86642 Measuring the Contribution of Livestock to Household Livelihoods A Livestock Module for Multi-topic Household Surveys Ugo Pica-Ciamarra+, Derek Baker*, Nancy Morgan+ and Alberto Zezza# +FAO, Rome; *ILRI, Nairobi; +FAO-World Bank, Washington DC, #World Bank, Washington DC November 2011 Joint paper of the World Bank, FAO, AU-IBAR, ILRI with support from the Gates Foundation 1 ABSTRACT About 60 percent of rural households in developing countries are estimated to fully or partly depend on livestock for their livelihoods. Available household level livestock data, however, are insufficient to appreciate the contribution of livestock to household livelihoods, including both the monetary and non-monetary benefits provided by farm animals. This challenges the design and implementation of effective investments in the sector. This paper presents a livestock module for multi-topic household surveys, which targets improved livestock-related questions therein. The livestock module for multi-topic household surveys has been jointly elaborated by the FAO, the ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute) and the World Bank, as part of the Livestock Data for Better Policies in Africa Project. It consists of a core set of questions, which quantify both livestock herd and the various contributions of farm animals to household livelihoods, including cash income, food, manure, draft power and hauling services, savings and insurance, and social capital. It then includes additional detailed questions on livestock characteristics (e.g. breeding, branding, etc.), husbandry practices (e.g. feeding, watering, etc.) and outputs (e.g. milk, dung, etc.) which, depending on the country, may or may not be included in multi-topic household surveys. The module is a public good, which has been used to develop multi-topic household questionnaires in collaboration with country governments in Niger, Tanzania and Uganda. Data from these surveys will be freely available for analysis in 2012 and 2013, providing an unprecedented opportunity to enhance the understanding of the livestock- poverty-wellbeing linkages at the household level. Key words: household survey, livestock, livestock module 2 1. INTRODUCTION The Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics builds on a conceptual framework which ‘brings together the economic, environmental, and social dimensions of agriculture and the cause-and-effect relationships that connect them. These relate to agricultural production and extend to processing and markets as well as income distribution, accumulation, and consumption’ (World Bank, 2011). At the micro level, multi-topic household surveys, which consist of several questionnaires that collect information on many aspects of household wellbeing and behaviour, are an essential tool to collect data on the various dimensions of agriculture and understand their correlations and linkages. This is critical to design policies that maximize the benefits while mitigating the negative externalities of agricultural sector’s growth. This paper presents a livestock module – jointly developed by the World Bank-FAO-ILRI Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project (LDIP, www.africalivestockdata.org) and the Living Standards Measurement Study Integrated Surveys on Agriculture Project of the World Bank (LSMS-ISA, www.worldbank.org/lsms-isa) – for the adequate inclusion of livestock in multi-topic household surveys, which serves to enhance the quantity and quality of livestock data available to decision makers. There is in fact consensus that livestock sector development can contribute to poverty reduction and economic growth, as about 60 percent of rural households in developing countries are estimated to depend on livestock for all or part of their livelihoods, and population growth, urbanization and gains in real per capita income are fuelling a growing demand for high-value foods, including meat and dairy products (FAO, 2009). This provides good business opportunities for livestock producers. At the same time, however, available livestock data are scant at best, and inadequate to appreciate the role of livestock in the household economy and the incentives and disincentives that guide households’ livestock production and consumption decisions. For example, a cursory review of multi-topic household surveys reveals that, in most cases, these contain few livestock-related questions, and mostly on ownership of farm animals and their diseases. Improving the quality and quality of household-level livestock data available to decision makers is thus a pre- condition to design and implement investments in the sector which are both equitable and efficient. Section two and three present the rationales for a focus on multi-topic household surveys and on livestock respectively. Section four highlights the key features of the livestock module, while section five presents current and forthcoming efforts towards the implementation of the livestock module. The appendix contains, as an example, the livestock module administered in the context of the Uganda 2011/12 national household panel survey. 2. WHY MULTI-TOPIC HOUSEHOLD SURVEY S? Reliable and up-to-date data from multi-topic household surveys are critical for governments to measure poverty, assess household wellbeing, and model household behaviour to evaluate ex-ante and ex-post outputs and impacts of public and private sector investments. Multi-topic household surveys consist of several questionnaires that collect information on many aspects of household wellbeing and behaviour. They usually include a household questionnaire, a community questionnaire, a price questionnaire and, in some cases, an agriculture questionnaire. Each questionnaire consists of several modules focusing on key dimensions which characterize households. For instance, the household questionnaire comprises modules on education, health, and 3 other; the agriculture questionnaire includes modules on access to land, crops and other. Multi-topic household surveys are usually administered to a nationally representative, but relatively small sample of households, usually between 2,000 and 5,000 households, which allows producing accurate statistics for the country as a whole and for large sub-areas (e.g. rural and urban areas; macro- regions) (Grosh and Glewwe, 1995). The adequate inclusion of all dimensions and determinants of livelihoods in multi-topic household surveys is thus essential for deriving appropriate measures of wellbeing and input into effective investment design, implementation and evaluation. 3. WHY LIVESTOCK? A large share of rural households in developing countries are partly or fully dependent on livestock for their livelihoods. Household-level data from 12 developing countries in Africa, Asia and Latin America show that between 46 to 85 percent of rural households keep some farm animals, with a country average of about 60 percent (Pica-Ciamarra et al., 2011). Many of them are poor, which implies that increasing the contribution of livestock to their livelihoods can directly contribute to the goal of reducing poverty worldwide. Figure 1. Distribution (density) of poor livestock keepers in 2010 based on the international $2/day poverty line Source: drawn from data provided in Robinson et al. (2011). Livestock keeping is a multi-functional activity in developing countries: farm animals generate food and income, are a store of wealth and act as a safety net in times of crisis. They provide draught 4 power and hauling services, manure, fuel and building material, make use of crop and food wastes and contribute to social capital (FAO, 2009). Reliable measures of household wellbeing and behavioural models aimed at understanding the role of livestock in the household economy should ideally capture the value of the many livelihood services provided by livestock. A review, however, of existing multi-topic household survey questionnaires reveal that livestock is inadequately represented: questions typically focus on livestock ownership and only infrequently inquire about animal health / diseases, and on production and consumption of animal foods. Insights into investment opportunities are challenged by lack of questions on animal breeds, feed, water, housing, draught power, transport and on the use of livestock dung. The number of livestock-related questions in multi-topic household survey questionnaires, such as those available on the website of the International Household Survey Network (IHSN, www.ihsn.org), is a crude, yet revealing indicator of the limited availability of data to fully appreciate the role of livestock in the household economy. Figure 2. Number of livestock-related question in ‘IHSN’ multi-topic household survey questionnaires 30 25 % of questionnaires 20 15 10 5 0 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 24-29 30-34 35 + No of livestock questions Source: elaborated from www.ihsn.org 4. A LIVESTOCK MODULE FOR MULTI-TOPIC HOUSEHOLD SURVEY S The World Bank-FAO-ILRI Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project (LDIP) and the Living Standards Measurement Study Integrated Surveys on Agriculture Project of the World Bank (LSMS- ISA) have identified about 200 livestock-related questions – a so-called livestock module – for the adequate inclusion of livestock in multi-topic household surveys. The module consists of 3 domains, which cover livestock ownership; livestock inputs; and livestock outputs. These three domains are sub-divided in independent sub-sections, allowing planners, based on their priorities, the flexibility to select the sections and specific questions to include in the multi-topic household surveys. Most 5 sections of the livestock module include questions on the use of family and non-family labour and on the role of women in livestock-keeping. The implementation of the livestock module would allow quantifying with some statistical precision the contribution of livestock to household livelihoods. It allows: • measuring the quantity and value of outputs, which include milk, meat and eggs and other by-products, draught power and hauling services and dung; • measuring the quantity and value of inputs, including feed, water, family and hired labour, veterinary services and other; • assessing changes in quantity and value of livestock stock, in the form of animal purchases and sales; reproduction, maturation and death; and other such as thefts and gifts. • investigating determinants in the livestock-livelihoods equation. Table 1. Content of livestock module for multi-topic household surveys Livestock domain Sections Remarks Number of animals Questions are asked for individual animals, often differentiated Livestock by age, gender and breeds (local/indigenous and ownership Change in stock in improved/exotic), which helps to understand basic features of past 12 months herd structure and provide input into herd growth models Breeding Questions are asked for major groups of animals (e.g. large Feeding Inputs and ruminants, small ruminants, pigs, poultry birds, equines, other), Watering husbandry practices as management practices usually do not differ between animals Animal health of the same species Housing Meat production Monetary and non Egg production Questions are asked for major groups of animals, with outputs monetary outputs Milk production associated with specific groups of animals. Animal power Dung 5. IMPLEMENTING THE LIVESTOCK MODULE: ONGOING EFFORTS AND THE WAY FORWARD The Livestock Module has been so far used to provide inputs into developing, in collaboration with national governments, the agriculture questionnaires of multi-topic household surveys of three sub- Saharan African countries: Niger, Uganda and, to a lesser extent, Tanzania. Data from the Niger Enquête Nationale sur Les Conditions de Vie des Ménages 2011/12, the Uganda National Panel Survey 2011/12 and the Tanzania National Panel Survey 2010/11 will be freely available for analysis by all stakeholders in 2012/13. The Livestock Module for the Uganda National Panel Survey 2011/12 is presented in the appendix. The Uganda and Niger surveys will generate the most comprehensive household-level livestock data available, thus facilitating the analysis and documentation of the many connections between livestock and livelihoods. These insights are expected to significantly enhance our understanding of the role of livestock in the household economy. 6 The inclusion of livestock into multi-topic household survey questionnaires depends on the country’s priorities and resources, and should be balanced, accommodating the importance attributed to other modules of the questionnaires – perhaps access to water for livestock in temperate countries is not a priority or information on pig production systems in Muslim countries. For instance, neither the Niger nor the Uganda agriculture questionnaire includes the entire livestock module, but only selected sections, and questions, which though cover several dimensions of livestock keeping. Ultimately, selection of sections and questions of the module is a prerogative of country planners. The Livestock Data Innovation in Africa Project and the Living Standards Measurement Study – Integrated Surveys on Agriculture Project have been developing, in parallel to the extended livestock module, a medium-size as well as a condensed livestock module. This diversity makes it easier for planners to identify and select critical and relevant questions which allow policy makers access to data and analysis facilitating effective and targeted investments for the sector. The extended livestock module, the medium-size livestock module and the condensed livestock module will be made publicly and freely available in 2012. REFERENCES FAO (2009) The State of Food and Agriculture 2009. Livestock in the Balance. FAO, Rome. Grosh M. and P. Glewwe (eds.) (1995) Designing Household Survey Questionnaires for Developing Countries. Lessons from 15 years of Living Standards Measurement Study. World Bank, Washington D.C. J. Otte, A. Costales, J. Dijkman, U. Pica-Ciamarra, T. Robinson, V. Ahuja, C. Ly, and D. Roland- Holst (forthcoming) Livestock Sector Development for Poverty Reduction. An Economic and Policy Perspective. FAO, Rome. Pica-Ciamarra U., L. Tasciotti, J. Otte and A. Zezza (2011) Livestock Assets, Rural Income and Rural Households. Cross-country Evidence from Household Surveys. ESA Working Paper No.11-17, FAO, Rome. Robinson T.P., P. Thornton, G. Franceschini, R. Kruska, F. Chiozza et al. (2011) Global livestock production systems. FAO, Rome. World Bank (2011) Global Strategy to Improve Agricultural and Rural Statistics. Report No. 56719-GBL. World Bank, Washington D.C. 7 Appendix 1 The Livestock Module in the Agriculture Questionnaire of the Uganda 2011/2012 National Panel Survey 8 Section 1. Cattle and Pack Animals Has any member Type of livestock Livestock During the last 12 How many Who owns Who keeps How many Who keeps of your code months, has any […] are the [...]? the [...] that […] are kept the [...] that household raised member of your owned by your your but not owned your or owned cattle household raised or household household by your household and pack owned any […] now (present owns? household keeps but not animals during at your farm now? owns? the last 12 or away)? months? 1 = yes Records Records Records Number (if Number (if 1 = yes Person ID no. Person ID no. Person ID no. 2 = no >> next 2 = no (>> next animal) none write 0, go of up to two of up to two none write 0, go of up to two section to 4a) to 5a) members members members 1 2 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 4a 4b 4c EXOTIC/CROSS Calves 1 Bulls 2 Oxen 3 Heifers 4 Cows 5 INDIGENOUS Calves 6 Bulls 7 Oxen 8 Heifers 9 Cows 10 Donkeys / mules 11 Horses 12 9 Section 1. Cattle and Pack Animals (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock Has your What is the How much How During During the last During the During code household main type of did you pay many [...] the last 12 months, last 12 the last hired any labour to the paid did you 12 how many months, how 12 labour for employed labour for own months, were received many were months, keeping / while keeping keeping exactly 12 how as gift or given away how herding [...] in […]? /herding months many [...] payment for as gift or many the last 12 [...] in the ago were some service payment for [...] were months? last 12 (present or born or provided? some service lost to months? away) graduated received? theft? to? 1 = Family day/month number number number number 2 = Hired Casual number (if none write 0 USh (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if 3 = Hired (write 0 if none) >> 6) none) none) none) none) Permanent 5a 5b 5c 6 7 8 9 10 EXOTIC/CROSS Calves 1 Bulls 2 Oxen 3 Heifers 4 Cows 5 INDIGENOUS Calves 6 Bulls 7 Oxen 8 Heifers 9 Cows 10 Donkeys / mules 11 Horses 12 10 Section 1. Cattle and Pack Animals (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock During the During Did you What Did you What Did you What is the code last 12 the last buy any was, on sell any was, on slaughter main purpose months, how 12 […] to average, alive [...] average, any [...] of livestock many [...] months, raise the value during the during products were lost to how during of each the last value of the last originating injury / many the last […] 12 each 12 from […]? accident / [...] were 12 bought? months […] months? natural lost to months? sold? calamity? disease? 1 = Subsistence number number number number number 2 = Commercial (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 Ush (write 0 if Ush (write 0 if 3 = Other none) none) if none) none) none) (specify) 11 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 15 16 EXOTIC/CROSS Calves 1 Bulls 2 Oxen 3 Heifers 4 Cows 5 INDIGENOUS Calves 6 Bulls 7 Oxen 8 Heifers 9 Cows 10 Donkeys / mules 11 Horses 12 11 Section 2. Small Animals Has any member Type of livestock Livestock During the How many Who owns the Who keeps the How many […] Who keeps the of your code last 6 months, […] are [...] [...] are kept but not [...] that your household raised has any owned by owned by your household or owned small member of your household now? keeps but not animals during your household owns? the last 6 household now (present months? raised or at your farm owned any or away)? […] 1 = yes 2 = no >> next 1 = yes Number (if Records Person Records Person Records Person Number (if none section 2 = no (>> none write 0, ID no. of up to ID no. of up to ID no. of up to write 0, go to 5a) next animal) go to 4a) two members two members two members 1 2 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 4a 4b 4c EXOTIC/CROSS Male goats 13 Female goats 14 Male sheep 15 Female sheep 16 Pigs 17 INDIGENOUS Male goats 18 Female goats 19 Male sheep 20 Female sheep 21 Pigs 22 12 Section 2. Small Animals (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock Has your What is the main How How During During During During code household type of labour much many the last 6 the last 6 the last 6 the last 6 hired any employed while did you [...] did months, month, months, months, labour for keeping […]? pay for you own how how how how keeping / keeping exactly 6 many many [...] many many herding /herding months [...] were were [...] were [...] were [...] in the […] in ago born? received given lost to last 6 the last 6 (present as gift or away as theft? months? months? or away) payment gift or for some payment service for some provided? service received? day/month 1 = Family number number number number number (if none 2 = Hired Casual UgSh (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if write 0 >> 3 = Hired Permanent none) none) none) none) none) 6) 5a 5b 5c 6 7 8 9 10 EXOTIC/CROSS Male goats 13 Female goats 14 Male sheep 15 Female sheep 16 Pigs 17 INDIGENOUS Male goats 18 Female goats 19 Male sheep 20 Female sheep 21 Pigs 22 13 Section 2. Small Animals (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock During During Did you What was, Did you What was, Did you What is the main code the last 6 the last 6 buy any on sell any on slaughter purpose of months, months, […] to average, alive [...] average, any [...] livestock products how how many raise the value during the the value during the originating from many [...] [...] were during the of each last 6 of each last 6 […]? were lost lost to last 6 […] months […] sold? months? to injury disease? months? bought? / accident / natural calamity? number number number number number 1 = Subsistence (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if Ush (write 0 if Ush (write 0 if 2 = Commercial none) none) none) none) none) 3 = Other (specify) 11 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 15 16 EXOTIC/CROSS Male goats 13 Female goats 14 Male sheep 15 Female sheep 16 Pigs 17 INDIGENOUS Male goats 18 Female goats 19 Male sheep 20 Female sheep 21 Pigs 22 14 Section 3. Poultry and Others Has any Type of livestock Livestock During the How many Who owns the Who keeps the How Who keeps member of code last 3 […] are [...] [...] many the [...] that your months, has owned by […] are your household any member your kept but household raised or of your household not keeps but owned household now (present owned by not owns? poultry, bees raised or at your farm your or other owned any or away)? household domesticated […] now? birds during the last 3 months? 1 = yes 2 = no >> Number (if Records 1 = yes Records Person ID Records Person ID next section if zero, go to none write Person ID 2 = no (>> no. of up to two no. of up to two 4a 0, go to no. of up to next animal) members members 5a) two members 1 2 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 4a 4b 4c Indigenous dual-purpose chicken 23 Layers (exotic/cross chicken) 24 Broilers (Exotic/cross chicken) 25 Other poultry and birds 26 (turkeys / ducks / geese) Rabbits 27 Beehives 28 15 Section 3. Poultry and Others (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock Has your What is the How much How many During the During the During the During the During the code household main type did you [...] did last 3 last 3 last 3 last 3 last 3 hired any of labour pay for you own months, months, months, months, months, labour for employed keeping exactly 3 how many how many how many how many how many keeping / while /herding months [...] were [...] were [...] were [...] were [...] were herding keeping […] in the ago born? received as given lost to lost to [...] in the […]? last 3 (present or gift or away as theft? injury / last 3 months? away) payment gift or accident / months? for some payment natural service for some calamity? provided? service received? 1 = Family day/month 2 = Hired number number number number number number (if none Casual UgSh (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if (write 0 if write 0 >> 3 = Hired none) none) none) none) none) none) 6) Permanent 5a 5b 5c 6 7 8 9 10 11 Indigenous dual-purpose chicken 23 Layers (exotic/cross chicken) 24 Broilers (Exotic/cross chicken) 25 Other poultry and birds 26 (turkeys / ducks / geese) Rabbits 27 Beehives 28 16 Section 3. Poultry and Others (cont.) Type of livestock Livestock During the Did you buy What was, Did you sell What was, Did you What is the main code last 3 any […] to on average, any alive [...] on average, slaughter any purpose of months, how raise during the value of during the the value of [...] during livestock products many [...] the last 3 each […] last 3 months each […] the last 3 originating from were lost to months? bought? sold? months? […]? disease? number number number number 1 = Subsistence (write 0 if (write 0 if Ush (write 0 if Ush (write 0 if 2 = Commercial none) none) none) none) 3 = Other (Specify) 12 13a 13b 14a 14b 15 16 Indigenous dual-purpose chicken 23 Layers (exotic/cross chicken) 24 Broilers (Exotic/cross chicken) 25 Other poultry and birds 26 (turkeys / ducks / geese) Rabbits 27 Beehives 28 17 Section 4. Inputs Breeding Feeding Type of livestock Animal Has this What have been the What have been for this Has this In which months? How much has species group household main controlled household the major household this household code practiced any mating or other feeding practices for [...] ever paid to paid to feed the controlled breeding strategies in the last 12 months? feed its [...] […] in the past mating or used by this in the past 12 12 months? other breeding household for […] in List two main months? strategy for the past 12 months? [...] in the past 12 months See breeding code 1 = only grazing / scavening 2 = mainly grazing / scavenging with some feeding Ush 1 = yes 3 = mainly feeding with 1 = yes month codes 1st 2nd 2 = no (>>2a) some grazing / scavenging 2 = no (>> 3a) (circle as appropriate) (write 0 if nothing) 4 = only feeding (zero grazing / scavenging) 5 = Tethering 6 = other (specify) 1a 1b 1c 2a 2b 2c 2d 2e EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Small ruminants 102 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Poultry 103 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pigs 104 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Small ruminants 106 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Poultry 107 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pigs 108 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 18 Section 4. Inputs (cont.) Watering Housing Type of livestock Animal How frequently, on What have been the Has this In which months? How much What housing species group average, has this household main two sources of household has this system for [...] has code watered [...] in the past 12 water for [...] in the past ever paid household this household months? 12 months? to water paid to mainly used in the [...] in the access the past 12 months? List two main past 12 main water months? sources for […] in the past 12 months? 1 = tap water 2 = borehole 1 = none 1 = animals get on their own 3 = dam 2 = confined in sheds from available sources 4 = well Ush 3 = confined in 2 = once a day 5 = river 1 = yes month codes paddocks 3 = twice a day 6 = spring 2 = no (>> (circle as appropriate) (write 0 if 4 = confined fences 4 = thrice a day 7 = stream 4) nothing) 5 = cage 5 = throughout the day 8 = constructed water 6 = basket 6 = other (specify) points 7 = other ( specify) 9 = rainwater harvesting 10 = other (specify) 3a 3b 3c 3d 3e 3f 4 EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Small ruminants 102 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Poultry 103 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pigs 104 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Small ruminants 106 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Poultry 107 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Pigs 108 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 19 Section 4. Inputs (cont.) Animal health Type of livestock Anima Has this Who Against which What was the During the last Who What was the species l group household administrered diseases did you total cost of 12 months have administered the total cost for code vaccinated any the vaccination vaccinate your vaccination, you used dewormer deworming, [...] in the past services for you […]? including dewormin) on treatment to including cost 12 months? […]? vaccine and your […]? your […]? of dewormer professional fee and professisonal fee? 1 = Private Vet 1 = Private Vet 1 = yes, all 1 = yes, all clinic clinic animals at least animals at least 2 = District Vet 2 = District Vet once once clinic Ush (write 0 if clinic Ush (write 0 if 2 = some, some See disease code 2 = some, some 3 = NGO / provided for free) 3 = NGO / provided for free) animals animals Project Project 3 = none, no 3 = none, no 4 = Other 4 = Other animals (>>6a) animals (>>7a) (specify) (specify) 5a 5b 5c 5d 6a 6b 6c EXOTIC/CROS S Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 Poultry 103 Pigs 104 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 Poultry 107 Pigs 108 20 Section 4. Inputs (cont.) Animal health (cont.) Type of livestock Animal During the last Who What was the During the last Who What was the species group 12 months have administrered total cost of the 12 months have administrered total cost of the code your […] been the tick treatment of [...] your […] the curative curative treated against treatment to against ticks, receive some treatment to treatment for ticks? your […] including cost of curative your […]? [...], including drugs and treatments? cost of drugs professisonal and fee? professisonal fee? 1 = yes, all 1 = Private Vet 1 = yes, all 1 = Private Vet animals at least clinic animals at least clinic once 2 = District Vet once 2 = District Vet Ush (write 0 if 2 = some, some clinic Ush (write 0 if 2 = some, some clinic provided for free) animals 3 = NGO / provided for free) animals 3 = NGO / Project 3 = none, no Project 3 = none, no 4 = Other animals (>>next 4 = Other animals (>>8a) (specify) line) (specify) 7a 7b 7c 8a 8b 8c EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 Poultry 103 Pigs 104 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 Poultry 107 Pigs 108 21 Section 5. Meat production Type of livestock Animal How many What was How much Where/to whom do you How much Who controls the species group [...] were the live of the meat mainly sell [...] meat? has this revenue from code slaughtered weight, on of […] household this product for meat in the average, of produced did earned by last 12 the [..] that you sell in selling [...] months? this the past 12 meat in the household months? past 12 slaughtered? months? 1 = Government / LC number (if 0 go 2 = Prvate trader in local to next line) market / village Record Person Id 3 = Private trader in cross-check kg/hd kg USh Nos district market with sec1 q15; (Up to 2 Ids) 4 = Consumer at market sec2 q15 5 = Neighbour / Relative sec3 q15 6 = Other (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 Poultry 103 Pigs 104 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 Poultry 107 Pigs 108 22 Section 6. Milk production Type of livestock Animal How many How What was In general, How much How much species group code [...] were many the average were your of the milk of the milk milked in the days, on [...] milk [...] suckling produced by produced by last 12 average, production during the [...] was [...] did you months? were per day per time the [...] consumed convert into [...] milking were being by your processed milked animal? milked? household dairy for? either in the products in form of milk the last 12 or processed months? dairy products in the last 12 months? 0 = no calf number (if 1 = intermittent number zero go to litres suckling litres litres of days next line) 2 continuous suckling 1 2 3 4 5 6 EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 23 Section 6. Milk production (cont.) Type of livestock Animal How many Where/to whom do you How much Who controls the species group code litres of [...] mainly sell your [...] milk? has this revenue from this milk did you household product sell in the earned by last 12 selling [...] months? milk in the past 12 months? 1 = Government / LC 2 = Prvate trader in local market / village number (if 3 = Private trader in district Record Person ID zero go to Ush market (Up to 2 Ids) next line) 4 = Consumer at market 5 = Neighbour / Relative 6 = Other (specify) 7 8 9 10a 10b EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 24 Section 7. Egg production Type of livestock Animal How many How many How many Where/to whom do you mainly sell How much Who controls species group code […] laid […] eggs did […] eggs did your […] eggs? has this the revenue eggs in the you produce you sell in household from […] last 3 in the last 3 the last 3 earned by eggs? months? months? months? selling […] eggs in the past 3 months? 1 = Government / LC 2 = Private trader in local market / village number (if number (if number Record Person 3 = Private trader in district market zero go to zero go to (if zero go to Ush Id Nos 4 = Consumer at market next line) next line) next line) (Up to 2 Ids) 5 = Neighbour / Relative 6 = Other (specify) 1 2 3 4 5 6a 6b EXOTIC/CROSS Poultry 103 INDIGENOUS Poultry 107 25 Section 8. Dung Type of livestock Animal Has this household made any use of What was the species group code the dung produced by [...] in the past total value from 12 months? the sales of dung from [...] List two main uses in the past 12 months? 1 = manure >> next line 2 = fuel (cooking) >> next line 3 = feed to other animals >> next line 4 = construction of building >> next line Ush 5 = sales 6 = no, no use >> next line 7 = other (specify) >> next line 1a 1b 1c EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 Poultry 103 Pigs 104 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 Poultry 107 Pigs 108 26 Section 9. Animal power Type of livestock Animal Has this Has this How much Has this Has this How much species group code household household has this household household has this used any of used any of household used any of used any household its [...] for its [...] to earned by its [...] for [...] to earned in its own provide providing ploughing provide cash / kind transport transport transport its own draught by (persons, services to services field in the power for providing crops, etc.) other with [...] in past 12 ploughing to draught in the past households? the past 12 months? other power for 12 months? months? households? ploughing with [...] in the past 12 months? Ush 1 = yes 1 = yes (estimated 1 = yes 1 = yes 2 = no Ush 2 = no >> value of in- 2 = no>> 4 2 = no next line kind benefits) 1 2 3 4 5 6 EXOTIC/CROSS Large ruminants 101 Small ruminants 102 INDIGENOUS Large ruminants 105 Small ruminants 106 Donkey/mules 109 Horses 110 27 Breeding and Disease Codes Breeding codes Disease codes 1 None 1 FMD 2 Controlled mating – best male(s) from herd 2 CBPP 3 Controlled mating – to avoid mating of close relatives 3 CCPP 4 Controlled mating – other (e.g. corrective) 4 LSD 5 Use of high quality breeding male from neighbor, other supplier 5 Anthrax 6 Exchange of high quality breeding male 6 Blackleg 7 Purchase of high quality breeding male 7 PPR 8 Artificial insemination - cross breeding 8 Sheep and goat pox 9 Artificial insemination - same breed 9 Newcastle disease 10 Purchase of high quality breeding female(s) 10 Fowl pox 11 Castrate non-productive males 11 Avian flu 12 Culled/sold non-productive males 12 IBD / Gumboro 13 Culled/sold non-productive females 13 Other (specify) 14 Cross-breeding - own herd 14 Do not know 15 Cross-breeding - male from neighbor, other supplier 16 Other (specify) 28