90909 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop MANAGING THE RISKS OF DISASTERS IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC May 28 – 29, 2013 Seoul, Republic of Korea WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS ©2013 The World Bank The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA June 2013 Disclaimer: This report is a product of the staff of the World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclu- sions expressed in this volume do not necessarily reflect the views of the World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent, or those of the National Disaster Emergency Agency of the Republic of Korea. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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Photo by Thinkstock.com Design: miki@ultradesigns.com Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................... 2 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................... 3 SUMMARY............................................................................................................................................... 5 OPENING AND WELCOME REMARKS Lester Dally, Special Representative for Korea, World Bank................................................................. 6 Jo Sung Wan, Vice Administrator, NEMA, Korea................................................................................. 7 Prashant, Team Leader, Strategy and Partnerships, GFDRR/World Bank............................................... 8 Jeong Sangman, President, Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation........................................................ 9 PRESENTATION SUMMARIES Session I: Balancing Structural and Non-structural Measures in Flood Risk Management: An Overview..... 11 Session II: Challenges for Making Flood Risk Data Widely Accessible to Stakeholders................................ 18 Session III: Reducing Flood Risk Losses and Enhancing Resilience: Innovative Approaches.......................... 24 Session IV: Reducing Flood Risk Losses and Enhancing Resilience: Community-based Approaches.............. 30 Session V: Flood Risk Early Warning System, Monitoring, and Control System........................................... 37 Session VI: Implementation Challenges and Opportunities: Open Discussion.............................................. 44 Wrap-up: Entry Points and the Way Forward............................................................................................ 47 Special Session: Site Visits.......................................................................................................................... 48 APPENDIX 1: Workshop Agenda............................................................................................................ 50 List of Figures Figure 1: Multipurpose Rainwater Storage Facility................................................................................... 16 Figure 2: OpenStreetMap Screenshot...................................................................................................... 20 Figure 3: Concept of Flood Risk Assessment............................................................................................ 21 Figure 4: Building with Nature: Soft Eco-levee Using Reef, Marsh, Dune Combinations........................... 25 Figure 5: Estero de Paco—Widening, Dredging, and Slope Protection Using Coconets............................ 27 Figure 6: Binahaan Flood Early Warning System...................................................................................... 32 Figure 7: Community Activity Cycle......................................................................................................... 35 Figure 8: Hydrometeorology Observation Sites at the Basin of Andong Dam........................................... 38 Figure 9: Urban Flood Events.................................................................................................................. 40 Figure 10: Heavy Flooding Caused by Xijiang River.................................................................................... 41 Figure 11: Urban Flood Simulation Model................................................................................................. 42 Figure 12: Disaster Premonitory Information Management System............................................................ 49 Figure 13: Reduction of Death Toll in Korea Caused by Natural Disaster.................................................... 49 List of Boxes Box 1: Twelve Key Principles for Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management......................................... 13 Box 2: Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction Action Items.......................................................... 15 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Acronyms and Abbreviations BCP business continuity planning CCA climate change adaptation CDD community-driven development DMH Department of Meteorology and Hydrology DRM disaster risk management DRR disaster risk reduction DRRM disaster risk reduction and management EWS early warning system GFDRR Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery GIS geographic information system GIZ German Society for International Cooperation JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency KOICA Korean International Cooperation Agency LFEWS Local Flood Early Warning System LSM Land Surface Model NCEP National Community Empowerment Program NEDA National Economic Development Authority NEMA National Emergency Management Agency NGO non-governmental organization NOAH Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards OSM OpenStreetMap 2 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Acknowledgements This report summarizes the presentations and discussions that took place as part of the Second Flood Risk Man- agement and Urban Resilience Workshop in Seoul, Republic of Korea, in May 2013. The workshop was organized by the Disaster Risk Management team of the East Asia and Pacific region of the World Bank, with support from the Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR) and the gov- ernment of Korea. The team is grateful for their generous support. The task team, led by Eiko Wataya, Dillip Bhanja, Demilour Ignacio, and Zuzana Stanton-Geddes, would like to thank Abhas Jha, Lester Dally, Prashant, and Shyam KC for their guidance and support. The report was compiled by Eiko Wataya and Zuzana Stanton-Geddes, based on notes from Tasnuva Khan and M. H. Ullah and on inputs from Chusit Apirumanekul, Dillip Bhanja and Demilour Ignacio. Anne Himmelfarb edited the report. The graphic design was carried out by Miki Fernandez, Ultradesigns. The graphics (figures and photographs) included in these proceedings are taken from the various workshop presentations in original format. For further reproduction, please contact indicated source. Workshop proceedings and individual presentations are available through the GFDRR website: https://www.gfdrr.org/secondfloodriskevent. 3 Photo by Thinkstock.com May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS SUMMARY Building on a workshop held in Jakarta, Indonesia, in 2012, policy makers from eight East Asian coun- tries reunited on May 28–29, 2013, in Seoul, Republic of Korea, at the Second Flood Risk Manage- ment and Urban Resilience Workshop. The workshop was attended by over 70 policy makers from China, Indonesia, Korea, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Mongolia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Vietnam, along with international experts from the field of urban flood risk management and rep- resentatives from partner and donor organizations. It successfully facilitated regional knowledge transfer and fostered a multistakeholder community of practice on urban flood risk management. T he two-day workshop, organized by the Policy makers participating in the workshop had World Bank with support from the govern- a chance to visit NEMA’s Central Control Cen- ment of Korea through the National Emer- ter and the Climate Change Adaptation and Disas- gency Management Agency (NEMA) and the ter Risk Reduction Exhibition (CADRE 2013), where Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery they learned about innovative and high-technology (GFDRR), was part of an ongoing collaboration to approaches to flood control and disaster prevention strengthen cooperation and facilitate international that could be adapted for their own countries. At the partnerships for disaster risk reduction (DRR) and cli- control center, they saw both how NEMA as an insti- mate change adaptation (CCA). The workshop was tution is organized and managed, and how training undertaken as part of a comprehensive joint program for disaster prevention can be conducted. The exam- implementation of sub-regional projects in Asia, with ple of Korea, a country that underwent the develop- the support of Korea and the World Bank/GFDRR. ment process very rapidly and is now an innovator in The program implementation is being carried out in disaster prevention, was instructive. 15 countries and includes three sub-regional proj- ects, which focus on glacial lake outburst floods in According to evaluation forms, participants appreci- the Himalayan region, typhoons in the Pacific, and ated the workshop as a venue for facilitating South- flooding and building resilience in East Asia. South knowledge exchange and peer learning. They also saw it as an opportunity to build a common Through case studies and project examples, the work- understanding on key issues related to preparedness, shop participants shared their experiences in balanc- strengthen their technical knowledge, and improve ing structural and non-structural measures designed their understanding of regional and country-specific to better manage existing and future flood risks fac- issues. The participants agreed on a new pilot initia- ing fast-growing Asian cities. The focus was on infor- tive to promote continuous knowledge exchange and mation collection and sharing, community-based risk to encourage ongoing discussions of issues raised management approaches, and effective early warn- at the workshop, via a virtual platform to be coor- ing systems (EWS). Each country drew on its own sit- dinated by international experts. They hope to stay uation to offer views on and approaches to disaster connected to one another and to give updates on prevention; each country was also able to learn from the progress of their initiatives—including instances the others. Participants were especially interested in of failure—so that countries can take necessary steps environmentally friendly methods that both cost rela- to prevent failures of their own. They also plan to tively little and contribute to long-term flood preven- explore opportunities to share disaster data with tion. They agreed that key factors in reducing risk are neighboring countries to aid them in forecasting and the involvement of local populations and sufficient issuing early warnings. funding; the latter is a particular issue for developing countries, which often lack a budget for disaster risk reduction. 5 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop OPENING AND WELCOME REMARKS Lester Dally, Special Representative for Korea, World Bank Photo: World Bank ■■ The World Bank has had a cooperative relation- make sure that ongoing development initiatives ship with Korea for many years. Efforts are now include disaster risk mitigation and management. being made to establish a World Bank office here, in part because Korea’s expertise is so wide- ■■ The Korean government was recently forced to ranging. handle a flood in Seoul, and it is prepared to share with participants its knowledge and experi- ■■ This workshop is the second in a series held in ence in disaster risk management (DRM). Korea the region; the last one, in Jakarta, was very suc- uses world-class technology and advanced meth- cessful. Experts are here from different parts of ods for reducing disaster risks, and there are obvi- the world, including China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, ously great benefits to sharing this knowledge, Mongolia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Viet- technology, and good practice with countries nam, as well as Korea, to discuss and share within as well as outside of the region through knowledge about how to deal with flood risk South-South cooperation. management and urban resilience. High-level government experts on disaster risk manage- ■■ In this context, the World Bank has been working ment from Korea’s NEMA are present, as are Vice very closely with NEMA and relevant ministries President Jo and Dr. Jeong, the president of the and agencies to leverage this knowledge and Korean Society for Hazard Mitigation. We very technology. The World Bank has had a partner- much appreciate that Minister Singson from the ship with NEMA since 2011, and it is committed Philippines is also here. to moving this partnership forward and taking Korea as a model for disaster risk mitigation in ■■ It is well known that Asia is a disaster “hot spot”; the region. annually, some 60 percent of all disasters occur in this region. Disasters not only erode countries’ ■■ The World Bank is thankful to Mr. Jo for host- development initiatives, they also affect the lives ing and supporting this event. Korea is a country and livelihoods of millions of people. There must with a great deal of expertise in the area of DRM, therefore be a concerted and coordinated effort and the workshop provides an important oppor- by departments and ministries in all sectors to tunity for countries to learn from Korea. 6 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Jo Sung Wan, Vice Administrator, NEMA, Korea Photo: World Bank ■■ Climate change presents countries with unprec- ■■ NEMA was established in June 2004 as the first edented challenges, as they cope with the dedicated DRM government authority in Korea. serious threats brought about by inadequate As part of its mandate, NEMA is also responsi- infrastructure and planning, increased fre- ble for assessing Korea’s approach to flood pre- quency of floods and typhoons, and rising sea vention and response. It has designed an active levels. The August 2012 flooding that paralyzed and participatory response system based more cities in the Philippines and caused not only eco- on prevention and preparedness than on a tradi- nomic losses but loss of life is an example of the tional disaster response approach. This preemp- kind of events associated with climate change. tive approach has reduced the loss of human life Unfortunately, the intensity and frequency of and property. By sharing its knowledge and expe- floods are expected to increase because of cli- rience, NEMA hopes to strengthen international mate change. cooperation in Asia and around the world to pre- vent catastrophic disaster impacts and to man- age flood risks in a comprehensive way. 7 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop OPENING AND WELCOME REMARKS Prashant, Team Leader, Strategy and Partnerships, GFDRR/ World Bank Photo: World Bank ■■ Both Mr. Dally and Mr. Jo Sung Wan already its desire to share that expertise and knowledge highlighted the urgency for holistic DRM in Asia, with developing countries. In addition to engag- where 60 percent of the world’s disasters occur. ing with NEMA, which is the World Bank’s main Globally, 75 percent of disasters are related to counterpart for DRM in Korea, the World Bank climate, and 75 percent of damages and loses has also engaged with the Korean International are related to natural disasters. We unite here in Cooperation Agency (KOICA), the Ministry of seeking effective and proactive disaster and cli- Strategy and Finance, and the Korea Meteoro- mate risk management. logical Administration (KMA). ■■ The Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and ■■ The World Bank should make three things clear in Recovery, managed by the World Bank, supports its work with governments: First, DRM, including country governments through technical assis- flood risk management, is about development tance and capacity building. Currently, GFDRR and development planning, not about disasters. members include 43 countries and eight inter- Second, flooding affects developing countries national organizations, including the United much more than it affects others. Third, most of Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduc- the losses and damages caused by disasters are tion (UNISDR). Most workshop participants here preventable; policies for risk reduction and for are partners of the World Bank. disaster prevention and preparedness can coun- ter what we call “natural” disasters. These are ■■ The World Bank’s fruitful and mutually satisfying the basic messages that will be delivered during partnership with Korea began in 2010, when the this workshop, as participants describe techno- Bank engaged with Korea in sponsoring a con- logical, structural, and non-structural approaches ference on DRM. Since then the World Bank has to DRM, which lies at the heart of sustainable benefited enormously from Korea’s cutting-edge development planning. technical expertise and knowledge, as well as 8 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Sangman Jeong, President, Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation Photo: World Bank ■■ The Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation, which ■■ NEMA’s approach to DRM emphasizes ex ante is one of the key actors on DRM in Korea, com- management and resilient recovery. Preventive mends the World Bank and NEMA for organizing management helps to create a safer, more disas- this event dedicated to this very important issue. ter-resilient environment. Sharing of knowledge and information technology is crucial for help- ■■ Disasters are a common concern, and we must ing countries to devise an effective DRM agenda. prepare to ensure quick response and recovery in International experts attending this conference the aftermath of a disaster. Preparing for disasters, can help us improve our national DRM and dem- countries must ensure links with their national onstrate new and innovative ways of dealing development plans, and those of the region. with disasters. ■■ Abnormal weather patterns are increasing and are capable of causing previously unimaginable destruction. The damages and economic losses caused by disasters constitute a major obsta- cle for development at the global level, not just for specific countries affected by disasters. It is undisputable that DRM plays a vital role in pov- erty alleviation and efforts to promote sustain- able growth. 9 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop PRESENTATION SUMMARIES 10 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Session I Balancing Structural and Non-structural Measures in Flood Risk Management: An Overview Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: Mr. Kees Bons, Flood Risk Management Specialist, Deltares, Indonesia Dr. Ho Long Phi, Center of Water Management and Climate Change, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam Dr. Hitoshi Baba, Senior Advisor, Japan International Cooperation Agency Key Points ■■ Urban flooding risks can be addressed through a combination of structural and non-structural adaptation measures. These measures have to take into account socioeconomic and environmental factors along with hazard exposure and vulnerability. ■■ Every flood risk scenario is different, and there is no single flood risk management blueprint. Acknowledg- ing local conditions, every country has to consider multiple scenarios to ensure effective DRM and CCA. ■■ Conventional or engineered approaches may not be flexible enough to cope with climate and disaster uncertainty. Non-engineered solutions can prove cost-effective with benefits for community livelihoods and sustainable resource management. In their interventions, policy makers can focus on strengthening four key capacities: threshold capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity, and adaptive capacity of systems and communities. ■■ While it is challenging, it is important for countries and the international development community to priori- tize risk reduction and incorporate it into planning processes. Involvement of the private sector, academia, and civil society in risk reduction can greatly contribute to effective DRM and CCA. ■■ A shift from a deterministic to a probabilistic approach to estimating flood risk is needed, given that sudden flooding may occur in areas that had no history of flooding. ■■ Given residual risk of flooding, emergency management, disaster forecasting and early warning systems, are needed to decrease disaster impacts and ensure quick disaster response and reconstruction. 11 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop 1. Comparing Structural and with water-robust infrastructure, enlarged seasonal Non-structural Measures storage, floor levels, etc. Coping capacity is about drainage systems, wet proofing of vulnerable build- Mr. Kees Bons, ings, and use of paving and grassing materials. Flood Risk Recovery capacity focuses on redundant pumping Management capacity, cleaning and drying times, and water supply Specialist, Deltares capacity in extremely dry periods. Adaptive capacity deals with temporary infrastructure, adaptive man- agement, water-based spatial planning, and water and urban planning policies. Photo: World Bank A traditional approach relies on engineered solu- tions to strengthen threshold capacity. This approach neglects non-structural measures and can increase vulnerability to other hazards (e.g., pluvial flooding, land subsidence, drought, heat, etc.). It also shows The causes of urban flooding vary. Unplanned or poor effectiveness in extreme conditions and limited badly planned urban expansion, in both developing adaptability to changing conditions. Moreover, engi- and developed countries, contributes to flooding, as neered solutions can be expensive, can transfer risk do neglect of water management (ineffective oper- downstream, often have undesirable side effects on ation and maintenance of flood defenses, pump- the natural and built environment, and when they ing stations, and drains) and loss of natural flood fail, they often fail dramatically. Structural measures defenses (for example, mangroves). Cities are now are effective only if people are risk aware, prepared, facing the consequences of this mismanagement, and trained; if land use and construction are regu- which are being exacerbated by climate change. lated; and if governments keep relevant legislation In making decisions on appropriate urban flood risk and rules for preparedness up to date. Non-engi- management, policy makers can benefit from the neered measures are better equipped to meet the guidance provided by the World Bank report Cities goal of adaptive management and to reflect chang- and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk ing climate or built conditions. They can for example Management for the 21st Century (box 1). One of the seek to improve contingency planning, legislation, key messages is that integrated flood risk manage- risk insurance, and financing, as well as raise public ment relies on a combination of structural adaptation awareness of disaster and climate risks. measures and non-structural adaptation measures. Structural or “hard” measures involve construction To select an appropriate mix of measures, policy mak- of permanent facilities (such as dikes) to reduce the ers should first complete a vulnerability analysis and risk of damage, while non-structural or “soft” mea- then select a strategy for reducing vulnerability. At that sures involve changes in stakeholders’ behavior, usu- point they can select appropriate measures. Stake- ally through capacity building, active learning, and holders need to be included in the negotiations about engagement between stakeholders. While structural selecting appropriate measures. Factors that need to measures often require national/federal funding, be considered include type of flooding (fluvial, pluvial, non-structural measures often rely on local and com- coastal, groundwater), the country’s stage of develop- munity investments. ment and (spatial) planning, local culture and govern- ment structures, community/individual concerns and To reduce flood vulnerability, policy makers can benefits, etc. This process can help in selecting the focus on strengthening four key capacities: thresh- most effective mix of measures and can strengthen old capacity, coping capacity, recovery capacity, and all capacities—threshold, coping, recovery, and adap- adaptive capacity.1 Threshold capacity deals primarily tive—needed to manage flood risks. Options to Reduce Vulnerability for Climate Change in the 1 As described by Rutger de Graaf, Nick van de Giesen, Netherlands,” Natural Hazards 51, no.3 (December 2009): and Frans van de Ven, “Alternative Water Management 407–22. 12 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS BOX 1. Twelve Key Principles for Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management 1. Every flood risk scenario is different: there is no flood management blueprint. 2. Designs for flood management must be able to cope with a changing and uncertain future. 3. Rapid urbanization requires the integration of flood risk management into regular urban planning and governance. 4. An integrated strategy requires the use of both structural and non- structural measures and good metrics for “getting the balance right.” 5. Heavily engineered structural measures can transfer risk upstream and downstream. 6. It is impossible to entirely eliminate the risk from flooding. 7. Many flood management measures have multiple co-benefits over and above their flood management role. 8. It is important to consider the wider social and ecological consequences of flood management spending. 9. Clarity of responsibility for constructing and running flood risk programs is critical. 10. Implementing flood risk management measures requires multistakeholder cooperation. 11. Continuous communication to raise awareness and reinforce preparedness is necessary. 12. Plan to recover quickly after flooding and use the recovery to build capacity. Source: Abhas K. Jha, Robin Bloch, and Jessica Lamond, Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2012), 46–49. 2. A Balanced Approach for Urban Risk is a hazard-dependent spatial-temporal function Flood Management: Ho Chi Minh City that can be expressed as follows: Case Study risk = hazard probability * exposure * vulnerability Dr. Ho Long Phi, Center of Water Within this formula, exposure uncertainties arise Management and from urbanization, hazard uncertainties arise from Climate Change, both climatic and non-climatic causes, and vulnera- Ho Chi Minh City, bility uncertainties arise from social policy and eco- Vietnam nomic development. In practical terms, this means for example that a history of low risk does not rule out high risk in the future. We also need to recog- Photo: World Bank nize that higher levels of protection against flood- ing can actually increase the risk of flooding in the future: when people have a perception of safety, they may be overconfident and less prepared for a sudden disaster. This is why risk accumulation and transfer of The most difficult aspect of managing urban flooding risk should be taken into account in the cost-benefit is dealing with uncertainties. Uncertainties, created analysis of potential measures. by urbanization, land use, sea-level rise, subsidence trends, upstream flows, rainfall, policy changes, and A conventional approach to managing flood risk, one other factors, are increasing every year. As a result, focusing on structural interventions, may not be flex- flood prediction becomes increasingly difficult. ible enough to cope with climatic and non-climatic 13 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop variations. A “balanced intervention” approach, policies. Vulnerability reduction can be achieved by which deals in a timely and harmonized way with all improving the housing stock and conducting emer- aspects of flood risk—hazard, exposure, and vulner- gency response planning, as well as by other means. ability—is preferable. Such an approach requires a Ho Chi Minh City’s existing flood protection plan is needs analysis that takes economic and social risks very similar to the Bangkok protection plan; both into account, as well as an analysis of technical, focus on hazard control through structural measures. financial, and human capacity. These analyses help Currently, this plan is being revised to ensure better to determine an appropriate strategy that integrates balance. Focusing on specific areas, the revised plan resilience, adaptation, and protection measures. encourages adaptation measures by reducing expo- sure of existing highly urbanized areas. The level of operational and maintenance capacity, both technical and financial, determines interven- Developing countries tend to opt for protective tion scale and level of sophistication of the protective (structural) measures focusing on hazard control. measures. Where social capacity levels are low, more These countries would do better to adopt a flood prevention is needed, as it requires less governance management approach that seeks to reduce hazard, and coordination effort compared to other measures. exposure, and vulnerability in a comprehensive and Exposure reduction and control can be achieved coordinated manner. through urban spatial and water management 3. Comprehensive Flood Risk warning systems need to be enhanced. Third, a cul- Management Strategy: Methodology ture of safety and resilience at all levels must be built and Technology to make Resilient using knowledge, innovation, and education. Fourth, Urban Development underlying risk factors need to be reduced. Finally, disaster preparedness needs to be strengthened for Dr. Hitoshi Baba, effective response at all levels. Senior Advisor, Japan Interna- The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction tional Cooperation (GPDRR), which took place in Geneva in May 2013, Agency called on countries to develop uniform standards for hazard risk assessments, especially for critical infra- structure. It also invited the private sector to integrate disaster risk consideration in its business practices Photo: World Bank and urged collaboration between the public and pri- vate sector in managing risk. A summary of action items from the GPDRR meeting are listed in box 2. The important (and difficult) task is ensuring that The number of reported flood events is increasing. individuals and decision makers, including the devel- In the last 10 years, severe floods have resulted in opment community, make risk reduction a priority. loss of life and economic damage in Bangladesh, Bra- We need to understand and be able to assess flood zil, China, Ethiopia, India, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Latin risk and impacts. We need to have a methodology for America, Mongolia, Myanmar, Pakistan, the Philip- estimating damages and carrying out DRR cost-bene- pines, the United Kingdom, the United States, and fit analysis. Finally, we need to be able to incorporate other countries. lessons from recent disasters into development policy, strategy, and planning. Five priority actions contribute to effective flood risk management. First, DRR needs to be a national Japan’s ability to learn from past floods is instruc- and local priority with a strong institutional basis tive. When the country underwent extensive devel- for implementation. Second, disaster risks need to opment and reconstruction after World War II, the be identified, assessed, and monitored, and early area surrounding the river in Kitakyushu was rebuilt 14 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS BOX 2. Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction Action Items ■■ Targeting the root causes of risk: price fluctuations, unemployment, violence, conflict, health burden ■■ Connecting mutually reinforcing agendas: sustainable development, environment, climate change impact, economic and social development ■■ Assessing risk: global economic losses, small local events ■■ Leading at the local level: municipalities, schools, hospitals ■■ Engaging communities: women, youth, persons with disabilities ■■ Recognizing the private sector as actor and partner: economic growth, resilient business and investment ■■ Strengthening integrated risk governance: communities and local governments ■■ Strengthening scientific and technical support: analysis, knowledge, data, tools, methodology Source: Adapted from “Chair’s Summary,” Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, Fourth Session, Geneva, May 19 – 23, 2013, http://www.preventionweb.net/files/33306_finalchairssummaryoffourthsessionof.pdf. to make the area resilient to flooding. Japan has Third, draft structural and non-structural adaptation invested in building various structures to reduce measures and use a probabilistic approach to for- flood impacts, through multipurpose rainwater stor- mulate a strategy for resilient urban development. age facilities (figure 1), dams, underground flood Fourth, implement and manage the measures, and tunnels, and others. finally monitor and evaluate them. About 30 to 40 years ago, Japan recognized that A number of steps need to be taken for flood haz- national coordination was needed to ensure applica- ard identification. Any geographic information sys- tion of technical standards and to make flood con- tem (GIS) or printed map should include identified trol measures obligatory. The original scheme was flood hazards. Municipal governments should be fragmented, with separate laws applying to rivers, notified of flood hazards by relevant national, state, flood protection, sewerage service, and city plan- or provincial governments; if a risk area lies across ning. Under the new scheme, a single law applies to multiple municipalities, the municipal governments specified urban river basins. Enacted in 2003, the law concerned may need to jointly conduct flood haz- addresses the spatial distribution of measures that ard identification and mapping in a wider area. In cross over the conventional laws, obligatory instal- addition to information on risk areas and intensities, lation of flood control facilities, reporting of actions hazard maps could also include evacuation sites and and operations, administrative agreement among emergency routes. local public organizations, and cost-sharing rules. To estimate flood risk, JICA uses the following fac- Urban flood management should follow the key prin- tors: hazard, vulnerability, probability of hazard, ciples articulated by the World Bank in Cities and value of the elements at risk (exposure), and dam- Flooding (see box 1). The Japan International Coop- age of the elements at risk. In estimating flood risk, eration Agency (JICA) also recommends the following a shift is needed from a deterministic to a probabi- steps for DRR: First, understand the risk as it relates to listic approach. The deterministic approach, which development planning and establish a standard meth- uses a target protection level for a given hazard in odology for assessing risk. Second, understand the order to determine protection and mitigation mea- impact of a disaster, including the cost of damages. sures, can be dangerous in the face of uncertainty. 15 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Figure 1 Multipurpose Rainwater Storage Facility Normally Flooded Kiriaoka reservoirs (Tsurumi river) Controlled flooding Source: © Dr. Hitoshi Baba, Japan International Cooperation Agency. Used with permission. The probabilistic approach, which uses multiple sce- in the affected area and—by fostering redundant narios based on probabilistic hazard projection to resource management (backup)—to serve as part of determine the hazard level, makes it possible to regional DRR plans. minimize damages and losses by combining appro- priate structural and non-structural measures and The rapid growth of urban agglomerations is increas- building in redundancy. ing the risk of flood. Stakeholders need to have a common understanding of the risk of flood, which Because disasters affect the global economy, JICA rec- must be based on a probabilistic assessment. They ommends using business continuity planning (BCP) also need to enhance capacity for flood risk man- for a specific area, under which critical resources are agement. Given the increasing vulnerability of indus- shared based on regional, interregional, or supply- trial agglomerations and increasing global economic chain cooperation to ensure redundancy for enter- damages due to disasters, area-specific BCP should prises, industries, or sectors. The aim of BCP is to be adopted as part of comprehensive DRM. ensure critical resource management for businesses 16 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Summary of Discussion ■■ Discussing stakeholder roles and access to risk information, Mr. Bhanja noted that dur- The discussion focused on the importance of risk ing the 2011 Bangkok floods, stakeholders were awareness, different approaches to risk assessment, largely absent while the disaster was occurring. stakeholder engagement, and land subsidence. He considers it very important for all stakeholders to be present during a disaster in order to coor- ■■ Addressing the importance of risk aware- dinate the response. Dr. Baba agreed and added ness, Dr. Phi said that governments seeking to that those in the private sector may not always be protect people from dramatic disaster impacts very aware of the existing flood risks and would have to ensure that people are aware of the benefit from risk information. He described the existing and future climatic and non-climatic Japanese experience of flooding in the 1970s risks, since overconfidence about safety discour- and 1980s, when local governments applied a ages adaptation and can lead to accumulation of variety of technologies for controlling floods and people and assets in hazardous areas. Agreeing also solicited ideas from citizens. The local gov- with Dr. Phi, Mr. Bons suggested that not taking ernments tried to protect land use, while the a measure is itself a kind of measure—and a kind central government established laws to govern of gambling. If a government declares that it can- urban planning and set standards that applied not afford adaptive measures, then it is assuming to all stakeholders, including individual home- a high risk for the population. owners. Nowadays, individuals or organizations seeking to develop an area have to discuss flood ■■ Discussing approaches to risk assessment, Dr. management measures with the local govern- Phi stressed the importance of combining policies ment, which requires the construction process to for reducing hazard exposure with a probabilistic follow relevant guidelines and standards. approach. For reducing risk, technical and finan- cial capacity is important, but the social elements ■■ Discussing the issue of subsidence, Mr. are equally important, and we should prioritize Neussner made the point that when groundwa- the reduction of exposure and vulnerability. Mr. ter extraction causes subsidence (as for example Bons highlighted that relying on probability to in Jakarta or Bangkok), it is easier to address the prioritize interventions should not prevent us issue from a technical perspective than to address from investing in disaster preparedness. Residual the social and economic factors contributing to risk always remains, and low-probability, high- the issue. Mr. Bons noted that Japan has had impact events can not only harm people but also success in overcoming subsidence problems in affect the national, regional, and global econ- urban areas. In Osaka, for example, groundwa- omy. Mr. Sonnasinh stressed the importance of ter extraction is prohibited and the prohibition is cost-benefit analysis in selecting structural and enforced. Dr. Baba added that it is quite difficult non-structural measures. Dr. Baba stated that to ensure that groundwater extraction does not planning in the Netherlands and Japan is very cause subsidence problems. He suggested that similar. Originally Japan adopted a methodology extraction be controlled rather than waiting for based on a single scenario. However, nowadays possible harmful results. In Tokyo, for instance, Japan is looking at multiple scenarios, similar to the local government decided to control ground- what is being done in the Netherlands. water extraction. 17 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Session II Challenges for Making Flood Risk Data Widely Accessible to Stakeholders Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: Mr. Ery Basworo, Managing Head, Jakarta Disaster Management Office, Indonesia Mr. Edi Junaedi Harahap, Head of Information and Controlling Division, Jakarta Disaster Management Office, Indonesia Dr. Tae Sung Cheong, National Disaster Management Institute/National Emergency Management Agency, Korea Key Points ■■ While it is impossible to entirely eliminate the risk from flooding, the right metrics, realistic simulations, sound risk data, and visualization tools (such as flood hazard maps) can increase understanding of existing and future risks. ■■ Flooding is an ongoing problem in Jakarta, but both the central government and local governments have taken steps to address it, including widening of three main rivers and strengthening the flood early warn- ing system. ■■ Participatory or community-based mapping is being used to support contingency planning in Indonesia. The collected information can also aid in development planning, damage and loss assessment, and post- disaster planning. ■■ Participatory mapping is an effective mechanism for engaging communities, incorporating local knowledge into the process of risk mapping, increasing accuracy of maps (especially through the collection of vulner- ability and exposure information), and raising public risk awareness. Open-source technology facilitates participatory mapping and allows collected risk information to be accessible for further use. ■■ Data sharing is very important in flood risk management as it allows different stakeholders to access risk information and to actively participate in individual or collective risk management interventions. 18 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 1. The Flooding City of Jakarta 2. Participatory Mapping to Fill Data Gaps for Better Flood Information Mr. Ery Basworo, Management in Jakarta Managing Head, Jakarta Disaster Mr. Edi Junaedi Management Harahap, Head Office, Indonesia of Information and Controlling Division, Jakarta Disaster Photo: World Bank Management Office, Indonesia Photo: World Bank Jakarta is a delta city that has had problems with flooding since the 17th century. A master plan for flood prevention was first implemented in 1854. Maps are effective tools for describing the earth’s surface. However, most of the maps used for disas- Flooding in Jakarta has multiple causes. As of 2010, ter-related decision making don’t consider local more than 58 percent of the city’s area was below knowledge, even though local environments are best mean sea level, making it prone to flooding from described by the people who live in them. upstream and high tides. The city, spread over 651 km2, is traversed by 13 rivers with a catchment area Participatory mapping, also called community-based of 850 km2. Their flow capacity has been decreased by mapping, combines the tools of modern cartography sediment and settlements; some sections of the Cili- with participatory methods to represent the spatial wung River, for example, are less than 30 m wide but knowledge of local communities. It has been piloted require a minimum width of 50 m in order to prop- in Jakarta in response to people’s limited access to erly drain the discharge of 500 m3/s. Another factor hard-copy maps, their difficulty in managing existing in flooding is changes in land use as a result of rapid data, and absence of high-resolution data. population growth. The increase in built-up areas has The Jakarta government has promoted participatory affected the rate of water runoff. Finally, land subsid- mapping for a number of reasons. It wants decision ence has been affecting Jakarta; in north Jakarta 4 m making, both before and after a disaster, to be based of subsidence occurred between 1974 and 2010. on more complete and accurate spatial and tabular Following negotiations between the central and local data. It also believes the data will be useful in devel- governments, and with the help of experts from the opment planning, damage and loss assessment, and Netherlands, Jakarta has taken several steps to prevent post-disaster planning. Finally, it values participatory flooding, including widening three major rivers, con- mapping as a way to engage communities and to structing a giant seawall, and making other structural keep mapping open and accessible to various stake- changes. Both the central and local governments con- holders for further use. tinue to be involved in flood prevention efforts. The actual process of mapping includes the partici- Jakarta has an early warning system in place to alert pation, collaboration, and technical expertise of mul- people 9–10 hours before a flood occurs. The gov- tiple stakeholders, including local governments and ernment is also building high-rise, low-cost buildings development partners.2 During the pilot, community for people currently living in houses along the banks of Ciliwung River. The early warning system and high- 2 Partners include Indonesia National Agency for Disaster rise buildings are intended to save lives. management (BNPB), North Jakarta Municipality, Central Jakarta Municipality, West Jakarta Municipality, East Jakarta Municipality, South Jakarta Municipality, Australia–Indone- sia Facility for Disaster Reduction/ the Australian Agency for International Development (AIFDR/AusAID), World 19 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop members and students from local universities and on over 6,000 structures were digitized, 2,668 sub- schools also helped to collect data and develop villages were mapped, and impacted assets in 15 risk maps. The project covered six regions, 44 sub- sub-sectors were identified. Prior to a disaster, the districts, and 267 villages (124 of them affected by risk information can be used as a base map for plan- flooding). ning purposes, to better understand the impacts of a disaster. After a disaster, the information can be used To map villages, the project held workshops at munic- to estimate damages and losses and to develop prior- ipality offices. Villages were provided with a pack- ity plans for rehabilitation and reconstruction. age of maps and information prior to the workshop, and during the workshop trained university students Participatory mapping in Indonesia is being supported worked with village representatives to map their by OpenStreetMap (OSM) tools (figure 2). OSM is an area. The mapping was done for sub-village boundar- open-source initiative staffed by volunteers, who use ies, government buildings, hospitals, clinics, schools, GPS, aerial imagery, and free software to add infor- places of worship, etc., as they existed before flood- mation to a worldwide map that can be used free ing, and also for 15 sub-sectors that were affected of charge. Seventy-two students from the Indone- by flooding. sia University have been trained by OSM to support data collection and digitization of data for each vil- Participation by villages was very high, both before lage. The university is an important partner in the and after flooding. As a result of 11 workshops, data project, providing education, research, and service to the community. In the future, participatory mapping efforts in Jakarta are planned to cover also hazards Bank/GFDRR, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (UNOCHA), the University of Indone- other than floods, and risk data to be used in sectoral sia, and Humanitarian OpenStreetMap Team (HOT). planning. Figure 2 OpenStreetMap Screenshot Source: © Mr. Edi Junaedi Harahap, Jakarta Disaster Management Office. Used with permission. 20 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 3. Effective Flood Risk Assessment stream restoration, a priority, and include these in Methodologies their budget. DRM priorities should reflect the needs and demands of the communities. There are a num- Dr. Tae Sung ber of guidelines available to local governments and Cheong, communities for priority identification. Steps feeding National Disaster into the decision-making process include identifica- Management tion of objectives, criteria, and alternatives; ranking Institute, Korea and weighting of identified alternatives; and sensitiv- ity analysis. Flood risk assessment should include an assessment Photo: World Bank of possible damage and loss. A mere hazard map is insufficient for this task. Investing in risk data is vital. In carrying out flood risk assessments, Korea takes into account whether populations have previously Data collection, integration, and sharing— between faced disaster or not, since their capacity to cope with countries and within countries—are crucial in flood disaster will differ depending on their earlier experi- risk management. If each line ministry has its own ence. Using a technology model, hazard information data system, key tasks (such as risk reduction plan- (on flood, typhoons, and landslides) is combined with ning or devising emergency evacuation routes) can an inventory of buildings, facilities, and land use. The become unnecessarily complicated. result feeds into the vulnerability assessment (upon which a disaster risk map can be developed), and Local governments should make both non-struc- finally a damage and loss assessment is produced. tural measures, such as early warning systems, edu- The assessment accounts for both direct and indirect cation, and training, and hard measures, such as impacts to be measured (figure 3). Figure 3 Concept of Flood Risk Assessment Source: © Dr. Tae Sung Cheong, National Disaster Management Institute, National Emergency Management Agency. Used with permission. 21 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop There are two kinds of flood risk assessments used ■■ Sharing experience from the Philippines, Ms. in Korea: an information-based assessment that pro- Ignacio noted that the Philippine government duces a measured flood map (e.g., showing the depth plans to adopt participatory mapping through of flooding) and an estimated flood map (showing OpenStreetMap in parallel to the ongoing Proj- damages and losses); and a model-based assessment. ect NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment A disaster information tool links different databases of Hazards). OSM was successful in Indonesia and inventories with information from physical and and can prove useful in the Philippines, where assessing models. The assessment platform integrates it would be implemented by the Metro Manila all disaster information, simulates scenarios, and Development Authority with the support of serves different risk information users. For the govern- developing partners. ment, it helps with preparedness and prevention; for the finance and insurance industries, it provides infor- ■■ Discussing effective ways to share data, Dr. mation for flood insurance; and for individuals or busi- Phi suggested that databases should be com- nesses, it facilitates assessment of asset losses. prehensive but also easy to update and access, to encourage information use and participation Going forward, Korea’s risk assessment efforts face from the community. According to Mr. Neussner, several challenges. There are insufficient data for haz- it is a challenge to interest members of the com- ards and exposure. There is also a lack of experts on munity in accessing data, and it is also a chal- climate change, risk assessment, and geologic/hydro- lenge to prepare data. Mr. Harahap stated that meteorological hazards at the local level. Finally, the Indonesia, too, has found the data collection pro- political will to adhere to local plans and investment cess challenging, and that its main focus is now programs may be weak. to improve existing data. Ms. Wang explained that in China, basic data on land use and river systems are not public. Data for flood hazard maps have to be sought from relevant govern- ment departments. Summary of Discussion ■■ Discussing the importance of risk maps, Mr. The discussion focused on data collection and shar- Singson emphasized the importance of using ing, participatory approaches, and the use of risk rainfall data over a significant period in prepar- information. ing hazard maps. Japan, he noted, uses some 200 years of data. Mr. Harahap explained that ■■ Answering the question about data collec- Indonesia’s rainfall data usually cover 50 years tion in Indonesia, Mr. Harahap explained that and sometimes 100 years, but that the flood there are specific agencies tasked with data col- in Jakarta in January 2013 was not caused by lection. The government makes data accessible rainfall but by the overflow of river water and across all agencies, which has been beneficial the unexpected breaking of a dam. Mr. Singson for flood mapping. The Indonesian government added that local government in the Philippines has a plan to teach mapping skills to people in needs to be more concerned about disaster risks, the provinces, which in the short term will allow and needs to do more to make people aware of them to participate in hazard mapping and in and understand these risks. the long term will improve budgeting and DRM implementation in general. As part of improved ■■ Based on his experience in Korea, Dr. Cheong contingency planning, the goal for each prov- said, it is important for the central government to ince is to develop a participatory map that can educate and train local governments; that way, be used for flood risk management, and for each if a disaster occurs where there was thought to provincial agency to provide the central govern- be no risk, local governments can use their own ment with data. Each province would be able to tools to add local experience and historical data estimate risk based on its own previous experi- to existing risk maps. Dr. Cheong also suggested ence and the data collected. that when there is a great deal of information, 22 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS it’s important to understand and use the infor- useful but added that risk assessment, with infor- mation that is relevant. If there is a clear focus mation on damage and loss, is also important for or target, it is easier to use the right information. resilience and sustainability. ■■ Commenting on the role of scenarios, Dr. Hong ■■ Talking about timely use of risk information, described a master plan for hazard mitigation Mr. Singson noted that the Philippines uses a developed by the Global Green Growth Institute text message system to inform local communi- and the World Bank. Realistic disaster scenarios ties about flooding. Project NOAH aims to give a provide very useful output for decision makers, warning six hours before the flood occurs. Using he said, but the creditability of that output is the flood modeling or forecasting maps, NOAH can main challenge for flood risk and hazard mapping. also determine how high flood waters will rise. Dr. Cheong acknowledged that hazard maps are 23 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Session III Reducing Flood Risk Losses and Enhancing Resilience: Innovative Approaches Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: Mr. Kees Bons, Flood Risk Management Specialist, Deltares Secretary Rogelio L. Singson, Department of Public Works and Highways, the Philippines Mr. N. D. Prabhath Ransara, Metro Colombo Urban Development Project, Ministry of Defense and Urban Development, Sri Lanka Key Points ■■ Reducing flood risk should involve multifunctional solutions that work with nature and make use of eco- system functioning to enhance safety, promote food and freshwater security, protect livelihoods, and adapt to climate change impacts. ■■ A “building with nature” approach relies on an iterative cycle of implementation and adaptation that focuses on practical solutions and encourages collaboration between different fields and stakeholders. ■■ The Philippines has adopted an integrated water resources management approach to reduce flooding. The Master Plan for Flood Management in Metro Manila and the Surrounding Areas identifies urgent structural and non-structural measures, prioritizes flood management initiatives in vulnerable areas, applies CCA and DRM strategies to flood management, addresses institutional fragmentation, and increases local govern- ment and community awareness and participation. Projects underway include slope protection and phy- toremediation along riverbanks and easements through the use of coconets (made from coconut husk), which are both cost-effective and environmentally friendly. ■■ In Sri Lanka, Colombo’s flood mitigation approach combines structural and ecosystem-based approaches. It seeks to improve drainage networks, set up a real-time prediction system and an early warning system, implement water-based transport services in canals, and develop waterside recreational areas. 24 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 1. Ecosystems-based Approaches: The goal should be to work with nature and make Future or Fantasy? use of natural ecosystem functioning to enhance safety, promote food and freshwater security, protect Mr. Kees Bons, livelihoods, and adapt to climate change impacts. Flood Risk The “building with nature” approach uses ecosys- Management tem dynamics to ensure a safe environment that Specialist, Deltares combines multiple functions to the society in an economically feasible way. The mindset that trusts science but not nature needs to change; when we work against nature or harm it, nature takes its Photo: World Bank revenge. Green adaptation concepts that use mul- tifunctional design—for example, flexible dikes or soft levees—work in harmony with nature to pro- tect against flooding in a cost-effective way (figure 4). Land reclamation as practiced by the Dutch for In the 20th century, protection against flooding drove a thousand years is a low-tech green adaptation infrastructure development. Mono-functional designs that improves safety at a low cost, creates produc- were the preferred flood protection measures. But tive habitats and more space, and increases drink- growing populations, use or overuse of available land ing-water supply. So-called green dike systems rely and water, scarcity of resources, and the impact of on natural development, improve shore connectiv- climate change and sea-level rise are all now placing ity, and provide habitat for fish and birds, as well as great pressure on river deltas. recreational amenities for the population to enjoy. The time has come to move away from mono-func- Wave-reducing forest dikes are another example of tional design and adopt multifunctional solutions that a low-cost low-tech measure that can provide pro- provide safety, economic, and ecological benefits. tection to communities. Figure 4 Building with Nature: Soft Eco-levee Using Reef, Marsh, Dune Combinations Source: © Kees Bons, Deltares. Used with permission. 25 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop There is a wide range of opportunities for choosing planning and in program execution. The institutions appropriate levels of soft solutions, hybrid solutions, involved in designing and constructing ecosystem- and engineered solutions. Deltares has supported based projects should be open to innovative (and research in this area in the Netherlands, the Missis- integrated) solutions; they should think beyond mere sippi Delta, and the Mekong Delta near Bac Lieu in hazard mitigation and ask, “What can the project do Vietnam. for the ecosystem, and what can the ecosystem do for the project?” Working in partnership and through Ecosystem management is the key to green adap- alliances can help us share costs and expertise, find tation. Because ecosystems vary, we need to gather win-win solutions, and improve our awareness knowledge from the farmers, fishermen, and oth- and communication of risks and possible solutions. ers who understand the local conditions. We also Finally, the “building with nature” approach gives rise need biologists to join design and construction teams to an iterative cycle of implementation and adapta- and to work across different fields and disciplines. tion; it involves generic practical solutions, collabo- Moreover, ecosystem solutions need time in order ration between thinkers and doers, and interactions to be effective, and this need should be reflected in between government, scientists, and the market. 2. Metro Manila Integrated Flood Risk prioritizes construction of flood control structures in Management Master Plan vulnerable areas; applies CCA and DRM strategies to flood management; and seeks to increase local gov- Secretary Rogelio ernment and community awareness and participa- L. Singson, tion. The approach is being coordinated with relevant Department of central government departments and ministries, local Public Works and government units, and communities. Highways, the Philippines One of the programs undertaken as part of this approach is the development and implementation of the Master Plan for Flood Management in Metro Photo: World Bank Manila and the Surrounding Areas. The plan identi- fies urgent structural and non-structural measures. Specific goals include enforcing easement standards and clearing priority rivers and waterways; develop- ing a resettlement action plan and providing hous- There are a number of causes of flooding in Metro ing options; upgrading pumping stations; widening Manila, including (1) typhoons (on average 20 per and dredging waterway channels; and constructing year); (2) lack of an integrated plan or strategic pro- dikes and river walls. The plan also addresses the gram to address perennial flooding and related disas- fragmentation of responsibility among the 30 agen- ters (landslides, lack of potable water, siltation); (3) cies that deal with water and flood management/ massive urbanization and lack of effective land use mitigation. plans; and (4) illegal structures that constrict water- ways. Annually, flooding and related disasters cause The government also embarked on strengthening damages in the amount of US$160 million, kill flood modeling, forecasting, and early warning sys- 640 people, affect 3.4 million people, and damage tems through Project NOAH, which combines struc- 71,000 houses. tural and non-structural measures for flood risk management. In response, as part of the Philippine Development Plan 2011–2016, the government has undertaken an The Department of Public Work and Highways, one integrated water resources management approach of the agencies involved in the integrated approach, to reduce flooding. This approach includes the devel- is funding and implementing various flood con- opment of flood control plans for major river basins; trol and small water impounding projects. Its slope 26 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Figure 5 Estero de Paco—Widening, Dredging, and Slope Protection Using Coconets Before Present Source: © Rogelio L. Singson, Department of Public Works and Highways. Used with permission. protection and phytoremediation using coconets 3. Reducing Flood Risk in the Metro along riverbanks and easements (figure 5) is both Colombo Region: Structural and cost-effective and environmentally friendly. Another Ecosystem-based Approaches interesting initiative is the establishment of groups of “river warriors”—volunteers from non-govern- Mr. N. D. Prabhath mental organizations (NGOs), the private sector, Ransara, Metro communities, and households living near rivers who Colombo Urban actively engage in local flood mitigation and envi- Development ronmental protection. Project, Ministry of Defense and Urban Long-term measures being planned by the govern- Development, Sri ment include construction of flood control dams Lanka Photo: World Bank upstream; use of natural floodplains near waterways; implementation of land use ordinances; enforcement of waterways laws; and strengthening of local gov- ernment and community awareness and participa- tion in DRM. Rainfall in Sri Lanka has multiple origins; monsoonal rain and convectional rain account for major shares of the annual rainfall. The mean annual rainfall varies from under 900 mm in the driest parts (southeastern 27 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop and northwestern) of the country to over 5,000 mm Summary of Discussion in the wettest parts. High-intensity rainfall occur- ring over short periods is among the causes of The discussion focused on the role of institutional recent flooding in Sri Lanka. Other causes of flood- arrangements, land use planning, and challenges fac- ing include inadequate outfall capacity of drainage ing local governments. networks, inability of drainage systems to cater for ■■ Commenting on the issue of institutions, higher-return-period rainfall, reduction of reten- Mr. Harahap said that in Indonesia, it is diffi- tion areas, flow hindrances in secondary canal sys- cult to coordinate between various departments tems (causing localized flooding), dumping of solid involved in one master plan. Sharing experience waste into canals (reducing drainage capacity), and from the Philippines, Mr. Singson noted that rely- unauthorized construction encroaching on bodies ing on government agencies is the most difficult of water. Some indirect causes of flooding include part of coordination. In the Philippines, the “river unplanned urban development, lack of public aware- warriors”—the community volunteers dedicated ness, failure to invest in drainage projects, and poor to protecting local rivers—were formed under a coordination among agencies. tripartite agreement between the government, Colombo experienced catastrophic floods in Novem- NGOs, and private companies, with funding ber 2010. Since then, a mitigation approach for the from government agencies and private sector donations. Mr. Singson clarified that the Metro Metro Colombo Area (104 km2) has been developed Manila Integrated Flood Risk Master Plan is a to improve the main drainage network, improve the part of the Philippines Development Plan 2011– secondary drainage network (to prevent localized 2016. It is the first flood control plan adapted by floods), set up a real-time control system for pre- the National Economic Development Authority, dicting floods and an early warning system for mini- which monitors its progress. mizing impacts, implement water-based transport services in canals, and develop waterside recreational ■■ Discussing the issue of informal settlements, areas to promote continual improvement and man- Mr. Bons said that resettlement is a major social agement of drainage networks. issue and that a master plan must accommodate A number of long-term measures have been pro- future influxes of people. Mr. Singson added that posed for improving the main drainage network. if the master plan doesn’t provide for affordable Proposed structural measures include streamlining housing, regulating riverside settlements will the canal network to enhance conveyance capacity, become a never-ending struggle. Ms. Raghunath widening floodgates and constructing pumping sta- and Mr. Singson talked about the role of financial tions at Kelani River outfalls, creating new diversions incentives in limiting such settlements and about leading to new outfalls, opening channels and micro- the need to resettle poor squatters in high-rises, tunnels, and creating upper catchment lakes to delay away from the danger zone. Citing the example inflow and to regain and augment storage. of Japan, Dr. Baba suggested that governments should relocate populations to new land with Proposed non-structural measures include prepara- new development, including schools, markets, tion of a wetland management master plan to pre- and other amenities. Mr. Singson explained that serve wetlands for flood retention, a solid waste in Metro Manila, one option is to relocate people management plan to eliminate dumping of solid near their workplace; another is to subsidize their waste into canals, acquisition of a canal reservation transportation. strip to stop illegal settlements and encroachments, and enforcement of rules and regulations related to ■■ Discussing land use planning, Ms. Fen and drainage. These measures present a number of chal- Mr. Bons agreed that a natural river flow and lenges, including ensuring a safety level for a 50-year balanced ecosystem require space. Mr. Bons return period. For this hydrological modeling, LiDAR described a city in the Netherlands where the surveys and validation are being used, along with sce- local people decided to make river space a pri- nario simulations. ority. After discussions with land owners, the 28 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS government gave more land to the rivers and flood prevention; local governments must follow compensated the people who had to be relo- certain guidelines but have some autonomy in cated. The lesson is that people can adapt when which projects to pursue. they are offered acceptable solutions. ■■ All the participants agreed on the impor- ■■ Talking about challenges facing local gov- tance of eco-friendly approaches. Mr. Sing- ernments, Ms. Chang mentioned that local gov- son recommended using coconets instead of ernments often lack the capacity to try to prevent concrete for slope protection near water chan- disaster. Politicians seem to prefer big projects nels. This approach is environmentally friendly that require big money, even when simple and and cost-effective, and is being used with suc- cheap solutions are available. Local governments cess in many developed countries. could buy land to be transformed into parks, and could establish comprehensive plans for flood ■■ Sharing lessons learned from Thailand’s reduction. This has been done in Bangkok, which 2011 floods, Dr. Apirumanekul noted that data was following the example of Japan. Dr. Cheong sharing within a country is very important. Japan said in Korea, the central government provides helped the Thai government to adapt the neces- funding to local governments for recovery and sary technology for data sharing. 29 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Session IV Reducing Flood Risk Losses and Enhancing Resilience: Community-based Approaches Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: Mr. Olaf Neussner, Disaster Risk Management, Chief Advisor, GIZ; and Mr. Hilton Hernando, Philip- pine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration Mrs. Dondmaa Enebish, Ministry of Construction and Urban Development, Mongolia; and Ms. Khu- lan Mandat, Specialist of the Development Program and Project, Municipality of Ulaanbaatar, Mon- golia Dr. WooSuk Han, Associate Research Fellow, Environment and Water Resources Research Division, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements Mr. Guratno Hartono, Director of Building and Neighborhood Development, Indonesia Key Points ■■ Community engagement and agreement among stakeholders are critical for reducing flood risk, ensur- ing that measures undertaken are equitable and effective, and meet the needs and priorities of the entire affected population. ■■ Local Flood Early Warning Systems are most effective where community participation is strong. They have functioned successfully in the Philippines and could be replicated in other countries. ■■ Reducing flood risk in Ulaanbaatar requires attention to populations living in rapidly expanding peri-urban settlements on the periphery that lack access to services. Mongolia is currently carrying out community- based disaster preparedness training and plans in the future to revise and improve its legal and urban plan- ning systems to integrate DRM and CCA. ■■ Korea is affected by climate change impacts. Heavy rainfall, strong typhoons, and landslides are already occurring; exacerbating these weather events are poor urban planning and development of vulnerable areas. Korea is adopting successful international practices such as low-impact development to adapt to flood risk. Its strategy for urban disaster prevention includes a “Total Disaster Prevention” policy that uses urban components (parks, roads, buildings) to decrease damages from natural disasters. ■■ Neighborhood development, which is central to the National Community Empowerment Program–Urban program in Indonesia, reduces flood risk by taking a bottom-up approach and integrating community needs and conditions into spatial planning. 30 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 1. Community Involvement and Local members about the location of assets and house- Flood Early Warning with Low-tech holds. The second element, monitoring and warn- Approaches for Small Rivers in the ing, involves a range of equipment, such as manual Philippines and automatic (radio-linked) water-level gauges, and activities, such as rainfall observation (often under- Mr. Olaf Neussner, Disaster Risk Management, taken by students as a school activity). The third Chief Advisor, GIZ element, information dissemination and communi- Mr. Hilton Hernando, Philippine Atmospheric, Geo- cation, distinguishes three flood levels, alert/standby physical and Astronomical Services Administration (level 1), preparation (level 2), and evacuation (level 3). It divides responsibility among three groups, the municipal disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) office, the DRRM committee, and house- holds (which spread information about the flood using bells, megaphones, text messaging, and other means). The fourth element, response capacity, also involves participation by community members, who Photo: World Bank take part in drills for warning, evacuation, and search and rescue. A good example of an LFEWS program in the Phil- ippines is the Binahaan watershed early warning system (figure 6). After the system gathers data, On average, the Philippines is affected by some 30 warnings are issued to municipalities, villages, and flood events annually. Five of its river basins are households, followed by area evacuation. When a equipped with a telemetered flood forecasting and severe flood occurred in Binahaan in January 2011, early warning system; for smaller basins and water- community members and governmental rescue pro- sheds, the preferred option is the Local Flood Early fessionals worked hand in hand. Warning System (LFEWS). LFEWS is an inexpensive An LFEWS costs approximately US$30,000– system based on four key elements: (1) risk knowl- US$40,000 to set up in the Philippines and becomes edge; (2) monitoring and warning; (3) information cost-effective after eight years of use. Run by non- dissemination and communication; and (4) response professionals with guidance from professionals, the capability. The system is most effective where com- LFEWSs in the Philippines have functioned success- munity participation is strong. fully and issued only one false alarm. Overall, the The first element of LFEWS, risk knowledge, involves LFEWS is an exemplary method that could be repli- community participation in risk mapping (local cated in other countries. One of its limitations is that knowledge is encoded in GIS for overlaying on exist- while involvement of volunteers in response is strong, ing maps) and knowledge on the part of community their involvement in data transmittal is weaker. 31 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Figure 6 Binahaan Flood Early Warning System Source: © Olaf Neussner, GIZ, and Hilton Hernando, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Used with permission. 2. Reduction of Flood Risk in Ulaanbaatar is Mongolia’s largest and densest city, Ulaanbaatar City housing 40 percent of the country’s population in less than 0.3 percent of its land area. The most com- Mrs. Dondmaa Enebish, Ministry of Construc- mon disasters affecting Ulaanbaatar are flash floods, tion and Urban Development, Mongolia earthquakes, and building and forest fires. Especially at risk are those living in the “GER” areas which are Ms. Khulan Mandat, Specialist of the Devel- rapidly expanding peri-urban settlements on the opment Program and Project, Municipality of periphery with lacking access to city services. Recent Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia information indicates that some 2,260 households in six districts are living in high-flood-risk areas. In 2012, about 85 percent of these were sent notices warning them of the risk. These households are also vulner- able in the event of an earthquake, given the poor construction of their housing. Mongolia faces significant challenges in manag- ing disaster risk and adapting to climate change. Photo: World Bank Response to increased risk of flooding in Mongo- lia, which is linked to climate change, environmen- tal pollution, growing population, and other factors, 32 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS is hampered by a legal system and an urban plan- 3. Preparing for Climate Change: The ning system that do little to address the requirements Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy of DRM and CCA. In addition, coordination among ministries and institutions involved in DRM is weak; Dr. WooSuk Han, Associate Research Fellow, funding and budgets for DRM are inadequate; neces- Research Division, Environments and Water sary personnel for measuring and controlling disaster Resources, Korea Research Institute for Human risk is lacking; and training and education related to Settlements disaster management are insufficient. According to the Korea Meteorological Administra- Construction of flood protection facilities in Ulaan- tion (KMA), climate change is progressing more rap- baatar began in the 1960s. The city currently has a idly in Korea than it is globally. During the last 100 variety of channels (made of concrete, stone, and years, the average temperature of the world has earth) as well as embankments and other protec- increased 0.74°C, whereas the average temperature tions (along the Tuul, Selbe, and Dund Rivers) that in Korea has increased 1.7°C. The number of days together total over 130 km. Because of increasing of heavy rainfall and strong typhoons will increase in population and settlements, however, 70 percent of Korea as the temperature increases further; between the present and end of the century, precipitation is these protection measures are considered obsolete. expected to increase by 17 percent, and (according to To address this problem, between 1996 and the pres- the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) sea ent additional drainage networks and pump stations levels will rise by 59 cm. have been constructed, and other infrastructure has been rebuilt or rehabilitated. The plan going forward Flooding and related disasters are already affecting (through 2018) is divided between rehabilitation of Korea. By 2010, extreme and in some cases record- existing construction (40 percent) and construction of setting weather events (floods, heavy snowfalls, heat new infrastructure and buildings (60 percent). waves, and strong winds) had been observed in all parts Under the General Development Plan for Ulaan- of Korea. In Seoul in 2011, heavy rainfall caused severe baatar City Until 2020, GIS data will be used in oper- flooding and landslides, killing 53 people and causing ating flood dams, creating a system for handling serious damage to buildings and infrastructure. rainfall runoff, rehabilitating pump stations, and sur- The primary causes of natural disasters in Korea are veying and filtering water holes. Community-based localized heavy rains, typhoons, and heavy snows disaster preparedness training and practice is already triggered by climate change. Due to climate change being carried out in nine districts; among those par- uncertainties, it is difficult to predict which places ticipating are students in secondary schools, colleges, will experience disasters. Exacerbating these weather and universities, as well as employees in offices and events are poor urban planning and design that fail plants. Residents of areas especially vulnerable to to consider disaster prevention, along with devel- flooding are also being trained. opment of vulnerable areas such as low-lying and coastal regions and steep slopes. Mongolia is planning to revise and improve its legal system to address DRR and CCA, and to raise norms Practices in other countries offer valuable lessons in and standards for planning and building. Moreover, preventing disasters. The United States, for exam- it intends to establish an integrated system of edu- ple, has used low-impact development for flood and cation on DRR and CCA; to improve coordination heat wave prevention. This approach to urban design between related ministries, institutions, and organi- seeks to mimic a site’s predevelopment hydrology zations (for example, through sharing of information using techniques that reduce runoff through storage, and integrated planning); and to establish a DRR and infiltration, evaporation, or detaining. Commenced in CCA information management system. Mongolia 1986, Japan’s ‘Super Bank” Project protects embank- also plans to follow international best practice and to ments built in preparation against severe flooding in share information and knowledge with other coun- highly concentrated urban areas such as Tokyo and tries in the region, including South Korea, Vietnam, Osaka. In Tokyo, the Underground Control Basin the Philippines, Indonesia, Cambodia, and Nepal. Project was also built to prepare for climate change 33 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop impacts. In general, Japan actively responds to cli- policy that modifies urban planning guidelines to mate change through urban development in old and ensure that all urban components (such as parks, new settlements. Rotterdam in the Netherlands also roads, and buildings) are used to decrease damages offers lessons in preventing disasters; it has employed from natural hazards. This is supported through the a range of techniques—including green roofs, water development of the Urban Planning Simulation Sys- storage systems, and multipurpose run-off areas—to tem, which includes the following elements: (1) Vul- adapt to increased flood risk. nerability Assessment Model (regional and local); (2) Korea’s strategy for urban disaster prevention recog- Urban Development Condition Analysis Model; and nizes the need for a new disaster prevention para- (3) Total Disaster Prevention Effectiveness Analysis digm implemented through urban planning. The Model to support decision-making. Effective imple- Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs has mentation of the Total Disaster Prevention policy will accordingly developed a Total Disaster Prevention require political and technical support. 4. National Community Empowerment then used for empowerment activities (infrastructure, Program–Urban: Efforts of Indonesian social, and economic activities); finally, neighborhood Government in Poverty Alleviation development takes place through a community- through Community-based based approach. Empowerment Neighborhood development is central to the NCEP- Mr. Guratno Urban program. It focuses on changing community Hartono, Director behavior, improving the quality of life for poor people, of Building and and promoting productive and sustainable neighbor- Neighborhood hoods. One of its goals is to integrate the planning, Development, development, and management of neighborhoods Indonesia (at the ward or village level) into local government or macro planning areas (at the city or district level). The expected output from this integration is a ward- Photo: World Bank level planning document with activities designed to enhance community organization, produce social capital, and strengthen infrastructure that supports public welfare. The National Community Empowerment Program Neighborhood development contributes to flood (NCEP)–Urban is the largest Indonesian poverty alle- risk reduction because its approach to spatial plan- viation program focusing on urban areas. Through its ning is bottom-up, emerging from ward conditions community-driven development (CDD) approach, the and community needs. The experience of Karang- program aims to help poor communities by improv- waru, a locale that was involved in the neighborhood ing infrastructure, assisting with social and economic development program, is instructive. The neighbor- problems, and promoting good governance. The hood developed flood mitigation plans in response to basic process it employs is the community activity the condition of the Buntung River flowing through cycle (illustrated in figure 7) to empower communi- it. The river was polluted and full of trash, making ties, local governments, and concerned groups. Karangwaru more vulnerable to localized flooding. The NCEP-Urban program seeks to effect social trans- Through the program, the community implemented formation through a multistage intervention: first, proper spatial planning and succeeded in reducing universal principles and values are introduced; next, flood risk and improving the quality of life for the community planning is established; block financing is community. 34 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Figure 7 Community Activity Cycle Source: © Guratno Hartono, Building and Neighborhood Development, Indonesia. Used with permission. Summary of Discussion other and are better prepared to work together as a community. These cities should be treated The discussion focused on the importance of involv- differently from advanced cities. It is challenging ing communities in flood risk management, on cli- to work at the traditional community level in big mate uncertainties, and on the need for institutional urbanized cities. Ms. Stanton-Geddes noted that coordination. people in mega cities may be reached through social hubs like universities, local NGOs, or reli- ■■ Speaking about community-based disaster gious groups. This kind of activity energizes the risk management, Dr. Phi noted that imple- community. In smaller cities, people show neigh- mentation can be challenging. Vietnam needs borhood feelings. Indonesia and Mongolia rely to improve social capacity and perception. The on communities of neighbors in their approach Philippines and Mongolia prioritize structural to DRM. Mr. Bons said that when communities improvement because it is easier to apply. Viet- are tasked with flood response, members of the nam also has to integrate low-impact devel- community want to fulfill their duty as soon as opment, such as sustainable drainage, into its the flood occurs. This kind of involvement leads current approach. them to see where processes could be improved. ■■ Discussing the importance of communities, ■■ In the context of the Local Flood Early Warn- Mr. Neussner suggested that big cities with many ing System, Mr. Neussner mentioned that EWS high-rise buildings, such as Seoul, Jakarta, Bang- messages are sent by the operations centers to kok, and Manila, do not have communities in the villages, sometimes by radio or phone. In the traditional sense anymore; citizens are connected village, the message gets spread. While people through media or the Internet. In less-urbanized appreciate the information, in some cases they cities further away from the capital with fewer are reluctant to evacuate because of fear of loot- facilities and services, neighbors know each ing; sometimes a male family member stays in 35 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop the home to protect family assets. It is important ■■ Discussing climate change uncertainties, Dr. to ensure the safety of people’s property during Han said that while rainy days have decreased in a disaster so that people are willing to evacuate Korea, rainfall volume has increased. Korea is pre- and lives can be saved. paring to handle changes of this kind associated with climate change. Dr. Phi agreed about the dif- ■■ Talking about institutional coordination, Mr. ficulty of making predictions about the weather Singson pointed out that local government and and suggested a focus on integrated water man- national government should coordinate their agement in order to create cities that are blue approach to river basin management. Mr. Her- as well as green. According to Ms. Jing, climate nando said the Philippines has adopted inte- change can be challenging to deal with because grated water resource management where the many Asian cities do not have a regional approach province is a part of the community. Dr. Apiru- to development. Dr. Han noted that some local manekul added that in Thailand, urban and rural governments deal with climate change issues but populations have different approaches to disas- that in Korea, the central government has strict ter, and that the central government tends to laws regarding climate change and hazard man- focus flood prevention efforts on cities more agement and makes the final decisions. than villages. 36 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Session V Flood Risk Early Warning System, Monitoring, and Control System Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: Dr. Lee Chulkyu, National Institute of Meteorological Research, Korea Meteorological Administra- tion, Korea Mr. Virana Sonnasinh, Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Lao PDR Ms. Yang Fen, Beijing Institute of Water, China Ms. Wang Jing, China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, China Key Points ■■ Urban floods can result in loss of life and also create transportation problems, disrupt water or power sup- plies, and cause other damages and losses. Flood maps are an important tool in DRM because they raise the public’s awareness of flood risk, provide basic data for assessing flood losses, and are useful in planning for emergency evacuations. Urban flood simulation modeling is another important tool that aids in analysis of the situation before, during, and after the disaster. ■■ Forecasting errors may lead to under-preparation or over-preparation; a balance must be struck between failure to warn adequately and the corrosive effects of too many false alarms. Information derived from hydrometeorological research can be used to monitor and predict meteorological disasters such as floods and droughts. For optimal prediction of precipitation, a combination of hydrometeorological techniques is used. ■■ In Lao PDR, timely forecasting and warning by the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology has helped government agencies prepare for flooding. Over time, Lao PDR has learned the importance of strong politi- cal commitment for successful large-scale flood preparedness, the degree to which unplanned urban devel- opment increases flood damages and losses, and the possibility of resource misallocation arising from the absence of a standard format for assessing flood damages. ■■ In China, Beijing has a flood control system in place as well as plans to improve the system using both struc- tural and non-structural measures. Planned improvements include flood control and drainage infrastruc- ture, flood simulation, early warning system, and education. 37 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop 1. Weather and Climate Decision river flood or flash flood prediction, drought moni- Support System toring and prediction, and projection of future water resources. Dr. Chulkyu Lee, National Institute In Korea, hydrometeorological monitoring and pre- of Meteorological diction technology is used to support management of Research, Korea floods and water resources affected by high-impact Meteorological weather events. Figure 8 shows observation sites at Administration, the basin of the Andong Dam in Korea, where data Korea simulated from the Land Surface Model (LSM) are Photo: World Bank validated, observation data are assimilated into the model, and other research is carried out. At the sites, real-time gridded hydrometeorological information at high resolution (1 hour/1km) is gathered using the LSM and the TOPLATS (TOPMODEL-Based Land Sur- Information derived from hydrometeorological face-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme) model. An online research can be used to monitor and predict mete- data display system shows data collection status and orological disasters such as floods and droughts. temporal variation of meteorological parameters. Hydrometeorological information has a range of applications: it can be used in meteorological model- For optimal prediction of precipitation, hydrometeo- ing, drought monitoring and prediction, high-impact rological techniques are blended or combined. Water weather monitoring, and validation of satellite obser- resources may also be investigated where ground- vations. It also has applications for hydrology, includ- based observations are not available, and a basin- ing hydraulic structure/water resources management, based areal rainfall map may be produced using radar. Figure 8 Hydrometeorology Observation Sites at the Basin of Andong Dam Source: © Dr. Lee Chulkyu, National Institute of Meteorological Research. Used with permission. 38 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS 2. Early Warning Systems in Lao PDR particularly north of Luang Prabang, and better use could be made of existing data. Likewise, user aware- Mr. Virana ness about the available risk information provided by Sonnasinh, the DMH could be increased. Ministry of Natural Resources and A number of important lessons about flooding in Lao Environment, Lao PDR have been learned over time. First, a strong polit- PDR ical commitment is crucial for successful large-scale flood preparedness. Second, unplanned urban devel- opment and spontaneous settlements increase flood Photo: World Bank damages and losses. Third, the lack of a standard for- mat for assessing flood damages can lead to misuse of resources. Lao PDR is highly vulnerable to flooding. Vientiane, the capital city, has been flooded by heavy rainfall on several occasions, including in 2008, when water levels surpassed the record set in 1966. Much of the 3. Countermeasures against Urban damage caused by floods in Lao PDR can be attrib- Flood in Beijing uted to inadequate early warning systems, as well as Ms. Yang Fen, a lack of supplies (including boats) for evacuation and Beijing Institute of the inability of rescue teams to access unplanned and Water, China illegal urban settlements. The National Disaster Man- agement Committee, with members from more than a dozen different ministries, oversees DRM in Lao PDR, but the committee lacks funds and manpower, and has not been as effective as it could be. Photo: World Bank Flood forecasting, warning, and dissemination in Lao PDR are the responsibility of the Department of Meteorology and Hydrology (DMH). Flood bulletins are compiled and updated daily; forecasting focuses on water levels and is based on data from six stations Beijing is the home to approximately 20 million peo- (Luang Prabang, Vientiane, Paksane, Thakhek, Savan- ple. It has two important reservoirs and five main nakhet, and Pakse). Depending on the water level rivers. In recent years, urban floods (figure 9) in Bei- that is forecast, the DMH issues one of two warnings: jing have occurred suddenly and frequently because an initial warning, when water is close to a certain of extreme weather and sudden local rainstorms, as threshold, and an urgent warning, when the thresh- opposed to in the past, when most flooding was due old has been exceeded. The warning is issued to the to high water levels in the Yongding River. media and various ministries. When the warning is Beijing’s flood control system includes the following urgent, the National Disaster Management Office elements: (1) flood diversion and storage; (2) safe sends the information to the provincial disaster man- water discharge; (3) source reduction; (4) monitor- agement offices. Finally, the warning message is also ing, forecasting, and regulation; and (5) departmen- broadcast through national and local radio stations. tal links and social participation. The current system Timely forecasting and warning by the DMH has includes a reservoir with a total volume of 9.4 billion helped government agencies at all levels better m3, a 2,000 km rainwater pipeline (covering 95 per- prepare for flooding. But there is much room for cent of the central town), and 130 rainwater pump improvement in flood preparedness. A lack of boats stations. Other components include a series of res- and other supplies impedes evacuation and res- ervoirs and sluices, designed to increase water stor- cue efforts. Data coverage needs to be improved, age when flooding threatens; embankments along 39 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Figure 9 Urban Flood Events Source: © Yang Fen, Beijing Institute of Water. Used with permission. the Yongding River (built to a 200-year flood control 4. Urban Flood Inundation Warning and standard) and the Beiyun River (50-year standard); Flood Hazard Mapping in China regulation of small and medium-size rivers (20-year drainage standard); and storm water utilization mea- Ms. Wang Jing, sures, designed to increase filtration, store water, and China Institute of reduce downstream pressure. Water Resources and Hydropower Beijing has plans to improve its flood control and Research, China drainage system with the following four principles: (1) ensure safety; (2) devise a plan for overall systemic management; (3) integrate structural and non-struc- Photo: World Bank tural measures; and (4) coordinate near-term and lon- ger-term planning. The construction of flood control and drainage infrastructure (including flood deten- tion facilities, permeable pavements, etc.) will take four years. Beijing seeks to enhance flood risk man- Urban inundation takes place in China almost every agement by using flood simulation and a risk grading year. Although flooding sometimes occurs because system, as well as by defining the urban flood risk of high water levels in the Xijiang River (figure 10), areas. Beijing also plans to improve the mechanisms the most common urban flooding scenario involves for emergency management: it will establish an early heavy rainfall from storms and typhoons, which are warning system and link it with media to expand cov- very common in China. erage, improve safe work mechanisms (such as secu- Urban floods in China have certain notable character- rity warnings), and build a command platform for istics. They create transportation problems and other flood control (including rainfall and flow monitoring, disruptions, as water pools under overpasses and EWS, dispatching, and reporting). Finally, the city will bridges and flows into underground spaces. Flash strengthen education in flood control and disaster floods accompanied by debris flows can also lead to mitigation and disseminate information about flood loss of life. Severe losses arising from waterlogging prevention, rescue and escape, and mitigation. are another feature of urban floods; in Zhejiang Prov- ince in 1998–1999, for example, waterlogging was responsible for 40 percent of disaster-related losses. Finally, the secondary disasters associated with urban 40 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Figure 10 Heavy Flooding Caused by Xijiang River Inundation hazard from outside flood Source: © Wang Jing, Ministry of Water Resources. Used with permission. flooding are often severe and can affect a city’s life- established; technical platforms and templates are line (for example, water supply, power supply, and being created; pilots are selected; and technical train- gas supply). ing is provided. The goal is to use flood hazard maps across many fields, for example to support flood con- Urban flood simulation modeling is an important tool trol and decision making, defense emergency plan- for DRM in China. The Ministry of Water Resources ning, assessment of flood losses, construction of simulates flooding using hydrological and hydraulic flood detention facilities, determination of evacua- models and GIS technology; it also uses a numerical tion routes and places, and drainage planning. model. The urban flood simulation model can be run in different ways for forecasting calculation, real-time China’s cities are in a stage of rapid development, calculation, design scheme calculation, and testing making it likely that urban flood risk will increase. and adjusting calculation. The model helps to ana- But even if urban inundation cannot be completely lyze the situation before, during, and after the disas- avoided, China must act to decrease flood losses— ter (figure 11) to aid decision makers in determining not only by improving and reconstructing its drain- next steps. age system, but also by considering the storage, Since 1986, China has also used flood hazard map- detention, infiltration, and utilization of rainwater ping for flood control and flood-related decision in the process of infrastructure construction. Flood making. Flood maps raise the public’s awareness simulation technology is an important non-structural of flood risk, provide basic data for assessing flood measure that can provide support to flood hazard losses, and are useful in planning for emergency mapping, flood prevention warning, and decision- evacuations. Ongoing tasks related to flood map- making. Already today, there are many applications ping, which is being carried out in 661 Chinese cities, of this approach in China. include revising standards and regulations, improving technical platforms, and conducting pilots. As part of flood hazard mapping, reports are developed; stan- dards and regulations for hazard mapping are being 41 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Figure 11 Urban Flood Simulation Model Source: © Wang Jing, Ministry of Water Resources. Used with permission. ■■ Citing last year’s heavy rainfall in China, Ms. Summary of Discussion Jing said that many cities have observation sta- tions for investigation so that actual data can ■■ Discussing rainfall and flood data collec- be compared to the simulation data to make tion, Dr. Lee said that Korea is currently produc- the flood forecasting model more accurate. She ing annual data and surface data to help forecast noted that man-made factors are also considered disasters. Mr. Singson mentioned the funding in the simulation, for instance to reflect distribu- needed to hire staff to measure floods or river tion chains of a whole area. Mr. Sonnasinh said heights. The Philippines has the historical data that Lao PDR has developed hazard maps that needed for flood modeling and forecasting, but are distributed to the community, as prediction of acquiring the data can be costly. Mr. Neussner floods is difficult. Thus in times of disaster, com- pointed out that there is a tendency to underes- munity members move to a safe place by them- timate or overestimate river flows, and that very selves. Mr. Singson said that free software related accurate flood models need to consider local to flood management has been developed and is conditions and community behavior. Mr. Bons available. added that predicting flooding in low-lying areas is difficult; prediction is like gambling if the mea- ■■ Highlighting the need for community surement is not set up accurately. According to engagement, Ms. Stanton-Geddes mentioned Dr. Apirumanekul, in Thailand people believe in that Indonesia and Mongolia engage students historical data more than computer-generated for capacity and awareness building. Mr. Hara- data because many people do not know how to hap added that students are also involved in the use modern technologies. He added that when early warning system. Dr. Phi noted that there are a flood occurs, there is an emergency response considerable gaps between flood risk manage- to the disaster, but no agency is tasked with col- ment planning and actual community need, and lecting data. said that the government in Vietnam is working to minimize them. 42 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS ■■ Discussing early warning systems, Mr. Son- responsible for the early warning system. Mr. nasinh said that in Lao PDR, the National Disaster Basworo explained the three kinds of alarm in Management Committee is responsible for the Indonesia: alarm 3 is least urgent, but alarm 1 or early warning system, but there is no law govern- 2 signals immediate evacuation. Mr. Bons men- ing it. Ms. Mandat added that in Mongolia, there tioned that Indonesia has two institutes that will is a national early warning system law. Mr. Ran- provide regional training in the early warning sys- sara said that Sri Lanka has three organizations tem next year. 43 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Session VI Implementation Challenges and Opportunities: Open Discussion Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Speakers: All participants Participants discussed the challenges their countries face as well as opportunities that exist to improve flood risk management. Lao PDR The Philippines Challenges Challenges ■■ Greater community awareness, better coordi- ■■ Like many other countries in the region, the nation between institutions, and more timely Philippines faces the challenges related to rapid dissemination of flood-related information are urbanization, community involvement, and needed. access to scientific risk data for planning, fore- ■■ The budget and human resources to support casting, and warning purposes. DRM are insufficient. ■■ Government representatives can be reluctant to ■■ There are no standards for flood damage assess- assume responsibility for disaster warning because ment, which can mar effective allocation of they don’t want to be responsible for issuing a resources for recovery and prevention. false warning. The Philippines can learn from other countries about effective practices and appropri- ■■ Flood prevention should be incorporated into ate institutional set-ups for disaster warning. urban development, since existing infrastructure, equipment, and services are inadequate for mon- ■■ Each country has different structures for dealing itoring, warning, and evacuation. with disaster preparedness and response. In the Philippines, there are multiple agencies dealing ■■ Strong political commitment is crucial for suc- with disaster-related issues—for example, the fire cessful large-scale flood preparedness. department does not fall under the national DRM agency. Complex institutional arrangements can Opportunities make data sharing and collection more difficult, ■■ A number of initiatives are already under way. as well as response. The government has proposed further action for Opportunities risk assessments and better land use planning. There is scope for learning about implementation ■■ Community involvement is particularly important of adaptation program from other countries. for the long-term sustainability of development ■■ In the long term, there is a need to adapt inno- programs. vative technology and incorporate DRM into ■■ Community early warning systems have been national development planning. effective in the Philippines. Learning from other countries and adapting appropriate solutions can further help the country. ■■ The government could look at the institutional Photo: World Bank set up for DRM in other countries to identify and adapt good practice. Workshop participants from Lao PDR. 44 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Vietnam Opportunities Challenges ■■ Institutional cooperation and common commit- ments are important for effective DRM. Institu- ■■ With the safety of the people as its main goal, tions should assume their responsibilities and act Vietnam faces the challenge of devising an inte- accordingly. grated approach to urban flood risk management that can handle both climatic and non-climatic ■■ China can learn from and adapt global best prac- hazards. At the same time, it needs to proceed tice, particularly long-term measures and use of with adaption and building resilience. innovative technologies. ■■ More cross-agency collaboration and coopera- tion is needed. Currently, one ministry is responsi- Sri Lanka ble for forecasting and warning, while a different Challenges ministry is responsible for response and recov- ery. Ideally, disaster preparedness and response ■■ A common commitment for DRM across institu- should be brought under one umbrella. tions is needed. ■■ Resource constraints affect the establishment ■■ Sri Lanka seeks to achieve a flood safety level of of the minimum protection levels. Similarly, +1.85 m (mean sea level) for a 50-year return human capacity constraints affect the opera- period event. tion functions of the flood protection system. To adequately protect people, significant financial Opportunities support is required. ■■ The country should develop needed infrastruc- ■■ Effective governance is essential for implement- ture and use available technology for hazard ing DRM laws. management. Opportunities ■■ Eco-friendly approaches should be pursued and aligned with urban planning. ■■ One of the key priorities is to balance structural and non-structural measures. The participants Mongolia learned about interesting approaches taken by NEMA that could be adapted to improve flood Challenges forecasting, warning, and evacuation systems, ■■ The legal system needs to be strengthened to which need particular attention. support a comprehensive DRM approach. ■■ The government should ensure minimum-level protection systems, while at the same time con- ■■ Comprehensive flood risk management at both tinue investing in adaptation and building resil- the national and provincial levels should be linked ience. with future national development planning. ■■ The necessary budget for flood risk management China should be allocated. Also, given resources con- straints, available funding needs to be efficiently Challenges used and distributed. ■■ Institutions involved in flood management should ■■ DRM training should be expanded to more com- have clear responsibility for specific tasks. These munities at risk. responsibilities should fit the scale of tasks. Opportunities ■■ Preparation for flood response should take place before the crisis, not in the middle of a crisis. ■■ Mongolia should implement its existing flood risk mitigation program. 45 Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop ■■ DRM training and capacity-building programs Korea should be expanded to increase public risk Challenges awareness, especially in rapidly growing high-risk urban areas. ■■ Korea lacks the detailed data on hazards and ■■ In the long term, Mongolia should share risk exposure that are needed for risk identification information and DRM plans with other countries. and analysis. It should improve links and cooperation between ■■ Korea has a limited pool of experts on climate involved DRM agencies. change, risk assessment, and geologic/hydrome- ■■ Establishing a monitoring system like Korea and teorological hazards at the local level. an early warning system like the Philippines or Indonesia could help reduce disaster risk in Mon- ■■ The political will to adhere to local plans and golia. Mongolia needs assistance from these investment programs must be maintained. countries for successful implementation. Opportunities ■■ Korea should develop an organic assessment platform to integrate disaster information and simulate potential disaster impacts. Photo: World Bank ■■ It should design an optimal risk identification work-flow process, , to assess damages and losses by means of disaster information and model results. This work-flow process compat- Workshop participants from Mongolia. ible with other DRM processes and accessible to stakeholders. Indonesia ■■ It should establish an implementation plan for Challenges the disaster information tool. ■■ There needs to be greater synergy between ■■ It should develop a platform to adopt a national national and regional DRM strategies, along with disaster management law that would support greater involvement of stakeholders (such as uni- decision making and prioritization of prepared- versities, the private sector, and community orga- ness and recovering projects, as well as prepa- nizations). ration of hazard maps. The regulations should include an obligation to assess risk as well as ■■ DRM planning at the national level should include potential damages and losses of all national all relevant stakeholders. development projects. Opportunities ■■ Institutions at both the national and local levels need to be strengthened. ■■ Capacity building needs to be strengthened across all institutions—government, community organizations, and other stakeholders. Training should include non-structural measures. ■■ Indonesia should scale up local DRM programs, for example, introduce participatory mapping in cities other than Jakarta. ■■ Indonesia could seek technical assistance to aid in disaster reduction at both the national and local levels. 46 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS Wrap-up: Entry Points and the Way Forward Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center, Thailand Lao PDR ■■ Using participatory processes, set up evacuation lines at the community level and early warning ■■ Strengthen real-time flood forecasting and timely system at the sub-district level; strengthen con- dissemination of information by the Department tingency planning at the sub-district level. of Meteorology and Hydrology, to support agen- cies at each level of government in making nec- ■■ Provide training to government officials respon- essary arrangements and managing flood risk. sible for DRM as well as to the private sector and relevant stakeholders. Philippines ■■ Seek technical assistance to reduce disaster risk ■■ Expand community-based flood warning systems at the national and local levels. in remote areas. Community empowerment is helpful in addressing flood risk, and the Philippines Korea should continue working with the German Society ■■ Share advanced technologies, knowledge, and for International Cooperation (GIZ) in this area. good practice with other countries. Vietnam Ms. Wataya called the ■■ Set up minimum-level systems to protect people, workshop an opportu- for example through strengthening flood forecast- nity for Asian countries ing and early warning systems, and learning from to come together as a other international good practice; and continue to group to discuss serious work on adaptation and building resilience. issues. Workshops of this kind are especially inter- China esting and important, she ■■ Expand understanding of non-structural mea- believes, because the dis- Photo: World Bank sures and national emergency systems. cussions happen face to face. She urged all partic- ■■ Learn about participatory mapping and OSM, as ipants to continue work- piloted in Jakarta. The government could identify ing in their own countries cities for OSM and provide necessary training for to overcome the challenges and take advantage of the public. the opportunities discussed during the workshop. Sri Lanka The East Asia and Pacific DRM team of the World Bank looks forward to continuing both formal and ■■ Focus on green adaptation and eco-friendly DRM. informal discussions with participant countries. All ■■ Raise public awareness of and knowledge about the matters discussed in the workshop were based DRM. on case studies and specific experiences in individ- ual countries, so countries were able to both teach Mongolia and learn from one another. According to Mr. Apiru- ■■ Continue developing and implementing flood manekul, the workshop was a chance for parties to risk management strategies for municipalities. work together where all parties benefit. Not all les- sons will be useful for all countries, given the very dif- ■■ Learning from good practices in the region, ferent settings, but they will nonetheless open ways improve monitoring and early warning systems. for modified approaches that suit countries’ specific Indonesia needs and capacities. Ms. Wataya hoped participants would begin addressing challenges immediately to ■■ Develop guidelines for non-structural measures get maximum advantage from the workshop. and establish DRM action steps for the local level, based on available flood risk hazard maps. 47 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop Special Session: Site Visits A site visit to NEMA was arranged to show participants current flood risk management technologies used in Korea, and demonstrate how Korea manages national emergencies. Participants heard an in-depth presenta- tion on NEMA’s activities by Dr. Tae Sung Cheong, saw videos offering practical guidance on disaster manage- ment, and visited the NEMA control room. Participants also visited the Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Exhibition (CADRE 2013), where they gained valuable information from exhibits on various risk mitigation areas. Photo: World Bank Workshop participants visiting NEMA. Disaster Situation Control in NEMA relies on information technology for its “one- Korea: Operations and Systems step-ahead” response system, including digital eleva- Dr. Tae Sung Cheong, National Disaster tion (3-D) and other thematic maps, real-time rainfall Management Institute, Korea data by time and location, short-time rainfall predic- tion data, and drainage system information. Data analysis allows NEMA to predict the increase rate of NEMA distinguishes three types of disaster: nat- river water volume, forecast location and severity of ural (for example, typhoon, flood, earthquake), possible flood, and generate effective and accurate man-made (for example, fire, explosion, chemical early warning and evacuation alerts. accident), and social (for example, contagious dis- ease, infrastructure paralysis). NEMA handles natural NEMA’s response system has a variety of compo- and man-made disasters; social disasters are handled nents. The National Disaster Management System by the Ministry of Security and Public Administration. (NDMS) deals with disaster prevention, preparedness, response, and recovery and is designed to reduce the Korea has legislation in place to deal with disasters. time needed to compile damage data and recovery In addition to the Disaster and Safety Management budgets after disasters. NEMA also uses Cell Broad- Basic Act, there are 19 laws dealing with various cast Service (CBS), to send disaster information to aspects of disaster management. Under non-emer- cell phone users in a disaster area; Digital Multimedia gency conditions, NEMA has a staff of 550 who deal Broadcasting (DMB) to convey disaster warnings to with ongoing matters such as legislation, regula- mobile devices; an unmanned rainfall warning system tion, training, standards, and system development. In to measure water levels upstream for warnings down- times of emergency, NEMA acts as the control tower stream; an earthquake response system to support for 38 central ministries and agencies, 230 local gov- emergency rescue and relief response; a nationwide ernments, and 202 fire departments. This two-tiered network of CCTV that allows disaster monitoring by approach is cost-effective and highly efficient. local governments and agencies; and a remote sensing system that can be used for damage surveys. 48 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS NEMA also relies on the Disaster Premonitory Informa- By strengthening its DRR capacity and establishing tion Management System (figure 12), which conducts proactive and preemptive response systems, Korea ongoing monitoring of defects in infrastructures (for has successfully reduced the death toll associated example, bad welding in a bridge, building design with disasters. Between 1994 and 2003, 137 peo- modification, or cracks in a building). NEMA collects ple died on average as a result of disasters in Korea; information on defects, analyzes the risks they pose, between 2004, the year NEMA was established, and and seeks to have any safety issues resolved. Informa- 2010, the average number of deaths due to disaster tion on each case is kept in a database. fell to 26 (figure 13). Figure 12 Disaster Premonitory Information Management System Source: © National Emergency Management Agency. Used with permission. Figure 13 Reduction of Death Toll in Korea Caused by Natural Disaster Source: © National Emergency Management Agency. Used with permission. 49 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop APPENDIX 1: Workshop Agenda DAY 1: May 28, 2013 8:30 – 9:00 Registration Opening and Welcome Remarks Mr. Lester Dally Special Representative for Republic of Korea, The World Bank Mr. Jo Sung Wan 9:00 – 9:20 Vice Administrator, National Emergency Management Agency (NEMA), Republic of Korea Mr. Prashant Team Leader, Strategy and Partnerships, GFDRR/World Bank Dr. Sangman Jeong President, Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation Session 1: Balancing structural and non-structural measures in flood risk management: An Overview Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, Asian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC) 9:25 – 9:40 Comparing Structural and Non-structural Measures Mr. Kees Bons Deltares 9:40 – 10:05 A Balanced Approach for Urban Flood Management: Ho Chi 9:20 – 11:00 Dr. Ho Long Phi Minh City Case Study The Center of Water Management Q&A and Climate Change, Vietnam 10:05 – 10:30 Comprehensive Flood Risk Management strategy: Methodology Dr. Hitoshi Baba and technology to make resilient urban development Japan International Cooperation Q&A Agency (JICA) 10:30-11:00 Discussion 11:00 – 11:15 Break Session 2: Challenges for making flood risk data widely accessible to stakeholders Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC 11:20 – 11:45 The Flooding City of Jakarta Mr. Ery Basworo Q&A Managing Head, Jakarta Disaster Management Office, Indonesia Participatory Mapping to fill data gap for better flood informa- Mr. Edi Junaedi Harahap tion management in Jakarta Jakarta Disaster Management Q&A 11:15 – 12:45 Office, Indonesia 11:45 – 12:10 Effective Flood Risk Assessment Methodologies Dr. Cheong Tae Sung Q&A National Disaster Management Institute (NDMI), Korea 12:10 – 12:45 Discussion 50 May 28 – 29, 2013 / Seoul, Republic of Korea / WORKSHOP PROCEEDINGS DAY 1: May 28, 2013 (continuation) 12:45 – 14:00 Lunch Session 3: Reducing flood risk losses and enhancing resilience: Innovative approaches Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC 14:05 – 14:30 Ecosystems-based approaches - Future or Fantasy Mr. Kees Bons Q&A Deltares 14:30 – 14:55 Metro Manila Integrated Flood Risk Management Master Plan Minister Rogelio L. Singson Q&A Department of Public Works and 14:00-15:50 Highways, the Philippines 14:55 – 15:20 Reducing Flood Risk in Metro Colombo Region: Mr. Narayanage Dinusha Structural & Eco-System Based Approaches Prabhath Ransara Q&A Metro Colombo Urban Development Project, Sri Lanka 15:20 – 15:50 Discussion 15:50 – 16:00 Break Session 4: Reducing flood risk losses and enhancing resilience: Community-based approaches Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC 16:05 – 16:30 Community involvement and local flood early warning with Mr. Hilton Hernando low-tech approaches for small rivers in the Philippines Philippine Atmospheric, Q&A Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) Mr. Olaf Neussner Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) 16:00 – 17:50 16:30 – 16:55 Reduction of Flood Risk in Ulaanbaatar City Mrs. Dondmaa Enebish Q&A Ministry of Construction and Urban Development, Mongolia Ms. Khulan Mandat Specialist of the Development Program and Project, Municipality of Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 16:55 – 17:20 The Urban Disaster Prevention Strategy preparing with climate Dr. WooSuk Han change Korea Research Institute for Human Q&A Settlements (KRIHS) 17.20 – 17.35 National Community Empowerment Program–Urban: Efforts of Mr. Guratno Hartono Indonesian Government in Poverty Alleviation through Commu- Director of Building and Neighbor- nity-based Empowerment hood Development, Indonesia Q&A 17:35 – 17:50 Discussion Reception Welcome speech, Mr. Kim Gye Jo, Director General, Bureau of Disaster Prevention and Manage- 18:00 ment, NEMA Remarks, Minister Rogelio L. Singson, Department of Public Works and Highways, the Philippines 20:00 End of Day 1 51 Second Flood Risk Management and Urban Resilience Workshop DAY 2: May 29, 2013 Site Visits Central Control Center of National Emergency Management Agency 9:00 – 12:00 Dr. Tae Sung Cheong Disaster Situation Control in Korea: National Disaster Management Institute, Korea Operations and Systems 2013 Climate Change Adaptation and Disaster Risk Reduction Exhibition (CADRE 2013) 12:15 – 13:45 Lunch Session 5: Flood Risk Early Warning System, Monitoring, and Control System Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC 13:50 – 14:15 Development of Hydro-meteorological Dr. Chulkyu Lee information Monitoring and Prediction National Institute of Meteorological Research (NIMR), Technology for supporting of Flood Warning Korea Meteorological Administration System Q&A 14:15 – 14:40 Early Warning System in Lao PDR Mr. Virana Sonnasinh Q&A 13:45 – 15:35 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment, Lao PDR 14:40 – 15:05 Countermeasures against urban flood in Ms. Yang Fen Beijing Beijing Institute of Water, China Q&A Ms. Wang Jing Ministry of Water Resources (MWR), China Urban flood inundation warning and flood hazard mapping in China Q&A 15:05 – 15:35 Discussion 15:35 – 15:50 Break Session 6: Implementation challenge – Open discussions 15:50 – 16:50 Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC All delegation representatives Discussion, action points and way forward Wrap-up 16:50 Moderator: Dr. Chusit Apirumanekul, ADPC 17:00 End of Day 2 Venue of the Workshop: COEX, Convention and Exhibition Center (room no. 403), 159 Samseong-dong, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-731, Korea 52 MANAGING THE RISKS OF DISASTERS IN EAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC Disaster Risk Management Team East Asia and Pacific Infrastructure Unit (EASIN) The World Bank 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1 202 458 7382 E-mail: eapdrm@worldbank.org Internet: www.worldbank.org/eapdisasters