Small Hydro Resource Mapping in Tanzania PREFEASIBILITY STUDY: MUHUWESI January 2018 This report was prepared by SHER in association with Mhylab, under contract to The World Bank. It is one of several outputs from the small hydro Energy Resource Mapping and Geospatial Planning Tanzania [Project ID: P145287]. This activity is funded and supported by the Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), a multi-donor trust fund administered by The World Bank, under a global initiative on Renewable Energy Resource Mapping. Further details on the initiative can be obtained from the ESMAP website. This report is an interim output from the above-mentioned project. Users are strongly advised to exercise caution when utilizing the information and data contained, as this has not been subject to validation using ground measurement data or peer review. The final output from this project will be a validated Tanzania Small Hydro Atlas, which will be published once the project is completed. Copyright © 2018 THE WORLD BANK Washington DC 20433 Telephone: +1-202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org The World Bank, comprising the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) and the International Development Association (IDA), is the commissioning agent and copyright holder for this publication. However, this work is a product of the consultants listed, and not of World Bank staff. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work and accept no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for non-commercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: +1-202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Furthermore, the ESMAP Program Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this publication for its source sent in care of the address above, or to esmap@worldbank.org. Phase 2 - Ground Based Data Collection PREFEASIBILITY STUDY OF THE MUHUWESI HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME Renewable Energy Resource Mapping: Small Hydro - Tanzania [P7169139] January 2018 IN ASSOCIATION WITH FINAL OUTPUT SHER Ingénieurs-conseils s.a. Rue J. Matagne, 15 5020 Namur – Belgium Phone : +32 81 32 79 80 Fax : +32 81 32 79 89 www.sher.be Project Manager: Rebecca DOTET SHER reference: TNZ01 Phone : +32 (0) 81 327 982 Fax : +32 (0) 81 327 989 E-mail : dotet@sher.be Rev.n° Date Content Drafted Verified 0 06/12/2017 Prefeasibility Study Report - draft version Damien DUBOIS Pierre SMITS Quentin GOOR Lionel MATAGNE Alice VANDENBUSSCHE 1 19/01/2018 Prefeasibility Study Report - final version Damien DUBOIS Quentin GOOR SHER INGÉNIEURS-CONSEILS S.A. IS ISO 9001 CERTIFIED Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project ABREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ASTER GDEM Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer Global Digital Elevation Model CHIRPS Climate Hazards Group InfradRed Precipitation database DSM Digital Surface Model ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program EWURA Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authority FAO Food and Agricultural Organization GIS Geographic Information System GoT Government of Tanzania GSHAP Global Seismic Hazard Assessment GW Gigawatt GWh Gigawatt hour IFC International Finance Corporation IPP Independent Power Producers kW Kilowatt kWh Kilowatt hour MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt hour NASA United States National Aeronautics and Space Administration OP Operational Polices REA Rural Energy Agency RE Renewable Energy SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission TANESCO Tanzania Electric Supply Company USACE United States Army Corps of Engineers WES Waterways Experimental Station SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 5 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project TABLE OF CONTENT TABLE OF CONTENT .................................................................................................................................... 6 TABLE OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................................................... 9 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....................................................................................................................... 10 2 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 12 2.1 Overview of the ESMAP Program ........................................................................................................ 12 2.2 Objectives and Phasing of the Study ................................................................................................... 12 2.3 Context and Scope of the Prefeasibility Study ..................................................................................... 12 3 CONTEXT OF THE SAMVYA HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME .......................................................................... 14 3.1 Project Area ......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.2 Site Access .......................................................................................................................................... 14 3.3 General Site Description ...................................................................................................................... 16 3.4 Previous Studies .................................................................................................................................. 18 4 TOPOGRAPHY AND MAPPING ............................................................................................................. 19 4.1 Existing Mapping.................................................................................................................................. 19 4.1.1 Topographic Mapping....................................................................................................................................... 19 4.1.2 Thematic Mapping ............................................................................................................................................ 19 4.1.3 Digital Surface Model ....................................................................................................................................... 20 4.2 Mapping Carried out as Part of the Study ............................................................................................ 20 4.2.1 Digitization and geo-referencing....................................................................................................................... 20 4.2.2 Additional surveying ......................................................................................................................................... 20 5 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY ..................................................................................................................... 23 5.1 Objectives and Limits ........................................................................................................................... 23 5.2 Description of the Study Area .............................................................................................................. 23 5.2.1 Physical Context............................................................................................................................................... 23 5.2.2 Land cover and protected areas....................................................................................................................... 24 5.2.3 Climate ............................................................................................................................................................. 26 5.3 Hydro-meteorological database ........................................................................................................... 26 5.3.1 Rainfall and meteorological data ...................................................................................................................... 26 5.3.2 Hydrological data.............................................................................................................................................. 27 5.3.3 Annual and monthly rainfall .............................................................................................................................. 27 5.3.4 Inflow analysis .................................................................................................................................................. 28 5.4 Flood Study .......................................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.1 Introduction....................................................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.2 Methodology ..................................................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.3 Extreme rainfall events estimates .................................................................................................................... 31 5.4.4 Hydrological parameters estimates .................................................................................................................. 32 5.4.5 Flood estimates ................................................................................................................................................ 32 5.5 Key Hydrological Parameters of the Muhuwesi Project ....................................................................... 32 6 GEOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 34 6.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................................................... 34 6.2 Geological Reference Map................................................................................................................... 34 6.3 Local geological setting ........................................................................................................................ 34 6.3.1 Geological context ............................................................................................................................................ 34 6.3.2 Technical characteristics .................................................................................................................................. 36 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 6 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 6.4 Seismicity ............................................................................................................................................. 38 6.5 Conclusions and Recommendations for Additional Investigations ....................................................... 39 6.5.1 Conclusion........................................................................................................................................................ 39 6.5.2 Additional investigations ................................................................................................................................... 40 6.6 References........................................................................................................................................... 40 7 PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ANALYSIS .............................................................. 41 7.1 Socio-Environmental background ........................................................................................................ 41 7.2 World Bank operational policies and guidelines ................................................................................... 43 7.3 Socio-environmental constraints .......................................................................................................... 44 8 PROPOSED SCHEME AND DESIGN ...................................................................................................... 45 8.1 Proposed Scheme Description............................................................................................................. 45 8.1.1 Diverting structure, intake, waterway and powerhouse .................................................................................... 45 8.1.2 Type of scheme ................................................................................................................................................ 47 8.1.3 Design flow ....................................................................................................................................................... 47 8.1.4 Design Floods .................................................................................................................................................. 47 8.2 Structures Design ................................................................................................................................ 49 8.2.1 Diverting structure type and characteristics ..................................................................................................... 49 8.2.2 Temporary diversion......................................................................................................................................... 51 8.2.3 Outlet structures ............................................................................................................................................... 51 8.2.4 Waterway ......................................................................................................................................................... 51 8.2.5 Electromechanical Equipment .......................................................................................................................... 54 8.2.6 Power and energy generation performance assessment ................................................................................. 62 8.2.7 Powerhouse ..................................................................................................................................................... 63 8.2.8 Transmission line and substation ..................................................................................................................... 64 8.2.9 Access .............................................................................................................................................................. 64 8.2.10 Temporary infrastructure during the construction period ............................................................................. 65 8.2.11 Permanent camp ......................................................................................................................................... 65 8.3 Key Project Features ........................................................................................................................... 66 9 COSTS AND QUANTITIES ESTIMATES .................................................................................................. 68 9.1 Assumptions ........................................................................................................................................ 68 9.1.1 Unit Costs ......................................................................................................................................................... 68 9.1.2 Reinforcements and concrete .......................................................................................................................... 69 9.1.3 Hydro and electromechanical equipment costs estimate ................................................................................. 69 9.1.4 Indirect costs .................................................................................................................................................... 69 9.1.5 Site facilities costs ............................................................................................................................................ 70 9.1.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mitigation Costs ...................................................................... 70 9.2 Total Costs (CAPEX) ........................................................................................................................... 70 10 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................................ 72 10.1 Methodology ........................................................................................................................................ 72 10.2 Assumptions and Input Data ................................................................................................................ 73 10.3 Economic Analysis and Conclusions ................................................................................................... 73 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS ............................................................................................. 75 12 APPENDICES .................................................................................................................................... 76 12.1 Detailed proposed scheme and main components .............................................................................. 76 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 7 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project TABLE OF FIGURES Figure 1. Study area ................................................................................................................................................................... 15 Figure 2. Site access overview ................................................................................................................................................... 16 Figure 3. Site configuration given by the topo map. The North-South escarpment appears clearly on the map ..................... 16 Figure 4. General configuration of the area near the river upstream of the escarpment .......................................................... 17 Figure 5. (a) and (b) show typical configuration of the river created by the rocky outcrop; (c) shows the ending part of the rocky outcrop, which creates a small waterfall before going to flatter areas. ..................................................................................... 17 Figure 6. eBee Plus drone equipped with a camera for the topographical survey ................................................................... 20 Figure 7. Digital Surface Model (DSM) and orthophotography from drone survey for SF266 site ........................................... 21 Figure 8. Ortho-photography of the Muhuwesi site and contour lines (5 m interval) ................................................................ 22 Figure 9. Muhuwezi River catchment and Digital Surface Model ............................................................................................. 24 Figure 10. Hypsometric curve of the Samvya River catchment ............................................................................................... 24 Figure 11. Land cover in the Muhuwezi River catchment ......................................................................................................... 25 Figure 12. Climatic diagram of the Muhuwezi River watershed ................................................................................................ 26 Figure 13. Temporal variation in rainfall for the Muhuwezi catchment ..................................................................................... 28 Figure 14. Spatial Variation of the annual rainfall on the Muhuwesi catchment ....................................................................... 29 Figure 15. Modelled flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the hydroelectric project ................................................... 30 Figure 16. Location and Geological map of the study area (From QDS301) ........................................................................... 35 Figure 17. River Mwesi with proposed weir positions N1a and N1b and proposed powerhouse area, PH. ............................ 35 Figure 18. A cartoon showing conceptual longitudinal section on the rock types along Mwesi River, SW Tunduru, Tanzania. ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 19. Ptygmatic folds as exemplified by folded granitic / pegmatitic veins in Mwesi River. Note banding in the paragneiss ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 36 Figure 20. Proposed weir position on site SF266 within Mwesi River, Tunduru. This point is denoted as N1b in Figure 17. .. 37 Figure 21. Left bank characteristics. Note the in-situ and loose materials (boulders) on the bank. ......................................... 37 Figure 22. A longitudinal section showing weathered biotite gneiss on the Right bank underlying 2-3m thick overburden..... 38 Figure 23. Horizontal acceleration du to seismicity (source : GSHAP) .................................................................................... 39 Figure 24. Forest type outside of the river comprises of Miombo ............................................................................................ 41 Figure 25. The forest type along the river (mixtute of Miombo and Bamboo) .......................................................................... 41 Figure 26. Land use of the area (IN = intake; PH = powerhouse) ............................................................................................ 42 Figure 27. A Rice and Banana plots observed close to the powerhouse position ................................................................... 42 Figure 28. Agricultural plots along the access path close to the powerhouse .......................................................................... 42 Figure 29. Hamlets close to powerhouse and on the way to Matemanaga village .................................................................. 43 Figure 30. Weir, intake and desilting basin’s position .............................................................................................................. 45 Figure 31. Detailed proposed scheme and main components ................................................................................................. 46 Figure 32. Usable flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the project location .............................................................. 47 Figure 33. Creager rating curve ............................................................................................................................................... 50 Figure 34. Typical cross section of a Creager weir .................................................................................................................. 51 Figure 35. (a) Remain the bridge upstream of the escarpment; (b) general river pattern upstream of the site: erosion of the river banks. ............................................................................................................................................................................... 53 Figure 36. Main dimensions of the Pelton unit ......................................................................................................................... 58 Figure 37. Example of two vertical Pelton turbines with 5 nozzles ........................................................................................... 60 Figure 38. Energy production and number of turbine versus the probability of time ................................................................ 63 Figure 39. Access to create to access the proposed Muhuwesi hydropower scheme ............................................................. 65 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 8 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Key features of the proposed hydroelectric scheme .................................................................................................. 10 Table 2. Administrative data ..................................................................................................................................................... 14 Table 3. Collected thematic maps ............................................................................................................................................ 19 Table 4. Physical and morphological characteristics of the Samvya catchment ...................................................................... 23 Table 5. Land cover in the Muhuwezi River catchment ............................................................................................................ 25 Table 6. Flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the hydroelectric project.................................................................... 30 Table 7. Extreme rainfall events estimates for the Muhuwezi River watershed ....................................................................... 31 Table 8. Ten years and hundred years return period flood events ........................................................................................... 32 Table 9. Key hydrological features of the site .......................................................................................................................... 32 Table 10. Size classification (USACE) ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Table 11. Hazard potential classification (USACE) .................................................................................................................. 48 Table 12. Recommended spillway design floods (USACE) ..................................................................................................... 49 Table 13. Diverting structure key features ................................................................................................................................ 50 Table 14. Gated flushing channel characteristics ..................................................................................................................... 51 Table 15. Intake characteristics ................................................................................................................................................ 52 Table 16. Preliminary design criteria for the desilting structure ................................................................................................ 53 Table 17. Comparison between Pelton and Francis turbines ................................................................................................... 56 Table 18. Characteristics of the powerhouse ........................................................................................................................... 64 Table 19. Key features of the proposed scheme ...................................................................................................................... 66 Table 20. Unit prices (2017 USD) ............................................................................................................................................ 68 Table 21. Indirect costs ............................................................................................................................................................ 69 Table 22. Project costs estimates (2017 US$) ......................................................................................................................... 70 Table 23. Economic modelling assumptions ............................................................................................................................ 73 Table 24. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) ............................................................................................................................ 73 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 9 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The key features of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme are summarized in Table 1 below. Table 1. Key features of the proposed hydroelectric scheme FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS Location Region Ruvuma - River Muhuwesi - Hydrology Watershed area 640 km² Median streamflow (Q50%) 3.10 m³/s Firm streamflow (Q95%) 0.17 m³/s Design flow 2.94 m³/s Design flood (100 years) 376 m³/s Gravity weir (Overflowing Diverting structure Structure type - section : Creager) Material used Concrete - Overflowing section crest length 130 m Total structure length 140 m Overflowing section height 3.00 m Non-overflowing section height 5.25 m Crest elevation 642.00 masl Slab elevation 639.00 masl Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 639.00 masl Number of bays 2.00 pce Gate section 1 x 1.5 mxm Intake Number of bays 2 pce Invert elevation 639.50 masl Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) - Desilting structure Yes - - Number of basins 2.00 pce Water level 642.00 masl Waterway Headrace canal length 2 280 m Canal Headrace canal section 1.8 x 2.1 mxm Average slope 0.001 m/m Forebay Yes - - Water level 639.72 masl Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce Length 170 m Diameter 0.80 m Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 561.00 masl mechanical works Gross head 81.00 m Number of units 2 pce Turbine type Pelton - Operating discharge per unit 1.47 m³/s Total installed capacity 1 820 kW Average annual energy generation 10.90 GWh/year SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 10 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS Access road Length of road to build 10 900 m Length of road to renovate 0 m Transmission lines Length 8 km Voltage 33 kV CAPEX - without access road and Economic data 8.62 M$ transmission lines LCOE - without access road and 0.11 $/kWh transmission lines CAPEX - access road and 14.58 M$ transmission lines included LCOE - access road and 0.18 $/kWh transmission lines included SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 11 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 2 INTRODUCTION 2.1 OVERVIEW OF THE ESMAP PROGRAM ESMAP (Energy Sector Management Assistance Program) is a technical assistance program managed by the World Bank and supported by 11 bilateral donors. ESMAP launched in January 2013 an initiative to support the efforts of countries to improve the knowledge of renewable energy (RE) resources, establish appropriate institutional framework for the development of RE and provide "free access" to geospatial resources and data. This initiative will also support the IRENA-GlobalAtlas program by improving data availability and quality, consulted through an interactive atlas. This "Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania" study, is part of a technical assistance project, ESMAP funded, being implemented by Africa Energy Practice 1 (AFTG1) of the World Bank in Tanzania (the ‘Client’) which aims at supporting resource mapping and geospatial planning for small hydro. It is being undertaken in close coordination with the Rural Energy Agency (REA) of Tanzania, the World Bank’s primary Client country counterpart for this study. The "Provision of Small Hydropower Resource Data and Mapping Services" IDA 8004801 Framework contract was signed 29th May 2013, while the specific contract " Renewable Energy Mapping: Small Hydro Tanzania", n. 7169139, is dated 4th November 2013. 2.2 OBJECTIVES AND PHASING OF THE STUDY The objectives of the study are:  To improve the quality and availability of information on Tanzania’s small hydropower resources. The project will provide the GoT (Client) and commercial developers with ground-validated maps (at least 70+ sites up to 10 MW) that show the varying levels of hydro potential throughout the country, and highlight several sites most suited for small hydropower projects.  To contribute to a detailed comprehensive assessment and to a geospatial planning framework of small- hydro resources in Tanzania; (ii) to verify the potential for the most promising sites and prioritized sites (~ 20 prioritized sites) to facilitate new small hydropower projects and ideally to guide private investments into the sector; and (iii) to increase the awareness and knowledge of the Client on RE potential. The study is delivered in three phases: PHASE 1: Preliminary resource mapping based on satellite and site visits. PHASE 2: Ground-based data collection. PHASE 3: Production of validated resource atlas that combines satellite and ground-based data. 2.3 CONTEXT AND SCOPE OF THE PREFEASIBILITY STUDY This report is delivered in the context of PHASE 2 (Ground-based data collection). In accordance with our Terms of References (Revised Terms of References for the Phase 2 and 3 of the Project, 30 June 2016), the prefeasibility study covers the following aspects:  Review of the existing data and GIS information ;  Additional site visit to the sites and main load centers / national grid connection by relevant sector experts ; SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 12 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project  Additional topographic and geotechnical surveys, update of the hydrology, and assessments of environmental and social impact to reach study results at pre-feasibility level;  Preparation of a conceptual design and drawings at pre-feasibility level; Schematic Layout of Hydro Powerhouse, weir or dam (when applicable), waterways and Transmission Lines to the main load centers / national grid connection;  Preparation of a Budgetary Cost Estimate, including costs for environmental and social costs, and Electricity Generation Estimate for a range of installed capacities;  Preliminary economic analysis. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 13 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 3 CONTEXT OF THE SAMVYA HYDROELECTRIC SCHEME 3.1 PROJECT AREA The Muhuwesi project is located on the Muhuwesi River which flows mainly from the Northwest to the Southeast and joins the Ruvuma River, which forms the border with Mozambique. Then, the Ruvuma River discharges into the Indian Ocean. The geographical coordinates (WGS1984) of the proposed weir location are 36.961°East and 10.707°South. At the proposed divertingvstructure location, the watershed of the Muhuwesi River drains an area of 640 km². Figure 1 presents the exact location of the proposed site in Tanzania. The administrative and location data are detailed in Table 2 below. Table 2. Administrative data Item Value Atlas code SF266 Site name Muhuwezi River Muhuwezi Major river basin Ruvuma and Southern Indian Ocean Coast Region Ruvuma District Tunduru Division Matemanga / Kalulu Village Muesi Reference topographic map Topographic map n° 301/2 (scale 1/50,000) 3.2 SITE ACCESS Muhuwesi project site is located approximately 80km North-West of Tunduru, following the T6 (Songea-Tunduru road, Figure 2). Currently, the access is by foot, on footpaths 10km North-West of Matemanga village. The site is quite accessible, with only scarce vegetation around the river. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 14 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 1. Study area SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 15 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 2. Site access overview 3.3 GENERAL SITE DESCRIPTION The river drops from elevation approximately 700m down to 600m on a rocky escarpment which separates two relatively flat areas. Figure 3. Site configuration given by the topo map. The North-South escarpment appears clearly on the map SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 16 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 4. General configuration of the area near the river upstream of the escarpment Figure 5. (a) and (b) show typical configuration of the river created by the rocky outcrop; (c) shows the ending part of the rocky outcrop, which creates a small waterfall before going to flatter areas. a) b) SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 17 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project c) 3.4 PREVIOUS STUDIES To the best of our knowledge, there are no previous studies of the proposed site. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 18 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 4 TOPOGRAPHY AND MAPPING 4.1 EXISTING MAPPING 4.1.1 Topographic Mapping The JPEG format (not georeferenced) 1:50,000 scale topographic maps have been acquired from the Survey and Mapping Department of the Ministry of Land in order to cover the entire study area. The JPEG format (not georeferenced) 1:100,000 scale topographic maps have been also obtained from the Ministry of Land. The 1:50,000 scale map of interest is the sheets 43/2 and 44/1. The contour lines interval is 20m. All the topographic maps have been georeferenced as described in section 4.2. 4.1.2 Thematic Mapping Thematic maps and their key features, sources and format are presented in Table 3 below. Table 3. Collected thematic maps THEMATIC FORMAT KEY FEATURES SOURCES Country / Regions / Districts / FAO Global Country Boundaries, 2012 Administrative boundaries Vector Divisions REA, 2014 Major cities Vector 32 cities Open Street Map, 2014 1:250,000 (64 tiles) Ministry of Land, Survey and Mapping Raster Full country coverage Department Topographical maps 1:50,000 (1,333 tiles) Ministry of Land, Survey and Mapping Raster Full country coverage Department SRTM v4.1 NASA, 2014 Raster Spatial resolution ~ 90m http://www2.jpl.nasa.gov/srtm/ Digital Elevation Model ASTER GDEM v2 Raster Spatial resolution ~ 30m http://www.jspacesystems.or.jp/en_/ (experimental) Land cover Vector Tourist Board ; Tanzania Conservation Protected areas, National Parks Resource Centre ; Ministry of Land ; World Protected areas Vector and Game reserves Database on Protected Areas ; Protected Planet, 2014 IPCC default soil classes derived ISRIC-WISE Soil map Raster from the Harmonized World Soil http://www.isric.org Data Base (v1.1) Ministry of Energy and Minerals ; World Mining activities Vector - Bank AICD database ; SHER Satellite image Raster Image Landsat 2013 Google Earth Census data at village and National Bureau of Statistics ; Ministry of Population Shapefile region levels Finance, REA FAO, 2000 Lakes Vector Inland water bodies in Africa http://www.fao.org/geonetwork River "flow accumulation" FAO, 2006 River network Vector network from the HYDRO1k for http://www.fao.org/geonetwork Africa Flow gauging stations Vector Location of the YYY gauging Monthly average rainfall grid WorldClim, v1.4 Rainfall Raster Spatial resolution ~ 1km http://www.worldclim.org/ National, regional and other Road network Vector World Bank AICD database roads of Tanzania Rail network Vector Main rail network World Bank AICD database Ports Vector Major ports World Bank AICD database Airports Vector Major airports World Bank AICD database Power grid Vector Existing power grid IED, 2013 ; REA Planned expansion of the Power grid Vector World Bank AICD database transmission network SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 19 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project THEMATIC FORMAT KEY FEATURES SOURCES 34 thermal power plants IED, 2013 ; Power System Master Plan, Existing thermal power plants Vector amongst which 10 connected to 2013 the National Power Grid REA, TANESCO, Ministry of Energy, Existing hydropower plants Vector 46 hydropower plants Diocese, Power System Master Plan, 2013 4.1.3 Digital Surface Model The digital surface model (DSM) used in the hydrological study is based on the "Shuttle Radar Topography Mission" (SRTM, version 1 arc-second). These data were acquired in February 2000 by the United States Space Agency (NASA) through radar measurements from space shuttle Endeavor. These data have a spatial resolution of 1 arc-second (about 30 m at the equator). The DSM of the study area is illustrated in Figure 7 of the chapter describing the Hydrological Study. 4.2 MAPPING CARRIED OUT AS PART OF THE STUDY 4.2.1 Digitization and geo-referencing The 1:50,000 scale topographic maps were geo-referenced using the Quantum GIS software and the following projection parameters:  Projection Transverse Mercator UTM zone 36S  Latitude of origin = 0  Central meridian = 33  Scale factor = 0.9996  False Easting = 500,000  False Northing = 10,000,000  Datum WGS 1984 4.2.2 Additional surveying Figure 6. eBee Plus drone 4.2.2.1 Digital surface model equipped with a camera for the The topographic survey was carried out by remote sensing. An eBee topographical survey Plus drone equipped with a specific camera designed for photogrammetric mapping was used (Figure 6). Outputs from drone survey are (1) a high-resolution orthophotography (0.10m resolution) and (2) a Digital Surface Model (DSM). The DSM includes the vegetation cover, but it gives an excellent overview of the topographical features of the site of interest. Contour lines are calculated from the DSM. The ortho-photography as well as contour lines deduced from the digital surface model are presented at Figure 7 and Figure 8. Elevations resulting from this topographic survey are relative to each other and have not been linked to the national system. Consequently, the elevations of the works mentioned in this report are not the absolute altitudes of the Tanzanian national system. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 20 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 4.2.2.2 Digital terrain model The digital surface models was then post-processed to eliminate the effects of vegetation and hence represent the natural terrain elevation. This has been be achieved by identifying pixels at the natural terrain level (excluding vegetation and other anthropogenic elements) and performing a spatial interpolation of these points in order to obtain a digital terrain model (DTM). At this prefeasibility stage, only the weir/intake and tailwater areas were post-processed to obtain the DTM. Figure 7. Digital Surface Model (DSM) and orthophotography from drone survey for SF266 site SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 21 Small Hydro Madagascar ESMAP / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muyovozi Hydroelectric Project Figure 8. Ortho-photography of the Muhuwesi site and contour lines (5 m interval) SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 22 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 5 HYDROLOGICAL STUDY 5.1 OBJECTIVES AND LIMITS The objective of the hydrological study is to establish and quantify the climatological and hydrological characteristics of the study area in order to determine the hydrological parameters and time series required for the design of the Muhuwezi hydroelectric project as well as for the economic analysis of the pre-feasibility study. 5.2 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA 5.2.1 Physical Context The Muhuwezi River originates in the Ruvuma region at elevations over 900 m and the hydroelectric project is located in the upper part of the catchment. The Muhuwezi River flows mainly from the Northwest to the Southeast and joins the Ruvuma River, which forms the border with Mozambique. Then, the Ruvuma River discharges into the Indian Ocean. As shown in Figure 9, the Muhuwezi catchment at the proposed hydroelectric project site features a relatively marked relief with elevations between 977 m and 695 m (827 m on average). The drainage basin of the Muhuwezi River at the proposed intake site is 640 km² (delimitation based on the SRTM DSM of spatial resolution 1 arc- second, i.e. approximately 30 m). The main physical and morphological features of the river catchment are presented in Table 4 below. The hypsometric curve of the river catchment is shown in Figure 10. This curve shows the percentage of the catchment area above a given elevation. It shows that slopes are important in the upstream part of the catchment and that the rest of the catchment flows on a plateau characterized by a relatively gentle slope. This is clearly observed in Figure 10 and Figure 9. Table 4. Physical and morphological characteristics of the Samvya catchment PARAMETER VALUE UNIT Area 640 km² Average elevation 827 m a.s.l. Maximum elevation 977 m a.s.l. Maximum elevation (percentile 5%) 922 m a.s.l. Minimum elevation 695 m a.s.l. Minimum elevation (percentile 95%) 736 m a.s.l. Slope index 3.7 m/km Elevation range 186 m Perimeter 180.3 km Gravelius index 2.0 - SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 23 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 9. Muhuwezi River catchment and Digital Surface Model Figure 10. Hypsometric curve of the Samvya River catchment 5.2.2 Land cover and protected areas Data from the CCI Land Cover project (© ESA Climate Change Initiative - Land Cover project 2016) is a widely accepted source of information for land use around the world. These data are derived from satellite images acquired by the MERIS instrument of the European Space Agency. The land cover includes 5 years of satellite imagery acquisition between 2008 and 2012. The information is provided in raster format with a spatial resolution of 300m and allows defining the land use classes shown in Figure 11 and Table 5 show that the Muhuwezi SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 24 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project catchment is characterized by a very abundant vegetation cover composed mainly of a forest of deciduous (93.1% of the catchment area, i.e. 588.1 km²) and cropland (5.3%, i.e. 33.4 km²). Table 5. Land cover in the Muhuwezi River catchment AREA CODE LEGEND [%] [KM²] 10 Cropland rainfed 2.3% 12.78 11 Cropland rainfed - Herbaceous cover 44.3% 250.80 20 Cropland irrigated or post-flooding 1.4% 7.99 30 Mosaic cropland (>50%) / natural vegetation (tree/shrub/herbaceous cover) (<50%) 0.0% 0.19 40 Mosaic natural vegetation (tree/shrub/herbaceous cover) (>50%) / cropland (<50%) 12.0% 68.20 60 Tree cover broadleaved deciduous closed to open (>15%) 0.0% 0.28 62 Tree cover broadleaved deciduous open (15-40%) 3.6% 20.20 100 Mosaic tree and shrub (>50%) / herbaceous cover (<50%) 1.5% 8.55 110 Mosaic herbaceous cover (>50%) / tree and shrub (<50%) 1.3% 7.24 120 Shrubland 20.2% 114.10 122 Shrubland deciduous 7.3% 41.15 130 Grassland 0.9% 4.89 160 Tree cover flooded fresh or brakish water 0.0% 0.28 180 Shrub or herbaceous cover flooded fresh/saline/brakish water 5.1% 28.65 210 Water Bodies 0.1% 0.75 TOTAL 100% 566 Figure 11. Land cover in the Muhuwezi River catchment SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 25 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 5.2.3 Climate According to the Köppen classification based on rainfall and temperature, the study area (Muhuwezi River catchment) is characterized by a tropical savanna climate with a pronounced dry season and constant high temperatures (Aw class). Köppen defines the temperate climate « A » by the following characteristics:  Average temperature of each month of the year > 18 °C ;  High annual precipitation (greater than annual evaporation) ;  No winter season. The rainfall regime « w » (dry season in winter) is defined by a savanna climate with a precipitation of the driest winter month < 60 mm and < [100 – (mean annual precipitation) / 25]. Figure 12 shows the climatic diagram as well as the temperature curve for the Muhuwezi River watershed. We observe the strong seasonal variability across the year with a dry season from June to October that features monthly precipitations close to 0 mm/month (on average). The wettest month is April with 254 mm on average. The average annual precipitation is 1,118 mm. Figure 12. Climatic diagram of the Muhuwezi River watershed It is observed that the average annual temperature is 23.1.0°C. Temperature varies throughout the year with an average amplitude of 4.3°C. The warmest month is January with 24.5°C and July is the coldest, with an average temperature of 20.2°C. 5.3 HYDRO-METEOROLOGICAL DATABASE 5.3.1 Rainfall and meteorological data Rainfall data from two sources were used in this study: (i) the WorldClim climate database and (ii) the Climate Hazards Group InfradRed Precipitation database (CHIRPS). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 26 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project WorldClim is a set of global data representative for the period ~1970-2000 available with a spatial resolution of about 1 km and at a monthly timestep. The spatial resolution is obtained by interpolation of ground-measured data. Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) is a 30+ year quasi-global rainfall dataset at a daily timestep. Starting in 1981 to near-present, CHIRPS incorporates 0.05° resolution satellite imagery with in-situ station data to create gridded rainfall time series for trend analysis and seasonal drought monitoring. Values extracted from these satellite images are the means of the precipitation that falls each day on the entire catchment. 5.3.2 Hydrological data No existing streamflow monitoring system has been identified in the neighbouring of the Muhuwesi catchment. To estimate the streamflows of the Muhuwezi River at the hydroelectric project, a method based on the extrapolation of existing hydrological information from similar river catchments was developed and is described in the next section. 5.3.3 Annual and monthly rainfall 5.3.3.1 Annual and monthly distribution The analysis of the annual distribution of rainfall within the study area is based on the CHIRPS dataset, presented in section 5.3.1. The results are presented monthly in the section 5.2.3, Figure 12. 5.3.3.2 Spatial distribution The analysis of the spatial variation of rainfall within the study area is based on the WorldClim dataset, presented in section 5.3.1. The spatial variation of average annual rainfall within the watershed is not much significant with a minimum of 1,072 mm in the eastern part of the catchment and a maximum of 1,188 mm in its western part. This is illustrated in Figure 13. 5.3.3.3 Temporal variation The temporal variation in rainfall for the Muhuwezi catchment has been studied from CHIRPS dataset (period 1981-2017) and the results are presented in the graph below. Annual average is fluctuating between 900 mm and 1,500 mm and features a small trend going down for the wet years. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 27 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 13. Temporal variation in rainfall for the Muhuwezi catchment 5.3.4 Inflow analysis 5.3.4.1 Methodology To estimate the streamflows of the Muhuwezi River at the proposed hydroelectric project, a methodology based on the extrapolation of existing hydrological information from similar river catchments has been developed. This regionalization method was the method used in the Small Hydro Mapping Report delivered in April 2015. The following two-stage approach was proposed to estimate the key hydrological statistics at the sites of interest:  Stage 1: Models selection and parameterization at gauged sites;  Stage 2: Actual modeling by extrapolation at ungauged sites. The objective of this model is to fit a Weibull statistical model for the flow duration curves at the 90 gauged sites using the key features of their watersheds. The Weibull law is characterized by two parameters (shape and scale factors). The objective of the model parameterization is to build a relationship between the aforementioned two parameters of the Weibull law and the key features of the related gauged sites. These key features include the average annual rainfall, the watershed area, watershed average slope, elevation, etc. (regionalization). This analysis is carried out using the 90 flow gauged sites sample. Then, the extrapolation to ungauged sites was made applying an extrapolation factor (function of the catchment area ratio or the annual precipitation) on the parameters depending on their locations relative to the existing gauging stations. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 28 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 14. Spatial Variation of the annual rainfall on the Muhuwesi catchment 5.3.4.2 Flow duration curve Among the hydrological parameters, the determination of the flow duration curve is essential to know the availability of the flows in the river for the hydroelectric project. Indeed, this curve shows the percentage of time that the streamflow in a river is likely to equal or exceed some specified value of interest. For the regionalization method, the flow duration curve results directly from the extrapolation of the two Weilbull law parameters. This extrapolation depends on the location of the hydroelectric site relative to the existing gauging stations. Table 6 and Figure 15 show the modelled flow duration curve as well as the main percentiles. The proposed model shows that the streamflow of the Muhuwezi River at the hydroelectric project is less than 2.2 m³/s 50% of the time and that it is higher than 11.1 m³/s only 10% of the time (over a year period). The flow guaranteed 90% of the time (329 days per year) is estimated at 0.18 m³/s. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 29 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Table 6. Flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the hydroelectric project STREAMFLOW EXCEEDANCE PROBABILITY [M³/S] [L/S/KM²] [-] 0.17 0.27 Q95% 0.38 0.59 Q90% 0.88 1.38 Q80% 1.48 2.31 Q70% 2.21 3.45 Q60% 3.1 4.84 Q50% 4.23 6.61 Q40% 5.73 8.95 Q30% 7.92 12.38 Q20% 11.78 18.41 Q10% 15.79 24.67 Q5% Figure 15. Modelled flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the hydroelectric project SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 30 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 5.4 FLOOD STUDY 5.4.1 Introduction The flood study is essential for designing structures and equipment such as spillways or floodgates but also for temporary infrastructure such as cofferdams and temporary diversions during the construction period. The flood study will focus on 10 years and 100 years return period. These floods will be used respectively for the construction and operation phases. A detailed justification for these return periods can be found in section 8.1.4 of this report. 5.4.2 Methodology Given the lack of observed streamflow data, the methodology used to estimate the floods is a hydrological modelling only based on land features (topography, soil type, and land cover). Hence, the results remain flood estimates and will have to be confirmed at the next stage of the study. The software used is Hydrological Modelling Software (HEC-HMS v4.2.1) developed by the Hydrologic Engineering Center of the US Army Corps of Engineer. This program is designed to simulate the complete hydrologic processes of dendritic watershed systems. The software includes many traditional hydrologic analysis procedures such as event infiltration, unit hydrographs, and hydrologic routing. Hydrological modelling aims to represent the hydrologic response of the watershed for specific rainfall events. Hydrological models are composed by several parameters that can be estimated from land features (topography, soil type, and land cover) influencing the infiltration (production function) and the dynamic of the surface flow (transfer function). These parameters must be calibrated on observed streamflow data in order to establish the best rainfall-runoff relationship to the model. Validated, the model can be used to estimate the hydrographs for extreme rainfall events. Given the lack of observed streamflow data, it is not possible to calibrate and validate the hydrological model. That is why, at this stage of the study, the results of this hydrological study are indicative only. 5.4.3 Extreme rainfall events estimates The extreme rainfall events have been determined for 10, 25, 50 and 100 years return period from the CHIRPS dataset by a statistical extrapolation of the observed maximum precipitations (log-normal law1). Then, the 24-hr precipitations intensity have been statistically distributed to represent a typical event at the simulation time step. Results are presented in the table below. Table 7. Extreme rainfall events estimates for the Muhuwezi River watershed Return period 10 years 25 years 50 years 100 years 24-hr precipitation 68.4 mm 77.3 mm 83.6 mm 89.8 mm 1 This law is advocated by some hydrologists who justify it by arguing that the appearance of a hydrological event results from the combined action of a large number of factors that multiply. Consequently, the random variable follows a log-normal distribution. Indeed, the product of variables is reduced to the sum of the logarithms of these variables and the central-limit theorem makes it possible to assert the log-normality of the random variable. [Translated from Musy A. (2005). Hydrologie générale. http://echo2.epfl.ch/e-drologie/] SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 31 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 5.4.4 Hydrological parameters estimates Production function2: to estimate the runoff generated for each sub-basin, a “production function” is used. This function evaluates the precipitation amount that does not infiltrated into the soil. The SCS Curve Number method has been selected. The parameter of this method (curve number) is calculated from two land features: (a) the hydrologic soil group (HSG) determined from soil type and (b) the land cover. Transfer function3: to estimate the dynamic of the runoff for each sub-basin, a “transfer function” is used. This function represents how the water coming from the precipitation that is not infiltrated into the soil is moving within each sub-basin to reach the outlet. The SCS Unit Hydrograph method has been selected. The parameter of this method (time of concentration) is calculated from topographic land features: (a) the area and slope of the sub- basin and (b) the length and the slope of the main channel. 5.4.5 Flood estimates Ten years and hundred years return period flood estimates at the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme are presented in the following table. Table 8. Ten years and hundred years return period flood events ATLAS FLOODS [M³/S] SITE NAME CODE T = 10 YEARS T = 100 YEARS SF266 Muhuwezi 221 376 5.5 KEY HYDROLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF THE MUHUWESI PROJECT The key hydrological features of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project on the Muhuwesi River are summarized in Table 9 below. Table 9. Key hydrological features of the site CHARACTERISTIC PARAMETER VALUE UNIT Catchment Area 640 km² Mean elevation 827 m a.s.l. Maximum elevation 977 m a.s.l. Minimum elevation 695 m a.s.l. Average slope 3.7 m/km Rainfall Long-term average annual 1,118 mm/y (CHIRPS) Streamflow Guaranteed (Q90% ) 0.38 m³/s Median (Q50% ) 3.10 m³/s Flood estimates 10 years 221 m³/s 100 years 376 m³/s The study reveals that the use of the water of the Muhuwezi River at the proposed location of the hydroelectric project might present operating constraints during the dry season. However, hydrological uncertainties are 2 For more details about SCS Curve Number method: https://www.hydrocad.net/neh/630ch10.pdf 3 For more details about SCS Unit Hydrograph method: https://www.hydrocad.net/neh/630ch16.pdf SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 32 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project important and it is strongly recommended that hydrological monitoring of the river be done beyond this study. This will include: - To install an automatic station to make measurements of water levels at the location of the hydroelectric project; - To perform gauging operations of this river in order to improve and validate the rating curve. Beyond the development of the Muhuwezi hydroelectric project, it is strongly recommended that the Government of Tanzania set up a hydrological monitoring network for its rivers with high hydropower potential in order to better understand the available water resources and thus promote the development of hydroelectric projects across the country. It is only in a context of reduced uncertainties through reliable, recent and long-term records (more than 20 years) that technical parameters and economic and financial analyzes of hydroelectric developments can be defined accurately, enabling optimization of their design and their flood control infrastructure (temporary and permanent). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 33 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 6 GEOLOGY 6.1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this chapter is to generate preliminary geological datasets and other important baseline information at the proposed site that will be used for the design of the hydroelectric scheme at the pre-feasibility study level. These data and information will also be used to define the geotechnical investigations that will have to be carried out at next stages of the study. This study aims to inform about the geological conditions and the types of materials existing in the region, as well as to give an initial overview of the geotechnical properties of these materials. Recommendations are also formulated regarding the need for further studies and investigations if necessary. 6.2 GEOLOGICAL REFERENCE MAP Topographic map n° 301/2 (scale 1/50 000) 6.3 LOCAL GEOLOGICAL SETTING 6.3.1 Geological context Site SF266 is in Tunduru district, southern Tanzania (Figure 16). Preliminary geological investigation in the generally E-W trending Mwesi River in which Site SF266 is located starts at ‘N1a’ upstream of the river (Figure 17). The river is full of sand here with sandstone exposures on the left bank meaning that the river makes use of an existing (older or younger) normal fault (s) whose hanging wall is on the right bank. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 34 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 16. Location and Geological map of the study area (From QDS301) Figure 17. River Mwesi with proposed weir positions N1a and N1b and proposed powerhouse area, PH. Overall, the river flows calmly at this point but turbulent flows become apparent downstream close to N1a, indicating presence of faulted areas downstream; the width of the river varies between 30m and 150m, and is increasing downstream where rocks are exposed. Local people in the area report that the river flows throughout the year with periods of overflows between November and March. Lithology and Structures The main lithological units as observed in the river bed are two; shallow dipping (< 15°) sandstone (Karoo in age) and Paleoproterozoic metamorphic rocks (fresh quartzite and fresh gneiss) that dip at variable magnitudes due SE. Sandstone dips towards the NE. The later are found downstream and the former, upstream (Figure 18). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 35 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 18. A cartoon showing conceptual longitudinal section on the rock types along Mwesi River, SW Tunduru, Tanzania. Within the quartzite, E-W (280°/100°) fractures are important. They dip about 80° towards the south. Foliation of the quartzite is NW-SE, plunging north at shallow angle. Downstream the gneiss is generally a fresh paragneiss, with felsic and mafic bands up to 80% and 20% respectively. The E-W fractures become pronounced and are filled in by about 5cm thick aplitic to / and pegmatitic veins. Locally, these paragneiss outcrops are openly to tightly folded, with refolds (to ptygmatic folds) in some places (Figure 19). Figure 19. Ptygmatic folds as exemplified by folded granitic / pegmatitic veins in Mwesi River. Note banding in the paragneiss Downstream, close to the Weir position, migmatitization (about 10-15%) was observed. Authors of regional geology infer these rocks to be garnetferous hornblende gneiss (Figure 16), though, no garnetferous hornblende gneiss was observed on the river bed during this mission. 6.3.2 Technical characteristics The proposed weir position is about 140m wide (N1b in Figure 17). Across these two end points (through the river bed), the rock (biotite gneiss) looks fresh, hard, though fractured and foliated but ideal place for a stable weir (Figure 20). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 36 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 20. Proposed weir position on site SF266 within Mwesi River, Tunduru. This point is denoted as N1b in Figure 17. Left bank support aspect: Moderately weathered to fresh gneiss is found on the left bank (Figure 21), a bit higher in elevation than the maximum level of the rocks in the river bed. This gneiss is part of the gneiss exposed in the river bed, where the weir position is being proposed. However, some work is needed in order to remove some excess rock materials on this bank so as to get the level needed for weir support. Otherwise, the rocks on this river bank across the proposed weir position are stable for the purpose. Figure 21. Left bank characteristics. Note the in-situ and loose materials (boulders) on the bank. Right bank support aspect: Unlike the left bank where both outcrops and boulders of gneiss are exposed, on the right bank, no outcrops were observed. However, on a longitudinal section of the river, moderately weathered biotite gneiss (Figure 22) is underlain by alluvial and other allochtonous materials. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 37 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 22. A longitudinal section showing weathered biotite gneiss on the Right bank underlying 2-3m thick overburden. Intake and waterway: The water intake position looks good because the topography is relatively smooth i.e. no significant break of topography, to avoid filling or excavation of materials on its path. The Left bank looks ideal for this purpose. Headrace canal: If the headrace canal is set to pass on the left bank, less concrete materials shall be needed to have it built because there are many outcrops and hard materials on that side. Penstock and powerhouse: From a geological point of view, it would be technically feasible to set the penstock and the powerhouse on the left bank as shown in Figure 17. 6.4 SEISMICITY Madagascar is characterized as a stable area. This very old plateau is still characterized by some tectonic activities. Seismicity in this area is relatively unknown, mainly due to the lack of historical data. Within the framework of the Global Sismic Hazard Assessment (GSHAP), the assessment of the seismic hazard in West Africa was carried out on the basis of two data sources: - The catalog of the British Geological Survey (Musson, 1994), containing quakes of magnitude greater than 4 from 1600-1993 (this is assumed to be complete for magnitudes greater than 5 beyond the year 1950 and for Magnitudes greater than 6 since the beginning of the 20th century), - The NEIC catalog for more recent events (1993-1998). A statistical method was used to determine the horizontal acceleration values due to earthquakes. The map below shows the distribution of seismic acceleration coefficients for the entire African continent. It can be seen that the project area is characterized by horizontal accelerations of less than 0.4 m / s². This value will of course have to be confirmed by additional studies. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 38 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 23. Horizontal acceleration du to seismicity (source : GSHAP4) 6.5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR ADDITIONAL INVESTIGATIONS 6.5.1 Conclusion There are no major geological contraindications to the construction of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme. There is no visible geological risk at this stage of the study. 4 http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/static/GSHAP/eu-af-me/euraf.html SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 39 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project However, further investigations will have to be carried out during the detailed studies phases in order to confirm the observations (and analysis) made concerning geology and geotechnical characteristics (rock resistance, soil strength, rock compactness, rock permeability, etc.). A table presented in the following section summarizes the uncertainties to be removed and the type of investigations to be carried out to remove them. 6.5.2 Additional investigations ELEMENT Uncertainties to remove INVESTIGATION  Undertake detailed geological  Characteristics of joints, veins, foliation study on geotechnical Bed at weir characteristics characteristics of the bed at Proposed weir position  More detailed geological  The height / thickness of loose materials investigation of the existing Left support at weir to be removed rock outcrops along the river (before construction is needed  Excavation of about 20m long  Height and length of Overburden and Right support at weir by 10 m width to the level of weathered materials fresh rock Waterway  No major uncertainty  N/A  Boulders and outcrops on the whole trace from the Weir position to the  Detailed mapping at large approximate Penstock / and Power scale needed after detailed Penstock house positions are not well known. topographic map for the study Ground quality along the water way area is established trace equally undetailed  Type of rocks to which the penstock is to  Detailed geological Powerhouse be constructed on investigations 6.6 REFERENCES Compilation of the GSHAP regional seismic hazard for Europe, Africa and the Middle East (http://www.seismo.ethz.ch/static/GSHAP/eu-af-me/euraf.html). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 40 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 7 PRELIMINARY ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ANALYSIS The Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) is the procedure for prior analysis of the impacts that a project may have on the environment. It ensures the integration of environmental concerns into project planning and allows for consideration of likely environmental measures from the design stage of the project. 7.1 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL BACKGROUND The project is located in the Muesi River in Matemanga Village, Matemanaga Ward and Tunduru District, Ruvuma Region. The area is flat with gentle slopes characterized by mixed forest. Along the river there are different types of vegetation. However, the general vegetation type is dominated by Moimbo woodland. The vegetation for Ruvuma Region consists mainly of Miombo woodlands – a wooded savanna and the most dominant type of natural forest formation in southern Africa. The dominant tree species generally belong to one of the three types of Branchystegia, Julbernardia and Isoberlinia. Their local names are known as Mgwina, Mkereme, Vyombededi, Mvunga. Figure 24. Forest type outside of the river comprises of Miombo Figure 25. The forest type along the river (mixtute of Miombo and Bamboo) The land use is composed by different types of crops. Food crops dominate the agricultural program while cash crops seem to be scarce. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 41 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 26. Land use of the area (IN = intake; PH = powerhouse) Figure 27. A Rice and Banana plots observed close to the powerhouse position Figure 28. Agricultural plots along the access path close to the powerhouse From the socio-economic perspective, the main Matemanga village is located 7km away from the project area where there is a main road from Songea to Tunduru. The Maliwata community lives close to the project area in a sub-village of Matemanaga. It counts about 10 households. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 42 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 29. Hamlets close to powerhouse and on the way to Matemanaga village The community of Matemanga according to the 2012 census has 4,078 residents with 2,048 Females and 2,030 males. The village has two primary schools and one secondary school. There are also one health unit and a police post. The main activities of the communities are agriculture and mining for alluvial gold and other minerals. The main village is supplied with electricity by the Rural Energy Agency (REA) but the Maliwata sub-village which is 7km from the main village center has no power. 7.2 WORLD BANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES AND GUIDELINES The World Bank has developed a series of operational policies (OP), or safeguards, to help identify, avoid, and minimize social and environmental impacts. These operational polices and safeguards are prerequisites to accessing the World Bank funding assistance to address certain environmental and social risks for specific development projects. There are 11 OPs and associated World Bank procedures that apply to environmental and social risks. Similarly, there are eight IFC performance standards. The details will be provided as part of either the prefeasibility or feasibility studies for each priority projects. This section summarizes the World Bank's safeguard policies that contribute to the sustainability and effectiveness of development within the World Bank's projects and programs by helping to avoid or mitigate the impacts of these activities on people and society, environment. It ensure potential adverse environmental and social impacts that may result from individual project activity are identified early, and appropriate safeguard measures are prepared prior to implementation to avoid, minimize, mitigate and, in cases where there will be residual impacts, offset or minimize adverse environmental and social impacts. The following World Bank safeguard policies could be triggered when implementing the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project:  OP 4.01 – Environmental Assessment (EA): The Bank requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making. However, we can already estimate that the adverse impacts on human populations and environment-linked areas are limited. They are reduced, not irreversible and some measures can prevent, mitigate or minimize them. Moreover, these measures can improve the environmental performance.  OP 4.11 – Cultural Heritage: There are tombs yards near the powerhouse area.  OP 4.12 – Involuntary Resettlement: The project needs new use of some areas (plant, weir, renovation of the access roads to the site…) that might be cultivated.  OP 4.04 – Natural Habitats: The Environmental assessment will reveal more about the natural habitats. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 43 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project The projected weir (3m high) is classified as a small dam (<15m high); the usual generic safety measures for dams are appropriate and do not need the implementation of OP 4.37 – Safety of Dams (for large dams). The triggering process of the policies will be completed by the World Bank during dedicated projects appraisal. 7.3 SOCIO-ENVIRONMENTAL CONSTRAINTS Overall, the project does not feature any major environmental or social constraints that cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures and that would jeopardize its development. Some hamlets are situated in the vicinity of the proposed scheme (weir, canal, penstock pipes and powerhouse). Potential impacts (noise, traffic, atmospheric emissions) on the riparians during the construction phase will have to be mitigated by appropriate measures. Overall, the development of the project will lead to positive externalities by the use of local labor during the construction phase, increase local skills and bring electricity to local communities that will eventually foster local economic development. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 44 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 8 PROPOSED SCHEME AND DESIGN 8.1 PROPOSED SCHEME DESCRIPTION 8.1.1 Diverting structure, intake, waterway and powerhouse As illustrated in Figure 30, the diverting structure is located on the bedrock of the river which is outcropping at this position. Moreover, this position maximizes the length of the structure and minimizes the water level upon the crest during exceptional floods. It is followed by a soft and continuous slope of the river, which should ensure that headrace canal is above flood level. The river channel is wider at that location, which further reduces the floods level. The natural river slope after the diversion allows desilting structure to flush properly the sediment collected in the river. Figure 30. Weir, intake and desilting basin’s position The entire proposed scheme is presented in Figure 31 below and in Appendix 12.1. The intake structures, waterway and power plant will be located on the left bank of the river. Both riverbanks feature thalwegs that will require civil works. The left bank is however preferred because the thalwegs are not as deep as those on the right bank and the topography is more favorable for the forebay, penstock and powerhouse. The development of the proposed project will require the construction of a bridge crossing the river, near the proposed powerhouse location. A crossing bridge over the weir has to be built as well to enable the access to the intake and the desilting structure. The diverting structure (consisting of a weir) is equipped a gated flushing channel to prevent the accumulation of sediments in front of the intake and the weir. A 2280m long headrace canal (rectangular section) will convey the water from the intake structure (including a desilting structure) to the forebay. The intake and the waterway are designed to minimize the head losses. The 170m long pressure penstock will convey the water from the forebay to the hydroelectric power plant located on the left bank of the river above extreme flood level. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 45 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 31. Detailed proposed scheme and main components SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 46 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Geographical coordinates of the main structures are presented in the table below: Structure Latitude* Longitude* Weir and intake -10.707 36.961 Hydropower plant -10.705 31.973 * Decimal degree, WGS1984 8.1.2 Type of scheme The Muhuwesi project is a run-of-the-river hydropower type of scheme without regulation capacity. 8.1.3 Design flow The flow duration curve was determined in chapter 5 of this report. It does however not correspond directly to the flow available to the equipment. Indeed, the Muhuwesi River will be by-passed over a length of approximately 2.2 km. An environmental flow guaranteed at all times is required for environmental and ecological reasons. In the absence of commonly agreed international standards and given the uncertainties on the available streamflow of the river, the ecological flow is set at 160 L/s, which corresponds to 5% of the median flow (Q50%) of the river in natural conditions. Since this flow is not available for the turbines, it is necessary to subtract it from the flow duration curve of the river. Moreover, as it is shown on the table below, no power will be produced during a part of the dry season due to a lack of water. The flow duration curve that can actually flow through the turbines is finally obtained by considering the design flow rate of equipment chosen at the pre-feasibility stage, namely 2.94 m³/s. The usable flow duration curve is illustrated in Figure 32 below. The final choice of design flow will be made at the feasibility study stage based on an economic analysis of alternatives. The flow duration curve must also be validated by the additional hydrological analysis and measurements. Figure 32. Usable flow duration curve of the Muhuwesi River at the project location EXCEEDANC STREAMFLOW [M³/S] E PROBABILITY NATURA AVAILABL [-] L E 0.17 0.01 Q95% 0.38 0.22 Q90% 0.88 0.72 Q80% 1.48 1.32 Q70% 2.21 2.05 Q60% 3.1 2.94 Q50% 4.23 4.07 Q40% 5.73 5.57 Q30% 7.92 7.76 Q20% 11.78 11.62 Q10% 8.1.4 Design Floods Several national bodies have examined the problem of defining the relevant design flood to be considered for the design of spillway and other associated flood structures. Only US method is developed below. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 47 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project According to USACE (United States Army Corps of Engineers) in Recommended guidelines for safety inspection of dams, dam are classified in accordance with 2 characteristics: (i) the size of the structure and (ii) the potential hazard. The tables below present the classifications. Table 10. Size classification (USACE) STORAGE DAM HEIGHT CATEGORY (AC-FT – HM³) (FT – M) < 1000 Ac-ft < 40 Ft Small < 1.2 hm³ < 12.19 m > 1000 Ac-ft et < 50 000 Ac-ft > 40 Ft et < 100 Ft Intermediate >1.2 hm³ et < 61.7 hm³ 12.19 m et < 30.48 m > 50 000 Ac-ft > 100 Ft Large > 61.7 hm³ > 30.48 m In the table above, the height of the dam is calculated from the lowest point of the structure to the maximum level of the reservoir. The category is defined either by the storage capacity of the reservoir or by the height of the dam, depending on the characteristic that classify the dam into the less favorable category. The proposed weir on the Muhuwesi will be less than 12m high and the storage volume or the reservoir will be less than 1.2 hm³. Therefore, the proposed weir is classified as being "Small". As far as potential hazard is concerned, it can be considered as "Low" according to the table below: there is no risk of loss of human life in the event of failure or misoperation of the diverting structure or appurtenant facilities. There is no significant industry or cultivated area have been identified downstream of the proposed weir. Table 11. Hazard potential classification (USACE) LOSS OF LIFE ECONOMIC LOSS CATEGORY (EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT) (EXTENT OF DEVELOPMENT) Minimal None expected Low (undeveloped to occasional structures or (No permanent structures for human habitation) agriculture) Few Appreciable (Notable agriculture, industry or Significant (No urban development and not more than a structures) small number of inhabitable structures) High More than a few Extensive community, industry or agriculture Table 12 presents the USACE's recommendations for the design flood to be considered as a function of the potential hazard that may occur in the event of failure or misoperation of the diverting structure or appurtenant facilities and the size of the structure. The flood is expressed either by its return period (or frequency) or by the PMF. The PMF (Probable Maximum Flood) is the largest possible flood that can occur through the most severe combination of critical meteorological, geographic, geological and hydrological conditions reasonably possible in a watershed. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 48 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Table 12. Recommended spillway design floods (USACE) HAZARD SIZE SPILLWAY DESIGN FLOOD Small 50 to 100-year frequency Low Intermediate 100-year to ½ PMF Large ½ PMF to PMF Small 100-year to ½ PMF Significant Intermediate ½ PMF to PMF Large PMF Small ½ PMF to PMF High Intermediate PMF Large PMF Following the aforementioned guidelines of the USCA, the recommended design flood for the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme is from 50-years to 100-years frequency. The hydrological study presented in chapter 5 estimates the 100-year return period flood to be 376 m³/s. 8.2 STRUCTURES DESIGN 8.2.1 Diverting structure type and characteristics Given the nature of the foundations as well as the estimated water head on the weir for the design flood, a concrete gravity-overflow weir is the most appropriate structure. A concrete structure is also particularly recommended for submersible structures. This choice is motivated by the following elements: - The local geology shows that the rock is of good quality, adapted to the foundations of a concrete weir; - Given the magnitude of the design flood, the structure must be as low as possible in order to minimize the impact of the upstream water level rise; - An ungated weir/spillway will be easier to build and safer in design since there is no risk of dysfunction or misoperation of the gates, particularly during flood events. The overflow weir crest length will be 130 m long which limits the water level over the crest during floods. The diverting structure will be equipped with a gated flushing channel on the left bank to flush the sediments that would have accumulated in front of the water intake (see section 8.2.3). The main function of a spillway is to allow the passage of normal (operational) and exceptional flood flows in a manner that protects the structural integrity of the structures and its foundations. The overflowing section of the weir will be design with an ogee-shaped called Creager. The profile of this type of weir is close to the hydraulic profile of the nappe springing freely from a sharp crested weir. The advantage of such a profile is that, at an equivalent discharge, the ogee-shaped weir is characterized by a lower rise in the water level compared to a broad-crested weir. Similarly, considering the same hydraulic head on the spillway, a longer crest length is required for a broad-crested weir than for an ogee-shaped weir. Moreover, this profile also ensures the stability of the weir. The upstream face of the weir will be vertical at this stage of pre-feasibility study but will have to be confirmed during the feasibility study based on a more detailed topography. The crest of the weir will have a hydraulic profile that meets the US Army Waterways Experimental SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 49 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Station (WES) standards and recommendations to minimize the risk of to the weir structure due to negative pressure and cavitation under the nappe. The discharge flowing over a spillway is calculated based on the following equation: 3 = ℎ2 √2 Where Q is the discharge [m³/s], Cd the spillway coefficient [-], L the length of the overflowing crest [m], h is the total hydraulic head (static and dynamic head) over the crest [m] and g is the gravitational acceleration [m/s²]. Considering a broad-crest overflowing spillway, the hydraulic head over the crest for the design flood (376 m³/s) will be 1.25m. The Creager rating curve is presented in Figure 33 below. Figure 33. Creager rating curve 645.5 645.0 644.5 644.0 643.5 Elevation [m] 643.0 642.5 642.0 641.5 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Flow [m³/s] The main features of the weir are presented in Table 13 and a typical cross section of the profile is shown in Figure 34. Table 13. Diverting structure key features PARAMETER VALUE UNIT Gravity Structure type Creager overflowing section Material used Concrete Overflowing crest length 130 m Total weir length 140 m Overflowing section height 3.00 m No-overflowing section height 5.25 m Crest elevation 642 masl Slab elevation 639 masl SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 50 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 34. Typical cross section of a Creager weir 8.2.2 Temporary diversion The purpose of the temporary diversion is to dry up part of the river to allow the construction of the weir and appurtenant structures described in the previous section. The temporary diversion will be implemented consecutively on the left bank in order to construct the gated flushing channel and the intake, then on the right bank. It will consist of a compacted embankment cofferdam or, if the ground conditions are favorable, sheet piles. 8.2.3 Outlet structures The outlet structure consist in a gated flushing channel. It is designed to allow inspection of the weir and intake. While open, it can create a strong current which will allow flushing sediments accumulated close to the intake structure. The flushing channel will be equipped with gates of which the invert is positioned at an elevation close to the elevation of the natural riverbed. The gates will be located on the left side of the weir, next to the intake structure to allow an effective purge of the accumulated sediments. The number of bays and their size were calculated to ensure outflow corresponding to twice the Q30% streamflow of the river (11.46 m³/s). This objective is achieved with the installation of two 1.00m wide and 1.50m high radial gates. Table 14. Gated flushing channel characteristics PARAMETER UNIT VALUE Invert elevation masl 639 Number of bays - 2 Width m 1.00 Height m 1.50 8.2.4 Waterway 8.2.4.1 Intake structure The intake will be located on the left bank in the continuity of the weir. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 51 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project The intake will be equipped with a screen and a manual screen cleaning system upstream of the intake gates, to prevent floating debris or large stones from obstructing the intake gates. The section of the bars and their spacing will be determined at the feasibility study stage. The intake is designed taking into account the following constraints: - The invert elevation will be set 0.50m above the invert of the flushing gates; - The velocity of water at the entrance of the screen should not be greater than 0.7 m/s to minimize turbulence and facilitate screening of debris. That will also minimize head losses. Hence, the intake will consist of 2 bays of 1.10m wide and 2.50m high, followed by a free inlet that will guide the current lines gradually towards the desilting structure. The invert of the intake will be set at elevation 639.50m. Details are presented in Table 15 below. Table 15. Intake characteristics PARAMETER SYMBOL UNIT Intake invert elevation masl 639.50 Intake top elevation masl 642 Screen inclination ° 15 Design flow m³/s 2.94 Number of bays - 2 Bay width m 1.10 Bay height m 2.50 Type of gate - radial Flow velocity at intake m/s 0.7 The free inlet which objective is to allow smooth converging of the current lines to the desilting structure will, for hydraulic reasons, be approximately 2.5 times the width of the intake, i.e. 15m. The feasibility study will study the hydraulic behavior of the intake in detail and adapt its design accordingly. 8.2.4.2 Desilting structure Sediment issue is expected to be important. Significant sand deposits are visible along the river channel. Moreover, floods during the wet season are expected to be very high, with the river sometimes overflowing on the plains and eroding the sandy river banks. Another evidence of the river solid transport activity can be seen 9km upstream of the site. There the remains of a bridge show that the river was previously flowing through the bridge’s piles and is now flowing on the right side of it, as the right embankment was eroded down to river level. Consequently, the intake and desilting structures must be adequately designed to ensure the removal of the problematic sediment load before entering the headrace canal that follows the desilting structure. It is recommended that the feasibility study include a solid transport study. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 52 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 35. (a) Remain the bridge upstream of the escarpment; (b) general river pattern upstream of the site: erosion of the river banks. If not taken into account at the design stage, it would result in operational and maintenance problem of the hydroelectric plant. The sediments that would accumulate in front of the intake will be flushed by frequent flushing operations using the flushing gates designed for this purpose. The inlet of the desilting structure will have a sufficient slope in order to guide the solid particles to the outlet of the basins. The desilting basin is design based on topographic, hydraulic, type of sediments and operation constraints. At the pre-feasibility study stage, the key features considered for design are presented in the following table: Table 16. Preliminary design criteria for the desilting structure PARAMETER UNIT VALUE Invert elevation m a.s.l. 639.5 Sediment outlet elevation m a.s.l. 638.5 Water outlet elevation m a.s.l. 639.5 Design flow m³/s 2.94 Average solid inflow kg/m³ 0.8 Minimum diameter of the particles mm 0.3 Maximum flush frequency hours 24 The width of the desilting structure is determined in such a way that the horizontal water velocity is less than the maximum horizontal speed (which is determined based on the particles diameter). The length of the desilting structure is determined in such a way that a particle located on the surface can be deposited in the reservoir of the desilting structure. The horizontal and vertical velocity ratio is proportional to the ratio of the falling length to the falling height. The desilting structure will therefore be composed of 2 sub-basins each 2.4m wide and will have a sedimentation length of 24m. To this must be added the transition zones upstream and downstream of the settling tank of the desilting basin. The desilting basin will therefore have a total length of 25m and a total width of 6.30m and a maximum depth of 3.5m. The desilting structure will be equipped with a lateral spillway in the event of excessive inflows coming from the intake. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 53 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 8.2.4.3 Headrace canal The headrace canal features a rectangular cross section. The slope of the headrace canal is kept below 0.1% in order to minimize the head losses. The canal dimensions are defined on the basis of the uniform flow equation (Manning): 2 1 −1 3 2 = = ℎ where A is the wetted area [m²], V is the mean flow velocity [m/s], n is the Manning coefficient, ℎ is the hydraulic radius [m] and i the slope of the canal [-]. The headrace canal is designed taking into account: - the average flow velocity is less than 2 m/s in order to avoid erosion of the concrete. - the cross section is the most economical section: for a given discharge, slope and Manning coefficient, the discharge capacity will be maximum when the hydraulic radius (ratio of the wetted section on the wet perimeter) is maximum. The canal features a rectangular cross-section of 1.80 m in width for a water height of 1.80 m, to which is added a freeboard of 30cm, which results in a total height of 2.10 m. The headrace canal is 2280m long. 8.2.4.4 Penstock The headrace canal and the pressure penstock meet at the forebay. The forebay will be equipped with a scour gate in order to drain the channel as well as the particles that would have sedimented in the latter back to the river. The forebay will be equipped with a safety spillway in the event of excessive inflows coming from the headrace canal or allowing the spill of the water in excess during variations flow through the turbines (production decrease, shutdown of a group, etc). The pressure steel penstock will be overground and 170m long. The penstock will be supported by reinforced concrete support blocks. At this stage of the study, the distance between two support blocks is 6m. Anchoring blocks will be placed at each elbow to balance the forces related to the change of direction of the flow. A suitable system allowing the thermal expansion of the penstock should be defined at the feasibility study stage. In order to limit the head losses to a maximum of 8% of the gross head, the penstock will have a diameter of 0.80 m. 8.2.5 Electromechanical Equipment 8.2.5.1 Basic data The following specific values corresponding to the latitude and altitude of the power house are used for the equipment predesign and calculation: SYMBOL UNIT VALUE Gravity Acceleration g m/s2 9.780 Average temperature of water Twater C 20 Density of Water at 20C ρ kg/m3 998.8 8.2.5.2 Selection of the type of turbine and the number of units 8.2.5.2.1 Methodology SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 54 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project The selection of the turbines type is made on the basis of the sites parameters such as the gross and net heads, and the plant design flow. With a plant design discharge equal to Q50%, which is guaranteed 50% of the year, unit flexibility is needed to follow the river flow variations all along the year, as the hydropower scheme is a run-of-the river one. Moreover, the Muhuwesi site being connected on the same grid than the Tunduru diesel power plant, flexibility will also be useful to follow the demand during the day and replace as far as possible the diesel generation. In order to make a preliminary selection of the most suitable turbine type and of the number of units, a first selection is made according to the available head. The choice of the number of units is based on several criterion:  Flexibility and reliability: Even if some turbine types allow a strong flexibility, it is chosen to consider at least two units per site. This choice will prevent possible electricity delivery shortage as, at least, one unit will remain on the grid in case of maintenance or break.  Standardization or systemization: Considering the expected installed turbine capacities (<10MW per turbine) for ESMAP project, units will be standardized or systemized. In one hand, the best efficiency points will be a little lower than for large units, but, in the other hand, the cost and delivery time will be reduced. Moreover, the maintenance will be easier than for custom made products.  Access to the site and powerhouse infrastructure: As the site access can be a problem for larges equipment or equipment parts, it can be mandatory to increase the number of unit in order to allow their transport from the nearest harbor. The number of units also has a direct impact on the powerhouse. The greater the number, the bigger the power house, but the bigger the crane capacity and the unit weight leading to high loads on the power house structure. Finally, the erection of smaller units will be easier than for bigger ones. The preliminary turbine design is based on statistical values. The detailed analysis of the other alternatives and the optimization of the choice must be made during feasibility study if the site is selected at the end of the prefeasibility phase. The power and rotation speed of the generators depend on the turbine hydraulic design. The selection process aims in finding the higher rotation speed (which reduces the size of the rotating parts and then price of the unit), taking into consideration hydraulic phenomenon as for instance cavitation. The efficiency of the generators is assessed according to their power and speed. At the prefeasibility stage, the power factor of the generators is considered as equal to 0.9. All the technical data (preliminary dimensions, rotation speeds, efficiency level, etc.) are given for information only. They have to be understood as orders of magnitude and can vary in further studies steps in function of the requested accuracy level. 8.2.5.2.2 Selection process results According to the net head (~73.8 m) and the available flow, two types of turbines can be considered:  Two or more vertical Pelton turbines with 5 or 6 nozzles and rotational speed of 333 or 375 rpm or,  Two or more high speed Francis turbine with 1’000 or 1’500 rpm. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 55 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Considering the installed capacity and the previous criterion, it is better to select at least 2 units to increase the reliability and the availability of the production. A brief comparison of the Francis and Pelton alternatives is given hereafter:  The flexibility of the Francis is significantly lower than the one of a multi-jet Pelton. When considering two units, the minimum discharge will be around 550 l/s for the Francis and 70 l/s for a 6-nozzle Pelton.  At nominal and maximal discharge the efficiency of a Francis turbine is higher than the one of a Pelton turbine. However, the efficiency at part load is decreasing faster for the Francis than for the Pelton. Due to the flow variation all along the year, the yearly production with two Pelton will be a little better than with two Francis (10.85 GWh instead of 10.93 GWh).  Due to a higher rotational speed, the generator of the Francis unit will be less expensive than the one of the Pelton unit. The size of the Francis units will also be smaller than the overall dimensions of the Pelton, which could allow to reduce the size of the powerhouse.  The penstock will be protected by a trash rack associated with a manual cleaning. Even with these equipment, it is not possible to exclude that solid materials, vegetal and other floating materials will pass through the rack and reach the turbine. The Francis geometry is more sensitive to the floating material than Pelton, as it can, for instance, be blocked in the labyrinths, what will block the runner and lead to a runner dismantling. The Pelton is less sensitive to that kind of floating material. Moreover, it is easier to clean it if needed (easy access by the tailrace for instance).  The Francis need a watertight shaft seal, which is a wearing part. A vertical axis Pelton does not need one. Then maintenance is reduced and less spare parts are needed.  The Pelton turbines are equipped with jet deflector that divert the jet from the runner in case of black out, for instance, avoiding that the unit goes to, or remains for a long time at, runaway speed. It is then possible to close the nozzle slowly in order to limit the overpressure in the penstock to a maximum of 1.2 times the static pressure due to the gross head. This is a very efficient protection against water hammer.  The frequency regulation with a Pelton with 4 or more nozzles will be more accurate than with a Francis turbine. It will then be a strong advantage to control the frequency of the grid if the Muhuwesi power plant output is high compared to the grid total power.  The high inertia of the low speed Pelton turbine will facilitate the follow-up of the load variation, helping to keep the grid frequency constant.  If the demand from the grid is low, it could be a problem to supply it with one Francis unit. The hereafter table gives an overview of the comparison : Table 17. Comparison between Pelton and Francis turbines Pelton Francis Answer to discharge variations Excellent Medium Answer to demand variation Excellent Medium SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 56 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Start-up and synchronization Easy Easy Sensitivity to floating material Low Medium Sensitivity to solid material Low High Frequency regulation Excellent Good Watertight shaft seal No yes Runaway risk No Yes Water hammer risk Low Medium Maximum efficiency level 0.89 – 0.92 0.92 – 0.94 Rotational speed in the case of Muhuwesi Very low High Size in the case of Muhuwesi Large Medium Weight in the case of Muhuwesi High Medium Considering this short comparison and the prefeasibility study step, 6-nozzle Pelton turbines are selected. Francis alternatives could be considered in a full feasibility study. With 2 Pelton turbines with 6 nozzles, the size of the casing is 3.1 m. If this size is a problem regarding the transportation by road between the harbor and the power house, an alternative with 3 units allowing a higher rotational speed and a 5-nozzle configuration, could be considered. The main characteristics of the equipment are: Turbine type Pelton Number of turbines (-) 2 Nominal turbine discharge m3/s 1.47 Minimal turbine discharge m3/s 0.074 Net head (at Qn and with all the turbines) m 73.8 Rotation speed rpm 333 Number of nozzles - 6 or less Max. Turbine efficiency (%) ≈ 90.8% Max. Generator efficiency (%) ≈ 94% Power Factor (-) 0.9 Generator Apparent Power kVA ≈1’010 Generator Power kW ≈910 Generator voltage kV ≥ 0.4 The preliminary main dimensions of the 2 Pelton units are: D1 Pitch diameter m 0.914 Dc Casing diameter m 3.1 Ha min Minimal height between the medium plan of m 2.0 the runner and the downstream water level Hab min Minimal height between the ceiling of the m 1.6 tailrace channel and the runner axis Hb min Minimal height between the medium plan of m 0.65 the runner and the top of the casing DD Diameter at the inlet of the turbine manifold m ≈0.80 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 57 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project L1 Length L1 of the turbine manifold m 3 L2 Length L2 of the turbine manifold m 3 W1 Width W1 of the turbine manifold m 3 W2 Width W2 of the turbine manifold m 2.7 DG Diameter of the generator m 1.5 HG Height of the generator m 2.4 WG Weight of the generator t 12.5 Figure 36. Main dimensions of the Pelton unit 8.2.5.3 Hydro and electromechanical equipment of the powerhouse The plant equipment includes:  Two security valves, spherical or butterfly type, equipped with counterweight as an emergency closing mechanism in the event of the loss of the grid  Two Pelton turbines  Two low voltage synchronous generators  Two Step Up LV/MV transformers and the connection to the MV switchboards  The cabinets for control and monitoring systems, included the speed and voltage regulators, metering and relaying panels for each unit  The power plant control and monitoring cabinet  The cabinets for Low Voltage distribution  The Electrical protections and safety systems  One auxiliary LV transformer  One DC power supply and an Emergency diesel auxiliary power generator  Earthing and Lighting system with their protection The following points should be studied at a later step of the project:  Sediment issue and the requirement of anti-abrasion coating,  Need for flywheel (network stability), SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 58 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project  Grid connection voltage 8.2.5.4 Net Head Calculation The Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine whose main characteristic is to use the velocity of the water to move the runner: The Pelton runner rotates in the air. Consequently the runner must be set above the maximum tailwater level to allow its operation at atmospheric pressure. With a vertical Pelton turbine, the gross head is the difference between the water level in the forebay tank and the runner axis level. The floor elevation of the powerhouse is 561 masl. The height between the runner axis and the tail water will be of the order of 2.0 m. At the prefeasibility step, the tail water and floor levels are not accurately defined. Then the runner axis level is roughly assumed to be equal to the floor elevation. The water level in the forebay tank is 639.72 masl, and thus the gross head is 78.72 m. Taking into consideration the head losses between the forebay tank and the inlet of the turbine manifold, the net head at nominal discharge is then equal to 73.8 m. 8.2.5.5 Overview of the units operation The turbine governor will be controlled by the forebay tank level and the frequency measurement. The units operation is as follows:  If the available discharge is lower than the minimal discharge of one turbine, the plant is in shutdown state;  As long as the available discharge is between the minimal and maximal discharge of one turbine, only one unit is operating;  If the available discharge is over the maximal discharge of one turbine and the demand is exceeding one unit capacity, a second unit is started. The discharge of the first turbine is reduced and the discharge of the second one increases until both turbines operate at the same nozzle opening.  Then, the two turbines can operate in parallel with the same nozzle opening until they reach their maximum power.  If the available discharge is larger than the maximal discharge of the hydropower plant, the excess water is released in the river at the intake location.  If the discharge decreases, the automatic control system reduces the nozzle opening of the turbines in reversed order. In case of shutdown of one or more turbine, the excess water is released in the river at the intake location. The frequency regulation is used any time to adapt the production to the demand. The forebay tank reference water levels to start or stop the units is set to avoid hysteresis. 8.2.5.6 Pelton turbines The following description and preliminary design presented in chapter 8.2.5.3 are based on the consultant’s database. They are given for information and may vary from one manufacturer to another. The turbines performances and characteristics (rotational speed, efficiency guarantees, reliability, etc.) are realistic as long as the turbines are designed and manufactured on the basis of a hydraulic profile issued from laboratory tests and developments. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 59 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project As the number of nozzle is set to 6, the axis of the turbine is vertical. Moreover, this configuration simplifies the maintenance as the overhung mounting of the runner on the generator shaft does not require shaft alignment and reduces the number of bearings. The nozzle actuators are preferably hydraulic. In case of emergency, for instance during a load rejection event, deflectors divert the jet from the runner to avoid runaway speed. The actuators of the deflectors must operate in the event of a power failure. Figure 37. Example of two vertical Pelton turbines with 5 nozzles 8.2.5.7 Generators The main characteristics of the generator are presented hereafter: Number of units 2 Type Three phase, Synchronous Axis Vertical with turbine runner overhanging freely Frequency (Hz) 50 Rated output (kVA) 1’010 Rated Power factor  (-) 0.9 Rated Voltage (V) Preferably 690 V or 400 V Rated speed (rpm) 375 Maximum runaway speed (rpm) ~713 Primary coolant Air Index of protection IP 23 or above Insulation class F (design), operating B class According to the maximal power, the generator shall be designed with a self-ventilating open air cooling system. The efficiencies of the generators were assessed from a data base collected from recognized generator manufacturers, with a particular emphasis on the rated power and rotational speed parameters. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 60 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 8.2.5.8 Overhaul and safety valve Each turbine shall be protected by a safety valve. It could be a DN 900 butterfly or DN 800 spherical valve with PN 10 or PN 16. The minimal discharge of a multi-jet Pelton being low, the cavitation criteria must be carefully checked before the final selection of the valve. This valve can be used in case of maintenance and as a second safety device in case of emergency shutdown, deflector malfunction or failure. It opens with a hydraulic actuator and closes by counterweight. 8.2.5.9 High Pressure Unit (HPU) Each unit will have its own High Pressure Unit to drive the nozzles, the deflectors and the safety valve. It will include one hydraulic bladder in case of high pressure pump failure. 8.2.5.10 Control and monitoring system The plant operation being expected to be entirely automatic, its control and monitoring system has to be as simple as possible, so as to reduce human intervention to a minimum. The discharge will be controlled by the water level in the forebay tank, which will be measured by mean of a level gauge connected to the plant by optical fiber or other means. Each unit will have its own control and monitoring cabinet with its own PLC. One additional control and monitoring cabinet and PLC will be installed to control the whole power plant. It will be possible to operate the units either automatically or manually. In order to prevent untimely operations, manual controls must be locked with a key. The plant will restart automatically in case of power outage. However, for safety reasons both with regards to the plant’s operation and maintenance staff and to the electric grid, the plant will not restart automatically after an alarm, even if it would disappear without human action. The electric cabinets will at least include the following elements: Safety valve opening, nozzle opening, Power Factor regulation, voltage and frequency controls, and emergency power supply. The following measurement instruments will be used: Grid and generator voltmeters, wattmeter, frequency meter, power factor measurement, synchroscope, speed sensor, headrace level, hours counter, start-up counter, bearings and alternator coils’ temperatures, emergency shut-down, emergency power-supply charge level. The following alarms will have to be considered: Insufficient water level, insufficient head, too low or too high frequency, alternator overload, overspeed, emergency shut-down, start-up fault, bearing defect, coils defect, current return, battery overload, battery defect. The plant could be remote-controlled. 8.2.5.11 Emergency power-supply A 48, or 110 V emergency power supply consisting in batteries, battery chargers, inverters, load indicators, protections, etc., will insure safety in case of power failure. Battery alarms for defects or overloads will be transmitted to the power plant control system. Under normal conditions, the emergency power supply will be powered by the low tension grid. The energy storage must be sufficient to ensure a safe turbine shutdown. An emergency diesel set or a small Pelton turbine set will maintain power supply to essential feeders of the power house, weir and intake and eventually to enable black start of the HPP (to be studied in the feasibility studies). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 61 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 8.2.5.12 MV transformer and switchboard Each generator will be connected to a step up transformer enabling the outlet voltage to be increased to 30 kV. The main specifications of the LV/MV transformer area: Number of units 2 Type Dry Rated Power (kVA) 1’100 Number of phases 3 Primary voltage (V) 400 or 690 Secondary voltage (V) 30’000 On the medium voltage side of the power transformers, a single 30kV/630A circuit breaker will be installed for each generator. This circuit breaker will be strong enough to stand the continuous operating current, as well as the peak short circuits. Its mechanism will allow the interruption of the short circuit to avoid any damage to the transformers, generators, and other electrical equipment. 8.2.5.13 Auxiliary Transformer Ancillary services of the hydropower plants will be supplied by an auxiliary LV transformer with the following characteristics: Number of units 1 Rated Power (kVA) 250 Number of phases 3 Primary voltage (V) 30’000 Secondary voltage (V) 400 or 690 A circuit breaker shall be installed to protect the auxiliary equipment. The own consumption of the powerplant could be estimated roughly to 0.5% of the generated energy. This consumption is not taken into account in the energy production calculation and must be included as an expense in the financial analysis. 8.2.5.14 Overhead travelling crane The power house will be equipped with an overhead crane that will be able to carry and place turbines, generators and other large devices during construction and maintenance operations. 8.2.5.15 Abrasion Solid transport is expected to be high, especially during the wet season. The scheme is equipped with a desilting basin to limit or remove most of the sediment. It is recommended that the feasibility study includes a solid transport study. According to the results of this study, especially the composition of the transported particles, the decision to add a protective coating for the critical turbine parts could be adopted. 8.2.6 Power and energy generation performance assessment The yearly electricity production is calculated by compiling the energy generation according to the flow duration curve and using the following expression: Eetot = 10-3 ∫  g Qt η(Qt) H(Qt) dt [kWh/year] Where Eetot = total yearly energy production [kWh/year]  = water specific weight [kg/m3] SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 62 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project g = acceleration due to gravity [m/s2] η(Qt) = Overall unit efficiency, product of turbine, generator and transformer efficiencies, function of discharge [-] H(Qt) = Net head, function of global discharge of the power plant [m] The used turbine efficiencies come from statistical curves based on real turbines of similar type, power and specific speed, taking into account the head and discharge variation. The used generator efficiencies come from statistical curves based on real generators and taking into account the influence of the generator type, the rated output and the number of poles. The rated efficiency of the step-up transformers is slightly higher than 99%. The efficiency of the power transformer used in the annual energy generation is considered constant and equal to 99%, independently of the load. With the high flexibility of 2 multi-jet Pelton turbines, the overall efficiency is high and with small variation. Most of the time 2 units are in operation. It is the result of the design flow at Q50%. Figure 38. Energy production and number of turbine versus the probability of time The potential annual energy production is 10.9 GWh per year. The accuracy of the estimation of the energy production depends mainly from the accuracy of the hydrology. The optimization of the production must be made in further studies taking into consideration the choice of the design flow, the turbine type and the number of units. 8.2.7 Powerhouse The hydropower plant will be positioned on the left riverbank. A truck access road should be provided to allow the delivery of the turbine / generator units. A platform will also have to be constructed to allow the maneuvering of long vehicles. For that purpose, a bridge crossing the Muhuwesi River will be required. Further details are given in section 8.2.9 below. The power plant floor elevation is chosen so as order to ensure that it remains above flood level. The tailrace canal will discharge the turbined outflow to the river downstream of the power station. It will have a length of 10m. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 63 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project The plant will consist of 2 + 1 bays, one per unit and one bay for assembly / dismantling. One floor is provided for offices, toilets, control room and meeting room. The area under the offices will allow the storage of tools and spare parts. A backup generator will also be placed there. The height of the plant will be governed by the size of the highest of the parts to be handled and by the characteristics of the crane. The dimensions of the plant, estimated at 12m wide, 25m long and 13m high, will have to be refined in subsequent studies. For safety reasons (fire hazard) the transformers will be positioned in the immediate vicinity of the plant in a separate room. The characteristics of the plant are given in the following table: Table 18. Characteristics of the powerhouse PARAMETER UNIT VALUE Water level in the forebay m 639.7 Elevation of the power house floor m 561 Tailwater elevation m 555 Powerhouse length m 25 Powerhouse width m 12 Powerhouse height m 13 Tailrace canal length m 10 8.2.8 Transmission line and substation Currently, the 2068 kW diesel-fired power station of Tunduru operated by TANESCO supplies Tunduru town and surrounding villages. This power station was inaugurated in 1991 and the installation is getting old. One of its generators is out of order which means that the total capacity available is 1350 kW. Hence, the proposed Muhuwesi hydroelectric project (1.82 MW) is a relevant alternative to the (costly) energy generation by that thermal power station. The connection of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project and the mini-grid of Tunduru would require the construction of an approximately 8km long high voltage (33kV) transmission line. However, the transmission system evolves continuously with the planning and construction of new electrification projects. For instance, the town of Songea has been recently connected to the National Grid. Moreover, the Power Supply Master Plan (2016) propose the construction of a 400 kV transmission line between Songea and Tunduru at horizon 2030 which would ensure the electricity production stability supplied by the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme. 8.2.9 Access A comprehensive description of existing access is presented and illustrated in Section 3.2 of this report. For the development of the site, it will be necessary to create 10.9 km of access track. The new track proposed to get the weir’s position is approximatively 6,7km long and the new track between the weir and the powerhouse is approximatively 4,2km long. A bridge has to be built to access the powerhouse located on the left riverbank. Moreover, a crossing bridge over the weir is necessary to access to the intake, the desilting structure and the waterway situated on the left riverbank as well. The proposed new track will be connected to the T6 (Songea- Tunduru road) from the village of Matemanga. These different accesses to create are illustrated in Figure 39 below. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 64 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Figure 39. Access to create to access the proposed Muhuwesi hydropower scheme 8.2.10 Temporary infrastructure during the construction period Temporary infrastructure includes: - Construction camp. - Construction works areas (e.g. concrete batching plant, cable crane plant). - Quarry locations. - Site access roads The construction camp is intended to accommodate allochthones workers working on the site. It will consist of accommodations, all the necessary sanitary facilities, a water treatment station and a wastewater treatment plant. This will serve both for the construction camp and for the permanent camp. 8.2.11 Permanent camp The permanent camp will be located near the power station. It will consist of accommodations for the operators of the power plant as well as for the plant manager. The water treatment plants, constructed for the temporary camp, will also ensure the treatment of the waters of the permanent camp and the power plant. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 65 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 8.3 KEY PROJECT FEATURES Table 19 below summarizes the key features of the proposed layout of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme. Table 19. Key features of the proposed scheme FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS Location Region Ruvuma - River Muhuwesi - Hydrology Watershed area 640 km² Median streamflow (Q50%) 3.10 m³/s Firm streamflow (Q95%) 0.17 m³/s Design flow 2.94 m³/s Design flood (100 years) 376 m³/s Gravity weir (Overflowing Diverting structure Structure type - section : Creager) Material used Concrete - Overflowing section crest length 130 m Total structure length 140 m Overflowing section height 3.00 m Non-overflowing section height 5.25 m Crest elevation 642.00 masl Slab elevation 639.00 masl Gated flushing channel Invert elevation 639.00 masl Number of bays 2.00 pce Gate section 1 x 1.5 mxm Intake Number of bays 2 pce Invert elevation 639.50 masl Equipment Trash rack (manual cleaning) - Desilting structure Yes - - Number of basins 2.00 pce Water level 642.00 masl Waterway Headrace canal length 2 280 m Canal Headrace canal section 1.8 x 2.1 mxm Average slope 0.001 m/m Forebay Yes - - Water level 639.72 masl Penstock Number of penstock(s) 1 pce Length 170 m Diameter 0.80 m Powerhouse and electrical / Floor elevation 561.00 masl mechanical works Gross head 81.00 m Number of units 2 pce Turbine type Pelton - Operating discharge per unit 1.47 m³/s Total installed capacity 1 820 kW Average annual energy generation 10.90 GWh/year Access road Length of road to build 10 900 m Length of road to renovate 0 m Transmission lines Length 8 km SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 66 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project FEATURE PARAMETER VALUE UNITS Voltage 33 kV CAPEX - without access road and Economic data 8.62 M$ transmission lines LCOE - without access road and 0.11 $/kWh transmission lines CAPEX - access road and 14.58 M$ transmission lines included LCOE - access road and 0.18 $/kWh transmission lines included SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 67 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 9 COSTS AND QUANTITIES ESTIMATES 9.1 ASSUMPTIONS At the prefeasibility study stage of a hydroelectric development, the assumptions detailed in the following paragraphs are commonly accepted. 9.1.1 Unit Costs The list of unit prices comes from the Consultant's database which includes prices of contractors competent in hydraulic works and which can prove similar works carried out to international standards. This database is based on unit prices valid in Africa for infrastructure projects and updated for Tanzania. Table 20. Unit prices (2017 USD) CLASS DESCRIPTION UNITS COST ($) Excavation (rock) m³ 33.00 Excavation Excavation (diverse) m³ 17.00 Excavation (soil) m³ 6.00 Random fill m³ 9.00 Compacted earthfill m³ 13.00 Backfill Rockfill m³ 55.00 Sand fill (pipe) m³ 11.00 Blinding concrete m³ 165.00 Mass concrete m³ 330.00 Structural concrete m³ 550.00 Concrete, stone and Concrete for weir m³ 385.00 Masonry Stone masonry m³ 127.00 Stone masonry (weir) m³ 154.00 Concrete bloc m³ 165.00 Rip-rap m³ 33.00 Rebar kg 2.00 Steel Structure kg 6.00 Roof m² 17.00 Access road (new) m 380.00 Access road Access road (rehabilitation) m 101.00 Transmission lines 33 kV Transmission line km 81 070.00 Cofferdam m² 110.00 Miscellaneous Finishing (powerhouse) package 151 580.00 Equipment Electromechanical equipment unit 715 000.00 Penstock m 655.00 Overhead travelling crane unit 47 300.00 Trashrack unit 11 440.00 Flush gate (1m x 1.5m) unit 61 600.00 Intake gate (1.1m x 2.5m) unit 80 300.00 Drain gate (1m x 1m) unit 44 770.00 Desilting isolation gate (2.4m x 2.5m) unit 120 230.00 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 68 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Isolation gate (1.9m x 2m) unit 86 900.00 Safety valve unit 243 100.00 Electrical equipment package 419 100.00 9.1.2 Reinforcements and concrete The reinforcements necessary for the realization of the structural concrete are taken into account in the concrete costs (at 250 kg of steel per m³). No reinforcement is foreseen in mass concrete (mainly used for the weir). 9.1.3 Hydro and electromechanical equipment costs estimate The considered equipment are:  The hydro and electromechanical equipment: turbine, generator, valve, high pressure unit;  The electrical equipment: power and auxiliary transformers, switchboard, control system and monitoring, power supply, protection system, cables, earthing, cabinets. Global prices for the equipment are indicated in the Project costs estimates table, and are based on recognized cost estimate model (NVE 2016, Electrobras small hydro, Ogayar et al., B. Leyland, in-house model for Pelton turbine). The selection of the appropriate models depends of the type of equipment, rated power, and experience/contract awards for small hydro projects in Africa, and especially in East Africa. Reference projects in East Africa have been used to adjust the cost estimate. For different reasons, as for instance, change of prices of raw material (such as steel, copper, etc.) or global small hydro market activity and manufacturing capacities, unexpected deviation from the proposed prices are possible. Nevertheless, cost estimate are taken as up-to-date and reliable enough for the purpose of the present level of the study. The estimated costs take into account: equipment design and manufacturing, workshop acceptance tests, transport, mobilization, engineering, erection and commissioning; but it does not take into account unforeseen, taxes and duties. 9.1.4 Indirect costs Indirect costs were estimated using fixed rates applied on different sub-totals of costs, as presented in the table below. Rates applied to Civil Works are higher than rates applied to Electrical and Mechanical Works as more uncertainties remain until the works have started. Table 21. Indirect costs Indirect Costs Applied Rate Civil works contingencies 20% of civil works costs Electrical and mechanical works contingencies 10% of E-M costs Engineering (including ESIA), administration and supervision of 10% of total costs works Owner’s development costs 2% of total costs SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 69 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 9.1.5 Site facilities costs Costs for the Contractor site facilities and housing depend on the size of the project. Hence, this cost is taken as 10% of the total civil works costs. 9.1.6 Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Mitigation Costs At this stage of the study and given the conclusions of the preliminary socio-environmental study, 2% of the total project costs are planned for the Environmental and Social Impact Assessment and mitigation (ESIA costs). This amount shall cover: - Expropriation costs (compensation or allocation of new land); - Mitigation cost of environmental impacts. These costs should be specified in the full Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study which will be carried out at a later stage of the project development. The costs of this study are taken into account in the indirect engineering costs presented in the previous section (section 9.1.3). 9.2 TOTAL COSTS (CAPEX) Table 22 below presents a summary of costs for civil works and electromechanical equipment. It also includes indirect costs related to studies, site supervision, project administration and environmental and social mitigation measures. Table 22. Project costs estimates (2017 US$) Item (%) Costs ($) Civil Works 9 520 000 Mobilization, installation, demobilization 220 000 Access 4 319 000 Dam/weir, spillway, purge and intake 652 000 Waterway (headrace channel, silting basin, forebay and penstock) 2 771 000 Powerhouse and tailrace channel 909 000 Transmission line 649 000 Electromechanical equipment 2 865 000 Electromechanical equipment 1 430 000 Hydro mechanical equipment 538 000 Electrical equipment and ancillaries 419 000 Transport 10% 239 000 Installation 10% 239 000 Sub Total (excl. contingencies) 12 385 000 Contingencies 2 191 000 Civil works contingencies 20% 1 904 000 Equipment contingencies 10% 287 000 Total direct project cost (incl. contingencies) 14 576 000 Indirect Costs 2 042 000 Social and environmental mitigation costs 3.0% 292 000 Administration fees 2.0% 292 000 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 70 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Studies (incl. EIES) and works supervision 10.0% 1 458 000 Total cost of the project 16 618 000 SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 71 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 10 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS 10.1 METHODOLOGY The economic analysis is based on the results of the field investigations and various studies presented in the previous chapters, which includes an estimate of the quantities and the construction costs of the project (Chapter 9) and the definition of the installed capacity and power output. Based on these results, the Consultant has estimated the cost to deliver energy from the development of the Muhuwesi hydroelectric project. The energy generation alternatives (currently thermal units, fossil fuel-fired) will be compared based on their costs per kWh, the latter being expressed in terms Levelized Cost Of Energy (LCOE) which is a stream of equal payments, normalized over the expected energy production periods that would allow a project owner to recover all costs, an assumed return on investment, over a predetermined life span. The LCOE is defined from investment costs (CAPEX - Capital Expenditure), operating costs (OPEX - Operational Expenditure) and the expected production of energy. Investment costs are:  Study and work supervision costs, hereafter called “Studies and engineering costs” which include: o Civil works study and supervision costs o Electromechanical works study and supervision costs o Owner’s development costs  Civil works and equipment costs, hereafter called “HPP costs”  Resettlement and environmental impact costs, hereafter called “ESIA costs” Annual operating costs are:  Operation and maintenance costs, hereafter called “O&M costs” which include: o Fixed operation and maintenance costs (annual scheduled maintenance) o Costs related to interim replacement and refurbishments of major items in the course of the project’s life o Insurance costs The LCOE is then calculated based on expected production and costs from the following formula: ( + ) = ( ) Where NPV is the Net Present Value which is obtained by: () = ∑ (1+) where n is the discount rate. SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 72 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 10.2 ASSUMPTIONS AND INPUT DATA The main economic assumptions for the economic modeling of the LCOE calculation for the Muyovozi hydroelectric project are presented in Table 23 below. Table 23. Economic modelling assumptions Economic lifespan of the project 30 years Decommissioning cost at the end of the economic life 10% of civils works and equipment costs Engineering (incl. ESIA) and works supervision 10% of civils works and equipment costs Owner’s development costs 2% of civils works and equipment costs Environmental and social impact mitigation costs 3% of civils works and equipment costs O&M costs Interim replacement 0,25%/year of civils works and equipment costs Fixed operation costs 10 USD/kW/year Insurance costs 0,10% of civils works and equipment costs per year Distribution of costs over the project implementation process Year -2 = 60% Year -1 = 40% Year 0 = Commissioning Reference date for economic analysis 2017 Costs are expressed in constants (2017) USD Escalation costs (inflation) No escalation costs were applied to capital costs or operating costs. Financing costs etc. Financing costs, tax, duties or other Government levees are ignored at this stage but shall be included in the financial analysis that will be done during the detailed studies. Discount rate 10% The economic analysis is carried out by considering that all the energy produced is absorbed by the electricity grid. In other words, the analysis assumes that there is a demand for all the energy generated by the proposed hydroelectric scheme. 10.3 ECONOMIC ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSIONS Table 24 presents the levelized costs of energy (LCOE) for the Muhuwesi site. Table 24. Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) ANNUAL ENERGY INSTALLED CAPACITY DESIGN FLOW CAPEX LCOE [GWH] [MW] [M³/S] [M USD] [USD / KWH] Without Transmission lines and 8.62 0.11 access roads to be rehabilitated 10.9 1.82 2.94 With Transmission lines and 14.58 0.18 access roads to be rehabilitated The economic analysis reveals that the proposed Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme is an economically attractive project with a LCOE of 0.11 $US/kWh (excluding the costs of transmission lines and access roads). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 73 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project Currently, the 2068 kW diesel-fired power station of Tunduru operated by TANESCO supplies Tunduru town and surrounding villages. This power station was inaugurated in 1991 and the installation is getting old. One of its generators is out of order which means that the total capacity available is 1350 kW. Hence, the proposed Muhuwesi hydroelectric project (1.82 MW) is a relevant alternative to the (costly) energy generation by that thermal power station. Hence, the LCOE of the Muhuwesi project must be compared with the cost of energy production from the thermal power plant currently in operation since the Muhuwesi project would replace the production of thermal energy by hydroelectricity. The energy generation cost from thermal power plants depends largely on the fuel costs. As outlined in the SREP-Investment Plan for Tanzania fuel cost from diesel-fired thermal power plant is expected to exceed 0.35 US$/kWh5. The LCOE of the proposed Muhuwesi hydroelectric project is attractive when compared to the 0.115 US$/kWh corresponding to the standardized small power projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 1MW and 2MW in 2016. The latter is the tariff for SPPs selling bulk power to the national or a regional grid or to DNO-Owned Mini-Grids. It is important to note that the conclusions of this economic analysis are conditioned to the validation of the flow duration curve estimated in the hydrological study. This validation can only be done by the hydrological monitoring of the Muhuwesi River. The hydrological monitoring should include not only the continuous recordings of water levels but also gauging operations of the river for the establishment of validated rating curves. 5 Source : SREP - Investment plan for Tanzania SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 74 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 11 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMANDATIONS The hydrological study (based on regional data) revealed that the Muhuwesi River is characterized by a reasonable guaranteed low-flow that shall be confirmed by hydrological monitoring of the River. Indeed, the dry season in the study area features five months with precipitations below 5 mm per month (on average). The preliminary investigation of the surface geology concludes that the site is favorable for the construction of the project as long as appropriate mitigation measures are put in place. The site has no major problems of stability and leakages. Further investigations will however have to be undertaken in further studies. Preliminary socio-environmental studies show that the development of the Muhuwesi project has no major impacts that cannot be mitigated by appropriate measures. The economic analysis reveals that the construction costs of the 33kV transmission line to Tunduru mini-grid are reasonable (8km). However, the transmission system evolves continuously with the planning and construction of new electrification projects. Moreover, the Power Supply Master Plan (2016) propose the construction of a 400 kV transmission line between Songea and Tunduru at horizon 2030 which would ensure the electricity production stability supplied by the Muhuwesi hydroelectric scheme. The costs of building new access to the site are significant in the total budget. It is important to note that the conclusions of this economic analysis are conditioned to the validation of the flow duration curve estimated in the hydrological study. This validation can only be achieved by hydrological monitoring of the Muhuwesi River by the installation of a hydrometric station at the proposed project site. This hydrological monitoring should include not only the continuous water level monitoring but also the gauging operations of the river for the establishment of a validated rating curve. The Muhuwesi hydroelectric project is an economically attractive scheme with a LCOE of 0.11 US$/kWh if the costs of the costs of the transmission line and access roads are excluded. The Muhuwesi Project features a production costs significantly lower than the standardized small power projects (SPPs) tariff for hydro between 1MW and 2MW, as approved by EWURA in 2016 (0.115 US$/kWh). SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 75 Small Hydropower Resource Mapping Tanzania (~1-10 MW) REA / The World Bank Prefeasibility Study of the Muhuwesi Hydroelectric Project 12 APPENDICES 12.1 DETAILED PROPOSED SCHEME AND MAIN COMPONENTS SHER / Mhylab January 2018 Page 76