THE WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 17 / NO 1 JULY 2018 INSIDE Increasing farmer incomes through irrigation 1-4 Empowering women in Minor irrigation is bringing rural Bihar 5-6 Development Dialogue: Impact of automation in water and new hopes to manufacturing 7-8 Lighthouse India 9-10 farmers in rural West Bengal ICR Update: S Second Madhya Pradesh ahadeb Das farms a tiny patch of land in Dhurkhali – a remote District Poverty Initiatives village in West Bengal’s Howrah district. With virtually no access to Project 11-12 irrigation, Sahadeb struggled to make a living off a single crop of paddy Events 13 he grew during the Kharif (rainy) season, plus an occasional crop of Face to Face 14-15 vegetables; but the scale was small and earned him little or no profits. Recent Project Approvals & During the rest of the year, Sahadeb, like many other farmers in similar Signings 16-18 situations, was forced to take up other livelihoods to fend for his family. New Additions to the Public Information Center 19-27 Now, with irrigation water streaming into his parched 1.5-acre patch Contact Information 28 during the dry season, Sahadeb has reason to smile. He has diversified Photo by the World Bank The Project, funded by the World Bank, seeks to boost agricultural productivity and profitability for 100,000 small and marginal farmers in the drought-prone regions of the state. Increasing farm incomes with knowledge and technology Farmers like Sahadeb have benefitted from the creation of minor irrigation structures such as ponds, tube wells and check dams. Those with adjacent parcels of land have been brought together into Water User Associations (WUAs) that operate these schemes and drive the efficient use of irrigation water through community participation. These WUA clusters have also from just one paddy crop to include a variety attracted reputed agribusiness companies of fruits and vegetables, which he grows to demonstrate modern technological throughout the year. The higher prices of his advancements such as high-yielding and horticultural crops have more than doubled low-water-consuming hybrid rice varieties, the earnings, helping these rising from $900 l Development of irrigation is enabling small clusters avail to $1,850 per and marginal farmers in rain-fed regions benefits of annum. of West Bengal to double their incomes by scale. Through introduction of high-value horticultural crops such capacity Sahadeb is not building, alone in his l Supported by the private sector, the farmers are success. With Accelerated Development of Minor Irrigation learning to grow irrigation newly- Project (ADMIP) is providing cutting-edge a variety of provided by the technological solutions to farmers and commercially West Bengal handholding them to adopt market-based viable crops government’s production systems while also connecting using new Accelerated them to the markets technologies. Development of Minor Irrigation Project (ADMIP), other small With these initial measures, Sahadeb and marginal farmers too have seen their has been able to grow a cornucopia of incomes multiply manifold. vegetables and fruits, including bananas, 12 2 The World Bank in India • July 2018 introduced indoor cultivation, where mechanisms for temperature and humidity control make it possible to grow off-season vegetables that fetch much higher prices. To learn the ropes, the Pproject took Sahadeb and others to see a poly house in Punjab managed by a leading international company. The company imparted intensive training on the cultivation and marketing of new types of vegetables, and provided the farmers with high quality seeds. The exposure visit proved to be an eye- opener. On their return, farmers started to grow high-value crops such as bell peppers, mini cucumbers and cherry tomatoes inside the poly house. At the same time, they diversified the risks of crop failure by growing other high-value crops such as broccoli, mangoes and pears – all on his 1.5 acres! musk melon, onion and cabbage, among As word of his success spread, the other others, in the adjacent open fields. farmers were curious and sought the project’s assistance. Although pilots began in November- December 2017, farmers have already begun Creation of irrigation facilities has enabled to see the difference. Uday Pal’s poly house many farmers like Sahadeb to produce a of 500 square metres, for instance, is likely variety of horticultural crops, increasing to yield 5 tons of high-quality cucumber – incomes manifold. He, as many others over 6 times the average yield in India! With like him, is implementing modern farming improved quality, he also expects to sell methods like indoor cultivation, drip irrigation these cucumbers at Rs 40 per kg, almost and fertigation, cutting down input use and twice the price of local varieties. Even at growing high-value crops all year long. conservative estimates, Pal expects the poly house alone to earn him nearly $2,300 in just Introducing indoor cultivation five to six months. – the new way to go As neighbouring farmers visit Sahadeb and Enthused by the doubling of his income, Uday Pal’s poly houses, they are beginning Sahadeb started exploring new ways to to understand that replication is simple and, further enhance his earnings from the better yet, it can be done on small parcels of same plot of land. At that point, the Project land. The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 3 Uday Pal also doubled his farm income from $700 to $1,400 through diversification into horticultural crops. He is likely to earn an additional $2,300 over a period of just five months from the cucumbers he produced in the poly house financed by the project. The manifold increase in his income will help support a better life for his family. A long way to go – finding solutions to existing and imminent challenges The Project has made an encouraging start, showing the way forward for multiplying Starting with two districts – Howrah and small farmers’ incomes towards achieving Darjeeling – the Project has financed 12 poly the country’s goal of doubling farmers’ houses in all, equipping them with state-of- incomes by 2022. the-art technology such as drip irrigation systems integrated with fertilizer application Nonetheless, the journey toward productive systems and automated foggers to maintain and profitable agriculture is fraught with humidity. complexities. To achieve this, a synergistic partnership is needed between the private This is not the end, however. Getting (Change background co sector (for technology, knowledge and consumers to buy better quality produce marketing support), the community (to drive l Development is just as critical. For this, of irrigation is enabling small the international optimal utilisation of irrigation water), and the company, with support from marginal andproject farmers in rain-fed regions officials, public sector (to provide policy support). is helping farmers connect West ofwith Bengal to double their incomes by organized retailers in Kolkata, West introduction of high-value Bengal’s capital. horticultural Contributed crops by Raj Ganguly, World Bank’s Big Basket, a well-known Indian retail-chain, l Supported Senior by the private Agribusiness sector, the Specialist, Anju Gaur, procuring poly has expressed interest in Accelerated World Bank’s Senior Water Resources Development of Minor Irrigation house produce from farmers at competitive Project Management (ADMIP) is providing Specialist, and Smriti Verma, cutting-edge prices. Economist & technological solutions to farmers andWorld Bank Consultant handholding them to adopt market-based production systems while also connecting them to the markets 12 4 The World Bank in India • July 2018 Agents of Change How a silent revolution in rural Bihar is empowering women to be agents of change E mpowering women in a society is essentially a process of uplifting the economic, social and political status of status and acquire a decisive say in matters crucial to their livelihoods. This decision to ensure the participation of women in local women and the underprivileged. It involves government is perhaps the best innovation building a society wherein women can breathe in a grassroots democracy, contributing to without the fear of oppression, exploitation, improving the well-being of rural women. apprehension, discrimination, and a general Control over local government resources and feeling of ill-treatment that symbolized a the collective power of women have helped woman in a traditional male-dominated women discover their own self-respect society. and confidence. In the recent discourse on With the implementation of gender quotas women empowerment in the 62nd session since India’s 73rd and 74th Constitutional of the Commission on Status of Women, the Amendment Acts, the percentage of women government of India has said gender equality in political activities at the local level has and emancipation of rural women is a key risen from 4-5% to about 35-40%. Reserving driver of inclusive growth. one-third of seats for women in the elected The discourse on women’s empowerment bodies of rural local governments in India has has progressed from viewing women as unleashed a silent revolution. recipients of welfare benefits to engaging For the first time, rural women began to them as active agents of change. However, participate in local governance to improve their women continue to face multiple challenges in The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 5 terms of asymmetrical division of labor, rights, men) functioned either from their homes or and assets which render them vulnerable to from limited spaces provided in schools or discrimination and violence. community centers. Empowering processes can fall short of In the district of Bhojpur, for example, the promises if institutional spaces such as fully President of the Dawaan local government, functional local government offices with Shushumlata, has recently made news for her adequate resources and other basics are proactive role in organizing the community. not provided by the government at the local Shushumlata has tirelessly worked in recent level. These offices are essential enablers years to bring women from all segments of the which help build the trust of the local citizenry community to actively participate in the Gram in the government machinery. In these Sabhas and Ward Sabhas (formal meetings spaces, women as elected representatives of all adults who live in the area) and raise their acquire skills, confidence, and capacities to concerns and motivate them to access the effectively perform their functions and duties. services delivered by the Gram Panchayat. They learn to articulate their demands, voice Today, women of the Dawaan local their concerns and mobilize resources and government participate in these meetings assistance in a secure and safe environment. without prejudice or bias. They speak The Bihar Panchayat Strengthening Project freely on issues of local development and in India, which is funding the construction feel empowered to demand services. This of local government offices at the village is a positive transformative behavioral level, has now become a symbol of women’s change that has strengthened the status of emancipation and the inclusion of vulnerable women in the local area. The visible social peoples. The project integrated feedback upliftment of the marginalized in Dawaan, and input from women in the villages in how including the infrastructure development, the offices are designed and where they are has improved the implementation of the located. government’s development programs. This bears testimony to the commitment of the The World Bank-financed project ensures that president for collective advancement towards these local offices are equipped with separate empowerment and social justice for all. toilets for women; that local offices are not in a remote corner of the village and there The story of the Dawaan is just one example are suitable facilities in terms of accessibility, of the positive impact that women in safety, and connectivity for women; that leadership positions can have. Leadership offices have electricity connections and are requires the ability to lift people up. well lit with a boundary wall; that there is a People like Shushumlata firmly believe in place for young mothers to breastfeed and a empowering those around them to live their meeting room for women’s self-help groups. best lives. The whole experience of creating these The lesson going forward is that there is local offices stands in sharp contrast to the always a premium on actions that can lead to past when the elected representatives (all grassroots social transformation. A forgotten institution, like the Dawaan local government that existed only on paper, is suddenly bursting with activities where women do not fear any marginalization or discrimination. And the physical construction of simple office buildings, equipped with essential facilities, (Change background colour as needed) puts a dream together for rural women which is inclusive and participatory while ensuring a safe working environment with opportunities for all. Contributed by Farah Zahir, Senior Economist, World Bank 12 6 The World Bank in India • July 2018 Development Dialogue How can India compete with a global economy undergoing profound change? The heightened global competition because of automation technologies will raise the bar for success in export-led manufacturing. India must therefore prepare now to remain relevant, say Mary Hallward-Driemeier, Senior Economic Adviser, World Bank and Gaurav Nayyar, Senior Economist at the World Bank T he global economy is undergoing profound change. New technologies are impacting prospects for manufacturing by 2018. The en masse migration of labor- intensive manufacturing activities to poorer economies with lower labor costs such as led-development that has brought rapid India may therefore not occur. How, then, can prosperity to many parts of the world. Today, India compete? robotics, artificial intelligence, 3D printing, The growth of manufacturing in India has and the internet of things are reducing the been modest – with its share in GDP largely importance of low-wage labor. unchanged over the last two decades – There is concern that industry 4.0 – where especially when compared to the services data and automation in “smart” factories sector. Globally too, while India’s share in transform traditional manufacturing – may global manufacturing production increased make it feasible for leading firms to re-shore from 1.1 percent in the early 1990s to 2.8 manufacturing back to advanced economies, percent in 2015, China’s galloped from and closer to final consumers. China too is less than 5 percent to 25 percent. Even automating rapidly and is projected to be so, India has made greater progress in the world’s largest user of industrial robots some manufacturing sectors. For example, The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 7 since 1995, it has ranked among the top automation technologies will raise the bar 10 exporters of labor-intensive goods such for success in export-led manufacturing. as textiles, apparel and leather products, India must therefore prepare now to remain jumping to 4th place in 2011. India has also relevant. If it can integrate its growing labor maintained its comparative advantage in the force with substantial improvements in the export of pharmaceuticals and a range of business environment, logistics and other commodity-based manufactures over the last backbone services, regulatory requirements, two decades. and so on, this might reduce the incentive for firms to relocate to higher-income Although the criteria for becoming a countries with Industry 4.0 technologies. Yet, manufacturing hub are now changing, if there is a limited window to industrialize some manufacturing industries are likely to using older technologies, reforms that remain relatively unaffected by Industry 4.0. improve the country’s competitiveness and This includes a range of commodity-based connectedness acquire greater urgency. manufactures – basic metals, wood products, India’s recent rise to the top 100 in the Doing paper products, and food processing – which Business rankings is a step in this direction. are also less traded and therefore subject But there is more distance to cover. Similarly, to less international competition. They will the country’s restrictions on trade in services remain feasible entry points for India. India – many of which are increasingly embodied can also remain competitive, at least for and embedded in manufactured goods – are some time, in its traditionally strong areas among the highest in the world and will need such as the production of textiles, apparel to be eased. and leather products, which is the least automated subsector thus far – as long as it To prepare for “smart” manufacturing, the combines low wages with other reforms that diffusion of new technologies will require enable it to compete. India’s nascent success higher-order skills, better ICT infrastructure, in the export of autos and electronics might, a stronger intellectual property rights (IPR) however, be harder to scale up. The use of regime, and complementary professional robots in these industries is more widespread services. Since developing the capabilities and they require closely-clustered suppliers of workers, firms, and supporting institutions that can provide inputs on just-in-time basis, is likely to be a gradual process, India must tilting the balance in favor of established start planning now. Here too the country can manufacturing centers. leverage some of its unique strengths. India’s large domestic market is an asset. First, it’s world-class institutes of higher Foreign direct investment to manufacture learning in engineering and management in India for India might therefore be less sciences have created pockets of skilled influenced by cost considerations associated labor that can respond to changing industry with establishing export platforms. The large demands. Second, India’s vast diaspora market will also likely continue to provide in the science and technology space can room for the domestic manufacture of lower- facilitate the transfer of technology and skills. price goods. Take, for example, India’s two- Third, with the increasing “servicification” wheeler auto sector, which has withstood of manufacturing – where the use of data international competition by producing low will play an increasingly important role in cost, durable scooters and motorcycles with (Change background colour as needed) optimizing processes – India’s success in ubiquitous distribution and service networks. software services can lay the ground for The scope for productivity gains might be the greater integration of such services into even greater for lower-price goods where production. India can exploit opportunities beyond the domestic market. The country’s exports of Mary Hallward-Driemeier and Gaurav Nayyar pharmaceuticals and three-wheeler scooters are authors of “Trouble in the Making? The to other lower-income economies, especially Future of Manufacturing-Led Development.” in Africa, is a case in point. This article was originally published in the Notwithstanding these opportunities, the Economic Times on 20 January 2018 heightened global competition resulting from 12 8 The World Bank in India • July 2018 Lighthouse India India and Sri Lanka exchange knowledge on women-led local self-governance S ri Lanka has been particularly keen on learning from India’s experiences in increasing the representation of women The delegation included several important officials, including the Minister for Provincial Councils and Local Governments, the in local government, a task currently Chief Secretaries of North, East and Uva daunting for the country. Recent reforms provinces, the provincial directors of local had mandated that least 25 percent of government and other central and local candidates fielded by political parties in officials. The delegation was interested the island country be women. In the past, in learning how local governments were women constituted less than 1.5 percent of involved in resource mapping, development local government bodies in the country. planning, poverty alleviation, supporting the vulnerable, service delivery and managing In December 2017, the Sri Lankan systems of accountability. They visited the delegates visited India’s southern state Kerala Institute of Local Administration, of Kerala where a government program Kaladi Grama Panchayat and Angamali – Kudumbashree – had empowered local Municipality and interacted with elected local women to take charge of government representatives, members of Kudumbashree initiatives on poverty eradication, livelihoods units and the local bureaucracy. and income generation, social mobilization and community development. In operation “We have a lot to learn from Kudumbashree since the mid-1990s, the program has seen and the panchayat system in Kerala,” said women emerge as active leaders in their Faiszer Mustapha, Sri Lanka’s Minister of own right. Provincial Councils and Local Government. The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 9 “In [this] system, women have entered the decentralization and had a wide variety local administration. This has increased of experiences to offer to each other. Sri transparency and efficiency.” Lanka’s Minister of Provincial Councils and Local Government, who attended An MoU between the Sri Lanka Institute of (Change background colour as needed) the conference, had requested the World Local Governance and the Kerala Institute of Bank to take the dialogue forward and help Local Administration to implement a women- them learn from India’s and Indonesia’s driven system of local self-governance in experiences with decentralization. Sri Lanka is being activated and supported under the proposed Sri Lanka Local Development Support Project. This knowledge exchange is part of the India Urban Knowledge Platform and stems from “The South-South Knowledge Exchange on Decentralization and Local Governance” – a knowledge exchange that the World Bank had organized in May 2017, when it brought together five Asian countries that had followed differing trajectories of 12 10 The World Bank in India • July 2018 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Second Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project Context Second Madhya Pradesh District The Phase 1 of the Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project Poverty Initiatives Project (MPDPIP-I) covered over 2,900 villages in 14 districts. It organized Approval Date: 24 June, 2009 about 300,000 poor rural households into Closing Date: 30 June, 2015 52,000 common interest groups (CIGs). The project achieved significant results in Total Project Cost US$ 101.50 million terms of enhanced livelihoods, increase in Bank Financing: US$ 91.36 million annual household income, and enhanced Implementing Panchayati & Rural participation of women in decision making. Agency: Development Department, Riding on the success of phase I, the Government of government sought World Bank support Madhya Pradesh for Phase II, known as the Second Madhya Pradesh District Poverty Initiatives Project Outcome: Satisfactory (MPDPIP-II), which focused on livelihoods Risk to Moderate enhancement, social empowerment, and Development financial inclusion through the self-help group Outcome: (SHG) model for the first time in the state. Overall Bank Satisfactory Performance: Project Development Objectives Overall Borrower Satisfactory The objective was to alleviate poverty and Performance: empower the rural poor of Madhya Pradesh 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 11 by improving their capacity and providing federations with about 12,800 members and them opportunities to achieve sustainable a fund of about Rs 4.2 million. livelihoods. Increased capacity for collective economic The primary target group of the Project were activities: With easy availability of credit poor women and marginalized communities and leveraged resources from community in over 740,000 households in 5,000 villages investment funds, SHG households formed of 14 districts in Madhya Pradesh. It sought cluster enterprises focusing on farm to organize the identified poor by forming enterprises which in turn formed cooperatives about 30,000 SHGs with substantive women with linkages to markets and traders. The representation. The Project also proposed Project helped establish the Ajeevika brand to facilitate skill building and job placement through which households involved in for 20,000 rural youth from identified poor agricultural activities marketed their produce. families. Skills and capacity development leading Achievements to employment opportunities: Around Large-scale inclusion of rural poor: The 160 employment facilitation centers were Project achieved a rigorous inclusion of established which provided skills upgradation the poor in the project villages. Over 4 training and placement facilities. As a result, lakh poor became SHG members, which more than 1.5 lakh individuals were suitably was 138 percent of the target of 300,000 employed. households set at the project design stage. Empowerment of women: More than All the member households were represented 2.2 lakhs SHG women members of 3,316 by women, and over 2 lakh member villages started attending Gram Sabha households were from the Scheduled Caste meetings. Thus, the Project was successful (SC) and Scheduled Tribe (ST) categories. in helping women from different castes to The producer companies had over 33,000 come together and conduct SHG and VDC shareholders of which 37 percent were meetings, and jointly participate in the Gram women and 77 percent were from socially Sabha meetings. Women respondents to excluded groups. an end line survey felt an increase in their Increased household income: The project confidence to raise their voice against any beneficiaries increased their household problem and to formally register a complaint. income by around 41 percent, against More than 60,000 women members were a targeted minimum of 20 percent. The involved in economic activities through the incremental income increases for SC and ST SHGs. households were found to be higher at 75 Lessons Learnt percent and 74 percent, respectively. With increased income there were also indications ● It was felt that to develop successful that malnourishment was considerably community institutions at scale, cadres reduced among expectant mothers. at all levels from the village up to the state-level require to be mobilized. Key social services through empowered ● In large scale poverty alleviation projects, community institutions: Community participatory wealth ranking combined initiatives like the SHG, and Village with systematic tracking can be used to Development Committees (VDC) provided effectively address inclusion of the poorest effective platforms for creating linkages with of the poor and the marginalized groups. public and private agencies for livelihood activities for individuals, clusters and ● To help accelerate financial inclusion in producer companies. A total of 24,887 project districts, a strategic collaboration SHGs leveraged Rs 549 million in the form with policy makers and bankers would be of subsidies for livelihood support activities useful. and community infrastructure. The Project (Change background colour as needed) ● It was also felt that for all monitoring and helped 133,000 SHG households reduce risks evaluation systems to be effective, an through life and asset insurance and helped investment in technical and institutional establish two community-based insurance capacity building was essential. 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 Events Book Launch World Bank Regional Flagship Report July 2, 2018 • New Delhi South Asia’s Hotspots: The Impact of Temperature and Precipitation Changes on Living Standards I ndian Council for Research on International Economic Relations (ICRIER) organized the launch of World Bank’s Hotspots Report to future climatic shifts. Using historic and projected climate and household survey data, this study investigates the historic spatial which was attended by policy makers, patterns of climate change across South Asia thinktanks and civil society organizations. at the district level, the effect of changes in long-term average climate on living standards South Asia is highly vulnerable to climate at the household level, and where the future change. Given that many of the poor live hotspots may be. in areas prone to climactic shifts and in occupations that are highly climate-sensitive, The analysis complements studies that have such as agriculture and fisheries, future investigated effects of extreme climate events climate change could have significant and finds that projected future temperature implications for living standards. At the and precipitation changes could create a same time, the effect of climate change will significant challenge for certain geographic vary significantly depending on the level of areas and populations, which could reduce exposure and the inherent adaptive capacities gains in increases to living standards that of individuals, households, and communities. have taken place over the past decades. (Change background colour as needed) This report will aid in the development of Dr Arvind Subramanian, Chief Economic targeted policies to improve resilience of the Advisor, Government of India delivered the people, especially the poor and vulnerable, keynote address. 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 13 Face to Face Gender targeting common in online job advertisement A striking feature of the Indian labor force and job market is the low participation rate of women. With only 27 percent of women in the labor force, India is among the lowest in the world. This World Bank study, “Reflections of Employers’ Gender Preferences in Job Ads in India” by Afra R Chowdhury, Ana C Areias, Saori Imaizumi, Shinsaku Nomura and Futoshi Yamauchi analyzes job recruitment advertisements listed in an online job portal. While this may not represent the overall Indian labor market, it provides a broad and reliable picture of urban Indian employers’ gender preference at hiring. The findings of the research show gender targeting and discrimination are quite common in the Indian job market. For example, one-third of the job ads listed in the portal identifies either men or women as preferred candidate. We spoke to Afra R Chowdhury, one of the authors of the report who shared key highlights from their research. What was the idea behind your research on online job portal data? T he idea behind the research paper was to see how we can utilize the rich and unique source of information that is available online to infer about some crucial job market-related issues. Female employment and gender equity is one of the top priorities of the region for the World Bank. Low female labor force participation in India indicates existing imbalance in the labor market, thus it was a natural and easy choice for us to analyze employers’ gender preferences which potentially is contributing to this existing imbalance. Why did you take advertisement samples only from babajob.com? Babajob.com (currently QuikrJobs) is one of the largest online job platform in India. There is no reason to believe job advertisements posted in that platform is different from other existing job portals, especially in connection to employers’ gender preference. It is very much authentic as the research is data-driven and objectively relies only on what is there to see without making any assumptions. The research analyzed more than 800,000 job advertisements in top 20 cities in India. However, since it relies only on job portal data, it may not be representative of all employers in India. 12 14 The World Bank in India • July 2018 January 2015 What types of gender bias did you observe in these ads? Within the whole sample, 63 percent of ads did not specify any gender, meaning the gender option was not utilized in those ads. However, among those 63 percent ads, some (4.4 percent, 23,543 ads in total) though did not specify male or female, mentioned gender specific word in job description. We used a text analysis technique to identify those cases. For example, a seemingly gender-neutral ad is considered gender biased if ‘female wanted’ or ‘want to hire a man’ or ‘woman preferred’ etc. were mentioned in the job description. How can employers select a particular gender in its advertisement? Babajob advertisement interface came with a few options where employers could select certain criteria that they were looking for in job applicants. For example, in addition to job description, employers could specify years of experience, language, location, gender, salary etc. One-third of the employers, 36 percent to be specific, in our sample utilized the gender selection option. What was the duration of your research? The original research started in 2015. Under the broader research, we conducted a randomized control trial experiment to see whether additional information about applicants’ skills and personality increases their chances of getting employers’ attention. This specific research on employers’ gender preference started later. It took more than a year and a half to complete this particular research. Did you also speak with employers for your research? This study is completely data-driven, meaning we relied only on the information that was retrieved from the advertisements posted in the job portal. This makes our research more reliable as it was free from any subjective bias. How will you summarize your research? This research is unique as it relies on revealed gender preferences of employers at the first stage of hiring. It highlights the demand-side contribution that employers are imposing in existing gender imbalance in Indian urban job market and how men and women are valued differently for similar jobs. Thus, this research can play a pivotal role in closing the existing knowledge gap. The findings of this study demonstrate strong and persistent existence of gender bias at hiring for various job positions across sectors. We also found that explicit gender preference is highly job specific; teaching, BPO, and clerical jobs target women more than men and for all other occupations men are more preferred. On average, ads targeting women offer 10 percent lower salary for jobs in similar occupations and with similar qualification requirements. The professional occupations and new types of jobs have lower gender bias in terms of whom to hire. At the same time, demand for female employees is increasing over time. With increasing female education, especially at the tertiary level, and emergence of new types of jobs in the local and global market, one can expect the decline of the gender-gap in hiring in the Indian job market in the near future. However, the decline of the gender-based salary gap might take longer. Are the trends in the research specific to India or does it have any relationship with global trends? (Change background colour as needed) Yes, the findings show Indian urban trend only, focusing only on 20 major cities in India. This paper focuses only on Indian data, so it is difficult to say how closely employer’s gender preference is related to global trend or if there is any relation at all. TheThe World Bank World Bank in India in India • January 2015 15 • July 2018 12 Recent Project Approvals India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $220 million loan and an $80 million guarantee for the and energy efficient ceiling fans; facilitating well-structured and scalable investments in public street lighting; developing India Energy Efficiency Scale-Up Program. sustainable business models for emerging The Program, to be implemented by the market segments such as super-efficient air Energy Efficiency Services Limited (EESL), conditioning and agricultural water pumping will help scale up the deployment of energy systems; and strengthening the institutional saving measures in residential and public capacity of EESL. Moreover, the Program will sectors, strengthen EESL’s institutional help to increase private sector participation capacity, and enhance its access to in energy efficiency, including through private commercial financing. sector energy service companies. The investments under the Program are Under the Program, EESL will deploy 219 expected to avoid lifetime greenhouse gas million LED bulbs and tube lights, 5.8 million emissions of 170 million tons of CO2, and ceiling fans, and 7.2 million street lights, contribute to avoiding an estimated 10 GW which will be supplied by private sector of additional generation capacity. This would manufacturers and suppliers. be over 50 percent of the National Mission The first-ever IBRD guarantee in India is for Enhanced Energy Efficiency target of 19.6 (Change background colour as needed) expected to leverage some $200 million GW indicated in India’s Nationally Determined in additional financing, to help EESL with Contributions (NDCs) under the Paris Accord. its growing portfolio and future investment The key components of the operation include: needs. creating sustainable markets for LED lights Atal Bhujal Yojana (ABHY) – National Groundwater Management Improvement Program T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $450 million program to arrest the country’s depleting Karnataka, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh and cover 78 districts. These states span both the hard rock aquifers of groundwater levels and strengthen peninsular India and the alluvial aquifers of groundwater institutions. the Indo-Gangetic plains. They were selected according to a number of criteria, including The Program will be implemented in the degree of groundwater exploitation and states of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Haryana, degradation, established legal and regulatory instruments, institutional readiness, and experience in implementing initiatives related to groundwater management. The program will, among others, enhance the recharge of aquifers and introduce water conservation practices; promote activities related to water harvesting, water management, and crop alignment; create (Change background colour as needed) an institutional structure for sustainable groundwater management; and equip communities and stakeholders to sustainably manage groundwater. 16 The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 Strengthening Public Financial Management in Rajasthan Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved this $21.7 million loan to help Rajasthan put in place Planning Department, Department of IT, Department of Panchayati Raj, internal and external oversight bodies, and procuring systems for better planning and budget agencies and officials. management, enhance transparency, The Project will help the departments put accountability, and efficiency in public in place an architecture to strengthen spending, and strengthen the capacity of the Public Financial Management (PFM) rules, revenue systems across key departments regulations & practices through modernized of Finance, Excise and Commercial Taxes procurement arrangements; robust audit Planning, and the Department of Information functions; better commitment management Technology, among others. (Change background colour as needed) processes; leverage IT infrastructure to The key beneficiaries of the Project would enhance use of latest technologies such as include the Finance Department, the big data; and a more efficient tax assessment Commercial Taxes Department, the Transport and audit procedure. Department, the Excise Department, the Second Programmatic Electricity Distribution Reform Development Policy Loan for Rajasthan The loan is the second in the series of two operations planned for a comprehensive turnaround of Rajasthan’s electricity distribution sector. The first loan closed in March 2017. In its second phase the operation will deepen the institutional and operational reforms that were launched in late 2015 centered around the Government of India’s (GoIs) Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojna (UDAY), which Rajasthan joined in 2016 and the Rajasthan State Electricity Distribution Management Responsibility (RSEDMR) Act, which aims T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $250 million development policy loan (DPL) to support to reform the governance of DISCOMs and bring greater public accountability in their functioning. (Change background c the government of Rajasthan in improving the performance of its electricity distribution It will improve the credit worthiness of sector under the state’s 24x7 Power for All DISCOMs, improve service delivery, and enable program. private investment of renewable energy. Uttarakhand Workforce Development Project T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors have approved a $74 million Project to improve the quality of training at at these ITI’s during the project period and about 40,000 untrained youth, including unemployed and unskilled workers will select Industrial Training Institutes (ITIs) and participate in industry-relevant short-term help the state produce higher-quality workers training programs which are compliant with with relevant market skills. the National Skills Qualifications Framework (NSQF). The NSQF is a quality assurance Over 24,000 trainees are expected to benefit framework in India that lays down nationally 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 17 recognized competency standards for all of trades, have higher frequency and quality qualifications. of interactions with industries, and ensure better equipment and infrastructure. Twenty five ITI’s have been selected – 13 located in district centers and 12 ITI’s that It will specifically address the issues of low (Change background colour as needed) are well-linked to industries. Two out of four quality and relevance of teaching practices women’s ITIs in the state will be included in at ITIs through training opportunities for the list. The priority ITI’s are expected to have principals, foremen, and teachers in all public a larger enrollment size, offer a wider variety ITIs. Recent Project Signings Additional Financing for PMGSY Rural Roads Project T he Government of India and the World Bank have signed a $500 million loan agreement to provide additional financing states across North India – Bihar, Himachal Pradesh, Jharkhand, Meghalaya, Rajasthan, Uttarakhand, and Uttar Pradesh. It has built for the Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana and improved about 35,000 km of rural roads (PMGSY) Rural Roads Project, which will and benefited about eight million people with build 7,000 km of climate resilient roads, out access to all-weather roads. of which 3,500 km will be constructed using The agreement for the Project was signed green technologies. by Sameer Kumar Khare, Joint Secretary, (Change background colo The World Bank has supported PMGSY Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of since its inception in 2004. So far it has Finance, on behalf of the Government of India invested over $1.8 billion in loans and credits and Junaid Ahmad, Country Director, World mostly in the economically weaker and hill Bank India, on behalf of the World Bank. Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Improvement Project (ISSNIP) the Government of India achieve its goal of reducing stunting in children 0-6 years of age from 38.4 percent to 25 percent by the year 2022. On December 1, 2017, the Government of India announced the new National Nutrition Mission. A large component of this Mission involves gradual scaling-up of the interventions supported by the ongoing World Bank assisted Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Improvement Project (ISSNIP) to all districts in the country T (Change background colour as needed) he Government of India and the World over a 3-year period. The additional financing Bank have signed an additional financing will support the first phase scale up to 315 of $200 million to fund the National Nutrition districts across all states and union territories Mission (POSHAN Abhiyaan) and support (UTs). 18 The World Bank in India • July 2018 12 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Rajasthan playing to its strengths: A strategy for The World Bank PIC sustained and inclusive growth The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) By World Bank 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Available On-line New Delhi – 110 001, India Published: Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 May 2018, Website: www.worldbank.org 54 pages Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Email: indiapic@worldbank.org English Version, Paperback Report No.: 126137 PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR Viva Books Pvt Ltd India’s largest state by area, Rajasthan 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj also stands out New Delhi – 110 002 in economic Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 performance and Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 achieved a greater reduction in poverty than any Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net other low-income state. This strong performance reflects broad-based efforts towards policy reform Other Preferred Stockist in India across sectors that resulted in a more productive and Anand Associates diversified agriculture sector, higher investments in 1219 Stock Exchange Tower manufacturing, and substantial improvements in public 12th Floor, Dalal Street service delivery. Mumbai – 400 023 Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 These achievements notwithstanding, Rajasthan still Email: thrupti@vsnl.com lags behind many other states in India. The state is Website: www.myown.org also among the lower performers in women’s and Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) girls’ education and gender gaps have shown little Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) improvement over the years. Rajasthan is now at a crossroads and faces serious challenges for sustaining Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd rapid and inclusive growth. Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com In recent years, growth has slowed down and the Website: www.alliedpublishers.com crucial tourism sector has lost market share. A worsening water crisis is making traditional agricultural Bookwell practices increasingly unsustainable, while growing 24/4800 Ansari Road, fiscal pressures, due partly to deficiencies in the Daryaganj electricity sector, are narrowing the fiscal space New Delhi – 110 002 available to implement comprehensive policy actions. Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Email: bookwell@vsnl.net The purpose of this report is to help develop a possible growth strategy as part of the ongoing dialogue with the state. 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 19 literature. Recent evidence shows that rank-based India: Policy Research Working Papers measures are less affected by measurement error and life-cycle bias compared with other standard measures WPS 8392 such as intergenerational regression coefficient and Paris climate agreement and the global economy: intergenerational correlation. Winners and losers However, most of the available household surveys suffer By Muthukumara S. Mani, Zekarias Hussein, Badri from sample truncation, because coresidency is used to Narayanan Gopalakrishnan and Deepika Wadhwa define household membership. There is no evidence on The 2015 Paris Climate Agreement was the first instance how sample truncation affects the rank-based mobility of countries adhering to take a collective action against estimates relative to intergenerational regression global warming. More than 190 countries came forward coefficient and intergenerational correlation. and submitted their contributions in the form of Intended This paper provides evidence on this in the context Nationally Determined Contributions, reflective of of intergenerational schooling persistence, using two their ability and capacity to reduce greenhouse gas exceptional surveys from India and Bangladesh that emissions, as each country set its own targets and include all children irrespective of residency status. The actions. For some countries, it meant a significant analysis shows that the measures of relative mobility decline in their emissions by 2030, while others, like (slopes) are biased downward in coresident samples, China, the United States, and India, decided on a more but the average bias in rank correlation is less than half gradual phasing out extending beyond 2030. of that in intergenerational regression coefficient, and This paper estimates the economic impacts of comparable to that in intergenerational correlation in implementation of the Paris Climate Agreement in terms magnitude. of its implications for welfare, gross domestic product, investments, and trade for major countries and regions. WPS 8448 Using courts to realize education rights: Reflections WPS 8401 from India and Indonesia Closer, but no cigar: Intergenerational mobility By Andrew Rosser and Anuradha Joshi across caste groups in India This paper examines the role of courts in promoting By Rishabh Sinha fulfillment of the right to education in developing country This paper compares the intergenerational mobility of democracies, focusing on India and Indonesia – two educational and occupational attainment of men from countries that have experienced increased education disadvantaged groups Scheduled Castes (SC) and rights litigation in recent years. Scheduled Tribes (ST) in India with the intergenerational The paper argues that this litigation has been part of mobility of men outside these groups during 1983-2009. broader struggles over education policy, inequality, Although there has been a modest convergence and the capture of educational institutions by political in mobility rates of non-SC/ST and SC/ST men in and bureaucratic forces; and that the extent to which educational attainment, there has been no significant litigation has been used and led to policy changes has convergence in the mobility rates of occupational depended significantly on the nature of, and access to, attainment. Upward mobility of SC/ST men remains the court system; the presence of support structures for much lower compared to non-SC/ST men. Additionally, legal mobilization; the ideology of the courts and judges; the former are more susceptible than the latter to and the roles and willingness of litigants to pursue moving down the intergenerational ladder. redress. The mobility gap varies over a large range across Broadly, litigation has served the interests of the poor states, but the cross-state variation has declined, and marginalized, although gains have largely come with convergence being higher in states with larger through better access to education, while issues of gaps initially. The paper finds no evidence of higher improving quality have been less prominent. convergence in states with higher economic growth. WPS 8466 WPS 8414 Rural roads and local economic development Estimating intergenerational mobility with By Samuel Edward Asher and Paul Michael Novosad incomplete data: Coresidency and truncation bias in Nearly one billion people worldwide live in rural areas rank-based relative and absolute mobility measures without access to the paved road network. This paper By M. Shahe Emran and Forhad J. Shilpi measures the impacts of India’s $40 billion national The rank-based measures of intergenerational mobility rural road construction program using regression have become increasingly popular in economics discontinuity and data covering every individual and 12 20 The World Bank in India • July 2018 firm in rural India. The main effect of new feeder roads actions and policies that can help break the cycle of is to allow workers to obtain nonfarm work. However, poverty, paving the way for the next generation to there are no major changes in consumption, assets realize their potential and improve their lives. or agricultural outcomes. Nonfarm employment in the village expands only slightly, suggesting the new work is found outside of the village. Even with better The Jobs of Tomorrow market connections, remote areas may continue to lack By Mark A. Dutz, Rita K. economic opportunities. Almeida, and Truman G. Packard Other Publications Available On-Line Published: April 2018, Global Findex Database 2017: Measuring Financial 94 pages Inclusion and the Fintech Revolution English Version, Paperback ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, 1222-4 Leora Klapper, Dorothe ISBN (electronic): 978-1- Singer, Saniya Ansar, and 4648-1223-1 Jake Hess While adoption of new technologies is understood to Available On-Line enhance long-term growth and average per-capita Published: April 2018, incomes, its impact on lower-skilled workers is more 186 pages complex and merits clarification. English Version, Paperback ISBN: 978-1-4648-1259-0 Concerns abound that advanced technologies developed in high-income countries would inexorably Compiled from survey data lead to job losses of lower-skilled, less well-off collected in collaboration workers and exacerbate inequality. Conversely, there with Gallup, Inc., the Global Findex database covers are countervailing concerns that policies intended more than 140 economies around the world. The initial to protect jobs from technology advancement would survey round was followed by a second one in 2014 themselves stultify progress and depress productivity. and by a third in 2017. In 2011 the World Bank – with funding from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation – This book looks at both sets of concerns with research launched the Global Findex database, the world’s most showing that adoption of digital technologies offers comprehensive data set on how adults save, borrow, a pathway to more inclusive growth by increasing make payments, and manage risks. adopting firms’ outputs, with the jobs-enhancing impact of technology adoption assisted by growth- enhancing policies that foster sizable output Fair Progress? Economic Mobility Across expansion. Generations Around the World By Ambar Narayan, Roy The Changing Wealth of Nations 2018: Building a Van der Weide, Alexandru Sustainable Future Cojocaru, Christoph Lakner, Silvia Redaelli, Daniel By Glenn-Marie Lange, Gerszon Mahler, Rakesh Quentin Wodon, and Kevin Gupta N. Ramasubbaiah Carey and Stefan Thewissen Available On-Line Available On-Line Published: March 2018, Published: April 2018, 255 pages 311 pages English Version, Paperback English Version, Paperback ISBN (print): 978-1-4648- ISBN (print): 978-1-4648-1210-1 1046-6 ISBN (electronic): 978-1-4648-1279-8 ISBN (electronic): 978-1- 4648-1047-3 The analysis examines whether those born in poverty or in prosperity are destined to remain in the same Countries regularly track gross domestic product economic circumstances into which they were born, (GDP) as an indicator of their economic progress, but and looks back over half a century at whether children’s not wealth—the assets such as infrastructure, forests, lives are better or worse than their parents’ in different minerals, and human capital that produce GDP. In parts of the world. It suggests local, national, and global contrast, corporations routinely report on both their 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 21 income and assets to assess their economic health The publication draws attention to the significant and prospects for the future. Wealth accounts allow environmental footprint of agriculture in these countries, countries to take stock of their assets to monitor the thereby shedding light on areas where action can be sustainability of development, an urgent concern today taken to protect the health of people and the planet that for all countries. sustains them. Measures that keep pollutants out of the air, water, soil, and food have the potential to benefit This report covers the national wealth for 141 countries both farmers and consumers at a time when citizens and over 20 years (1995–2014) as the sum of produced governments around the world are seeking to ensure capital, 19 types of natural capital, net foreign assets, that development is sustainable. and human capital overall as well as by gender and type of employment. Tracking Universal Health Coverage: 2017 Global Monitoring Report Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2018 from World Development Indicators By WHO and the World Bank By the World Bank Group Available On-line Available On-Line Published: January 2018, Published: June 2018, 88 pages 91 pages English Version, Paperback English Version, Paperback ISBN 978-92-4-151355-5 ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- Ensuring that all people can 1250-7 access the health services ISBN (electronic): 978-1- they need – without facing 4648-1251-4 financial hardship – is key With over 180 maps and to improving the well-being of a country’s population. charts, the new publication But universal health coverage (UHC) is more than that: shows the progress societies are making towards the it is a way to support people so they can reach their full 17 SDGs. It’s filled with annotated data visualizations, potential and fulfil their aspirations. which can be reproducibly built from source code and However, this joint report from the World Bank and data. It is made in collaboration with the professionals the World Health Organization finds that despite some across the World Bank’s data and research groups and progress on UHC, at least half of the world’s population sectoral global practices. still cannot obtain essential health services. And each year, close to 100 million people are being pushed into extreme poverty because they must pay for health The Challenge of Agricultural Pollution: Evidence expenses out of their own pockets. The report is a from China, Vietnam, and the Philippines sobering wake-up call if we are serious about reaching By Emilie Cassou, Steven the global goal of UHC by 2030. M. Jaffee, and Jiang Ru Available On-Line Published: April 2018, 152 pages English Version, Paperback ISBN (paper): 978-1-4648- 1201-9 ISBN (electronic): 978-1- 4648-1202-6 In East Asia, agricultural growth has contributed significantly to the massive poverty reduction that has taken place in that region in recent decades. Success in this sector has been demonstrated by more abundant yields, higher agricultural exports, and improvements in food security, all of which have translated into gains in economic and human development. However, these achievements have come at a high price, as evidenced by the experiences of China, Vietnam, and the Philippines. 12 22 The World Bank in India • July 2018 India Project Documents Amaravati Sustainable Capital City Development PMGSY Rural Road Project – Additional Funding Project Date 04 May 2018 Date 01 April 2018 Project ID P165402 Project ID P159808 Report No. PAD2683 (Project Paper) Report No. SFG4292 (Environmental Assessment) Punjab State Road Sector Project Atal Bhujal Yojana – National Groundwater Date 08 May 2018 Management Improvement Project Project ID P090585 Date 14 May 2018 Report No. ICRR0021189(Implementation Project ID P158119 Completion Report Review) Report No. 126071 (Project Appraisal Document) Strengthening Public Finance Management in Chhattisgarh Public Financial management and Rajasthan Project Accountability Project Date 06 April 2018 Date 16 May 2018 Project ID P156869 Project ID P166578 Report No. PAD1869 (Project Appraisal Document) Report No. PIDISDSC24635 (Project Information Document) Tamil Nadu Health System Reform Project Date 27 April 2018 Energy Efficiency Scale-up Program Project Project ID P166373 PID ISDSC24569 (Project Date 23 April 2018 Information Document) Project ID P162849 Report No. 125034 (Project Appraisal Document) Technical Engineering Quality Improvement Project - III Technical Engineering Quality Improvement Project Date 11 June 2018 -II Project ID P154523 Date 05 June 2018 Report No. RES32304 (Project Paper) Project ID P102549 Report No. ICRR0020955 (Implementation Uttarakhand Public Financial Management Completion Report Review) Strengthening Program Date 16 May 2018 National AIDS Control Support Project Project ID P166923 Date 03 May 2018 Report No. PIDISDSC24500 (Project Information Project ID P130299 Document) Report No. RES31648 (Project Paper) PMGSY Second Rural Roads Project Date 01 April 2018 Project ID P124639 Report No. SFG4287 (Environmental Assessment, 7 Vol.) SFG4312 (Indigenous Peoples Plan) SFG4313 (Resettlement Plan) 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 23 From the Blogworld In South Asia, poor rural women have begun to Asha, from Udaipur District in Rajasthan, used to set up lucrative new businesses sell vegetables in a nearby town. Over time, this By Adarsh Kumar traditional village woman observed that flowers were in demand near the town’s main temple for use as ritual offerings. With encouragement from Manjula, a micro enterprise consultant under the Bank’s Rajasthan Rural Livelihoods Project (RRLP), Asha began cultivating marigolds on part of her family farm where millets had always been grown. Manjula helped Asha draw up a basic business plan for a floriculture enterprise, taught her how to estimate potential expenses and earnings, and the way to maintain accounts. Asha now sells flowers at more than three times the price of her traditional millet crop, and her annual income has increased by 35%. She has devoted a larger area of her farm to floriculture, and started (Change background colour as needed) A cross South Asia, our agriculture and rural development projects are helping transform the lives of poor rural women. From daily wage laborers a nursery to grow flower saplings to sell to other aspiring marigold farmers. Asha is now looking to expand her sapling nursery by renting more land, they are now becoming entrepreneurs who generate for which she is seeking a bank loan. jobs for others. Over the last decade, these projects Read more: https://tinyurl.com/yc4f6pky have supported an estimated 5 million micro and small entrepreneurs, most of whom are women. World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 8473 WPS 8468 Motivating bureaucrats through social recognition: How much has Nepal lost in the last decade due to Evidence from simultaneous field experiments load shedding? An economic assessment using a CGE By Varun Gauri, Julian C Jamison, Nina Mazar, Owen model Ozier, Shomikho Raha and Karima Saleh By Govinda R. Timilsina, Prakash Raj Sapkota and Jevgenijs Steinbuks WPS 8472 Small area estimation of poverty under structural WPS 8467 change Inequality and economic growth: The role of initial By Simon Lange, Utz Johann Pape and Peter Putz income By Markus Brueckner and Daniel Lederman WPS 8471 Crony capitalism in Ukraine: Relationship between WPS 8466 political connectedness and firms’ performance Rural roads and local economic development By Oleksii Balabushko, Oleksandra Betliy, Veronika By Samuel Edward Asher and Paul Michael Novosad Movchan, Ruslan Piontkivsky and Mykola Ryzhenkov WPS 8465 WPS 8470 Anatomy of credit-less recoveries Anatomy and impact of export promotion agencies By Luis Corrado and Isolina Rossi By Marcio Jose Vargas Da Cruz, Daniel Lederman and WPS 8464 Laura De Castro Zoratto Gendered language WPS 8469 By Pamela Jakiela and Owen Ozier The road to recovery: The role of poverty in the WPS 8463 exposure, vulnerability and resilience to floods in Sustainable development goal diagnostics: The case Accra of the Arab Republic of Egypt By Alvina Elisabeth Erman, Elliot Gaston Motte, Radhika By H. Amin-Salem, M.H. El-Maghrabi, Israel Osorio- Goyal and et.al. 12 24 The World Bank in India • July 2018 Rodarte and Jos Verbeek By Francisco H. G. Ferreira, Emanuela Galasso and Mario Negre WPS 8462 Understanding forests’ contribution to poverty WPS 8450 alleviation: A framework for interventions in forested Services development and comparative advantage in areas manufacturing By Priya Shyamsundar, Sofia Elisabet Ahlroth, Patricia By Xuepeng Liu, Aaditya Mattoo, Zhi Wang and Shang- M. Kristjanson, Stefanie Onder Jin Wei WPS 8461 WPS 8449 Taking stock of economic regulation of power utilities Social accountability and service delivery: in the developing world: A literature review Experimental evidence from Uganda By Martin Augusto Rodriguez Pardina and Julieta Schiro By Nathan V. Fiala and Patrick Premand WPS 8460 WPS 8448 Taking stock of the impact of power utility reform in Using courts to realize education rights: Reflections developing countries: A literature review from India and Indonesia By Robert W. Bacon By Andrew Rosser and Anuradha Joshi WPS 8459 WPS 8447 Predicting individual wellbeing through test scores: Agriculture, aid and economic growth in Africa Evidence from a national assessment in Mexico By John W. McArthur and Jeffrey D. Sachs By Rafael E. De Hoyos Navarro, Ricardo Estrada and WPS 8446 Maria Gabriela Rojas Vargas How preferential is preferential trade? WPS 8458 By Alvaro Raul Espitia Rueda, Aaditya Mattoo, Mondher Quantifying the impacts of capturing territory from the Mimouni, Xavier Pichot and Nadia Rocha government in the Republic of Yemen WPS 8445 By Sharad Alan Tandon The labor productivity gap between female and male- WPS 8457 managed firms in the formal private sector The burden of water shortages on informal firms By Asif Mohammed Islam, Isis Gaddis, Amparo By Asif Mohammed Islam Palacios-Lopez and Mohammad Amin WPS 8456 WPS 8444 The globalization of farmland: Theory and empirical Overview and meta-analysis of global water, evidence sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) impact evaluations By Rabah Arezki, Christian Bogmans and Selod Harris By Luis Alberto Andres, Christian Borja-Vega, Crystal Fenwick and et.al. WPS 8455 Social protection in Niger: What have shocks and time WPS 8443 got to say? Investment under risks and uncertainty in Afghanistan By Francis Annan and Aly Sanoh By Subika Farazi, Ahmed Mohamed Tawfick Rostom and Rishabh Sinha WPS 8454 What teachers believe: Mental models about WPS 8442 accountability, absenteeism, and student learning Food insecurity and rising food prices: What do we By Shwetlena Sabarwal and Malek Abu-Jawdeh learn from experiential measures? By Dean Mitchell Jolliffe, Ilana Julie Seff and Alejandro WPS 8453 De La Fuente Conflict and the nature of precautionary wealth By Leila Aghabarari, Ahmed Mohamed Tawfick Rostom WPS 8441 and Rishabh Sinha Welfare dynamics in Colombia: Results from synthetic panels WPS 8452 By Carlos Felipe Balcazar, Hai-Anh H. Dang, Eduardo Technology, taxation, and corruption: Evidence from Alonso Malasquez Carbonel and et.al. the introduction of electronic tax filing By Oyebola Motunrayo Okunogbe and Victor Maurice WPS 8440 Joseph Pouliquen Better than most: Teacher beliefs about effort and ability in Uganda WPS 8451 By Shwetlena Sabarwal, Kanishka Kacker and James Shared prosperity: Concepts, data, and some policy Paul Habyarimana examples 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 25 WPS 8439 WPS 8427 Clientelism in the public sector: Why public service A randomized evaluation of a low-cost and highly reforms fail and what to do about it scripted teaching method to improve basic early grade By Tessa Bold, Ezequiel Molina and Abla Safir reading skills in Papua New Guinea By Kevin Alan David Macdonald and Binh Thanh Vu WPS 8438 Multidimensional connectivity: Benefits, risks, and WPS 8426 policy implications for Europe and Central Asia Do demographics matter for African child poverty? By David Michael Gould, Dror Yossef Kenett and By Yele Maweki Batana and John Murray Cockburn Georgi Lyudmilov Panterov WPS 8425 WPS 8437 Infrastructure development in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Using satellite imagery to revolutionize creation of tax scorecard maps and local revenue collection By Cesar Calderon, Catalina Cantu and Punam Chuhan- By Daniel Ayalew Ali, Klaus W. Deininger and Michael Pole Wild WPS 8424 WPS 8436 The use of financial incentives to prevent undesirable Inflation, liquidity and innovation behaviors By Michael Evers, Stefan Niemann and Marc Tobias By Damien B. C. M. De Walque Schiffbauer WPS 8423 WPS 8435 Trade linkages between the belt and road economies Community-driven development: Myths and realities By Mauro Boffa By Susan Wong and Scott E. Guggenheim WPS 8422 WPS 8434 One more time: What are institutions and how do they The impact of positive agricultural income shocks on change? rural Chinese households By Roumeen Islam By Jessica Ellen Leight WPS 8421 WPS 8433 School costs, short-run participation, and long-run Gender gap in earnings in Vietnam: Why do outcomes: Evidence from Kenya Vietnamese women work in lower paid occupations? By David Evans and Irene Muthoni Ngatia By Iffat Ara Chowdhury, Hillary C. Johnson, Aneesh WPS 8420 Mannava and Elizaveta Perova Designing pension systems with coherent funded WPS 8432 private pillars including issues for notional defined Inequality of opportunity in South Caucasus contribution schemes By Alan Fuchs Tarlovsky, Sailesh Tiwari and Akhmad By William Joseph Price Rizal Shidiq WPS 8419 WPS 8431 The 2014-16 oil price collapse in retrospect: Sources International data flows and privacy: The conflict and and implications its resolution By Marc Stocker, John Baffes, Y. Modeste Some, Dana By Aaditya Mattoo and Joshua Paul Meltzer Lauren Vorisek and Collette Mari Wheeler WPS 8430 WPS 8418 Household expenditure and poverty measures Capital flow measures: Structural or cyclical policy in 60 minutes: A new approach with results from tools? Mogadishu By Poonam Gupta and Oliver Masetti By Utz Johann Pape and Johan A. Mistiaen WPS 8417 WPS 8429 Banking with agents: Experimental evidence from Who benefits from dual training systems? Evidence Senegal from the Philippines By Sinja Buri, Robert J. Cull, Xavier Gine, Sven Harten By Takiko Igarashi and Pablo Ariel Acosta and Soren Heitmann WPS 8428 WPS 8416 Political connections and firms: Network dimensions Impact of free trade agreement use on import prices By Maurizio Bussolo, Simon John Commander and By Kazunobu Hayakawa, Nuttawut Laksanapanyakul, Stavros Poupakis Hiroshi Mukunoki and Shujiro Urata 12 26 The World Bank in India • July 2018 WPS 8415 poverty estimation methods in the context of Jobs! Electricity shortages and unemployment in Africa unavailable consumption data By Justice Tei Mensah By Hai-Anh H. Dang WPS 8414 WPS 8402 Estimating intergenerational mobility with incomplete Returns to investment in education: A decennial data: Coresidency and truncation bias in rank-based review of the global literature relative and absolute mobility measures By George Psacharopoulos and Harry Anthony Patrinos By M. Shahe Emran and Forhad J. Shilpi WPS 8401 WPS 8413 Closer, but no cigar: Intergenerational mobility across Transport connectivity and health care access: caste groups in India Evidence from Liberia By Rishabh Sinha By Atsushi Iimi and Kulwinder Singh Rao WPS 8400 WPS 8412 Determinants and dynamics of business aspirations: Efficiency, legitimacy and impacts of targeting Evidence from small-scale entrepreneurs in an methods: Evidence from an experiment in Niger emerging market By Patrick Premand and Pascale Schnitzer By Patricio S. Dalton, Julius Ruschenpohler and Bilal Husnain Zia WPS 8411 Firm location, transport connectivity, and WPS 8399 agglomeration economies: Evidence from Liberia Communism as the unhappy coming By Atsushi Iimi and Kulwinder Singh Rao By Simeon Djankov and Elena Nikolova WPS 8410 WPS 8398 Place-based policies for development Interest rate caps: The theory and the practice By Gilles Duranton and Anthony J. Venables By Aurora Ferrari, Oliver Masetti and Jiemin Ren WPS 8409 WPS 8397 The economics of the gender wage gap in Armenia Surviving firms of the Syrian Arab Republic: A rapid By Lourdes Rodriguez Chamussy, Nistha Sinha and assessment Andrea Atencio By Kinley Clemens Salmon, Nabila Assaf and David C. Francis WPS 8408 Electricity provision and tax mobilization in Africa WPS 8396 By Moussa Pouguinimpo Blimpo, Justice Tei Mensah, K. Understanding effective teaching practices in Chinese Ochieng’ Opalo and Ruifan Shi classrooms: Evidence from a pilot study of primary and junior secondary schools in Guangdong, China WPS 8407 By Andrew Moore Coflan, Andrew B. Ragatz, Amer Why are connection charges so high? An analysis of Hasan and Yilin Pan the electricity sector in Sub-Saharan Africa By Moussa Pouguinimpo Blimpo, Shaun David Mcrae WPS 8395 and Jevgenijs Steinbuks Does workfare work well? The case of the employment generation program for the poorest in Bangladesh WPS 8406 By Yoonyoung Cho and Ummul Hasanath Ruthbah Sharing the benefits of innovation-digitization: A summary of market processes and policy suggestions WPS 8394 By Roumeen Islam Lobbying for capital tax benefits and misallocation of resources during a credit crunch WPS 8405 By Gabriel Roberto Zaourak Capital inflows, equity issuance activity, and corporate investment WPS 8393 By Charles W. Calomiris, Mauricio Larrain and Sergio L. The impact of interest rate caps on the financial Schmukler sector: Evidence from commercial banks in Kenya By Mehnaz S. Safavian and Bilal Husnain Zia WPS 8404 The effects of cash transfers on adult labor market WPS 8392 outcomes Paris climate agreement and the global economy: By Sarah Jane Baird, David J. Mckenzie and Berk Ozler Winners and losers By Muthukumara S. Mani, Zekarias Hussein, Badri WPS 8403 Narayanan Gopalakrishnan and Deepika Wadhwa To impute or not to impute? A review of alternative 12 The World Bank in India • July 2018 27 The World Bank in India VOL 17 / NO 1 • July 2018 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Annamalai University ◆ New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 Centre for Studies in Social ◆ Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Giri Institute of Development ◆ Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune Guru Nanak Dev University ◆ Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank Indian Institute of ◆ 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Institute of Development ◆ (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur Institute of Economic ◆ The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore Karnataka University ◆ Dharwad Kerala University Library ◆ Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad Pt. 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