Ist - 11 Report No. 3391-CHA China: FL "P Socialist Economic Development (In Nine Voluimes) Annex A: Statistical System and Basic Data 3391 June 1, 1981 (reprinted March 10, 1982) Vol. 2 East Asia and Pacific Regional Office FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY Document of the World Bank This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipients only in the performance of their official duties. Its contents may not otherwise be disclosed without World Bank authorization. CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS The Chinese currency is called Renminbi (RMB). It is denominated in yuan (Y). Each yuan is subdivided: 1 yuan = 10 jiao = 100 fen Exchange rates used in this report are as follows: 1977 $1.00 = Y 1.828 1978 $1.00 = Y 1.661 1979 $1.00 = Y 1.541 WEIGHTS AND MEASURES Chinese statistics are usually in metric units; in addition, mu and jin are often used: 1 mu = 0.1647 acres = 0.0667 hectares (ha) 1 jin = 0.5 kg FISCAL YEAR January 1 - December 31 TRANSLITERATION The Pinyin system is used in this report. C46400/J78639/DI098/02 FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY PREFACE This annex has three sections. The first is a review of China's statistical system, and of the concepts and methods employed in Chinese statistics. The second, an appendix, explains how official Chinese data were converted to facilitate the international comparisons in the main report, and includes details of the mission's estimate of China's per capita GNP. The third section consists of tables of economic and social statistics provided to the mission by the State Statistical Bureau and other official agencies. (Additional statistics are to be found in other Annexes.) This document has a restricted distribution and may be used by recipienu only in the performance of their oTiciai duties, Its contents may not otherwise be diecid wihout Worid Dank authorization. C46400/J89664/D1098/45 CHINA: SOCIALIST ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT ANNEX A: STATISTICAL SYSTEM AND BASIC DATA Table of Contents Page No. 1. STATISTICAL DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . .1 Early History ................... The Great Leap Forward ................. The Cultural Revolution . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 Post-Cultural Revolution Developments . . . . . . .4 2. PRESENT STATISTICAL SYSTEM AND WORK . . . . . . . . .5 Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 Statistical Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Population Censuses and Demographic Data . . . . . . . . . . 9 Labor Statistics ...................... 14 Household Budget Surveys ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Family Planning. . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Industrial Statistics ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Agricultural Statistics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Price Statistics .0... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Foreign Trade Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 3. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS °° Methods and Concepts .22 Conversion from Chinese National Accounts to SNA Aggregates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 SSB's GNP/GDP Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 4. ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTION .32 Staffing and Training .33 Statistical Methodology and Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Computing Facilities and Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Organization .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Publication and Utilization of Data . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Future Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 BIBLIOGRAPHY .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 CHARTS AND TABLE IN TEYT Table 1: Pilot Census Tabulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Chart 1: Statistical Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Chart 2: Derivation of Sectoral Value Added . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Chart 3: Final Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Page No. APPENDIX: CONVERSION OF MACROECONOMIC AND TNCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS.0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Real Net Output Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Sectoral Output Shares . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Sectoral Employment and Productivity . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Per Capita GNP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 Investment Share . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Investment Efficiency. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Sectoral Allocation of Fixed Investment. . . . . . . . . . . . i0 Consumption Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Rural-Urban Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Urban Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Rural Inequality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Overall Income Distribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Income Distribution in Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 APPENDIX TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58-91 A.1 Sectoral Net Material Product at Current Market Prices A.2 Implicit Gross Output Prices Deflators A.3 Brigade and Team Industry A.4 Agricultural and Industrial Output Adjusted for Brigade and Team Industry A.5 Composite Sectoral Output Price Indices A.6 Agricultural Production, 1952-57, at 1952 Prices A.7 Double Deflation Working Table A.8 Sectoral Net Output at Constant 1970 Prices A.9 Sectoral Allocation of Depreciation, 1979 A.10 From NZIP to GDP (at Market Prices), 1979 A.11 From NMP to GDP (at Market Prices), 1957 A.12 Adjustment of Sectoral Employment Data, 1979 A.13 Sectoral Labor Productivity Ratios, 1979 A.14 Estimated Chinese Sectoral Shares of GDP at Indian Prices A.15 Growth of MIP at 1979 Prices A.16 Growth of NMP at Indian Prices A.17 Net Miaterial Expenditure at Current MAarket Prices A.18 Real Growth of NMP 1957-79 A.19 China and India: Rough Comparison of Real Production, 1979 A.20 Comparison of Real Income in China and Other Countries A.21 Backward Projection of Chinese and Indian Per Capita GNP A.22 Investment in Relation to GDP A.23 Incremental Capital-Output Ratios A.24 Allocation of Fixed Investment A.25 Commune Accumulation A.26 Expenditure at 1970 Prices A.27 Expenditure Price Indices A.28 Consumption of Specific Commodities A.29 Growth of Personal Incomes, 1957-79 C46400/J89884/D1098/47 - iii - Page No. A.30 Urban Income Distribution A.31 Adjustment of Inter-Team Distribution of Distributed Collective Income A.32 Adjustment for Intra-Team Inequality A.33 Rural Income Distribution A.34 Derivation of Overall Income Distribution BASIC STATISTICAL TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92-177 Table No. SECTION I - POPULATION /1 1.1 Population and Vital Statistics, 1949-80 1.2 Population by Province, 1978 and 1979 1.3 Birth and Death Rates for Urban and Rural Areas, 1970-79 1.4 Percent of Population in Cities, by Province, 1979 SECTION II - NATIONAL ACCOUNTS AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION 2.1 Net Material Product, 1949-80 2.2 Net Material Expenditure Shares, 1952-79 2.3 Sectoral Gross Output at 'Constant Prices: Agriculture and Industry, 1949-80 2.4 Composition of State Capital Construction Expenditure (Current ?rices), 1952-79 2.5 Capital Construction by Sources and Uses at Current Pr,ces, 1952-80 2.6 Components of Value Added in Industry (Current Prices), 1978 2.7 Distribution of Collective Income, 1979 2.8 Distribution of Collective Foodgrains, 1979 2.9 Average Distributed Collective Income, 1957-80 SECTION III - PRICES AND COMMERCE 3.1 Price Indices, 1952-80 3.2 Procurement Prices, Ex-factory Prices and Retail Prices (National Level), 1957-79) 3.3 Gansu - Procurement Prices of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1977-79 3.4 Jiangsu - Procurement Prices of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1977-79 3.5 Hubei - Procurement Prices of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1977-79 3.6 Liaoning - Procurement Prices of Major Agricultural Commodities, 1977-79 3.7 Beijing - Retail Prices of Major Commodities, 1980 3.8 Shenyang - Retail Prices of Major Consumer Goods, 1977-79 3.9 Wuhan - Retail Prices of Major Consumer Goods, 1977-79 3.10 Nanjing - Retail Prices of Major Consumer Goods, 1977-79 3.11 Lanzhou - Retail Prices of Major Consumer Goods, 1977-79 3.12 Purchases of Commercial Departments and Retail Sales (Current Prices), 1952-80 /1 For additional statistical information, see Annex B. C46400/J89810/D1098/65 - iv - Table No. SECTION IV - PUBLIC FINANCE 4.1 State Budget Revenues, 1950-79 4.2 Budget Revenues from State-Owned Enterprises, bv Sector, 1957-79 4.3 Budget Revenues: Shares of Central and Local Government, 1957-79 4.4 Revenue Sharing by Province, 1980 4.5 State Budget Expenditure by Broad Purpose, 1950-79 4.6 State Budget Expenditure by Activity, 1950-79 4.7 Breakdown of State Budget Expenditure on Capital Construction, Education and Health, 1957-80 4.8 Breakdown of State Budget Expenditure on Agriculture, 1965-80 4.9 Budget Expenditure: Shares of Central and Local Government, 1957-79 SECTION V - EXTERNAL TRADE AND PAYMENTS /1 5.1 Total Merchandise Exports and Imports and Balance of Trade, 1950-80 5.2 Merchandise Exports by Broad SITC Categories, 1976-79 5.3 Major Exports, by Volume and Value, 1976-79 5.4 Imports by Broad End-use Categories, 1950-79 5.5 Major Imports, by Volume and Value, 1976-79 5.6 Total Merchandise Exports and Imports to and from Centrally Planned and Market Economy Countries and Areas, 1950-79 3.7 Direction of trade, 1977-80 5.8 Foreign Exchange Flows, 1977-80 5.9 Exchange Rate, 1957-81 SECTION VI - AGRICULTURE /2 6.1 Arable and Cropped Area, 1949-79 6.2 Gross Output of Agricultural Subsectors, 1952-79 6.3 Food Grain Production, 1952-80 6.4 Production of Oilseeds, 1952-80 6.5 Production of Cash Crops, 1952-80 6.6 Livestock Population, 1952-80 6.7 Production from Marine and Freshwater Fisheries, 1952-79 6.8 Output of Marine Products, 1952-79 6.9 Commune and Brigade Enterprises, 1976-79 6.10 Commune and Brigade Enterprises by Sector, 1978 and 1979 6.11 Agricultural Statistics by Province, 1979 /1 For additional statistical information, see Annex H. /2 For additional statistical information, see Annex C. ,.46400/J89810/D1098/66 Table No. SECTION VII - INDUSTRY /1 7.1 Output of Major Industrial Products, 1952-80 7.2 Number of Enterprises and Gross Value of Output by Branch of Industry, 1977-79 7.3 Capital Construction by Branch of Industry, 1977-79 7.4 Electricity Consumption by Branch of Industry, 1977-79 7.5 Key Industrial Statistics by Ownership, 1979 7.6 Key Industrial Statistics for Light and Heavy Industry, 1979 7.7 Gross Industrial Output by Province, 1979 SECTION VIII - ENERGY /2 8.1 Growth of Energy Production, 1952-80 8.2 Crude Oil Production by Region and Major Field, 1977-80 8.3 Electricity Generation and Installed Generating Capacity, 1949-80 8.4 Hydro and Thermal Installed Capacity by Region, 1970-79 8.5 Electricity Sales by Consumer Category, 1949-79 8.6 Electrification of Communes and Brigades by Region, 1979 SECTION LX - TRANSPORT /3 9.1 Transportation Indicators, 1949-80 9.2 Railways: Selected Operational Statistics, 1970-79 SECTION x - LA30R AND WAGES 10.1 Labor Force and Employment, 1952-80 10.2 Wages of Staff and Workers, 1952-80 10.3 Employment and Wages by Branch of (State-Owned) Industry, 1977-79 /1 For additional statistical information, see Annex D. See also under energy". /2 For additional statistical information, see Annex E. See also under "industry". /3 For additional statistical information, see Annex F. C46400/J89810/D!098/b/ - vi - Table No. SECTION XI - EDUCATION /1 11.1 Number of Pupils Enrolled, 1949-80 11.2 Technical Secondary and Post-Secondary Education, 1979 1!.3 Higher Education Institutions and Students bv Classification and Province, 1979 11.4 Number of Graduates from Higher Education by Discipline, 1978 and 1979 11.5 Major Items of Ministry of Education Expenditure, 1979 SECTION XII - HEALTH A.ND SOCIAL INDICATORS /2 12.1 Health Service Indicators, 1949-80 12.2 Numbers of Hospitals and Beds by Province, 1979 12.3 Miscellaneous Socioeconomic Indicators, 1949-80 Key negligible or not applicable n.a. not available - zero /1 For additional statistical information, see Annex G. /2 For additional statistical information, see Annex B. C46400/J89664/D1098/03 ws 1. STATISTICAL DEVELOPMENT Earlv 'listorv 1.01 Although the origins of a modern statistical system in China can be traced to 1931, the system was rudimentary at that time and little useful statistical work was undertaken. The Bureau of Statistics in the Directorate General of Budgets, Accounts and Statistics was responsible for statistical methodology, aDpointment of personnel, and coordination of statistical worl- carried out by various ministries and provincial governments. No attempt was made to build statistical infrastructure below the provincial level. The develonment of a statistical system assumed little imoortance since statistics were not used in decision making. 1.02 The commitment of the People's Republic to central planning of the economy, patterned on the Soviet model, dictated the establishment and devel- opment of a statistical system that would supoort the goals of reconstruction, development and socialization of the economy. A DeDartment of Statistics, located in the Bureau of Planning in the Financial and Economic Commission of the Political Affairs Council (later redesignated the State Council), was set up in 1949. Statistical offices were organized in the six regional adminis- trations. However, only after 1952 was the statistical system expanded to the provincial and local levels. 1.03 In 1949-52, some attempts were made to develop the statistical system, which had no uniform coverage or content. The orrly significant initiative was a national survtey (in 1950) of industrial enterDrises in both the state and joint sectors; this survey established a unified set of sched- ules and computation methods. In each reporting unit, a small representative grouo was constituted and charged with the completion of questionnaires. The data from this survey were used as the basis for formulating the first Five- Year Development Plan. The DeDartment of Statistics had to confine its attention to the state and semi-socialist sectors, with particular emphasis on the industrial sector. With Soviet technical assistance, the scope of statis- tical collection was systematized and gradually extended to the construction, agricultural and internal trade sectors. Even so, the statistical system remained rudimentary and fell far short of what was needed for planning and managing a vast economic system. 1.04 With the recovery and development of the economy, the Government, recognizing the urgency of establishing a soundly structured statistical system, created the State Statistical Bureau (SSB) directly under the State Council in late 1952. The SSB, organized along functional lines into 15 units with some 600 technical staff, was one of the larger units of the central J5UJ/J/JJO./L)iU,odU4 VW government. The responsibilities of the SSB were defined by the bureau's Director in a report to the Third National Statistical Conference:/l "...A centralized and unified statistical system is to be created in which the State 3ureau will be responsible for organizing all the work in statistics in the country, for standardizing methods of checking accuracy and computation, and for centralizing the distribution of all basic statistical schedules..." 1.05 The Chinese authorities drew heavily on the Soviet experience in organizing their statistical work. Statistical units were set up at the provincial and municipal levels by the end of 1953, and thereafter at the county level. Some units were self-contained but many were part of a planning and statistical division with a total staff of six to eight technical workers. In addition to the so-called "comprehensive" statistical system, various government agencies and ministries developed statistical reporting systems that reached to the lowest levels of government. "Business affairs" agencies established their own reporting procedures. Agricultural statistics continued to be collected by part-time workers. 1.06 The goals of the state statistical organization encompassed: (a) the collection of data; (b) accurate and timely reporting; (c) application of data for the preparation of national plans, supervision and implementation of these plans, aiding the socialization of the economy, and assisting in the estab- lishment of appropriate accounting systems; (d) analysis and dissemination of data; and (e) training of statistical manpower. During the First Five-Year Plan period (1953-57), the state statistical system developed a national reporting network and generated a fairly wide range of basic statistics. The Great LeaD Forward 1.07 The Great Leap Forward was a movement that encouraged the masses to make rapid advances on all economic fronts, in particular to surpass esta- blished production targets and quotas. It began in the agricultural sector in late 1957 when the communes assumed a more important role in their own management. In early 1958, just prior to the launching of the Second Five-Year Plan, decentralization of control over industrial and commercial enterprises was also instituted. /1 TCKTTH - 1: April 4-11, 1954. C46400/J89664/D1098/05 ws -3- 1.08 During the Great Leap Forward, national quotas became automatic- ally larger at each successive level of government. Central agencies had previously established quotas in consultation with provincial authorities, but now two sets of targets were used. The first set of quotas were realistically established by the center; the second (higher) set was used at the provincial level as the actual targets. The provinces in turn set higher targets for the lower echelons of the system. In the opposite direction, achievements were revised upwards at intervening levels until they were finally reported to the center. 1.09 The implications of these developments for statistical work were immense. Given that "progress statistics" became indispensable for both policy making and for further enhancing the Great Leap Forward program, local officials began to take a keen interest in statistics. The statistical system established by the central SSB was questioned by local cadres. They claimed that the system was "detached from politics and reality," i.e. not directly relevant to the needs of the Great Leap Forward program, and did not meet the needs of the local Party and political leadership. Officials of local statistical units were increasingly co-opted to undertake statistical compilations to meet local needs; non-statistical personnel were also used for gathering data. As a consequence, false reporting and exaggeration /1 began to pose a serious threat. The operational independence and integrity of the statistical system were in jeopardy. 1.10 In late 1958, reforms were introduced under the "national statistical work reform movement." Statistical work was integrated into the campaigns of the Great Leap Forward; statistical authorities were required to focus on providing local cadres with "background statistics," "progress statistics" and "comparative statistics," though this was largely achieved a^ .the expense of^meeting national data requirements. 1.11 Corrective steps were taken by 1959. The need for a unified statistical system was recognized. Statistical units at all levels were gradually strengthened and a uniform national statistical system revived. 1.12 In April 1962, the Central Committee of the Party and the State Council jointly issued new guidelines /2 to govern statistical work. In March of the following year, the State Council issued the "Provisional /1 As an example, agricultural and industrial output figures for 1958 needed to be drastically revised the following year. /2 "Deci'sion for the Strengthening of Statistical Work," Statistical Work in China, SSB, 1979. C46400/J89425/D1098/06 ws -4- Regulations of Statistical Wqork" to correct the bias of inaccuracies in figures and guarantee the sound development of statistical work. As a consequence earlier biases were largely eliminated, and more reliable data were being collected and published between 1963 and 1966. The Cultural Revolution 1.13 The impact of the Cultural Revolution (1966-76) on the gtatistical system was to be far-reaching. The SS3 was abolished in 1068. Its trained and professional manoower (about AOn staff in 1Q66) with considerable competence were assigned to other jobs; many were sent to the countrvside for re-education. Statistical work was put on a care and maintenance basis." A handful of statistical oersonnel were placed under the State Planning Commission but minimal statistical work was done. 1.14 Similar disruption of the statistical svstem occurred at the provincial level, as can best be illustrated by the events in two provinces visited bv the mission and in Shanghai. In Gansu, the Provincial Statistical bureau (PSB) had a staff of 120, with another 500 at the county level, in 1966. Statistical units existed in 81 counties. During the Cultural Revolution, the PSB was abolished. Between 1968 and 1976, minimal statistical work was carried out at the provincial level by two or three persons attached to the Revolutionary Committee's leading production group. At the county level, a handful of people worked on statistical matters under the suDervision and guidance of the local planning qroup. In Hubei, the PSB had a staff of 136 and an additional 70 oersors were working at the prefecture and county levels in 1966, but thereafter, statistical work vir- tually ceased. The Shanghai Municipal Statistical Bureau had a staff of 200 in 1q66: it was abolished during the Cultural Revolution and statistical work virtuallv ceased. A core of four persons attached to the planning group continued to function. 1.15 Units at the grassroots level (communes and enternrises) continued to comDile and record data throughout the Cultural Revolution. Thus basic data gathering continued, but the work was uncoordinated and unsuDervised. Recording was carried out by untrained staff; hence the quality of some data is highly suspect. Moreover, the work of the government at all levels was disrupted and some local cadres resorted to falsification of data to exaggerate the achievements of their units or localities. No aggregation of data at higher levels of the system was possible because county, provincial and state statistical agencies had been abolished. Post-Cultural Revolution Develooments 1.16 The chaos caused by the Cultural Revolution has been gradually recognized and corrective measures gradually introduced. In 1971, the C46400/J89810/D1098/07 ws -5- Government directed that the statistical system be restored, so that data could be collected and used for planning and managing the economy. There was an acute awareness that rebtilding the economic system and restoring some semblance of order could not proceed without basic economic and social statistics. 1.17 Rebuilding the statistical infrastructure actually started in 1970, but progress was necessarily slow and the task has not yet been completed. Experienced staff had been assigned to other work and could not all return; some have already retired. New staff with the requisite training and skills could not be hired because of disruptions in the education system (statistical departments in tertiary-level institutions had ceased to exist for many years during the Cultural Revolution, so no new graduates with relevant training had been produced for almost a decade). Old records had been destroyed. The few data collected during the Cultural Revolution period were highly suspect and had to be reviewed, evaluated and adjusted. 1.18 The SSB presently has a staff of no more than 200 (excluding 160 computer staff newly recruited to man the Computer Center), compared to its staff of 400 in 1966. TWhile 80% of the present staff have some formal training in either statistics, mathematics or economics, almost half have only limited working experience. 1.19 The situation at the provincial and county levels is even more serious, as can be seen from data on Gansu, Hubei and Shanghai. In Gansu, the PSB has a staff of 60, of whom 50% are untrained (vs. 120 staff, over 75% of whom had formal training in 1966). In only 20 of the 81 counties have statistical units been re-established. Staff shortages continue to hamper work at the county level. The Hubei PSB now has 72 staff members (vs. 136 in 1966). However, at the county level, restoration of the system has progressed faster and the complement of staff is almost at its 1966 level. In Shanghai, the '.funicipal Statistical Bureau has a staff of 120 (vs. 200 in 1966), approximately a third of whom have formal training. Only a fifth of the present staff were employed by the Bureau in 1966. 2. PRESENT STATISTICAL SYSTEN AND WORK Organization 2.01 China's statistical system is made up of three major components: (a) the government statistical system, comprising the SSB, the PSBs and the county level units; (b) the statistical units in the specialized ministries, C46400/J89425/D1098/08 -6- and the corresponding bureaus at the provincial and county levels; and (c) the statistical units at the grassroots level (in the communes, enterprises and production units). The linkages between these components are shown in Chart 1. Chart 1: STATISTICAL ORGANIZATION Central Covernment - SSB < Specialized Ministries :rovince - PSB 3ureau County - County Statistical Units Planning Unit 'D 1 Grassroots - Enterprises, Communes, Hospitals, Mines, etc. 2.02 The SSB heads the government statistical svstem. The system's total staff, including workers at the county level, amounts to about 18,000. The SSB's functions are those of a central statistical bureau, i.e. it has responsibility for organ.zing, coordinating and establishing statistical standards. The SSB produces some 170 statistical reporting schedules, largely in the form of tables to be completed at the county level on the basis of information reported by the grassroots units. The SSB specifies data for collection and the methods to be used. It establishes statistical targets, coverage, time schedules for reporting, and the design of statistical tables. Although the PSBs may request lower level units to collect data on additional subjects, in practice few do so, mainlv because they have limited resources. 2.03 The central ministries and specialized bureaus at the provincial and county government levels all have statistical units. These agencies collect and tabulate statistical data in their field of interest, which are then reported to units at the next highest level of government. These statistical units establish their own standards, collection procedures and other guidelines. Although there appears to be no formal system of coordination, the SSB stated that the demarcation of fields of interest prevents overlap and duplication. The SSB does not intervene in the collection of data but does receive aggregated data from the ministries. C46400/J89425/D1098/09 ws -7- The ministries have devised some 2,600 forms or tables to collect data (many basic level reporting units are currently complaining about the amount of form filling required of them). 2.04 Statistical units at the grassroots level employ statistical personnel on a full-time or part-time basis, depending on the size of the undertaking or unit. These units record, compile, collate and tabulate data, which are reported to either the government statistical system or the bureaus of the specialized ministries. Enterprises and production units in certain sectors (e.g. industry, construction and agriculture) report statistical information to both the government system and the specialized bureaus, although only summary and aggregate data are supplied to the for- mer. No overall estimate of the number of personnel engaged in statistical work at the grassroots level was available./l A difficulty here is that strictly statistical functions in the Western sense cannot be completely separated from the maintenance of administrative, accounting or bookkeeping records. This has been well explained by Director Hsueh at the Sixth National Statistical Conference in the 1950s: "In socialist countries, statistical computation is generally built on the computations for financial accounts and for operation records. For the sake offacilitating statistical computation of the national economy and utilizing statistical materials for operational control, uniformity in computation methods for statistical, financial accounting, and operations records must be striven for as far as possible." Statistical Coverage 2.05 The general objectives of statistical work in China have not altered significantly over the past three decades, despite political and social changes. In a paper /2 presented to the 42nd Session of the International Statistical Institute in Manila in late 1979, the SS3 stated: "The task of statistical work in our country is to serve the general purpose of turning our country into a country with socialist modernization of agriculture, national defense, and science and technology. Concretely speaking, it includes the following three items: /1 But, for example, in the Shanghai municipal area, some 30,000 individuals were reportedly engaged in statistical work at the grassroots level. /2 Statistical Work in New China, SSB, Beijing, 1979. C46400/J89425/D1098/l1 ws -8- "First, to collect, compile and analyze correctly, punctually, comprehensively and systematically economic and social statistical data, so as to provide a basis for formulating plans and policies, strengthening economic management, and developing scientific researches and thus to enable the economic plans and policies conforming with the reality of our country and reflecting the requirements of socialist economic law. "Secondly, to check and supervise statistically the implementation of the economic plans and policies by inspiring the advanced, spurning the backward, so as to benefit the improvement of work and to promote the development of national economy with greater, faster, better and more economical results. "Thirdly, to provide data for mass participation in the economic management and for socialist emulation drives and to promote the mass movement for increasing production and practising economy. 2.06 'lithin these broad goals, statistics are compiled and tabulated in the following areas: Population Family Planning Nlatura2. Resources Industrial Production Agricultural Production Communications, Transportation, Post and Telecommunications Capital Construction Domestic Commerce Supply of Means of Production Foreign Trade Public Finance Cost of Production Prices Labor and Wages Urban Dwellings and Public Utilities Science and Technology Culture, Education and Broadcasting Public Health and Sports People's Livelihood National Income In addition, efforts are being made to establish statistical work on the environment and tourism. A broad description of the work being undertaken in some key areas follows. C46400/i89425/D1098/15 ws -9- Population Censuses and Demographic Data 2.07 Population Censuses. Since 1949, two population censuses have been taken. The first, in 1953, was a modest effort. A central census office was organized. under the control of the Ministry of the Interior, but with the Ministry of Public Security, the SSB and other relevant agencies playing a major role. The 1953 census included five questions: (a) name and address; (b) relationship to head of household; (c) sex; (d) age; and (e) nationality (e.g. Han or minority). 2.08 The second population census was taken in 1964. It was somewhat more ambitious in scope and included additional questions on class status, education and occupation. 2.09 A third population census was planned for 1981 but has been postponed to July 1982. Reasons for the postponement were: the extra time needed for planning and setting up a census organization; delay in acquiring computing equipment from overseas and training computer personnel; and, to some extent, the difficult budgetary situation (since the census will be costly). 2.10 As with the two earlier censuses, the State Council has established a Census Leading Group to plan and coordinate census activities. This group, under the leadership of Vice-Premier Madame Chen Muhua, includes representatives of all major agencies involved in the census including the SSB, which plays a key role. Census offices will be established at all levels of the administrative system, as will special units at the street committee level in the cities and communes in rural areas. The monumental task of enumerating almost a billion people can best be illustrated by the SSB's estimate that over six million census workers will be required to handle the operation. Training these enumerators (staff from statistical offices, local household registration offices, part-time workers, commune workers and students) will in itself be a major undertaking. 2.11 The Chinese authorities have fully recognized the complexity of undertaking this census and have taken steps to ensure its success. Technical assistance, together with resources for purchasing computing C46400/J89425/D1098/16 ws - 10 equipment, has been sought from the UN. A computing center will be established in each of the 29 provincial capitals and linked to a central unit in Beijing. Five of the computer configurations will be domestically produced machines. An IBM 4341 will be installed at the Beijing center and 20 IBM 4311s in the provinces. These are a being acquired through UNFPA funding (amounting to a total of $15.5 million). In addition, eight Wang machines are being acquired with Chinese resources. Computing staff and other census specialists are being trained in China and abroad. 2.12 A meticulously planned and well executed pilot census was undertaken in July 1980 in the city and county of Wuxi. It covered 0.95 million persons in 260,000 households. Observers from other provinces participated in the census. The W,Vuxi census questionnaire covered 13 topics for individuals and 5 for households, as shown below. For Individuals (a) Name. (b) Relationship to head of household: (i) head of household; (ii) spouse; (iii) children and their spouses; (iv) grandchildren and their spouses; (v) parents; (vi) grandparents; (vii) other relatives; (viii) other non- relatives. (c) Sex: (i) male; (ii) female. (d) Age: full age and date of birth, born in first or second half of the year. (e) Nationality. (f) Educational level: (i) university (general); (ii) university (other); (iii) senior secondary school; (iv) junior secondary school; (v) primary school; (vi) somewhat literate; (vii) illiterate. (g) Industry (Is it a commune managed industry?). (h) Occupation. (i) Nonworking population: C46400/J75916/D1098/17 wa - 11 - (i) student attending school; (ii) waiting to be assigned to work; (iii) responsible for housework; (iv) awaiting work in city and town; (v) aged 7-15 not attending school; (vi) under 7 years of age; (vii) retired; (viii) other. (j) Marital status: (i) single; (ii) married; (c) widowed; (d) divorced. (k) Fertility of women in 1979: (i) given first birth; (ii) given second birth; (iii) given third or higher birth. (1) Household registration and residence status: (i) registered, present; (ii) registered, absent; (iii) registration status to be settled. (m) Present address of those registered but absent (this question was not asked in the pilot census). For Households (a) Type of household: (i) domestic household; (ii) collective household. (b) Place of household registration. (c) Total number of persons in the household. (d) Population change in 1979: numbers of births and deaths by sex. (e) Population change in the first six months of 1980: number of births and deaths by sex. For each person who had died in the past 18 months, the name, sex, date of birth, and date of death were requested on a separate questionnaire. 2.13 The industrial classification used in the Wuxi census matches that used in industrial statistics. It is a two digit classification that has 10 major divisions and 75 divisions in all. It differs from the International Standard Industrial Classification but is somewhat similar to that used in other socialist countries. An occupational classification was constructed specially for the census and consists of 13 major groups, 85 medium aroups and 254 minor groups. C46400/J89884/D1098/18 ws - 12 - 2.14 Three methods of enumeration were used in the pilot census: (a) Enumeration Stations. Stations were established in each neighborhood. ?eople were told when they should visit the station to provide the census information. (b) Household Visits. Enumerators visited households that had difficulty in getting to the enumeration stations (because of the distance involved, illness, etc.). (c) Mail Enumeration. Absent residents were covered by mailed questionnaires. Almost 62% of respondents were enumerated at stations, 36% through home visits, and the rest by mail. UN officials who observed the census *were very impressed by the thorough verification of data, the small degree of underenumeration, and the accuracy of data collected. 2.15 A full list of the tabulations to be used is provided in Table 1. The authorities have so far processed a 10% sample of census districts on a priority basis to obtain early results. 2.16 Based on the experience gained from the Wuxi census, the State Council has directed that census organizations be established in all provinces and autonomous regions, pilot censuses be carried out in 1981, computer centers be established, and household registers be revised. The procedures that proved successful in Wuxi will be used in this nationwide effort. The questionnaires and tabulations are likely to be modified slightly in the light of experience gained in 'Wuxi. 2.17 The national census will be the largest single population count carried out anywhere in the world. Its content and scope can also be viewed as ambitious. The country's data requirements have dictated this approach. Sampling is not being used to reduce the work load (though this could be done without measurably reducing accuracy), perhaps because the Chinese lack experience in using sampling techniques and the general approach to statistical work in China is for a complete count of all populations. This effort will provide valuable lessons for census takers in many countries. C46400/J78486/D1098/73 - 13 - Table 1. PILOT CENSUS TABULATIONS Geographic No. Contents level 1 Private and collective households. Population by sex Street/commune 2 Age (single years and 5-year groups) by sex 3 Nationality by sex 4 Population 7 years and over: Education by age (7, 8, 9... 24, 25-29, 30-34 ... 80-84, 85+, not stated) and sex 5 Population 12 years and over: Literacy by age (as above) and sex 6 Residence status by sex County/city 7 Size of household by age of head 8 Marital status by age (14, 15.. .29, 30-34... S0-84, 85+, not stated) and sex Street/commune 9 Births and deaths in 1979 and first 6 months of 1980 10 Children born in 1979 by order of birth 11 Students by education level, age (7, 8...29, 30-34, (35-39, 40+, not stated) and sex 12 7-15 year old children out of school by single years of age and sex 13 Industry (75 divisions) by sex 14 Industry (10 divisions) by 5-year age groups and sex County/city 15 Industry (10 divisions) by education and sex 16 Occupation (254 groups) by sex 17 Occupation (15 groups) by 5-year age group and sex 18 Occupation (15 groups) by education and sex 19 Industry (10 divisions) by occupation (86 groups) 20 Occupation (86 groups) in rural communes by 5-year age group and sex Commune 21 Not,working persons by category Street/commune 22 Persons awaiting assignment by 5-year age group sex and educational level County/city C46400/J78884/D1098/19 ws - 14 - 2.18 Current Demographic Data. A formalized system of population registration, under the auspices of the Ministry of Public Security, has been used in urban areas /1 since 1951. All urban residents, except military and security personnel, must register. Births must be registered within a month, while deaths must be reported within 24 hours. Movement from one jurisdiction to another must be reported to the police. The system was extended in 1955 to rural areas. 2.19 The Ministry of Public Security provides the SSB with annual and quarterly population counts. Annual reporting covers: (a) the total number of households; (b) the total population; (c) sex; (d) agricultural and nonagricultural population; and (e) births and deaths, and migration. 2.20 In addition, small-scale model surveys are used to obtain information on age distributiorn, cause of and age at death, etc. Generally, the data reported through the administrative machinery are satisfactory, but SSB officials admitted that data from outlying areas were perhaps less accurate, particularly in view of the disruptions the country had suffered. In view of th$s, the census would contain questions covering vital events. Labor Statistics 2.21 The SSB collects monthly data on the numbers employed in state- owned enterprises and quarterly data from collectively owned enterprises. Annual collections cover detailed data from both types of enterprises, as well as data on self-employed and commune workers. These reports also cover data on payrolls and wages, expenditures on employee and child welfare, and labor productivity. On a quarterly basis, the SSB collects data from the cities and towns on the number unemployed and waiting for jobs. Information /1 The definition of urban areas as all cities, municipalities and county towns is purely administrative. It thus counts small county towns with rural characteristics as urban areas. The State Council designates cities and municipalities, of which there 203; the county towns are the seats of county government, designated by provincial governments. The total population of these units is 128.62 million, but without agricultural workers located in these administrative units, the urban population is 93.97 million, including suburban residents. C46400/J78486/D1098/20 - 15 - on the numbers entering the labor force and placed in jobs is collected semi-annually. Statistics on total work hours are collected monthly at the local level for two industries, selected by the local authorities. Figures on the number of accidents and injuries are also collected on a monthly basis. Figures on vocational training are compiled annually. 2.22 The SSB has conducted ad hoc surveys of urban and rural employment in 1952, 1955 and 1978. A similar ad hoc inquiry into salary and welfare costs was carried out in 1957. In 1960 and 1978, surveys of scientists and technicians were also conducted. 2.23 All statistical data on labor are compiled from the records of the work units within enterprises. Households do not complete statistical forms, a practice common in most other countries. 2.24 To determine the size of the economically active population, age cutoffs are used. For rural areas, the cutoffs are 16-60 for males and 16-55 for females; within these ranges, all those who work at collective activities for three months or more are included in the labor force. (In practice, older people are also included if they work at collective activities for three months or more - but this is rare.) For urban areas, males aged 17-64 and females aged 17 or 18 to 55 are included, if gainfully employed or waiting for jobs. Household Budget Surveys 2.25 Prior to the Cultural Revolution, family budget surveys were carried out regularly to obtain information on incomes and expenditures. They have only recently been reinstituted. Procedures have been established by the SSB and guidelines issued to all PSBs, but considerable flexibility is permitted. Not all provinces have yet launched surveys, as many are hampered by resource and staff constraints; but some results have been published in the Chinese press (see Appendix, paras. A.45, A.47). 2.26 Details of these surveys were obtained primarily from the Shanghai Municipal Statistical Bureau, which, in June 1980, launched a survey covering 101000 households, approximately 0.65% of the total number of households in Shanghai. Respondents for the survey were chosen by first selecting 29 urban-based enterprises and organizations representative of the municipality and a particular subsector. From the records of these umits, 10,000 households were selected representing various occupational groups. Data on their wage incomes were obtained from the employers and calculations made of average earnings. A smaller sample of households was then selected, taking intolaccount the number of people in the household, per capita income, dependency ratios, and income of the main earner. The 500 house- holds finally selected for the survey were asked to keep daily records of C46400/J78486/D1098/21 ws - 16 - income and expenditure. These households are visited four to five times a month and information is obtained monthly. The survey households are given an incentive payment of Y 2 a month. No decision has yet been made on the duration of the present survey (in the 1950s and 1960s, the selected households were surveyed for as long as ten years). 2.27 The income concept employed in the survey calls for the recording of all cash income, as well as transfers to and from other households. Expenditure data are collected for commodities (food, clothing, other necessities such as soap, toothpaste and consumer durables, and fuels) and services (rents, electricity, water, repair expenditures, school fees, expenditures on transportation, cultural and recreational activities, and other services). Very detailed data are being collected, including information on weight, price and place of purchase. Given the burden this places on households, some difficulties are being encountered, but the authorities were generally satisfied with the progress of the survey. 2.28 In Hubei, the PSB has launched a similar survey covering six cities (the SSB requirement was for two cities to be covered) with a total sample of 9,282 households. Instead of a cash payment, households were provided with writing materials valued at Y 2. 2.29 The SSB also requires all provinces to carry out an agricultural incomes survey, but some have not yet been able to initiate the surveys. The SSB provides guidelines on the minimum sample size, but the provincial author- ities may cover additional households. In Hubei, the SSB recuirement -was 650 households, but a sample of 955 farmers was being canvassed. The information being collected covered: number of household members, numbers capable of working, educational level, floor area of living quarters, area available from the commune for sideline production, and transfer receipts from the cities and relatives. In addition, data on expenditure for food, reDairs, clothing and consumer durables were being collected./1 The responding households were required to keep diaries and record all transactions. Family Planning 2.30 Most of the information compiled on acceptors and the progress of family planning programs is the responsibility of the health authorities, which provide the SSB with summary data. /1 In 1973/74, after the Cultural Revolution, only income data was collected; the SSB added expenditure information in 1979. C46400/J78486/D1098/22 Ws - 17 - Industrial Statistics 2.31 An elaborate scheme for the collection of industrial statistics has been established. Output data for 25 major industrial products are collected and reported to the State Council at frequent intervals. The 11 industrial ministries, which obtain reports from the enterprises under their control, are responsible for compiling these data. The SSB itself collects monthly data on the gross value and volume of output of 100 major industrial commodities; these are also reported to the State Council. In addition, the SSB assembles information for computing eight major economic and technical indicators (output, product variety, product quality, energy and material use, labor productivity, costs, profits, and working capital) for key enterprises. Profit and cost data are collected by the Finance Ministry through its local units and then transmitted to the SSB. 2.32 The SSB compiles annual industrial statistics for the 12 major industrial sectors: metallurgy; electric power; coal; petroleum; chemicals; machine building; building materials; timber; food; textiles, apparel and leather; paper, cultural and educational supplies; and ocher industries. The data collected using standardized tables include: (a) gross and net value of output, both in 1970 and current prices; (b) output of 422 major industrial commodities. The output of an additional 3,000 products is estimated by the industrial depart- ments; (c) eight major economic and technical indicators; (d) production capacity and inventory of metal cutting lathes, processing and forging equipment; (e) fixed assets; and (f) basic conditions in some 4,400 large- and medium-sized enterprises. In addition to the above, information is collected on employment, wages, investment, assets, working capital, production costs, etc. 2.33 Statistical reporting by the 350,000 enterprises is in most instances timely, since procurement, the allocation of inputs and materials, and the remitting of profits make the reporting mandatory. Data are used for management and control, but seldom for research. C46400/J78486/D1098/23 ws - 18 - Agricultural Statistics 2.34 The reporting of agricultural data is also fairly elaborate. Some reports are required at regular intervals from grassroots units; comprehensive data are collected and compiled annually. Four major aspects covered by the collection system are: (a) agricultural mechanization (inventories of farm equipment, area cultivated mechanically, use of chemical fertilizers, energy use, and acreage irrigated); (b) output (crop acreage, the volume and value of output of all crops, animal husbandry, forestry, fisheries, and sideline activities); (c) income distribution (total income of the communes, production costs, taxes, incomes from all activities, reserves, and welfare funds); and (d) the basic situation (comprehensive coverage of the socioeconomic situation, with some 1,200 communes surveyed annually). 2.35 Most of the data on agriculture are gathered using 13 detailed schedules/tables filled in at the commune and production team levels and transmitted upwards through the administrative/3tatistical system. At the brigade level, production team accountants complete the forms. If the production teams are dispersed over a wide area, the brigade accountants visit the teams to gather the data. While the SSB has established the standard and content of data to be collected, local authorities may incorporate additional indicators. The schedules/tables cover: (a) number of communes, brigades, production teams, households, population, and labor force; (b) sown area and yields of 42 crops; (c) sillkworm cocoon output, and tea and fruit acreage and output. Fruits are broken down into eight kinds, including apple, pear, and peach; (d) forestry production, including afforestation, seedlings, strengthening of seedlings, renewal of growing areas, and the output of major forestry products; (e) livestock production, including year-end number of hogs, cattle, horses, mules, sheep and goats, fattening pigs, and meat output; (f) fishery production, including 13 categories of freshwater and saltwater products; (g) plan fulfillment in grain, cotton and hogs. Grain and cotton data are expressed in yields per mu and hog data as the average number per household. The data are compared with the targets in the 12-year National Agricultural Development Program; C46400/J89425/D1098/24 ws - 19 - (h) cultivated area, with primary emphasis on changes in the size of the cultivated area; (i) capacity of agricultural mechanization at the end of the year. The data cover 39 items in the following ten categories: plowing machinery, irrigation and drainage equipment, harvesting machinery, processing machinery, transport equipment, plant protection equip- ment, animal husbandry machinery, fishing machinery, semi- mechanized equipment, and other; (j) farm mechanization, with data covering 22 items in 4 categories: agricultural machinery, chemical fertilizer, water conservancy, and rural electrification; (k) crop, forestry, fishery, and animal husbandry production in state enterprises, including personnel and output of major products by state farms; (1) gross value of agricultural output, including crops and forestry, fishery, animal husbandry, and sideline activities, in 1970 and current prices; and (m) commune income and expenditures, covering 33 items similar to those in enterprises' financial statements. The frequency of reports required for the sown area, production and for particular crops varies according to the crop cycle. Thus the reports may be at two monthly intervals for some crops but annually for others (e.g. spring wheat). 2.36 In addition to the regular reporting described above, three annual and periodic surveys are undertaken: (a) The Farm Output Survey is used to estimate agricultural output. In each province, 10% of counties, which are considered represen- tative, are selected. Within each county, representative communes are selected, and in the final selection, representative brigades and teams are picked. The use of scientific sampling techniques is not common, however. (b) The Peasant Household Income/Expenditure Survey collects information on sideline production, income and expenditures, including subsistence consumption. Some 6,000 households in about 200 counties and 20 provinces were covered in 1978. Estimates of noncollective income in rural areas were based largely on the results of this survey. C46400/J78486/D1098/25 ws - 20 - (c) The Agricultural Cost of Production Survey is a Joint undertaking of the SSB, the Bureau of Prices, and the Mi.nistries of Commerce, Food and Agriculture. The survey collects data on materials consumed and labor used in the production of grain and livestock. Price Statistics 2.37 Price indices are calculated at the provincial level and aggregated by the SSB. The five major price indices are: (a) Cost of Living Index for workers and staff; (b) Retail Price Index; (c) Index of Procurement Prices of Agricultural and Sideline Production; (d) Rural Market Price Index; and (e) Index of Industrial Products Sold in Rural Areas. 2.38 Data from 130 cities and county towns are used to calculate the Cost of Living Index. The main commodities and items included in the computation are: (a) food (fine and coarse grains, cooking oil, salt, sugar, vegetables, meat, etc.); (b) clothing (cotton and synthetic textiles, woolen goods, piece goods, footwear, etc.); (c) daily necessities (soap, toothpaste, consumer goods, furniture, bicycles, etc.); (d) cultural and recreational goods (paper, stationery, books, etc.); (e) medicines; and (f) fuels (electricity and cooking fuels). Rents, utility costs and personal care are also included. The commodities that are actually priced vary in each locality. The weights used are adjusted annually using data on retail sales of commodities, which are reported to the statistical authorities by retail outlets. The importance of each locality is reflected Ln the overall computation by taking retail sales in each locality into account. 2.39 The Retail Price Indices are comuiled using similar techniques and methods. However, the Retail Price Indices cover only material commodities and exclude services. 2.40 The Rural Market Price Index covers items sold in rural markets and was discontinued during the Cultural Revolution. 2.41 The Index of Industrial Products Sold in Rural Areas covers both consumer and producer goods. The weighting system is the same as for the Cost of Living Index. C46400/J78486/D1098/26 ws - 21 - Foreign Trade Statistics 2.42 Responsibility for the collection and compilation of external trade statistics rests with the Ministry of Foreign Trade. The provincial branch offices of the foreign trade corporations are required to fill out statistical schedules and submit them to their headquarters in Beijing on a regular basis. These schedules are then submitted to the Ministry of Foreign Trade for compilation and synthesis. The results are reported to the SSB. The statistics are used to evaluate progress in trade plan fulfillment, and to enable enterprises to improve management. 2.43 The basic methods used to compile import and export statistics differ considerably from those used in most countries./l In China, import statistics are based on orders, deliveries and arrivals of goods. Data on the quantity and value of commodities ordered come from contracts signed between foreign suppliers and Chinese trade corporations. Statistics on import deliveries provide information on the execution of import orders (including the quantities and value of goods delivered) and overdue deliveries. The value of import deliveries is calculated according to prices specified in the import contracts. Statistics on import arrivals, which are compiled from the notices issued by the Chinese port authorities and from banking documents, show the value and quantities of actual imports by commodity and by country. Imports are valued on a c.i.f. basis. 2.44 Export statistics are gathered in a similar way. Statistics on export contracts cover the quantity and value of commodities ordered by foreign buyers. The figures are derived primarily from the export contracts signed by Chinese foreign trade corporations with foreign importers. They show the quantity and value of goods that should be available for shipment ac a given date. Statistics on export deliveries include information on the execution of export contracts (including delivery dates), the quantitv and value of goods delivered, and overdue deliveries. The value of export deli- veries is calculated according to contract prices. Statistics on actual exports are compiled from bills of lading and shipping documents. The value of exports is based on f.o.b. prices. 2.45 The system of commodity classification used is unique to China and follows neither the Standard International Trade Classification (SITC) nor the Brussels 'Tariff Nomenclature. Commodities are classified according to the specialized nature of the trade corporations. Some actempt is now being made to fit trade statistics into the SITC framework. l 2.46 Imports and exports are valued in US dollars and then converted into Renminbi (Yuan) at the prevailing exchange rate; thus, they do not reflect domestic 'prices. Growth rates are calculated by multiplying all quantities in the current period by the unit prices of a previous period, then comparing the results with the current price series of that period. /1 Customs clearances are usually used, but in China, the Customs Administra- tion was abolished during the Cultural Revolution and only re-established in 1980. C46400/J89664/D1098/27 ws - 22 - 3. NATIONAL ACCOUNTS Methods and Conceots 3.01 The SSB estimates the national accounts using a framework modelled on the Soviet system of the 1950s. Although Soviet practice has been modified in recent years to conform to the UN's Basic Principles of the System of Balances of National Economy,/1 the Chinese system has not been modified since the 1950s. Descriptions of the methods and underlying concepts are covered comprehensively in two excellent books,/2 which were based on a careful review of Chinese journals and official documents published in the 1950s and early 1960s. Discussions between the mission and officials of the SSB confirmed that the descriptions in these books are generally correct and represent current practice. Below is a summary of the system. 3.02 As under the UN system, China-s national income is computed in terms of production, distribution and final expenditures. National income, measured from the production angle, represents value added to the country's material wealth by the five "material production sectors" (i.e. agriculture, industry, construction, transport and communications, and commerce). From the gross output of each sector, deductions are made for depreciation and other inter- mediate inputs to arrive at the value added; the figures for each sector are then aggregated to arrive at the national income produced (or "net material product"). 3.03 In theory, the national income produced by these sectors is distri- buted in two stages, namely, primary distribution and redistribution. The first is confined to personal income from material activities and the net revenue of enterprises and undertakings in these sectors. Personal income consists of wages and welfare benefits paid to workers; expenses incurred by enterprises for meeting health, education and welfare payments; and income in cash and in kind of agricultural workers and commune members, including income from sideline activities. Net revenue of enterprises includes profits, taxes, and payments of interest and for training workers. 3.04 The use of the income originating from these sectors is subdivided into social and individual consumotion and accumulation, which is in turn disaggregated into fixed accumulation and circulating assets. Social con- sumption refers to government and communal consumption (including expendi- tures by the state and enterprises on cultural, educational, public health and welfare services). The framework provides an element for depreciation /1 Series F, No. 17, New York, 1971. /2 Nai-Ruenn Chen, Chinese Economic Statistics: A Handbook for Mainland China, Chicago 1967; Shigeru Ishikawa, National Incomes and Capital Formation in Mainland China, Institute of Asian Economic Affairs, Tokyo, 1965. C46400/J89664/D1098/28 ws - 23 - on private buildings to be included in consumption, along with depreciation and costs of minor reoairs to assets of government agencies, the armed forces and all nonproductive enterprises. Accumulation represents the part of the national product that leads to increases in fixed canital assets, inventories and other material reserves. Circulating assets comprise increases in inventories. 3.05 The distinction between material and nonmaterial oroduction is that all activities and services contributing to the production of goods are material; all other services are nonmaterial. Essentially, all oersonal and most public services are excluded from the concept of material production. In terms of the International Standard Industrial Classification (ISIC), the following activities are viewed as nonmaterial: 6320 rooming houses, camns and other accommodations 810 financial institutions 320 insurance 831 real estate 832 business services other than machinery and equipment rentals and leasing (exceDt 3324: engineering, architectural and technical services) 910 public administration and defense 920 sanitary and similar servwices 931 education services 932 research and scientific services 9331 medical, dental and other health services 934 welfare institutions 935 business, professional and labor associations 939 other social and related community services 941 motion picture and other entertainment services (excent 9411: motion picture oroduction) 942 libraries, museums, botanical and zoological gardens, and other cultural services not classified elsewhere 949 'amusement and recreational services not classified elsewhere 953 domestic services 959 miscellaneous personal services 960 international and other extra-territorial bodies Some additional activities in the ISIC groups are treated as nonmaterial activities' (a) certain services incidental to transport (part of ISIC 7191), such as tourist agencies and tourist develooment services; C46400/J89664/D1098/29 ws - 24 - (b) certain types of activities included in engineering, architec- tural and technical services, notably those not connected with construction (part of ISIC 8324); and (c) part of veterinary services, namely those not connected with agriculture (part of ISIC 9332). Another major difference is that the ownership of dwellings is not treated as an activity, and no imputation of rent is made. 3.06 Although national income estimated using either the production or the distribution approach should yield the same aggregate figure, after adjustment for the balance on external transactions, this is not necessarily so. The absence of complete statistical information and weaknesses in the data lead to a statistical discrepancy. The SSB places major emphasis on estimating national income from production, by estimating the net value of output in each of the five major sectors. 3.07 In industry, which includes manufacturing, mining, power generation and lumbering, the gross value of industrial output is computed by valuing the volume of output at ex-factory prices. The output of commune industry is included in this sector, but-that of brigade industry is excluded. In principle, to obtain the net value of ouput from the industrial sector, deductions should be made from gross output for outlays for raw materials, fuels, electricity, depreciation and miscellaneous expenses. The rates of depreciation are changed infrequently and are low by Western standards, because equipment is amortized over a longer period. Furthermore, ecuipment discarded by large enterprises is passed down to smaller units and continues to be used long after it has been written off. Depreciation on "nonproductive assets," such as mess halls and workers' housing, are not included in material outlays. Net values contributed by workers' welfare (e.g. education, health, etc.) are included in the net value of output. Detailed information on production costs is generally not available, however. The SSB therefore uses the income approach in estimating value added, since the enterprises- accounting records provide detailed and more reliable information on wages, fringe benefits, profits and other charges, which represent value added. 3.08 Agriculture consists of three principal activities: crop growing, animal husbandry and sideline production, including brigade industry. The collection and hunting of natural products, such as herbs, minerals, wild animals and fowl, ard handicrafts are also included. For clothing, footwear and other miscellaneous household items produced for the family's own consumption, crude estimates used to be made and incorporated into the estimates of value added, but given the statistical difficulties of making realistic estimates, this practice was discontinued after 1957. While these exclusions understate the overall value of output, some double counting in other areas is unavoidable (e.g. grain used to feed animals counts in the estimates of both grain output and animal output). C46400/J78486/D1098/30 ws - 25 3.09 Gross agricultural output is valued at prices prevailing in the locality. Procuremenc prices are used to value output procured by the state. 'Output consumed is also valued at procurement prices. Theoreti- cally, output sold on the open market is valued at market prices less transport costs, but in practice the prices used reflect procurement prices. 3.10 The net value added by agriculture is obtained by deducting the value of inputs of seed, fertilizer, insecticide, animal feed, fuel and electricity. Depreciation charges on farm machinery and equipment are also deducted, but, as in the industrial sector, the rates are low. Outlays on welfare services (health, education and welfare benefits), while not strictly of a productive nature, are implicitly included in the net output of the sector. 3.11 The construction sector covers the building of productive and nonproductive structures, housing being the major element in the second category. Other activities include the construction of highways, railroads, and irrigation and drainage facilities; the installation of equipment; and drilling, and geological prospecting and surveys. The total cost of these activities constitutes the gross output of the sector. To obtain the net value added, deductions should be made for materials consumed; charges for transportation, communications and utilities; and depreciation on fixed assets. However, the paucity of data prevents the SSB from taking this approach. An alternative 'income" approach is used, whereby value added is estimated by adding wages and salaries, fringe benefits in cash and kind, and the operating surplus of enterprises in the sector. The operating surplus includes profits, taxes and miscellaneous charges, such as interest paid and'expenditure on training. 3.12 The transport and communications sector covers all modes of freight transportation (water, air, road and rail), along with che postal and telecommunications services to material-producing sectors. Thus passenger transportation and outlays on private postal and telecommunications services are excluded. The value added is estimated using the income approach (para. 3.11). 3.13 Commerce covers all wholesaling and retailing activities, including restaurants, which are viewed as an extension of material production. For practical purposes, the SSB includes all value added by the sector, although only transportation, storage and packaging costs should in fact be included. Value added is estimated either by taking the difference between purchases and sales, then deducting outlays on transportation, storage and packaging, office expenses and depreciation, or by the income method. 3.14 The net output of the above five sectors represents national income produced. For the agricultural and industrial sectors, constant-price net output is derived by deflating current-price net output by output price - 26 - indices. The net output of construction is deflated by an index of building material prices, and that of commerce by the retail price index, while the net output of transport is taken to be the same in constant as in current prices. The series, for aggregate national income in constant prices is published only in index number form. 3.15 National Income Distributed. The lack of statistical data 'aas prevented the SSB from computing workers' income, profits, interest, and indirect taxes in its estimates of the national income distributed. This results from the SSB's focus on producing national income estimates using the broad production approach, supplemented by estimates for some sectors using the income approach, taking into account data on "factor incomes" (e.g. wages, profits, etc.). 3.16 National Income Available. The SSB calculates ratios for consump- tion (comprising personal and social consumption, see para. 3.04) and accumulation. 3.17 Personal consumption, also referred to as residents' consumption, includes household expenditures on food, clothing, consumer durables, cost of utilities and an element for housing depreciation. In addition, residents' collective expenditure encompasses social expenditures (covering health, education, etc.) incurred by enterprises and production units. These two categories of expenditure are broadly identified as private expenditure in the Western framework of national accounts or the System of National Accounts. 3.18 Social consumption has been described as 'the material consumption of nonproductive organizations and enterprises" or as "consumption in the public sector covering defense and administration."/l This would correspond to the material part of what in the SNA is "government consumption." Overall estimates of consumption are made from budget data and accounting records of enterprises, supplemented by data gathered in model surveys of household expenditure. 3.19 Accumulation corresponds to domestic investment, but with several differences. First, capital expenditures on equipment and construction by the military are included, whereas the SNA convention treats these as cur- rent government consumption. Second, accumulation is net of depreciation. Maintenance and repair of productive fixed assets are excluded from both national income and accumulation, while for nonproductive assets they are /1 Ishikawa, op. cit. C46400/J89425/Dl098/32 ws - 27 - considered as part of current consumption. An increase in working capital in the productive sectors (inventories, stocks, goods in process, young farm animals and stockpiles) is the second element of accumulation. 3.20 Accumulation is estimated on the basis of data on fixed assets, working capital and material reserves that are compiled by production units. Problems arise in estimating accumulation in the agricultural sector. Labor inputs used in land improvement, terracing, drainage, etc., are valued on the basis of work points, but often the distinction between labor uses is difficult to make. Conversion from Chinese National Accounts to SNA Aggregates 3.21 Net Material Product. In the Chinese estimates, national income, or net material product (NNMP), defined from the production side, is the excess gross output value of goods and material services over intermediate consumption of goods and material services and consumption of capital. The NMP defined from the income side is the sum of the primary incomes of the population and enterprises. The NMP defined from the expenditure side is the sum of final consumption of goods and material services by households and by units serving individuals and the society as a whole; net capital formation (i.e. net of depreciation and losses); replacement of losses; and the balance between exports and imports of goods and material services. 3.22 - Conversion from NUP to SNA. The following relationship between GDP and NMP /1 can be broadly identified. GDP = i'MP plus - nonmaterial services produced - tips, and the value of services by self-employed actors, composers, etc. - imputed rents from owner-occupied dwellings (net of maintenance costs) - the undepreciated value of scrapped fixed assets minus - nonmaterial service inputs for the production of Poods and material services (Csl) - all intermediate inputs (goods, and material and nonmaterial services) for the production of nonmaterial services (Cs2) /1 Charts 2 and 3 show the relationship of GDP/INP for the production sectors and final demand components, respectively. - 28 - C2art 2: e(4vaCtiOU Of Sccoral Va&I;-"4ded No-a_ce,rial ro-s B s iXftoucetic S ct3>rs du4tcaF Sectors I!w{/o 7 p-rt.i - _a t juet- Agri- :f- Co tion i ra t cUl- du- tt m Du,- Co $ac t . _ c~~~~~urs tr aie cactoeL arcs -tice e d inter- -Coods and msterial a 1 a:5 a edi.ate SaervuLes -_ inpu u1 .Xp~~ ~~ ~ ~~ 22 23 _4 _5 f26_ h. inpcs a~aa a a~ a2- atat iucs± to a32 E33 14 '35 36 - Op-crcrrU I 1.2 13 :-4 't; 5 tnputa I - - ~~~- - fZ5 2.6- C|cT t1 32 '23 34 35 6 46 Sac iaj insurance |.L 42 I '43 14 e5 t t -| 1-- - Consumipcian|of d, d S 4 6 'Lied Assets Crass Outpuc VaLue a's2 1i. (fl CuzT?AC .~ f|31 432 f33 f .34 f35 £ ~f *' f ,3. f *4 fs 4r 1 42 j 3 44 ~~ .4, d4 d 3~~~~~~~~ ~~~S) .:~~~~~~1 3 1L41 ~31 32' 33' 24 ~ 35 15 f4 + f . : f. 4 a.L 42 43 r a45o - -P2 -P3 -P4 -?5 7alue added P s r s?- -o p *f yee Csn) 3 4 5a. - - f .f I .4. a' - 22- '13- 24- a235 f36 46 Y+5 *S a31" a32* 43 a3+ a5 4 Y6 +Y a-QP 7 ~~~3 4 5 26 /a Other inputs include: (LI huainse travel uzpamditures; (21 business expenditures an public relations; (3) business expenditurs to prov-ide cultural and recreational servIcee for amuloycess; (4) losses of stocks and fixed assets due to accidental damage =i.us andepreeiated value of scrapped fixed assets; and (5) ransftr cOsCs for purchAeS Sof intangible assets, Land and mineral deCosits and existing second-hand !Ixed assets. Lb Operating surplus is defined within tha System of Matertal Prcduct 3elances. Thianeas that the operating surplus implicitly includes value of :-h oca-material service inputs anc of -.he other inputs listed in the above footnote (a). / Excluding: (1) ownership of dwellings; and (Z) services of self-employed ac:ors and composers. etc. d Adius3enet itan include: (1) iznuted rents from dwellings (CJt of maintenance costs); (2) value of services by self-employed actors and composers, etc.; (3) Lmputee value of casualtr7 insurance For producers; and (4) income ortginated in the _ountry's ambassies and missions abroad minus income originated in foreign embassies and missions stationed iL the country_ ',ote: aip fij di, ' , and Yi refer to values (and moa coefficients. prices, etc., as in the 3tandard input-output framework). C46400/J74947/D1001/69 -29- Chart 3: FINAL DEM4AuND Exports Net minus Consumption investment imports Losses Goods and material services C1 1 Xi Li Nlonmaterial services C2 /d - S Depreciation D - Adjustment items Al /a A, /b A3 /c Final demand in the SNA CI+C,+Al II+D4.A X1+XA+A3 /a A1 - Government expenditures on military durables plus imputed rents from owner-occupied dwellings plus value of domestic services by individuals and of services-by self-employed actors, etc., Dlus purchases abroad by residents minus consumption in the domestic market by foreign embassies and other nonresidents minus material part of business travel expenses, material cost of cultural and recreational facilities for employees and material cost of business public relations activities minus material costs included in nonmaterial services consumed. /b A2 - Losses of fixed assets and stocks due to accidental damage olus transfer costs for purchases of existing fixed assets plus fixed investment by the country's embassies and missions abroad minus government expenditures on military durables minus fixed investment by foreign embassies and missions. /c A3 = Purchases by foreign embassies and nonresidents in the domestic market minus purchases abroad by the country's embassies and other residents. I /d C2 - Value of nonmaterial services purchased by households or financed by government for households plus cost of nonmaterial services produced for ownluse by government and private nonprofit bodies. C46400/J78486/D1098/33 ws - 30 - - the material part of business cravel expenses, business expenditures for cultural and recreational facilities for employees, and business expenditures on public relations (Cs3) - foreseen losses in stocks (Cs6) - income originating in 'oreign embassies, etc. plus - depreciation and losses of fixed assets, and unforeseen losses of stocKs. Equivalently, GDP -NKP plus - compensation of employees in the nonmaterial sDhere - contributions to social insurance in the nonmaterial sphere - operating surplus in the nonmaterial sphere - tips and value of services by self-employed actors, composers, etc. - imputed rents from owner-occupied dwellings (net) - undepreciated -:alue of scrapped fixed assets minus - (Csl+Cs2+Cs3+Cs6) - income originating in foreign embassies and missions plus - depreciation and losses of fixed assets, and unforeseen losses of stocks. 3.23 Clearly all these ad,ustments cannot be attempted given the limited data available. SSB officials stated that the agency had not .ocused on gathering detailed data on the nonmaterial production sectors but had instead devoted its limited resources to basic compilations for estimating national income in accordance with methodologies established in the 1950s. The SSB recognizes that more work is needed. Indeed, the fundamental issue of whether it should move to the full MPS system of accounting or gradually move to the SNA framework has yet to be addressed and no early decision on this is likely. SSB officials are presently studying the two systems and seeking assistance from the UN Statistical Office. C46400/J89425/D1098/34 ws - 31 - 3.24 In the recent past, the SSB has made crude, unofficial estimates of GDP at the request of international organizations. SSB officials stressed that data gaps and their incomplete understanding of the SNA framework prevented them from making full and consistent GNP/GDP estimates. They further stressed that their estimates were tentative and unofficial. The methods and underlying assumptions used to arrive at these estimates are discussed below. SSB's GNP/GDP Estimates 3.25 From the estimates of national income produced for 1978 and 1979, two basic adjustments (for depreciation and nonmaterial services not covered by the existing framework) were made to arrive at GDP, as shown below: 1978 1979 - (Y billion) - National income produced 301.1 337.0 + Depreciation 19.5 21.6 + Nonmaterial services 20.3 22.3 Gross Domestic Product 340.9 381.4 3.26 The estimates for depreciation were based on data reported by enterprises and other undertakings, including the communes. Tnformation on the stock of fixed assets was also available, and depreciacion rates are fixed by the state. In the SSB's view, the overall estimates of depreciation are fairly well based and can be used with confidence. The totals shown include an element for depreciation of nonproductive assets, including rural housing. Overall, depreciation represented about 6.4% of national income produced. This low rate was attributed by the SSB to the extended use of equipment and the practice of using assets that had been written off. C46400/J89664/D1098/35 ws - 32 - 3.27 The SSB stated that their estimates of nonmaterial services (comprising wages and salaries; profits, taxes, interest attributed to nonmaterial services; and net revenue of financial institutions) represented about 5.7% of national income produced (NMP). The wage component was based on employment in the nonmaterial production sectors. The overall numbers of employees were estimated at 28.2 million and 29.8 million in 1978 and 1979, respectively. 3.28 The low value of nonmaterial services was attributed by the SSB to the fact that the service sector had been long neglected, the services provided were of poor quality, services were often not available in rural areas, wage levels were low, and the prices charged for many services (e.g. passenger transportation) were subsidized. Profits and other factor incomes in this sector were low. On the other hand, these estimates were based on incomplete data and were only broad orders of magnitude. 3.29 Some additional breakdowns of the number of emoloyees in the nonmaterial service sectors were available. Of 28.2 million employees in 1978, 24.7 million were employed in government posts, people's organiza- tions, research institutes, and education and health facilities. The corresponding figure for 1979 was 25.9 million. Other services, including passenger transportation, barbers and hairdressers, employed 2.9 million people in 1978 and 3.24 million in 1979. Financial institutions had 620,000 and 700,000 workers, respectively, in these two years. Increases in employment were attributed to the change in policy calling for better services for the masses. 3.30 The mission-s own estimates of China's GNP, based mainly on the SSB's data, are described in the Appendix (para. A.23-4). 4. ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTION 4.01 Since 1949, the Chinese authorities have attempted to establish a modern statistical system that can serve the needs of their vast country. 'While there has been progress, political and ideological struggles within China during this period have undoubtedly affected the statistical system. Chinese officials admit that the excesses of the Great Leap Forward led to the falsification and exaggeration of statistics. The Cultural Revolution also had a devastating impact. Moreover, the Chinese statistical system, which has developed virtually independently, cannot cope with the statistical needs of planners, administrators and policy makers, especially in the context of the economic and administrative reforms recently instituted. The weak- nesses in the statistical system (detailed below) are clearly recognized by the Chinese authorities. C46400/J89425/D1098/36 ws - 33 - Staffing and Training 4.02 An important weakness in the statistical system is the lack of trained and experienced statistical personnel. During the Cultural Revolution, the dissolution of the SSB and the network of provincial and county level statistical units resulted in the dispersal of statistical staff. The staff lost during these years of turmoil have not yet been fully replaced. The educational system was disrupted for more than ten years, which halted the flow of trained statistical manoower; in fact, the universities and other institutions of higher learning will graduate their first students since the Cultural Revolution in the next year or two. The graduates- lack of work experience will, however, limit their effectiveness for several years. Efforts are being made to train selected staff abroad, but the numbers trained will be small. 4.03 The present program of on-the-job training is limited and not adequately oraganized. The lack of trainers, teaching materials and equip- ment hampers implementation of an effective program. Clearly, high oriority needs to be given to developing the necessarv institutional facilities to undertake a massive training program for staff at all levels of the statistical bureaucracy. SSB officials indicated that proposals for establishing an Institute of Planning and Statistics were under active con- sideration, and the institute could become a reality in the foreseeable future. The SSB was also seeking assistance from the UN Statistical Office in obtaining the services of consultants and specialists to lecture to 3S3 staff on various facets of statistical iractice and methodology. Recently a UN consultant on national accounting spent several weeks in the SSB; similar arrangements were being made for consultants in sampling and industrial statistics. Statistical Methodology and Procedures 4.04 As a result of China-s lengthy isolation, Chinese statistical staff's knowledge of sampling, national accounts methodology (using the MTS or SNA format), international classifications and recommendations is extremely limited. Statistical standards and practices are still based on the Soviet system of the 1950s with few modifications. Some procedures have been develoned domestically, without the benefit of the experience of other countries. The few user manuals available were develooed on an ad hoc basis, and many have not been revised for two decades. C46400/J89425/D1098/37 ws - 34 - 4.05 The "comprehensive table" approach to statistical collection, with its heavy emphasis on complete enumeration in data gathering, is wasteful of resources and places an undue burden on the statistical system. New data series are difficult to initiate. The approach to aggregation and summari- zation of data at different levels reduces flexibility and limits the production of statistics. The standardized tabulations produced tend to be rigid and simple presentations of the available information; some important functional and economic relationships are not depicted. Disaggregated series are not available, except from lower level units of the statistical system. 4.06 Sample survey techniques, which are extensively used in both developing and developed countries, are hardly used by the Chinese statis- tical authorities, for two main reasons. First, knowledge of these techniques is limited. Second, the common use in China of "model surveys" to verify and supplement data collected through "comprehensive taoles" was reflected in statistical practice. Computing Facilities and Equipment 4.07 The computing facilities available to the SSB and the PSBs are limited, which compounds the problems of producing tabulations that are relevant for users. It also prevents maximum utilization of the vast amounts of data gathered at the lower levels of the statistical system. Most statistical units at the county level do not have an adequate supply of calculating equipment; most depend on using the abacus. This is true even at some PSBs. These factors partly account for data being tabulated and compiled in a rigid fashion. Organization 4.08 Statistical activity is organized along two, broadlv parallel lines under the SS3 and the specialized ministries (para. 2.01), between which there is an apparent lack of coordination and consequent duplication of effort. The tendency towards "compartmentalization" is not conducive to a coordinated approach, or uniformity in statistical standards, concepts and definitions. This organizational approach places a significant burden on the limited statistical manpower at the lower levels of the system, in particular units at the reporting levels, which often spend an inordinate amount of time reporting the same data to several agencies. Supervision and quality control of these units- operations appear to be neither organized, systematic, rigorous nor comprehensive. Again, these factors affect the accuracy and reliability of the data reported. C46400/J89425/D1098/38 ws - 35 - 4.09 Other organizational factors also raise serious questions about the quality of data collected. Some local cadres sometimes sacrifice statistical objectivity to earn the approbation and praise of high officials by only reporting achievements. Communes and enterprises prepare reports that satisfy what the current programs demand; if, for instance, energy conservation is called for, then progress in this area will be reported. This tendency stems in part from directives issued in the early 1960s, which stated that "Statistical work should take as its major task the reporting of achievements and triumphs." These problems are well recognized by Chinese officials. The People's Daily in a recent article /1 commented: "Trickery and deception in statistics are...... vestiges of many years of propensity towards boasting and exaggeration in the economic sphere." 4.10 Finally, statistical compilations are built upon financial accountina and operational records. Thus, there is only a fine distinction between statistical and bookkeeping operations. Indeed, the same individuals are responsible for both functions at the grassroots level. Statistical compilations are therefore neither independent, nor subject to systematic verification. Publication and Utilization of Data 4.11 Apart from the publication of the annual communiques on the ful- fillment of the plan (a procedure revived in 1979), the Government publishes no formal statistical yearbook or statistical abstract. The communiques contain a limited set of indicators, indices and ratios. Use is also made of the media (broadcasts as well as newspapers) to release statistical data. The SSB, unlike most statistical offices, does not issue either monthly or annual abstracts along with specialized reports./2 There are several reasons for this. SSB officials indicated that while they are still attempting to restore and reconstruct the statistical system, they cannot publish data extensively, given their quality and coverage. This generally cautious approach seems appropriate in view of the damage to the statistical system during the Cultural Revolution. /1 Quoted in the Wall Street Journal, February 16, 1981 - "Chinese Communes, Factories are Caught Fudging Figures and Pushing up Prices." /2 In April 1981, the SSB began publishing a bi-monthly journal, Statistics, in which more data will be made available. Anocher journal, Statistics Research, is to be published on an occasional basis. C46400/J89664/D1098/39 Ws - 36 - 4.12 Perhaps other reasons also contribute to the severely restricted publication of data. An examination of the "comprehensive tables," showing data that are routinely collected, reveals that a vast amount of statistical information is being collected, certainly far more than is being released (this is also true of other centrally planned economies). The mission observed that there was a greater willingness to make data available at both the county and provincial levels. The classification of all statistical material as state secrets partly explains why only limited statistical information has been released since the Great Leap Forward. 4.13 Only limited use - and in rather simple ways - is made of statis- tical data in the planning process, particularly in the macroeconomic sense. Work on constructing input-output tables began only recently. Some experiments were being undertaken at the provincial level to estimate I/0 tables in physical terms. Researchers at the Academy of Sciences, in collaboration with the SSB, were exploring the possibility of developing conventional I/0 tables at the national level. 4.14 Although the situation has improved considerably over the past few years, researchers still have difficulty in obtaining necessary data. The secrecy with which data are treated affects not only research, but also analysis; data are not available on a wide enough basis to be fully used or to be subjected to detailed scrutiny, which could detect errors and inaccuracies. Moreover, agencies that do not have access to available data initiate their own collection procedures, thus adding to duplication and possible inconsistencies. Future Direction 4.15 China's program of economic reforms entails decentralization and creating a more open and market-oriented economy, with the general aim of serving the needs of a vast and complex society. These changes will require the statistical system to be reformed, restructured and reorganized. Some key aspects of the actions needed are outlined below. 4.16 The first and most important task is in the area of training. The establishment of the proposed Institute of Statistics and Planning should be supported; in designing its training program, attention should be paid not only to strictly theoretical aspects (e.g. sampling and statistical analysis), but also to many practical issues (e.g. appropriate collection procedures, tabulation methods, and the general management of a statistical system). Early action to train computer specialists is also called for. General statisticians will need to be familiar with the capabilities of modern computing equipment, so that they can use computer hardware effectively. Training of staff of the reporting units should focus on practical aspects rather than on the highly abstract aspects of statistical theory. C46400/J89425/D1098/40 - 37 - 4.17 The approach to statistical methodology and practice is too inflexible and cumbersome for gathering the wide range of data needed. Introducing sampling techniques would considerably reduce the processing burden, but not the accuracy of data gathered and compiled. Sampling should become an important tool; thus, instead of gathering the full range of agricultural data from all brigades and communes, detailed information could be collected from only a few. Units not in the sample could still proceed with basic computations. The resources freed could be utilized to extend the coverage of collections and make them more meaningful, by tabulating data along economic and functional lines rather than administrative lines. The SSB should give urgent consideration to producing new and revised guidelines and manuals for use by statistical clerks and bookkeepers in the reporting units. 4.13 In many instances, classification schemes are inappropriate for economic analysis and need to be reviewed. The SSB's recent participation in the work of the international statistical community (e.g. the UN Statis- tical Commission, ESCAP's Committee on Statistics, and various expert groups) indicates its desire to familiarize its staff with international statistical standards; bilateral exchanges between the SSB and the national statistical offices of other countries have also taken place. W4hile these moves are commendable, they will not resolve the system's major problems. The SSB needs to make a conscious effort to review its existing classifications and procedures, drawing upon international and national practices. 4.19 The statistical basis for estimating nonmaterial production in China seems weak, even compared to the performance of other developing countries (SSB officials agreed with this assessment). The SSB's estimates could be refined considerably by using existing statistical data on employment, wages and other indicators. In the longer term, efforts should be made to collect additional information through special sample surveys and to utilize existing records more intensively. 4.20 Computing facilities will become available at both the SSB and the PSBs through work on the census. However, without an expanded training program, the limited trained computer staff will curtail the ability of these agencies to use the equipment effectively. (The experience of other developing countries with computers indicates a considerable lead time before hardware can be effectively used.) In the long run, software will need to be developed to meet the special needs of the Chinese statistical system, but in the first instance, the SSB should obtain and use computer software packages from abroad (e.g. COCENTS, CONCUR, XTALLY, UNEDIT, SSPS, etc.). The reporting units and the statistical offices at the county and provincial levels are all in urgent need of calculating machines to undertake simple arithmetical and statistical functions. C46400/J89425/D1098/41 ws - 38 - 4.21 The present decentralized system needs to be reviewed. With agencies working in a compartmentalized fashion, duplication, excessive reporting requirements, and inconsistent data series are inevitable. The SSB therefore needs to play a more dynamic role in setting standards and coordination. It further needs to be generally reoriented to make it more responsive to user needs. Finally, there is a need to incorporate into the system mechanisms for quality control of data. Using an independent group of investigators to verify data could significantly improve accuracy by reducing falsification and exaggerated reports. 4.22 Statistical confidentiality and safeguarding national interests are legitimate concerns but they should be balanced against the needs of users. The highly aggregated data that are presently published or disseminated are of limited value in decision making, particularly by operating agencies. This practice needs to be reviewed, since the role of statistical data in this area is vitally important in the context of the economic reforms initiated recently. The availability of detailed macro- economic data that show the general economic situation would be a prerequi- site for effective decentralization of decision making to the provincial, commune and enterprise levels. The SSB should therefore consider liberal- izing the publication of data. This would not only give users areater access to statistics, but the SSB would also benefit from the greater scrutiny of data, which would allow glaring inaccuracies to be identified. The scope for misreporting and falsification could thereby be considerably reduced. 4.23 China's self-help approach to development issues, which has iso- lated it from the experience of the rest of the world, has had a negative influence on the country's statistical system. Now, however, China can benefit from the accumulated experience of international and national statis- tical systems. In this connection, international agencies active .a the statistical field are ready to assist China in modernizing its statistical system. The SSB is expected to take advantage of this opportunity as it initiates work to upgrade China's statistical system. C46400/J76005/D1098/74 - 39 - 3IBLIOGRAPHY Choh-Ming Li. The Statistical System of Communist China. University of California Press, 1962. Ishikawa, Shigeru. National Income and Capital Formation in Mainland China. Tokyo: The Institute of Asian Economic Affairs, 1965. Nai-Ruenn Chen. Chinese Economic Statistics - A Handbook for Mainland China. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company, 1966 (?) State Statistical Bureau. "Communique of Fulfillment of China's 1973 National Economic Plan." Beijing, 1980. _ "Communique on Fulfillment of China's 1979 N)ational Economic Plan". Beijing, 1980. _ Main Indicators: Development of the National Economy of the People, Republic of China (1949-1979). Beijing, 1980. . Statistical Work in New China. Beijing, 1979. United Nations. "Basic Principles of the System of Balances and National Economy: Series F, No. 17." New York, 1971. . Department of Economic and Social Affairs. "Systems of National Accounts." New York: US Statistical Office, 1968. United States Department of Commerce. "Visit of the US Statistical Delegation to the People's Republic of China: November 24 to December 3, 1979." Full report, xeroxed. World Bank. World Development Report, 1980. Washington, D.C., 1980. D18/Al - 40 - APPENDIX CONVERSION OF MACROECONOMIC AND INCOME DISTRIBUTION STATISTICS A.1 This Appendix explains how official Chinese data were adjusted to facilitate the international comparisons in the Main Report. It also provides additional information on the sources of data for other countries. (Supporting tables appear at the end of the Appendix.) It should be emphasized that the calculations to be described are based, despite much assistance from the Chinese authorities, on limited knowledge of the coverage, definitions and methods of estimation of some of the official statistics involved. The resulting estimates should thus be treated with caution. Real Net Output Growth A.2 For various years between 1949 and 1979, estimates were available of (a) agricultural and industrial gross output at constant prices (Table 2.3), (b) total net material product (NMP) at current and - in index form - constant prices, and (c) sectoral shares in NMP at current prices (Table 2.1). From these were derived sectoral net output at current prices (Table A.1) and implicit sectoral gross output price indices (Table A.2). A.3 Brigade and Team Industry. To obtain estimates of sectoral output comparable with other countries, the output of brigade and team industrial enterprises must first be transferred from "agriculture" (where it is classi- fied in official Chinese data) to "industry." (See Tables A.3 and A.4 for both gross and net output.) A.4 Deflation of Sectoral Net Output. To obtain estimates of real net output growth in individual sectors, current-price net output needs to be deflated. Table A.5 presents a set of sectoral output price indices. Those for agriculture and industry are the implicit gross outpuc deflators from Table A.2, supplemented by other data for 1977-79. For the other, smaller, sectors the price indices correspond approximately to those currently used by the SSB in constructing their constant-price NMP index. A.5 The lack of an agricultural price index for 1952 (Table A.5) is due to a major change in the coverage of agriculture in 1957 (household processing of farm products and production of handicrafts for own-consumption were excluded from production estimates after 1957). In principle the gap could be filled by the agricultural procurement price index (Table 3.1). But in practice using that index to deflate current-price net output data yields a real growth rate far lower than that implied by other information on agricul- tural output. The real growth rate of agricultural net output in 1952-7 was accordingly based on another authoritative Chinese source (Table A.6). A.6 For other sectors and periods, two alternative methods of deflation were used. The first (known as "single deflation") was simply to deflate current-price net output in each sector by the relevant output price index - the method currently used by the SSB. The second, which is more commonly used in other countries and is in principle more accurate (especially in periods when relative prices change substantially), is "double deflation." This D18/A2 APPENDIX -41 - involves deflating gross output by output prices and intermediate inputs by input prices - the difference between the constant-price gross output series and the constant-price input series being constant-price net output. The dis- advantages of double-deflation in the present context are that no satisfactory estimates of gross output in construction, transportation and commerce are available, and that even in agriculture and industry it is necessary to rely on rather rough estimates concerning the composition of inputs (Table A.7). A.7 In Table A.8, which contains the estimates of sectoral real net out- put, the results obtained for the two major sectors by both single and double deflation are presented, while those for the other sectors are unavoidably obtained only by single deflation. In addition, the estimates for the two major sectors are presented with brigade industry output included first in agriculture, then in industry. Estimates of total real net output, obtained simply by addition across sectors, are also presented and compared with the SSB's index. A.8 Among the significant features of the estimates in Table A.8 are: (a) transferring brigade industry from agriculture to industry slightly diminishes the growth rate of agriculture and slightly increases that of industry; (b) because the agriculture-industry price ratio has risen, double deflation (as compared with single deflation) causes agricultural growth to appear somewhat slower and industrial growth somewhat faster, and (c) because this effect is larger for industry than for agriculture, double deflation also slightly raises the real growth rate of total net output. A.9 By either method, however, estimated total real net output grows more slowly in 1952-79 than the SSB-s real net output index. The reason for this is that the SSB-s estimates prior to 1970 are based on 1957 and 1952 prices, which, since the agriculture-industry price ratio was then lower, raises the estimated growth rate by increasing the weight of industry (the fastest-growing sector) in total output. In other words, the SSB-s constant- price index is not based on the prices of any single year, but is a chain index based on different prices in different subperiods. Sectoral Output Shares A.10 Several adjustments are needed to convert the official data on sec- toral shares in NMP to sectoral shares in Gross Domestic Product. To begin with, it is necessary to move brigade industry from agriculture to industry (para. A.3). It is also appropriate to allow for the education, health and other social services that producing units (enterprises and communes) in China provide to their workers. On the basis of discussion with the SSB, 1% of the net output of each of the material production sectors was accordingly trans- ferred to the nonmaterial service sector (see below). Since NMP (unlike GDP) is net of depreciation, it is also necessary to add depreciation to both sectoral and total output. Table A.9 presents estimates of depreciation for 1979, basedlKargely on information supplied by the SSB and other Chinese sources. A.11 Finally, it is necessary to add the output of the nonmaterial service sectors to material production, in two stages. First, estimates of - 42 - APPENDIX the net output of personal and public services (including passenger transport, public administration and defence), and of depreciation in those sectors, were supplied by the SSB (paras. 3.26-7). Second, on the basis of the comparisons with other developing countries below, from the UN Yearbook of National Accounts India (1976) 3.0% Lesotho (1974) 9.0% Pakistan (1977) 3.4% Sri Lanka (1977) 1.8% Tanzania (1977) 4.4% Korea, Rep. of (1977) 2.5% Mexico (1977) 4.2% Statistics 1978, the rent of housing (gross of maintenance expenditures and depreciation, and including the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing) was assumed to be 3% of GDP - implying a monthly rental of about Y5 per household, which is not radically inconsistent with what is known about actual rents in China./l A.12 The adjustments made to the data for 1979 are summarized in Table A.10. For 1957, although adjustment of sectoral output was not possible, an attempt was made to convert total NMP to GDP on approximately the same principles, but using data from unofficial sources. The results are presented in Table A.11. The estimated ratio of GDP to N1P is 1.16%, the same as in 1979. This overall constancy conceals a slight decline in the ratio of nonmaterial services proper (lines 2-5) to NMP, from 8.7% in 1957 to 7.7% (including depreciation) in 1979. A.13 All these estimates are at "market prices", whereas in Western countries it is more usual to estimate sectoral shares in GDP at factor cost/producer prices (the difference being indirect taxes less subsidies). However, to put the Chinese data onto a factor cost basis would be not only difficult in practice but, more importantly, dubious in principle. Most enterprise profits in China accrue directly to the state, which makes the dividing line between profits and indirect taxes (and indeed between - reduced - profits and subsidies) an essentially arbitrary one. A better alternative is therefore to compare Chinese sectoral output shares at market prices with sectoral output shares in other countries, also at market prices (Table A.13). A.14 One notable feature of this comparison is the low share (21.5%) of services in China's GDP, relative to that in other developing countries. However, the Chinese service share is close to those calculated by the Bank for the nonmarket economies of Eastern Europe, as shown below. /1 The SSB's treatment of rent, which differs from that prescribed in the UN Handbook of National Accounting, is as follows. For rural areas, assuming 160 million dwellings with an imputed rental of Y30 p.a., a rounded estimate of Y5 billion is derived. It is assumed that 60% of this f'gure represents maintenance costs, with the remaining Y2 billion assumed to be depreciation. Apart from this allowance for depreciation, the imputed rent of owner-occupied housing is omitted (no separate calculation is made for owner-occupied urban housing). The surplus earned by agencies that rent and manage housing in urban areas is included in the estimates of profits and taxes in nonmaterial sectors (the amount is extremely small). D18/A4 - 43 - APPENDIX Bulgaria 18% Hungary 26% Poland 20% USSR 21% Czechoslovakia 19% German DR 21% Among the reasons for its small size are thus likely to be factors common to all nonmarket economies, including a high degree of vertical integration in industry, low prices and wages in service sectors, and the absence of certain sorts of services. In addition, in China, the provision of passenger transport and personal services has until recently been neglected and even discouraged. Sectoral Employment and Productivitv A.15 Estimates were available of the total labor force and of employment in agriculture and industry (excluding construction) in various years from 1952 to 1979, and also of the division of other employment in 1978 and 1979 between the material and nonmaterial service sectors (Table 10.1). For com- parability with data from other countries, it is necessary to transfer (a) employment in brigade industry from agriculture to industry and (b) employment in construction from material services to industry. These adjustments are summarized and explained in Table A.12. A.16 Sectoral labor productivity ratios were then calculated for China (using the adjusted data) and for other developing countries from sectoral shares of net output and employment (Table A.13). For countries other than China, it was unfortunately necessary to use 1978 employment data; but sectorai employment shares change only slowly. A.17 By comparison with other countries, the value of net output per worker in industry, as compared with other sectors, appears unusually high in China./l Although comprehensive data on (especially industrial producer good) prices were not made available to the mission, there is indirect and fragmen- tary evidence that at least part of the reason for this large sectoral produc- tivity gao is unusually high relative prices for industrial products. Although the unusually large labor productivity gap between industry and agriculture could be attributed in part to unusually high agricultural population density, it is hard' to find a corresponding physical reason for the gap between industry and servic'es. A possible reason might be that China's industrial structure contains an unusually high proportion of capital-intensive, high-productivity subsectors,such as steel and oil refining; but the data in Table 4.10 of the Main Report do not bear this out. (What is unusually large in China is the engineering industry - but this is a comparatively labor-intensive subsector). That industrial relative prices are unusually high in China has also been /1 Chinese sectoral output, but not sectoral employment, was adjusted for the provision of nonmaterial services by material production sectors. Had employment also been so adjusted, the labor productivity gap between industry and other sectors in China would appear even larger, though only slightly. 44 - APPENDIX generally accepted by most external scholars./l A.18 For illustrative purposes, it may be assumed that the whole of the difference between China and India in relative industrial labor productivity is due to different internal relative prices (India being a large and indus- trially well-advanced low-income country, whose sectoral labor productivity ratios are closer to those of middle-income countries than to those of other low-income countries). On this basis, it is possible to estimate what Chinese sectoral output shares would be at Indian prices (Table A.14). It should be noted that Indian prices are used in this and subsequent calculations not because they are "undistorted" but because they are fairly representative of those prevailing in most developing countries, and thus constitute an appro- priate basis for comparing China with other developing countries. Per Capita GNP A.19 Growth, 1957-79. Gross National Product (GNP) is defined as the sum of GDP and the net factor income from abroad of domestic residents. For China, the latter was negligibly small (about 0.05% of NiP) in 1979 and cannot be estimated for earlier years. In estimating long-term growth, therefore, GNP and GDP are treated as identical. Moreover, as explained earlier (para. A.12), the estimated ratio of GDP to NM? at current prices happens to be the same in both 1957 and 1979. Thus, assuming that changes in relative prices did not affect the constant-price ratio of GDP to NWl, the growth rate of real NM? in this period may be taken to be equal to that of GDP (and GNP). A.20 The rate of growth of NMP itself depends on the prices at which it is evaluated, and in particular on the industry-agriculture price ratio, which affects the relative weights attached to the very different growth rates of these two sectors. The SSB-s real NMP index, which (as explained in para. A.9) is based on a mixture of 1970 and pre-1970 prices, grew at an annual average rate of 5.440% during this period. The conceptually most appropriate of the 1970 price-based iadices in Table A.8 (double-deflated, with brigade industry in industry) grew somewhat more slowly, at 5.308% per year. A.21 It is also possible to evaluate the 1957-79 growth rate at 1979 Chinese prices, following the sharp increase in agricultural support prices and the decline in some industrial prices in that year (Table A.15). The resulting growth rate is, as would be expected, significantly lower than when evaluated at 1970 prices - 5.006%. Finally, making the assumption discussed in para. A.18, the growth rate can be evaluated at 1979 Indian prices (Table A.16). Since the estimated Indian industry-agriculture price ratio is lower than the Chinese, this makes the 1957-79 growth rate lower still - 4.600%. A.22 An alternative approach is to estimate the growth of NMP from the expenditure rather than the production side, which makes a difference because the residual error is not negligible - Table A.17 - and because its sign /1 See D. Perkins, China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective, Stanford, 1975, pp. 129-30; and J-C Liu, "A Note on China's Pricing Policies" (mimeo 1980). D18/A6 - 45 - APPENDIX altered between 1957 and 1979. As a result, at current prices, NMP grew in 1957-79 at an annual rate of 5.84% when estimated from the expenditure side, as compared with 6.14% when estimated from the production side. Table A.26 presents estimates of NMP from the expenditure side at constant 1970 prices, by two alternative methods, which imply that growth in 1957-79 was between 4.941% and 5.010% per year. The various alternative estimates of real growth in NMP and NMIP per capita are summarized in Table A.18. The range between the lowest and the highest is 0.8 of a percentage point. A.23 Level, 1979. China's current per capita GNP was estimated as follows. Starting from the 1979 GDP estimate in domestic currency in Table A.10, estimates for GDP in 1977 and 1978 were derived by assuming the same ratio of GDP to NMP. To these were added estimates of net factor income from abroad based on IMF balance of payments data (converted to domestic currency at the official exchange rates in the years concerned). The resulting GNP estimates (see table below) were converted to constant 1977 prices using an implicit NMP deflator derived from Table 2.1. 1977 1978 1979 -- --- (Y billion) GDP (current prices) 308.70 349.56 391.24 Net factor income from abroad -0.57 +0.16 +0.14 GNP (current prices) 308.13 349.72 391.38 Implicit NMP deflator (1977=100) 100.00 100.76 105.40 GNP (constant 1977 prices) 308.13 347.08 371.33 Exchange Rate ($1 - Y) 1.828 1.661 1.541 A.24 From this, 1979 GNP per capita was calculated using the World Bank Atlas methodology./l In general terms, GNP in national currency in 1979 is first expressed in weighted average prices for the base period 1977-79, then converted into dollars at the GNP-weighted average exchange rate for the period and adjusted for US inflation. The resulting GNP is then divided by the mid-year population for 1979. The specific calculations are as follows. 79 Step 1: z GNP in current yuan - Y 1,049.23 billion 77 79 Step 2: Z GNP in constant yuan - Y 1,026.54 billion 77 Step 3: Domestic price deflator = Step 1 - 1.0221 Step 2 /1 This method reduces the effect of temporary under- and overvaluation of a particular currency and generally assures grater comparability of GNP per capita among countries. - 46 - APPENDIX Step 4: Weighted period (1977-79) average exchange rate = Step 1 (GNP 77) + (GNP 78) + (GNP 79) (EX. 77) (EX. 78) (EX. 79) 1,049.23 - 1.6573 (308.13) + (349.72) + (391.38) (1.828) (1.661) (1.541) Step 5: Mid-year 1979 population = 964.51 million Step 6: 1979 GNP in constant (1977-79) local currency = 1979 GNP in constant local currency x Step 3 - Y 371.33 billion x 1.0221 = Y 379.54 billion Step 7: 1979 GNP in constant (1977-79) US dollars - Step 6 = 379.54 $229.0 billion Step 4 1.6573 Step 8: 1979 dollar deflator 1.07929 (adjustment for US inflation) SteD 9: 1979 GLNP in current dollars - Step 7 x Step 3 = 229.0 x 1.07929 - S247.16 Step 10: 1979 GNP per capita in current dollars = Step 9 Step 5 247.16 = $256.3, 964.51 which by convention in the Atlas is rounded to the nearest $10, or $260. A.25 Economic Appraisal. It is important to enquire whether this official- exchange-rate based estimate of per capita GNP gives an approximately correct impression of China's real income in relation to that of other developing countries. A.26 Table A.19 addresses this issue by attempting to compare real output in China and India, using a mixture of physical and constant price data. It suggests that real output per capita in China in 1979 was about 27% greater than in India - similar to the figure of 34% implied by the official-exchange- rate-based GNP estimates (which put India's per capita GNP at $191). Excluding all services, whose coverage and valuation pose particularly difficult problems of comparability, the estimated per capita real output disparity (by the method used in Table A.19) would be larger - 45%. - 47 - APPENDIX A.27 Another approach to the same issue is to project the official- exchange-rate-based estimates of per capita GNP backwards, using real per capita GNP growth rates, and to see whether the implied level of GNP per capita in'earlier periods appears plausible in relation to that of other countries. (This also provides a check on the plausibility of the estimated per capita GNP growth rates.) In Table A.21, this is done for China and India, projecting backwards to both the late and (somewhat less reliably) the early 1950s, using the lowest of the Chinese per capita GNP growth rates - that based on Indian prices - from Table A.18. This exercise suggests that China's per capita GNP was about 4% below that of India in 1952, and about 4% above it in 1957. A.28 The 1952 figure is broadly consistent with other work that has attempted to compare real incomes in the two countries. Professor S. Swamy's estimates of net domestic product, expressed on a per capita basis, put China about 11% below India in 1952./l The 1957 figure, however, differs signifi- cantly from that of Professor Swamy, whose estimates imply that China's per capita net domestic product in 1957 was still 8% below that of India. As a corollary, Professor Swamy's estimated growth rate of Chinese net domestic product in 1952-57 (4.94% per year) is much lower even than the present estimate of real NMP growth at 1979 Indian prices (7.16%). Professor Swamy's 1957 estimate, if correct, implies either that the present estimates of Chinese growth in 1957-79 are too low (which is unlikely in view of his opposite conclusion for 1952-57) or that the official-exchange-rate-based estimates for 1979 overstate China's per capita GNP relative to India's. A.29 On balance, then, both the alternative approaches discussed above confirm the impression given by the official-exchange-rate-based CNP estimates, namely that China's per capita real income is above that of India by a margin of 20-50%. On this basis, and using earlier work that permits approximate real income comparisons between India and other countries, Table A.20 compares China's per capita real income with that of some other countries. These comparisons are for various reasons subject to a considerable margin of error. But the broad impression they convey is probably correct, namely that China's per capita real income is about half that of the Philippines, about one third that of Co,lombia and Malaysia, about one fifth that of the Republic of Korea, and less than one tenth that of the industrialized countries. I Investment Share A.30 Adjustment for Accounting Conventions. The accumulation ratio as defined in Chinese official statistics is the ratio of net (of depreciation) /1 S. Swamy, Economic Growth in China and India 1952-70 (Chicago UP, 973), Table 37. Professor A. Eckstein's estimates of GNP (China's Economic Development, Michigan UP, 1975, Table 7) imply that in per capita terms China lin 1952 was about 16% below India in 1950, and hence perhaps 20% below India in 1952. (In expressing both the Eckstein and the Swamy estimates on a per capita basis, China's population was drawn from Table 1.1, while India's was derived by interpolation and extrapolation from the 1951 census figure of 361 million and the 1961 census figure of 439 million.) Uilu A, - 48 - APPENDIX investment to "available national income" (defined as consumption plus invest- ment). To convert this to the share of gross investment in GDP, three purely accounting adjustments are needed: (a) depreciation must be added to invest- ment; (b) the deficit (surplus) on foreign trade in goods and material services should be subtracted from (added to) available national income to arrive at NMP estimated from the expenditure side; and (c) depreciation, nonmaterial services and rent must be added to NMP to arrive at GDP. In addition, for consistency with the practice of other countries, it is necessary to subtract estimated military investment from the Chinese investment figures. These adjustments are made and explained in Table A.22 for 1957 and 1979. A.31 A further accounting issue is how to treat the residual error. One approach is to ignore it, as in the preceding paragraph, by using GDP estimated from the expenditure side as the denominator of the investment-to-GDP ratio. But in many developing countries, independent expenditure side estimates of GDP are not made, and private consumption is estimated residually, which is equivalent to including the residual error in private consumption. For consistency, the statistics in the World DeveloDment Report, 1980 accordingly add the residual error to private consumption even where independent expenditure side estimates of GDP are made. For purposes of international comparison, it is appropriate to do the same for China - by using GDP estimated from the production side as the denominator of the investment-to-GDP ratio. (Table A.22 presents estimates on both bases: the difference is less than one percentage point in both 1957 and 1979.) A.32 Adjustment for Relative Prices. If, as suggested earlier (para. A.17), relative industrial prices are higher in China than in other developing coun- tries, the investment share -will seem higher, since the share of industrial goods in investment is much larger than in consumption. For purposes of international comparison, a rough adjustment may be made for this, again using the assumption about the difference between Chinese and Indian prices discussed in para. A.18. A.33 Assuming (for simplicity) that investment consists entirely of industrial goods; and that consumption is made up of agricultural goods, industrial goods and services in the ratios 0.6, 0.25 and 0.15, respectively, the price ratio of consumption to investment goods is thus (0.6 x agriculture price) + 0.25 + (0.15 x service price ) industry price industry price And (using the data from Table A.13) the consumption/investment price ratio in China in 1979 is lower than the corresponding ratio in India by the proportion (0.6 x 4.7696) + 0.25 + (0.15 x 1.0324) 0.823. 6.1100 1.4800 It follows from this, labelling the investment-to-GDP ratio at Chinese prices I, that the investment-to-GDP ratio at Indian prices is I/[I + ((1 - 1)/0.823)] D18/A1O - 49 - APPENDIX or, in numerical terms (using the internationally most comparable investment ratio from Table A.22), 0.3111/[0.3111 + ((1 - 0.3111)/O.&23)] - 0.27096 or 27.10%, a reduction of about 4 percentage points. Investment Efficiency A.34 One commonly used, though for many reasons hazardous, approach to assessing the efficiency of investment is to calculate the incremental capital- output ratio (ICOR), which is defined as the ratio of (usually gross) invest- ment to the absolute increase in output, both measured at the same set of prices. In principle, to allow for unavoidable lags, the output concerned should be of a later period than the investment; but if a long enough period is involved, and provided that the same convention is consistently applied, it is an acceptable approximation to measure both output growth and investment over the same period. If this is accepted, then a convenient shortcut method of calculating the ICOR is to divide the average investment-to-output ratio during the period by the average real output growth rate during the period./l (This shortcut assumes, though, that the investment/consumption price ratio does not change during the period.) In circumstances when data on the invest- ment ratio are not available for each year of the period concerned, some further approximation is needed to estimate the average investment ratio during the period. A.35 Table A.23 presents estimates of ICORs for China and other countries from the late 1950s to the late 1970s. Three alternative estimates of the Chinese ICOR are presented. The first makes no attempt to correct for the difference in relative prices between China and other countries. The second and third adjust both the growth rate and the investment share downwards (in the ways described earlier) to allow for unusually high industrial relative prices in China. The difference between the second and the third estimates concerns the investment ratio for 1957: in the second case, the 1979 China/ India price ratio is applied in adjusting the investment ratio; in the third case, allowance is made for the change in relative prices within China over the period 1957-79 (since corresponding relative price changes of this magnitude did not occur in other developing countries). A.36 The results, given the many assumptions made, are subject to a considerable margin of error. They suggest that the Chinese ICOR (4.8-5.4) is significantly above the average for other low-income countries (4.6), and well above the average for middle-income countries (3.9). The interpretation of these results in terms of efficiency, however, is questionable because the average for industrialized countries (5.1) is higher than for either category of developing countries. Since microeconomic evidence suggests that capital is used less efficiently in developing countries, this confirms that variations among countries in aggregate ICORs may owe as much to variations in the sectoral composition of investment (including the proportion allotted to nonproductive sectors such as housing) as to variations in efficiency. /1 Since I/dy - I/y/dy/y. D18/All - 50 - APPENDIX A.37 Allowance should perhaps also be made for the part of Chinese (industrial) output that is unusable and hence permanently added to inven- tories or discarded. For example, assuming 5% of total output as useless, and deducting this from both output growth and investment (which includes inven- tories), would raise the Chinese ICOR from, say, 5.0 to 5.2. A.38 The Chinese ICOR has risen considerably since the 1950s. Although calculations using adjusted data are not possible, the accumulation ratio (net investment to available national income) has risen from an average of around 25% in the 1950s to around 33% in the 1970s, while the real growth rate of NMP, which was 8.2% in the 1950s, was only 6.0% in the 1970s (Table A.8). Calculated on this basis, the ICOR appears to have risen from 3.0 in the 1950s to 5.5 in the 1970s. Part of this is due to a decline in the ratio of newly installed fixed capital to investment expenditure (for state capital construction, from 84% in the 1950s to 76% in 1977-79 - Table 2.5). But most is due to a rise in the incremental installed-capital-to-output ratio, from 2.6 in the 1950s to 4.2 in the 1970s. Sectoral Allocation of Fixed Investment A.39 As regards the sectoral allocation of fixed investment, the official data (Table 2.4) relate to state capital construction, which is in general only 50-60% of the total - much of the remainder being the fixed (-ncluding direct labor) investment of communes. It is thus worth attempting a rough estimate of the sectoral allocation of the remaining components and hence of the total. The procedure followed is set out in Tables A.24 and A.25. A.40 In comparing the returns to investment in agriculture and industry (Main Report, para. 3.42), it was assumed that the estimated allocation of fixed investment in 1965 and 1977-79 was representative of the whole period 1957-79. In measuring output growth (from Table A.8), brigade industry was included in industry, but construction was excluded. The estimation of output growth at Indian prices was otherwise identical to that in Table A.16. Consumption Growth A.41 Real per capita consumption growth was estimated by deflating the macroeconomic consumption totals by a consumption price index (see Tables A.26 and A.27), and then correcting for population growth (Table 1.1). Because of problems with the agricultural price index in 1952 (para. A.5), the estimates for 1952-7 (and 1952-79) must be regarded as less accurate than those for 1957-79. A.42 The estimates in Table 3.13 regarding the consumption of nonfood commodities are based on the calculations and assumptions set out in Table A.28. Those regarding food are derived from Annex B, Table A.28, and Annex C, Table 3.3. Net exports of grain in 1952 and 1957 were less than 0.2% of production, and are ignored.il Net imports of sugar of 86 thousand tons in 1957 were added to domestic production./2 Net imports of meat and vegetable oil in 1952 and 1957 were ignored for lack of data. /1 US Congress Joint Economic Committee, "Chinese Economy Post-Mao", 1978, page 655. /2 Ibid, page 641. - 51 - APPENDIX A.43 The estimates in Table 3.12 (Main Report) of the 1979 level of per capita consumption in dollars were derived by dividing by the estimated mid- year population (964.5 million) and converting at an exchange rate of $1 Y 1.541. A.44 Per capita consumption growth in other countries was estimated from Tables 4, 5 and 17 of World Development Report, 1980, using an appropriately weighted average of public and private consumption. Rural-Urban Inequality A.45 Urban Per Capita Income. An official sample survey of urban "wage- earning families" in the first quarter of 1980 (for details, see notes to Table A.30) indicated that the average per capita income was Y35.8 per month. The sample appears representative inasmuch as the average wage - equivalent to Y767 p.a. - is close to the national average 1980 wage of Y762 for all workers and staff given in the SSB's Communique on Fulfilment of the 1980 National Economic Plan. It is possible, however, that the results of the survey are biassed by the exclusion of urban families in which there was no wage earner (see para. 2.26). A.46 To convert to a 1979 basis, the per capita income figure from the survey was deflated by 14.1%, this being the average money wage increase between 1979 and 1980 (SSB Communique). It was put into annual terms by multiplying by 12, giving an estimated 1979 urban per capita income of Y376.5 (or, at an exchange rate of $1 = Y1.541, $244). A.47 Rural Per Capita Income. An official sample survey of "commune member households" in 1979 (People's Daily, January 3, 1981, and broadcast by New China News Agency, January 2, 1981, reported in BBC Survey of World Broad- casts, January 7, 1981, FE/6616/C/1-3) indicated an average per capita income of Y160.2 p.a. However, the SSB believes that this figure is biassed upwards by underrepresentation of low-income households (though the calculations below suggest that the bias is not very large). An alternative approach was therefore adopted, based on the official 1979 estimate of Y83.4 per capita for distributed collective income (Table 2.9 - which is in principle derived from returns from all the communes in the country). This figure requires several adjustments. (a) Its income in kind component is valued at 1978 prices (as was the case in the rural sample survey). The survey data, supplemented by information from Sichuan province, suggest that this component amounted to about 75% of the total, or Y62.55 (at 1978 prices); it was accordingly upvalued by 27%, or Y16.89. The figure of 27% is a weighted average of the 1978-9 increase in the actual average procurement prices of grain (26%), edible oil (41%), and cotton (18%), with weights of 85:8:7 respectively. (b) It is also necessary to add household earnings from manure sales to the commune. On the basis that these amounted in 1979 to Y10.9 per capita in Sichuan, and that the national pig/household ratio is 70% of that in Sichuan, a national figure of Y7.63 was derived. (c) It is likewise necessary to add cash wages paid directly to - 52 - APPENDIX individual workers in commune and brigade enterprises. It was assumed that all the 13.1 million workers in commune enterprises (but none of those in brigade enterprises) are paid cash wages. In Jiangsu, the average such wage in 1979 was Y388 p.a.; this was scaled down by the ratio (0.84) of national average distributed collective income to distributed collective income in Jiangsu. Multiplied by 13.1 million workers and divided by 800 million commune members, the resulting wage implies a national per capita figure of Y5.34 p.a. (d) Finally, it is necessary to add non-collective sources of income. The rural survey mentioned above indicated that the total per capita income of Y160.2 was made up of Y102 from the collective economy (including manure sales and cash wages from enterprises), Y44 from private production, and Y14.2 from other sources. It was assumed that revaluation of income in kind would raise collective income by the proportion estimated above for the whole economy (i.e. 17.53%, or 16.89 / 83.4 + 7.63 + 5.34), to Y119.88. It was further assumed that 35% of income from private production was in kind; this was upvalued by 21%- - an equi-weighted average of the 1978/9 price increases for grain (26%), hogs (37%) and vegetables (0%) - thus raising private income from Y44 to Y47.23. The resulting ratio of non-collective (47.23,+ 14.2) to collective (119.88) income in the survey was then applied to estimated national collective income (83.4 + 16.89 + 7.63 + 5.34) to provide a national estimate of Y58.04 per capita for non-collective income. A.48 Total rural per capita income in 1979 was thus estimated at Y171.30 (83.4 + 16.89 + 7.63 + 5.34 + 58.04), or $111, and the urban/rural per capita income ratio at 2.198. On a per household basis, the urban/rural income ratio would be 1.740, since the survey data indicates that rural households (5.66 persons) are on average considerably larger than urban households (4.48 persons). A.49 It was decided to make no allowance for rural undistributed collec- tive income, even though it is substantial, primarily because this would reduce the comparability of the Chinese rural income data with both the Chinese urban income data and personal income data from other countries, which in general include neither fringe benefits nor undistributed collective or corporate income. In practice, moreover, available data do not permit satis- factory estimation of the magnitude of undistributed collective income, especially since in principle commune members own a share of the undistributed income not only of their teams, but also of their brigades and communes (the latter two consisting primarily of retained enterprise profits). A.50 Total Personal Income. Total personal income per capita was esti- mated as a weighted average of the rural and urban figures, with weights of 85% and 15% respectively. (No attempt was made to net out urban-rural remit- tances.) These weights reflect a compromise between the official urban population share of 13% and the noncommune population share of about 17%. The resulting figure - Y202.08, or $131 - differs significantly from estimated per capita consumption - $170. The divergence is attributable partly to Dlo/Ai4 - 53 - APPENDIX collective consumption. But even per capita private consumption - $144 /1 - is above per capita personal income, when the existence of personal savings should cause the opposite. This could be due to overstatement of consumption. But since (Table A.17) the estimated sum of consumption and other expenditures is in fact less than estimated national production, the discrepancy seems more likely to be due to understatement of personal income in the household surveys. A.51 Personal Income Growth. Urban per capita real income growth in 1957- 79 was estimated (on the basis of incomplete information about wages, prices and participation rates - see Table A.29) at 2.9% p.a. This may be compared with the rate of 3.0% for 1964-80 implied by the data in the urban household survey mentioned in para. A.45. A.52 Rural personal real income growth in 1957-79 was estimated at 1.6% p.a. (on the basis of the urban money income growth rate, information about the urban/rural money income ratio in 1957, and a rural consumer price index - see Table A.29). This is higher than the growth rate of 1.3% p.a. for real agricultural income per worker in 1957-79 implied by the estimates in Annex C, page 76. The difference can plausibly be attributed primarily to growth of non-agricultural rural employment (in commune and brigade enterprises, and in non-collective jobs). A.53 Total personal real income growth in 1957-79 was estimated (on the basis of a weighted average of urban and rural incomes - see Table A.29) at 2.0% p.a. This is slightly above the estimated per capita consumption growth rate of 1.9% (see para. A.41). The difference reflects the net effects (individually unquantifiable) of growth of collective consumption, growth of personal savings, and errors and omissions in the underlying data. Urban Inequality A.54 The urban income distribution in Table 3.16 (Main Report) is based on the results of the urban household survey mentioned in para. A.45, which are summarized in Table A.30. The amount of (total) income in each class was estimated by multiplying the average income in each class by the total number of people in that class. The total number of people in each class was estimated from the percentage of families in that class, the average number of persons per family in that class, and the total number of families in the sample. Rural Inequality A.55 The report on the rural sample survey referred to in para A.47 included a iittle information on income distribution (that 10% of households /1 The SSBiestimates that 90% of material consumption is private, and that the proportion of nonmaterial service sector employees in passenger transport and personal services in 1979 was 10.87%. Applying this last percentage to the nonmaterial service sector wage bill, and adding profits attributed to nonmaterial services, the share of private consumption in nonmaterial services would appear to be 19.9%. Treating all rent as pri- vate consumption, and drawing data on material and nonmaterial consumption from Tables A.17 and A.26 (note a), the share of private consumption in total consumption would appear to be about 84.8%. D18/A15 - 54 - APPENDIX had a per capita income below Y80, and 3.5% of households a per capita income below Y60). However, as mentioned earlier, this sample is believed to have underrepresented low-income households (as well as to have valued income in kind at 1978 prices). The rural income distribution in Table 3.18 of the Main Report was thus estimated from national data on the distribution of per capita distributed collective income between production teams (Table 2.7), in the following manner (see Tables A.31-3 for details). A.56 The average income in each distributed collective income class was assumed to be the midpoint of the class interval, with the exception of the open-ended top (Y147) and bottom (Y37) classes. The team-weighted average of these assumed average incomes corresponds closely to the actual national average of Y83.4. A.57 To adjust for undervaluation of collective income in kind (see para. A.47), fragmentary information from the rural sample survey and Sichuan province was used to estimate the average percentage of distributed income in kind in each class, which was then upvalued by 27%. A.58 The ratio of other income (manure sales, cash wages from collective enterprises, private production, non-communal wage earnings, remittances, etc.) to revalued distributed collective income was assumed to be the same in every class, thus not altering the shape of the distribution. (The ratio - 0.708 - was based on the figures in para. A.48.) The reasons for this assumption are as follows: (a) It seems likely that income from manure sales would be a smaller proportion of collective income in richer teams, but that cash wages from collective enterprises would be a larger proportion, thus roughly cancelling one another out. (b) As regards non-collective sources of income, the limited evidence available suggests that within teams they have an equalizing effect - since families with proportionately fewer collective farm workers tend to have proportionately more old and young people and women engaged in private activities, and they are more likely to have a family member in wage employment./l As regards the effects of non- collective sources of income on inequality between teams, there is almost no empirical information: opportunities for earning income from other sources are probably greater in communes near urban areas, which also tend to have higher collective income; but not all com- munes with high collective income are located near urban areas; and in communes with high collective income there is less incentive (and probably less time, given the association between agricultural pros- perity and multiple cropping) to engage in other activities. On balance, then, there appears to be no strong reason for believing that non-collective income per capita is proportionately either higher or lower in collectively rich than in collectively poor teams. /1 K. Griffin and A. Saith, "The Pattern of Income Inequality in Rural China", (ILO-ARTEP working paper, July 1980). D18/A16 - -5 APPENDIX A.59 The resulting distribution of income between teams was then adjusted to allow for differences between income classes in the number of households per team. Specifically, examination of provincial data (Table 6.11) suggests that the number of households per team is significantly greater (39.9) in the highest income class than in the other income classes (an average of 32.8, not systematically related to income level). A distribution of "standardized" teams was accordingly derived by multiplying the number of teams in the highest class by 39.9 and those in the other classes by 32.8. A.60 Within each team, the distribution of income was assumed to be as follows: Per capita income Percentage Persons as ratio of team of per average households household 1.5 15 4.97 1.3 20 5.23 1.0 30 5.64 0.7 20 6.21 0.5 15 6.39 This distribution has the same coefficient of variation and degree of concen- tration within one standard deviation of the mean as the intrateam distribution of per capita total (collective and other) income reported by Griffin and Saith (see reference for para. A.58). The estimated numbers of persons per household in different rural income classes were based on those in the urban income distribution (Table A.30), adjusted for the average difference in household size between rural and urban areas. A.61 The above intrateam distribution was used to "explode" each income class of the adjusted interteam distribution (see Table A.32). The resulting data were rearranged - see Table A.33 - and aggregated into the classes in Table 3.18 of the Main Report. Overall Income Distribution A.62 The overall (urban plus rural) income distribution was derived in the following way. The incomes in the urban distribution in Table 3.16 of the Main Report were converted to an annual basis, and reduced uniformly by 14.1% (see para.'A.46). They were then added to the rural income distribution in Table 3.18lof the Main Report, again assuming the urban population to be 15% of the total population and the rural population 85%. The resulting distribu- tion was then somewhat aggregated. (For more details, see Table A.34.) Income Distribution in Other Countries A.63 The data for other countries used in the international comparisons of urban-rural, urban, rural and overall inequality in Chapter 3 of the Main Report came from several sources. - 56 - APPENDIX (a) Bangladesh: S. Jain, Size Distribution of Income, World Bank, 1975, pages 11-12, source 2, HH. (b) India: National Council of Applied Economic Research, Household Income and Its Disposition, New Delhi, 1980, pages 118-23. (c) Pakistan: Jain, pages 83-6, source 5, HH. (d) Sri Lanka: P. Visaria, Poverty and Living Standards in Asia, Living Standards Measurement Study Working Paper No. 2, World Bank, 1980, Table 7 and Annex 6, Table 5 (overall distribution); Jain, pages 102-3, source 3, HH (rural and urban distributions). (e) Indonesia: V.V.B. Rao, Working Paper No. 1980-6, Economic and Social Data Division, World Bank, 1980, Tables 4, A.11, and A.12. (f) Malaysia: P. Visaria, Table 7 and Annex 6, Table 4 (overall distri- bution); Jain, pages 74-5, source 3, PCH (rural and urban distribu- tions). (g) Philippines: V.V.B. Rao, Working Paper No. 1980-4, Economic and Social Data division, World Bank, 1980, page 14 and Tables A.5, A.6 and A.8. (h) Thailand: Socioeconomic Survey 1975/76, regional volumes, Tables 1 and 4 (total income; urban defined as municipal areas, rural as sanitary districts and villages). (i) Brazil: G. Pfefferman and R. Webb, The Distribution of Income in Brazil, Bank Staff Wdorking Paper No. 356, Table 9, line 1. (j) Yugoslavia: World Development Report 1980, Indicators Table 24. A.64 International (and other) comparisons of income distributions are subject to serious problems concerning definitions, coverage and presentation, as well as errors and omissions in the underlying data. These problems are aggravated in the present case by the need to estimate the Chinese rural income distribution by a roundabout method (see para. A.55-61). A.65 The Chinese data used in the international comparisons are distribu- tions of people ranked by per capita household income (this being generally regarded as the most relevant form of presentation). Wherever possible, the data for other countries have been presented on the same basis. In other cases, as noted in the tables, the data are distributions of households ranked by total household income: the degree of inequality of the latter type of income distribution is generally similar to that of the distribution of people ranked by per capita household income./l /1 See S. Kansal and J. Park, Working Paper No. 1981-4, Economic and Social Data Division, World Bank, 1981, Table 5. The average difference in Gini coefficients between the two types of income distribution for the five countries in that table is 0.003, with no consistency of sign. D18/A18 57 - APPENDIX A.66 Income distribution data also suffer from problems of sample bias, underreporting of income among both rich and poor groups (the latter sometimes caused by undervaluation of income in kind), and inconsistent definitions of income. The data for other countries used in the comparisons with China are the best available, and in some cases have been adjusted by World Bank resear- chers to eliminate certain errors or biasses. Nonetheless, the comparisons should be regarded as at best subject to a rather wide margin of error. APPENDIX - 58 - Table A.1 SECTORAL NET MATERIAL PRODUCT AT CURRENT MLARKET PRICES (Y billion) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 Industry 11.66 25.42 50.44 77.04 112.73 119.66 138.51 155.02 Agriculture 33.82 42.68 64.45 78.97 97.70 98.38 108.40 128.06 Construction 2.33 4.54 5.60 7.70 10.02 10.64 12.04 13.48 Transport 2.33 3.63 5.60 7.70 10.02 10.64 12.04 13.48 Commerce 8.75 14.53 12.61 21.19 20.04 26.59 30.11 26.96 Total 58.90 90.80 138.70 192.60 250.50 265.90 301.10 337.00 Source: Derived from Table 2.1 (correcting for rounding errors by dividing sector shares by total of sectoral shares where the latter was not equal to 100). D19/A2 APPENDIX 5 ,9 - Table A.2 IMPLICIT GROSS OUTPUT PRICE DEFLATORS (1970 - 100.0) 1952 1957 1970 Agriculture /a 67.706 100.0 Industry Light and heavy 129.683 116.450 100.0 Light 118.451 109.384 100.0 Heavy 139.819 121.742 100.0 /a Not available because of change in definition of agriculture in 1957 - see notes to Table 2.3. Source: Derived from Table 2.3. APPENDIX - 60 - Table A.3 BRIGADE A.ND TEAM INDUSTRY (Y billion) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 Gross Output At constant prices /a 1.713/b 1.857/c 5.010/c 14.74/d 17.01/d 19.80/d At current prices /e 1.713 1.857 4.302 14.461 16.688 19.671 Net Output At current prices /f 0.514 0.557 1.291 4.338 5.006 5.901 /a 1977-79 from SSB (probably includes construction and transport, but their shares are small); earlier years derived by multiplying gross agricultural output by share of sideline occupations multiplied by 80.433% (average ratio of brigade industry to total sideline occupation gross output in 1977-79). /b 1952 prices. /c 1957 prices. I/d 1970 prices. /e Using light plus heavy industry composite price index (Table A.5). /f Multiplying current price gross output by 0.3 (ratio applied by SSB in estimating net output of commune industry). Sources: See notes. - 61. - APPENDIX Table A.4 AGRICULTURAL AND INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT ADJUSTED FOR BRIGADE AND TEAM INDUSTRY (Y billion) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 Gross Output at Constant Prices Agriculture (excluding brigade industry) 46.69/a 51.84/b 66.59/b 119.44/c 128.89/c 138.60/c Industry (including brigade industry)/d 36.01/a 72.26/b 247.11/b 387.26/c 440.11/c 478.90/c Net Output at Current Prices Agriculture (excluding brigade industry) 33.31 42.12 77.68 94.04 103.39 122.16 Industry (including brigade industry)/d 12.17 25.98 78.33 124.00 143.52 160.92 la 1952 prices. /b 1957 prices. /c 1970 prices. /d 3ut excluding construction. Source: Tables A.1, A.3 and Table 2.3. iJ I Ai - 62 - APPENDIX Table A.5 COMPOSITE SECTORAL OUTPUT PRICE INDICES (1970 = 100.0) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 Agriculture n.a. 67.706 100.0 107.227 109.261 115.494 Industry Light and heavy 129.683 116.450 100.0 Light 118.451 109.384 100.0 ] 98.109 98.109 99.349 Heavy 139.819 121.742 100.0 ] Construction 129.683 116.450 100.0 98.109 98.109 99.349 Transport 100.000 1000.00 100.0 100.000 100.000 100.000 Commerce 85.019 92.243 100.0 102.662 100.000 101.901 Sources: Agriculture: 1957-70, implicit gross output deflator (Table A.2); 1977, procurement price index (Table 3.1); 1978-79, based on information from SSB that ratio of net output to gross output at current prices was 0.68 in 1978 and 0.70 in 1979, in combination with data for 1978 and 1979 on net output at current prices and gross output at 1970 prices (Table A.1 and Table 2.3). Industry: 1952-70, implicit gross output deflators (Table A.2); 1977, assumed same as 1978; 1978-79, information supplied by SSB on a sample of large and medium-sized state industrial enterprises - their current price output was Y 176.4 billion in 1978 and Y 198.4 billion in 1979, while in 1970 prices it was Y 179.8 billion and Y 199.7 billion, respectively (no distinction between light and heavy industry is available). Construction: Light and heavy industrial composite price index (in estimating real net output growth in this sector, SSB uses an index of construction materials prices). Transport: Prices assumed constant (also by SSB). Commerce: Retail price index (used also by SSB). Dl9/A6 APPENDIX - 63 - Table A.6 AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION, 1952-57, AT 1952 PRICES /a Net output value Material outlays Gross output value Year -- (Y billion) - (% of total) - (Y billion)/b -- 1952 32.276 21.32 41.022 1953 32.829 21.65 41.900 1954 33.784 22.34 43.502 1955 36.550 22.23 46.998 1956 39.195 20.96 49.589 1957 41.023 20.31 51.478 /a Including crop growing, animal husbandry, fishery, forestry, and sideline occupations (i.e. post-1957 official coverage). /b Derived from columns 1 and 2. Source: Li Chengrui, Draft History of the Agriculture Tax in the People's Republic of China (Beijing, 1959), p. 193. DOUBLE DEFLATION WORKING TABLE (Y billioll, unless oterwise specified) brigade industry in "agriculture" Brigade industry In "indtistry" 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 Agriculture Gross output at constasLt I970 prices ".a. 79.314 105.751 133.9 145.9 158.4 76.566 98.352 119.44 128.89 138.60 Gross output at current prices 48.4 53.7 105.751 143.577 159.412 182.943 51.84 98.352 128.072 140.827 160.075 Inputts at current prices n.a. 11.02 26.781 45.197 51.012 54.883 9.72 20.672 34.032 37.437 37.915 Iudustrial input ratio (Z) /da .a. 4.5 14.9 35.5 36.0 36.4 lndusLrial input price lndex /a n.a. 190.0 100.0 95.0 95.0' 94.2 Iniput price Index /b n.a. 73.209 100.0 102.886 104.127 107.743 1 Inputs at cOnstLat 1970 prices n.a. 15.053 26.781 43.929 49.990 50.939 13.277 2U.672 33.077 35.953 35.190 a' Industry Gross output at constanit 1970 prices 26.449 60.455 20)7.9U0 372.8 423.1 459.1 62.052 212.203 387.26 440.11 478.90 Gross output at current prices 34.3 70.4 207.900 365.750 415.099 456.111 72.26 212.203 379.9317 431.788 475.782 Inputs at current prices 22.64 44.9b 13U.86 246.090 276.589 301.091 46.28 133.873 255.937 288.268 314.862 Agricultural input rdtio (Z) /c n.a. 25.0 15.0 12.5 12.5 12.5 Input price index /d n.a. 104.264 100.0 99.249 99.503 101.367 Inputs at cunstanit 1970 prices n.a. 43.140 130.86 247.952 277.97i 297.031 44.3b7 133.873 257.374 289.708 310.616 /a Based on Anniex C, Tables 3.6-8, and Information on prices supplied Iy Ministry of Agriculture. 74 Weighited average of industrial input price Index and agricultiral gross output price Isndex, weighted by industrial input ratio. /c Estimates based on data regarding comuposition of tndustrial ouLpuL and likely structore of costs. 7h Weighted average of agricultuirdl gross output prtcu index and all-industry gross ouLput price index, weighted by agricultuiral input ratio. Source: Tables A.1, A.4-5, and 2.3. o iN - 65 - APPENDIX Table A.d SECTORAL .MET OUTPUT AT CONSTANT 1970 PRICES (Y billion) Annual average growth (2) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 1952-57 1957-77 1957-i9 1952-79 Single-Deflated Agriculture Including brigade industry 49.596/a 63.037 78.97 91.749 99.212 110.880 4.913 1.894 2.600 3.025 Excluding brigade industry n.a. 62.210 77.68 87.702 94.627 105.771 n.a. 1.732 2.442 2.895/c Industry Excluding brigade industry 8.991 21.829 77.04 121.966 141.180 156.036 19.411 8.983 9.352 11.149 Including brigade industry n.a. 22.310 78.33 126.390 146.286 161.974 n.a. 9.059 9.429 11.213/c Construction 1.797 3.899 7.70 10.845 12.272 13.i68 16.756 5.248 5.832 7.775 Transport 2.33 3.63 7.70 10.640 12.04 13.48 9.272 5.524 6.145 6.717 Comerce 10.292 15.752 21.19 25.901 30.11 26.457 8.885 2.518 2.385 3.559 Total (wich brigade industry in agriculture) 73.006 108.147 192.60 261.101 294.814 320.421 8.176 4.506 5.061 5.631 Total (with brigade industry in induscry) n.a. 107.801 192.60 261.478 295.335 321.25 n.a. 4.530 5.089 5.654/c Double-Deflated Agriculture Including brigade industry 50.559/a 64.261 78.97 89.971 96.910 107.461 4.913 1.697 2.365 2.832 Excluding brigade industry n.a. 63.289 77.68 36.363 92.937 103.410 a.a. 1.566 2.257 2.744/c industry Excluding brigade industry n.a. 17.315 77.04 124.848 145.129 162.069 n.a. 10.382 10.700 12.264/d Including brigade industry n.a. 17.665 78.33 129.386 150.402 168.284 n.a. 10.469 10.789 12.337/d Total (all sectors, with brigade industry in agriculture) /b n.a. 104.857 192.60 262.205 296.461 323.035 n.a. 4.689 5.Z47 5.784/d Total (all sectors, with brigade industry in industry) /b n.a. 104.235 192.60 263.135 297.761 325.199 n.a. 4.739 5.308 5.333/d SSB Total Real NMP Index (1949 - 100) 169.8 259.8 500.4 692.9 778.7 833.2 8.878 5.027 5.440 6.068 /a See para. A.5. /b Sectors other than industry and agriculture not double deflated. /c Assuming sare growth rate in 1952-57 as when brigade industry included in agriculture. /d Assuming same growth rate in 1952-57 as when industry outpuc deflated only by gross output price. Source: Tables A.1 and A.4-7. D19/A7 APPENDIX Table A.9 - 66 - SECTORAL ALLOCATION OF DEPRECIATION, 1979 (Y billion) Total 21.6 less nonmaterial sectors 3.2 less rural housing 1.9 equals material sectors 16.5 of which Agriculture 1.8 Industry 11.4 /a Other, of which 3.3 Construction 0.3 /b Transport 2.4 /c Commerce 0.6 /b /a Industrial gross fixed capital stock in independent accounting units (Y 380.38 billion) times 0.03 (average depreciation rate) - Annex D, Table 2.1. Assume nonindependent accounting units (about 4% of net output) cancel out totally depreciated assets (more than 33 years old). lb Residual of Y 0.9 billion divided between construction and commerce in proportion to their net output (Table A.1). /c Railway depreciation in 1979 was Y 2.1 billion (Annex F, Table 3.7). Attribute 95% to freight. Add Y 0.4 billion for other freight transport sectors. Source: SSB (see para. 3.25), and Bank staff estimates. D19/A8 APPENDIX Table A.10 - 67 - FROM NMP TO GDP (AT MARKET PRICES), 1979 (Y billion, except where otherwise noted) Non- Shares Brigade Social Depreci- material in GDP NMP industry services ation services Rent GDP % Agriculture 128.06 - 5.90 -1.28 + 1.8 122.68 31.36 Industry 155.02 + 5.90 -1.55 +11.4 170.77 43.65 Construction 13.48 -0.13 + 0.3 13.65 3.49 Transport 13.48 -0.13 + 2.4 15.75 4.03 Commerce 26.96 -0.27 + 0.6 27.29 6.98 Nonmaterial +3.37 + 3.2/a +22.8 +11.74 41.11 10.51 services Total 337.00 0 0 +19.7/a +22.8 +11.74 391.24 100.02 /a Net of depreciation of rural housing, to avoid double counting. Source: Bank staff estimates, see paras. A.10-12. - 68 - APPENDIX Table A.11 FROM NMP TO GDP (AT MARKET PRICES), 1957 (Y billion) 1. NMP 90.8 2. Passenger transport /a /b 0.63 3. Finance lb 1.77 4. Government administration and defense /b 5.03 5. Personal services /b 0.51 6. Depreciation in material production sectors /c 3.63 7. Rent /d 3.17 8. GDP /e 105.54 /a Assumed to be 10% of total transport. /b Assumed to be gross of depreciation. /c Assumed to be 4% of NMP (in 1979, it was 4.9%, but in 1957 the ratio of capital stock to NMP must have been lower than in 1979). /d Assumed (as in 1979) to be 3% of GDP. /e Sum of Lines 1-7. Sources: Line 1, Table A.1. Lines 3-5, D. Perkins, China's Modern Economy in Historical Perspective, (Stanford, 1975), p. 161 (but see note a). Lines 6-8, see notes. D19/A1O - 69 - APPENDIX Table A.12 ADJUSTMENT OF SECTORAL EMPLOYMENT DATA, 1979 (millions) As % Official Brigade Adjusted of estimates industry/a Construction/b estimates Total Agriculture 299.34 - 12.0 287.34 70.81 Industry 53.40 + 12.0 + 5.29 70.69 17.42 Other 53.06 - 5.29 47.77 11.77 Total 405.80 0 0 405.80 100.00 /a Employment in brigade industry narrowly defined was 9.728 million (Annex D, para. 2.04). For comparability with brigade industry output data (Table A.3), which has somewhat broader coverage, estimated brigade employment in construction and transport enterprises was added. The latter was derived, using the data in Tables 6.9 and 6.10, by multiplying commune and brigade employment in construction and transport (1.169 plus 2.984 million) by the ratio of total brigade enterprise employment to commune and brigade enterprise employment (15.949 to 29.093 million). /b Employment in construction, freight transport and commerce in 1979 totalled 23.26 million, while net output in these three sectors was respectively 4%, 4% and 8% of NMP. Various official sources indicated that the industrial and commercial tax rate in all three sectors is similar (2.5-3.0%), that the ratio of profit to NMP (around 40%) is similar in commerce and transport, and that wage rates in commerce are relatively low. It was accordingly assumed that the profit share is similar also in construction, and that wage rates in construction and transport are 1.2 times those in commerce. Hence, net output per worker in construction and transport was inferred to be 1.2 times that in commerce, and employment in construction to be 5.29 million. Source: Table 10.1; see also notes. APPENDIX - 70 - Table A.13 SECTORAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY RATIOS, 1979 Agriculture Industry Services Share of GDP at market prices (%) China 31.36 47.14 21.52 India 37.8 26.8 35.4 Indonesia 29.8 32.5 37.7 Low-income countries 38.2 23.9 37.9 Middle-income countries 14.8 37.7 47.6 Share of total employment (%) China 70.81 17.42 11.77 India, 1978 74 11 15 Indonesia, 1978 60 11 29 Low-income countries, 1978 72 11 17 Middle-income countries, 1978 45 23 32 Sectoral labor productivity ratios Industry/agriculture Industry/services China 6.110 1.4800 India 4.7696 1.0324 Indonesia 5.9487 2.2727 Low-income countries 4.0952 0.9746 Middle-income countries 4.9838 1.1019 Source: For China, Tables A.10 and A.12, and for other countries World Bank, WDR, 1980 (employment) and special tabulation from World Bank data files (output). D19/A12 APPENDIX - 71 - Table A.14 ESTIMATED CHINESE SECTORAL SHARES OF GDP AT INDIAN PRICES Chinese Indian sectoral employment labor productivity Sectoral output shares (x) ratios Absolute /a Shares (%) Agriculture /b 70.81 (1/4.7696) 14.846 34.00 Industry /c 17.42 1 17.42 39.89 Services /d 11.77 (1/1.0324) 11.401 26.11 Total 100.00 43.667 100.00 /a Derived by multiplying column 1 by column 2. The units are arbitrary. /b Excluding brigade industry. /c Including brigade industry and construction. /d Excluding construction, including nonmaterial services. Source: Table A.13. D19/A13 APPENDIX - 72 - Table A.15 GROWTH OF NMP AT 1979 PRICES Net output Sectoral Net output in in 1979 at growth rates 1957 at 1979 current prices 1957-79 prices (Y billion) (%) (Y billion) Agriculture /a 122.16 2.257 74.762 /b Industry Ic 174.40 10.177 20.680 /b Services /d 40.44 3.341 19.625 /b Total 337.00 5.006 /e 115.067 /f /a Excluding brigade industry. /b Derived by backward extrapolation. /c Including brigade industry and construction. /d Excluding construction and nonmaterial services. /e Derived from 1957 and 1979 totals. /f Sum of sectoral output. Sources: Column 1, Tables A.1 and A.4; column 2, Table A.8. Dl9/Al4 APPENDIX Table A.16 - 73 - GROWTH OF NMP AT INDIAN PRICES Net output Indian/ Net output Sectoral Net output in 1979 at Chiaese in 1979 growth in 1957 at current prices price at Indian rates Indian (Y billion) ratios prices 1957-79 prices 6.1100 Agriculture /a 122.16 4.7696 156.491/b 2.257 95.773 /c Industry /d 174.40 1 174.400/b 10.177 20.680 /c 1.4800 Services /e 40.44 1.0324 57.973/b 3.341 28.134 /c Total 337.00 388.864/f 4.600/g 144.587 /f /a Excluding brigade industry. /b Column 1 times column 2. /c Derived by backward extrapolation. /d Including brigade industry and construction. /e Excluding construction and nonmaterial services. /f Sum of sectoral output. /g Derived from 1957 and 1979 totals at Indian prices. Source: Column 1, Tables A.1 and A.4; column 2, Table A.13; Column 4, Table A.8. D19/A1b - 74 - APPENDIX Table A.17 NET MATERIAL EXPENDITURE AT CURRENT MARKET PRICES (Y billion) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 Fixed investment 5.69 13.49 25.20 41.90 64.74 64.90 78.24 84.55 Increase in inven- tories and work in progress 7.30 8.95 11.17 19.90 18.26 18.30 30.42 26.70 Total investment 12.99 22.44 36.37 61.80 83.00 83.20 108.66 111.25 Material consumption 47.71 71.06 98.33 125.80 162.10 174.10 189.04 219.85 Investment plus consumption /a 60.70 93.50 134.70 187.60 245.10 257.30 297.70 331.10 Foreign material trade balance (- = deficit)/b -1.04 +0.45 n.a. -0.16 -0.41 +1.45 -1.78 -3.46 NMP estimated from expenditure side /c 59.66 93.95 n.a. 187.44 244.69 258.75 295.92 327.64 Residual error/d -0.76 -3.15 n.a. 5.16 5.81 7.15 5.18 9.36 Net material product /e 58.90 90.80 138.70 192.60 250.50 265.90 301.10 337.00 /a Officially described as "available national income." /b Goods plus, in principle, material services. In practice, however, data on nonfactor service flows are available only for recent years, and even then it is not possible to distinguish between the material and nonmaterial components. In principle, moreover, the trade balance should be evaluated at domestic prices, which in China differ significantly from external prices. In practice, however, it is necessary to use trade figures in dollars converted at the official exchange rate. /c Sum of previous two lines. /d Difference between preceding and following lines. /e Estimated from the production side (Table A.1). Source: Derived from Tables 2.2, 5.1 and 5.8. D19/Al6 APPENDIX - 75 - Table A.18 REAL GROWTH OF NMP 1957-79 (average annual, %) NMP NMP per capita /a SSB constant-price index 5.440 3.509 Estimate at 1970 prices 5.308 3.379 Estimate at 1979 prices 5.006 3.083 Estimate at Indian prices 4.600 2.684 Estimate from expenditure side /b 4.941 - 5.010 3.019 - 3.087 /a Column 1 reduced by population growth rate of 1.8655%. /b At 1970 prices. Source: Paras. A.20-A.22. APPENDIX - 76 - Table A.19 CHINA AND INDIA: ROUGH COMPARISON OF REAL PRODUCTION, 1979 China India 1. Grain production (million tons) 332.120 145.427 2. Ratio of total crop production to grain production 1.245 1.589 3. Total crop production (mn. tns. of grain-equivalent) 413.489 231.084 4. Meat production (million tons) 10.624 8.650 5. Total agricultural production (mn. tns. of grain-equivalent) 519.729 317.584 6. Ratio of GDP to agricultural net output at Indian prices 2.941 2.646 7. Total production (mn. tns. of grain-equivalent) 1528.523 840.326 8. Population (millions) 970.92 678.255 9. Production per capita (tns. of grain-equivalent) 1.574 1.239 Notes 1. For China, from SSB; for India, from FAO, Production Yearbook, 1979, taking grain to be all cereals (120,603), all pulses (12,279) and 0.2 of roots and tubers (17,723). 2. Based on arable land use. For China, the ratio of grain to total cropped area is estimated to be 80.3% (Tables 6.1, 6.3). For India, the ratio was estimated from the FAO Yearbook, using the same definition of grain as in note (1), and assuming that irrigated land is cropped twice and nonirrigated land once. 3. Line 1 times line 2. 4. For China, from SSB (pork, beef and mutton); for India, from FAO, Production Yearbook, 1979 (all meat). 5. Line 3 plus ten times line 4 - assumed meat/crop price ratio. 6. At market prices. For China, from Table A.14. For India, from Table A.13. 7. Line 5 times line 6. 8. For China, from Table 1.1; for India, from FAO, Production Yearbook, 1979. Both are year-end figures. 9. Line 7 divided by line 8. D19/A18 APPENDIX - 77 - Table A.20 COMPARISON OF REAL INCOME IN CHINA AND OTHER COUNTRIES GNP Exchange Real per capita rate GNP based on official deviation per capita exchange rates, index, (China 1979 ($) /a 1973 /b 100) /c China 256 n.a. 100 /d India 190 3.06 74 Kenya 380 2.06 100 Philippines 600 2.91 222 Malaysia 1320 1.86 313 Colombia 1010 2.51 323 Rep. of Korea 1500 2.47 472 Japan 8800 1.06 1188 France 9940 0.99 1254 United States 10820 1.00 1379 /a For China, para. A.24. For other countries, from World Bank Atlas, 1980. /b World Bank Publication Summary, The International Comparison Project. /c Column 1 multiplied by column 2, and expressed as a percentage of the Chinese figure. /d Taken to be 1.35 times the estimate for India (see para A.29). APPENDIX Table A.21 - 78 - BACKWARD PROJECTION OF CHINESE AND INDIAN PER CAPITA GNP Level Growth rates (% p.a.) Estimated level 1979 /a 1950s Late 1950s - Late 1970s 1952 1957 ($) China 256 4.18/b 2.68/c 117 143 India 191 2.3 Id 1.4 /e 122/f 137/f /a At official exchange rates, using World Bank Atlas method (para. A.24). /b 1952-57: (a) Real NMP growth at Indian prices, derived by same method as in Table A.16, equals 7.155%; (b) arbitrarily adjusted downwards by 0.5% to reflect presumed slower growth of nonmaterial services; (c) reduced to allow for population growth at 2.379% p.a. /c 1957-79: Table A.18 (at Indian prices). /d 1950-60: D. Morawetz, Twenty-Five Years of Economic Development (World Bank, 1977), page 78. /e 1960-78: World Bank, WDR, 1980. /f Interpolated, assuming uniform growth within the periods 1950-60 and 1960-78, and 1960-79 growth rate same as in 1960-78. Source: See notes. Dl9/A20 APPENDIX - 79 - Table A.22 INVESTMENT IN RELATION TO GDP (Y billion, except where otherwise noted) 1957 1979 1. Net investment 22.44 111.25 2. Plus: depreciation 4.75 21.6 3. Less: defense investment 2.756 11.133 4. Gross investment 24.434 121.717 5. NMP from the expenditure side 93.95 327.64 6. NMP from the production side 90.80 337.00 7. Difference between NMP and GDP 14.74 54.24 8. GDP from the expenditure side 108.69 381.88 9. GDP from the production side 105.54 391.24 Gross investment as % of GDP (a) from the expenditure side 22.48 31.87 (b) from the production side 23.15 31.11 Sources: 1. From Table A.16. 2. For 1979 from Table A.9 (including rural housing depre- ciation); for 1957, estimated depreciation in material production sectors (Table A.11) times 1979 ratio of total depreciation to material production sector depreciation (21.6/16.5: Table A.9). 3. Assumed to be half of total reported defense expenditure (Table 4.5). 4. Lines 1 plus 2 minus 3. 5. and 6. from Table A.17. 7. and 9. from Tables A.10 and A.11. 8. Lines 5 plus 7. U1 U 4 - 80 - APPENDIX Table A.23 INCREMENTAL CAPITAL-OUTPUT RATIOS Ratio of investment to GDP (%) Growth rate Opening Closing of GDP (%) ICOR /a China, 1957-79 (i) 23.15/b 31.11/b 5.308/c 5.395/d (ii) 19.87/e 27.10/f 4.600/g 5.389/d (iii) 15.07/h 27.10/f 4.600/g 4.839/d India, 1960-78 17 24 3.644 5.626 Indonesia, 1960-78 8 20 5.390 2.597 Low-income countries, 1960-78 14 21 3.767 4.646 K4iddle-income countries, 1960-78 21 25 5.867 3.920 Industrialized countries, 1960-78 21 22 4.251 5.058 /a Calculated as unweighted average of opening and closing investment ratios, divided by growth rate, except where noted. _b From Table A.22. /c At 1970 prices, from Table A.18. /d In an attempt to correct for the error inherent in using end-point investment data, the Chinese ICORs, calculated as in note a, were multiplied by 1.0556. This is the ratio of the average accumulation rate (net investment to available national income) in 1957, 1965, 1970, 1975 and (grouped) 1977-79 to the average of 1957 and 1979 - Table A.17. (Data from unofficial Chinese sources on the accumulation rate in other years of the period suggest that this is a slight overcorrection.) /e Applying the same formula as in para. A.33, but with I = 0.2315. /f From para. A.33. /g At Indian prices, from Table A.18. /h As in note e, except substituting for 0.823 an estimate of the proportional difference between the Chinese consumption/investment price ratio in 1957 and that in India in 1979, derived by modifying the formula in para. A.33 as follows: (0.6 x 4.7696 x 0.5) + 0.25 + (0.15 x 1.0324) = 0.589. 6.1100 1.4800 The underlined factor, 0.5, is the change in the Chinese industry/agriculture price ratio between 1957 and 1979, based on the data in Table A.5. Source: For China, see notes; for other countries, World Bank, WDR, 1980. APPENDIX - 81 - Table A.24 ALLOCATION OF FIXED INVESTMNT (Y billion) Average 1965 1977-79 1. Total fixed investment, of which 25.20 75.897 2. State capital construction 15.993 34.498 3. Commune investment 5.630 16.186 4. Remainder 3.577 25.213 Sectoral Allocation of State Capital Construction 5. Agriculture 1.167 2.105 6. Industry 9.963 22.665 7. Other 4.362 9.728 Sectoral Allocation of Commune Investment 8. Agriculture 3.378 9.712 9. Industry 1.408 4.047 10. Other 0.845 2.428 Sectoral Allocation of Remainder 11. Agriculture 0.537 3.782 12. Industry 2.325 16.388 13. Other 0.715 5.043 Sectoral Allocation of Total Fixed Investment 14. Agriculture 5.082 15.599 15. Industry i3.696 43.100 16 (Light) (2.397) (7.543) 17 (Heavy) (11.299) (35.558) 18. Other 6.422 17.199 Notes: 1. From Table A.17. 2. Completed state capital construction, from Table 2.5 (unfinished construction is classified as work-in-progress, not fixed invescment). 3. Based on the information in Table A.25 (assuming 1978-79 average applicable also to 1977-79) and the figures for total accumulation in Table A.17. 4. Line I minus lines 2 and 3. 5.-7. Based on Table 2.4, but assuming (a) that completed state capital construction was allocated in the same proportions as state capital construction expenditure, and (b) that half of state capital construction in "agriculture' was for hydroelectric power (i.e. industry). 8.-10. Based on fragmentary evidence from the SSB, and from the Sichuan statistical bureau, it was assumed that commune fixed investment is allocated to agriculture, industry and housing (i.e. other) in the proportions 0.60, 0.25 and 0.15, respectively. 11.-13. Arbitrarily assumed to be allocated to agriculture, industry, and other in the proportions 0.15, 0.65 and 0.20, respectively. 14., 15., 18. Obtained by summing corresponding rows above. 16., 17. Total for industry divided between heavy and light in the proportions 82.5% and 17.5%, these being the shares of heavy and light industry in the gross industrial fixed capital stock in 1979 - Annex D, Table 2.2. 1L 7/ I - I APPENDIX - 82 - Table A.25 COMMUNE ACCUMULATION (Y billion) 1965 1978 1979 As % of total accumulation 18 17 19 Composition (%) Fixed 86 89 89 Circulating 14 11 11 Source: SSB. D19/A25 APPENDIX Table A.26 EXPENDITURE AT 1970 PRICES (Y billion) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 Investment 9.291 18.432 61.80 84.804 110.754 111.979 Material consumption 62.540 88.612 125.80 166.833 180.394 202.137 Total consumption /a n.a. 101.191 n.a. 191.731 207.480 231.513 Foreign material trade balance /c -1.289 +0.517 -0.16 +1.435 -1.760 -3.339 NMP from expenditure side By summing components /b 70.542 107.561 187.44 253.072 289.388 310.777 By direct deflation /c 73.948 107.851 187.44 256.059 292.640 316.166 /a Material consumption plus nonmaterial consumption of (at current prices) Y9.99 billion in 1957, Y26.79 billion in 1977, Y29.09 billion in 1978 and Y32.64 billion in 1979, estimated as follows. For 1957, from Tables A.11 and A.22, the sum of passenger transport, finance, government administration, personal services and rent, less depreciation in the nonmaterial service sectors. For 1979, from Table A.10, the sum of nonmaterial services and rent, less depreciation of rural housing. For 1978, estimated on same principles as for 1979, using data on nonmaterial services and depreciation in 1978 from paras. 3.26-7. For 1977, ratio of nonmaterial to material consumption at current prices assumed same as in 1978. /b Investment plus material consumption plus foreign material trade balance. /c Deflated by implicit NMP deflator. Sources: Tables A.17 and A.27 - 84 - APPENDIX Table A.27 EXPENDITURE PRICE INDICES (1970 = 100) 1952 1957 1970 1977 1978 1979 1. Investment 139.819 121.742 100.0 98.109 98.109 99.349 2. Material consumption 76.287 80.192 100.0 104.356 104.793 108.763 of which 3. Rural 73.187 75.958 100.0 104.951 106.477 111.174 4. Urban 85.109 92.243 100.0 102.662 100.000 101.901 5. Total consumption /a 75.951 80.096 100.0 104.777 105.133 109.061 6. Implicit NMP deflator 80.678 87.111 100.0 101.051 101.121 103.629 /a Material plus nonmaterial consumption. Sources: 1. Heavy industry composite price index from Table A.5 2. Weighted average of lines 3 and 4, with weights of 0.74 and 0.26 respectively. These weights are the estimated shares of the rural and urban populations in total consumption, based on an urban-rural income ratio of 2 and rural and urban population shares of 85% and 15% respectively (see para. A.50). 3. Weighted average of composite agricultural price index (Table A.5) and index of prices of industrial products sold in rural areas (Table 3.1), with arbitrary weights of 0.75 and 0.25, respectively. For 1952, agricultural price index based on estimates of 1957 gross output (with post-1957 coverage) at 1957 prices (Table 2.3) and 1952 prices (Table A.6). 4. Retail price index (Table 3.1). 5. As line 2, but with urban cost of living index (which includes rent and personal services) substituted for retail price index. 6. Derived from current-price NMP (Table A.1) and NMP at 1970 prices (Table A.8, double deflated and with brigade industry in industry). - 85 - APPENDIX Table A.28 CONSUMPTION OF SPECIFIC COMMODITIES Consumption growth Consumption per capita level Production Imports Exports (annual av. %) per capita 1952 1957 1979 1979 1979 1952-79 1957-79 1979 Cotton cloth ('000 million meters) 3.83 5.05 12.15 1.11 1.9997 1.721 11.446 meters Radios (O000) 17 352 13810 25.701 15.987 0.01432 3icycles ('000) 80 806 10095 642 17.038 9.792 0.0098 Sewing machines ('000) 66 278 5868 497 15.433 12.312 0.005569 Watches ('000) 0 0.4 17070 1876 60.137 0.019643 Sources: Columns 1-3: Table 7.1. 4-5: Tables 5.3 and 5.5. 6-8: 1952 and 1957 consumption assumed equal to production. 1979 consumption assumed equal to production plus imports minus exports. Population growth rates are 1.960 (1952-79) and 1.866 (1957-79), and the 1979 mid-year population is taken to be 964.5 million. - 86 APPENDIX Table A.29 GROWTH OF PERSONAL INCOMES, 1957-79 1957 1979 TJrban 1. Average wage in state organization (Y) 637 705 2. Average non-state wage (Y) 424.7 542.3 3. Ratio of state to total employment (Z) 54.9 76.9 4. Average wage (Y) 541.3 667.4 5. Participation rate (%) 32.6 55.31 6. Per capita money wage (Y) 176.5 367.7 7. Cost of living index (1950 - 100) 126.6 142.0 8. Per capita real income index 1.394 2.589 Rural 9. Per capita money income (Y) 82.23 171.3 10. Per capita real income index 1.083 1.541 Total 11. Urban per capita money income (Y) 180.72 376.5 12. Total per capita money income (Y) 97.00 202.08 13. Total per capita real income index 1.211 1.853 Source: 1. Table 10.2 2. For 1979, based on the ratio of wages in state organizations to wages in urban collectives (Table 10.2), namely 1.3. For 1957 (prior to full urban collectivization), the ratio of wages in state organizations to other urban earnings is assumed to have been somewhat larger, namely 1.5. 3. Table 10.1. For 1979, ratio of state employees to total workers and staff plus urban self-employed. For 1957, ratio of state employees to total non-agricultural labor force. 4. Weighted average of lines 1 and 2, using weights based on line 3. 5. For 1957, T. Rawaki, Economic Growth and Emeployment in China (Oxford University Press, 1979), Table 2.4. For 1979, household survey referred to in para. A.45. 6. Line 4 times line 5 divided by 100. 7. Table 3.1 (cost of living of staff and workers). 8. Line 6 divided by line 7. 9. For 1979, para A.48. For 1957 derived by assuming growth at same rate as urban per capita money income (line 6); the urban/rural money income ratio in 1957 was apparently similar to that in 1979 (N. Lardy, Economic Growth and Distribution in China, Cambridge UP, 1978, p. 179). 10. Line 9 divided by rural consumer price index in Table A.27. 11. For 1979, from para. A.46. For 1957, extrapolated backwards on basis of growth rate implied by line 6. 12. Weighted average of lines 9 and 11, with weights of 0.85 and 0.15 respectively (see para. A.50). 13. Line 12 divided by total consumption index in Table A.27. Dl9a/A1 - 87 - APPENDIX Table A.30 URBAN INCOME DISTRIBUTION Available Percentage Average Number of Number of Average income of earnings persons workers total income per capita/a families per per per per (Y/month) worker(Y) family family person Over 50 9.3 71.16 3.53 3.01 60.7 /b 35-50 /c 30.2 64.43 4.18 2.85 43.9 /b 25-35 37.0 63.54 4.60 /d 2.37 /d 32.7 /b 15-25 21.4 61.89 5.03 /e 1.98 24.4 /b Under 15 2.1 62.43 5.30 1.31 14.5 /f Total 100.0 63.92 4.48 2.47 35.8 Source: SSB sample survey of 86,955 wage-earning families in 44 cities in the first quarter of 1980, reported in People's Daily, December 31, 1980, and broadcast by New China News Agency, December 30, 1980 (BBC Survey of World Broadcasts, January 7, 1981, FE/6616/C/3-4). /a Available income defined as total income minus expenditure on supporting relatives, donations and gifts (average available income was Y32.68). /b Estimated as average earnings per worker multiplied by number of workers per household and divided by number of persons per household. /c Given in source as 30-50. /d Not given in source. Estimated residually, using knowledge of total number of families and average number of persons and workers per household. /e Given as "five" in source, which however also gives the dependency ratio in this class as 2.54 (multiplication by number of workers yields 5.03). /f Source gives average available income in this class as Y13.26, which was multiplied by the average ratio of total to available income (35.8/32.68). - 88 - APPENDIX Table A.31 ADJUSTMENT OF INTER-TEAM DISTRIBUTION OF DISTRIBUTED COLLECTIVE INCOME Per capita Percentage Average Assumed Z Revalued Average Percentage distributed of per capita of collective per capita of collective teams collective income income total standardized income income in kind income teams (Y per year) 101 and above 25.2 147 50 166.85 284.97 29.07 81 - 100 15.6 91 65 106.97 182.71 14.79 51 - 80 31.7 66 80 80.26 137.08 30.06 41 - 50 11.4 46 95 57.80 98.72 10.81 40 and below 16.1 37 100 46.99 80.26 15.27 Total/average 100.0 83.4 75 100.29 171.30 100.00 Sources: Columns 1-2, Table 2.7 Columns 3-4, see paras. A.56-7. Column 5 - (column 3 x column 4 x 0.27) + column 3; see para. A.57. Column 6 - column 5 x 1.708 (see para. A.58). Column 7, see para. A. 59. - 89- APPENDIX Table A.32 ADJUSTMENT FOR INTRA-TEAM INEQUALITY Income as ratio of team average: 1.5 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.5 Proportion of households in team: 0.15 0.20 0.30 0.20 0.15 Persons per household: 4.97 5.23 5.64 6.21 6.39 Average Percentage per capita of total standardized income teams 285.0 income 427.5 370.5 285.0 199.5 142.5 29.1 Z of households 4.37 5.82 8.73 5.82 4.37 182.7 income 274.1 237.5 182.7 127.9 91.4 14.8 Z of households 2.22 2.96 4.44 2.96 2.22 137.1 income 205.7 178.2 137.1 96.0 68.6 30.1 Z of households 4.52 6.02 9.03 6.02 4.52 98.7 income 148.1 128.3 98.7 69.1 49.4' 10.8 Z of households 1.62 2.16 3.24 2.16 1.62 80.3 income 120.5 104.4 80.3 56.2 40.2 15.3 Z of households 2.30 3.06 4.59 3.06 2.30 Source: Coluans 1 and 2, Table A.31. Other column headings, see para. A.60. Remaining entries derived by multiplying data in columns 1 and 2 by relevant numbers in other column headings. - 90 - APPENDIX Table A.33 RURAL INCOME DISTRIBUTION Average Percentage Persons Percentage Percentage per capita of per of share of total households household people income income (Y/year) 427.5 4.37 4.97 3.82 9.66 370.5 5.82 5.23 5.34 11.73 285.0 8.73 5.64 8.65 14.59 274.1 2.22 4.97 1.94 3.15 237.5 2.96 5.23 2.72 3.82 205.7 4.52 4.97 3.95 4.81 199.5 5.82 6.21 6.35 7.50 182.7 4.44 5.64 4.40 4.76 178.2 6.02 5.23 5.53 5.83 148.1 1.62 4.97 1.41 1.24 142.5 4.37 6.39 4.91 4.14 137.1 9.03 5.64 8.95 7.26 128.3 2.16 5.23 1.99 1.51 127.9 2.96 6.21 3.23 2.44 120.5 2.30 4.97 2.01 1.43 104.4 3.06 5.23 2.81 1.74 98.7 3.24 5.64 3.21 1.88 96.0 6.02 6.21 6.57 3.73 91.4 2.22 6.39 2.49 1.35 80.3 4.59 5.64 4.55 2.16 69.1 2.16 6.21 2.36 0.96 68.6 4.52 6.39 5.07 2.06 56.2 3.06 6.21 3.34 1.11 49.4 1.62 6.39 1.82 0.53 40.2 2.30 6.39 2.58 0.61 Source: Columns 1-3, Table A.32. Column 4 derived from columns 2 and 3. Column 5 derived from columns 1 and 4. D19a/A5 - 91 - APPENDIX Table A.34 DERIVATION OF OVERALL INCOME DISTRIBUTION Average Urban Rural Total Percentage per capita population population population share income percentages percentages percentages of income (YIyear) Urban Rural 638.4 7.33 1.10 3.52 461.7 28.18 4.23 9.79 394.2 9.16 7.79 15.39 343.9 37.98 5.70 9.82 283.0 10.59 9.00 12.76 256.6 24.03 3.60 4.63 209.3 13.02 11.07 11.61 176.2 11.34 9.64 8.51 152.5 2.48 0.37 0.28 139.0 13.86 11.78 8.20 119.9 10.04 8.53 5.12 96.9 9.78 8.31 4.03 80.4 9.40 7.99 3.22 56.9 12.81 10.89 3.10 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 Source: Column 1, Table A. 30 (converted to an annual basis and divided by 1.141 - see para. A.46). Column 2, Table A. 33. Column 3, Table A. 30 and para. A.54. Column 4, Table A. 33. Column 5, sum of column 3, with weight of 0.15, and column 4, with weight of 0.85. Column 6, derived from columns 1, 2 and 5. - 92 - BASIC STATISTICAL TABLES C46400/J78835/D991/02 - 93 - Table 1.1: POPULATION AND VITAL STATISTICS, 1949-80 Rate of Year-end natural Crude birth Crude death population increase rate per rate per Year (millions) per thousand thousand thousand 1949 541.67 n.a. n.a. n.a. 1952 574.82 20.0 37.0 17.0 1957 646.53 23.2 34.0 10.8 1965 725.38 28.5 38.1 9.6 1970 825.92 26.0 33.6 7.6 1971 847.79 23.4 30.7 7.3 1972 867.27 22.3 29.9 7.6 1973 887.61 21.0 28.1 7.1 1974 904.09 17.6 25.0 7.4 1975 919.90 15.8 23.1 7.3 1976 932.67 12.7 20.0 7.3 1977 945.24 12.1 19.0 6.9 1978 958.09 12.0 18.3 6.3 1979 970.92 11.7 17.9 6.2 1980 982.55 n.a. n.a. n.a. Source: State Statistical Bureau. - 94 - Table 1.2: POPULATION BY PROVINCE, 1978 AND 1979 (Millions) Year-End 1978 1979 National Total 958.09 970.92 Southwest Region Sichuan 97.07 97.74 Guizhou 26.86 27.31 Yunnan 30.92 31.35 Xizang 1.79 1.83 Northwest Region Shaanxi 27.79 28.07 Gansu 18.73 18.94 Qinghai 3.65 3.72 Ningxia 3.66 3.64 Xinjiang 12.33 12.56 Central South Region Henan 70.66 71.89 Hubei 45.75 46.33 Hunan 51.66 52.23 Guangxi 34.02 34.70 Guangdong 55.93 56.81 East Region Shanghai 10.98 11.32 Jiangsu 58.34 58.92 Zhejiang 37.51 37.92 Anhui 47.13 48.03 Fujian 24.50 24.88 Jiangxi 31.83 32.29 Shandong 71.60 72.32 North Region Beijing 8.50 8.71 Tianjin 7.21 7.41 Hebei 50.57 51.05 Shanxi 24.24 24.47 Nei Monggol /a 8.90 18.52 Northeast Region Liaoning 37.43 34.43 Jilin 24.74 21.84 Heilongjiang 33.76 31.69 /a The boundaries of Nei Monggol were redrawn in 1979 with new boundaries including what had been portions of five adjoining provinces; hence the dramatic population increase. The same boundary adjustment accounts, of course, for population declines in the nearby provinces. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J79011/D991/18 - 95 - Table 1.3: BIRTH AND DEATH RATES FOR URBAN AND RURAL AREAS, 1970-79 Urban Rural Total CBR /a CDR /b CBR /a CDR /b CBR /a CDR /b 1970 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 33.6 7.6 1971 21.9 5.5 31.9 7.6 30.7 7.3 1972 20.1 5.5 31.2 7.9 29.9 7.6 1973 18.1 5.2 29.3 7.3 28.1 7.1 1974 15.1 5.5 26.2 7.6 25.0 7.4 1975 15.2 5.6 24.2 7.6 23.1 7.3 1976 13.7 6.9 20.9 7.4 20.0 7.3 1977 13.9 5.7 19.7 7.1 19.0 6.9 1978 14.1 5.3 18.9 6.4 18.3 6.3 1979 13.9 5.1 18.5 6.4 17.9 6.2 /a Crude birth rate (per thousand). lb Crude death rate (per thousand). Note: Urban areas are the 203 population centers denoted as "urban" by the State Council, plus county towns, of which there are about 2,300. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J79011/D991/19 - 96 - Table 1.4: PERCENT OF POPULATION IN CITIES, BY PROVINCE, 1979 /a NATIONAL TOTAL 13.2 Southwest Region Sichuan 9.4 Guizhou 14.1 Yunnan 6.5 Xizang 6.5 Northwest Region Shaanxi 12.0 Gansu 9.4 Qinghai 14.6 Ningxia 16.9 Xinjiang 19.8 Central South Region Henan 8.3 Hubei 9.7 Hunan 7.0 Guangxi 5.7 Guangdong 12.0 East Region Shanghai 52.2 Jiangsu 10.5 Zhejiang 6.5 Anhui 8.5 Fujian 11.2 Jiangxi 11.0 Shandong 9.5 North Region Beijing 58.5 Tianjin 65.6 Hebei 10.2 Shanxi 15.6 Nei Monggol 15.2 Northeast Region Liaoning 34.7 Jilin 21.7 Heilongjiang 24.5 /a There are 203 cities recognized as such by the State Council; this column shows the percent of the population in each province resident in such cities, or in one of about 2,300 county towns. Source: State Statistical Bureau. Table 2.1: NET MATERIAL PRODUICT, 1949-80 1949 1952 1957 1962 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Net material product at current prices (billion yuan) 35.8 58.9 90.8 92.4 138.7 192.6 250.5 265.9 301.1 337.0/a 363.0 Shares in NMP at Current Prices () Industry n.a. 20 28 n.a. 36 40 45 45 46 46 n.a. Agriculture n.a. 58 47 n.a. 46 41 39 37 36 38 n.a. Construction n.a. 4 5 n.a. 4 4 4 4 4 4 n.a. Transport n.a. 4 4 n.a. 4 4 4 4 4 4 n.a. Commerce n.a. 15 16 n.a. 9 11 8 10 10 8 n.a. Total n.a. 101 100 n.a. 99 100 100 100 100 100 n.a. Net material product at constant prices (index, 1949-100) 100.0 169.8 259.8 222.3 335.4 500.4 656.5 692.9 778.7 833.2 /b /a In the SSBEs Communique on Fulfillment of tihe 1980 National Economic Plan, April 1981, this figure was revised to 335.0. /b In the April 1981 Commtunique, tbe increase at constant prices over 1979 was given as 6.9%. Source: State Statistical Bureau (except "total" figure, derived by summing sectoral percentages - failure to add to 100 is due to rounding errors). C46400/J78791/D991/31 - 98 - Table 2.2: NET MATERIAL EXPENDITURE SHARES, 1952-79 (billion yuan) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 Available national income at current prices (billion yuan)/a 60.7 93.5 134.7 187.6 245.1 257.3 297.7 331.1 Of which: Accumulation (%) 21.4 24.0 27.0 /b /b /b 36.5 33.6 Consumption (%) 78.6 76.0 73.0 7b Th T 63.5 66.4 Composition of accumulation Fixed invest- ment (%) 43.8 60.1 69.3 67.8 78 78 72 76 Inventories and work in pro- gress (%) /c 56.2 39.9 30.7 32.2 22 22 28 24 /a Available national income is defined as investment plus material consumption. /b Accumulation and consumption for these years specified in billions of yuan at current prices as follows: 1970 1975 1977 Accumulation 61.8 83.0 83.2 Consumption 125.8 162.1 174.1 /c Includes expenditure on unfinished construction projects. Sources: State Statistical Bureau. Table 2.3: SECT,ORAL CHtOSS OuTrPUT AT CoNSl'AtAT PhICES: ACHR[CIJLTURE ANI) INDUSTRY, 1949-80 (B1luaou yulin except where otherwise apeclfled) 1949 1952 1957 1962 1965 197t) 1971 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Agricultugre Ja 1952 prices 32.6 48.4 6(0.4/b 1957 prices 53.7/b 43.0 59.0) 71.6 73.8 1970 prices 109.( 128.5 133.9 145.9 158.4 162.7 Index (1949=100) 100.0 148.5 185.3 148.4 203.6 247.0 Ui.a. 300.1 312.8 341.0 370.3 /c Light. daid lleavy Tndustry 1952 prtces 14.0 34.3 78.4 1957 prices 70.4 85.0 139.4 ' 242.1 278.2 1970 prices 238.9 321.9 372.8 423.1 459.1 499.2 ILudex (1949-100) 1 00.41) 245.0 560.() 675.9 1,108.8 1,925.8 lI.d. 2,980.3 3,45(0.7 3,916.5 4,249.4 /c Light Inudustry /d 1952 prices 10.3 22.1 40.5 1957 prices 37.4 n.a. 70.3 105.1 11.19 197(1 prices 102.1 139.3 163.0 180.6 198.0 234.4 Iludex (1949=100) I1O.0 214.6 393.2 ii.i. 739.2 1,104.9 uu.a. 1,60)2.0 1,875.0 2,077.5 2,276.9 /c Heavy Iuduistry /l 1952 prices 3.7 12.2 31.9 1957 prices 33.0 ni.a. 69.1 137.ll 166.1 1970 prices 136.6 182.6 209.8 242.5 261.1 264.8 Index (1949=100) 1 00.0 329.7 1,024.3 u.a. 2,144.9 4,252.9 u.a. 6,896.6 7,922.2 9,158.1 9,863.3 /c /a For a breakdown of agrIculttural output, aec Table 6.2. /b It 1957, tlhere wau a substantial chanige li the clverdge uf "agriculLture" (see UL-da 3.08). The differenice between thebe two figures reflects thlis, in idJltiou to tlLe chuuuge 1u prlces betweeal 1952 anil 1957. /c In the SSS's April 1981 Coaiwtulyique ose Ftill ilr41e tii of the 1980 N..lt bal EcIoaouiuilc h'Lin, the percen1tage Inucredaca aver 1979 ln constntt prices were giveut as full ows: jgritI aitire, 2.7X; I Igi daud lie.ivy IlnidskLry, 8.7X; 1iglht i iduastry, 18.42; heavy industry, 1.4Z. Jd For a asore detLaled breakdown of ndtistrusia otitilput, siee Table 7.2. Soulrce; State StatistI cdl bureat. - 100 - Table 2.4: COMPOSITION OF STATE CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION EXPENDITURE (Current Prices), 1952-79 (million yuan) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 Industry /a 1,900 7,900 9,400 19,100 23,700 22,500 29,400 28,200 Light (400) (800) (700) (1,200) (3,400) (2,500) (2,700) (3,000) Heavy (1,500) (7,100) (8,700) (17,900) (20,300) (20,000) (26,700) (25,200) Transport, communi- cation, ports 800 2,200 3,400 6,100 7,400 5,300 7,200 6,600 Agriculture, etc. 600 1,300 2,500 2,600 4,200 4,500 5,600 6,300 Commerce, food dis- tribution, trade 100 400 400 600 1,300 1,300 1,500 1,900 Culture, health, education, etc. 300 700 500 300 1,000 1,000 1,400 2,100 Urban construction 200 400 300 300 800 900 1,400 2,700 Others 500 900 600 500 800 900 1,500 2,200 Total 4,400 1,7 17,100 29,500 39,200 36,400 48,000 50,900 /a For a more detailed breakdown of industrial investment, see Table 7.3. Source: State Statistical Bureau. - 101 - Table 2.5: CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION BY SOURCES AND USES AT CURRENT PRICES, 1952-80 (million yuan) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Value of completed state capital constuction 3,114 12,922 15,993 19,257 25,053 26,031 35,637 41,827 42,700/a State capital construc- 4,356 13,829 17,089 29,499 39,186 36,441 47,955 49,988 53,900 tion expenditure Within state budget/b (3,711)(12,645)(15,437)(25,517)(31,812)(29,439)(39,593)(39,497)(28,100)/a Outside state budget/c (645) (1,184) (1,652) (3,982) (7,374) (7,002) (8,362)(10,491)(25,800)/d Proportion for pro- ductive purposes 66.9 76.0 84.7 93.5 85.7 83.3 82.6 73.0 66.3 Proportion for non- productive purposes 33.1 24.0 15.3 6.5 14.3 16.7 17.4 27.0 33.7 /a 1980 figures are from the SSB's April 1981 Communique on Fulfillment of the 1980 National Economic Plan. The percentage changes from 1979 given in the Communique for these two series are not consistent with the 1979 data in this table, suggesting that the 1979 data may have been revised. (The value of completed state capital construction is said to have risen bv 2.2%, and state capital construction expenditure covered by the budget to have declined by 24.9%.) /b Extimate of actual expenditure. Differs from figures for capital construction in the budget itself, which refer to appropriations. /c Expendicure financed from extrabudgetary funds of enterprises, departments and local govern- ments. /d Estimated residually: figure noc in Communique (see note /a). Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78791/D991/08 - 102 - Table 2.6: COMPONENTS OF VALUE ADDED IN INDUSTRY (CURRENT PRICES), 1978 (unit: %) 1978 Wages and salaries, welfare fund and bonuses 25 Taxes and profits 70 Interest paid to banks 2 Other 3 Total 100 Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J7901 1/D991/09 - 103 - Table 2.7: DISTRIBUTION OF COLLECTIVE INCOME, 1979 /a Range of annual per capita distributed % of production collective income teams 40 yuan or below 16.1 41-50 yuan 11.4 51-80 yuan 31.7 81-100 yuan 15.6 101 yuan or above 25.2 100.0 /a See also Table 6.11 (which includes data on distributed collective income by province), and notes to Table 2.9. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J79011/D991/ 10 - 104 - Table 2.8: DISTRIBUTIGN OF COLLECTIVE FOODGRAINS, 1979 Range (amount of unprocessed grain % of production per capita)/a teams Below 300 jin /b 11.7 301-360 jin 10.0 361-400 jin 9.0 401-450 jin 12.0 451-500 jin 12.2 More than 501 jin 45.1 100.0 /a Distributed by production teams to their members as collective income in kind. /b 1 jin equals 0.5 kg. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J79077/D954/49 - 105 - Table 2.9: AVERAGE DISTRIBUTED COLLECTIVE INCOME, 1957-80 Annual distributed collective income per capita (yuan)/a 1957 40.5 1975 63.2 1977 65.0 1978 74.0 1979 83.4 /b 1980 85.9 /b /a Distributed collective income is income distributed, in cash or in kind, to production team members out of net income of the team. It excludes income earned by team members from noncollective sources - private plots and other activities - as well as income from sales of manure by households to the collective and those wages in collective enterprises that are paid directly in cash to individual workers. /b Income in kind valued at 1978 prices. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78791/D952/02 - 106 - Table 3.1: PRICE INDICES, 1952-80 (1950 = 100) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Cost of living of staff and workers 115.5 126.6 139.0 137.8 139.5 143.7 139.6 142.0 /a Retail price index 111.8 121.3 134.6 131.5 131.9 135.0 131.5 134.0 /b Agricultural procurement price index 121.6 146.2 187.9 195.1 208.7 209.2 217.4 265.5 Ic Rural market price index 111.0 120.9 192.2 n.a. n.a. 363.3 246.0 234.9 n.a. Industrial products sold in rural areas 109.7 112.7 118.4 111.9 109.6 109.8 109.8 109.9 n.a. /a Increased by 7.5% over 1979. /b Increased by 6% over 1979. /c Increased by 7.1% over 1979. Source: State Statistical Bureau. - 107 - Table 3.2: PROCUREMENT PRICES, EX-FACTORY PRICES AND RETAIL PRICES (NATIONAL LEVEL), 1957-79 1957 1965 1970 1977 1978 1979 Mixed Average Procurement Prices of Major Agricultural Products (Y) Foodgrain (500 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 128.30 131.73 165.34 Edible vegetable oil (500 kg) n.a. -.a. n.a. 836.40 873.24 1,229.10 Hogs (head) n.a. n.a. n.a. 70.30 74.50 102.10 Cattle (head) n.a. n.a. n.a. 98.80 100.90 120.30 Sheep (head) n.a. n.a. n.a. 13.50 14.70 17.70 Poultry (head) n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.60 2.00 2.20 Eggs (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 67.90 68.90 84.00 Tea (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 117.00 119.70 153.00 Sugarcane ('000 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 35.00 36.20 44.90 Sugar beets ('000 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 62.00 60.50 81.80 Cotton (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 104.00 113.90 134.00 Jute and hemp (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.00 28.40 28.70 Tussah cocoons (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 49.00 50.00 64.40 Silkworm cocoons (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 133.00 138.40 163.00 Vegetables (50 kg) n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.80 4.1O 4.50 Ex-Factorv Prices - Agrochemicals and Machinery (Y) Tractor (East is Red 54/75, unit) 21,000.00 17,000.00 14,500.00 n.a. n.a. 14,500.00 Tractor (East is Red 28, unit) 18,000.00 10,000.00 9,000.00 n.a. n.a. 9,000.00 Tractor (Iron Cow 40/55, unit) 18,000.00 14,000.00 12,000.00 n.a. n.a. 12,000.00 Hand tractor (Kung-Long 7/11, unit) 4,130.00 2,500.00 2,355.00 n.a. n.a. 2,300.00 Combined threshing machine (GT-4.9 model, unit) n.a. 22,000.00 15,000.00 n.a. n.a. 13,000.00 (NH4)2S04 (N 20.8%, ton) 184.00 184.00 185.00 n.a. n.a. 185.00 Urea (N 46%, ton) 1,000.00 540.00 400.00 n.a. n.a. 350.00 NH4N03 (N 34%, ton) 400.00 315.00 260.00 n.a. n.a. 220.00 Calcium superohosphate (P 14-18%, ton) n.a. 120.00 110.00 n.a. n.a. 100.00 Retail Prices of industrial Goods in Rural Areas (Y) Chemical fertilizer (ton) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 231.00 236.00 Pesticides (ton) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,358.00 1,525.00 Coal (ton) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 30.00 31.30 Transistor radio n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 34.60 39.20 3icycle n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 159.00 159.00 Watch n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 125.00 123.00 Clock n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 19.00 20.10 Thermos bottle n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.00 4.10 Chrome gold pen n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1.44 1.56 Pencil n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.05 0.05 Sewing machine n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 146.00 149.00 Sources: (1) State Agricultural Commission. (2) State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78902/D991/5 1 - 108 - Table 3.3: GANSU - PROCUREMENT PRICES OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL COM,MODITIES, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Foodgrain 50 kg 11.76 11.76 14.32 Of which: wheat " 13.50 13.50 16.40 Vegetable oil " 82.77 82.77 104.68 Vegetable foodstuffs " 25.89 25.89 34.05 Of which: vegetable seed oil 85.00 85.00 106.00 Ginned cotton 103.00 115.00 138.25 Hemp 87.00 87.00 104.50 Cocoon " 115.00 115.00 140.00 Sugarbeet Ton 60.00 60.00 78.00 Pig 50 kg 47.50 47.50 62.00 Cattle 60.00 60.00 85.00 Goat " 70.00 70.00 85.00 Chicken eggs " 68.00 68.00 88.40 Cow hide 126.00 126.00 199.00 Sheep wool 160.00 160.00 160.00 Sheep skin Sheet 4.54 4.54 4.54 Goat skin " 2.95 2.95 2.95 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Gansu. C46400/J78902/D991/49 - 109 - Table 3.4: JIANGSU - PROCUREMENT PRICES OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL COMfODITIES, 1977-79 (Yuan) - Unit 1977 1978 1979 Wheat (medium grade) 50 kg 13.13 13.13 15.83 Unmilled rice (medium grade) It 11.33 11.33 13.53 Corn (medium grade) " 9.60 9.60 11.70 Soybean (medium grade) " 15.50 20.00 23.00 Peanut (medium) " 38.00 38.00 48.00 Vegetable oil seed (oil 38%) " 28.00 28.00 36.00 Cotton (#327) if 104.90 115.00 132.50 Jute (grade 2) " 86.00 86.00 86.00 Tobacco (medium, yellow, grade 4) " 70.00 70.00 70.00 Green tea (Class 4, grade 8) 115.00 115.00 121.00 Peppermint oil (78-890) " 1,400.00 1,400.00 1,400.00 Pig (grade 3) " 49.19 49.19 59.93 Beef (boneless, grade 2) " 69.00 69.00 93.16 Goat (grade 2) " 27.00 27.00 37.68 Chicken eggs (fresh) " 69.00 69.00 82.77 Chicken (grade 3, 1.25 kg or more) 69.67 69.67 78.00 Duck (grade 3, 1.5 kg or more) 53.43 53.43 58.50 Sheep skin (grade 1) Sheet 5.00 5.00 5.00 Silkworm cocoon (mixed and fresh) 50 kg 144.37 144.37 176.26 Apple (Kaokang, grade 1) " 21.00 21.00 21.00 Pear (grade 1) " 13.00 13.00 13.00 Melon seed (black, medium) " 60.00 100.00 100.00 Melon seed (white) " 57.50 94.00 94.00 Day lily " 75.00 105.00 105.00 Bamboo (grade A) Cane 1.26 1.26 1.58 Honey (grade 1) 50 kg 100.00 110.00 110.00 Reed (grade 1, 2.66 m long) " 4.23 5.36 5.36 Large yellow croaker (fresh, 350 gm or more) " 24.67 24.67 34.78 Hairtail (fresh, 200 gm or more) if 22.41 22.41 31.74 Silver carp (fresh, 1 kg or more) " 30.04 30.04 40.26 Carp (1 kg or more) " 39.44 39.44 54.77 Dried shrimp (grade 1) " 420.00 420.00 420.00 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Jiangsu. C46400/J79011/D991/47 - 110 - Table 3.5: HUBEI - PROCUREMENT PRICES OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Wheat (grade 3) 50 kg 13.09 13.09 15.80 Rice (grade 3) 9.50 9.50 11.55 Corn (grade 2) 9.50 9.50 11.60 Soybean (grade 3) 15.50 20.00 23.00 Peanut grade 3) 38.00 38.00 48.00 Vegetable oil seed (medium) 28.00 28.00 34.00 Cotton (327 mm, grade 3) 104.80 115.00 132.50 Flax (grade 2, class 3) 95.00 95.00 119.50 Tobacco (yellow, grade 4) 72.00 72.00 72.00 Green tea (class 4, grade 8) 104.00 104.00 120.00 Pig (grade 3) 48.20 48.20 62.09 Beef 64.30 64.30 85.48 Goat (grade 2, more than 25 kg) 26.80 26.80 36.40 Chicken eggs (fresh) 67.40 67.40 80.59 Chicken (grade 2) 65.00 65.00 81.69 Duck (grade 2) 43.00 43.00 45.75 Sheep skin (grade A) Sheet 4.00 4.00 4.00 Cocoon 50 kg 115.00 115.00 138.00 Apple (grade 1) 23.00 23.00 23.00 Pear (grade 1) 18.00 18.00 18.00 Melon seed (black, medium, grade 2) 60.00 100.00 100.00 Melon seed (white, small, grade 2) 55.00 90.00 90.00 Day lily (grade 2) 76.67 76.67 100.00 Bamboo (8 m long) Cane 0.94 0.94 1.04 Honey (grade 1, 400) 50 kg 90.00 110.00 110.00 Reed rug (lx1.5 m) Piece 0.53 0.53 0.53 Fresh fish (grade 1) 50 kg 39.80 39.80 53.60 Lotus seed 73.98 104.00 104.00 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Hubei. C46400/J78902/D991/48 - 111 - Table 3.6: LIAONING - PROCUREMENT PRICES OF MAJOR AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES,/a 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Wheat (grade 3) 50 kg 13.72 13.72 16.40 Unmilled rice (grade 2) " 13.30 13.30 15.80 Corn (grade 2) " 8.29 8.29 10.16 Soybean (grade 3) " 16.50 20.00 23.00 Peanut (grade 3) " 38.00 38.00 48.00 Vegetable oil seed (grade 3) " 28.00 28.00 35.00 Cotton (grade 3 - 27 mm long) " 115.00 122.00 146.00 Hemp (grade 2) " 92.80 92.80 108.00 Tobacco (golden yellow, grade 4) " 60.00 60.00 60.00 Pig (grade 3) " 51.90 51.90 60.75 Cattle (mixed) " 72.00 72.00 99.08 Goat (grade 2) " 70.19 70.19 98.62 Chicken eggs (mixed) " 70.40 70.40 91.10 Sheep skin (Liaoninglu grade B) Sheet 4.47 4.47 4.47 Tussah (grade 1) 50 kg 57.00 57.00 68.00 Apple (Kaokang, grade 2) " 15.00 15.00 15.00 Pear (grade 2) " 14.00 14.00 15.00 Melon seed (black, grade 2) " 60.00 100.00 100.00 Honey (Class 1, grade 2) " 100.00 100.00 110.00 Reed (mixed) " 2.50 2.50 3.25 Large yellow croaker (grade 1) " 30.00 30.00 40.00 Dried shrimp (medium, grade 1) " 336.00 336.00 430.00 /a Average procurement prices for Fongcheng, Haicong, Taitu and Fusheng counties. Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Liaoning. C46400/J78902/D991/52 - 112 - Table 3.7: BEIJING - RETAIL PRICES OF MAJOR COMMODITIES,/a 1980 (Yuan) Unit November 1980 Flour (standard) 1/2 kg 0.185 Rice (short grain, grade 1) " 0.350 Soybean (grade 1) " 0.200 Vegetable oil " 0.810 Peanut oil " 0.850 Soybean oil " 0.840 Salt (refined) " 0.170 Bean curd " 0.080 Frozen pork (boneless) " 1.260 Beef (boneless) 1.000 Mutton (boneless) " 1.000 Frozen chicken (1 kg or more) " 1.360 Chicken eggs (fresh) " 1.200 Yellow croaker (0.25 kg or more) 0.690 Sugar (refined) " 0.820 Cocoa butter 100 gm 1.020 Green tea (grade 3) 1/2 kg 13.40 Apple (grade 1) " 0.47 M.S.G. " 7.20 Cigarettes (without filter) Pkg 0.39 Cigarettes (with filter) " 0.72 White coarse cloth (36") 1/3 m 0.28 Men's T-shirt (90 cm) 1.52 White towel (730 gm/10 pieces) 0.70 Men's nylon socks (254 gm) Pair 3.00 Men's leather shoes " 31.00 Soap (Lighthouse brand) piece 0.44 Thermos bottle 6.80 Bulb (15-40 w) 0.38 Rice bowl (coarse china) 0.18 Matches 10 boxes 0.20 Coal (for household use) 50 kg 1.20 Gasoline (85 octane) 10 kg 9.00 Television (B&W, 12") 360.00 Sewing machine (5 speeds) 169.00 Bicycle (Fly Pigeon brand) 158.00 Watch (domestic) 120.00 Refrigerator (100 liters) 812.00 Razor blades 10 blades 0.60 Aspirin 100 tablets 0.70 Pain relief tablets 50 tablets 0.40 Source: Municipal Statistical Bureau, Beijing. - 113 - Table 3.8: SHENYANG - RETAIL PRICES OF MAJOR CONSUMER GOODS, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Flour (standard) 1/2 kg 0.185 0.185 0.185 Rice (standard, grade 2) " 0.178 0.178 0.178 Corn flour (coarse) " 0.095 0.095 0.095 Sorghum (grade 2) " 0.110 0.110 0.110 Soybean oil (grade 1) " 0.840 0.840 0.840 Peanut oil (grade 1) " 0.870 0.870 0.870 Salt 0.130 0.130 0.130 Salt (refined) " 0.180 0.180 0.180 Nloodle made from sweet potato (grade 1) " 0.580 0.580 0.580 Bean noodle (grade 1) ' 1.100 1.100 1.100 Fungus (grade 1) 9.320 9.520 10.320 Fresh vegetable (mixed) 50 kg 4.140 5.150 5.440 Pork (boneless) 1/2 kg 1.100 1.100 1.137 Beef (boneless) " 0.730 0.730 0.766 Mutton (boneless) 0.700 0.700 0.737 Chicken eggs (fresh) " 0.920 0.920 0.966 Yellow croaker (frozen, grade 1) 0.500 0.510 0.567 Sword fish (frozen, grade 1) " 0.470 0.480 0.510 Carp (frozen, grade 1) " 0.710 0.710 0.752 Dried small shrimp (grade 1) 0.970 0.970 1.030 Sov sauce " 0.110 0.110 0.110 M.S.C. (95%) " 10.300 10.300 8.980 Sugar (refined) " 0.830 0.830 0.830 Sugar (brown) , 0.650 0.650 0.650 Cigarettes (A grade) Pkg 0.500 0.5;0 0.500 Cigarettes (B grade) " 0.340 0.340 0.340 WJine (grain) (60% proof) 1/2 kg 1.250 1.250 1.250 Wine (sorghum) bottle 2.720 2.760 2.800 Dav lilv (grade 5) 1/2 kg 3.400 3.400 3.400 Apple (Kaokang, grade 1) " 0.350 0.350 0.355 Pear (grade 1) 0.290 0.300 0.302 Oates (red) (grade 1) " 0.550 0.670 0.730 Chestnue (grade 1) 0.610 0.660 0.780 Candv (cocoa butter) " 2.100 2.100 2.110 Cake (standard, grade 2) " 0.800 0.800 0.865 Cotton cloth (white) (21/21) 1/3 m 0.345 0.345 0.345 Colored plain cloth (42/2x21) 0.645 0.645 0.645 Khaki (dyed) (42/2x21) " 0.770 0.770 0.770 Polyester cotton cloth (very fine)(45/45) " 1.370 1.370 1.370 Pure wool (2101) m 25.800 25.800 25.800 Pure wool (2201) m 29.000 29.000 29.000 Tussah silk m 2.550 2.550 2.550 T-shirt (men's) (90 cm) 1.730 1.730 1.730 Thermal underwear (90 cm) 6.500 6.500 6.500 Cotton sweater (#32, 90 cm) 3.630 3.630 3.630 Towel (21, Blenching) 0.640 0.640 0.640 Rubber shoes (#40) pair 6.050 6.050 6.050 Enamel basin (34 cm, grade 1) 2.450 2.450 2.450 Aluminumicooking pot (26 cm, grade 1) 5.000 5.000 5.000 Soap (People's brand) piece 0.230 0.230 0.230 Thermos bottle (steel) (5 lbs) 6.250 6.250 6.250 Flashlight (300 m) 1.730 1.730 1.730 Bulb (40 w - 200 v) 0.400 0.400 0.400 Sewing machine (5 speeds) 145.000 145.000 145.000 Radio (transistor, mini size) 24.000 24.000 24.000 Bicycle (Model 12) 157.000 157.000 157.000 'atch (domestic) 120.000 120.000 120.000 Television (12") 400.000 400.000 400.000 Bowl (for rice, 13.3 cm) 0.130 0.130 0.130 Dresser 140.000 140.000 140.000 Glazed paper (No. 1) Sheet 0.050 0.055 0.060 Coal (Grade 9) 50 kg 1.280 1.280 1.280 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau. Liaoning. - 114 - Table 3.9: WUHAN - RETAIL PRICES OF MAJOR CONSUMER GOODS, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Flour (standard) 1/2 kg 0.20 0.20 0.20 Rice (standard, grade 2) 0.142 0.142 0.142 Soybean (medium) 0.161 0.161 0.161 Vegetable oil (pure) 0.82 0.82 0.82 Cotton seed oil (pure) 0.80 0.80 0.80 Salt (refined) 0.15 0.15 0.15 Bean curd piece 0.03 0.03 0.03 Bean sprout (green bean sprout) 1/2 kg 0.08 0.08 0.08 Bean noodle (grade 1) 0.72 0.72 0.72 Fresh vegetable Pork (boneless) 0.96 0.96 1.24 Beef 0.75 0.75 1.00 Mutton (boneless) 0.92 0.92 1.12 Chicken (grade 1) 1.04 1.04 1.16 Chicken eggs (fresh) 0.86 0.86 1.10 Fresh fish (2 kg or nore) 0.44 0.44 0.68 Saccharin (plastic bag) 26.00 26.00 12.00 M.S.G. (800, plastic bag) 8.64 8.64 5.97 Sugar (refined) 0.76 0.76 0.76 Sugar (brown) 0.59 0.59 0.59 Cigarettes (A grade) pkg 0.48 0.48 0.48 Cigarettes (B grade) pkg 0.39 0.39 0.39 Wine (grain, 600 proof) 1/2 kg 2.10 2.10 2.10 Wine (grape, 180 proof, 0.5 kg bottle) Green tea (grade 3) 4.60 4.60 4.00 Apple (Kaokang, grade 1) 0.46 0.46 0.46 Pear (grade 1) 0.403 0._03 0.390 Candy 1.62 1.62 1.72 Cake 1.20 1.20 1.44 White coarse cloth 1/3 m. 0.32 0.32 0.32 Colored plain cloth (80 gi) 0.34 0.34 0.34 Khaki (113 gm, 20x20) 0.62 0.62 0.62 Polyester cotton cloth (very fine) (89 gm, 45x45) 1.60 1.60 1.60 Navy blue woolen cloth m. 17.10 17.10 17.10 Men's T-shirt (90 cm) 1.69 1.69 1.69 Cotton sweater (90 cm) 3.21 3.21 3.21 Towel (21") 0.62 0.62 0.62 Rubber shoes (i#40) pair 7.66 7.66 7.66 Enamel basin (36", grade B) 2.53 2.53 2.53 Enamel mug (9") 0.95 0.95 0.95 Aluminum cooking pot (24") 5.38 5.38 5.38 Soap (Hungshan Brand) piece 0.48 0.48 0.48 Thermos bottle (5 lbs) 6.15 6.15 6.15 Flashlight (100 m) 1.70 1.70 1.70 Bulb (15-40 w) 0.38 0.38 0.38 Sewing machine (J.A.H., 2 speeds) 136.00 136.00 136.00 Radio (transistor)(Zhangjiang brand) 26.00 26.00 26.00 Television (12") 400.00 400.00 400.00 Bicycle (Model 21) 156.50 156.50 156.50 Watch (domestic) 120.00 120.00 120.00 Dresser (100 x 53 x 180 cm) 92.02 92.02 92.02 Bowl (coarse china, grade 1) 0.22 0.22 0.22 Glazed paper (40 gm) Sheet 0.55 0.60 0.60 Coal (machine made, coal ball) 50 kg 1.75 1.75 1.75 Kerosene 0.5 kg 0.35 0.35 0.35 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Hubei. - 115 - Table 3.10: NANJING - RETAIL PRICES OF MAJOR CONSUMER GOODS, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Flour (standard) 1/2 kg 0.16 0.16 0.16 Nonglutinous rice (standard, grade 2) " 0.14 0.14 0.14 Soybean (grade 2) " 0.13 0.13 0.13 Vegetable oil (grade 2) 0.79 0.79 0.79 Soybean oil (grade 2) " 0.84 0.84 0.84 Salt (coarse) " 0.145 0.145 0.145 Bean curd (2.5 pieces per 0.5 kg) 0.05 0.05 0.05 Bean sprout (soybean sprout) " 0.10 0.10 0.123 Bean noodle (grade 2) " 0.73 0.73 0.73 Fresh vegetable (mixed) 50 kg 5.15 5.62 6.11 Pork (fresh, boned) 1/2 kg 0.80 0.80 1.06 Beef (fresh, boneless) " 0.62 0.62 0.90 Mutton (fresh, boneless) " 0.70 0.70 1.03 Chicken (grade 2, 1.25-1.5 kg) " 0.98 1.05 1.15 Chicken eggs (fresh) " 0.84 0.84 1.15 Fresh yellow croaker (300 gm or more) " 0.45 0.45 0.58 Fresh hairtail (200 gm or more) " 0.36 0.36 0.52 Carp (1 kg or more) " 0.48 0.48 0.73 Crucian carp (175 gm or more) " 0.47 0.47 0.81 Saccharin " 26.50 26.50 12.00 M.S.G. (0.5 kg, plastic bag) 8.93 8.93 6.15 Sugar (refined) " 0.84 0.84 0.84 Sugar (brown) " 0.66 0.66 0.66 A Class cigarectes pk 0.59 0.59 0.59 B Class cigarettes pk 0.33 0.33 0.33 Wine (from grain) bottle 1.36 1.56 1.56 Wine (from grapes) ' 0.75 0.75 0.75 Green tea (grade 5) 1/2 kg 2.60 2.60 2.60 Apple (Kaokang, grade 1) " 0.46 0.471 0.458 Pear (grade 1) " 0.38 0.386 0.355 Dates (red) (grade 3) " 0.76 0.81 0.98 Candy " 1.35 1.35 1.372 Cake " 1.80 1.80 2.00 White coarse cloth 1/3 m 0.365 0.365 0.365 Colored plain cloth " 0.425 0.425 0.425 Khaki (81 gm, 21") " 0.50 0.50 0.50 Polyester cotton cloth (very fine)(42") " 1.38 1.38 1.38 Polyester velveteen (30/2x20) 2.01 2.01 2.01 Navy woolen cloth meter 7.40 17.40 17.40 Colored crepe de Chine " 13.96 3.96 3.96 T-shirfs (men's) (90 cm) 1.70 1.70 1.70 Cotton sweater (85 cm) 2.87 2.87 2.87 White towel (600 gm) each piece 0.62 0.62 0.62 Rubber shoes (#40) pair 4.88 4.88 4.88 Enamel basin (34", grade B) each 2.05 2.05 2.05 Enamel mug (9", grade B) 0.63 0.63 0.63 Alumintu cooking ware (24") 5.32 5.32 5.32 .luminum cooking ware (24") 5.32 5.32 5.32 Soap (Ninjing, 333 gm) piece 0.46 0.46 0.46 Thermos0bottle (painted, 5 lbs) 5.88 5.88 5.88 Flash light (100 m) 1.41 1.41 0.72 Bulb (15-40 w) 0.38 0.38 0.38 Sewing machine (panda, 1 speed) 114.00 114.00 114.00 Radio (6 tubes, Model 601) 27.00 27.00 27.00 Television (12") 400.00 400.00 400.00 Bicycle (Model 12, 28") 154.00 154.00 154.00 Watch (domestic) 120.00 120.00 120.00 Dresser (one door, 3 drawers) 71.00 71.00 71.00 3owl (coarse china) 0.155 0.155 0.190 Glazed paper (#2, 30 gi) sheet 0.04 0.04 0.045 Coal (Beijing, 0.75 kg) '00 pieces 3.00 3.00 3.00 Kerosene (household use) 1/2 kg 0.33 0.33 0.33 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Jiangsu. C46400/J79011/D991/50 - 116 - Table 3.11: LANZHOU - RETAIL PRICES OF MAJOR CONSUMER GOODS, 1977-79 (Yuan) Unit 1977 1978 1979 Flour 1/2 kg 0.18 0.18 0.18 Vegetable oil 0.87 0.87 0.87 Pork 0.86 0.86 1.08 Beef 0.60 0.60 0.86 Mutton 0.55 0.55 0.78 Chicken eggs 0.90 0.90 1.15 Wine (grain) 1.27 1.27 1.27 Sugar 0.81 0.81 0.81 Cigarettes Pkg 0.26 0.26 0.26 White cotton cloth 1/3 m 0.29 0.29 0.29 Soap Piece 0.40 0.40 0.40 Toothpaste 0.50 0.50 0.50 Thermos bottle 6.38 6.38 6.38 Kerosene 1/2 kg 0.36 0.36 0.36 Matches Box 0.02 0.02 0.02 Bicycle 157.00 157.00 157.00 Aspirin Tablet 0.01 0.01 0.01 Coal Ton 43.20 43.20 43.20 Pig iron Ton 150.00 150.00 225.00 Diesel oil (for agricultural use) 245.00 245.00 245.00 Tractor 12,480.00 12,480.00 12,480.00 Automobile 15,080.00 15,080.00 15,080.00 Hand tractor 2,392.00 2,392.00 2,392.00 Ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3) Ton 310.00 310.00 310.00 Urea 450.00 450.00 450.00 Calcium superphosphate 140.00 140.00 140.00 BHC (Benzene hexachloride) 400.00 400.00 400.00 DDVP (dichlorous) 5,600.00 5,600.00 5,600.00 Source: Provincial Statistical Bureau, Gansu. - 117 - Table 3.12: P'JRCHASES OF COMMERCIAL DEPARTMENTS AND RETAIL SALES AT CURRENT PRICES, 1952-80 (billion yuan) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total purchases 17.50 42.81 71.05 93.30 139.74 156.63 173.67 199.24 226.30 Of which: Manufactures (8.45) (24.76) (43.02) (61.18) (97.19) (113.92) (126.34) (140.56) (156.76) Farm and side line (9.01) (1.765) (27.42) (31.40) (41.46) (41.33) (45.99) (58.68) (67.70) Total retail sales /a 27.68 47.42 65.73 84.10 124.61 141.10 152.75 175.25 207.10 /b n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 180.00 214.00 /a Excluding sales by peasants to the nonsgricultural population. /b Including sales by peasancs to the nonagricultural population. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78835/D953/27 - 118 - Table 4.1: STATE BUDGET REVENUES, 1950-79 (Billion yuan) 1950 1957 1965 1977 1978 1979 Total revenue 6.519 31.019 47.332 87.446 112.112 110.327 Enterprise profits 0.869 14.418 26.427 40.235 57.199 49.290 Tax revenue 4.898 15.489 20.430 46.827 51.928 53.782 Taxes on industry and commerce (2.363) (11.312) (16.549) (40.090) (45.129) (47.269) Taxes on salt (0.269) (0.631) (0.733) (1.181) (1.083) (0.962) Customs duties (0.356) (0.579) (0.570) (2.623) (2.876) (2.600) Taxes on agriculture (1.910) (2.967) (2.578) (2.933) (2.840) (2.951) Foreign borrowing 0.302 0.699 0.006 0.061 0.151 3.639 Other revenues 0.450 0.413 0.469 0.323 2.834 3.616 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J79011/D953/43 WS - 119 - Table 4.2: BUDGET REVENUES FROM STATE-OWNED ENTERPRISES, BY SECTOR, 1957-79 (Billion yuan) Enterprises incomes Total Industry Rail- Trans- Civil income Total Heavy Light road port aviation 1957 Total 19.967 8.646 6.361 2.285 1.770 0.512 0.008 Taxes 5.549 2.721 1.342 1.370 0.062 0.039 0.001 Profit 14.418 5.934 5.019 0.915 1.708 0.473 0.007 1965 Total 38.519 30.378 20.082 10.296 2.818 1.036 -0.012 Taxes 12.092 8.729 4.106 4.623 0.162 0.099 0.002 Profit 26.427 21.649 15.976 5.673 2.656 0.937 -0.014 1970 Total 57.825 43.306 28.408 14.898 3.932 0.876 -0.055 Taxes 19.928 15.242 7.867 7.375 1.805 0.156 0.001 Profit 37.897 28.064 20.541 7.523 2.127 0.720 -0.056 1975 Total 66.057 54.417 35.859 18.558 4.661 1.584 -0.079 Taxes 26.037 21.108 10.724 10.384 1.339 0.264 0.006 Profit 40.020 33.309 25.135 8.174 3.322 1.320 -0.085 1977 Total 69.919 56.551 35.927 20.624 4.349 1.845 -0.049 Taxes 29.684 23.926 11.839 12.087 1.320 0.296 0.006 Profit 40.235 32.625 24.088 8.537 3.029 1.549 -0.055 1978 Total 90.329 70.767 47.322 23.445 4.928 2.381 -0.050 Taxes 33.130 26.725 13.779 12.946 1.501 0.325 0.010 Profit 57.199 44.042 33.543 10.499 3.427 2.056 -0.060 1979 (Prelim.) Total 85.275 73.883 49.150 24.733 5.389 2.286 0.041 Taxes 35.985 28.764 14.654 14.110 1.605 0.344 0.013 Profit 49.290 45.119 34.496 10.623 3.784 1.942 0.028 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78835/D953/30 - 120 - Table 4.3: BUDGET REVENUES: SHARES OF CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, 1957-79 1957 1965 1971 1977 1978 1979 Absolute value (billion yuan) National total 31.019 47.332 74.473 87.446 112.112 110.327 Central 22.738 15.607 11.936 11.385 16.463 18.756 Local 8.281 31.725 62.537 76.061 95.649 91.571 Ratio (%) National total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Central 73.3 33.0 16.0 13.0 14.7 17.0 Local 26.7 67.0 84.0 87.0 85.3 83.0 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78835/D953/37 WS Page 1 of 2 - 121 - Table 4.4: REVENUE SHARING BY PROVINCES, 1980 Percentage retained by province out of revenues Percentage of industrial other than industrial and commercial tax revenue and commercial taxes retained by province Hebei 88.00 (0) Liaoning 48.70 (0) Sichuan 100.00 72.0 Shaanxi 100.00 88.1 Gansu 100.00 53.2 Henan 100.00 75.4 Hubei 100.00 44.7 Hunan 100.00 42.0 Zhejiang 100.00 13.0 Anhui 100.00 58.1 Shandong 100.00 10.0 Shanxi 100.00 57.9 Annual transfer from central government to province (million yuan) Jiangxi 138 Jilin 300 Heilongjiang 886 Guizhou 478 Yunnan 300 Xizang Autonomous Region 438 Xinjiang Autonomous Region 827 Qinghai Autonomous Region 365 Guangxi Autonomous Region 270 Ningxia Autonomous Region 273 Nei Monggol Autonomous Region 1,062 C46400/J78835/D953/38 WS Page 2 of 2 - 122 - Table 4.4: (continued) Percentage of total revenues retained by province Jiangsu 39.0 Annual transfer from province to central government (+) or subsidy from central gov't to province (-) (million yuan) Guangdong + 1,000 Fujian - 150 Percentage of total revenues retained by municipality /a Beijing- 36.5 Tianjin 31.2 Shanghai 11.2 /a System under review; these percentages are for 1979. Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78835/D953/28 - 123 - Table 4.5: STATE BUDGET EXPENDITURE BY BROAD PURPOSE, 1950-79 (Billion yuan) 1950 1957 1965 1977 1978 1979 Total expenditure 6.808 30.421 46.633 84.353 111.095 127.394 Economic 1.736 16.304 25.421 49.373 70.784 76.159 Social, cultural and educational 0.755 4.642 6.270 11.943 14.696 17.518 Defense 2.801 5.511 8.676 14.904 16.784 22.266 Administration and manage- ment 1.313 2.270 2.634 4.518 5.290 6.305 Debt payment 0.003 0.826 0.636 Other 0.200 0.868 3.006 3.615 3.541 5.146 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78835/D953/29 - 124 - Table 4.6: STATE BUDGET EXPENDITURE BY ACTIVITY, 1950-79 (billion yuan) 1950 1957 1965 1977 1978 1979 Total expenditure 6.808 30.421 46.633 84.353 111.095 127.394 Of which: Capital construction 1.250 12.371 15.849 30.088 45.192 51.469 Modernization investment 1.710 3.777 4.364 Working capital n.a. 2.082 2.755 6.568 6.660 5.206 Product development n.a. 0.229 2.523 2.235 2.547 2.838 Geological survey n.a. 0.627 0.771 1.726 2.015 2.167 Industry, transport and commerce n.a. 1.236 1.591 1.443 1.779 2.104 Agricultural support n.a. 0.799 1.729 5.068 7.695 9.011 Education, culture and health 0.502 2.776 4.559 9.020 11.266 13.212 Defense 2.801 5.511 8.676 14.904 16.784 22.266 Administration n.a. 2.168 2.534 4.332 4.909 5.687 Source: Ministry of Finance. Table 4.7: BREAKDOWN OF STATE BUDGET EXPENDITURE ON CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION, ED)UCATION AND I1EALTH, 1957-80 (billion yuan) 1980 1957 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 (Budget) Total expenditures 30.421 46.633 64.941 82.088 80.620 84.353 111.095 127.394 114.290 Of which: Capital construction 12.371 15.849 29.836 32.696 31.125 30.088 45.192 51.469 37.348 Of which: Heavy industry 7.105 7.815 n.a. 17'.490 16.790 16.389 24.976 27.372 n.a. Light, textile industrtes 0.405 0.644 n.a. 2.067 1.987 1.908 2.723 2.642 n.a. Agriculture, forestry, water conservancy, meteorology 1.093 2.351 n.a. 3.556 3.991 3.598 5.107 6.241 4.460 Railroad, transport, post, civil aviationi 1.940 3.176 n.a. 6.420 5.221 4.299 6.587 6.126 n.a. Commerce, foodgrains, foreign trade, banking 0.273 0.275 n.a. 0.741 0.690 0.724 0.894 0.941 n.a. Education 0.503 0.282 n.a. 0.314 0.327 0.301 0.445 0.689 n.a. Health 0.069 0.087 n.a. 0.178 0.186 0.191 0.259 0.311 n.a. Culture, education and healthi 2.776 4.559 4.365 8.129 8.549 9.020 11.266 13.212 14.827 Of whichi: Educatio0n 1.952 2.912 2.756 4.826 5.049 5.304 6.560 7.698 8.875 1lealttl 0.482 0.929 1.047 1.992 2.095 2.229 2.726 3.174 3.395 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J89664/D953/39-40 WS - 126 - Table 4.8: BREAKDOWN OF STATE BUDGET E,XPENDITURE ON AGRICULTURE, 1965-80 (Billion yuan) 1965 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total 1.729 1.591 4.253 4.601 5.068 7.695 9.011 7.740 Opening up of new land 0.036 } 0.048 0.033 0.031 0.382 0.526 0.542 Agriculture, animal husbandry 0.464 } 0.720 0.835 0.898 1.351 1.591 1.619 Forestry 0.137 } 0.221 0.255 0.265 0.372 0.472 0.514 } 1.316 Water conservancy 0.887 } 1.994 2.004 2.245 3.473 4.524 3.159 Aquaculture, fishery 0.023 } 0.045 0.048 0.051 0.082 0.153 0.226 Meteorology 0.046 1 0.094 0.106 0.116 0.146 0.175 0.175 Commune support 0.055 0.203 0.916 1.119 1.235 1.620 1.085 0.840 Agricultural mechanization - 0.072 0.188 0.199 0.227 0.269 0.378 0.355 Other agricultural support 0.081 - 0.027 0.002 - - 0.107 0.310 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78835/D9 53/31 - 127 - Table 4.9: BUDGET EXPENDITURE: SHARES OF CENTRAL AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT, 1957-79 1957 1965 1971 1977 1978 1979 Absolute value (billion yuan) National total 30.421 46.633 73.217 84.353 111.095 127.394 Central 21.829 28.984 43.567 39.370 52.098 64.589 Local 8.592 17.649 29.650 44.983 58.997 62.805 Ratio (x) National total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Central 71.8 62.2 59.5 46.7 46.9 50.7 Local 28.2 37.8 40.5 53.3 53.1 49.3 Source: Ministry of Finance. C46400/J78902/D991/11 - 128 - Table 5.1: TOTAL MERCHANDISE EXPORTS AND IMPORTS AND BALANCE OF TRADE, 1950-80 (US$ million) Year Total trade Exports Imports Balance 1950 1,135 552 583 -31 1953 2,368 1,022 1,346 -324 1957 3,103 1,597 1,506 91 1962 2,663 1,490 1,173 317 1966 4,614 2,366 2,248 118 1970 4,586 2,260 2,326 -66 1975 14,750 7,264 7,486 -222 1976 13,433 6,855 6,578 277 1977 14,804 7,590 7,214 376 1978 20,638 9,745 10,893 -1,148 1979 29,332 13,658 15,674 -2,016 1980 /a 37,508 18,121 19,387 -1,266 /a Estimated from data in domestic currency in the State Statistical Bureau's April 1981 Communique on the Fulfillment of the 1980 National Economic Plan, converted at an exchange rate of $1.00 = Y 1.501. Source: Ministry of Foreign Trade. C46400/J78902/D991/16-17 Table 5.2: MERCHANDISE EXPORTS BY BROAD SITC CATEGORIES, 1976-79 (In US$ million) 1976 1977 1978 1979 Value Share Value Share Value Share Value Share (%) (%) (%) (%) Total Value of Exports 6,855 100.0 7,590 100.0 9,745 100.0 13,658 100.0 Primary products: 3,744 54.6 4,065 53.6 5,216 53.5 7,315 53.6 Food and animal products mainly for use as food (1,661) (24.2) (1,797) (23.7) (2,316) (23.8) (2,701) (19.8) Beverages and tobacco (62) (0.9) (71) (0.9) (71) (0.7) (86) (0.6) Nonedible raw materials (excluding fuels) (1,038) (15.2) (1,088) (14.3) (1,417) (14.5) (1,804) (13.2) Mineral fuels, lubricants and related raw materials (924) (13.7) (1,068) (14.1) (1,345) (13.8) (2,654) (19.5) Animal and vegetable oil, fats and wax (41) (0.6) (41) (0.6) (67) (0.7) (70) (0.5) r Industrial products: 3,111 45.4 3,525 46.4 4,510 46.5 6,343 46.4 Heavy and chemical industrial products 808 11.8 851 11.2 1,010 10.4 1,497 10.9 -Chemical and related products (198) (2.9) (184) (2.4) (234) (2.4) (424) (3.1) -Machinery and transport equipment (238) (3.5) (296) (3.9) (332) (3.4) (464) (3.4) -Other heavy industrial products (372) (5.4) (371) (4.9) (444) (4.6) (609) (4.4) Light industrial and textile products 2,303 33.6 2,674 35.2 3,519 36.1 4,846 35.5 Source: Ministry of Foreign Trade. Table 5.3. MAJIOlR !:XIoRITS, BY VOLUMI: ANoI VAi.lJE, 1971-79 Volkime Value (in USS wilion) 1979 1980 191o 1971 1978 1979 1977 1978 1979 Jani-Sep Jan-Sep Total 7,590 9,745 13,657 9,515 12,982 Cereals ('000 tons) 1,474.9 1,315.1 1,682.8 1,542.1 361 51E 489 364 392 Rice (1000 tons) 876.1 1,032.9 1,435.2 1,053.1 256 442 338 215 324 Soybeans ('000 tons) 199.2 129.5 112.9 305.9 41 32 98 77 24 Beans ('000 tons) 84.4 55.4 45.8 67.2 42 24 31 26 17 Other cereals ('000 tons) 211.9 147.3 88.9 115.9 23 17 22 13 20 Peanut oil ('000 tons) 13.7 4.3 11.2 17.4 5 13 17 15 19 Peanut kernel ('000 tons) 28.4 14.9 18.1 35.2 13 18 36 31 55 Fresh eggs ('000 jin) 69,700 67,620 81,170 99,510 32 38 46 36 37 Live bogs (()00 head) 2,310.8 2,313.0 2,462.8 2,422.1 169 179 197 150 150 Frozen pork ('000 tons) 38.4 26.2 42.8 44.9 45 70 72 52 81 Frozen rabbit meat (1000 tons) 28.5 27.8 39.3 43.5 90 53 53 39 33 Aquatic products ('000 tons) 93.4 87.7 92.0 97.8 158 258 148 269 267 Fruit ('000 tons) 198.5 227.9 251.0 259.1 67 82 95 41 45 Canned fruit ('000 tons) 197.8 183.3 222.2 286.3 150 202 273 195 253 Beer ('000 cases) - 1,354.3 1,16v2.4 1,247.4 7 6 6 5 7 Cotton yarn ('000 bales) 146.1 117.5 128.8 133.7 52 57 68 48 60 Cotton cloth (106 meters) - 771.61 1,095.64 1,108.83 400 580 699 490 50 Filature silks (tone) 6,483 5,022 8,739 9,040 130 255 271 211 223 Silk and satin materials (106 meters) 115.55 95.22 123.52 145.75 136 200 263 181 17 Woolen materials (106 meters) 8.55 6.63 6.39 12.65 26 25 47 34 4 Tea ('000 tons) 61.2 81.8 86.9 106.8 158 186 230 156 1b6 Resin (U000 tons) 160.5 127.4 142.1 183.9 50 52 76 58 59 Jute bags ('000) 27,800 24,200 37,550 52,850 8 14 23 18 37 Bristles ('000 cases) 139.5 140.8 130.5 174.7 59 55 80 57 48 Bristle brushes ('000 dozens) 2,739.6 3,860.0 4,180.0 5,770.0 10 19 18 12 16 Camel hair (tons) 580 669 623 1,019 4 3 6 5 3 Rabbit hair (tons) 1,970 1,876 2,250 2,675 28 42 60 41 82 Carpets, superior qujality handmade ('000 square meters) 343.8 501.5 740.2 850.4 38 61 83 58 69 Goat skin ('000 hides) 5,304 6,840 8,160 11,010 21 26 53 38 42 Fur mattresses (<000 pieces) 4,076.6 3,030 5,090 6,350 50 65 88 69 73 Paper ('000 tons) 131.5 104.1 134.0 161.2 44 57 78 57 69 Sewing machines (1(00 untts) 336.0 284.0 386.3 496.7 12 18 21 14 15 Bicycles ('000 units) 392.8 375.9 302.8 642.1 13 12 26 16 28 Porcelain (106 pieces) 542.19 629.81 568.03 740.33 80 83 117 77 9 Tin ('000 tons) 7.8 5.6 5.5 4.6 57 65 67 46 42 Antimony (10(0 tons) 2.5 7.7 11.5 12.5 22 26 37 2/ 18 Tungsten (1)00 tons) 20.5 13.6 18.2 21.3 149 172 203 126 119 Coal ('000 tons) 2,270 2,630 3,120 4,630 70 100 177 121 196 Crude oil (1000 tons) 8,495.9 9,110 11,310 13,430 773 958 1,750 1,173 2,234 Paraffin wax (1000 tone) 84.5 49.6 62.7 66.0 14 24 31 20 38 Tires (1000 sets) 299.5 269.8 289.3 414.8 20 20 23 17 23 liaclhine tools (pieces) 4,3h6 4,296 4,805 6,556 18 22 31 18 35 Source: 1inistry of Porwigi, Trade. 1)aLa on Valute were supplied Lo ile IMF by goveetit.ietit source-: C46400/j78902/D991/34 - 131 - Table 5.4: IMPORTS BY BROAD END-USE CATEGORIES, 1950-79 (% of total) 1950 1953 1957 1976 1977 1978 1979 Producer goods 87.2 93.0 92.7 86.8 76.1 81.4 81.3 Machinery & equipment n.a. n.a. n.a. 30.9 17.7 17.5 25.2 Raw materials, of which: n.a. n.a. n.a. 55.9 58.4 63.9 56.1 for heavy industries n.a. n.a. n.a. 33.7 32.0 38.2 32.9 for light industries n.a. n.a. n.a. (16.5) (19.6) (19.4) (17.3) for agriculture n.a. n.a. n.a. ( 5.7) ( 6.8) ( 6.3) ( 5.9) Consumer goods 12.8 7.0 7.3 13.2 23.9 18.6 18.7 Source: State Statistical Bureau, Ten Great Years (Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1960), P. 176, and Ministry of Foreign Trade. 'rable 5.5; MAJOR IMruwrS, BY VOLUME AND VALUE, 1976-79 Volume Value (tn US$ mtllioni) 1979 1980 1976 1977 1978 1979 1977 1978 1979 Jan-Sep Jan-Sep Total 7,214 10,893 15,675 11,417 13,140 Trucks /a (units) 18.248 14,916 21,872 24,768 139 310 45U 297 227 Stitps and vessels (units) 13 15 29 47 162 156 231 140 208 Airplanes (units) 38 18 13 14 67 43 25 21 43 Steel prod-Acts (106 tons) 4.931 5.256 8,638 8.473 1,477 2,698 3,522 2,571 1,304 Copper ('000 tons) 67.3 91 134 134 111 168 234 168 208 Aluminum (000 tons) 300.1 150 211 146 150 215 183 135 107 Pig iron (106 tons) 0.4298 1.183 1.391 0.726 97 130 97 67 43 Iron ore (106 tons) 1,4007 2.568 8.022 7.162 30 109 101 77 70 Natnral rubber ('000 tons) 197.6 257 227 246 112 201 280 198 227 Chemical fertIlizer (106 tons) 4.5881 6.396 7.333 8.395 340 481 655 501 749 Chemtcals n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 402 530 635 464 608 Agricq1tural choisicals ('UOO tons) 45.1 72 82 82 60 75 jjO 78 50 Wood pulp ('000 tons) 171.5 216 221 239 55 49 75 48 87 Paper ('000 tgns) 154.1 254 364 487 55 102 173 129 139 Watchea (106 units) 0.7636 0.93i 2.197 1.876 11 39 31 19 24 Televisions ('000 units) n.a. 31 89 784 4 12 82 43 37 Tape recorders ('000 units) n.a. n.a. n.a. 201 n.a. n.a. 6 1 12 Cotton ('000 tons) 188.4 181 510 549 318 680 815 580 1,212 Acrylic fibers ('000 tons) 18.6 19 24 26 22 29 32 24 21 Polyester fibers ('000 tons) 94.2 142 180 126 134 157 160 91 209 Polyamide fibers ('000 tons) 9 11 13 15 28 34 54 31 61 Cereals (t06 tons) 2.3372 7.014 8.642 11.176 679 949 1.485 1,385 1,482 Soybeans ('000 tons) 29.5 330 190 579 100 52 159 66 113 Animal fats and oilseeds ('000 tons)/b 102.5 284 330 298 153 182 194 156 152 Sugar (106 tons) 0.5771 1.598 1.299 1.096 342 264 219 168 254 Timber /- ('000 cu m) 737.7 539 535 554 37 50 41 77 108 Cocoa ( 000 tons) 10.7 12 15 17 31 54 ol 61 38 Coffee ('000 tons) 6.3 6 5 4 30 17 11 ll 14 /a Includes chassis, trucks, jeeps, trailers, cabs, etc. /b In oil equiv'alent. 7T Timuber refers to lumber only and does tiot incill(le other kinds of wood. Source: Mlal6try ut Pore lgii Trade. Data on valIe were supplied to thie IMF by goveriluleEiL sources. TIable 5.6: TOTAI.-MERCUANDI$E EXPORTS-AND-IMPORTS ro AND FROM CENTRALLY PLANNED AND MARKET ECONOMY COUNTRIES AND AREAS, 1950-79 (US$ million) Total trade Exports Imports Balance *To To countries To To countries To To countrtes To To countries cenirally aqd areas centrally and areas centrally and areas centrally and areas planned with market planned with market planned with market Over- planned with market Year Total countries economy Total countries economy Total countries economy all countries economy 1950 1,135 368 767 552 176 376 583 192 391 -31 - 16 -15 1953 2,368 1,662 706 1,022 717 305 1,346 945 401 -324 -228 -96 1957 3,103 2,065 1,038 1,597 1,129 468 1, 506 936 570 91 193 -102 1962 2,663 1,180 1,483 1,490 799 691 1,173 381 792 317 418 --101 1966 4,614 1,014 3,600 2,366 574 1,792 2,248 440 1,808 118 134 -16 1970 4,586 739 3,847 2,260 475 1,785 2,326 264 2,062 -66 211 -277 1975 14,750 2,269 12,481 7,264 1,267 5,997 7,486 1,002 6,484 -222 265 -487 1976 13,433 2,140 11,293 6,855 1,039 5,816 6,578 1,101 5,477 277 - 62 339 1977 14,804 2,276 12,528 7,590 1,321 6,269 7,214 955 6,259 376 366 10 1978 20,638 2,836 17,802 9,745 1,495 8,250 10,893 1,341 9,552 -1,148 154 -1,302 1979 29,332 3,566 25,766 13,658 1,664 11,994 15,674 1,902 13,772 -2,016 -238 -1,778 Source; Ministry of Foreign Trade. Ta.11-: D11)'1)CitN (F rITAIJ., 1971-8In x po rt s itI lISI,' muIl 1-i) (I''! UI mlai Ii '') 1977 178 197 ( Iaa--:~p) 19)7 1)8 197 1 981) Lx~r s (i! ')Ipor.(i Trade balance 1 97 19 7 1 97') (I a 1-S- ) 1 97 198 1 979 (I dn-sep) t977 1 979 1977 9/ 197 99- Of which:; IlnLted Stdtes 179.b 2170.7 595.0 718.o 114. 6 7 21.1 (.856.6 2,401.2 2 .4 4.4 1 .6 I11.8 6 5. 0 -1 .2 61.6 Canada 80.0 94 .8 145.1 100.5 460.6 574.0( 622.4 607.4 1 .1 I1.1 6.4 4.0 -380. 6 -477. 3 Aumtralia 100. 9 1 17 .6 1 56 .1 125~.7 517 .9 7i15.1 985. 2 861.8 1. 3 1 .1 7.-2 6 .3 -41 7.0 --8'29. 1 Japan 1, 356.7 1,718.7 2,764.1 2.932. 7 2 .108.5 3, 105.2 3,944.0 3,1 57.0 17.9 20.2 2 9. 2 25.2 -751.8 -1,1 79.9 Franice 141.5 178.4 234.0 25o.1 2 79.2 24 7. 1 406.2 209.9 1.9 t1.7 3.9 2.6 -137.7 -172.2 Ce rwuany 260.8 329.5 459.2 519.6 529.8 1,030.1 1,739.4 928.8 3.5 3. 4 7.3 11.1 -269.0 -1,280.2 Italy 112.2 165.5 302.6 2 71.0 95.9 590).9 308.7 1,764.0 1.5 2 .2 1.3 2.0 16.3 -5.9 Belg lwn 28.0 36.8 66.4 64.8 37.6 80.2 106.7 48.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.7 -9.6 -40.3 Ne.therlandu 66.7 92.2 L36.9 142.7 39.5 1251.8 2003.0 81.2 0.9 1.0 0.5 1.3 27.2 -63.1 Spal n 19.0 21.9 56.0 39.1 17.9 50.4 91.7 28.9 0.3 0.4 0.2 o.6 1.1 -35.7 Swedenl 48.1 47.2 75.0 61.3 38.2 74.1 112.6 58.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.7 9.9 -37.6 Sw tze rl and 86.0 103.4 169.3 197.5 170.7 299.2 207.6 168.4 1.1 1.2 2.4 1.3 -64.7 -38.3 UnItted Ktnrdow 251.0 370.4 478.9 39 7. 4 2 79 .4 296.3 5011.2 431.3 3.3 3.5 3.9 3. 2 -28 .4 - 22. 3 lieveloping COIIil&ieb Of whilch: Africa Nigeria 32.6 43.7 24.7 38.0 12.4 - 7.9 4.9 0.4 0.2 0.2 ((.1 201.2 16.8 Soidan 42.4 38.2 44.7 24.0 51.6 54.9 89.3 54.6 0.6 0.3 0.7 0.6 -9.2 -44.6 Tanizania 13.0 2 3. 7 16.4 6.1 20.5 18.2 1.9 9.2 0.2 0.1. 0.3 (7) - -7.5 14.5 Zambia 9.3 1.9 1.6 5. 9 28.9 31.8 59.5 56.7 0.1 () 0.4 0.4 -19.6 -57.9 t Asia Intdonesia - 0.2 - 3.1 2.0 0.4 7~ 12.0 - - () -0.02 - liong Kong 2,012.0 2,668.0 3,548.0 3,044.6 136.2 74.7 214.4 336.4 26.5 26.0 1.9 1.4 1,717.1 3, 3 33. 6 HdalySia 94.0 163.1 171.4 129.6 105.3 111.2 189.1 -115.3 1.2 1.3 1.5 1.2 838.7 i17.7 Pakistani 63.9 89.3 121.8 86.6 8.5 43.0 30.2 136.2 0.8 0.9 0.1 (1.2 55.4 91.6 Philippines 60.6 86.3 134.7 188.9 33.1 57.2 47.2 44.3 13.8 1.0 0.5 (0.3 27.5 87.5 Sinigapore 202.1 247.9 296.5 2 56. 8 76.1 46.3 104.7 149.9 2 .7 2. 2 1.1 0.7 126.0 191.8 Euruope Roiaanta 254.3 396.3 490.1 363.2 272.9 368.8 603.7 342. 9 3.4 3.6 3.8 .9 -18.6 -113.6 Yugoslavia 43.7 58.4 48.4 22.6 45.8 29.2 50.3 90.3 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.3 -2.1 -1.9 M4iddle East Iran 52.5 65.0 36.5 1(12.6 48.0 51.5 31.4 56.5 (1.7 0.3 0.7 0.2 4.5 5.1 Iraq 83.7 69.1 134.7 108.8 23.0 56.8 48.6 531.1 1.5 1.0 0.3 (0.3 60.7 86.1 Kuwait 94.5 93.0 136.2 123.5 20.9 33.1 38.7 20.4 1.3 1.0 0.3 0.2 73.6i 97.5 Libyai 43.4 37.1 22.6 3.2 - - - - 0.6 0.2 - - 43.4 22.6 Egypt: 55.4 53.7 69.4 70.3 37.2 t,2.9 56.5 96.6 0.7 0.5 0.5 (0.4 18.2 12.9 Westerni hteiSlap,ere Argentina 1.2 2 .3 16.2 21.9 116.5 89.6 2/1.2 iSS.8 ( ) 0.1 1.6 1.7 -115.3 -255.0 Brazit 0.3 8.0 93.5 1(14.3 19.5 74.4 122.4 45.4 () 0.7 0.3 0.8 I19.2 -28.9 Chile 2.9 6.0 10.7 13.2 14.6 38.7 86.4 19.2 .) 0.1 0.2 0.6 11t.7 -7 5. 7 Hexico 1.2 6.3 9.0 13.4 50.7 103.1 102. 5 69.0 () 0.1 0.7 0.7 -49. 5 ~-93. 5 Eastern Enrope, USSR, etc. North Korea 22/.2 230.7 317.03 328.6 147.2 223.6 330.2 223.4 3.0 2.3 2.o 2.1 80.0 -13.2 IJSEH 176.5 229.7 242.2 140.0 152.6 2138.9 250.4 159./ 2.3 L.8 2.1 1.8 23.9 -8.2 Viet 8am 51.7 16.3 - - 27.7 40.7 - - 0.7 - 0.4 - 24.0 - Poland ~~~~~62.9 105.1 142.9 90).0 79.6 oS . 5 108.5 (52.0 0.8 1.11 1.1 1.1 -- 16. 7 -2 3. 6 CzechoslIova,kia 81.1 ii9.1 1i2.6 83.0l 93.2 1119.t1 161.6 107.5 1.1 0.8 1.3 1.11 -12.1 -49.0 Huniigary 34.7 57.6 61.7 lo1. , 33.4 48.8 tit).5 68.8 11.5 11.5 0.5 0 5' 1.3 -18.8 Germiuj Dlem. Rep. 121.k 162.2 197.9 135.4 131.7 152.5 197.6 22 7 .2 1.7 1.4 1.8 1.1 -10.6 0.3 -L9. 9,74- o I i-:1.. ..i 1/,214.1 10, 891. 0 I15,675.0 lj,140.0 376.0 -2,01 7.0 Soor,-e: 81ll tI ~ry ut For. Ign Ir.l C46400/J79011/D954/67 - 135 - Table 5.8: FOREIGN EXCHANGE FLOWS, 1977-80 /a ($ million) 1977 1978 1979 1980 Current Receipts Exports (f.o.b.) /b 8,032 9,512 13,123 17,508 Shipping } { 432 Other transport } 190 258 447 { 170 Insurance } { 127 Port dues } { 385 Tourism 116 241 413 502 Remittances 497 597 656 660 Bank interest and charges /c } 484 655 1,143 { 940 Other } { 459 Total 9,319 11,263 15,782 21,183 Current Expenditures Imports (c.i.f.) /b 7,627 11,399 16,169 21,675 Shipping } { 130 Other transport } 77 94 179 { 21 Insurance } { 66 Bank interest and charges /c } 582 311 630 { 663 Other } { 903 Total 8,286 11,804 16,978 23,458 Balance of Current Flows 1,033 -541 -1,196 -2,275 Capital Flows Receipts from borrowing 195 173 2,600 2,161 Repayment of principal and interest /d 719 38 604 1,942 Foreign,aid7 e 690 969 326 n.a. Of which: Loans 620 900 296 n.a. Grants 70 69 30 n.a. /a Coverage, concepts and definitions do not correspond with standard Western balance of payments accounting practice. /b These,trade figures are not consistent with those compiled by the Ministry of Foreign Trade (Table 5.1). /c Probably includes interest only on short-term debt. /d Probably includes interest only on medium- and long-term debt. /e Includes only payments made through Chinese banks. Source: Bank of China. TbIt1e 5.9: LX(CifAN(:E WATE, 1957-81 (Y pIel' 1S$) Periuo dVerage /a Year Jan. Feb. Miar. Apr. May Juille July Auig. Sep. O(ct. Nv. D" Q- - . 02 Q3 94 Ann. 1957 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4616 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4tI 2).4t,1i8 2.4618 2.4018 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4o18 1958 2.4618 2.4618 2.44618 2.46118 2. 4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4f6I8 2.4b6l 2.4618 2.46(18 2.4bII Z.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1959 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.461d 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4t18 2.4f18 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.46i8 2.4618 1960 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4018 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1961 2.4611 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 Z.4f18 2.4618 2.4618 2.461N 2.4018 2.4618 2.4618 1962 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1963 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1964 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 Z.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.461R 1965 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4616 2.4618 2.4bl8 2.4618 2.4b18 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1966 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4t18 2.4618i 2.4618 2.46131 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1967 2.4618 2.4616 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.461t3 2.4618 2.4638 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1968 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.461h 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4616 2.4618 2.4618 2.4638 2.4618 1969 2.4618 2.46 18 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.46b8 2.461H. 2.4613 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 197t) 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 1971 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 Z.4618 2.4618 2.46h3 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4618 2.4fJ8 2.4618 2.4618 1972 2.2673 2.2673 2.2673 2.2671 2.2671 2.267i 2.2174 2.2114 2.2174 2.2174 2.241)1 2.24o1 2.2673 2.2671 2.2174 2.2125 2.2461 1971 2.2401 2.2174 2.0032 2.01066 1.9612 3.t89 93 1.8740 1.932(6 1.9133 1.9317 1.9979 2.02012 2.1536 1.9557 1.9 9066 1.9833 1.9998 1974 2.3i4u6 2.00t)80 1.9523 1.9(19 1.9413 1.9548i 1.9468 2.()019 Z. (019 1.9521 I. t9/9 1.8 t197 2. 000l3 1.9327 1.9815 1.89t.6 1.9533 1975 1.7956 1.7475 1.7701 1.7913 3.7715 1.7750 1.9357 1.9451 1.9844 1.9371 1.96t4 1.966A 1.7711 1.779J 1.9551 1.9546 i.6650 1976 1.9663 1.9467 1.9642 1.9642 1.9740 1.9602 1.9485 1.9272 1.9118 1.9012 1.8974 1.88tO( 1 1.9591 1.9661 1.9292 1.89 3" 1.9368 1977 1.93t3 1.9049 1.897J 1.8840 1.86765 1.8765 I.U411 1.8485 1.8485 1.8277 3.781 1. 73OU l.9Jf62 I.Y79) 1.8460 1.7797 1.8527 1978 1.6952 1 .6515 1.6729 1.7113 1.7341) 1.7202 1.7(199 I.J9n2 1.6894 1.60102 I. o I8 I.5771 1.6712 1.7225 1.69H5 1.fi047 1.6747 1979 1.5817 3.5690 I.5717 1.5878 1.5989 1.5546 13.54l8 1.5438 1.5146 1.5328 I.5 1 tU 1.4962 1.548 1.58t4 1.5341 1.51St l .5SlI 19t8i0 1.4962 1.5157 1.580t) 1.5028 1.4788 1.4611 1.4712 1.4696 1.474(3 1.5017 1.i!93 1.5103 1.53108 1.4801 1.4716 1.521t) 1.5f)11 1981 1.f)\1h8 1.6252 1 .61 J5 a.. II.a. n.d. I. a . I.a. II. li.a. n.a . I. . - . Il.d. n.a . 11 . . 1I.a. / t llis at r . pr rfurie e11d. (luarlerS Ald ye.ar ilrC- Aver.ag.1 ut 1nunltlul y amil qIarLe r I y daL-, ac)Juct I vel y. Sb tirce : lIi,ik uf (At.tia.l C46400/J78902/D954/04 - 137 - Table 6.1: ARABLE AND CROPPED AREA, 1949-79 (Million ha) 1949 1952 1957 1965 1970 1973 1979 Arable area 97.8 108 112 103.6 101.1 100 99.5 Cropped area n.a. 141 157 143 143.5 149 148.5 Cropping index n.a. 130 140 138 142 149 149 Source: Ministry of Agriculture. C46400/J78799/D953/45 WS - 138 - Table 6.2: GROSS OUTPUT OF AGRICULTURAL SUBSECTORS, 1952-79 (Percentage of total agricultural output) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1977 1978 1979 Crops 83.1 80.6 75.8 74.7 67.5 67.8 66.9 Forestry 0.7 1.7 2.0 2.2 3.2 3.0 2.8 Animal husbandry 11.5 12.9 14.0 12.9 13.7 13.2 14.0 Sideline occupations (including brigade enterprises) 4.4 4.3 6.5 8.7 14.1 14.6 15.1 Fisheries 0.3 0.5 1.7 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.2 Total 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Source: State Statistical Bureau. Table 6.3: FOOD G(RAIN PRODUCTI[N, 1952-8( 1952 1957 1965 1970 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Rice (Pad8yy) Area (maillion ha) 28.38 32.24 29.82 32.36 36.22 35.53 34.42 33.87 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 2.41 2.69 2.94 3.40 3.47 3.62 3.98 4.24 n.a. Production (mlii C) 68.45(41.7%) 86.80(44.5%) 87.70(45.1%) 110.00(45.9Z) 125.80(43.9%) 128.55(45.5%) 136.95(45.0X) 143.75(43.2%) 139.255(43.8%) Wheat Area (milLio ha) 24.78 27.53 24.71 25.46 28.42 28.07 29.18 29.36 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 0.73 0.86 1.02 1.15 1.77 1.46 1.85 2.14 n.a. Prodiuction (all" t) 18.15(11.0%) 23.65(12.1%) 25.20(13.0%) 29.220(12.2%) 50.35(17.6%) 40.10(14.5%) 53.75(17.7%) 62.75(18.9O) 54.155(17.0%) Corn Area (millioni ha) 12.57 14.94 15.67 15.83 19.23 19.66 19.96 2(.13 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 1.34 1.44 1.51 2.09 2.50 2.51 2.80 2.98 n.a. Production (mln C) 16.85(10.3%) 21.45(11.0%) 23.65(12.2Z) 33.05(13.8%) 48.15(16.8%) 49.40(17.5%) 55.95(18.3%) 60.05(18.1%) n.a.(n.a.) Sorglitui Area (million ha) 9.39 6.63 6.15 5.22 4.33 3.76 3.46 3.17 ni.a. Yield (t/ha) 1.18 1.15 1.15 1.69 2.01 2.0'5 2.33 2.41 n.a. Productton (min C) 11.10(6.8%) 7.65(3.9%) 7.10(3.6%) 8.80(3.7%) 8470(3.0%) 7.71(2.7%) 8.05(2.6%) 7.65(2.3%) n.a.(n.a.) Soybean Area (million ha) 11.68 12.75 8.59 7.99 6.69 6.85 7.14 7.25 Yield (t/ha) 0.81 0.79 0.72 1.09 0.99 1.06 1.06 1.03 u.a. Production& (mmi t) 9.50(5.8%) 10.05(5.2%) 6.15(3.2%) 8.70(3.6%) 6.65(2.3X) 7.25(2.6X) 7.55(2.5%) 7.45(2.2%) 7.880(2.5%) Millet Area (milliio ha) 9.84 8.38 6.56 6.91 4.50 4.48 4.27 4.17 Yield (t/ha) 1.17 1.02 0.94 1.41 1.23 1.37 1.53 1.47 n.a. ProdLuction (miln t) 11.55(7.0%) 8.55(4.4%) 6.20(3.2X) 9.75(4.1%) 5.55(1.9%) 6.15(2.2%) 6.55(2.1%) 6.15(1.8%) u.a.(Li.a.) Tubers /a Area (milLion ha) 8.69 10.50 11.18 10.72 1().37 11.23 11.80 10.95 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 1.88 2.09 1.78 2.57 2.57 2.64 2.69 2.60 il.a. Productton (min t) 16.35(10.0%) 21.90(11.3%) 19.85(110.2%) 26.770(11.1%) 26.65(937Z) 29.65(10.5%) 31.75(10.4%) 28.45(8.6%) 27.845(8.6%) Total /b Area (nillion lia) 123.98 133.63 119.63 119.27 120.75 120.4o 120.59 119.26 116.47 Yitl.1 (i/ha) 1.32 1.46 1.63 2.01 2.37 2.35 2.53 2.78 2.73 Production (min t) 163.90 195.(5 194.55 239.95 286.30 282.75 304.75 332.10 318.22 /a Expressed as grain equivalent on the basis of ounc fift1, the wet weIglit (one foturth prior to 1965). /b Includes otlier minscellaneous coarse grains. Notes: (a) Area represents sown area. (b) Figture In parenthesis on prodoctLion line expre:sus t he 111Ootit As aI percenLage of total grain product ion. Source: Mlinistry of Agricultu,re. - 140 - Table 6.4: PRODUCTION OF OILSEEDS, 1952-80 1952 1957 1963 1970 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Peanut Area (million ha) 1.804 2.5416 1.8457 1.7092 1.8403 1.6875 1.7681 2.0744 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 1.28 1.01 1.04 1.26 1.02 1.17 1.34 1.36 n.a. Production (mln t) 2.31 2.57 1.92 2.15 1.87 1.97 2.37 2.82 3.600 Oil equiv. (mln t) 1.03 1.14 0.85 0.96 0.84 0.38 1.05 1.25 n.a. Sesameseeds Area (million ha) 1.0565 0.942 0.6633 0.5545 0.5613 0.5564 0.6376 0.8433 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 0.45 0.33 0.39 0.47 0.41 0.43 0.51 0.49 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.48 0.31 0.26 0.26 0.23 0.24 0.33 0.41 0.259 Oil equiv. (mln t) 0.23 0.15 0.12 0.12 0.11 0.11 0.16 0.19 n.a. RaDeseeds Area (million ha) 1.8631 2.3079 1.8221 1.4537 2.3462 2.2175 2.5997 2.7600 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 0.50 0.38 0.60 0.66 0.57 0.53 0.72 0.87 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.93 0.88 1.09 0.96 1.34 1.18 1.87 2.40 2.384 Oil equiv. (mln t) 0.36 0.34 0.42 0.37 0.52 0.45 0.72 0.92 n.a. Other Oilseeds Area (million ha) 0.9901 1.1407 0.8355 0.8046 1.0399 1.1781 1.2168 1.3728 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 0.47 0.37 0.42 0.49 0.54 0.53 0.53 0.58 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.47 0.42 0.35 0.39 0.56 0.62 0.64 0.80 1.448 Oil equiv. (mln t) 0.16 0.14 0.12 0.13 0.18 0.20 0.21 0.26 n.a. Total Area (million ha) 5.7137 6.9322 5.1666 4.522 5.7377 5.6395 6.2222 7.0514 n.a. Production (nln t) 4.19 4.18 3.62 3.76 4.01 4.01 5.21 6.43 7.691 Oil equiv. (mln t) 1.78 1.77 1.51 1.58 1.65 1.64 2.14 2.62 n.a. Source: Ministry of Agriculture. C46400/J78934/D954/17-18 - 141 - Table 6.5: PRODUCTION OF CASH CROPS, 1952-80 1952 1957 1965 1970 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Cotton Area (million ha) 5.576 5.775 5.003 4.997 4.929 4.845 4.866 4.512 4.920 Yield (t/ha) /a 0.234 0.284 0.419 0.456 0.417 0.423 0.445 0.489 0.550 Production (mln t) 1.30 1.64 2.10 2.28 2.06 2.05 2.17 2.21 2.705 Jute Area (million ha) 0.1581 0.1425 0.1131 0.1349 0.3284 0.3767 0.4121 0.3677 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 1.93 2.11 2.47 2.08 2.23 2.29 2.64 3.01 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.31 0.30 0.28 0.28 0.73 0.86 1.09 1.09 1.098 Mulberry Area (million ha) 0.2013 0.3115 n.a. n.a. 0.2723 0.2917 0.2793 0.2727 n.a. Yield (t/ha) (cocoon) 0.31 0.22 n.a. n.a. 0.60 0.58 0.62 0.78 n.a. Production (min t) 0.0623 0.0679 0.0665 0.1215 0.1629 0.168 0.1734 0.2134 n.a. Tussah Area (million ha) n.a. 0.7425 n.a. n.a. 0.7982 0.7641 0.7673 0.7854 n.a. Yield (t/ha) n.a. 0.06 n.a. n.a. 0.04 0.06 0.07 0.07 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.0611 0.045 0.0387 0.0433 0.0289 0.0475 0.0545 0.0574 n.a. Tea Area (million ha) 0.224 0.3293 0.336 0.486 0.9629 1.0141 1.0477 1.0506 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 0.37 0.34 0.30 0.28 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.26 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.0824 0.1116 0.1006 0.136 0.2335 0.2521 0.268 0.2771 3.04 Sugarcane Area (million ha) 0.1825 0.2666 0.3504 0.3875 0.5411 0.5068 0.5485 0.5118 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 38.99 38.98 38.22 34.73 30.73 35.03 38.50 42.02 n.a. Production (mln t) 7.12 10.39 13.39 13.46 16.63 17.75 21.12 21.51 22.807 Sugarbeet Area (million ha) 0.0351 0.1593 0.1709 0.1989 0.3565 0.3518 0.3309 0.3250 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 13.64 9.42 11.61 10.38 8.22 6.98 8.17 9.56 n.a. Production (mln t) 0.4786 1.50 1.98 2.06 2.93 2.46 2.70 3.11 6.305 Fruits Area (million ha) 0.6844 0i.9432 n.a. n.a. 1.5787 1.6743 1.6567 1.7558 n.a. Yield (t/ha) 3.57 3.44 n.a. n.a. 3.42 3.40 3.97 4.00 n.a. Production (mln t) 2.443 3.2475 n.a. 3.4109 5.4063 5.6847 6.5697 7.0146 n.a. Vegetables Area (million ha) n.a. 3.7367 n.a. 2.6564 3.1389 3.3009 3.3309 3.2296 n.a. /a Yield expressed as ginned weight. Source: Ministry of Agriculture. - 142 - Tahle 6.6: LIVESTOCK POPULATION, 1952-80 (million head) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 Large animals 76.459 83.822 84.205 94.362 94.978 93.754 93.892 94.591 95.246 Cattle 44.961 50.485 53.573 n.a. 53.825 52.723 52.528 52.411 n.a. Buffalo 11.640 13.127 13.378 n.a. 17.444 17.229 17.723 18.377 n.a. Horses 6.130 7.302 7.921 n.a. 11.438 11.447 11.245 11.145 n.a. Donkeys 11.806 10.864 7.438 n.a. 7.766 7.630 7.480 7.473 n.a. Mules 1.637 1.679 1.447 n.a. 3.536 3.714 3.867 4.023 n.a. Camels 0.285 0.365 0.448 n.a. 0.545 0.564 0.574 0.604 n.a. Pigs 89.765 145.895 166.925 206.101 287.247 291.777 301.285 319.704 305.431 Goats 24.898 45.147 60.765 n.a. 65.465 67.824 73.540 80.574 n.a. Sheep 36.880 53.435 78.260 n.a. 92.705 93.532 96.397 102.568 n.a. Note: The total for large animals includes dairy cows prior to 1976. Source: Ministry of Agriculture. C46400/J78835/D954/05 - 143 - Table 6.7: PRODUCTION FROM MARINE AND FRESHWATER FISHERIES, 1952-79 ('000 tons) Marine Freshwater Year Capture Farming Subtotal Capture Farming Subtotal Total 1952 1,060 - 1,060 606 - 606 1,666 1957 1,815 122 1,937 614 565 1,179 3,116 1965 1,910 104 2,014 456 514 970 2,984 1970 2,097 184 2,281 322 582 904 3,185 1976 3,122 298 3,420 316 740 1,056 4,476 1977 3,195 424 3,619 308 768 1,076 4,695 1978 3,145 450 3,595 296 762 1,058 4,653 1979 2,773 416 3,189 303 813 1,116 4,305 Source: General Bureau of Aquatic Products. C46400/J78835/D954/06 - 144 - Table 6.8: OUTPUT OF MARINE PRODUCTS, 1952-79 (tons) Year Fish Shrimps & crabs Shellfish Seaweed 1952 829,717 104,540 118,336 7,469 1957 1,373,021 348,750 195,593 19,586 1965 1,595,654 279,423 106,798 32,174 1973 2,254,108 382,275 137,102 137,777 1976 2,611,363 397,674 254,753 155,821 1977 2,652,865 445,503 288,817 231,402 1978 2,560,721 505,862 268,365 259,839 1979 2,312,553 408,297 217,570 250,377 Source: General Bureau of Aquatic Products. C46400/J7901 1/D954/61 - 145 - Table 6.9: COMMUNE AND BRIGADE ENTERPRISES, 1976-79 1976 1977 1978 1979 Number of Enterprises ('000) 1,115 1,392 1,524 1,480 Of which: Commune n.a. n.a. (320) (320) Brigade n.a. n.a. (1,204) (1,160) Employment ('000) 17,919 23,284 28,265 29,093 Of which: Commune n.a. n.a. (12,576) (13,144) Brigade n.a. n.a. (15,689) (15,949) Gross Output (Y billion) 27.33 39.12 43.14 49.11/a Of which: Commune n.a. n.a. (23.97) (26.99) Brigade n.a. n.a. (19.17) (22.12) Total Profit (Y billion) n.a. 7.84 8.81 10.45 Of which allo- cation for: Reinvestment n.a. n.a. (3.09) (4.06) Support to agriculture n.a. n.a. (2.63) (2.69) Collective welfare n.a. n.a. (0.40) (0.49) Taxes (Y billion) n.a. n.a. 2.20 2.26 /a Excluding urban enterprises, including which would increase the value of output to Y 50.7 billion. Source: Bureau of Commune and Brigade Enterprises, Ministry of Agriculture. C46400/J7901 1/D954/62 - 146 - Table 6.10: COMMUNE AND BRIGADE ENTERPRISES BY SECTOR, 1978 AND 1979 1978 1979 Number of Gross Number of Gross enterprises Employment output enterprises Employment output -------- ('000) ------ (Y bln) -------- ('000) ------- (Y bln) Agriculture 495 6,084 3.62 444 5,330 3.85 Industry 794 17,344 32.61 767 18,144 37.22 Transport 65 1,038 1.87 82 1,169 2.30 Construction 46 2,356 2.60 49 2,984 3.50 Others 124 1,443 2.44 138 1,466 2.24 Total 1,524 28,265 43.14 1,480 29,093 49.11 Source: Bureau of Commune and Brigade Enterprises, Ministry of Agriculture. - 147 - -age I of 2 Table 6.11: AGRICULTURAL STATISTiCS aY PROvINCE, 1979 Communes, brigades and Livestock nroduction teams Commune Arable Irrigated Grain Cropping Sheen No. of house- area area output index Pigs & goats Cattle !o. of o,. of oroduct- nolds (min ha) (mln ha) (min tons) (2) ---min head)-- communes brigades ion teams ('300) (,0n0) Southwest legion Sicnuan 6.625 2.972 32.01 176.8 50.92 10.92 9.12 8,373 74,647 523 19,490 Guizhou 1.898 0.469 6.23 158.6 8.75 2.07 3.69 3,732 24,150 169 4,790 Yunnan 2.781 0.910 7.93 148.2 13.10 7.02 5.52 1,401 13,455 156 5.150 Xizang 0.230 0.153 0.43 96.7 0.25 18.16 4.74 2,060 - 10 310 Northwest Region Shaanxi 3.839 1.238 9.09 133.2 8.22 6.49 1.76 2,522 30,145 143 4,910 Gansu 3.555 0.847 4.62 97.7 4.40 11.13 2.11 1,370 15,872 102 3,010 Qinghai 0.379 0.154 0.82 87.7 0.76 15.96 4..89 399 3,603 15 470 Ningxia 0.898 0.234 1.06 101.1 0.65 3.20 0.18 247 ',189 14 330 Xinjiang 3.200 !.607 3.94 94.3 1.04 20.15 2.37 603 7,109 33 1,690 Central Sottth Region Henan 7.139 3.636 21.34 152.9 15.92 1.08 3.39 2,059 43.121 375 3,450 Hubei 3.755 '.353 18.50 207.1 17.49 1.77 3.26 1,256 30,425 '38 3,030 klunan 3.440 2.448 22.18 242.3 21.20 0.88 3.29 3,304 46,378 420 !0.630 Guangxi 2.628 1.462 11.73 194.2 11.03 0.87 4.16 972 12,739 217 3,910 Guangdong 3.218 2.151 17.38 217.4 20.09 0.41 3.83 1,927 26,173 359 9,550 East Region Shanghai 0.356 0.369 2.5Q 216.8 3.42 0.45 0.06 204 2,929 29 1,230 Jiangsu 4.650 3.368 '5.14 182.6 23.56 6.16 1.06 1,872 34,678 319 12,350 Zhejiang 1.832 1.520 16.12 246.6 15.50 3.46 0.85 3,008 42,021 270 7,990 knhui 4.456 2.519 16.10 17Q.6 11.32 3.63 2.17 2,909 28,33n 364 9,140 Fujian 1.295 O.R79 7.62 '04.3 6.99 3.69 *3.9Q 880 13,689 147 1, 170 Jiangxi 2.533 1.656 12.96 225.0 !0.05 0.12) '.12 1,S_0 23,380 229 3,290 Shandong 7.260 4.405 24.72 146.3 21.18 9.26 2.22 3,092 93,927 264 15,130 North Region 3eiiing 0.427 0.341 1.73 158.7 2.47 0.57 0.10 263 3.986 12 '930 Tianjin 0.468 0.3A1 1.39 146.9 1.01 0._7 0.05 219 3,879 15 810 Hebei 6.659 3.671 17.79 138.8 13.52 7.29 1.28 3,645 50,144 256 !0,'40 Shanxi 3.924 1.121 8.00 109.5 5.59 9.21 1.08 1,387 30,707 107 4,910 Nei Monggol 5.347 1.182 5.10 91.3 5.55 26.32 3.54 1,373 11,994 59 2, 80 Northeast Region Liaoning 3.787 0.804 11.94 104.8 11.89 1.67 1.34 l,149 15,385 89 -.,910 Jilin 4.052 0.571 9.03 100.2 5.86 1.49 1.11 902 9,907 61 2,990 Heilon3jiang 8.662 0.605 14.63 98.4 7.98 2.46 1.07 1,075 13,632 59 3,700 Total 99,498 45.006 332.12 149.2 319.71 183.14 71.35 53,353 698,613 5 174'0 C46400jJ7901I/D954/57-60 - 1~8 - 'sz 7 ,' Table 6.11. (continued) Distribuzted Gross Commune & brigace enterorises :!e-:hanIo?ACQn collective value or :;o. or Tractors 3ra n tncome agricultural enter- Cross 'large & Hiand 1rrIgact)o n rscesstng per Capitca output prises Employees ouCput medLun) craccors Lac-11nery ,acnlin.s (yuan) (Y b1n)/a ('000) ( 000) (Y b1n)/a -- -(000) ----- 'i,Q lip ') ',o00 Linic ) SLuutav^est .1eg;oq Silchuan 69.2 13.205 130 1,874 1.911 21 82 3.231 ''J5 O3ui.n,u 40.4 2.860 24 276 0.273 3 9 8'7 ;3 .:nnan 64.6 3.823 24 469 0.497 17 3l 373 L i a n g 127.5 0.408 - - - I i - '. *r:hiosc Rc aon ,r.asrnxt 79.6 4.005 41 601 0.777 19 63 7 229 ,nanu 56.6 2.179 20 251 0.363 16 32 1,368 78 iw;h.: 97.6 0i.577 3 4O 0.0o0 13 o02 -la1 38.7 0.461 JX 54 0.109 5 15 168 8 :a_' . 102.4 2.142 16 201 0.305 24 12 ; oO 50 S-ntr.i ;ouch ReaiLn ;!C0nan 63.4 10.294 70 1,551 2.649 32 :06 7,3'9 307 -ial,,L 106.2 9.417 114 L,;,6 1.957 33 98 2,705 C;h 92.3 9.416 126 2,080 2.i42 LS 56O 3,004 i Sn u : 7.7 8.115 37 708 0.341 22 39 392 L, 38.4 .4.323 89 2,067 3.344 20 119 2,358 79 .as4t lio ' LOII Shangnai 212.L 2.345 5 596 2.098 7 31 356 Jtadngsu 99.' L3.964 72 3,350 7.475 14 225 5,543 147 Zhejiantv 119.5 8.209 79 2,083 3.186 10 SO i,480 99 'anui 70.3 6.773 43 816 L.065 16 !01 4,718 147 Lwan 567.9 3.823 40 ;,059 1.263 56 579 46 JLtn,x. S9.3 5.302 41 S08 1.210 !9 48 1,881 il ~ian.fony 3!.5 12.370 202 3,290 5.347 98 96 3,969 13, ietijtg 150.8 1.262 5 263 1.010 e 25 9L5 28 .. an :0 . .. 145.1 1.354 4 254 0.818 12 8 1,378 63.2 9.346 118 1,845 3.785 37 106 10,523 207 S5.d 3.921 83 880 1.363 29 30 .4 lO ;eL o :o1 7b6.6 2.853 17 254 0.411 3! .b L,360 35 borciteast R9ion Ltaunlng lL5.0 5.530 32 988 2.305 39 47 2,279 1.0 JLLIoI 116.1 3.688 16 352 0.675 23 27 772 i59 deilongjiang 110.2 5.965 23 496 0.949 57 26 967 i3 -ot3L 34.2 158.430 1,481 29,093 49.11 667 1,671 71,221 ',912 i/ n 1'70 orices. Sources: (!) State \grtcultural Commission. (2) 3ureau of ComTune aad arigade 8nter7rises, Itintstry of Agrtculture. - 149 - Table 7.1: OUTPUT OF YAjOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS, 1952-80 Unit 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 197,8 1979 1980 A. Heavv wndustrv Products Crude coal min tons 66 131 232 354 482 550 613 635 620 Crude oil mln tons 0.44 1.46 11.31 10.65 77.06 93.64 104.05 106.15 105.95 Natural gas mln cu m 8 70 1,1L2 2,870 8,850 12,120 13,730 14,510 14,270 Electricity bln kWh 7.3 19.3 67.6 115.9 195.8 223.4 256.6 282.0 300.6 Pig tron 31n tons 1.93 5.94 10.77 17.06 24.49 25.05 34.79 36.73 38.02 Steel mln tons 1.35 5.35 12.23 17.79 23.90 23.74 31.78 34.68 37.12 Rolled steel min tons 1.06 4.15 8.81 11.88 16.22 16.33 22.08 24.97 27.16 CoKe (machine-made) mln tons 2.22 5.55 12.03 19.16 27.38 26.83 32.28 33.34 34.05 Cement min tons 2.86 6.86 16.34 25.75 46.26 55.65 65.-4 73.90 ,9.86 Plate glass mln std.cases 2.13 4.62 6.87 10.53 14.53 16.97 20.04 23.30 27.71 Timber mln cu n 11.20 27.87 39.78 37.s2 46.26 49.67 51.62 54.39 53.59 Sulphuric acid '000 tons 190 632 2,340 2,914 4,847 5,375 6,610 6,998 7,640 Soda ash '000 tons 192 306 882 1,077 1,243 1,077 1,329 1,486 1,613 Caustic soda '00( tons 79 198 556 392 1,289 1,386 1,640 1,325 1,923 Chemical fertilizer '000 tons of 39 151 1,726 2,435 5,247 7,238 8,693 !0,654 12,320 nutrtents Chemical insecttcides '000 tons 2 65 193 321 422 457 533 537 537 ?last'cs 'OCO tons 2 13 97 176 330 524 679 793 398 Echylene '000 cons 0 0 3 15.1 65 303 380 435 490 Calcium carbide '000 tons 11 69 44 696 983 989 1,238 1,407 1,520 9ubber tires '000 420 880 2,320 4,250 7,000 7,720 9,360 11,688 11,463 Power generating equipmenc XW 6 198 683 2,918 4,965 3,181 4,338 6,212 4,193 'lining aquipmenc '000 cons 1.8 52.9 40 96.3 196.1 184.5 242.9 264 163 Machine tools '000 13.7 28.0 39.6 138.9 174.9 198.7 183.2 139.6 1,340 Motor vehicles '000 7.9 40.5 37.2 139.8 125.4 149.1 185.7 222.0 Tractors '000 0 0 9.6 31.9 78.4 99.3 113.5 125.6 8.0 Hand tractors '000 0 0 3.6 51.4 209.4 320.5 324.2 317.5 213.3 .nternal combustion engines '000 hp *0 690 2,790 7,330 23,480 27,410 28,130 29,080 25,390 Locomottves units 20 167 146 573 526 293 321 573 512 Railway passenger wagons units 6 454 160 576 904 538 -,s4 956 !,002 Railway freight wagons '000 5.8 7.3 2.9 13.8 15.7 6.4 17.0 16.0 1.6 Steel ships for civilian use '000 tons 21 108 n.a. n.a. n.a. 634 361 309 313 B. Light Industrv Products Cotton yarn '000 cons 656 344 1,300 2,052 2,138 2,230 2,382 2,635 2,33() Cotton cloth bln a 3.33 5.05 6.23 9.15 9.40 10.15 11.03 12.15 13... 'Woolen piece goods iln m 4.23 18.17 n.a. n.a. n.a. 78.40 88.s5 90.17 101 Silk .000 tons 5.6 9.9 n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.9 29.7 29.7 35.4 Silk textiles mln m 65 145 n.a. n.a. n.a. 529 611 i63 759 Gunny bags mln 67 83 125 184 191 245 290 344 433 Chemical fibers '000 tons 0) 0.2 50.1 100.9 154.8 189.8 284.6 326 450 Television sets .000 0 0 4.3 10.5 177.8 284.6 517.3 1,329 2,492 Radios 000 17 352 815 3,108 9,356 10,494 11,697 13,810 30,040 Cameras '1on 0 0.1 17.2 40.4 184.9 246.6 178.9 238 373 Bicycles '000 80 806 1,838 3,688 6,232 7,427 8,540 10,095 13,020 Sewinglmachines '000 66 278 1,238 2,352 3,567 4,242 4,865 5,868 7,680 Wrist vatches '000 0 0.4 1,008 3,476 7,822 11,043 13,511 17,070 22,160 I Machine-made paper S paperboard 372 913 1,730 2,410 3,410 3,769 4,387 4,929 5,350 Svnthetic detergents '000 tons 0 0 30 93 223 257 324 397 393 Light bulbs sin 26 69 192 386 520 617 770 850 950 SuRar '000 tons 451 864 1,460 1,350 1,740 1,815 2,267 2,500 2,570 Salt '000 tons 4,945 8,277 11,470 11,090 14,810 17,104 19,535 14,770 17,280 Sources: State Economic Comaission, State Statistical Bureau and official submission co United Nations Statistical Office. C46400/J92138/D1O75/15-18 - 150 - Table 7.2: !RUME? OF ENTERPRISES AND GROSS VALUE OF OUTPUT 3Y 3RANCH OF INDUSTRY, !977-79 /a Number of enterprises Gross value of oucput (end vear) (million 1970 yuan) Industry names 1977 1978 1979 1977 1973 1979 1 Basic metallurgy & metal mining 4,259 4,934 5,138 29,052 36,391 41,027 Of which: 1.1 Iron & steel (itcl. mining) n.a. n.a. 2,828 n.a. n.a. 28,702/b 1.2 Nonferroua metals (incl. mining) n.a. n.a. 2,310 n a. n.a. 12,325/b 2 Electric power 7,386 8,262 8,923 14,135 16,142 17,672 3 Coal mining, washing & dressing 8,387 9,389 9,172 10,312 11,685 12,818 Of which: 3.1 Coal mining 8,549 9,160 8,805 10,191 11,001 11,624 4 Pecroleum extraction & refining 209 250 307 22,680 23,329 24,957 Of which: 4.1 Petroleum and natural gas extraction 21 21 21 8,394 9,480 9,303 5 Chemicals (incl. mining), plastic and rubber products 20,599 22,393 22,384 42,366 52,498 56,184 Of which: 5.1 Basic chemicals 1,854 2,300 2,570 5,161 6,167 7,221 5.2 Chemical fertilizers & insecticides 6,840 6,427 5,232 8,083 10,200 10,690 5.3 Rubber S plastic producer goods 3,909 4,642 4,876 3,664 10,240 11,175 5.4 Pharmaceuticals, photo film, fats & oil, soap & detergents 2,994 3,297 3,238 3,785 9,981 10,011 6 >achinery & metal products (incl. electronics & repairing) 94,797 103,753 104,071 103,710 115,546 124,484 Of which: 6.1 Agricultural equipment 9,768 11,158 9,608 10,676 11,588 10,913 6.2 Industrial machinery & equipment 7,139 7,636 7,786 22,992' 25,541 24,027 6.3 Transport equipment (except bicycles) 2,409 2,610 2,842 11,183 12,720. 14,542 6.4 Construction & road bldg. machinery v 159 160 238 507 353 826 6.5 Machinery for nonproductive use 1,465 1,715 1,871 4,365 5,107 6,040 7 Nonmecallic mineral building macerials (incl. miaing) 39,065 44,118 46,022 13,334 15,391 16,732 Of which: 7.1 Cement and cement products 6,554 7,669 9,927 4,122 4,377 6,003 7.2 Refractory materials, (ceramic, brick, lime, etc.) 30,045 33,700 32,941 6,964 8,071 3,119 7.3 Glass 522 553 627 1,056 1,167 1,278 7.4 Nonmetallic mineral mining 1,944 2,196 2,327 1,192 1,276 1,332 B Timber, wood products & furniture 10,419 12,128 14,252 7,000 7,741 8,475 Of which: 8.1 Logging & transport of timber 1,398 1,412 1,569 2,703 2,805 2,976 9. Food, beverages and tobacco (incl. salt mining) 37,058 40,953 44,682 43,574 47,171 31,872 10 Textiles 11,305 12,145 13,036 46,065 52,909 59,306 Of which: 10.1 Synthetic fiber production 200 245 176 2,265 3,129 3,781 11 Paper, pulp and paperboard 2,977 3,648 4,105 4,754 5,384 6,030 12 Other industries (incl. piped water) 85,762 86,474 83,228 35,346 38,388 40,323 Of which: 12.1 Clothing, footwear & leacher products n.a. n.a. 23,551 n.a. n.a. 13,880/b 12.2 Paper products, prianing, cultural, educational & sport goods n.a. a.a. 11,256 a.a. n.a. 9,650/b Total 322,723 348,447 355,320 372,328 423,075 460,080 /a Excludes brigade and team industrial enterprises. 7h Approximate (within 5 million). Source: State Economic Coemissi-on and data provided by Chinese authorities to UN Statistical Office. - 151 - Table 7.3: CAPITAL CONSTRUCTION BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY, 1977-79 /a Value in million current vuan Industry names 1977 1978 1979 I Basic metallurgy & metal mining 4,273 4,648 3,472 2 Electric power 3,472 5,091 5,099 3 Coal mining, washing & dressing 2,258 3,180 3,186 Of which: 3.1 Coal mining 2,247 3,167 3,119 4 Petroleum extraction & refining 2,076 3,160 2,707 Of which: 4.1 Petroleum and natural gas extraction 1,488 2,347 2,085 5 Chemicals (incl. mining), plastic and rubber products 2,905 3,134 2,946 Of which: 5.1 Basic chemicals 668 1,196 1,318 5.2 Chemical fertilizers & insecticides 1,907 1,500 1,234 5.3 Rubber & plastic producer goods 68 72 73 5.4 Pharmaceuticals, photo Film, fats & oil, soap & detergents 131 173 150 6 Mechinery & metal products (incl. electronics & repairing) 3,252 4,081 3,624 Of which: 6.1 Agricultural equipment 534 651 445 6.2 Industrial machinery & equipment 940 1,388 789 6.3 Transport equipment (except bicycles) 572 558 443 6.4 Construction & road bldg. machinery 55 55 65 6.5 Machinery for nonproductive use 162 210 157 7 Nonmetallic mineral building materials (incl. mining) 669 916 1,244 Of which: 7.1 Cement and cement products 297 422 728 7.2 Refractory materials, (ceramic, brick, lime, etc.) 254 327 381 7.3 Glass 42 41 44 7.4 Nonmetallic mineral mining 76 126 91 8 Timber, wood products & furniture 286 437 494 Of which: 8.1 Logging & transport of timber 247 388 436 9 Food, beverages and tobacco (incl. salt mining) 364 512 512 10 Textiles 1,496 1,338 1,412 Of which: 10.1 Synthetic fiber production 1,190 904 760 11 Paper, pulp and paperboard 147 207 280 12 Other industries (incl. piped water) 538 660 709 Total 21,736 27,316 25,685 /a Includes investment in the state budget and by various localities, state enterprises and industrial departments. Does not include renewal and replacement of fixed assets, or investment of collectives. Source: Data provided by Chinese authorities to the UN Statistical Office. C46400/J79011/D952/07 WJS - 152 - Table 7.4: ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION BY BRANCH OF INDUSTRY,/a 1977-79 (in million kWh) 1977 1978 1979 Basic metallurgy 34,913 42,333 45,631 Electric power 35,320 39,573 42,629 Coal 13,871 15,162 16,903 Petroleum 6,133 7,410 8,203 Chemicals 35,817 43,228 48,338 Machinery and metal products 16,161 17,692 19,643 Building materials 6,902 8,034 9,405 Food, beverages and tobacco 3,453 3,734 4,565 Textiles 7,774 8,646 9,981 Paper & pulp 3,668 4,353 4,950 Others /b 13,999 15,495 15,868 Total 178,011 205,660 226,107 /a Independent (state and collective) accounting units only. Excludes bri- gade and team industrial enterprises. See Table 7.2 for more details of sectoral classification. /b Includes timber and wood products. Source: Data provided by Chinese authorities to UN Statistical Office. C46400/J78835/D952/O8 W4S - 153 - Table 7.5: KEY INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS BY OWNERSHIP, 1979 Industrial enterprises Collective Total Urban enter- State- Sub- collec- Rural prises owned total tive commune All Industrial Enterprises /a No. of enterprises (end of year) 355,013 83,837 271,176 99,679 171,497 Gross output (Y billion 1970) 459.07 371.98 87.09 63.72 23.37 Net output (Y billion current) 154.54 126.50 28.04 18.06 9.98 Employment (thousands, end of year) 53,400/b 31,091/c 22,300/b 13,277 9,000/b Wages and salaries (Y billion current) n.a. 23.02/d n.a. 6.76 n.a. Independent Accounting Units Only Gross fixed assets (Y billion, end of year) 380.38 346.67 33.71 20.91 12.80 Net fixed assets (Y billion, end of year) 262.97 237.86 25.11 14.96 10.15 Circulating funds (Y billion, average) 133.44 110.87 22.55 17.12 5.43 Net fixed assets plus circu- lating funds 396.41 348.75 47.66 32.08 15.58 Profits and taxes (Y billion current) 99.41 86.44 12.97 8.56 4.41 /a All industrial enterprises except those in rural production brigades and production teams. /b Approximate. /c Average during the year was 30,381. For the breakdown among industrial branches, see Table 10.3. /d For the breakdown among industrial branches, see Table 10.3. Source: State Economic Commission. C46400/J78835/D952/11 WS - 154 - Table 7.6: KEY INDUSTRIAL STATISTICS FOR LIGHT AND HEAVY INDUSTRY, 1979 Percentage Shares Light Heavy Light Heavy industry industry Total industry industry All Industrial Enterprises Number 207,853 147,160 355,013 58.5 41.5 Gross output (bil 1970 yuan) 197.96 261.11 459.07 43.1 56.9 Net output (bil current yuan) 59.13 95.41 154.54 38.3 61.7 Independent Accounting Units Only Gross fixed assets (Y billion) 66.55 313.83 380.38 17.5 82.5 Net fixed assets (Y billion) 45.40 217.57 262.97 17.3 82.7 Circulating funds (Y billion) 37.28 96.16 133.44 27.9 72.1 N-.F.A. plus C.F. (Y billion) 82.68 313.73 396.41 20.9 79.1 Profits and taxes (Y billion) 39.46 59.95 99.41 39.7 60.3 Source: State Economic Commission. C46400/J78902/D952/12 WS - 155 - Table 7.7: GROSS INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT BY PROVINCE, 1979 (% of national total) Northeast Region Liaoning 9.1 Jilin 2.7 Heilongjiang 4.6 North Region Beijing 4.6 Tianjin 3.8 Hebei 4.4 Shanxi 2.3 Nei Monggol 1.2 East Region Shandong 6.5 Anhui 2.5 Shanghai 12.9 Jiangsu 8.4 Zhejiang 3.3 Jiangxi 1.7 Fujian 1.5 Central South Region Henan 3.7 Hubei 4.1 Hunan 3.4 Guangxi 1.6 Guangdong 4.6 Northwest Region Shaanxi 2.3 Gansu 1.8 Qinghai 0.3 Ningxia 0.3 Xinjiang 0.7 Southwest Region Sichuan 5.4 Guizhou 1.0 Yunnan 1.3 Xizang /a Total 100.0 /a Negligible. Source: State Economic Commission. Table i.1: G;ROWTHi tl: ENER(.Y PROIDlJCITION, 1952-80 ElectricIty ilydr _ r Col _O.I ( I Na tural gas Totail primaciry (CWGi) (% p.a.) (GWI') (X p.a.) (mlii tons) (2 p.i -) (mmn toIls) (2 p.a.) (1lin ct ni) (% p.a.) (Mtce) (2 p.a.) I952 7,260 I,>h60 66.4') 0. 4 36 0.008 48.7 1952-57 21.6 3ot.8 14.5 27.1 ;4.3 14.9 1957 19,340 4,820 I 11.7)7 1.458 0.0(7n 97.6 1957-65 16.9 10.1 7. 4 , 29.2 41.3 8.5 1965 h7,6(N 10,410 231.8t1 11.31 1.112 187.0 1965-70 11.4 14.5 8.8 22.1 20.9 10.6 197t) 115,860 21),460 353.99 30.65 '2.87t 310.(0 1970-75 11.1 18.4 G.4 2 0.2 25.3 9.5 1975 195,840) 47,6 10 482.24 77.06 8.8510 488.6 1975-80 8.9 4.1 5.2 6.0 10.0 5.6 1980 300,62/ 58,2ll 6 2.1 1 1()5.95 14.270 ,114.9 1952-81) 14.2 14.7 8.3 21.7 3(.7 9.o Notes: (I) it tce (ml t oI toils of cojal e (li.valent) cou ffclemIts hbac Ocn mtt' c,.f 7 mn I IlI k al, wIth calr ific valu es aasmiedI as follwss: coal 5,000( kcal/kg; oil 10,2`(0 kcal/lg, ,m.,il.-r.il gas 9,310 kml/mm3; hmydroielectric power 2,954 kcal/kg. (2) tO I produkwttoni Imicluiles shale oII. SoUrce- Ministries of Flectric Power, CoIal Ilitkstiy aild Ietrol,c-m im(Otistry. C46400/J79011/D953/02 - 157 - Table 8.2: CRUDE OIL PRODUCTION BY REGION AND MAJOR FIELD, 1977-80 (million tons) 1977 1978 1979 1980 Northeast 54.875 56.039 57.363 58.59 Daqing 50.314 50.375 50.753 51.50 Others 4.561 5.664 6.610 7.09 North 15.554 20.399 20.404 19.11 Renqiu 12.298 17.230 17.331 16.03 Dagang 3.150 3.000 2.901 2.91 Others 0.106 0.169 0.172 0.17 East 17.660 19.743 19.206 17.92 Shengli 17.520 19.46 18.880 1T7.59 Others 0.140 0.275 0.326 0.33 Central-South 1.261 2.832 3.385 4.16 Northwest 4.207 4.942 5.687 6.06 Southwest 0.081 0.094 0.104 0.10 Total 93.638 104.049 106.149 105.94 Source: Ministry of Petroleum. C46400/J79011/D953/09 - 158 - Table 8.3: ELECTRICITY GENERATION AND INSTALLED GENERATING CAPACITY, 1949-80 Total Installed generation capacity Year (GWh) (MW) 1949 4,310 1,848.6 1952 7,260 1,964.0 1957 19,340 4,635.0 1962 45,800 13,037.2 1965 67,600 15,076.3 1970 115,860 23,770.0 1971 138,360 26,282.0 1972 152,450 29,501.0 1973 166,760 33,925.0 1974 168,850 38,108.0 1975 195,840 43,406.0 1976 203,130 47,147.4 1977 223,400 51,450.5 1978 256,550 57,122.1 1979 281,950 63,015.9 1980 300,627 n.a. Source: Ministry of Electric Power. C46400/J89810/D953/10 - 159 - Table 8.4: HYDRO AND THERMAL INSTALLED CAPACITY BY REGION, 1970-79 (MW) North North Central Year Type East North West East South Southwest Total 1970 Hydro 1,308 254 912 1,328 1,764 669 6,235 Thermal 3,820 3,373 1,509 4,304 2,406 2,085 17,535 Total 5,128 3,627 2,421 5,632 4,170 2,754 23,770 1971 Hydro 1,324 288 981 1,591 2,250 1,370 7,804 Thermal 3,986 3,489 1,625 4,748 2,473 2,151 18,478 Total 5,310 3,777 2,606 6,339 4,723 3,521 26,282 1972 Hydro 1,335 272 1,231 1,718 2,640 1,499 8,700 Thermal 4,328 3,836 1,726 5,580 3,016 2,296 20,801 Total 5,663 4,113 2,957 7,298 5,656 3,795 29,501 1973 Hydro 1,407 308 1,621 1,893 3,243 1,827 10,299 Thermal 4,611 4,621 1,928 6,655 3,363 2,431 23,626 Total 6,018 4,929 3,549 8,548 6,606 4,258 33,925 1974 Hydro 1,456 339 1,964 2,198 3,872 1,988 11,817 Thermal 5,113 5,310 2,120 7,577 3,560 2,583 26,291 Total 6,569 5,649 4,084 9,775 7,432 4,571 38,108 1975 Hydro 1,564 397 2,290 2,681 4,315 2,181 13,428 Thermal 6,036 6,026 2,274 8,516 4,484 2,608 29,978 Total 7,600 6,423 4,564 11,197 8,799 4,789 43,406 1976 Hydro 1,574 428 2,543 2,846 4,787 2,477 14,655 Thermal 6,676 6,252 2,434 9,438 4,950 2,720 32,492 Total 8,251 6,680 4,977 12,284 9,737 5,197 47,147 1977 Hydro 1,619 517 2,666 3,097 5,071 2,795 15,765 Thermal 7,253 7,182 2,504 10,327 5,560 2,848 35,686 Total 8,872 7,699 5,170 13,424 10,631 5,644 51,451 1978 Hydro 1,658 573 2,833 3,341 5,841 3,032 17,277 Thermal 8,008 8,123 2,596 11,299 6,735 3,038 39,845 Total 9,666 8,696 5,428 14,640 12,576 6,070 57,122 1979 Hydro 1,713 597 2,933 3,784 6,528 3,556 19,110 Thermal 7,919 9,582 2,936 12,688 7,517 3,210 43,906 Total 9,632 10,179 5,869 16,472 14,045 6,766 63,016 Source: Ministry of Electric Power. - 160 - Table 8.5: ELECTRICITY SALES BY CONSUMER CATEGORY, 1949-79 Energy sales (GWh) /a (% figures in parentheses) Residential Year & comercial Industrial Agricultural Transportation Others Total lb /c /d 1949 490(14.2) 2,390(69.0) 20 (0.6) 20 (0.6) 540(15.6) 3,460(100) 1952 817(13.1) 4,981(80.0) 43 (0.7) 59 (0.9) 327 (5.2) 6,227(100) 1957 1,975(11.9) 13,605(82.9) 108 (0.7) 70 (0.4) 649 (4.0) 16,407(100) 1965 3,839 (6.8) 47,723(84.0) 3,710 (6.5) 332 (0.6) 1,198 (2.1) 56,802(100) 1970 - - - - - _ _ _ _ 1971 4,558 (4.5) 84,203(83.2) 10,433(10.3) 452 (0.4) 1,628 (1.6) 101,274(100) 1972 5,305 (4.3) 101,784(82.3) 12,989(10.5) 707 (0.6) 2,815 (2.3) 123,600(100) 1973 5,830 (4.3) 110,194(81.6) 15,823(11.7) 1,126 (0.8) 2,133 (1.6) 135,106(100) 1974 6,453 (4.7) 107,860(79.5) 17,982(13.3) 1,171 (0.9) 2,242 (1.6) 135,708(100) 1975 7,150 (4.6) 124,782(79.5) 20,877(13.3) 1,435 (0.9) 2,725 (1.7) 156,969(100) 1976 7,721 (4.7) 128,966(78.3) 23,154(14.1) 1,846 (1.1) 3,011 (1.8) 164,698(100) 1977 8,498 (4.7) 142,691(78.5) 24,834(13.7) 2,104 (1.2) 3,564 (1.9) 181,691(100) 1978 8,967 (4.3) 166,087(79.0) 28,742(13.5) 2,280 (1.2) 4,163 (2.0) 210,239(100) 1979 11,252 (4.8) 184,636(79.0)/e 32,493(13.9) 1,323 (0.6) 3,873 (1.7) 233,577(100) /a Excludes self-generation by industries and mini-hydro owned by communes and brigades. lb Urban areas only. /c For details of industrial electricity use, see Table 7.4. /d Includes rural residential and commercial use. /e Of which: 35,057 GWh to light industries and 149,579 GWh to heavy industries. Source: Ministry of Electric Power. C46400/J79011/D951/40 - 161 - Table 8.6: ELECTRIFICATION OF COMMUNES AND BRIGADES BY REGION;, 1979 % of communes % of brigades Region electrified electrified Northeast 98.2 94 .5 North 88.0 78.3 Northwest 70.0 47.8 East 90.2 60.7 Central and South 93.3 64.1 Southwest 82.6 46.9 National 87.1 62.6 Source: Ministry of Electric Power. C46400/J79011/D952/14-15 WS Table 9.1: TRANSPORTATION INDICATORS, 1949-80 Item Unit 1949 1952 1957 1977 1978 1979 1980 Railway line open to traffic thousand km 22.0 24.5 29.9 49.5 50.4 51.5 n.a. Highway open to traffic 80.7 126.7 254.6 855.6 890.0 n.a. n.a. Navigable inland waterway " 73.6 95.0 144.1 137.4 136.0 n.a. n.a. Civil aviation routes 11.4/a 13.1 26.4 132.1 148.9 160.0 n.a. Total Volume of goods transport 1000 millon ton-km 25.5 76.2 181.0 795.8 980.6 1,089.7 1,202.6 Railway freight transport " 18.4 60.2 134.6 455.7 533.3 558.8 571.7 Highway freight transport (handled by transport departments) /b " 0.8 1.4 4.8 25.1 23.4 26.8 76.4/c Water cargo transport " 6.3 14.6 41.6 276.2 377.9 456.4 505.3 Air freight shipment " 0.02 n.a. 0.01 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.14 Oil and gas carried through pipelines " 38.7 41.9 47.6 49.1 Cargo handled at major sea ports million ton 8.72 14.40 37.27 159.69 198.34 212.57 217.31 Volume of Passenger Transport 1000 million person-km 15.5 24.84 49.63 158.38 174.06 196.6 228.1 By railway " 13.00 20.10 36.10 37.37 102.00 109.10 138.3 By highway (handled by transport departments) /b It 0.80 2.26 8.81 44.80 52.11 60.3 72.9 By waterway " 1.52 2.45 4.64 9.75 10.06 11.4 12.9 By air " 0.19 0.024 0.08 1.85 2.79 3.5 4.0 /a Figure for 1950. lb i.e. excludes freight and passenger traffic by enterprise-owned vehicles and by traditional means, including hand tractors. /c This figure, from the SSB's April 1981 Communique on Fulfillment of the 1980 National Economic Plan, is consistent with the total for goods transport, but is not consistent with the stated 1979/80 increase of 2.6% for highway freight transport. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J79011/D952/21 Page 1 of 4 - 163 - Table 9-2: RAILWAYS: SELECTED OPERATIONAL STATISTICS, 1970-79 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 A. System (at end of year) 1. Route length (km) 40,161 45,170 n.a. n.a. n.a. 49,808.0 (a) Standard gauge (1.435 m) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 49,034.0 (b) Narrow gauge (1 m and 0.6 m) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 769.2 (c) Wide gauge n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 4.8 (d) Double track n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 7,899.8 (e) Electrified n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 1,031.0 B. Staff (at end of year) 1. Number of employees ( 000) n.a. 2,222 2,300 2,345 2,542 2,565 C. Rolling Stock /a 1. Passenger cars, includ- ing railcar trailers (a) In fleet, total number n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 15,000 2. Freight cars (a) In fleet, total number ('000) n.a. 237 n.a. n.a. n.a. 259.0 - Box cars n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 40.0 - Gondolas n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 159.0 - Flat cars n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 20.0 - Tank cars n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 33.0 - Refrigerated n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 2.4 -7 Others n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 3.9 (b) Available, % 96.6 94.8 n.a. n.a. n.a. 97.1 D. Traffic 1. Passenger traffic (a) Number of passengers -otal (million) n.a. 696.5 704.9 786.6 807.3 856.1 C46400/J79011/D952/22 - 164 - Page 2 of 4 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 - Suburban services n.a. 162.6 167.7 186.2 190.0 194.6 - Other n.a. 533.9 537.2 600.4 617.3 661.5 (b) Passenger-km (million) n.a. 95,259 95,470 102,015 109,081 121,373 - Suburban services n.a. 3,642 3,843 4,300 4,406 4,577 - Other n.a. 91,617 91,627 97,715 104,675 116,796 (c) Average journey, total (km) n.a. 137 135 130 135 142 - Suburban services n.a. 22 23 23 23 24 - Other n.a. 172 171 163 170 177 2. Freight traffic (a) Net tons (million) 665.5 867.5 821.2 927.1 1,074.9 1,095.0 (b) Net ton-km (billion) 349.4 424.6 386.1 455.7 533.3 558.9 (c) Average freight haul (km) 525 489 470 492 496 510 3. Traffic units (billion) ton-km & pass.-km n.a. 519.9 481.5 557.7 642.4 680.2 4. Traffic density (a) Passenger-km per route km (million) n.a. 1.91* 1.92* 2.05* 2.19* 2.44* (b) Freight net ton-km per route km (million) 8.7 9.4 8.4* 9.7* 10.7* 11.8 (c) Traffic units per route km (-000) n.a. 10.43* 9.67* 11.20* 12.90* 13.66* E. Operations 1. Total locomotive-km (million km) n.a. 741.19 716.25 787.29 883.83 918.14 (a) According to types of train: - Passenger (incl. railcars) n.a. 169.85 180.88 185.22 203.75 215.24 - Freight n.a. 558.39 523.47 589.37 668.14 691.06 (b) According to types of traction: - Steam locomotive n.a. 609.46 578.95 621.99 676.55 689.70 - Diesel locomotive n.a. 121.31 126.97 152.52 192.77 214.00 - Electric locomotive n.a. 10.42 10.33 12.78 14.51 14.44 2. Main loco-km (train-km) (million km) n.a. 520.02 499.33 554.05 629.06 653.93 (a) Steam locomotives n.a. 425.77 397.56 430.96 472.45 482.49 (b) Diesel locomotives n.a. 85.53 93.14 112.35 144.43 159.36 C46400/J92138/D952/23 Page 3 of 4 - 165 - 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 (c) Electric locomotives n.a. 8.72 8.63 10.74 12.18 12.08 3. Rolling stock-km (million) (a) Freight cars, total n.a. 13,299 12,019 13,801 15,926 16,649 - Loaded n.a. 10,262 9,316 10,764 12,396 12,907 - Empty /b n.a. 3,037 2,703 3,037 3,530 3,742 4. Loaded freight cars forwarded per day n.a. 51,789 48,541 54,234 62,234 62,789 5. Average freight car turnaround time (days) 3.21 3.46 3.62 3.35 2.99 3.0 6. Average freight car turnaround distance (km) n.a. 686 660 681 687 711 F. Performance Indicators 1. Passenger traffic (a) Average number of passengers per passenger train n.a. 604 608 632 610 642 2. Freight traffic (a) Average number of freight cars per freight trains n.a. 35.7 35.1 35.1 35.3 35.8 - Loaded n.a. 27.6 27.2 27.4 27.5 27.8 - Empty n.a. 8.1 7.9 7.7 7.8 8.0 (b) Average freight train load (net tons) n.a. 1,139 1,126 1,159 1,182 1,200 Average gross weight tons 1,953 2,012 n.a. n.a. n.a. 2,059 (c) Average load per loaded freight car (net tons) 42.5 45.4 45.8 46.4 46.9 47.4 (d? Average speed of freight trains (km/h) 30Q3* 28.5* n.a. n.a. n.a. 28.6* 3. Staff (a) Average number of employees per operational km n.a. 28.2 29.4 30.5 32.8 32.2 4. Rolling stock (a) Availability (%) - Steam locomotives n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 93 C46400/J92138/D952/24 -166- Page 4 of 4 1970 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 - Diesel locomo- tives, main line n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 84 - Electric locomotives n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 95 - Freight cars n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 97 (b) Yearly distance cov- ered per available unit ('000 km) - Diesel locomotives, main line n.a. 147 150 152 167 169 - Electric locomo- tives, main line n.a. 158 160 155 160 165 - Steam locomotives n.a. 122 119 122 127 129 (c) Net ton-km per available freight car (million) n.a. 2.31 2.14 2.45 2.80 2.89 * Mission estimates. /a Number in fleet is average of number at beginning and end of year. Avail- able number is average number during year. /b Including cabooses. Source: Ministry of Railways. - 167 - Table 10.1: LABOR FORCE AND EIVLOYMENT, 1952-80 (millions) 1952 1957 1965 1970 1977 1978 1979 1980 Tocal Labour Force /a 207.29 237.71 286.70 344.32 393.77 398.56 405.80 n.a. Employment by Economic Sector Agriculture /b 173.17 193.10 233.98 278.14 293.45 294.26 299.34 n.a. Industry /c 12.46 14.01 18.28 28.09 48.09 50.09 53.40 n.a. Other, of which /a, /d 21.66 30.60 34.44 38.09 52.23 54.21 53.06 n.a. Construction, Cransport, commerce /a, /d n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 26.01 23.26 n.a. Nonmaterial services n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 28.20 29.80 n.a. Employment by Institutional Sector Workers and staff, of which 16.03 31.01 49.65 62.16 91.12 91h.99 99.67 104.44 State organizations /b 15.80 24.51 37.38 47.92 71.96 74.51 76.93 80.19 Urban collectives 0.23 6.50 12.27 14.24 19.16 20.48 22.74 24.25 Commune workers - - 235.34 281.20 302.50 303.42 305.82 n.a. Urban self-employed n.a. - n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.31 0.81 ia Includes those awaiting permanent jobs, most of whom are in temporary jobs. 7 Includes state farms. /c Includes commune but not brigade industry. Industry defined as mining, manufactuiring and power. /d Derived residually. Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78902/D951/59-60 - 168 - Table 10.2: WAGES OF STAFF AND WORKERS, 1952-80 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Total wage bill (billion vuan) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 51.47 56.92 64.66 77.30 State-owned enter- prises (6.75)(16.64)(23.50)(27.80)(36.60)(42.57)(46.90)(52.94)(62.80) Urban collectives n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. (8.90)(10.02)(11.72)(14.50) Average wage in state- owned enterprises (yuan) 446 637 652 609 613 602 644 705 803 Source: State Statistical Bureau. C46400/J78835/D991/57 - 169 - Table 10.3: EMPLOYMENT AND WAGES BY BRANCH OF (STATE-OWNED) INDUSTRY, 1977-79/a Number of workers and staff /b Wage bill of workers and staff 1977 1978 1979 1977 1978 1979 --- ('000 persons) --- ----------- ('000 yuan) ----- Basic metallurgy 3,017 3,068 3,012 1,960,630 2,199,870 2,454,950 Electric power 701 742 786 429,480 491,070 577,560 Coal 3,653 3,728 3,770 2,684,400 3,024,320 3,422,890 Petroleum 480 485 478 327,470 371,510 413,040 Chemicals 2,765 2,825 2,815 1,598,100 1,751,550 1,965,300 Machinery and metal products 9,107 9,247 9,175 5,601,000 6,174,820 6,723,450 Building materials 1,836 1,848 1,857 1,088,090 1,184,450 1,308,910 Timber and wood products 1,215 1,181 1,200 937,750 956,560 1,039,190 Food, beverages and tobacco 1,970 1,937 2,006 1,085,650 1,166,100 1,329,860 Textiles 2,576 2,651 2,740 1,559,720 1,726,060 1,981,750 Paper & pulp 382 389 410 229,010 252,520 296,350 Others 1,864 1,770 2,132 1,198,500 1,105,740 1,505,660 Total 29,566 29,868 30,381 18,702,800 20,404,570 23,018,910 /a State-owned units only. Excludes urban and rural collectives (see Table 7.4). See Table 7.2 for more details of sectoral classification. /b Average number during year. Source: Data provided by Chinese authorities to UN Statistical Office. C46400/J79011/D952/54 - 170 Table 11.1: NUMBER OF PUPILS ENROLLED, 1949-80 /a (millions) Year Primary Secondary Tertiary Total 1949 24.39 1.27 0.117 25.78 1950 28.92 1.57 0.137 30.63 1951 43.15 1.96 0.153 45.26 1952 51.10 3.15 0.191 54.44 1953 51.66 3.63 0.212 55.50 1954 51.22 4.25 0.253 55.72 1955 53.13 4.47 0.288 57.89 1956 63.47 6.01 0.403 69.88 1957 64.28 7.08 0.441 71.80 1958 86.40 12.00 0.660 99.06 1959 91.18 12.90 0.812 104.89 1960 93.79 14.87 0.962 109.62 1961 75.79 10.34 0.947 87.08 1962 69.24 8.34 0.830 78.41 1963 71.58 8.38 0.750 80.71 1964 92.95 10.20 0.685 103.84 1965 116.21 14.32 0.674 131.20 1966 103.42 12.97 0.534 116.92 1967 102.44 12.55 0.409 115.40 1968 100.36 14.05 0.259 114.67 1969 100.67 20.25 0.109 121.03 1970 105.28 26.48 0.048 131.81 1971 112.11 31.49 0.083 143.68 1972 125.49 36.17 0.194 161.85 1973 135.70 34.95 0.314 170.96 1974 144.81 37.14 0.430 182.38 1975 150.94 45.37 0.501 196.81 1976 150.06 59.06 0.565 209.69 1977 146.18 68.49 0.625 215.30 1978 146.24 66.37 0.856 213.47 1979 146.63 60.25 1.020 207.90 1980 146.27 56.78 1.144 204.19 /a Excludes, for example, TV university, factory-run and spare-time education, adult education, etc. See Annex G for further information. Source: Ministry of Education. C46400/J79011/D952/62-63 Table 11.2: TECHNICAL SECONDARY AND POST-SECONDARY EDUCATION, 1979 Medical Economics Physical Industry Agriculture Forestry Health Business Cultural Arts Others Total Schools 627 337 35 543 297 23 70 48 1,980 Students Students (mln.) 0.243 0.110 0.011 0.210 0.105 0.005 0.012 0.016 0.714 Graduates (mln.) 0.024 0.011 0.002 0.025 0.013 0.001 0.002 0.001 0.079 Teachers (full-time equivalent) (million) n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 0.079 Students/school n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 360 Students/teacher n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 9.1 Skilled Worker Training Schools (at senior secondary and post-secondary levels) Students (mln) 0.640 Schools 3,000 Students/school 210 Teachers (full-time equivalent) (mln) 0.055 Students/teacher 11.6 Source: Ministry of Education. I, I I I J 1: 1111;11.1 I.IIIIAIO)t IllSlTl I'lili'mWili .%:111 S i'4uiji,iJi'l ; I iY :I.A:i:;I l :A I IOtN Atill 'liv 1I U, 19/9 |I)aiiiII)r *f IIISt 14 ,tL i.,,4 _ _ _ _ Ot _dLt*Id.IId b Ctir.,- Ins;t . of IIInt . at I,:.t.1 list A.l C,lallre- IIhIL. of 3a4st . af I osa at t IliISt. of I4I1US iVL. te IUIIL aUr . I L.Ia,Lct I .w,l . 6 lI IIcI VL SII IC, I d,jr 6 & tacur iau. & 'r,i,Li I il v. euilgi. fOri!sLry Lialill*, 1,14.i I 11,y Y I Itics I' t aI a I v . b. cii. fturcttry t lilihi Itwicuy 0Lh,cs Scilchuatu42 1 12 5 12 ' *t9 .0,) 5,21 Z 4,')8 5,I1IU 20/, 7U8 8,219 5, 120 ; ,i , him 14 1 1 1 6 1 Z Id4, !44 I 7/7 2,2'15 1 it601 t, Ii,7 3,750t 524 YukInall 15 1 2 2 7 2 1 I8,919 2' ,d74 4,108 915 7,99' 2,213 U76 Xi, lia; 4 - - I I I I 1,441tJ - - 591 441 133 315 SAlwi..ud 28 2 13 1 5 J 4 4J3,192 , 192 2 2,5' 9) I ,974 It, 8U1 2,2(\6 5,047 taiwoU 12 1 2 1 5 2 I 15,563 2,721 1,7Z5 1,225 5,6'41 1,241 1,000 ti I I'lulghai 6 - I I ' I I 3,7k - 419 84 1,641 684 848 N1o,llx1a 4 1 - I I I - 3,hJtl 1,350 - B41 697 4Z - XilI]iij1q lo I I 3 3 2 I I ,I,ut 2,t,699 1,19t0 2,d85 2,32b 2,167 419 Bobtail '24 1 5 4 8 5 I I,I804 2,6tt\ 5,8'3 3,733 15,t43 5,Z54 518 llul-el tJ I II I 9 t, I lt,. 20 4,062 2'!4,3t04 3,553 15,40U 9,672 3,209 II111idm 22 2 6 2 8 J 1 42,912 2,5U0 14,129 4,356 14,721 5,321 1,878 Gti [be,x A I 17 1 4 1 5 4 2 21,Z13 2,LU7 1 ,,17 2,162 1U,tZ1I ,50t6 1,700 tu iaaidou8 29 2 1 4 8 1 5 42,3h2 5,411 9,132 6,255 12,14) 3 7,0'l1 2,50U sl,,tal,tl; 1 27 1 15 - 2 ) 6 6/,41)4 l,541 3U8,979 412 It ,2t7 5,798 5,368 J aIkgbu 36 l IS 3 8 U 1 73 ,'94 J 4,855 26,91 2 ,902 20 ,628 1, I tu 7tlS ZU- j la; '19 1 3 3 / J 2 '12 ,27 3,7U14 8,929 3,289 1 1,b9J 3.18 704 Aititl 20 2 6 1 l 4 I * J, 2'J9i 1,533 1/0,1 ,95 Z,295 12,9)1 1 96JS 426 t's )tal. Itl 1 4 3 2 I 444,555 4,155 7,11d 4,528 201,7 9 3,092 903 J1 ai,x l 17 1 0 1 3 1 29,119 2,19I5 7,2t\6 2,149 11 ,44I) 5, 121 864 Sliaildutlu 34 1 1I 2 I t j 44,7/1 1, 3/6 12 ,' 17 3,5,15 11,44/, 7,297 220 u 1I1a4t; 48 2 14 4 J 4 21 /2,9'I91 12 ,161 13,219 2,528 7,S99J 5,294 11,81Jt I alljl 11 14 1 4 - 2 1 4 28a, I '9/ 4 ,5/ 1 14 ,425 292 3,/ I 2, 1 1J9 2,893 Hebei 27 1 IU 3 8 I 3),952 Z ,313 11,251 4,293 13 ,S1)0 4,734 191 SUdll4 I 16 I 5 l 5 3 I 2',344d 3,185 7,3J4 2,246 7,U898 3,26d1 1,37) Nei Ihqu;6 1 13 1 2 3 4 1 - 15,6b4 1,289 2,311S9 ,549 8d,1u7 2 204 216 Lidoifill4 34 1 15 2 5 o 5 5U,I4U/ 2,965 J1,582 2,56b' 140,4Z1) 5,8/l 1,586 .II114 25 2 a1 4 5 4 2 J ,l/U 5,9/7 1). 6t,l1 2,446 1lo,9 U41 4.,721 91) IIu IoI Iij .hui4 2) l It) 3 t ', 2 44u ,uu 2,18) i 5,992 4_,76 11,512 ) ) o9UJ 1,489t 'I' t eI h 1 3J 191 tl IO 1 lI/ bt( I '0i J 9 lit) 99 , I 1,55 I);o 74 ,22 1J I U,114 1'O,t ,1J ,713 --- --- - - --I _-__ _ ! .!_ tl. C46400/J79011/D952/66 - 173- Table 11.4: NUMBER OF GRADUATES FROM HIGHER EDUCATION BY DISCIPLINE, 1978 AND 1979 Classification 1978 1979 Engineering 56,512 21,362 Agriculture 13,929 9,748 Forestry 2,605 1,281 Medicine and pharmacy 27,459 13,483 Teacher training 35,430 24,331 Liberal arts 11,808 5,421 Scien'ce 12,743 5,682 Finance and economics 1,627 1,904 Politics and law 99 Physical culture 1,256 1,498 Arts 1,113 375 Total 164,581 85,085 Source: Ministry of Education. C46400/J79011/D951/04-05 WS Table 11.5: MIAJOR ITEMS OF MINLSTRY OF EDUCATION EXPENDITURE, 1979 (Y million) Cons unr- Total ab le Maint. ex pen- Staff Student Utilities ins tr. of ditures Salaries Subsidies benefits subsidies & others matl. Eqpt. bldgs. Higher education 1,580 390 30 25 144 184 180 418 166 Normal schools 240 43 6 3 78 26 9 27 44 Secondary schools 2,390 1,210 171 76 88 244 51 168 351 Primary schools 1,950 1,172 205 98 6 123 18 56 237 Subsidies to commune-run secondary schools and primary schools 840 - - - - - - - - Total 7,000 2,815 412 202 316 577 258 669 798 Source: Ministry of Education. C46400/J78902/D1194/64-65 Table 12.1: HEALTH SERVICE INDICATORS, 1949-80 1949 1952 1957 1965 1970 1975 1977 1978 1979 1980 Health Hospital beds ('000) 80 160 295 766 1,105 1,598 1,777 1,856 1,932 1,982 Professional medical workers ('000) 505 690 1,039 1,532 1,453 2,057 2,341 2,464 2,642 2,798 Of which: Doctors - Traditional medicine ('000) (276) (306) (337) (321) (225) (229) (240) (251) (258) (262) Senior doctors - Western ('000) (38) (52) (74) (189) (221) (293) (329) (359) (395) (447) i Junior doctors - Western ('000) (49) (66) (136) (253) (256) (356) (409) (423) (435) (444) Nurses ('000) (33) (61) (128) (235) (295) (379) (405) (407) (421) (466) Barefoot doctors ('000) - - - 94 1,218 1,559 1,760 1,666 1,575 n.a. Source: State Statistical Bureau. L!I,1 2. 2. HIIN,WI: H II 0110( ,I-I AlS AN 191 It11) KOS I: 110i V I qj0, 979 To to ______I __ I-,oLtLL L __hoj.I , o-o Iolo ,ot IIlot, o L,h- c I I nIb,(~~rI No. of N,.. o f Pop,.iJt too N-.o ,. f of of 3of Nn No f of N,.o. f N-. f N.. of N. of N.. of N. . o f N.. of No. of 11-611 LL111 bod p,or b,ol h- oopi l.1. I,:d. Io. i., I1 6,:d o-pl I,Ils lb.o,o 1-~.1d L. Is b02d. hoopLItot b,,.to .- I Iooi.ttI I a ,:d! IoItt 6:ds NATIONAI TOTAL. 6,fj)9 1,91Il8i MO3 2J 90 7,998 5112 42H6 _41 9,115 254 _4, 9th It 1 25, 74 S 2 63 77 1 ~II 922 77~) Si :u,on If, 37 5 1 7 5, 577 5 57 6 67 7 1,4 S1 52 3,11l II 3, 7 Bit 1 4 2, 51 2 111o 9, S61 910 .21,4 6,2 4 I166 rn I 1bno 4, 516 411,00 1 6813 21)8 19,642 6 413 I 1,42 H 2m.) I 30111 4, 283 1 6 . 9 18 1 4 996 Yno-oo, 1,8a59 58, 5115 5 36 3 48 331, 55? 10( 3 39 3t*111 2 3511 t 2001 1,4 82 2 1 .12 6 i5 t * 93 3 NlIzZag 5211 a 4,t12 5 463 9) 3.3132 I 1 - - 4 3t 4o3 I 3 60 Sho.anxt i,(18 53, 221) 52 7 2818 29,457 2 1 ,19 2 3I *171 I 21511 2 4,511 2, 7 52 17 ,691 II1 2.2(01 Can-,, 1,626 33, 53 1 56 5 214 2 1, 1431 3 W9 I 1,O1) 2 17 I [Ila 1,317 5 1 ,9L7 lit 1,14l 1)I oghlo ~ Sf6 111, 666 34 9 93 7 ,69t I 21 / 1,17 t - - 4 03 I ,31)17 7 72 5 NJ ngxia 3(12 7 11tll 512 56 4 ,5 53 I IS2 4301 I 13lo - - 24 3 1 .845 - - Sinn1lant; Uyg,.r I17 4 2,301 2 9? 19 5 24,34 ) 4 6 511 3 H*111 2 111,1 3 171 6017 14 ,358 3 4211 11,1 n.1 2, SlIt 1116,291 6711 3138 4tu,95u 24 * 951",3I I 2,011 2 4911 2 ,11/S 49 771 46, 14 21 lIohoI 1,819 i111,859 4 26 3 15 4 3, 916 2 1 1, 4 25 7 3,2 84 9 1, 5811 6 , O139 t1,7) 55I .018 74 2,5 7 li,I,,.,o 4,387 115,565 452 3311 ~~~~~~~~~4 4. 51 a 9 5 1 ,72-3 52, 182 24 2 ,421I 2 481) 3 , 832 5 5 ,41113 9 2,8391F G-Inlgol 1,2 17 4 5, 158 7 65 1 57 2 2, 131) 1 7 112 3 4 1, 362 I. 7 15 1 2 51 1, O1)7 1 6 9118 I5 3,2 71 as ...... dLI.182, 4 42 11 3,7 9 3 5 47 389 4 6, 214 31, 2, 71)I II 3, 479 12 2,7112 4 8118 I,9 25 4 2 t) IO 6 5 5,868 SI-aogh.i1 394 4 .7,174 2 3/ I II 2 4, 111 2 11J5 13l 6,2 t3 3II . 1,1 5 1,5111 211 1 7 ,454 49) 5, 314 J i -..ge 2, 4 53 1 14,1104 Si? 24 3 3 6, 4 96 4 5 1, 4 53 7 2,6 77 31 351)5 5 795 2,13 50 11t .5 15 7 3 6,563 ZI.,o (bog 3, 5 35 5 9, 842 6 13 1 54 2 5,083 214 1, 5/lo 5 1,8311 I ,71111 I 1/ 3, 30)1 2 5 ,9 7 37 3, 68 7 Aol,i 3, 039 7 2, 786 661) 2 14 2 9, 917 II1 1141 4 I, 85t, 6, 1, 3601 - - 2, 791 3?7 .1,9 3 131 1,129 Flit I ll 1, I17 4 5,821 54 3 1 45 2 1,6 29 1 5 1,9511 2 4 10 6, I1,151 I 5181 918 1 8 . 84 5 311 1, 334 -iloogol 2, 15,7 6 7 .3981 4 79 386i 3 5, 484 32 1 ,505 4 1,3 5t, 7 1,4 84 -- 1, 7(4 2 5 4 14 2 2 2, 1 55 Shao"'182, 541 115,5111 6 26 3911 411, 1 5 1 9 2111 I 2,119 1 2 1 1262 II, 2, 191 2,1060 54 ,(l)j 29 3, 311) 11,1 ling1 3117 26, 711it 32'5 82 1 3,521I 6 745 113, 6 11 I ,1074 2 8 53 2103 2 t,1,91 21i 2, 667 TI ,n 1In 32 7 1 7,929 4 13 55 1. 11)I(( 2 JIB 1,25 -9 1 7115 2 751) 2 13 2 ,086 SI1 2, 631 tloh1-e 4,.3 43 8~. 990) 5871 421 .4.,111 11) 8413 6 2,1111 9 1,I1-- 4 648 1, 7 1 34 1011 2 4 1,96 Sh"nx 12,.3 3( 66. , I19 36d I 15 15,36, 1)6 III 69 2 96 1 7 I,If, I 1 511 1, 904 2 5 ,8 11 47 2,4 43 Not '11-.8gg10 I 17 43 46,.49)5 398 2711 21,712 25 1,250 3 9 78 11 711116 I 10o112 1,4 10 1 7 .8172 231 79 3 Il.lI -llI g I 6 lt, 1017,1,910 121 1611 5 4,"I'1 271 2,51111 6 1,1 341 24 5,412 11 6,111 1,1 86 211 6198 1,3 /,115~8 21II1III1 1, 233 5 9 ,6817 3166 2 31 29,1`)95 24 1 ,41I5 7 1 , n1 8 II 2,15-)1 9 1,1814 926 18 .1118 25~ 3,1136 111.1II1n I .I I,,g , 7 61 91I,899) 34 5 5315 56, 9 37 4 27, ,41, 6 3,2 11, 1 2 3, 4721 110 3, 74,1 1 I * 113 18 8194 47 311)45 T, hi,- figm-ro .,i: -o,,(,l0, 011 ii,, 1979 -o,d-,,1-yoI jl0,,it '~ p-III,.,, t0,roio 1i',,o1,l-, 1, Lh, 1t,I,j, h--to ,110,:,. (24 wold, 4,951,1,,10) S,,,,r-.n miiostry .1 P15,l,tC llo-Itl,. C46400/J79011/D1370/54-55 -177- Table 12.3: MISCELLANEOUS SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS, 1949-80 Unit 1949 1952 1957 1977 1978 1979 1980 Electricity consumed by ('000 mln. - 0.05 0.14 22.2 25.3 28.3 32.1 rural areas kWh) Post & telecommunication (nln. yuan) 97 164 294 1,114 1,165 1,255 1,334 transactions (at con- stant prices of 1970) Total number of tourists (thousands) - - - - 1,883 4,204 5,700 coming to China Feature films produced (number) 6 4 40 - 146 65 82 Film projection units (thousands) 0.6 2.3 10.0 - 115.9 122 125 Performing art troupes (number) ,1,000 - 2,884 - 3,143 3,482 3,533 Cultural centers (number) 896 2,448 2,748 - 2,733 2,892 2,912 Public libraries (number) 55 33 400 - 1,256 1,651 1,732 Broadcasting stations (number) 43 - - - 93 99 106 Television centers (number) - - - - 32 38 38 Books produced (mln copies) 105 736 1,275 3,308 3,770 4,070 4,590 Magazines (min copies) 20 204 315 559 762 1,180 1,120 Newspapers (national ('000 mln. 0.41 1.38 2.04 10.54 10.95 13.08 14.04 & provincial only) copies) Source: State Statistical Bureau.