noise, dust, air pollution) PIU construction mechanisms described in chapter 13 of the RPF report; Transportation and contract circulation Site preparation Included in the Secure equipment and demarcate any excavation work Safety and public health Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and Construction activities Contractor construction areas. Workers' health and safety residents Transportation and contract circulation Site preparation Included in the Safety and public health Construction activities Sign and fence construction areas where necessary. Accidents and physical injuries involving local residents Contractor construction Workers' health and safety Transportation and contract circulation Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and relevant WB health and safety requirements and EDM's residents Included in the Safety and public health Well-being of construction workers not guaranteed as Contractor do not corporate policy. Construction activities PIU & Contractor construction Workers' health and safety necessarily apply existing labor standards; Assess UXO situation in border area and implement a UXO contract managment program if needed Risk related to UXO Require all contractors to develop and implement an H&S management plan that comply with national legislation and address all aspects of labour standards relevant to the project as specified by IFC EHS Guidelines. Sub- Included in the contractors will be contractually required to comply with Safety and public health Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and Construction activities Contractor construction labour and health and safety legislation. Those Workers' health and safety residents Presence of workers contract protections will apply to all workers involved in construction activities, including temporary workers (e.g. provision of personal protective equipment and relevant vaccines, etc.). Require all contractors and sub-contractors to take out an Included in the Safety and public health Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and Construction activities insurance to cover worker and third-party injuries from Contractor construction Workers' health and safety residents Presence of workers project activities contract Safety and public health Workers' health and safety Tensions with outside workers Included in the Develop and implement a labour force management plan Communities and social Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS Presence of workers Contractor construction including a worker code of conduct cohesion Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups contract Gender aspects and vulnerable groups Included in the Supply drinking water and maintain its quality and ensure Safety and public health Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and Construction activities Contractor construction sanitation at the construction sites. Workers' health and safety residents Presence of workers contract Included in the Prepare and implement an HIV/AIDS prevention program Safety and public health Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS Presence of workers Contractor construction for all community members and workers. contract Included in the Screen health of potential employees as part of the Safety and public health Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS Presence of workers Contractor construction recruitment process. contract Maintain construction camps in a clean and healthy Included in the Safety and public health Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and condition as prescribed by international worker health Presence of workers Contractor construction Workers' health and safety residents standards. contract Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-10 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Communities and social Included in the Communicate with communities effectively and involve cohesion Tensions with outside workers Presence of workers Contractor & PIU construction their leaders. Gender aspects and vulnerable contract groups Communities and social Disturbance of women subsistence activities including agriculture, wood Included in the cohesion Encourage the recruitment of female workers. collecting and natural flora and fauna use Presence of workers Contractor construction Gender aspects and vulnerable Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups. contract groups Included in the Communities and social Tensions over the awarding of jobs and contracts Encourage the recruitment of local workers. Presence of workers Contractor construction cohesion Tension with outside workers contract Communities and social If blasting is required for a tower’s installation, the local Inadequate communication with communities and stakeholders Included in the cohesion population will be advised in advance, to prevent Accidents and physical injuries involving local residents Construction activities Contractor construction Safety and public health nuisances. Increase in noise and vibration levels contract Noise and vibrations Favour the employment of local workers to reduce the risk of sexual harassment and violence caused by foreigners and avoid tensions with local communities; Locate worker camps at a minimum distance of 2 km from towns and villages in order to limit worker – community interactions; Organize education campaigns for the workers and surrounding communities to facilitate workers and communities interactions Maintain construction camps in clean and healthy condition as prescribed by international worker health standards; Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with their health and safety policy and ensure that it Risk of sexual abuse by workers, as well as child abuse; complies with relevant WB health and safety Gender aspects and vulnerable groups Risk of increased incidence of STDs and HIV/AIDS; requirements and EDM's corporate policy; Included in the Increased pressure on community health services; Contractor and Safety and public health Presence of workers construction Develop and implement an H&S management plan to PIU Labour influx and presence of Risk of abuse by contractors hiring underage workers (child labor); contract protect every worker involved in construction activities, even temporary workers (e.g. vaccines, etc.); workers Implement and follow-up on grievance redress mechanisms; Prepare and implement an STD and HIV/AIDS prevention program including a strict prohibition of sexual abuse and sexual intercourse with partners younger than 18 years of age (underage sex). It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees do not commit acts of sexual abuse and/or underage sex; Sensitize all contractors, workers and communities on the STD and HIV/AIDS program, including explanations on risks posed by STDs, sanctions, etc. as well as on grievance mechanisms in place; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-11 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components Immediately report any suspected case of sexual abuse or underage sex to the supervising engineer and EDM. Management of such cases should be based around the following principles: Immediate suspension of employment for accused worker; Trigger grievance redress mechanism processes if not already done and invite an impartial observer to follow the process. If accusations are found to be justified, the Lead Contractor shall: Immediately cease employment of the accused worker and report criminal offences to appropriate authorities for prosecution; Compensate the affected person and community according to an agreement to be negotiated using a grievance redress mechanism. These compensations may not take a monetary form, and shall be validated as fair by the impartial observer mentioned above as well as the World Bank ESDP Project’s social specialist. If accusations are found not to be justified, the Lead Contractor shall reinstate the worker in its regular tasks with compensation for lost income during suspension; The first sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint or event treated in front of a grievance committee (which may involve one or more workers) where accusations of sexual abuse and/or underage sex are found to be justified shall entice the following consequences for the Lead Contractor, in addition to those listed above: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. The second instance where a sexual abuse and/or underage sex complaint treated in front of a grievance committee finds accusations to be justified shall trigger immediate suspension of all construction work. The World Bank Inspection Panel shall be called in to conduct an inquiry and provide guidance on the way forward. Strictly prohibit child labour. It is the Lead Contractor’s responsibility to take necessary measures so his employees and subcontractors’ employees are all 18 years of age or more. All child labour cases should be immediately reported to EDM by the supervising engineer; Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-12 Environmental and/or Social Management Measure Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Components The first child labour case discovered (which may involve one or more child-labourers) shall entice the following consequences for the Lead Contractor: Warning from EDM about consequences of any additional cases; Obligation to submit a remedial plan to be approved by EDM and World Bank ESDP Project’s Task Team Leader and Social specialist. Any additional case(s) of child labour shall trigger immediate suspension of all construction work. The World Bank Inspection Panel shall be called in to conduct an inquiry and provide guidance on the way forward. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-13 8.1.2.1 WASTE MANAGEMENT PLAN The construction of power transmission lines and substations are a significant source of waste both hazardous or not. The nature of the residual materials will principally consist in: packaging material (wood, cardboard, plastic); organic matter (food and vegetation residues); used oil and fuel for the maintenance of machinery. Some of the non-hazardous materials, such as vegetation and packaging waste, could be reused by local communities, and if not, they will be eliminated in authorized landfill sites. Organic matter could be put in composting trenches that will be constructed by the contractor. Unused material must not stay on the site and should be appropriately managed. Any construction debris generated will be removed from the work sites immediately after the construction activities are completed. Burning of solid waste will not be permitted. Waste management activities will be under the responsibility of the contractor as specified in the environmental and social plans and specification clauses. The contractor will develop a construction waste management plan that will integrate the waste management method, the location of storage and landfill sites, as well as the sub-contractors who will handle the hazardous waste management. The waste management strategy should follow environmental best practices. Specific clauses will be added to detail how to avoid the discharge of debris and solid waste in aquatic habitats and how they will be removed if they are introduced accidentally into the environment. Hazardous waste will be stored in barrels with the contents clearly marked. These barrels will be located in safe areas limiting risks for workers’ safety and risks of contamination in the environment. A registry will monitor material deposits and collections. The choice of the company responsible for the management of hazardous waste is important because it guarantees the protection of the environment and people. This choice should be primarily based on the company’s ability to properly manage hazardous waste, in compliance with best practices. Should accidental spills occur, the contaminated soils will be characterized, removed and disposed of at sites authorized by relevant authorities. 8.1.2.2 REVEGETATION PLAN The transmission line’s construction will require vegetation clearing along its wayleave and for some additional areas required for material storage and work camps, amongst others. Vegetation clearing will lead to a permanent loss of woody species along the corridor. Additionally, this will lead to loss of breeding/nesting sites for birds. The loss of ligneous species will be compensated by planting the equivalent areas with native species for the permanently affected areas and by revegetating the work areas liberated once work is completed. The compensation program will not only mitigate the loss of vegetation but also recreate suitable habitats for fauna. The revegetation plan will have various objectives: restore the local forest by planting ligneous species in the same amount as those cut down during construction in compliance with local conservation strategies and land planning; recreate suitable habitats for birds and other threatened and protected terrestrial fauna due to the losses that occurred during construction; near populated areas, replant with agro-forestry trees to increase the availability of fodder, fruit trees, and medicinal plants to maximize the benefits for the local population; create visual barriers to reduce the line’s visibility in sensitive areas. The species chosen for restoration works as well as the timing of the revegetation will need to be validated by a botanical expert. When possible and in the presence of suitable habitats, a preference will be given to endangered species. Furthermore, the program will try to minimize the project’s visual impact by planting trees or hedges that block the view in the RoW and camouflage particularly visible towers. All temporary construction sites, such as borrow pits and areas where materials will be stored, will be revegetated immediately following the completion of the construction activities. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-14 8.1.2.3 EROSION AND SEDIMENT CONTROL PLAN OBJECTIVES The purpose of the ECRMP will be to ensure that: Erosion of land and soil resources resulting from the project activities is minimised; Revegetation is enhanced; Transport of sediments into surface waters is avoided and transport of sediment into land is managed. This ECRMP will provide an overview of the strategy and controls implemented by the Contractor to manage erosion and sediment. CONTRACTOR OBLIGATIONS The Contractor and its Subcontractor(s) shall maintain a high regard for environmental protection while performing the work related to erosion and revegetation management at the Project sites. The Contractor, its Subcontractor(s) and workers shall comply with all applicable Mozambiquan laws and international standards and ensure that all necessary licenses, authorisations, certificates and permits have been obtained and can be provided to EDM upon request. The Contractor shall ensure that all workers shall use the necessary protective equipment, and take all measures and follow all procedures required to protect the environment. The Contractor shall ensure that all equipment is checked regularly to establish that it is in proper working condition to ensure the protection of the environment and that any defect is rectified before the equipment use is resumed. The Contractor shall promptly and suitably correct all environmental-related deficiencies. All deficiencies and hazards shall be reported to the Supervising Engineer. The Contractor shall report promptly to the Supervising Engineer the reception of a notice from the ministry in charge of the environment. The Contractor shall make available to the Project Implementation Unit, upon demand, all erosion control and revegetation management related documentation for the Environmental Audit. EROSION AND SEDIMENT SOURCES There are numerous potential sources of erosion and sediment transport as part of the Project. The three key areas of concern include: Steep slopes present in some sections of the project alignment; Borrow areas to be used during construction; Access roads construction; Heavy rainfall events during the rainy season which can favour erosion and sedimentation in areas that did not have previously known erosion sensitivities. Areas of heavy traffic and land disturbances caused by construction equipment can represent a source of soil displacement and compaction. With compaction, infiltration is reduced and surface water has a greater potential for erosion. Proper planning prior to heavy equipment use and conduction of the works can limit the disturbed footprint and mitigate erosion potential. During unusual heavy rain events, oversaturated soils can exacerbate erosion issues. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-15 TEMPORARY EROSION CONTROL Erosion control measures must be planned and implemented as part of project activities. The extent and duration of soil disturbances likely to cause erosion should also be limited. Temporary erosion controls must be installed prior to initial soil disturbance and be properly maintained and reinstalled as necessary (such as during construction of access roads) until replaced by permanent erosion controls or restoration is complete. Temporary Slope Breakers Temporary slope breakers are intended to reduce runoff velocity and divert water off the project’s site right-of-way. Temporary slope breakers may be constructed of materials such as soil, silt fence, or sand bags. Temporary slope breakers must be installed on all disturbed areas, as necessary to avoid excessive erosion. Temporary slope breakers must be installed on slopes greater than 5 % where the base of the slope is less than 50 feet from a waterbody, wetland, and road crossings at the following spacing (closer spacing shall be used if necessary) (Table). SLOPE (%) SPACING (METERS) 5-15 100 >15-30 60 >30 30 Outfall of each temporary slope breaker must be directed to a stable, well vegetated area or to an energy-dissipating device constructed at the end of the slope breaker and off the project’s site right-of- way. Outfall of each temporary slope breaker must be positioned to prevent sediment discharge into wetlands, waterbodies, or other sensitive environmental resource areas. Sediment Barriers Sediment barriers are intended to stop the flow of sediments and to prevent the deposition of sediments beyond approved workspaces or into sensitive resources. They may be constructed of materials such as silt fence, compacted earth (e.g., driveable berms across travel ways), sand bags, or other appropriate materials. At a minimum, sediment barriers must be installed and maintained temporarily across the entire length of a given work site at the base of slopes greater than 5 % where the base of the slope is less than 15 meters from a waterbody, wetland, or road crossing until revegetation is successful. Adequate room must be left between the base of the slope and the sediment barrier to accommodate ponding of water and sediment deposition. Where wetlands or waterbodies are adjacent to and downslope of work areas, sediment barriers, must be installed along the edge of these areas, as necessary to prevent sediment flow into the wetland or waterbody. Mulch Mulch must be applied on all slopes concurrent with or immediately after seeding, where necessary to stabilise the soil surface and to reduce wind and water erosion. Mulch must be spread uniformly over the area to cover at least 75% of the ground surface at a rate of 2 tons/acre of straw or its equivalent. Mulch can consist of weed-free straw or hay, wood fiber hydro mulch, erosion control fabric, or some functional equivalent. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-16 Mulch all disturbed upland areas (except cultivated cropland) before seeding if: Final grading and installation of permanent erosion control measures will not be completed in an area within 20 days after the trench in that area is backfilled; or Restoration activity is interrupted for extended periods, such as when seeding cannot be completed due to seeding period restrictions. If mulching before seeding, increase mulch application on all slopes within 30 metres of waterbodies and wetlands to a rate of 3 tons/acre of straw or equivalent. Ensure that mulch is adequately anchored to minimise loss due to wind and water. When anchoring with liquid mulch binders, use rates recommended by the manufacturer. Do not use liquid mulch binders within 30 metres of wetlands or waterbodies, except where the product is certified environmentally non-toxic by the appropriate independent standards-setting organisation. Do not use synthetic monofilament mesh/netted erosion control materials in areas designated as sensitive wildlife habitat, unless the product is specifically designed to minimise harm to wildlife. Anchor erosion control fabric with staples or other appropriate devices. CONTROL MEASURES The multiple control methods outlined in this section provide options that can be tailored to the type of erosion and sedimentation to be prevented or reduced. On-site application of mitigation measures will be determined based on a variety of factors, and the most appropriate will be implemented. Ditching During heavy rainfall events during the rainy season, water movement on-site can be significant. Strategically placed ditches and runoff collection structures can help direct water movement by reducing the total amount of water and reducing its interaction with erosion prone sites. For example, cut and fill slopes created during road construction leave long runs of exposed soils that are prone to erosion. Creating an intercepting ditch above the cut slope will catch water and direct it to less erosion prone areas, thereby reducing runoff over sensitive regions. Ditching should be used where long-term infrastructure is predicted to divert natural water runoff which will require collection and possible treatment. Sedimentation Ponds Sedimentation ponds are typically temporary structures incorporated into the base of a decline to collect runoff from areas of high sedimentation. Water collected in the ponds can be allowed to settle. Depending on the situation, the water can naturally overflow to the surrounding environment, or be pumped to another area for further settling or, if necessary, treated prior to discharge. The size of a sedimentation pond is dependent on the predicted flow rate and volume of sediment laden water to be collected. Revegetation Establishing a vegetative layer is critical to sites where slopes are exposed and no further activity is planned. Once established, a vegetative layer eliminates the need for continual monitoring and maintenance by protecting the lighter, organic soil fractions from being displaced, retaining moisture, and preventing slope destabilisation. Establishing permanent areas of vegetation, or seeding hardy, fast growing species temporarily, can offer short or long-term erosion control. The choice of species will depend on many factors, such as availability and hardiness. Two important factors in choosing vegetation well suited specifically for erosion control are; those that provide roughness on the site surface, and have extensive rooting systems that will break up the top layer of soil. Both factors will improve water infiltration into the soil. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-17 Seedbed preparations for vegetation establishment on steep slopes will have to be considered for sites where it is a concern, and could include slope stabilisation, flowing channel runoff protection using mats and mulch or organic matter application. Soil properties including organic matter content and nutrient level must also be addressed to promote successful re-vegetation. Revegetation must be done with appropriate engineering consultation to ensure that the roots of seeded species will not adversely affect the structural properties of the surface to be revegetated. Following construction of project infrastructure, revegetation can be immediately implemented on areas disturbed during construction, but which are no longer required for operations (e.g., overburden stockpiles, disturbed borrow pits, along road and road ditches). Silt Fencing Installing silt fence as a sediment control method is a common method employed for level areas with diffuse erosion potential from sheeting on light soils. Silt fences are used to protect downslope areas and prevent further movement of the sediment as it is being transported. Settling of coarser material occurs as the runoff ponds upstream of the fence. Silt fencing is not appropriate for heavy flow areas and requires continuous maintenance. Sheeting Impermeable polyethylene sheets can offer immediate and temporary erosion control. Their use is suited for emergency responses or for short term protection in areas where the sheets will not be disturbed as they are susceptible to tearing or movement by wind and heavy rainfall events. Also, they require inspection and maintenance until more permanent erosion measures can be implemented. However, properly installed and anchored, they can provide complete isolation of the erodible surfaces from the effects of wind and water erosion. Off-Road Vehicle Control Install and maintain measures to control unauthorised vehicle access to the right-of-way. These measures may include: Signs; Fences with locking gates; Slash and timber barriers, pipe barriers, or a line of boulders across the right-of-way; and Appropriate trees or shrubs across the right-of-way. MONITORING Initial erosion can be visually inspected by searching for light surface material (litter or soil) movement, while sedimentation resulting from erosion can be found by searching for deposition of soil particles at the bottom of slopes and depressions. Rilling, gullying, unusual compaction, hoof shearing and rut are also indicators of erosion problems. Ditches will be examined during heavy runoff and the outlets of culverts and pipes visually inspected to ensure that roads and other permanent structures are not being compromised and sediment loads are not becoming excessive. Movement of the lighter and finer top soils before vegetation has taken root on reclaiming plots will be monitored closely and mitigation efforts employed to prevent compromising the seed and soil. Monitoring of surface structures and of the receiving environment for evidence of erosion and sediment accumulation is summarised in the table below. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-18 Table 8-2 Summary of Monitoring Activities for Evidence of Erosion and Sediment Accumulation ACTIVITY LOCATION FREQUENCY Visual inspection Bottoms of slopes and depressions Monthly during the rainy season and of large structures. following significant rainfall events Roads: ditches and outlets of Monthly during the rainy season and culverts and pipes. following significant rainfall events Near sensitive areas such as Monthly during the rainy season and wetlands or drainage lines following significant rainfall events Mapping of erosion problem area and Entire site Quarterly extent of erosion Inspection and maintenance Temporary erosion control On a daily basis in area of active measures. equipment operation. On a weekly basis in areas with no equipment operation Within 24 hours of each 1,5 cm of rainfall, or every day during rainy season Permanent erosion control measures Evaluation of success rate - Quarterly Revegetated areas Monthly during the rainy season and following significant rainfall events Water quality monitoring for Total Water quality monitoring stations Weekly and during heavy runoff suspended solids (TSS) periods. ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES The Supervising Engineer team is responsible for: Inspecting Contractor activities for compliance with the requirements of this Plan and other environmental permits and approvals; Identifying, documenting, and overseeing corrective actions, as necessary to bring an activity back into compliance; Ensuring that erosion control devices are properly installed to prevent sediment flow into sensitive areas (e.g., wetlands, waterbodies, cultural resource sites, and sensitive species habitats) and onto roads, and evaluating the need for additional erosion control devices; Verifying the location of signs and highly visible flagging marking the boundaries of sensitive resource areas, waterbodies, wetlands, or areas with special requirements along the project site area; Keeping records of compliance. The Contractor is responsible for: Detailing erosion/sediment control and soil stabilisation needs in all areas; Ensuring that the design of slope breakers will not cause erosion or direct water flow into sensitive areas, including cultural resource sites, wetlands, waterbodies, and sensitive species habitats; Ensuring restoration of contours and topsoil; Ensuring the repair of all ineffective temporary erosion control measures within 24 hours of identification, or as soon as conditions allow if compliance with this time frame would result in greater environmental impacts; and Reporting to the Supervising Engineer. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-19 TRAINING All concerned employees should be trained to identify activities that could require erosion control measures and to know the procedure to follow when erosion is observed. Employees working on erosion control should be trained to properly implement the control measures and to monitor the performance of these measures. 8.1.2.4 CULTURAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL HERITAGE MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVE The purpose of the Cultural and Archaeological Heritage Management Plan (CAHMP) is to provide concise and achievable management measures to preserve and protect physical cultural heritage associated with the burial and archaeological sites from adverse impacts associated directly with construction of any of the project components. Specifically, the CAHMP will result in the following: A significant reduction in social grievances associated with the loss of cultural, historic and archaeological sites; Collaboration with government officials charged with managing national heritage resources through engagement with archaeologists trained in modern mapping, survey, and preservation techniques; Reduction of potential project delays through compliance and engagement with national laws and institutions as well as with international best practices. The overall purpose of this management plan is to clearly state the general characteristics and importance of the burial and archaeological sites located in the project’s RoW, and to identify the specific steps that will be taken to protect these resources, along with the rationale of these steps. This management plan will comply with the WB’s OP 4.11. The policy addresses the protection of Physical Cultural Resources, which it defines as: “Movable or immovable objects, sites, structures, groups of structures, and natural features that have archaeological, paleontological, historical, architectural, religious, aesthetic or other cultural significance, found in urban or rural settings, above or below the ground surface, or under water; and their cultural interest may be at the local, provincial, national or international level.” The policy also states that: “Physical cultural resources are important as sources of valuable scientific and historical information, as assets for economic or social development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices.” The policy requires that the assessment of the project impacts include physical cultural resources including: Consideration of likely impacts; Appropriate measures for avoiding or mitigating impacts; Development of a CAHMP; Provisions for managing chance findings; Measures for strengthening institutional capacity; Monitoring system to track progress. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-20 IMPACTS AND MITIGATION Ground disturbing activities, especially during construction within the RoW have the potential to impact and irreversibly damage physical cultural resources. As ground disturbing activities are only expected during the construction phase, associated impacts should only arise at that time. To avoid and minimize these localized impacts, the following monitoring activities should be integrated into the CAHMP: Verification with members of the community and families to determine each site’s level of importance; Integration of locational data from mapping surveys and burial site importance information from consultation activities into a project’s cultural heritage GIS database; Discussions with stakeholders about ways of addressing the cultural aspect and how to adequately compensate (rituals, sacrifices, ceremonies, etc.); Map identified archaeological sites into a cultural heritage GIS database; Develop and provide training and information on physical cultural heritage issues and the chance findings protocol to all personnel working for or on behalf of the project; Document deposits and artifact finds during the construction phase by means of a chance finding protocol including archaeological monitoring (watching brief) executed during ground-disturbing activities. CHANCE FINDING PROCEDURE The chance findings procedure’s objectives are to identify and protect previously unrecorded cultural heritage sites, objects, or features from project-related damages. The protocol applies to potential cultural heritage objects, features or sites identified as a result of vegetation and topsoil removal and other ground disturbing construction activities. The procedure complements the other mitigation measures described above, addressing finds that may not have been identified in the environmental assessment study. As a key part of the chance finding procedure, an archaeologist will be available for site to verify any fortuitous findings. This plan should be accompanied with financial and logistical assistance to communities for the relocation of known burial grounds, sacred sites, or any other cultural sites of importance, when needed. Chance findings may be made by any person/worker involved in the project, especially during construction phase, but must be evaluated by an archaeologist as being of cultural heritage. Two types of chance finds are likely to be encountered during construction works: cultural and non-cultural heritage chance findings. Non-cultural heritage chance findings may include modern objects and features as well as isolated artefacts. Individual artefacts, even out of their context, may be important indicators of the presence of nearby surface or subsurface cultural heritage sites. The principal value of most cultural heritage artefacts is only realised, however, when the objects are part of an interpretable cultural heritage site. Distinguishing between the two types of chance findings requires the expertise of an archaeologist. This procedure addresses artefacts as potential indicators of sites themselves rather than artefacts of individual importance. In the case of a chance finding, project activities will cease temporarily in the vicinity and the area will be marked for avoidance. Construction supervisors, field personnel and staff will be notified, as well as the PIU (E&S experts) (refer to section 8.2). Government cultural heritage representatives will be notified as well, so appropriate treatment strategies are developed and approved. Site treatment scenarios to be considered include in-place preservation through redesigned or specialized construction techniques, and rescue excavations in advance of additional construction work, if avoidance is not possible. After treatment work is agreed upon and required excavations are carried out, project excavation or construction activities will be cleared to resume in the area. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-21 Artefacts collected in connection with chance findings will be minimized. Because those finds are accidentally unearthed or broken free of their soil matrix, they will be collected with precise notation of their original location, and with photographs taken of their original context. Photos of the artefacts and site photos may be useful for consultations regarding chance findings and should be taken as soon as possible. Artefacts and associated notes and photographs taken by any project personnel should be given to the PIU (E&S experts). Ultimately the artefacts belong to the national government, and project staff will be responsible for transferring the material to the appropriate authorities. 8.1.2.5 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN The contractor will need to develop an emergency measures plan to identify and account for all project related risks. As a more comprehensive emergency measures plan will be needed in the operational phase of the project, such plans is to be developed by the proponent and the details on its content and the best management practices are outlined in the next section (Operation Phase). 8.1.2.6 COMMUNICATION PLAN The contractor, in collaboration with EDM, will need to elaborate a communication plan to establish and maintain communication channels with the national, provincial and regional authorities as well as with the affected population. JUSTIFICATION AND OBJECTIVES The construction of the new 400 kV Transport Line linking the Matambo substation in Mozambique to the Phombeya substation in Malawi could induce social disturbance and conflicts due to noise emissions, presence of strangers, disturbance of daily patterns of life, etc. This risk can be effectively controlled through the establishment of effective communication channels between the Contractor and Proponent and the local populations, to ensure they are aware of the work to be undertaken and to timely flag and address any source of community discontent. The aim of the Communication Plan is to ensure the local communities are well informed of the planned and ongoing activities and to prevent any social conflicts that may disturb the social dynamics of the local populations and hinder or prevent the execution of the planned work. PROPOSED ACTIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE Table 8-3 shows the main proposed actions for the implementation of the Communication Plan. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-22 Table 8-3 Environmental Control Actions, Description and Implementation Schedule – Communication Plan Control and Responsibility Implementation Mitigation Description for Supervision Schedule Actions Implementation The provincial government should be informed of the planned activities prior to starting the work; Engage with Before the start of the activities, meetings provincial and with the district administrator should be Contractor and district scheduled to advise of the proposed activities Planning phase EDM EDM authorities and to be presented to the chiefs of the administrative posts and the different communities located in the vicinity of the areas where construction activities will be carried out, as well as other stakeholders; Before starting work in a specific administrative unit (administrative post, locality, village), initial meetings should be held with the administrative post chiefs and Contractor and local community leaders in order to present Planning phase EDM EDM the program of the construction activities, identify any potential social conflict and Engage with identify potential strategies to engage the local and community in the project. traditional The Contractor should appoint a field authorities technician to be the focal contact point with the local and traditional authorities, during the construction phase; Establish a community liaison committee Planning phase Contractor EDM (CLC), which will work closely with the construction management team. The CLC must register and monitor the resolution of potential conflicts. During the execution of work near each specific village or community, the Contractor should establish and maintain daily contact Engage with with the local authorities. This will help local and identify any population grievance or complaint During traditional and timely flag any potential social Contractor EDM construction authorities disturbance or conflict; (cont’d) Interact with the local administration and the police to implement control mechanisms in public places to prevent crime. Inhabitants of local communities near the construction fronts should be informed ahead, by the contractor, about the upcoming construction activities, including information on the planned start, the nature and duration Before starting of work. This communication should also construction Inform local include information regarding the project work in the nature and goals; Contractor EDM communities proximity of a A grievance mechanism will be established given whereby communities can submit complaints community or concerns and receive a response. This mechanism will be communicated to communities prior to commencement of construction. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-23 Control and Responsibility Implementation Mitigation Description for Supervision Schedule Actions Implementation The social dialogue process of the promoter (EDM), of its representatives and of the contractor should not be limited to contacts established between the proponent and the different agents involved in the work. A permanent dialogue with stakeholders should be established, using tools that will build stable relationships with the different members of the public involved, based on transparency and respect for local values; Establish The building of communication channels will continuous be important to guarantee the transfer of During Contractor and EDM communication information to the local communities on safety construction EDM channels aspects to be observed during construction activities. The dialogue with local communities should be as simple and direct as possible and technical language should be decoded into a more popular language nearer to local reality. Translation to local languages may be necessary; A permanent process for the identification of the local and strategic stakeholders should be established, as well as a continuous record of stakeholder engagement. PERFORMANCE AND REPORTING PERFORMANCE INDICATORS The following performance indicators should be monitored for the Communication Plan: Number of meetings held with district administration; Number of meetings held with local and traditional authorities; Number of meetings held with local communities; Number of complaints or grievances from local populations. The performance indicator results should be determined monthly and compiled in quarterly reports, as indicated in the following section. REPORTS The following table summarizes the documental records that should be kept to control the execution of this management program. These documents should be prepared, archived and maintained by the contractor, in order to document the results of the program implementation. Records of relevant events should be made following the occurrence and a quarterly Performance Report should be prepared, reporting on the recorded events and performance indicators. Copies of all reports should be communicated to the EDM’s Project Management Unit for review and comment. Table 8-4 Record Documents for the Communication Plan Document Document Title Frequency of Record or Report Type Whenever meetings with stakeholders are Record of meetings held with stakeholders Record held Record of complaints or grievances filed by local Whenever complaints or grievances are Record communities filed by local communities Performance Report Report Quarterly Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-24 8.1.2.7 EDUCATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL AWARENESS PLAN The contractor will be required to develop an education and environmental awareness plan to ensure workers, whom are the main actors of the project’s daily life, are aware of the measures established in the Environmental Management Plan and that they are apt to implement them. JUSTIFICATION The activities to be undertaken during the project construction phase should be conducted in such a way to prevent, and minimize/mitigate, whenever possible, the negative impacts, where appropriate, that might occur over the natural and social environmental dimensions of the intervention area. For this it is necessary to provide, to all workers, basic notions about the environmental, social and patrimony issues that should be taken into account during the project construction phase as well as strengthening that knowledge periodically. Because the workers to be hired might have little or no awareness about the environmental aspects associated with the project, it is the contractor’s responsibility to perform a series of actions seeking to create an improvement of the workers awareness level and performance in relation to the environment. The environmental training fits in these actions and needs a specific program directed to workers. The training should develop the workers’ awareness of the environmental aspects of the project but also attitudes and practices that are acceptable in their interaction with their work colleagues and surrounding communities. TARGET GROUPS The target groups of this environmental training program are constituted by all contractor and subcontractor employees, contributing to the construction work of the new 400 kV Transport line. The workforce recruited will most likely consist of foreign labourers and national workers. The national workers are skilled civil construction professionals and other unskilled workers hired locally. The workforce will include both genders, male and female, although proportions may vary. All workers should have minimum qualifications with respect to reading and writing and should fluently speak Portuguese, the official language in Mozambique, except foreigners, who may not be fluent in Portuguese. The team leaders shall be experienced professionals in similar work and familiar with good environmental practice procedures concerning construction work. All contractor workers shall be full-time employees within the work periods that have been agreed upon with the contractor. Therefore, they should be available to attend the training at any time within that period. METHODOLOGY The contractor will have to develop a training methodology that should be based on a participatory approach and focus on the trainees themselves, through the interaction between people, and encouraging the relationship between people and the environment, and the social and heritage aspects so that the new knowledge is built on their own experiences. At least three main types of training should be considered, they are: The integration training which should include some basic environmental notions and behaviors, and some basic recommendations, to ensure all new employees are aware of their duties and are able to develop their activities in an environmentally responsible manner. The weekly environmental dialogue which should focus on basic environmental aspects concerning activities to be undertaken during the upcoming week (ex. pertinent consideration about equipment handling, management of contaminated soils, archeological aspects, etc.). WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-25 Specific Training modules which should be directed to a specific environmental issue and only workers who perform work likely to cause significant impacts related to this issue should participate to that training. Potential themes could include communication aspects, vehicles and equipment management/circulation/maintenance, health and safety issues, archaeological and built patrimony and the environmental management plan. GOALS AND INDICATORS The main goal of the Environmental Training Program is to raise awareness among the workers in order to improve their behavior to the purpose of conservation and good environmental management. The proper environmental management is largely dependent on each worker’s actions, therefore it is essential for them to be properly aware of the rules and procedures to be followed during work execution. The following table shows typical goals and indicators for such a program. The indicators are defined as a way of measuring the target fulfilment. Table 8-5 Goals and Indicators Specific Objectives Goals Indicators Get introduced to environment basic To spread basic notions about the notions for 100% of construction % of employees who participate in the environment. workers through the Integration Integration training. Training. To evaluate the knowledge level of the Warn workers about the existence workers regarding sensitive areas. For Avoid environmental impacts on of environmentally sensitive this, a list of key questions should be sensitive sites. locations in the project area. elaborated. It can be an oral evaluation. To evaluate the knowledge level of the Advise workers to take care with workers regarding vegetation and tree Avoid the destruction of vegetation vegetation, especially regarding cutting. For this, a list of key questions and logging. tree cutting. should be elaborated. It can be an oral evaluation. To evaluate the knowledge level of the Raise awareness to workers workers regarding the protection of Avoid wildlife disturbance including regarding environmental issues wildlife. For this, a list of key questions hunting and killing of these animals. linked to wildlife. should be elaborated. It can be an oral evaluation. To evaluate the knowledge level of the Inform workers about the different workers regarding the segregation of Transmit notions about the waste types of waste and how their the different waste types. For this, a list and its differentiation. segregation and deposition should of key questions should be elaborated. be done. It can be an oral evaluation. Number of non-compliance, incidents Teach measures to ensure Protect workers against risks to and accidents which have put the physical integrity of workers. their physical integrity. workers’ physical integrity at risk. Strengthen measures for the Advise workers about the workers’ use of personal protective % of workers who use personal importance and mandatory use of equipment and general workers’ protective equipment. personal protective equipment. protection measures. Present procedure measures on construction sites and campsites Avoid accidents with materials Number of accidents with materials for environmental protection, and/or equipment. and/or equipment. material and equipment transportation, and storage. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-26 Specific Objectives Goals Indicators To evaluate the knowledge level of the Encourage employees to workers regarding environmental Minimize the occurrence of implement environmental control control measures. For this, a list of key environmental damage. measures. questions should be elaborated. It can be an oral evaluation. Inform the workers about the rules Promotion of good relationships of social coexistence with local Number of complaints regarding between workers and local communities by encouraging workers’ behavior. communities. mutual respect. Establish measures for the Number of complaints from local Minimize disturbance to local circulation of project vehicles on communities related with the residents and others, due to work public roads and within the disturbance caused by the construction activities. surrounding work areas. workers. Evaluate the knowledge level of the workers regarding sexually Advise employees about hygiene To prevent the spread of transmissible diseases. For this, a list and how to prevent diseases. transmissible diseases. of key questions should be elaborated. It can be an oral evaluation. Train the workers on the Avoid the occurrence of fatal or Level of damage control in case of procedures in case of major damage in case of emergency. emergencies. emergency. To evaluate the knowledge level of the Inform the workers about the Raise workers awareness about the workers regarding the importance of cultural and archaeological importance of the conservation of the conservation of cultural and aspects and the need to archaeological or cultural archaeological heritage. For this, a list contribute to their protection. components. of key questions should be elaborated It can be an oral evaluation. 8.1.2.8 OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH, SAFETY AND SECURITY MANAGEMENT PLAN The contractor should also develop an occupational health, safety and security management plan compliant with requirements of the IFC EHS Guidelines. This plan provides clear direction on health, safety and security management, to ensure compliance with national and international standards and to provide the basis for driving improvements. The plan addresses the management of workers HSS across all aspects of the project implementation and associated activities, including workers tasks and accommodation. It applies to all workers including contractor and subcontractor employees. This plan shall be developed by the Lead Contractor through a comprehensive job safety or job hazard analysis leading to a prioritization of analysis results as part of an action plan based on likelihood and severity of consequences, and later application of prevention and control measures. Examples of prevention and control measures are provided below: Establish equipment storage yards and maintenance areas on adapted surfaces (clear of vegetation, stripped of topsoil, leveled and compacted murram); Cut grass and brush near ground level outside the equipment storage yards / worker camps perimeter to maintain a perimeter for fire break; Develop a Health and Safety Policy, including personal safety, site conduct, security, site safety zoning and emergency procedures; Require all contractors and sub-contractors to comply with relevant WB/IFC health and safety requirements, including specific provisions for: Introduction, and use of, poisonous or other chemicals injurious to health; Provision of sanitation at camps, substations and tower erection points; Provision of separate accommodation and sanitation facilities in worker camps in order to satisfy both gender needs; Provide suitable and safe accommodation and sanitation facilities, including available drinking water and improved latrines; Provide medical facilities for the use of workers where required; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-27 Handling of domestic and specialised waste as well as dangerous goods: Training; Provision of potable water; Working environment committee; Fire suppression system; Use of personal protective equipment such as helmets and other safety equipment; Personal injuries and accidents; Damage to material, equipment and buildings; Poison treatment, chemical and fire injuries; Safety audit; Work done by hired personnel or firms; Work done near live electric components; Work done at heights; Work done in areas where there are dangerous animals (ex remote areas); Operating cranes; Working with heat in confined places; Corrective actions; Protective action; and, Utilisation of fall arrestors and anti-climbing devices to prevent public injury. In case of accidents, declaration of accidents should be done through an accident reporting mechanism in which official accident reports are prepared and monitored. An example of Accident Report Template is provided in Appendix 8. OPERATION Table 8-6 shows the measures to be implemented during the operational phase. In particular, an Emergency Response Plan will need to be developed by EDM. This plan is detailed at section 8.1.3.1. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-29 Table 8-6 Management Measures to be Implemented during the Operation Phase Mitigation Measure Environmental and/or Social Components Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Maintain equipment and machinery in good running condition, Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget including brakes, mufflers and silencers, catalyzers and clean Noise and vibrations Increase in noise and vibration levels repairs (power washed), free of leaks, excess oil and grease. Hydrography and water resources Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of Transportation and Safety and public health contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills circulation and suspended solids in water runoffs Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Increased stress related to nuisances Implement an operator training program on noise reduction near Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget sensitive receptors (see Appendix 4). Noise and vibrations Increase in noise and vibration levels repairs Prohibit idling of vehicles on-site and near sensitive receptors. Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances Transportation and Generators and machinery will be shut down when not in use. circulation Restrict speed on loose surface roads to 20 km/h during dry or Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget dusty conditions and install signposts and road humps where Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances repairs relevant. Transportation and circulation Use water for dust suppression on stockpiles, exposed soils and Air quality Temporary air quality deterioration Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget roads if dust generation is visible repairs Transportation and circulation Adapt the Contractor’s Emergency Measures Plan (EMP) develop Soils Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget for the Construction phase into an Operation phase EMP for Hydrography and water resources contamination repairs EDM’s use; Safety and public health, Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of Transportation and Workers' health and safety contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills circulation and suspended solids in water runoffs Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local workers and residents Regularly inspect all equipment at the substations that may Soils Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Waste and EDM EDM operation budget contain contaminants, such as transformers. Hydrography and water resources contamination hazardous materials Surface water contamination management Groundwater contamination Carefully select the landing area of falling trees to minimize Land use Occasional infringement of machinery on crops for Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget damages to crops. maintenance purposes repairs All ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials will Soil Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Waste and EDM EDM operation budget be stored in clearly labelled containers. Hydrography and water resources contamination hazardous materials Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of management contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water runoffs Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-30 Mitigation Measure Environmental and/or Social Components Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Hazardous materials must be stored in a manner that prevents Soil Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Waste and EDM EDM operation budget interaction with each other or with the environment or from being Hydrography and water resources contamination hazardous materials tampered with, accidentally. Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of management contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water runoffs Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Control and reduce at source the production of waste and Soil Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Waste and EDM EDM operation budget hazardous waste. Hydrography and water resources contamination hazardous materials Modifications of surface water quality with a risk of management contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills and suspended solids in water runoffs Modifications of groundwater quality with a risk of contamination through hazardous material leaks/spills. Restrict noise and vibration generating activities near residential Noise Increase in noise and vibration levels. Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget or institutional sensitive receptors to the period considered as repairs daytime (between 8 am and 5 pm) by WHO noise standards. Offer the possibility to residents with a house within 50m of the Noise Increase in noise and vibration levels. Presence and EDM EDM operation budget Matambo substation limits to move it beyond that area. operation of line, substations and access roads Maintain all work inside the access road and RoW footprints to Terrestrial flora Impairment of natural habitats and flora communities Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget reduce encroachment on natural habitats. repairs Clearly mark the extent of vegetation control in the RoW. Identify Terrestrial flora Impairment of natural habitats and flora communities Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget and mark the vegetation to be preserved along sections of the repairs RoW. Undertake selective control of the vegetation in order to keep low Soil Changes in soil chemical properties and risk of soil Maintenance and EDM EDM operation budget (<5m) scrubby and herbaceous species that do not represent a Terrestrial flora contamination repairs risk for the powerline (species that cannot grow more than 3m in Aquatic habitats and associated fauna Impairment of natural habitats and flora communities height); Disturbances of the water physical and chemical characteristics causing modifications in aquatic habitat and its associated fauna. Potential introduction of invasive alien species Dispose of organic material removed from the RoW properly and Terrestrial flora Impairment of natural habitats and flora communities Maintenance and EDM EDM operation in collaboration with local communities. repairs budget Use mechanical methods for vegetation control inside the RoW. Terrestrial flora Impairment of natural habitats and flora communities Maintenance and EDM EDM operation Forbid use of chemical pesticides to control vegetation in the Aquatic habitats and associated fauna repairs budget RoW. Implement an IAS monitoring program following project Terrestrial flora Disturbances of the water’s physical and chemical Maintenance and EDM USD 20,000 construction and site revegetation in sensitive areas, forest Aquatic habitats and associated fauna characteristics causing modifications in aquatic habitat repairs reserves, and forest stands. Consider conduction along with and its associated fauna RoW management. Potential introduction of invasive alien species Implement a bat mortality monitoring program in partnership with Terrestrial fauna Risks of bat collisions with towers and electrical wires Presence and EDM EDM operation local communities. operation of line, budget substations and access roads WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-31 Mitigation Measure Environmental and/or Social Components Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Develop specific mitigation measures for bat species that are Terrestrial fauna Risks of bat collisions with towers and electrical wires Presence and EDM EDM operation involved in mortality. operation of line, budget substations and access roads Implement a bird mortality monitoring program in partnership Avifauna Bird collisions and risks of electrocution Presence and EDM EDM operation with local communities; operation of line, budget Develop specific mitigation measures for species that are substations and involved in mortality. access roads Make sure land planning by local authorities avoids the Avifauna Bird collisions and risks of electrocution Presence and EDM EDM operation implementation of infrastructures or land uses that may operation of line, budget constitute an attraction for birds as a landfill. substations and access roads Undertake tree planting and implementation of artificial perching Avifauna Bird collisions and risks of electrocution Presence and EDM EDM operation devices to reduce bird interactions with the powerline. operation of line, budget substations and access roads Schedule RoW management activities to avoid breeding and Avifauna Modification and alteration of bird habitats and Maintenance and EDM EDM operation nesting seasons of bird species with special status. communities as the RoW is kept clear of trees. repairs budget Avoid the destabilization of shores and sediments or other Aquatic habitats and associated fauna Disturbances of the water’s physical and chemical Maintenance and EDM EDM operation pollutant rejections in watercourses during road and wayleave characteristics causing modifications in aquatic habitats repairs budget maintenance. and its associated fauna Allow grazing cultivation in the RoW, provided plantations do not Land use Land use restriction in the RoW Maintenance and EDM EDM operation exceed 5 m in height. repairs budget Plan for maintenance activities to be conducted outside of the Land use Occasional infringement of machinery on crops for Maintenance and EDM EDM operation growing and grazing seasons. Gender aspects and vulnerable groups maintenance purposes repairs budget Maintenance activities in the line’s RoW may increase women’s vulnerability through loss of crops planted in the RoW and risk of sexual harassment by foreign workers. Apply human resource policies favoring local labor. Employment and economic development Creation of jobs Maintenance and EDM EDM operation repairs budget Implement training programs to build local capacity. Employment and economic development Creation of jobs Maintenance and EDM EDM operation repairs budget Disclose information on newly created business opportunities. Employment and economic development Creation of jobs RoW management EDM EDM operation Maintenance and budget repairs Encourage the recruitment of female workers, with equal Gender aspects and vulnerable groups Maintenance activities in the line’s RoW may increase Maintenance and EDM EDM operation payment for male and female workers, for equivalent jobs. women’s vulnerability through loss of crops planted in repairs budget the RoW and risk of sexual harassment by foreign workers. Maintain a minimum working distance of 2.5m to the energized Worker's health and safety Risk of accidents and physical injuries involving local Maintenance and EDM EDM operation components during maintenance work. workers. repairs budget Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-32 Mitigation Measure Environmental and/or Social Components Potential Impacts Source of Impact Responsibilities Costs Educate local populations on safe behavior in the presence of a Safety and public health Risk of electrocution caused by equipment Presence and EDM EDM operation high voltage powerline such as bushfires, slash and burn breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all operation of line, budget practices under and close to the powerline. other forms of unsafe contacts substations and access roads Maintenance and repairs Install warning signs and anti-climbing devices on pylons. Safety and public health Risk of electrocution caused by equipment Presence and EDM EDM operation breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all operation of line, budget other forms of unsafe contacts substations and access roads Ensure the development of local and regional emergency plans Safety and public health Risk of electrocution caused by equipment Presence and EDM EDM operation in case of infrastructure breakdowns, especially near roads or breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all operation of line, budget residential areas. other forms of unsafe contacts substations and access roads Monitor and control illegal connections. Safety and public health Risk of electrocution caused by equipment Presence and EDM EDM operation breakdowns, illegal connections, steel thefts and all operation of line, budget other forms of unsafe contacts substations and access roads Install downward-facing security lighting at the Matambo Safety and public health Increased stress related to nuisances Presence and EDM EDM operation substation to help avoid or reduce light pollution. operation of line, budget substations and access roads Communicate with communities effectively and involve their Communities and social cohesion Tension between local populations and outside workers Presence of EDM EDM operation leaders. workers budget Minimize the number of permanent access roads to and in the Landscape Permanent alteration to the landscape Presence and EDM EDM operation RoW, when possible. Proceed to early closing and rehabilitation operation of line, budget of access roads near sensitive scenic areas. substations and access roads Allow tree and shrub species, whose height is limited to 5 m, to Landscape Permanent alteration to the landscape Presence and EDM EDM operation grow within the RoW. operation of line, budget substations and access roads Create visual barriers to reduce line visibility in sensitive areas. Landscape Permanent alteration to the landscape Presence and EDM EDM operation operation of line, budget substations and access roads WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-33 8.1.3.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN The following sections outline the main components of such a plan as well as some of the best practices that will need to be included into this document. OBJECTIVE In terms of risk management, the project’s objective is to reduce them to the lowest levels, as much as is reasonably possible. However, an accident could affect people on-site as well as personal objects and the environment. Thus, risk identification is important in order to deploy appropriate staff and personnel to intervene with diligence and confidence in the case of a major accident. NATURE OF THE EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN An appropriate emergency response plan will be elaborated in a more formal manner by the proponent. This one will be required to complete an emergency plan in order to mitigate every risk that will have been identified in relation to the work needs. Furthermore, the emergency plan will regularly be reviewed and adapted to the project’s evolution. The review must include all activities and associated risks. Any event that could threaten or affect the environmental components will trigger the emergency plan during the project. The plan will list appropriate actions to be followed in order to properly respond to the emergency situations arising from the identified risks. The main elements that need to be retained and integrated in the emergency response plan are outlined below. The emergency response plan has three general objectives which are: clearly defining the role and responsibilities of all stakeholders; facilitating communications to all concerned parties such as workers and the general population; serving as a reference document during warning, mobilization and intervention procedures. In order to minimize risks for all employees, the population and the environment, the following information will need to be detailed in the plan: Mechanisms to alert stakeholders and all concerned organizations; Coordination of the operational and intervention crews; Definition of the role and responsibilities of all stakeholders; Specifications on the different levels of authority; Measures that will reduce the intervention time in order to minimize the effects on the environment. ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISKS The use of a powerline or an electrical station entails some environmental risks. These risks may be of a natural or a technological origin. In general, natural risks are caused by natural phenomena such as rain fall, floods, tornados, droughts, bush fires, etc. Natural risks could be the source of hazards or technological risks. Technological risks rely on hazard identification (hazardous products, system failures, sources which lead to breakage, generic project risks etc.). Natural risks associated to the current project are mostly due to lightning which could short circuit the system, erosion in particular in floodplains or in areas which are prone to erosion and bush fires which could start in areas close to the lines or substations. However, these risks are mitigated at a technical level during the design of the project (grounding cable, appropriate choice of tower location, foundation composition, adequate clearing zone, etc.). Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-34 The risk analysis relies mostly on the technological risks associated to the use of the powerline and the substations along the line. The sources of the two main risks are the storage and use of petroleum products and hazardous substances as well as the use of electrical transformers. STORAGE AND USE OF PRETROLEUM PRODUCTS AND HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES This section outlines the potential risks associated with the storage and use of petroleum products such as, diesel, light crude oils, fuel, lubrication oils and grease. The hazards which can lead to identified major accidents are: petroleum product spills, fires and/or explosions involving petroleum products as well as oil and grease spills. Petroleum Product Spills The nature and the location of petroleum products and other solicited hazardous substances are detailed in the technical feasibility study to come. Equipment corrosion, breakage/leaks in equipment or human error, can lead to spills of petroleum products or hazardous substances resulting in the contamination of surface water, groundwater and soils, or fires. The following design measures have been adopted in order to reduce the risk of accidents, as well as their consequences in an emergency situation: The design of equipment and tanks in accordance with the regulations, standards, applicable codes and appropriate industrial practices; The storage of hazardous material, refueling and servicing of equipment and vehicles will be done minimally 100 m away from wetlands and watercourse floodplains; The control and reduction, at the source, of the production of waste and hazardous waste; Double-walled tanks with a secondary retention basin capable of containing up to 110% of the stored volume. Additionally, EDM will: offer continuous training to all employees who are assigned to the handling of bulk petroleum products; develop and use work procedures; develop an emergency response plan based on the one prepared by the Contractor for the Construction phase including the intervention procedures in case of an incident involving petroleum products; store all ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials in clearly labelled containers; store all hazardous materials in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; store and use intervention materials near the handling areas of petroleum products; maintain an on-going service contract with a company that specializes in the cleanup of spills and in industrial cleaning; undertake preventative maintenance of tanks and all related equipment in order to reduce potential breaks and premature wear of the equipment; ensure that a risk analysis is done by employees before realizing tasks which have not been described by an appropriate work procedure; prepare International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that will be readily available in an easily understood language to exposed workers and first aid personnel; inspect and realize conformity assessments of the bulk petroleum product storage tanks. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-35 Therefore, in the event of a spill it would be confined to the area of the incident due to the measures outlined above. Fire/Explosion Involving Petroleum Products or Hazardous Substances A fire/explosion involving petroleum products or other hazardous substances could occur in exceptional circumstances, for example, a fire close to the petroleum tanks. Therefore, the probability of occurrence is very low. This type of incident could lead to serious injuries and potentially to the loss of the life of persons located within the impact radius, as well as damage to nearby buildings and infrastructures. In this event, an interruption of all operations would be needed that would inherently lead to economic losses. At the preliminary stage, the equipment and tanks were designed in accordance with regulations, standards, applicable codes and appropriate industrial practices. Additionally, the following measures will be implemented to reduce the risks of accidents, as well as their consequences in case of an emergency situation: Offer continuous training to all employees who are assigned to the handling of bulk petroleum products; Develop and use work procedures; Store all ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials in clearly labelled containers; Store all hazardous materials in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Update the emergency response plan including the intervention procedures in case of an incident involving petroleum products; Store and use intervention materials near the handling areas of petroleum products; Store all ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials in clearly labelled containers; Store all hazardous materials in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Maintain an on-going service contract with a company that specializes in the cleanup of spills and in industrial cleaning; Undertake preventative maintenance of tanks and all related equipment in order to reduce potential breaks and premature wear of the equipment; Ensure a risk analysis is done by employees before realizing tasks which have not been described by an appropriate work procedure; Prepare International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that will be readily available in an easily understood language to exposed workers and first aid personnel; Inspect and realize conformity assessments of the bulk petroleum product storage tanks. Oils and Grease Spills Spills of lubrication oils and grease can occur when there are breaks or leaks in equipment, handling errors and machinery spills and can lead to soil, surface and groundwater contamination. The following preventive measures will be in place in order to reduce the risks of accidents, as well as their consequences in an emergency situation: Offer continuous training to all employees on the protection of the environment; Develop and use work procedures; Store all ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials in clearly labelled containers; Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-36 Store all hazardous materials in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Update the emergency response plan including the intervention procedures in case of an incident involving oils and greases; Undertake preventative maintenance of tanks and all related equipment in order to reduce potential breaks and premature wear of the equipment; Ensure a risk analysis is done by employees before realizing tasks which have not been described by an appropriate work procedure; Prepare International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that will be readily available in an easily understood language to exposed workers and first aid personnel. A spill of lubrication oils and greases could occur during the operational phase of the project. The impact level on the environment is deemed to be low given the quantity of products that could be implicated and the mitigation measures in place. USE OF ELECTRIC TRANSFORMERS This section outlines the risks associated to the presence of electric transformers. The hazards which can lead to identified major accidents are the spills of dielectric oils and fires/explosions involving an electrical transformer. Spills of Dielectric Oil Spills of the insulating oil found in the transformers could lead to the contamination of surface, groundwater and soils, following the corrosion of equipment, breaks/leaks of equipment or due to human errors. The following preventive measures will be in place in order to reduce the risks of accidents as well as their consequences in case of an emergency situation: Preventive maintenance of transformers and related equipment in order to thwart equipment breaks and premature wear; Protection against lightning; Retention basin for all transformers that contain dielectric fluids; Extra transformers in stock, in case a break or failure occurs, to avoid a stop in operations; Prepare International Chemical Safety Cards (ICSC) or Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) that will be readily available in an easily understood language to exposed workers and first aid personnel; Risk analyses done by employees before realizing tasks which have not been described by an appropriate work procedure. Fires/Explosions Involving an Electric Transformer A fire in a transformer is a potential risk. Potential causes for a fire are contaminated dielectric oils, short-circuits and overheating. The following preventive measures will be in place to reduce the risks of accidents as well as their consequences in an emergency: Preventive maintenance of transformers and related equipment in order to thwart equipment breaks and premature wear; Protection against lightning; Store all ignitable, reactive, flammable, corrosive and toxic materials in clearly labelled containers located as far as possible from the transformers; WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-37 Store all hazardous materials away from the transformers and in a manner that prevents interaction with each other or with the environment or from being tampered with, accidentally; Retention basin for all transformers that contain dielectric fluids; Extra transformers in stock in case a fire or explosion occurs to avoid a stop in operations; Risk analysis done by employees before realizing tasks which have not been described by an appropriate work procedure. DOWNED WIRES This section outlines the risks associated to the breakage of conductors. The hazard which can lead to identified major accidents are downed wires. Downed wires can lead to serious or fatal injuries of community members, especially if the downed conductor is live. The following preventive measures will be in place in order to reduce the risks of accidents as well as their consequences in case of an emergency situation: preventive maintenance of conductors and related equipment in order to thwart equipment breaks and premature wear; protection against lightning; ongoing sensitization of the local communities along the line about dangers of high voltage transmission lines; ongoing sensitization of the local communities along the line about dangers of electrocution in cases of contact with transmission line components and especially downed wires. ORGANIZATION AND RESPONSIBILITIES A planning committee in charge of the emergency measures will be active and will maintain an up to date emergency plan to efficiently mobilize workers in an emergency. A thorough review of every item in the plan will be regularly completed by the planning committee. The committee will be involved in elaborating, preparing, updating and disseminating the emergency response plan as well as initiating and preparing large-scale simulations, reviewing the results and ensuring follow-ups. The committee will also train the workers and upper management, via simulation and evacuation exercises, to develop proper intervention relations with the civil authorities as well as initiate the annual emergency response plan review process and ensure the operation plans are updated. Additionally, an internal emergency intervention team will consist of on-site staff and personnel representing the first line emergency team, in charge of the communication and deployment in an emergency situation. The role of this team will consist of receiving all emergency calls, giving them priority and giving them the required and needed attention. The team will convey all information to upper management without delay, as well as all appropriate emergency services and, if necessary, acquire external aid. EMERGENCY INTERVENTIONS EDM and its subcontractors will ensure that emergency procedures are rapidly put in place in the event of an accidental petroleum product spill. Appropriate procedures will be established and communicated to all operating staff, as well as suppliers. These procedures will outline the proper way of recuperating and cleaning all accidental petroleum product spills and any related products, on and off site. The following will be assured: Wear of appropriate clothes and personal protective equipment (i.e. security goggles or sealed goggles, resistant gloves, etc.); Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-38 Management and control of the leak (i.e. eliminating the ignition source, identifying the product which was used, and stopping, if possible, the source of the spill, by disabling or turning off the equipment that controls the flow of the product); Confinement of the spilled product (i.e. stemming the spilled product in order to prevent the product from migrating to a river of water or to the sewer, and absorbing with items found in the emergency kit such as absorbents, dry sand or any other dry and non-combustible material); Outline of a security perimeter (i.e. prohibiting traffic, vehicles, and any unauthorized staff near the accident); Evacuation of the area, if there is a risk of explosion or a fire; Notification to the concerned staff that is in charge according to the warning procedures and following the instructions given by the team who is managing the emergencies; Recovering all contaminants and restoring the contaminated areas (in compliance to all regulations and appropriate practices in order to prevent the migration of any contamination). The emergency response plan will include specific procedures for every emergency situation. All persons and organizations that must be notified for each situation will be identified in the emergency response plan. Also, the emergency response plan will include a risk communications program to the general population and a section on preventive measures. After each event, a report on the emergency situation will be completed with the personnel staff that is in charge, in order to evaluate the measures which were taken, specify possible improvements and make the necessary changes to the procedures. TRAINING The operating staff will benefit from continuous training in order to guarantee a certain level of knowledge and adequate competence. The operating staff must fully understand the emergency response plan’s procedures. Each worker will be trained in order to know the warning and intervention procedures in the event of an emergency. The emergency response plan will regularly be tested in order to verify its efficiency level. A program consisting of a series of exercises will allow the users to verify the efficiency level of every aspect of an intervention, of the equipment and of the workers identified in the emergency response plan. The plan will outline the types of exercises which need to be done, and the frequencies. Every exercise will be evaluated in order to validate and/or improve the operational processes of the emergency response plan. These exercises will be analyzed in a post-mortem report. 8.2 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION Responsibilities for the implementation and monitoring of elements in the EMP are shared between various stakeholders, including EDM and its contractors. In this context, EDM’s Environmental and Social Management Unit will be responsible for the project’s execution. This will help ensure decisions are well coordinated and the various management measures/plans, as well as the EMP and eventually the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP), are properly executed. Figure 8-1 illustrates the possible structure of this organization. EDM’S ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT UNIT EDM’s Environmental and Social Management Unit will be tasked with the project’s implementation. The technical aspects will be addressed by experts and engineers whom will ensure the construction activities are completed in compliance to the plans and specifications, bidding documents and contracts. The environmental and social management aspects will be directed by experts from the environment, ecology, agronomy and/or sociology domains to assure the proper implementation of the environmental and social management measures contained in the EMP, including surveillance and monitoring. These experts will come from the professional EDM staff. The environmental and WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-39 social management unit will also oversee the EMP’s implementation by the contractor responsible for the construction activities and its sub-contractors. Figure 8-1 Institutional Arrangements for the EMP’s Implementation It is recommended that this group appoint an Environmental Control and Communication Officer and technical assistants who will perform day-to-day field monitoring of the implementation measures contained in the EMP. These representatives will also be responsible for the relations with local chiefs and the PAPs as well as receive and document the complaints and grievances related to the environmental measures, nuisances, workers-population relations, etc. These complaints and related corrective measures will be discussed on a daily basis between the contractor and the Environmental Control and Communication Officer and reported to the unit at the regular meetings. The Environmental Control and Communication Officer will also be responsible for evaluating compliance to the stakeholder engagement protocol, as set out in the Communication Plan of the EMP. In the case of an incident that could potentially cause serious damage to the environment or equipment, the unit through its Environmental Control and Communication Officer will be authorized to stop the work or to give instructions to the head contractor to ensure impacts are minimized or eliminated. All cases need to be reported to and discussed at the committee meetings. In addition, the committee, as mandated by EDM, will work closely with the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), for the RAP’s implementation, in activities such as the estimation and delivery of compensation packages, the livelihood restoration and vulnerable group assistance measures to affected households, the reconstruction of community affected structures and the implementation of the Community Compensation Fund’s (CCF) measures. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION UNIT The responsibility for the good implementation of the RAP will be on EDM. To carry out the EMP and RAP’s objectives, EDM will need to create a PIU and hire a witness NGO, with the help of the environmental and social management committee of the PMU, at least one (1) year before the start of construction activities. The PIU will be responsible for the implementation of the RAP which includes supervising the monitoring activities and executing the community compensation fund (CCF). As mentioned above, it Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-40 is recommended that EDM hire, a local consultant or NGO with good credentials to be a member of the PIU. An open bidding process must be put in place to recruit this organization. It is estimated that the PIU will need to operate during 24 to 30 months, starting a year before the start of construction and continuing for its entirety. After the construction activities are completed, a smaller team will monitor the long-term impacts. The PIU will be directed by a coordinator who will supervise all its associated activities. The responsibilities of the PIU coordinator will include: Providing information on activities and continuing consultations with the PAPs; Maintaining an inventory of the goods to be resettled and a detailed valuation of the compensations; Ensuring proper information and participation of PAPs and affected communities; Managing the compensation payments; Monitoring the resettlement work; Implementing the community-approved projects financed through the CCF; Communicating with the witness NGO on the consultation activities, compensation and resettlement related activities; Producing monitoring reports (see below) for the RAP’s implementation to appropriate government authorities, EDM and the contractor in charge of the transmission line’s construction. The PIU coordinator must rely on a team of professionals and support staff able to conduct all the following tasks. It is recommended that the PIU have: Support staff: secretarial services, drivers, security and legal personnel, general accountants. Survey, Identification & Appraisal Team: surveyors, appraisers, “option disclosure and agreement” officers in charge of relations with each PAP household (negotiations, compensation payment, PAP feedback, etc.). Resettlement (house and community structures): ad-hoc urban planner and architect (consultants), engineers/construction supervisors. Cash compensation: compensation officers, accountant, security officer. Database management: database officers. Livelihood restoration and community forest: agronomist/agro-foresters. Assistance to vulnerable people and displaced households: social workers with at least one woman. Communication specialist: community engagement specialist in charge of the information and participation program. CCF community project: technicians or engineers on an ad hoc basis providing technical advices for community projects. It is proposed that the PIU have offices located in easily accessible communities to facilitate the transport and contact with the local population and authorities. The PIU coordinator will assess the situation and propose a proper position. The predicted compensation amounts and resettlement modalities for each PAP will need to be approved and endorsed by the PAPs, the competent governmental authorities and by EDM. Communities’ and households’ fears, regarding the non-payment of the claims, are important and widespread. In order to reduce those fears, it is strongly recommended that the approval of the start of the construction of the powerline be conditional to the transmission of a satisfactory progress report from the PIU. This report must clearly establish, with the support of evidence, that compensations were paid, and that resettlement projects were successfully carried out prior to the initiation of the construction phase. The confirmation of the witness NGO in this report is essential. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-41 Also, as a mitigation measure, the PIU should clearly identify the cut-off date (when will the verification survey come to an end and new compensation claims be refused) and disclose it well in advance to the PAPs and their representatives, provide them with the necessary contact information and procedures to fill in their compensation claims prior to the cut-off date. WITNESS NGO To enhance transparency and trust from PAPs and stakeholders it is suggested that a witness NGO, recognized and credible in the project area, be retained, through a public proposal and selection process, by the PMU, to provide independent advice, and report on RAP implementation and management, focusing on consultation activities, compensation and resettlement related activities and grievances management. This NGO could be a recognized and credible Human Rights advocacy group or a NGO active in rural development. This outside look will ensure that proper procedures and stated compensation processes are followed, that PAP and stakeholder grievances are well taken care of, and that PAPs are treated with fairness. This mode of supervision was experienced in other projects and gave good results in terms of reduction of grievances. This NGO will revise PIU reports, meet with PAPs, check implementation of the measures, reconstruction, etc. in the field, and provide comments and recommendations. All PAPs will be informed of the NGO role and function and need to have access to its representatives, in a confidential manner if need be, to explain and discuss their difficulties of grievances. CONTRACTORS Each contractor will appoint a qualified environmental manager and social specialist that will need to be approved by the Environmental and Social Management unit. These specialists will be responsible for the daily management on-site and will review the application of the management measures proposed in the EMP and the RAP. This individual will report regularly to the Environmental Control and Communication Officer during the construction period. Additionally, the contractor’s environmental manager will appoint liaison officers that will be in charge of reviewing the work performed by sub-contractors to ensure they respect the health, safety and environment directives. All the national health, safety and environmental regulations as well as EMP’s and RAP’s recommendations (that meet international best practices) will have to be respected. Contractors must hold all necessary licenses and permits before the work begins. It will befall on them to provide all of the required legal documents, such as the signed agreements with owners, authorizations for the use of borrow pits and temporary storage sites, etc. 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The implementation of the ESMP and the general coordination of all environmental and social activities associated with the project should be managed through the development of a project specific environmental and social management system (ESMS). This ESMS, which does not necessarily need to be certified, must be inspired by recognized international standards such as ISO 14001 (for environmental aspects) and OHSAS 18001 (for health and safety aspects). The typical breakdown of a project specific ESMS includes: A project environmental and social policy; A summary of the risks and impacts associated with the project; A list of mitigation measures and management plans; A definition of the organizational capacity and competency; A communication and stakeholder engagement structure; A monitoring and review structure. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-42 A good source of information for the preparation of an ESMS is the IFC Environmental and Social Management System Implementation Handbook and Toolkit that were published respectively in 2014 and 2015. ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL POLICY This Policy must be developed to the agreement of the various project proponents (EDM and Lead Contractor) and set the rules when it comes to dealing with environmental and social aspects during the project. The Policy must deal with Environmental, labor and working conditions and community health, safety and security aspects. IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS AND IMPACTS The risks and impacts are easily identified as they correspond to those identified in the current ESIA report (see chapter 7 and table 8-1). MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS The management programs should be based on the mitigation measures and management plans proposed in the ESIA’s ESMP (see section 8.1). While developing the ESMS, it will be important to further develop, in compliance with the project needs, the various management plans proposed in the ESMP including the labor and work conditions plan (covering human resources policies and procedures, working conditions and terms of employment, workers’ organization, non-discrimination and equal opportunity rights, retrenchmen aspects, workers’ grievance mechanisms, protection of the work force, child labour, forced labour, workers engaged by third parties and supply chain) and the emergency preparedness and response plan. ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY AND COMPETENCY This section of the ESMS should be based on the information supplied in section 8.2 of the ESIA’s ESMP to establish the composition of the organizational structure. This structure should be organized in such a way as to ensure efficient communication and all employees should be aware to whom they should report in case of an environmental or social situation. Competency of the workers and other employees must be ensured through initial and continuous training on environmental, social and health and safety (H&S) aspects. The training activities should include: General introductory sessions to introduce the various thematics as required for the various employee groups; Weekly meetings to review environmental, social and H&S associated with the activities to be conducted during the work period; Specific training sessions for employees that are to conduct specialized work or that will work in environmentally or socially sensitive areas. Existing training structures from EDM or the Lead Contractor should be used to accelerate and facilitate training implementation. See also section 8.6 of the ESMP for additional training guidelines. COMMUNICATION AND STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT The objectives of the communication and stakeholder engagement activities are to: Maintain a social and institutional dialogue with the population, authorities and other concerned organizations; Ensure compliance with good public engagement practices, and; Ensure that the project implementation process contributes to strengthening EDM’s efforts to build lasting relationships with affected communities, relevant authorities and other stakeholder. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-43 The target groups should be identified using the available information resulting from the various public consultation activities completed during the ESIA process (see Chapter 6). 8.3.5.1 COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION AND CONSTRUCTION PHASES Throughout the right-of-way clearing, land preparation and construction works, affected communities and other stakeholders should be notified in advance of the nature and timelines of the work planned. Information publicly disclosed should include the following: Previous announcements of planned field activities (objectives, nature, organizations involved and timelines); Any significant adjustments to the overall schedule, if any; The anticipated local labor needs in the short and medium terms; The results of the environmental and social monitoring program; The evolution of the implementation of RAP and other specific management plans; The dangers to public safety associated with the presence of a power line, the mitigation measures adopted and the dangerous behaviors to be avoided. The means of communication for this phase of project implementation could include specific consultation meetintgs, production of information newsletter, public adverts in local medias, use of websites or, if required, individual meetings with specific stakeholders. 8.3.5.2 COMMUNICATION ACTIVITIES DURING THE OPERATIONAL PHASE At this stage, the following information should be made available to communities and other stakeholders in an accessible format and language: Results of the project’s environmental and social monitoring program; Planning of maintenance works on the right-of-way and facilities; Guidelines for land use restrictions within the right-of-way; The dangers to public safety associated with the presence of a power line and the dangerous behaviors to be avoided. The preferred means of communication should include production of annual reports and rendering them available in the project area (District offices or other locations) and on websites, information meetings and public adverts in local medias. MONITORING AND REVIEW Monitoring and review is aimed at both ensuring that all recommended mitigation measures and environmental plans are implemented during construction (see section 8.4 and 8.5 of the ESIA’s ESMP) and that the ESMS is well implemented, that all activities are documented and that any glinch in the system can be rapidly identified and adjusted. 8.4 GRIEVANCE MECHANISM Grievance redress mechanisms are essential tools for allowing stakeholders affected by the Project to voice concerns about environmental and socioeconomic issues affecting them as they arise and, if necessary, for corrective action to be taken in a timely fashion. Such mechanisms are fundamental to achieving transparency in the ESMP implementation process. The grievance redress procedure includes the use of records (grievance log) to determine the validity of claims. It is essential that all projects incorporate a Grievance Redress Mechanism and one that is accessible, free, easily understood, transparent, responsive and effective, that does not restrict Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-44 access to official grievance channels (such as the courts including traditional courts), and causes no fear of negative consequences for its recourse amongst users. Affected individuals and households should be informed about the existence of a grievance redress mechanism. General information regarding the existence of such mechanisms should be made public through community consultations. The objective of the proposed grievance redress mechanism is to respond to the complaints of aggrieved stakeholders in a fast and transparent manner, and to ensure that they have avenues for presenting and addressing their grievances related to any aspect of the ESMP. Potential grievances and disputes that arise during the implementation of the ESMP are often related to the following issues: Issues related to influx of labour including inflation, gender-based violence, sexual abuse and child abuse among others; Dissatisfaction regarding economic benefits to local communities during construction/operation phases; Issues related to nuisances caused by construction works such as dust and other air pollutant emissions, noise emissions, drinking water pollution, etc.; Environmental impacts affecting ecosystem services used by community members (ex. water pollution or hydrological regime modifications affecting fisheries resources); Issues related to effects of land-use changes caused by the project construction or operation; Issues related to damages caused to village or district infrastructures (roads among others); Disturbance of important cultural and archaeological heritage elements; Increased marginalization of vulnerable groups. And any other possibilities. With respect to the implementation of the RAP, the complaints are mainly those related to the process and those related to ownership. Process complaints and litigation are typically associated with the following causes: the omissions of assets in the surveys; wrong registrations of personal or community data; errors in the identities of the people affected; undervaluation feelings; the basis for calculating compensation; resettlement conditions; disagreements on parcel boundaries, fields either between the affected people of the same locality or between two neighbors; disputes over the ownership of a property or land use (two or more affected persons claim to be the owner of a certain property); disputes over the sharing of compensation. Complaints and disputes over the right of ownership usually relate to the following cases: the recent change in ownership of the asset; succession in inheritance; divorces; the appropriation of a common good or production capital put in place by several people; landholdings WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-45 A grievance procedure based on the participation of the Resettlement Monitoring and Supervision Technical Committee at the Provincial Level and the Monitoring and Supervision Technical, will be established for resolution of the disputes and complaints before the pre-construction phase for RAP implementation. This procedure created during RAP implementation should continue during the construction and operation phases and the same grievance process should apply for all stakeholders affected by the project. Four level have been identified in the grievance procedure: the village level, the disctrict level, the province level and the tribunals and/or court level. FIRST LEVEL: VILLAGE The general process is that the affected stakeholder or PAP must raise a grievance with his/her village leader for immediate review and solution. This is the first level of the process. Stakeholders and PAPs must submit grievances in writing to the village leaders, who will register the complaint. The plaintiffs will receive an acknowledgement as proof. If the plaintiff is unable to write, the NGO or the local government shall record the grievance on its behalf. Upon receipt of grievance, the village head must try to resolve the grievance amicably with the active participation of the aggrieved party within five (5) working days from the date of the filing of the grievance. If the grievance is resolved and the the aggrieved party is satisfied with the decision, a report must be prepared by the witness NGO. A copy of the report shall be handed over to the plaintiff and a copy submitted to the PIU for the record. If the grievance is not resolved, the PAP must pass to the second level. SECOND LEVEL: CUSTOMARY GRIEVANCE REDRESS COMMITTEE AT THE DISTRICT LEVEL If the stakeholder or PAP is not satisfied with the first level’s decision, the case must be forwarded to the Technical Committee for Monitoring and Supervision of Resettlement at the district level with a preliminary report prepared by the witness NGO. The report must have the details of the grievance, a preliminary assessment by village leaders, a hearing date and the decision. Upon receipt of grievance, the committee, if desired, may direct the witness NGO to collect further information related to the grievance and submit the same to the committee for its use while hearing the grievance. The hearing must be completed within 10 working days of the date of case referral. The date, time and venue of the hearing must be communicated to the affected stakeholder or PAP at least five (5) days in advance by the committee. If the grievance is resolved and the aggrieved party is satisfied with the decision, a report of the same must be prepared by the witness NGO. A copy of the report must be handed over to the affected stakeholder or PAP and a copy submitted to the PIU for the record. If the grievance is not resolved, the plaintiff must pass to the third level. THIRD LEVEL: TECHNICAL COMMITTEE FOR MONITORING AND SUPERVISION OF RESETTLEMENT AT THE PROVINCIAL LEVEL If the affected stakeholder or PAP is not satisfied with the second level’s decision, the case must be forwarded to the Technical Committee for Monitoring and Supervision of Resettlement at the provincial level with, again, a preliminary report prepared by the witness NGO. The hearing must be completed within 20 working days of the date of case referral. The date, time and venue of the hearing must be communicated to the affected stakeholder or PAP at least seven (7) days in advance by the committee. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-46 If the grievance is resolved and the affected stakeholder or PAP is satisfied with the decision, a report of the same must be prepared by the witness NGO. A copy of the report must be handed over to the PAP and a copy submitted to the PIU for the record. If the grievance is not resolved, the affected stakeholder or PAP must pass to the last level. FOURTH LEVEL: TRIBUNALS AND/OR COURT SYSTEM If all avenues have been exhausted without success, then the matter will be brought before the existing local court system for the administration of justice. All such decisions must be reached within four (4) months, from the day the complaint is lodged by the affected stakeholder or to a grievance redress system. If the local courts and Land Tribunals cannot settle the matter, it will go to the High Court for resolution. EDM will handle such appeals. The court’s decision is final. 8.5 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SURVEILLANCE The purpose of the environmental and social surveillance program is to ensure the commitments in the ESIA, and more particularly in the EMP, are fully implemented. This program includes the validation and integration of management measures (avoidance, mitigation, compensation, improvement) and other environmental considerations from the plans and specifications, and then their implementation during construction. It also includes the global application of the management solutions proposed and the considerations raised by the contractor that will oversee the construction phase. As mentioned above, the contractor will hire an environmental manager that will be responsible for the application of the environmental and social measures. The non-respect and unconformity could result in penalties. In addition, before starting the construction work, EDM will appoint internally an individual responsible for the supervising of the environmental monitoring (Environmental Control and Communication Officer). This individual will be present on site regularly, will be easily reachable at all times during construction and will be mandated to ensure the practical application of management measures. This person will also work in close collaboration with the environmental manager of the contractor’s team. The role and authority of this specialist will be defined in the environmental specifications to be provided to the contractor, but he/she will need to have sufficient power to compel the contractor to change its working procedures and techniques, if need be. Furthermore, to ensure the implementation of all management measures, those responsible for the environmental monitoring will identify non-conformities, propose corrective measures and guide the decision-making on site, in relation with environmental issues. In summary, the activities related to the environmental monitoring program include: overseeing the application of management measures contained in the ESIA and in plans and specifications; conducting on-site work inspections and reporting all non-conformities, or new issues or impacts not previously identified to the contractor; supervising higher impact activities or activities occurring in sensitive zones (deforestation, work in aquatic environments such as floodplains or banks or near cultural or collective sites etc.) to minimize impacts; recording all complaints and concerns raised by affected communities; evaluating the efficiency and the quality of management procedures and identifying, in consultation with the environmental and social management committee of the PMU, alternative measures needed to put in place in order to resolve any unforeseen problems that may occur during the work; ensuring the work is performed in accordance with national environmental requirements and international best practices adopted by the funders. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-47 Corrective actions will be added to the monitoring program to ensure there is a follow-up on their application and efficiency. The environmental and social surveillance program will include on-site inspections along with sampling, specific observations or investigations in neighbouring communities. Table 8-1 lists the main measures. The cost of these environmental and social surveillance measures cannot be specified at this point. They will bear out of EDM’s operating budget. The surveillance of the job site and associated costs are included in the terms of the contractor's agreement. Biannual environmental surveillance reports will be provided to ministerial authorities during the work period. 8.6 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MONITORING Environmental and social monitoring is an essential component of the EMP; it allows for the evaluation of the environmental performance during the project’s operation phase. Essentially, this exercise should provide ongoing information on actual changes occurring in the natural and socio- economic environments as a result of the project’s implementation. It also allows for the validation of the planned management strategies. Throughout the project’s cycle, the monitoring of the environmental and social performance will allow a continuous assessment and improvement of the proposed management measures’ efficiency, contributing significantly to the sustainable development of the project. Monitoring efforts are applied at different levels (local, along RoW and in nearby communities or at national level) and therefore require the cooperation of several participants. The elements included in the project’s monitoring program are available in Table 8-7. It should be noted that the description of the RoW's initial conditions will have to be undertaken at the end of the work. The baseline data collected will be compared with the data collected during monitoring. Also, additional programs will need to be developed as outlined in the management measures presented above, such as: Development of an invasive alien species control program; Application of the revegetation plan; Establishment of a monitoring program of bat and bird mortality. 8.7 INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY-BUILDING AND TRAINING NEEDS The ESMP is based on a collaborative approach where the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of the environmental and social management measures are shared among many stakeholders, to varying degrees. Relevant authorities and stakeholders have their own specific expertise, but do not always make the connection between their work and cross-cutting themes of environmental and social management. In this context, successful ESMP implementation and, more particularly, its institutional arrangements and its environmental and social monitoring programs, will be based on a program of institutional support and capacity-building that focuses on the following points: Train and daily orient all project participants in H&S issues, including identification of risks and how to mitigate the risks. Educate and train all project participants (departmental staff to entrepreneurs and workers) on the implementation of the ESMP monitoring procedures and their rationale; Through the PIU and its technical and environmental staff, facilitate the increased participation of EDM and governmental departments, involved in the planning, in multidisciplinary consultation meetings; Promote improved engagement of civil society organizations in ESMP implementation (for example, implementation of mitigation measures that require local knowledge), monitoring and continuous adjustments; In addition, training is important to ensure the continuous improvement of environmental practices and compliance with the requirements of current legislation relating to the environment. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-48 Contractors must also be aware of the need to integrate best practices in their work. A training program will be implemented through the ESMP to enhance the environmental awareness of contractors’ key personnel. EDM staff directly assigned to the project will also receive specialized training in environmental and social issues related to electricity interconnection projects, as well as training in health, safety and quality. Finally, experience in previous power line projects shows that some people still erect buildings within the right of way, in locations where they are not permitted to. Training and awareness-raising activities for these populations are necessary to prevent accidents and improve safety. However, this ESMP does not contain specific measures dealing with this category of stakeholders since it befalls on EDM, in their normal activities of awareness-raising and information, to discuss these subjects with their clientele. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-49 Table 8-7 Environmental and Social Monitoring Component Component Method Standards/Targets Location Frequency Responsibility Soil integrity Visual inspection of construction Avoid the installation of Work areas in use and around Annually during the EDM* sites and access roads erosive processes or control pylons whole operational them. phase Reduce soil compaction Avoid soil profile structure destruction Plant communities Evaluation of the plant communities’ Follow the plant communities’ In the different types of Annually for the first EDM composition via flora surveys evolution after eventual habitats found in the RoW, five years degradation from openings focusing on areas with higher and border effects ecological integrity Social and Monitoring of the rate of rural Maximizing economic benefits Communities within 10 km Annually for the first EDM economic electrification and number of for communities from the RoW and substation five years advantages for local development projects sites communities Built environment Survey of relocated households Satisfaction in terms of Along the line where After the first year EDM, in collaboration process and relocation sites. households were relocated and as required with customary following the results authorities Employees' health Complete register of the cause and No injuries or accidents Work site and work camps Annually EDM* and safety type of workers' injuries/accidents Communities’ health Complete register of the cause and No injuries or accidents Communities in the RoW and Annually for the first EDM, in collaboration type of injuries/accidents associated near substation site five years and as with customary with the presence of the line or its required following the authorities substations within communities results Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-50 Table below shows the main aspects of the Capacity-Building Plan. Table 8-8 Capacity-Building and Training Program TRAINEES TRAINING MODE THEMATIC AGENCY APPROX. COST ANIMATING TRAINING EDM Workshops and Overview of environmental & social External According to the Environmental & Seminars aspects of energy projects National number of social Personnel Case Studies on Regulations and Laws surrounding Consultants participants and Concerned site of existing environment, socioeconomic issues International sessions Ministries Staff projects and current and energy activities Experts may go up to project ESMP USD 100,000 Health and Safety Quality Ministries, local Technical training Specific workshops on monitoring Ministerial USD 100,00 authorities, NGO on ESMP and evaluating delegation (USD 50,000 monitoring and Computer monitoring tools National material) updating Mapping and meetings with external stakeholders consultants Portable laboratories and training on International sampling techniques. experts EDM operating Workshops ESMP Implementation External According to the and maintenance Case Studies on the Best Environmental & social National number of personnel site of existing Practices Consultants participants and projects and current Integrating environmental & social International sessions project management measures in plans and Experts may go up to specifications USD 50,000 Environmental & social Monitoring of construction work Environmentally-friendly and socially responsible construction management Health and Safety Quality Contractor staff Technical training Environmental global perspective National USD 25,000 Case studies at Environmental rules and bylaws external existing project sites ESMP implementation consultants Training at the Environmental supervision International project site Management of respectful, Experts environmental and health and safety (for workers and communities) construction Communities Presentations in Appraisal of risks and opportunities Contractors USD 20,000 communities related to the construction and and NGO operation of the power line Local external Respect of the ROW, electrocution consultants threat, permitted/forbidden activities in the ROW, monitoring of bird mortalities and nesting (if applicable), opportunities from electrification and efficient electricity management WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-51 8.8 IMPLEMENTATION TERMS AND COST SUMMARY IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE On top of being a reference source in the management of environmental impacts of the project, the EMP is also a guide for the application of various steps and procedures that are necessary for its sound implementation. The following provides an overview of the key logical steps necessary to ensure the efficiency of the EMP, avoid redundant efforts and to make sure that information is shared amongst all key project parties. The pre-construction phase will see to the appointment of the Environmental and Social Management unit, according to the guidelines established above. The fact that several individuals have to contribute, institutional continuity is key to this process, and changes in the composition of the teams should be kept to a minimum to maximize their efficiency. Therefore, nearly three months are attributed to the identification, selection and preparation (including training) of the Environmental and Social Management unit and PIU teams. When the final RoW will have been selected, the pre-construction phase will lead to land acquisitions, associated to resettlement, and compensations of affected households. It is proposed that compensation of affected households start one year prior to the beginning of construction activities. An awareness program for PAPs will also need to be undertaken. The construction phase is characterized by the clearing of the RoW. In parallel with these activities is the implementation of the EMP and its monitoring by the Environmental and Social Management unit. It is crucial that responsibilities for the implementation, supervision and monitoring of the EMP be clearly defined. In the first year of the operation phase, some EMP measures will be realized associated to impacts arisen during the construction phase, as well as the monitoring of the state of revegetated areas and the well-being of resettled households. Generally, during the operation phase, a lot of effort will be devoted to the monitoring of the project’s performance according to the environmental and social indicators. A detailed EMP implementation schedule is proposed in Table 8-10. COST SUMMARY Most of the costs associated with the implementation of mitigation measures and improvements cannot be specified at this stage of the study. Many of these measures are to be under the responsibility of the contractor(s) who will build the project, so those costs will be integrated with other construction costs. It should be mentioned that the present EMP imperatively needs to be appended to the construction tender documents to be published to ensure those costs are placed under the responsibility of the project contractor(s). In addition, since the implementation of certain measures will be under EDMs responsibility, part of the operational budget to be applied to the application of measures is not known at this point. Table 8-11 shows a summary of the main costs for the implementation of plans, programs and some management measures. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 8-52 Table 8-9 Environmental and Social Monitoring Component Component Method Standards/Targets Location Frequency Responsibility Avoid the installation of erosive processes or control them. Visual inspection of construction sites Work areas in use and around Annually during the Soil integrity Reduce soil compaction EDM* and access roads pylons whole operational phase Avoid soil profile structure destruction Follow the plant communities’ In the different types of Evaluation of the plant communities’ evolution after eventual habitats found in the RoW, Annually for the first five Plant communities EDM composition via flora surveys degradation from openings focusing on areas with higher years and border effects ecological integrity Social and economic Monitoring of the rate of rural Communities within 10 km Maximizing economic benefits Annually for the first five advantages for local electrification and number of from the RoW and substation EDM for communities years communities development projects sites After the first year and as EDM, in collaboration Satisfaction in terms of Along the line where Built environment Survey of relocated households required following the with customary process and relocation sites. households were relocated results authorities Employees' health Complete register of the cause and No injuries or accidents Work site and work camps Annually EDM* and safety type of workers' injuries/accidents Complete register of the cause and Annually for the first five EDM, in collaboration type of injuries/accidents associated Communities in the RoW and Communities’ health No injuries or accidents years and as required with customary with the presence of the line or its near substation site following the results authorities substations within communities Note: * considered as included in EDM’s operating budget. WSP-Consultec Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. Project No. 161-07023-00 Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project May 2019 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study 8-55 Table 8-11 Preliminary ESMP Budget Estimate Based on Main Costs Cost Phase Item (USD) RAP implementation 4,016,939 Capacity Building and Training Program 250,000 Involvement of a botanist for clearing activities 10,000 Implementation of the CAHMP, including the presence of an archaeologist during 65,000 excavation activities On-going communication program with Stakeholders during construction 65,000 EDM’s Environmental and Social Management unit operating budget for 80,000 management, auditing and environmental surveillance1 activities Sub-total 4,486,939 Development and implementation of an invasive alien species control program 20,000 Installation of bird diverters in areas where required 15,000 Development of an Emergency Response Plan including the purchase of spill 30,000 kits Install warning signs and anti-climbing devices 10,000 On-going communication program with Stakeholder during operation 40,000 Capacity building and training program 345,000 Monitoring of environmental and social performance, including the development 20,000 of adapted mitigation measures (if necessary) Sub-total 480,000 Preliminary grand total 4,966,939 Administration costs (2%) 99,338 Contingencies (10%) 496,693 GRAND TOTAL 5,562,970 1 Including preparatory activities. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. WSP-Consultec Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project Project No. 161-07023-00 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study May 2019 9-1 9 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS The environmental and social impacts assessment was conducted by literature review, field surveys and through stakeholder consultations. This study identified stakeholder concerns and expectations, social and environmental constraints associated with the receiving environment and has identified the environmental and social impacts associated with the pre-construction, construction, operation and decommissioning phases of the Mozambique-Malawi 400 kV Interconnection Project. No critical habitat was identified. Management measures prescribed for the various phases of the project limit the significance of negative impacts on the physical, biological and human environments, compensate for impacts that cannot be avoided or minimized, or enhance the project’s positive impacts. The main source of impact at the pre-construction phase is the resettlement of the PAPs. Impacts and management measures for the resettlement is covered by the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF), a separate document to this ESIA. During construction, the most important impacts are on terrestrial fauna and flora, avifauna, land use and built environment, gender aspects, safety and public health, as well as labour influx and presence of foreign workers. Their significance after implementation of mitigation measures is considered moderate. It will be important to ensure a strict implementation of the proposed management measures and plans by the various stakeholders. The successful implementation of the RPF and compensation measures for habitat loss are two fundamental elements for the reduction of anticipated impacts occurring during these phases. During the operation phase, significant impacts would also be felt, but the probability of occurrence is often lower. The environmental and social surveillance and monitoring will remain key elements for assessing the quality of prescribed measures, their effectiveness and to detect unanticipated impacts. Proper implementation of the revegetation plan, the emergency response plan and of bird mortality monitoring, will contribute to the environmental acceptability of the project. The ESMP is based on a collaborative approach where the responsibility for the implementation and monitoring of the environmental and social management measures are shared among many stakeholders. In this context, successful ESMP implementation will be based on a program of institutional support and capacity-building. The ESMP is a commitment of Electricidade De Moçambique to the stakeholders involved, especially to the Mozambique authorities and local communities. Its implementation will ensure the project’s environmental and social compliance at all phases of execution. Electricidade de Moçambique, E.P. 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