Required Sectoral Module COMMUNITY AND SOCIAL DIMENSIONS (OF URBAN RESILIENCE) In a resilient city, all residents, including marginalized and excluded groups1 , are given equal and fair access to basic services (inclusive). Social protection measures, such as safety net programs, target all vulnerable segments of the society and effectively deliver support under (or in anticipation of) any given scenario (robust and coordinated). All residents have equal access to economic opportunities and have sufficient capacity to deal with and bounce back from shocks and stresses (redundant and inclusive). Decision-making and planning is transparent, inclusive and participatory to reflect community priorities and needs (inclusive and reflective). A resilient city creates opportunities for a thriving civil society that supports the representation of all members of society, including a fair and effective crime prevention and justice systems (robust). APPLICABLE RELATIONSHIP TO RESILIENCE TOPIC GUIDING QUESTION RESILIENCE QUALITY QUALITY Access Do all segments of the Inclusive Equitable provision of basic services population have access to basic is essential for minimizing human services (transportation, water, vulnerabilities. Once basic needs are sanitation, energy) and social met, people can construct buffers for services (education, healthcare, overcoming unforeseen disturbances. and community facilities) at an When governments are not able to affordable price? provide affordable basic services, the poor often end up paying for high price alternatives. 1 Some marginalized and excluded groups may be specific to the location and context being assessed. Local knowledge should be used to define and identify excluded groups which may include: indigenous peoples; persons with disabilities; women; older people; sexual and gender minorities; ethnic, racial and religious minorities; migrants; and others. It may be helpful to provide details on which groups were included in the analysis and which were not. 1 Revised 2018 Access: Does the city have a high Inclusive Income equity, low unemployment income inequality and and acceptance of diversity are high unemployment rate? common characteristics of cohesive Are vulnerable groups and societies, where interactions minorities excluded from public between individual members and the life, the workforce, education government are based on trust and etc.? Are there existing efforts support, and there is a strong focus to increase the agency of on the common good. marginalized groups? Institutional What kind of social service Coordinated; Having designated social service Capacity programs exist in the city? Who Robust agencies in the city is important is responsible for planning and for improving the conditions of the delivering them? If there are poor and vulnerable, and alleviating multiple agencies, are they structural unemployment. Examples coordinated? of support provided by social services are assistance programs focusing on food, health, child-care and electricity access. Coordination among social services is important for avoiding assistance overlaps and gaps. Institutional Does the city have the capacity Robust, Proactive management of core Capacity to adjust and/or increase the reflective services and well-maintained provision of basic services service systems are better able to in line with rapid changes accommodate abnormal demand, in the population, resulting withstand unusual pressures and from rural to urban migration, continue functioning during hard influx of refugees, etc.? Are times. there mechanisms to provide feedback on the quality of basic service provision? Institutional Is social tension an issue in the Reflective Understanding the causes of social Capacity city? Is the tension between conflicts help mediate and prevent different groups within the city, them from escalating. or between the city and certain groups? Are the drivers of the tension understood? Does the city monitor social conflicts between different groups in the city? Are there programs to tack- le causes of social tensions (e.g. income inequality, discrimina- tion, social exclusion etc.)? 2 Institutional Is there systematic collection Reflective A socio-economic baseline helps Capacity and updating of socio-economic monitor social development in baseline data (disaggregated the city and allows for targeted based on gender, disability, age, social protection of vulnerable or other forms of exclusion), groups. During disaster response, including information on vulnerability targeting can be vulnerable or excluded groups? facilitated by disaster response Are the national civil registries, databases being linked to existing poverty and vulnerabilities civil registries, poverty databases, or databases integrated into DRM social protection databases. management information systems? Finance What are the funding sources for Coordinated; Targeted planning and social programs and services? Robust implementation of social programs To what extent is the funding relies on predictable and reliable discretionary at the local level? funding sources. When the city has To what degree are funding the discretionary control of social sources and programming funding, it can be held accountable coordinated across agencies? for maintaining a correlation between Is there transparent access to development goals and distribution budgetary information available of funding. Where human resources to citizens? and financing for social services are limited, coordination helps improve efficiency, targeting and flexibility of both ordinary and exceptional social service programming. Social Are there social protection or Redundant Social protection programs are meant Protection safety net programs for the poor, to buffer risks that affect individual persons with disabilities or other households, communities, regions vulnerable groups in the society? or nations, so that vulnerable groups What risks do they cover? Is can escape both transient and an appropriate combination of chronic poverty during hard times. beneficiary targeting applied Effective social protection programs (e.g. geographic, poverty-based, are based on an understanding of self and community-based)? how different risks, including those Do regular social protection related to climate change, may affect programs include vulnerability future livelihoods and well-being of to natural hazards and individuals and communities. climate change impacts in the beneficiary selection criteria? 3 Social Are there social protection Robust Social protection or safety Protection or safety net mechanisms to net programs targeting poor/ address poverty and social marginalized citizens help them to exclusion? Is there a transparent access economic opportunities. post-disaster beneficiary The design of a post-disaster system in place that can beneficiary system determines verify beneficiary identities, how effective it is in reaching the track beneficiaries and verify individual and groups most affected payments? Is the system by a shock/disaster. user-friendly (multi-lingual if needed), socially and culturally sensitive? Does it include effective grievance mechanisms that citizens are aware of and have access to? Community To what extent does the Inclusive Through participation, affected Awareness & government engage citizens in communities can help identify Citizen local development decision- vulnerabilities and localized risk Engagement making? Are there mechanisms reduction strategies that build to ensure that all segments of on strengths and capabilities of the affected population can and communities. Inclusive decision- do participate? making can be achieved through design of culturally and socially sensitive participation platforms. Community Does a free press and media Inclusive Free press contributes to improved Awareness & channels exist in the city? Are governance and social development Citizen there other mechanisms for by highlighting public concerns and Engagement public dialogue and feedback thereby encouraging government loops? accountability and transparency. Community Do effective civil society Inclusive Civil society organizations can Awareness & organizations exist in the city? help coordinate public actions Citizen Are they seen as legitimate, and effectively channels citizens’ Engagement cooperate with each other and demands towards the government. the city government, and have The efficiency and targeting of high participation? government programs can be improved by the government dealing with organized citizen groups rather than individuals. 4 Community Do communities play a role in Inclusive By contextualizing risks, community Awareness & analysis, planning, and decision- members can help identify a wide Citizen making for disaster/climate risk range of correlated vulnerabilities, Engagement reduction or recovery? risk reduction or recovery methods that are most desirable for those affected. Community Are local hazard trends, Reflective Community awareness of potential Awareness & preparation steps and key risks and knowledge of key Citizen responses communicated responses helps increase safety and Engagement regularly to the population? Are effectiveness of disaster response. local communities taught how to respond to a range of disasters or shocks? Community Does the city maintain data Reflective A hazard database can be used to Awareness & on extreme events, key make informed decisions about future Citizen responses and preparation risk reduction interventions. In order Engagement steps concerning hazards? to understand a variety of area uses/ Is the database accessible values at risk and learn from past for everyone? Can everyone responses, participatory mapping contribute to make or update can add depth to the information the database? Is the database provided in the database. updated on a regular basis? Is there any scenario planning that takes place? Empow- What informal risk management Reflective Communities often develop strategies erment & strategies do communities make for dealing with risks and everyday Capacity use of? Are these strategies stresses that are embedded in wider Building: understood/researched and, livelihood strategies. Understanding where appropriate, supported? the lived experiences and identifying To what extent do communities co-benefits of coping strategies drive decision-making in is important for evaluating which disaster recovery programs? autonomous adaptation efforts Are women provided a formal to support. Women are often role in disaster and climate risk the architects of resilience at management? community level. Empowering women and formalizing their role in risk management can contribute to resilience. 5 Empow- To what extent does the local Coordinated Community leaders are important erment & government provide training in channels for increasing public Capacity risk reduction for local officials awareness on risk reduction. Building: and community leaders? Are Community members are often the there community-level disaster first respondents in a disaster and risk management committees or can be even more effective if they are similar entities? organized and coordinated with other emergency response agencies. Livelihood Are efforts made to support Redundant Diversification of income sources Protection diversification of household and livelihoods increases resilience & Enhance- income sources and livelihoods? in face of single-industry impacts. ment: Is healthy risk-taking behavior Knowing that safety nets exist can for livelihood enhancements allow households to take initiatives encouraged for the sake of that incur some risks, but potentially strengthening the household's diversify incomes sources and create adaptive ability? higher returns. Do all groups, including women, have access to the educational, technical, and financial resources necessary to diversify livelihood sources? Gender To what extent do women Inclusive; Gender equality in the formal participate in the formal Redundant economy allows women to escape economy? To what extent to economic dependency on men and women participate in decision- become autonomous members of making at household and their societies. Having two sources community levels? To what of household income is also a way extent do women have access of diversifying this income. Women and control over key productive often place higher emphasis on assets? welfare related goals than men, which is why their role in household and community level-decision making is important. Gender To what extent do women par- Inclusive In many societies, women are ticipate/lead community level disproportionately vulnerable to disaster and climate risk man- the impacts of extreme events. agement efforts (before and/or Their contribution to the design and after disasters)? Do women have implementation of risk management equal access to relief and re- efforts is important for choosing covery resources? Are women’s strategies that ensure their needs are property and inheritance rights met. are adequately recognized to protect their assets? 6 Crime and Are the drivers and patterns Robust; A comprehensive and contextually Violence of crime and/or violence Inclusive appropriate approach to law understood? Does a multi- enforcement facilitates the reduction sector, multi-agency violence and prevention of crime and prevention strategy exist? corruption in a city. By instituting Are security and justice a transparent justice system based institutions adequately trained on ethical principles, cities can and resourced? Do they have uphold the rule of law and promote capacity to engage all groups citizenship in daily life. These norms (including women, marginalized are critical to maintaining order groups) and promote a safe during times of stress. Well planned environment? Is gender-based and resourced law enforcement violence an issue? Do security facilitates peaceful recovery, and and justice systems staffing ensures a healthy population by reflect the diversity of the city? reducing crime-related injury, fatality and stress. 7