December 1998 11 222 Agriculture ^ +Technology Notes . Rural Development Departmiient (RDV) (3 The Wk7orld Bank Sustainable Aquacuhture Seizing Opportunities to Meet Global Demand In a world facing future food shortages the global importance of aquaculture continues to rise. According to FAO statistics, 1995 worldwide production from aquaculture represented about 21.3 million tons (I 9 percent) of the total annual fish production from all sources. Aquaculture -the farming and husbandry wlhich produced about 557 percent of the _ of aquatic organisnls such as fish, enistaceaws, wvorld's aquiactulture products (Fig. 2) molluisk-s,Landseawveed-grewvatatnaninulal (FAO, 1997a). Althouighl Chinia clearly / average rate of 10 percent during the last dominates aquaculture production. it is (lecade (Fig. 1). During the same period, important to note that produictioni from the tI however, the catch of wild fish from both rest of the wvorld about dcoubled betwveen inland and marine -waters (capture fisberies) 1984 and 1995. Technological advances i _ averaged( an annual grovth rate of less than such as hatclhery dlevelopment. feedI forml- JI 2 percenit. Moreover, the contribution of ulation. disease conitrol, engineering, anid aquaculture to humlan nutrition between productioni svstem maniagement. particu- . 1990 and 1995 increased, wlhile that from larlv friom Asia, havae global significanice and capture fisheries declinied by about 10 applicability as the demand for aquaculti re percent (FAO. 1997a and 199Tb). This role spreads to other, less experienced regionis. reversal occurred hecause an increasiine While China las dmoiiinated aquaculture, percentage of the wild catch is species of practitioners in Latin America. the lower value that are used to produce fish Caribbean, Europe. the Mliddle East, and meal for feed au(d fertilizer. Africa also have a valuable base of k-nowvl- 0 edge and experience upoin which to build. Future demand. The 1995 per capita N Regional experience. As of 1995, the consumption of fish products was about 0 majority of aquaculture development had 14 kg. WVith a wvorld population expected A woman contractor tends her ovster culture occurred in Asia (91 ), particuilarl Chinia, to reacIhi 7,000 million bv 2010. and assuming plot on a coastal nud f1at in Geihai, Guangx Autonomous Region, China. Figure I. Global trends in capture fisheries and aquaculture production. that prodtuction froiim captture fisheries will 120 1have reached its limnits, currenit annual Total aquacilture production will need to douible 100I,,~n, to about 42 million tons to maintain this o 80 fsae level of conosutpmption. Although - doubling production by 2010 mav appear | 60 insurmounmitable. it shoiild not onlv be t E 40 | 1 l possible, but produ ction could conceivably Aquaculture rise to nearly 90i million tons il the 10 per- 20 q- cenit annual rate of increase betw,~een 1985 aimd 1995 is maintained(. The estimiiated 0 capital investmnent to double the 1995 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 productioni level is estimated to be |So.-e FAO, 1997aand 1997b betweeni US$ 60,000 aind 90,00)0 imillion.. RDV liechnloo4y Notes Figure 2. Percentage of 1994 aquaculture production by major Fish culture has been gaininlg application producing countries. in rice fields wlhere a secon(l lbenefit is . J > India 9% control of insect pests, reducing the need Japan 4% Philippines 2% to apply toxic pesticides. United States 2% For mnarine aquiacuilture ini Chiina, filter-feeding bivalves (clamns, ovsters, scallops, etc.). seaweed, and bottoim- (lwelling sea cuicinmbers are often reared in the -vicinitv of finfishi cages as a mieans to captuire fislh wastes and improve water quality. These integrated systems, althotugrh somewlhat more complex to China 57% Indonesia 4% Others 17% manage, have the added adlvantage of Thailand 3% bof Korea2% reducinig market risks to farmers from Source: FAO, 1997a potential diseases or price fluctuations that affect any one product. Aquaculture Advantages and options. In addition direct links to animal hutsbandry and also inclndes the production of freshwater to contribuiting protein to the hnman diet, agricuilture, where bv-products of each and marine pearls. aquaculture is often beneficialin otherways: subcomponent are recycled as resources Fislh imonocuiltuire systems have also * conistumers benefit from fresh products for the others- fertile pond water irrigates been developed for a wvide range of species and( reduceed spoilage when a(luacuil- crops on pontd dikes, crop residutes feed that are most often grown on processe(l tire is located nearby; fish and livestock, and livestock manure feed diets in ponds or raceways and * decentralize(d employmrient is often fertilizes pond(s anc/or dike crops. Poind irrigation canals wvith flowing water. Fish1 possible: culture on farms of'this kind often includes wastes that enter irrigation canals become * diverse aquiactultuire teclnologies the culture of' mainy fislh species that feed a supplementary fertilizer for crops. provi(le a broacd range of' potential on grasses, legulmes, bentlhic invertebrates, WVorld Bank role. Thie deinand for applications, umaniy of wlichl have a role dletrituis, zooplankton, and phytoplankton. aquaculture development in NVorld Bank for (i rect management by women; and * exports of'sorne aquiacnllture pro(lucts may generate foreign exchange. Box 1. China The recent rapid expansion of the indus- Coastal. The development objectives of the Sustaintable Coastal Resources trv, incltding the cultuire of numerous Development Project are to establish integrated coastal zone management plans finfish, shellfishl, and aquatic plant species. that include zoninlg of inariculture, which involves the production of fish in cages has accompanied the development of and ponds, oysters, hard clams, several species of seaweed, and shrimp in four reliable produetion teclinologies that coastal prorihces. Improved shrimp culture methods are being piloted to find meth- often -eqtti re trainlinlg onlv in simple ods to control the disease pandemic that devastated the shrimp culture industry in manlacement skills. Options for aqulac ultulre China in the early 1990s. The project also includes a component to provide training levelopment can involve production at in seafood processing techniques and upgrade processing plants. The Southwest hou sehold, community, or in(lustrial scale Poverty Reduction Project includes an aquaculture component to provide employ- inl ponds, net pens. net cages, flow-through ment forpeople from desperatelyimpoverished inland areas in Guangxi Autonomous racewvas, and water resirculation systems. Region while currentlv supporting the establishment of enterprises involved in the Aq;uactilture increasingly p'odutlces production of domestically consumed and exported seafood products, including stocking materials for cominunitv-based fish, shellfish, and pearls. enhlaneeniieiit of open water such as irri- Inland. The Freshwater Fisheries Project developed integrated fish farming gation and hlydrl opower reservoirs, lakes, complexes around eight major Chinese cities, providing a source of fish close to and coastal areas, whieh has also provided markets. The Shaanxi Agricultural Development Project achieved its objectives of lessons about proper management of the providing new employment for about 2,200 households and incremental fish pro- amiiatic environment. Some areas that are duction of about 8,500 tons of fish a year from the development of 1,500 ha of not suitable for agricultuire becauise soits integrated fish ponds on saline, alkaline, or water-logged soils. It also introduced are water-logged, saline, and/or alkaline yeast as a protein-rich feed supplement to replace fish meal as a feed ingredient, can often be effectively used for aquacul- reducing the cost of feed and dependency upon foreign exchange to import high- tuire ponmI development, provided they qualitv fish meal from outside China. Tourism has emerged as an unexpected benefit have not been i(lentified as critical habitats. as tourists are attracted to view migrating birds that have been drawn to some of Aquaculture can be integrated with the project fish ponds. other farming systems. Inland fish culture is also cond(ucted in f:arm ponds with page 2 December 1F99,S projects lhas been on the rise in recent enterprises wrill help ensure minimilal Box 2. South Asia Years. The full ran,ge of options discussed adverse environmental and social effects, above, except intensive water r ecirculating as well as aniv required mitigation of these In Bangladesh, the Third producition svstenis, has been inclttded as effects. Guidantce materials are available Fisheries Project (TFP) was comlponents. At present. 13 projects that throu,gh initiatives snch as FAO's Code designed to enhance floodplain includecl aquacnlture have been comil- of Conduct for Respoiisible Fisheries fisheries, improve extensive pleted. 15 are nuilder illlplellleiltatioll, anld (FAO, 1995) an(d the five supporting shrimp farming, and develop 6 are in preparation. Generally, a majoritv technical guidelines issued to date. aquaculture by groups ofwomen. of Banlk-assisted projects that have had Public-sector assisted services can also The project not only contributed aqcuaculture development as their maini provide critical information through basic to increased fish production locus or as project comiponients have been and applied researchl programs. technical (about 20,000 tons), but also successfully implemenited. There are a extension and training, as well as assistance deepened the understanding of number of lessons that have beenl learned in disease diagnosis, prevention, and aquatic ecology and production from time experience, manly of which control. Moreover. to alleviate povertv,the dynamics, as well as the social pertaini to problems that are more generic public sector can uniquely prov,ide access complexities and policy issues of project issues in terms of coimsultation. to publicly-owned lanids and waters that relevance to the livelihood of poor financial mania,gemenit an(l provision of aresuitahle for conversion to aqujaculthire fisherfolk. These findings are technical assistance. IFC assistance has througlh developing an(Vor leasing these being applied in the proposed also been provided for two private-sector areas to poor households that would Fourth Fisheri-es Prc3ect, which is shimIp farm developments in Nladagascar otherxvise lack productive assets. NVorld emphasizing community partici- and Belize. Bank assisted projects have provided the pation and organization. The TFP wide range of necessarv investmnents, was jointly financed by IDA, the Issues includiing production flacilities, support UK Overseas Development Aqiuacullture development has not groWn1 services, research, training. and iinstitmi- Administration, the government without problems. including devastating tional strengtheling. of Bangladesh, and UNDP. with disease panidemiics suelh as those wvitlh Key sustainability standards. Key assistance from local NGOs. shrimp farminig worldwidle and carp regulations and policies that could help to In India, the Shrimp and Fish cultuire in South Asia. In addition, intensi- support sustainable aquacultuire incilude: Cultuire Project focuses on ficatioi that excee(led carrxing capacity * forming integrated coastal zone and increasing shrimp production on has led to levels of fish waste that cauised rural development plans; government lands converted to massive deatlh of crops from anoxic concli- * using artificially propagated. hatchery-- shrimp farms, with 7.5 percent of tions. Proper planning and facility produced seed stock; ponds leased to poor coastal moniitoringor have helped to manage a * emphasizing use of processed feeds households, providing access to majority of systems, althouiglh conisistenit and not fresh leeds such as lo-v-value(l the benefits of shrimp farming to disease control has not alwavs been marinc fish: those who otherwise could not achieved for some species. New tools for * setting water quality standards for afford to become involved. The predictive mo(leling of water quality have a(luacilttire and fisheries: an(l inland component supports also become available. * establishing quality standards for efforts by cooperative societies to Public and private sectors. There processing and sale. gain access to fishing rights in are clearlv defined private and public- Forming imtegratcd coastal zone and lakes and reservoirs, credit to sector roles for aqlctCLlture developusienit. rur-al devloptacplin t plans can lellp identify begin rearing fingerlings, and Although a higl percenitage of a(luacultu re suitable areas for aquacultutre develop- purchase of appropriate fishing production is generated througlb private- ment. In addition, these plans can ensure gear and boats. sector involv ement and imanagement, that such development does not negatively including operation of support facilities affect critical natural habitats and is at an such as hatcheries and feedI processing acceptable level of risk for possible indus- fromnhatchery produiction to minimize the mills, tle public sector can play an impor- trial or municipal pollutioni that mighlit impacts on natur-al populations of ciiltured tant role in formtulating a regulatory inadvertently affect the enterprise. Envi- species in the vild. Collection of seed in framework. Licensing private aqiiaculture ronmlenital anid social impact assessments the wild should be discouraged. need to be included in the process of site Proccsed fced.s shouldl be nised instead Give a person a fish, and that selection. The W\orld Bank has prepared of feeds derived wvolly from vwil(d person will havefoodfor a day. a suosmnarv of the generic environmental freslh-caught fish anid molliusks (e.g., as Teach a person to growfish, and issues aiid an assessmenit strategy for c0ommim1omm1s1 used in operationis that culti- that person will havefoodfor a aqitaculture (World Bank. 1991). vate carnivorous marine fislh in cages alnd lifetime. - Chinese proverb Seed used for aqciacntltu l-c production shrimp in ponds). With increasing demlani(d should to the degree possible be derived for feeds, the colluctioni of fresh-cauight page 3 RDV icheolology Notes leeds can adverselv affect biodiversitv and Conclusion Control Points Submission Guide), fishl populations. Moreover, the use of' Fart 1, Chiapter 9, Sectioni 2, Oct. 20. fresh-caught feeds ayv trarnsmit diseases Expansion of aquaculture is inevitable Its Silver Spring, MD: NOAA, National to ult orans as hasmbe docu- development is driven by an increased Marine Fisheries Service, Inspection mento led most recently for brackish b vatr d demand for products and a need to sbift Services, Department of Commerce. Tel. mented myiost recentlv f'or brackish water from a high dependencv on overexploited (301) 713-2355, fax (301) 713-1081. slhimip species. At the same time, processed inland and iiariine capture fisheries that WVorld Bank. 1991. Environmental Assessment fishi and shrimnp feeds often contain varying have become increasingly threatened. Sourcebook, Vol. II, Sectoral Guide- percentages of fish meal. Alternatives to fish Some species fhace extinction unless fishing lines. Technical Paper No. 140, Pages 42- mneal in these ciets need to be founid, such pressure is suspended or vastlv reduced. 56. WVashingtoni, D.C.: Wvorld Bank. as Iysine-rich yeast, a single-cell source of Expansion of aquaculture follows the protein tlLat is beingwidelvused in Chiia and hilstorical changes from a igh dependency f ation otlher countries. on land-based hunting and gathering to Aqzacultuire Asia. NACA. P 0. Box 1041, Wa7ater quality stauldardl,s are imiiportant agriculture andanimalhusbandry Accord- Kasetsart P.O., Bangkok, Thailand. to ensure the optimal growth of the organism ingly greater reliace on aquaculture will Tel. (662) 561-1728, fax (662) 561-1727, and( product qaiySoiewaters in oni nl,getrrlaneo (ucitr vl c-miadl naca@fisberies.go.tb natural se quality. Some their further reduce dependency on aqulati Aquaculture Magazine. 16 Churclh Street, lla state are not suitable for aqulacull- natural resouirces and enhance the capacity Asheille, NC 28801. Tel. (704) 254-7334, ture due to high silt loading, soil run-off to foster conservation of natural aquatic tax (704) 253-0677, e-mail aquamnag@ witi organic imatter, and/or presence of lhabitats and biodiversity - carpe diemrl. ioa.com dlssolved metals from natural mineral Aquatic Science and Fisheries Abstracts deposits. Pollutioni firom antbropogenic References (ASFA). CD ROM from FAO of the soturces can also adversely affect water FAO. 1997a. The Status of Fisheries andl UN World Aquaculture Magazine. quiality. With the onigoinig expansion Aquciculture-1996. Rome: FAD. 143 Parker Coliseum, Louisiana State of aquactultuire development, those FAQ. 199hb. Review of the State of WVorld University,, Baton Rouge, LA 70832. governmenits that lack guidelines for Aquacultuire. Fisheries Circular No. Tel. (504) 388-3137, fax (504) 388-3493. \vater qualitv will need to create them to 886, Rev. 1. Inland WVater Resouirces Fish Farming International. Emap assist potential entrepreneurs witlh site and Aquaculture Ser-vice, Fisheries Heighway, MEED Houise, 21 John Street, selection and help protect the consumer Resource Division. Rome: FAO. London WCIN 2BP, UK. Tel. from .eatingtaintedaquacmiltire prodicts. FA0. 1995. Code of Coradnict for (44-171) 470-6200, fax (44-171) 831-9362. Post-hgtarvestfish handling inethods Responsible Fisheries. Rome: FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmno- United Nations (FAQ): lbttp:// need to be available or included as part of spheric Administration). 1993. NVational www.fao.org project developrnent to assure that a safe Marine Fishery Products Inspection NAGA: The ICLARM Quarterlv. prodlcet reaches domestic and export Aanuoal (Hazar(d Analysis at Critical ICLARM (International Center for markets. For export, the United States Living Aquatic Resources Management), (NOA,A 1993) and tde European Community MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati City, have developed specific requirements for Philippines. Tel. (632) 812-8641, fax (632) the seafood processing induistry that also 816-3183, e-mail iclarm@cgnet.comn, inclulde safe and environmenltally soundl l0' web http://Nwwvw.cgiar-.org/iclarml/ producfion metnods asepartoftheproduction -0 Network of Aquaculture Centers in Asia proditetion n I ~~~~2 l3%(NACA): http://naca.fisheries.uo.th process. Necessari modifications to existing World Aquaculture Society: http:// facilities are often simple changes requir- ag . an s c.p u rd ue. e du/aq u anic! ing modest investments to assure quality was/was.lhtm pro(lucts produced undler h,vgienic conditions. seie.Ths oe ea reaedbyRnad iei fie oldan o'ota cpesoftisorterNte, ro n=deatutth eres les call (0)4306.Ntsi hssre nue page 4 -3+l, Q(LSh. 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