GUIDE TO THE WORLD BANK GROUP ARCHIVES EXPLORE. DISCOVER. LEARN. 1 CONTENTS 4 Foreword: Our Memory Foundations 5 Preface: Enabling Discovery 6 Welcome to the Archives! 8 Overview of World Bank Group History 10 Sharing Our Collections, Research, and Knowledge 14 Going Back in Time 16 Supporting Research 18 Using the Archives Catalog 20 Accessing the Archives 22 Appendix: List of Fonds FOREWORD – OUR MEMORY FOUNDATIONS by Shaolin Yang, Managing Director and World Bank Group Chief Administrative Officer At the World Bank Group, we believe that transparency and and evolved to meet the challenges of its member countries. The accountability are essential to the development process and to Archives preserves, describes and makes accessible the evidence achieving the twin goals of ending extreme poverty and boosting base and documentary memory of this evolution. Thanks to the Open shared prosperity. The Archives of the World Bank Group are the Agenda initiative and the Access to Information Policy, the World foundation for transparency and accountability of the organization, Bank Group’s vast collection of archival material—dating back to its and which offers a vast body of knowledge and information that inception in the 1940s—offers new potential for bringing historical reflects development work over 75 years. The holdings of the research to bear on development policies and practice. Archives contain the evidence of the Bank Group’s work in member countries and the documentary heritage of the organization as As a knowledge institution, we draw confidence in our work from the largest and oldest multilateral economic development bank in the Bank Group’s institutional memory. The Archives safeguard our the world. operations and our engagement with member countries against amnesia and ensure the lessons of the past are relevant for our In 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, 44 nations came future. Moreover, these precious archives are available as a global together near the end of the Second World War to devise a plan public good and are the foundation to build even stronger multilateral that would contribute, in part, to peace and global cooperation. The efforts for economic development and prosperity world-wide. World Bank was born from this event and since then it has grown PREFACE – ENABLING DISCOVERY by Denis Robitaille, Vice President and World Bank Group Chief Information Officer, Information and Technology Solutions The World Bank Group Archives is an incredible resource, reflecting find, explore and learn from the World Bank Group’s rich history. The the lessons and experiences of over 75 years of economic Archives is able to use the Bank’s strong and reliable IT landscape, development around the globe. Our Archives are not a closed, and when the skills and knowledge of our archivists are merged dark sanctuary where paper records are stored away under lock- with the power of technology, the full impact of our history and the and-key. The opposite is true. By leveraging technology and strong documentary evidence, which it reflects, come to light. partnerships across the organization and beyond, the World Bank Group Archives makes its holdings and historical resources available I hope this Guide gives you a taste of the Archives’ services, holdings, to the public through innovative methods and practices that enable and discovery tools. By leveraging technology, creating community as much on-line access as possible. Digitization of our fragile and through shared history, and supporting research, our Archives are historical analog holdings and the creation of quality metadata are ready to be discovered and used to enable better development keys to this endeavor, but so are the creation and maintenance of outcomes for the World Bank Group’s member countries. innovative and intuitive discovery platforms that engage the public to 5 WELCOME TO THE ARCHIVES! by Elisa Liberatori Prati, World Bank Group Chief Archivist and Director, Knowledge & Information Services and April Miller, Manager, World Bank Group Library and Archives The World Bank Group is the world’s oldest and largest The World Bank Group Archives’ staff is a diverse and professional multiregional development bank. Through its operations, research, team who cares deeply about preserving the documentary heritage and partnerships, the World Bank Group brings its knowledge of the World Bank Group and making it accessible to others. Creating and expertise together, across all countries and major sectors community through our shared history is an important value of our of development. team, as is the pursuit of making connections between the Bank’s current work and the lessons of the past. Partnering with academic The World Bank Group Archives protects the institutional researchers and the development community, we solve challenges memory of the World Bank Group and provides public access with creativity and curiosity, and we embrace technology to increase to records of the International Bank for Reconstruction and the impact our archival holdings can create. Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA). The Archives encourages and facilitates research into the This Guide highlights only a few of the ways we make the World history of the World Bank Group and preserves, protects, and Bank’s rich history available to you. Through free on-line tools and provides access to one of the world’s largest collections of records services, we provide the keys to the World Bank’s knowledge vault. related to international development. You can access this ‘vault’ through our website or by contacting the archivists to tap into their knowledge of the vast collection of records, oral histories, photographs and other materials in our care – more than 210,000 linear feet of materials to date! By providing the infrastructure to share and protect our history, the Archives ensures that the impact and work of the World Bank Group with its member countries and development partners will be available for future generations. No matter where you are located in the world, you can find us at www.worldbank.org/archives. Welcome to the World Bank Group Archives! 7 OVERVIEW OF WORLD BANK GROUP HISTORY The resources and holdings of the World Bank Group Archives reflect the evolution of the World Bank Group and illuminate its changing focus and institutional structure. 1940s 1960s 1980s 2000s In 1944 at the United Nations Monetary and In 1960, the International Development In the 1980s, the World Bank Group continued The mid-2000s ushered in the idea of the World Financial Conference in Bretton Woods, New Association (IDA)–a new entity dedicated to to enlarge its focus on aspects of social and Bank Group as a knowledge institution, and Hampshire, the original entity of today’s World assisting the world’s lowest income countries– human development, such as education, policies were put in place to open the Bank Bank Group–the International Bank for was formed. This, along with other events like communications, cultural heritage, and good Group’s vast stores of knowledge and eighteen newly independent African nations governance. As a result of this expanding information to the world. In collaboration with Reconstruction and Development (IBRD)–was becoming members in the Bank Group and the purview, Bank Group staff, who had originally other partners, the Bank Group moved into conceived. Its primary aim was to help rebuild arrival of president Robert McNamara in 1968, consisted of engineers, economists and the new century emphasizing community-driven European countries devastated by the Second spurred new ideas around development and financial analysts, had, by the early 1980s, development and aid coordination, working to World War. Its first loan was to France in 1947. poverty reduction. In 1966, the International come to include experts from a variety of safeguard vulnerable groups, and mitigating the Soon, however, other actors took over the role Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes disciplines, including public policy, sectoral impact of climate change. of post-war reconstruction support and the Bank (ICSID) was launched to encourage foreign development, and the social sciences. In 1988, shifted its attention to the needs of its members private investment by resolving disputes.1 the World Bank Group expanded to include in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA). 1950s 1970s 1990s Tod In the 1950s, the funding of large infrastructure In the 1970s, the World Bank Group shifted its In the late 1990s, the World Bank Group moved For more than 75 years, the World Bank Group projects, such as dams, electrical grids, attention to eradicating poverty. Development into the areas of conflict prevention, post-conflict has been a leader in the field of international irrigation systems, and roads was the World projects increasingly reflected people-oriented reconstruction, and assistance for countries to development and poverty reduction, working Bank’s primary focus. At the request of member objectives, rather than focusing exclusively on redirect their economies after major political alongside or in support of governments and the construction of material infrastructure. change. This period also brought increased organizations that share its goals. As a result, countries, the institution expanded its technical Projects related to food production; rural and concern about the impact of government the history of the World Bank Group is one assistance work, which provided countries with urban development; and population, health, corruption on the effectiveness of lending of change, growth, and renewal. The Archives knowledge, resources and training necessary to and nutrition were designed to reach the poor operations, which led the institution to adopt preserves this rich history and illuminates use the Bank’s loans effectively. In 1956, the directly. Bank operations also expanded to an anticorruption strategy and a new focus its lessons. World Bank added the International Finance identify and encourage policies, strategies, on country accountability and ownership of Corporation (IFC), aimed at strengthening the and institutions that help countries succeed. development work. private sector in developing countries. 1 IBRD and IDA are known collectively as the World Bank, while they, together with IFC, ICSID, and MIGA (founded in 1988) constitute the World Bank Group. This evolution is reflected in the Archives. Some records pertain only to IBRD and IDA; others deal with the other institutions or the World Bank Group as a whole. 8 9 SHARING OUR COLLECTIONS, RESEARCH, AND KNOWLEDGE The World Bank Group makes its information available in a variety of ways, ranging from general resources that highlight the World Bank Group’s work, to others that are intended for researchers wanting to dig deeper into the World Bank Group’s impact and history. 10 General Resources General World Bank Group History and Archival Material The World Bank Group Information Research Guide This guide can help you navigate trusted sources of economic development information from the World Bank Group’s many World Bank Group Archives Main Site websites. Visit worldbank.org/infoguide. This site is an umbrella portal to all of the Archives’ most valuable tools and resources. Visit worldbank.org/archives for a high-level overview of the historical sources available, Documents & Reports including a video that summarizes our history and introduces Search a curated collection of hundreds of thousands of publicly the information that can be found in the Archives: worldbank. available reports and serialized publications of the World Bank org/archives-video. Group authored since 1946. You can find: • Publications and research reports Historical Timeline • In-depth background studies (economic and sector work) Use the World Bank Group Historical Timeline at timeline. worldbank.org to learn about the important moments in World  ountry focus material concerning strategic priorities and •C Bank Group history, while discovering the gems of the Archives directions for lending (see pages 14-15).  roject documents related to loans/credits, including •P legal agreements The Historic Photographic Collection  oard documents concerning meetings of the Bank’s Board •B Access thousands of photos documenting the World Bank of Directors Group’s work in member countries, official signings, and other You can access documents in both text and pdf format by historic events and personalities relating to World Bank Group browsing or searching. Browse through the documents by operations. Search by topic, country, and/or region. Newly country, type, or sector, or search via the Advanced Search digitized photos are added to the site monthly, so check back page, at documents.worldbank.org. Most documents are also regularly at archivesphotos.worldbank.org. available in depository libraries around the world. Exhibits and Historical Overviews Open Knowledge Repository View online exhibits highlighting the holdings of the Archives or In this repository, a more refined subset of the Documents & aspects of the Bank Group’s history at worldbank.org/archives. Reports database, you will find tens of thousands of works For older exhibits, which have been converted to pdf, visit the published by the World Bank Group—including books, journals, Documents & Reports database at documents.worldbank.org serial publications, technical papers, working papers, economic and search for the World Bank Group Archives Exhibit Series. and sector work studies, and knowledge notes. You can browse by topic, title, author, type of publication, date, region, subregion, or country. Visit openknowledge.worldbank.org. World Bank Open Data Obtain free and open access to data about development in countries around the globe at data.worldbank.org. Browse by country, topic, and indicators. 11 Specialized Archival Research Archives Holdings. This site, available at archivesholdings.worldbank.org, is the primary Archives catalog and describes our vast holdings related to economic development around the globe. Discover information about the business activities of the IBRD and IDA, including lending operations, policy decision making, relations with donors and client countries, and administration. Learn more about the Archives’ finding aids in the “Using the Archives Catalog” section on pages 18-19. World Bank Projects and Operations Worldwide. Explore information about thousands of World Bank projects and operations in areas such as education, infrastructure, and public administration at projects.worldbank.org. Project records can provide insights about what the World Bank has done in a particular country, sector, and time period. Each project page provides information that places the project in the context of the overall work of the World Bank. To retrieve archival records related to that project, click on the “Documents/Archival records” subtab. Past Presidents’ Speeches. View transcripts of more than 1,000 speeches made since 1946 by all past presidents of the World Bank Group. Identify turning points in the World Bank Group’s history by searching or browsing for transcripts, and listen to audio clips of past presidents’ speeches. Visit worldbank.org/archives. Oral History. Access transcripts and summaries of oral history interviews and listen to audio clips of firsthand accounts of key events in the World Bank Group’s history from its post-Bretton Woods beginnings to the present day. Browse by country, president, collection, and name. Visit oralhistory.worldbank.org. Web Archives. Explore decommissioned World Bank Group websites, from 1998 to the present, which have historical or research value at worldbank.org/webarchives. 12 13 GOING BACK IN TIME Through more than 100 key events, the World Bank Group Historical Timeline tells the story of how the institution’s mission evolved from a facilitator of reconstruction and development following the Second World War to its present-day mandate of alleviating worldwide poverty and promoting shared prosperity. But the World Bank Group Historical Timeline is more than just a chronology of events. Want to learn more about a specific topic? Browse through the timeline using the arrows or use the search function to identify events that interest you. Then click on the “Learn More” button to access hundreds of resources curated by the Archives that illuminate each event. In addition to archival records and photographs, you can experience audio/video recordings, read World Bank-authored reports, and links to oral history transcripts, project information, online exhibits, and presidential profiles. Visit timeline.worldbank.org. First World Development Report published World Bank Access to The first World Development Report describes Information Policy takes effect HISTORICAL AUDIO / ARCHIVAL ORAL HISTORY EXHIBITS PRESIDENTIAL challenges faced by developing countries and The policy aims to strike a balance between RECORDS VIDEO PHOTOS INTERVIEWS PROFILES places those challenges in the context of the maximum access to information and international economy. respect for the confidentiality of information pertaining to the World Bank Group’s clients, >>Learn More<< shareholders, employees, and other parties. >>Learn More<< Eugene R. Black becomes World Bank President After serving as the U.S. Executive Director for nearly two years, Black is named president of the World Bank. World Bank staff start their >>Learn More<< HISTORICAL TIMELINE first day of work The World Bank opens for business on the 10th floor of 1818 H St. NW, Washington, D.C. >>Learn More<< 14 15 SUPPORTING RESEARCH The World Bank Group Archives is your portal to information about the World Bank’s extensive project, country, economic, and sector work and the significant body of research it has undertaken since 1946. We provide public access to records of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development and the International Development Association. 16 Research Themes and Records. The Archives offers a vast Historical Material about the internal organizational and amount of original primary source material that can illuminate structural mechanisms of the World Bank Group includes: and support research in the area of economic development. records from the Bretton Woods Conference, the inaugural • Topics include: World Bank/IMF meeting, and subsequent annual meetings • the economic history of World Bank member countries material describing the organization and structure of each • • the effectiveness and sustainability of development World Bank Group institution and their internal departments • the evolution of development assistance theory records describing executive decision making by World Bank • • the political, institutional, social, and cultural factors Group Presidents, Vice Presidents, and senior managers affecting development • material detailing membership for each member country the role of the state and nongovernmental organizations • • records describing the financing of World Bank operations in fostering development • mechanisms for country assistance OUR DOORS ARE OPEN Other Topics related to World Bank history that can be explored include: The public has access to more information about the World Bank than ever before thanks to the World Bank’s Policy on • data describing world economic conditions Access to Information, launched in 2010. The World Bank will • the policies and procedures for development projects disclose any information in its possession that is not on a list the growth of cooperative agreements with other • of exceptions. international and development organizations, regional consultative groups, nongovernmental organizations, and The Access to Information Policy also outlines a clear other interested parties process for making information publicly available, including • nonlending services, such as technical assistance and the Archives’ historical collection. There is also an appeals sponsorship of conferences mechanism. If you believe you were improperly or unreasonably denied access to information or there is a Operational Correspondence and Records are a source of public interest to override an exception that restricts access historical information about the country economy generally, to certain information, you can use the appeals process and the status of particular sectors of the economy, such as established by the Policy. transportation, rural development, and education. The records contain general information about member countries and For more about the Access to Information Policy, the detailed information on each development project carried out exceptions, and the appeals process, visit worldbank.org/en/ in the country. access-to-information. Project Files. Include the rationale for the project, the proposed solution, the process of negotiations between member governments and the Bank, the conditions required for financing, the implementation and supervision of the project, and the completion and final evaluation. 17 USING THE ARCHIVES CATALOG The Archives Holdings website, at archivesholdings. worldbank.org, is the catalog for the Archives. You can browse and search descriptions of records and, in some cases, you can also access digitized copies of the records immediately. Our site is constantly growing. We regularly publish new descriptions and upload newly digitized records to the site. The site also offers guidance on how best to navigate it. 18 Familiarize yourself with our archival descriptions and the types of records available. Records in the Archives are organized in large HOT TIP! groupings, called “fonds”. (see box below) Browsing the List of Fonds available from our site can give you a sense of the materials available Review the “Scope & Content” area of each description and how best to search the catalog. Refer to the appendix in this guide thoroughly. This area gives the richest description of the for selected fonds-level descriptions. records themselves. In cases where only a fonds-level description is available, information here will be extensive WHAT ARE FONDS AND HOW CAN THEY HELP ME? but more general in nature. For records that have been described to the series level, the Scope & Content will give detailed information about the records and a folder-level list The holdings of the Archives are arranged by provenance is available. Use Scope & Content information to guide into groupings called “fonds,” which reflect the office, function, your discussion with an archivist once you have submitted or individual responsible for creating and collecting them. your request. Starting at the fonds level is a good way to browse through the Archives catalog. Each fonds can contain many documents, and some consist of more than ten thousand linear feet of records! Each fonds has, at minimum, a fonds-level description. Fonds may be further arranged hierarchically into sub-fonds, series, sub-series, or folders. The arrangement of material follows the International Standard for Archival Description (ISAD[G]). Basic and advanced keyword searches are possible in the Archives’ catalog. The most effective method to narrow your search is by selecting the level of description you consider most helpful (see box above). The fonds-level will give you more contextual information, while the series-level will be more specific to the activity that generated the records. You can navigate easily between the levels of description in the Archives’ catalog. 19 ACCESSING THE ARCHIVES The World Bank Group Archives are accessible for all who want to learn about the history of the Bank’s work with its member countries in economic development, poverty reduction and multilateral cooperation. You can find information about our holdings on-line and our team of archivists provides helpful support in accessing this rich collection. 20 Submitting a Request Accessing Records that Have Not Been Made Public To request information, use the Access to Information Request Form at worldbank.org/en/access-to-information. Your inquiry will be acknowledged within 24 hours, and you will receive a Records not previously made public must be screened in more comprehensive response from Archives staff within 20 accordance with the Access to Information Policy (see box, business days. In special circumstances, such as complex p.17) before they are ready for research use. An archivist will requests, additional time may be needed. After receiving your determine if the records you are requesting are eligible for request, an archivist can also provide you with help using the declassification, and if so, will conduct the declassification various online resources and identifying records in the Archives screening. The declassification process usually takes 8 to that can inform your research. 16 weeks to complete, depending on the volume of records requested. It is best to contact the Archives well in advance of your proposed research visit to ensure that the records will be available when you arrive. Access Archival Records On-line The World Bank Group Archives digitizes its declassified analog Visiting the Archives records for access. Digitization of fragile archival records takes time and we provide access to a small but ever-growing amount of archival material on-line. Due to the unique and irreplaceable nature of archival material, in-person access to the original analog records is possible only Digitized archival records are accessible from the catalog at in the Archives Reading Room in Washington, DC. If you are archivesholdings.worldbank.org. Digitized archival records unable to come to the Reading Room, consult with the Archives, related to World Bank projects are accessible from projects. as staff may be able to facilitate digitization of the materials at worldbank.org. To retrieve archival records related to that a later date. project, click on the “Documents/Archival records” subtab. Research hours are by appointment, Monday to Friday, from In addition, you can find reports that the Bank routinely 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m. declassifies, such as Project Completion and Country Assistance Strategy reports, at documents.worldbank.org. Cost to Access the Archives There is no charge to access records and the historical resources of the World Bank Group Archives. 21 APPENDIX. LIST OF FONDS The selected fonds listed below include the most valuable records in our care, particularly for the purpose of researching economic development and the Bank’s work with member countries. 22 General Management and Regional Units Administrative Units Regional Vice Presidencies are responsible for lending operations, including project identification and supervision, economic and sector Central Files work, and country relations. Office of the Chief Economist Africa Regional Vice Presidency Chief Financial Officer East Asia and Pacific Regional Vice Presidency Committees, Commissions, and Boards (Temporary) Europe and Central Asia Regional Vice Presidency Development Committee Latin America and Caribbean Regional Vice Presidency External Affairs Middle East and North Africa Regional Vice Presidency Financial Policy, Planning, and Budgeting South Asia Regional Vice Presidency Global Environment Facility General Vice Presidents and Managing Directors Office of the Historian Consultative Groups Operations Evaluation Department Consultative Groups are public, private, and/or international Operations (Loan) Committee organizations that aim to coordinate and raise funds for financial and Operations Policy technical assistance and research. The fonds that follow pertain to Office of the President Consultative Groups that the World Bank sponsors and serves as, or contributes to, the Secretariat. Resource Mobilization Senior Vice President of Operations Consultative Group on Food Production and Investment in Developing Countries Office of the Treasurer Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research World Bank Institute 23 Sector Departments Sector departments were created as a result of a Bank-wide Agriculture and Rural Development Sector reorganization in 1972. Before 1972, all sector staff resided in the Economic Policy Reform Sector Projects Department and were responsible for the full range of sector- Education Sector related functions. After the Projects Department was terminated in 1972, sector staff responsible for the identification, appraisal, Energy Development Sector and supervision of projects were moved into the Regional Vice Environment Sector Presidencies. The remaining staff were placed in sector departments Financial Sector Development Sector in the Central Projects Staff Vice Presidency (CPSVP). They were originally responsible for activities such as: development of sector Gender and Development Sector policies and guidelines; support and review of operations; assistance Industry Development Sector in recruitment; and staff development and training. The records contained in these fonds pertain to these types of nonoperational Population, Health, and Nutrition Sector sector departments. Poverty Analysis and Policy Sector Private Sector Development Sector Public Sector Management and Governance Sector Social Development Sector Transportation Development Sector Urban Development Sector Water Development Sector 24 Sector Vice Presidencies and Networks Sector Vice Presidencies were responsible for coordinating and Environmentally and Socially Sustainable Development Network guiding the work of sector departments, the units responsible for (1998–2006) developing sector policies and best practices, staff training, special Environmentally Sustainable Development Vice Presidency assignments, and other nonoperational activities. Sector Networks (1993–97) succeeded the Vice Presidencies in 1997. In addition to the functions of their predecessors, Sector Networks were responsible for Finance and Private Sector Development Vice Presidency establishing and maintaining links between Bank-wide communities (1993–97) of staff based on sector. Finance, Private Sector Development, and Infrastructure Network (1997–99) Finance Sector Vice Presidency (1999–2006) Human Development Network (1997–2014) Human Resources Development and Operations Policy Vice Presidency (1993–97) Poverty Reduction and Economic Management Network (1997–2014) Private Sector and Infrastructure Vice Presidency (1999–2003) Private Sector Development Vice Presidency (2003–07) Sector Policy and Research Vice Presidency (PREVP) and the Sector and Operations Policy Vice Presidency (OSPVP) (1987–93) 25 Personal Papers and Individual Staff Members Non-World Bank Records Individual staff member fonds contain records that were accumulated by individual staff from the various offices in which they served. Personal paper fonds contain records that have not been in the Because the records cover the individual’s work in more than one permanent custody of the World Bank Group since their creation. office, the records cannot be assigned to a fonds for a single office. This can include records that originated in the World Bank but were removed from its custody by a staff member and later returned, Ahmed, Masood or records that did not originate in the World Bank but have been Bell, Bernard transferred into the Archives’ custody. Dubey, Vinod Chenery, Hollis B. Hopper, W. David Chernick, Sidney E. Husain, Syed Shahid Clark, William Johnson, Ian Davis, Gloria Kaji, Gautam Diamond, William Karaosmanoglu, Attila Friedman, Irving S. Kraske, Jochen Joint Bank-Fund Library collection on Presidents of the World Bank Kuczynski, Pedro-Pablo Nellis, John Linn, Johannes F. Nurick, Lester Madavo, Callisto Rosen Martin M. Nowicki, Alexander Schmidt, Orvis A. Qureshi, Moeen Sommers, Davidson Rischard, Jean-Francois Theodores, James L. Rist, Leonard B. Woods, Louise Taraldson Stern, Ernest 26 27 PHOTO CREDITS Front Cover 1 Woman sewing cotton fabric, Honduras 2 World Bank Group/Ray Witlin for IFC 1722311-0009-c 3 2 P  icking oranges, Bucay Region, Ecuador, June 1957 1 4 World Bank Group/Paul Sanche 30239311-0071-c 7 3 Farmer, Milbachacot, Kabul Province, Afghanistan, 1970 World Bank Group/Kay Muldoon 8 30233491-0057-c 4 Arussi girl, Ethiopia, 1959 5 6 9 10 11 World Bank Group/Terence Spencer of Black Star 1721326-0065-c 5  hildren on cattle-drawn cart, Brazil, 1973 C World Bank Group/Tomas Sennett 1716814-0025-c 6 Young woman carrying a bag of oranges in the Bucay region, Ecuador, June 1957 World Bank Group/Paul Sanche 30239310-0027-c 7 Gloria Scott, August 22, 1985 World Bank Group/Michele Iannacci 1794893 Front Cover 8 Farm worker, Kabul area, Afghanistan 2 World Bank Group/Kay Muldoon 30233491-0053-c 3 9 Students  in art classes painting and drawing, Jamaica, 1971 1 4 World Bank Group/James Pickerell 1724477-0015 7 10 A  young cowboy at the cattle market at 8 Santo Domingo de los Colorados, Ecuador, 1970 World Bank Group/Ray Witlin 1720848-0075-c 5 6 9 10 11 11  ome economics class, Ethiopia, 1975 H World Bank Group/Kay Muldoon 30229113-017-c 29 Back Cover 1 The Vocational Training Institution engages the students 1 in tedious workshops of turning and milling, Korea, 1980 World Bank Group/Keum Yong Choi 2 1725087-0015 2 Students Walking in a Hallway at The Haile Selassie Junior Secondary School in Kingston, Jamaica, 1971 World Bank Group/James Pickerell 3 1724488-0021-c 6 3 Women working in the fields, Kenya World Bank Group/Ivan Massar 30229054-050-c 4 5 7 8 9 4 Woman carrying a basket on her head, India, 1955 World Bank Group/Magnum 30229049-0015-c 5 Classroom at Belfield Junior Secondary School, Jamaica, 1971 World Bank Group/James Pickerell 1724488-0041-c 30 Back Cover 6 Boy, San Salvador, El Salvador, 1975 1 World Bank Group/Jaime Martin-Escobal 1721287-0063-c 2 Worker operating machinery at the maintenance and 7 repair shop operated by the Comite at Guayaquil, Ecuador, 1957 World Bank Group/Paul Sanche 3 30239311-0077-c 6 8 Women harvesting carrots in Highlands, Kenya, 1969 World Bank Group/Per Gunvall 30229054 4 5 7 8 9 9 Nile Clothing Company in Gizza, near Cairo, Egypt, 1980 World Bank Group/Kay Chernush 1721093-0012-c 31 Page 8 Page 9 1940 Bretton Woods Hotel, 1944 1980 Dentistry at the Kypeounda Hospital, Cyprus, 1983 Unknown World Bank/Yosef Hadar 30083355 1720650 1950 Yugoslavia Power Mining Project, 1956 1990 Bank President Lewis T. Preston greets Nelson World Bank Mandela, President of the African National Congress 217537B as Bank Vice President and Secretary Timothy T. Thahane looks on, December 1991 1960 Workers plucking tea and pruning shrubs, World Bank/Michele Iannacci Kenya, 1960 1803334 World Bank/Ivan Massar 1724745 2000 Ain Beni Mathar Integrated Combined Cycle Thermo-Solar Power Plant, Morocco 1970 A local women’s group Dana Smillie/World Bank World Bank/Curt Carnemark DS-MA095 World Bank KE004S02 Today World Bank Group Headquarters, Washington DC World Bank/Heather Elliott 100719-WorldBank-001 Page 10 McNamara Interview with Der Spiegel, 1970 Unknown 1894057 32 Pages 12-13 1 1 Cocoa plantation worker, Ivory Coast, 1972 5 9 World Bank Group/Hilda Bijur 2 1724421-0003 6 11 2 Tenant farmers putting potatoes in bags in Manchester, Jamaica 7 World Bank Group/Hilda Bijur 1724487-0005 3 4 8 10 12 13 3 Family planning clinic in the Victoria Jubilee Hospital in Kingston, Jamaica World Bank Group/James Pickerell 1724485-0009 4 Inside a classroom in Shashemani Junior Secondary School, Ethiopia, 1972 World Bank Group/Kay Muldoon 1721389-033-c 5 Farmer plows uncultivated land, Korea, 1980 World Bank Group/Keum Yong Choi 30268424-0007 6 Vehicles drive through tunnel on a new highway in Korea World Bank Group 1724913-0001 33 Pages 12-13 1 7 Boy carrying pan of water on his head, Kenya, 1960 5 9 World Bank Group/Ivan Massar 2 30229054-036-c 6 11 8 Town of Harar, Ethiopia, 1969 World Bank Group/Kay Muldoon 7 30239317-0079-c 9 Worker polishing blades of compressor turbine at nitric 3 4 8 10 12 13 acid plant, Trombay fertilizer plant, India, 1977 World Bank Group/Ray Witlin 1722942 10 Student in a classroom at The College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Jamaica, 1971 World Bank Group/James Pickerell 1724488-0059-c 11 An American locomotive being unloaded at Pusan for the Korean National Railroad Korean National Railroad 1725098-0001 12 Research lab assistant operation one of the testing machines in the lab at the Bodles Agricultural Station in Jamaica World Bank Group/Hilda Bijur 1724487-0019 13 Pressure tunnel construction, Australia, 1963 World Bank Group/Mark Strizic 30233522-0120-c 34 Page 16 Page 20 Laboratory, Enver Hoyla University, Tirana, Albania Students using books in a high school library, 1974 Wolrds Bank Group/Sid Kane World Bank Group/Edwin G. Huffman 1807177-0003-c 1719645 Page 18 Page 22 An engineer checking M.D.F., Harbour View Exchange near Learning how to weave, Bangladesh, 1978 Kingston, Jamaica, 1967 World Bank Group/Kay Chernush Wolrds Bank Group/Hilda Bijur 1716202-0005-c 1724481-0017 Page 19 Students in a Classroom at The College of Arts, Science, and Technology, Jamaica, 1971 World Bank Group/James Pickerell 1724488-0053-c 35 Page 27 1 Livestock pulling cart, Maijapar, Bangladesh, 1978 1 World Bank Group/Kay Chernush 30233514-0043-c 4 7 2 Young engineer at work in the drawing office in San Salvador, El Salvador, 1958 World Bank Staff 1721205-0027-c 5 3 El Dorado plant, San Salvador, El Salvador, 1956 World Bank Group/Paul Sanche 30239315-0007-c 4 Man doing ditching work on new Pacific Highway along the Pacific coast, El Salvador, 1958 World Bank Staff 1721205-0039-c 2 3 6 8 5 Title:Fabrica Eureka Cement-Asbestos Roofing plant at Ilopango, El Salvador World Bank Group/Paul Sanche 30239315-0029-c 6 A construction worker at the site of the Jordan Fertilizer plant, 1980 World Bank Group/Kay Chernush 1724621-0003-c 7 Large tracts of land have been cleared and cultivated, Japan World Bank Group 1724515-004-c 8 Title:A technician testing trunk relay sets at St. Ann’s Bay Telephone Exchange, Jamaica, 1967 World Bank Group/Hilda Bijur 1724481-0015 36 37 World Bank Group Archives 1818 H Street NW Washington, DC 20433 USA tel: (202) 473-2000 email: archives@worldbank.org website: www.worldbank.org/archives Reading Room Hours Research hours are by appointment, Monday to Friday, from 10:00 a.m. to 4:00 p.m.