ESM324 Proceedings Formal Report 324/06 of the International Grid- Proceedings of the Connected International Renewable Energy Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum Policy Forum August 2006 Formal Report 324/06 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Purpose The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global technical assistance partnership administered by the World Bank and sponsored by bi-lateral official donors, since 1983. ESMAP's mission is to promote the role of energy in poverty reduction and economic growth in an environmentally responsible manner. Its work applies to low-income, emerging, and transition economies and contributes to the achievement of internationally agreed development goals. ESMAP interventions are knowledge products including free technical assistance, specific studies, advisory services, pilot projects, knowledge generation and dissemination, trainings, workshops and seminars, conferences and round-tables, and publications. ESMAP work is focused on four key thematic programs: energy security, renewable energy, energy-poverty and market efficiency and governance. Governance and Operations ESMAP is governed by a Consultative Group (the ESMAP CG) composed of representatives of the World Bank, other donors, and development experts from regions which benefit from ESMAP's assistance. The ESMAP CG is chaired by a World Bank Vice-President, and advised by a Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of independent energy experts that reviews the Program's strategic agenda, its work plan, and its achievements. ESMAP relies on a cadre of engineers, energy planners, and economists from the World Bank, and from the energy and development community at large, to conduct its activities. Funding ESMAP is a knowledge partnership supported by the World Bank and official donors from Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. ESMAP has also enjoyed the support of private donors as well as in-kind support from a number of partners in the energy and development community. Further Information For further information on a copy of the ESMAP Annual Report or copies of project reports, please visit the ESMAP Website: www.esmap.org. ESMAP can also be reached by E-mail at esmap@worldbank.org or by mail at: ESMAP c/o Energy and Water Department The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. Tel.: 202.458.2321 Fax: 202.522.3018 Formal Report 324/06 Proceedings of the International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum February 1-3, 2006 Mexico City, Mexico Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) Copyright © 2006 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/THE WORLD BANK 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Produced in India First printing March 2006 ESMAP Reports are published to communicate the results of ESMAP's work to the development community with the least possible delay. The typescript of the paper therefore has not been prepared in accordance with the procedures appropriate to formal documents. Some sources cited in this paper may be informal documents that are not readily available. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. Requests for permission to reproduce portions of it should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address shown in the copyright notice above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly and, when the reproduction is for noncommercial purposes, without asking a fee. Contents Acknowledgments ......................................................................................................................v List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ........................................................................................... vii Executive Summary .................................................................................................................... xi 1. Introduction........................................................................................................................ 1 2. Opening Session................................................................................................................. 3 3. Challenges and Prospects of Grid-Connected Renewable Energy ........................................... 7 4. Renewable Energy in Different Institutional Power Sector Frameworks................................... 11 5. Valuation of Renewable Energy .......................................................................................... 13 6. Renewable Energy Policy Instruments.................................................................................. 17 7. Renewable Energy Public Financing and Planning: Stakeholder Perspectives ......................... 25 8. Breakout Groups .............................................................................................................. 29 Breakout Session 1: Renewable Energy and Power Sector Reform......................................... 29 Breakout Session 2: Mainstreaming Renewable Energy into Power Sector Planning ............... 30 Breakout Session 3: Renewable Energy Policy Instruments.................................................... 31 Breakout Session 4: Mobilizing Local Capital for Renewable Energy..................................... 32 9. Round-table Discussion: Enhancing Private Sector Investment .............................................. 35 10. Round-table Discussion: Moving Forward on Scaling-up Grid-Connected Renewable Energy ................................................................... 39 11. Closing Session and Wrap-up ........................................................................................... 45 12. Conclusions...................................................................................................................... 49 iii Tables Table 6.1: Renewable Energy Policy Review ............................................................................. 18 Table 6.2: Renewable Energy Financing Mechanisms............................................................... 21 Table 6.3: The Renewable Energy Policy Matrix........................................................................ 23 Table 8.1: Breakout Session 3: Issues and Response on Renewable Energy Policy Instruments ...................................................................... 31 Table 12.1: Barriers and Solutions to Increase Grid-Connected Renewable Energy...................... 51 Figures Figure 1.1: Participant Breakdown............................................................................................. 2 Figure 5.1: Cost Impacts on Optimal Generation .................................................................... 14 Figure 6.1: Development of the Wind Farm Potential over Time: Price and Quantity Approaches ............................................................................. 22 Appendices I International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum ­Agenda .............................. 57 II International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum ­ Participants List .................. 63 iv Acknowledgments This report presents the proceedings of the Chief Executive Officer of the GEF, and International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Mr. Arthouros Zervos, GWEC Chairman and Vice Policy Forum which was held on February 1-3, Chairman of the Renewable Energy Network for 2006, in Mexico City, Mexico. The Forum was the 21st Century (REN21). hosted by the Mexico Ministry of Energy (SENER) in cooperation with the Global Environment Facility The Forum was conducted under the direction of (GEF), the World Bank, the Energy Sector Ms. Xiaodong Wang, Energy Specialist, World Bank Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), and Africa Energy Sector Unit. Collaborating on this Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). This event effort, and providing strategic input and advice was a follow-up meeting to discuss issues raised from the World Bank Group were: Mr. Charles and commitments made by Forum sponsors at the Feinstein, Sector Leader for Finance, Private Sector World Summit on Sustainable Development and Infrastructure, Caribbean Country (WSSD) and the Bonn International Renewable Department, Latin America and Caribbean (LAC); Energies Conference. At these prior events, Mr. Anil Cabraal, Lead Energy Specialist, Energy linkages between energy and development were and Water Department of the World Bank; established and the important role of Renewable Mr. Dana Younger, Senior Adviser, Renewable Energy (RE) was highlighted with a "sense of Energy and Sustainability, Infrastructure urgency". Department, International Finance Corporation (IFC); Mr. Ede Ijjasz-Vasquez, Manager of the SENER's leadership resulted in the success of this Energy Sector Management and Assistance event. Particular recognition is accorded to His Program (ESMAP); and Ms. Dominique Lallement, Excellency Minister Fernando Canales Clariond; Energy Advisor to the Energy and Water Lic. Carlos Garza Ibarra, Deputy Secretary for Department of the World Bank. From the World Energy Policy and Planning; and Dr. Juan Mata, Bank LAC region, key contributions were provided Director General for Environment, Technology by: Ms. Susan Goldmark, Energy Sector Manager; Development, and Research. Sincere appreciation Ms. Anna Wellenstein, Sector Leader for Finance, is bestowed for the excellent support received from Private Sector and Infrastructure, Mexico and these individuals, and SENER staff overall, in the Colombia Country Department; and Ms. Karina planning and execution of the Forum. Kashiwamoto, Language Program Assistant, Mexico Resident Mission. From the World Bank, Ms. Kathy Sierra, Vice President for Infrastructure, and Mr. Jamal Saghir, From the GEF, Ms. Christine Woerlen provided Director Energy and Water, provided vision and significant input and contributions in the design guidance for this effort as did Mr. Leonard Good, and implementation of the Forum. The meeting v MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM benefited from the active participation of Sector and Infrastructure Department, World Mr. Richard Hosier, Team Leader, Climate and Bank LAC; and Ms. Sandra de la Cruz, SDO- Chemicals, the GEF. events. Special thanks are also due to Ms. Marjorie K. Araya for coordinating the The organization team for the Forum included: publication of this document. The presentations Mr. Claudio Alatorre Frenk in Mexico; Ms. Judy provided during the Forum have been compiled Siegel and Ms. Maria H. Rivera-Ramirez of the onto a CD which accompanies this report. They Energy and Security Group; Mr. Daniel Farchy, are also available on the Forum Website at Junior Professional Associate, Finance, Private http://www.gridre.org. vi List of Acronyms and Abbreviations ASTAE Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program BIREC2005 Beijing International Renewable Energy Conference 2005 BNDES Brazil National Development Bank CDM Clean Development Mechanism CEARE Center of Studies of the Energy Regulatory Activities CER Certified Emission Reductions CFC Chloro-Fluoro-Carbons CFE Federal Electricity Commission CO2 Carbon Dioxide CSD Commission on Sustainable Development CSP Concentrated Solar Power DEG Deutsche Investitions-und Entwicklungs-gesellschaft' ECAs Export Credit Agencies ECN Energy Research Center of the Netherlands EPSRA Electric Power Sector Reform Act ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ESPs Energy Service Providers EU European Union EVN Electricity of Vietnam GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Greenhouse Gas GNESD Global Network on Energy for Sustainable Development GTZ German Technical Cooperation GVEP Global Village Energy Partnership GW Gigawatt GWEC Global Wind Energy Council GWh Gigawatt hour IAP International Action Plan IDAE Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía IEA International Energy Agency IFC International Finance Corporation IIE Mexican Electric Research Institute vii MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM IPP Independent Power Producer IREDA Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency ISO Independent System Operator JI Joint Implementation KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau kWh Kilowatt hour LAC Latin America and Caribbean LFC Luz y Fuerza del Centro MDG Millennium Development Goals MNES Ministry of Non Conventional Energy Sources MPR Market Price Referent MSP Medium-Sized Project MW Megawatt MWh Megawatt hour NEP National Energy Policy NEPP National Electricity Power Policy NREA New and Renewable Energy Authority OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development O&M Operation and Maintenance PER Renewable Energy Plan PPA Power Purchase Agreement PROINFA Brazilian Renewable Energy Incentive Program PTC Production Tax Credit PUC Public Utility Commission PV Photovoltaic R&D Research and Development RD&D Research, Development, and Demonstration RE Renewable Energy RE Act Renewable Energy Sources Act RECs Renewable Energy Credits REMP Renewable Energy Master Plan REN21 Renewable Energy Network for the 21st Century Renewables2004 Bonn International Renewable Energies Conference REP Rural Electrification Policy RO Renewable Obligation ROCs Renewable Obligation Certificates RPDRES Russian Program for Development of Renewable Energy Sources RPS Renewable Portfolio Standards SBC Systems Benefit Charge SEBs State Electricity Boards SEFI Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative SENER Mexico Ministry of Energy SPRU Science and Technology Research SWERA Solar and Wind Energy Research Assessment Program UK United Kingdom viii LIST OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS UN United Nations UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme US United States USDOE United States Department of Energy VAT Value Added Tax VND Vietnam Dollar WEC World Energy Council WEO World Energy Outlook WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development ix Executive Summary Overview and country-specific case studies in both plenary sessions and break-out discussions. Appendix I From February 1-3, 2006, approximately 300 provides the Forum agenda and Appendix II the participants from 35 developing and industrialized participant list. countries from around the world gathered in Mexico City, Mexico, for the International Grid- Overall, participants commented that the Forum Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum. was timely and informative. The presentations were of high quality and provided useful information in The purpose of the Forum was to facilitate a concise format. The various policy models increased use of grid-connected RE in the applied by industrialized nations over the last 20 developing world. Specific objectives were three- years were introduced and discussed in the context fold: of their ability to achieve RE market growth and provide other benefits. Several developing · To exchange experience and lessons learned countries presented their experiences and on renewable-friendly power sector policies expectations in establishing RE as part of their between countries with successful policies-- overall energy strategies. During the sessions, both industrialized and developing--and decision-makers from both developing and countries currently in the process of developing industrialized countries were able to raise and or considering new Renewable Energy (RE) discuss questions and issues, and establish policy frameworks. important contacts. There was strong interest in · To present issues, offer solutions, share lessons and commitment to follow-on by the participants learned, and discuss good practices based on and for scaling-up of grid-connected RE in their country-specific case studies and cross-cutting countries. Resources were identified to follow issues and themes. through on these country commitments and to build upon the momentum generated by the · To offer a platform for discussing collaborative Forum. opportunities and exploring follow-on activities. Key Findings and Lessons Learned The interactive Forum was designed to focus on four core topics: 1) incorporation of RE in power In the course of the three-day meeting speakers sector frameworks; 2) economic valuation of RE; and participants attempted to address the 3) RE policy instruments; and 4) private sector challenge of scaling up the use of RE for grid power investment in RE. The Forum presented issues and supply. They began by noting the three key market offered solutions, lessons learned, best practices, drivers for RE: xi MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM · First, advancing energy security, by diversifying proven performance, as they cannot afford to a country's energy mix and reducing the impact be a test bed for unproven options. of fossil fuel price uncertainty. · Analysis of natural resources and power · Second, helping to ensure a cleaner generation portfolios with appropriate risk environment and reducing carbon dioxide and adjustment techniques often leads to the other harmful emissions. acknowledgment that in most countries there are economically and financially cost-effective · Third, stimulating economic development, to niches for RE. include developing markets, building industries, generating jobs and incomes, and With respect to incorporation of RE in power reducing poverty. Several speakers noted that sector frameworks: RE is good business, can be profitable, and is able to boost economies in the short, medium, · Industrialized countries have shown that and long term. deregulating the power sector can expand service, attract private investment, and bring Among the general lessons learned were the independent power producers (IPPs) to the following: market. An effective legal framework can establish policies to promote RE. It is important · One-sixth of global energy comes from RE, yet that REbeconsideredearlyinthedesignofpower this is primarily traditional biomass and sector reforms, not after they have taken place. hydropower. Other Renewable Energy Technologies (RETs) are growing rapidly, though · Power sector structures influence the approach they are starting from a small installed base. to RE market penetration. Vertically integrated More aggressive use of policies to address utilities provide economies of scale, but the market failures and promote "no regrets" amount of RE capacity is determined by a solutions such as renewables can help address monopoly that may be resistant to change, and security issues and provide a pathway for there is little risk sensitivity. In an unbundled climate change mitigation. system, competition exists, the rules are set by the market allowing for more flexibility, · RE is making a difference. Forty-eight countries increased opportunities exist for private have RE policies in place and the list is growing. generators though they may need special However, the impact of these policies in terms treatment, and each actor manages his/her of installations is highly concentrated in only own risk. In both cases long-term contracts are five countries. Notably, in these countries it was important and "cookie cutter" solutions should policy interventions, not resource availability, be avoided. that drove the markets. With respect of economic valuation of RE: · RE "technology push" options are not appropriate. There is a need to advance · Many RETs are cost competitive today with solutions matched to the local resource base conventional options. However, in other and market conditions. All RE options should instances, even if RE is the economically viable be considered, including large-scale option, technical, institutional, financing and hydropower. market barriers hinder large-scale deployment. Under these circumstances, policies, market · In the case of developing countries, the focus development, capacity building and other must be on commercial technologies with measures can help address these barriers. xii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY · Further, if the true economic value of RE is o Feed-in laws produce high penetration captured, a broader range of cost competitive rates in a short period, create local options emerge. Mechanisms for capturing the manufacturing opportunities, provide true economic value include more effective strong incentives for private investments, planning tools that recognize the importance and can be cost effective if the tariff is of generation portfolio diversification, the role periodically and wisely adjusted. To date, of RE as a hedge against fuel price volatility, feed-in laws have demonstrated the highest and environmental and health externalities. installation rates for RE and are considered Increasing access to credible renewable most desirable by investors given their price resource information is also crucial. certainty. · There is a lack of a level playing field between o Renewable Portfolio Standards (RPS) are renewable and conventional energy due to the good at reducing cost and price with existing subsidies on fossil fuels. Removal of competitive bidding, yet tend to favor least- existing market distortions can be an effective cost technologies and established industry policy instrument to promote investment in players unless separate technology targets economically viable RETs, however, strong or tenders are put in place. They are also political will and commitment are required. more complex to design and administer than feed-in laws. · Grid integration is the next major technical and policy issue that must be addressed, particularly o Tendering policies are effective at reducing as renewable technologies account for a cost, but need to have a mechanism to growing share of total generation. reduce price over time; ensuring that signed contracts are realized is a key challenge. With regard to RE policy instruments: · The types of instruments selected should be · Twenty-five years of experience has based on specific goals and objectives, country demonstrated clear factors for successful RE conditions, and power sector structure. There policies. They must be long-term and is no single solution; the effectiveness of a consistent; have a secure and predictable particular policy will rely on how well it is payment mechanism; provide fair and open designed and enforced. grid access; possess strong governance conditions, clear administration procedures, With respect to financial incentive policies and and low transaction costs; have strong public financing mechanisms: acceptance; and enforcement is key. Countries should start simply in the design of energy · A range of financial incentives exist to level the policies, and always remember--"the devil is playing field for RE investments. These can in the details". decrease upfront capital costs through subsidies, reduce capital/operating costs · Three major RE policy options are operating through tax credits, improve revenue streams in the marketplace, and clear differences were with carbon credits, and provide financial highlighted. These included feed-in laws, support via loans and guarantees. renewable portfolio standards, and tendering. A review of the various policy options is · Experience demonstrates that output-based provided in the summary table on the following incentives are generally preferable to page. investment-based incentives for grid-connected xiii MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM RE Policy Review Quantity of Cost/Price Resource Market Local Investor Simplicity RE Reduction Diversity Sustainability Industry Certainty Development Development Feed-In Large amounts Cost efficient Excellent Technically & Excellent Can reduce Most simple Laws RE in short time if the tariff is economically investor risk to design, periodically sustainable with price administer, and wisely guarantee enforce, adjusted & PPA contract RPS If enforced, RPS and Favor least- Technically & Favor least- Lack of More complex can meet tendering cost economically cost price to design & realistic best at technologies sustainable technologies certainty administer targets reducing & established difficult for & complex for cost & price industry investors/ generators with players PPA can competitive reduce risk bidding Tendering Related only Good at Favor least- Tied to Favor least- Can provide More complex to quantity RE reducing cost resource cost certainty if than Feed-in, established cost technologies planning technologies well simpler than by process process; & established designed RPS sustainable industry (more risk if planning players than feed-in) supported, stable funding Source: Dr. Jan Hamrin, President, Center for Resource Solutions RE = Renewable Energy; PPA = Power Purchase Agreement RE. This is because the investment-based · Though funding sources exist for RE through mechanisms do not necessarily provide developing country governments, local financial incentives to generate electricity or maintain institutions, multilateral and bilateral the performance of the RE plants once they are organizations, dedicated funds, and others, installed, while the output-based incentives gaps remain. Attention is needed in the areas promote the desired outcome--generation of of long-term financing, project development electricity from RE. and seed capital mobilization, covering debt/ equity gaps, and risk mitigation instruments. · The most frequent approaches for covering the Carbon finance can play a significant role as incremental cost of RE and the funding of the the market evolves. various policy measures were passing the costs onto consumers through a systems benefits · Various models of public-private partnership for charge (SBC), imposing a carbon tax on fossil financing RE exist. In general, public sector fuel, and setting up a dedicated fund financed funds must be highly targeted to catalyze, not directly by the Government or with donor displace, private capital. Public funds can be support. used to support infrastructure development xiv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY such as loans and equity investment in resource and access to reliable resource data, companies and projects, business capacity of the grid, interconnection development, marketing campaigns, technical requirements, and dispatch rules. assistance, research and development, standards development, and public awareness. Finally, the Forum documented numerous country examples and success stories, from both the · To scale up RE investment, mobilizing local industrialized and developing world, whereby RE financing sources is essential. The local banks, policy instruments have been adopted and the however, are not familiar with RE projects, results of RE scale-up demonstrated. It is perceive them as high-risk with high transaction particularly worth mentioning that an increasing costs, and usually do not offer long-term number of developing countries have created or financing to match the long pay-back period are in process of establishing policy and regulatory of RE projects. The Forum identified a list of frameworks to promote RE. Country case studies options to address these issues such as also demonstrated that RE is contributing to local standardized lending documents, banker employment and industrial development, reducing training, using mezzanine finance, and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, decreasing fossil employing risk mitigation instruments and fuel reliance, and enhancing energy security. guarantees. Next Steps With respect to private sector investment: Several countries, such as Mexico, Brazil, China, · A sound enabling environment of policy and India, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Spain, regulatory framework for RE is the key for the United Kingdom (UK), the United States (US) private sector participation in the RE sector. and others, provided encouraging results in large- Long-term price predictability through long- scale RE deployment as a consequence of strong term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) with policy and regulatory support. Building on these transparent and adequate pricing is the most experiences, a number of countries expressed their important factor. The private sector favors the interest in ramping up RE programs and committed feed-in tariff as the most effective policy for to replicate the successes. These included Croatia, fostering RE, because it provides a guaranteed Egypt, Indonesia, Jordan, Nigeria, Russia, South off-take price and opens the market for a Africa and Tunisia. diverse range of technologies. Tax incentives are also cited as important policy instruments. Representatives from multilateral and bilateral organizations, the private sector, and the financial · Administrative risks in securing Government and research communities offered follow-on clearance can pose challenges to RE project financial and technical assistance to further the development, such as land acquisition and progress on existing and planned grid-connected environmental safeguard for wind projects. RE projects, programs and policies in developing countries. These included the World Bank, Global · Risk mitigation instruments are essential for Environment Facility (GEF) and the Energy Sector the private sector to secure financing for RE projects. Management Assistance Program (ESMAP), which will provide financial support and technical · A number of technical and operational aspects assistance for policy development, capacity building are also important, such as the quality of the and investment; the European Union, the private xv MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM sector, and IFC that offered a range of financial (UNEP) and the Solar and Wind Energy Research products, advisory services and resource Assessment Program (SWERA), and research mobilization support; and bilateral governments organizations such as the Energy Research Center (e.g., Germany and the US), multilateral programs, of the Netherlands (ECN) that offered technical including the United Nations Environment Program assistance. xvi 1.Introduction Background options by the financial markets. Effective policy mechanisms can help to trigger this scale-up. Renewable Energy (RE) is more than just energy. It is reduced risks from hydrocarbon price volatility, Today, a range of policy instruments have been enhanced energy security, climate change adopted in different countries. These include mitigation, reduction of local environmental and performance-based mandated market policies, health impacts, regional development, and job financial incentives, public investment funds and creation. Yet the value of these non-energy benefits risk mitigation mechanisms. Each of these has its (externalities) is seldom captured by markets on advantages and disadvantages. The challenge is their own, and even the more tangible economic to determine the appropriate policy mechanisms advantages such as risk reduction are rarely for countries to pursue. accounted for in traditional power sector investment decision-making. Purpose Without factoring in these non-energy benefits, the At the World Summit on Sustainable Development prospects for RE development are significantly (WSSD) held in Johannesburg, South Africa in 2002, reduced. Often, when only the short-term "energy RE was recognized as a global priority. Two years value" is accounted for, RE cannot compete with later,anumberofcountriesandorganizationsmade conventional energy options such as fossil fuels substantial commitments to support the scale-up use on a large scale. of RE, at the Bonn International Renewable Energies Conference (Renewables2004).Thesecommitments A number of industrialized countries have were reinforced at the Beijing International introduced laws, policies and regulations to Renewable Energy Conference (BIREC2005) in accommodate the global and local benefits of RE-- October 2005. beyond energy value itself. Experience shows that, given the capital-intensive nature of RE investments, As a follow-up to these events, the Energy Ministry such policy and regulatory frameworks can of Mexico (SENER), joined the Global Environment accelerate market development, stimulate the Facility (GEF), the World Bank, the Energy Sector scale-up of RE deployment, and hasten the benefits Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) and the these technologies offer. Though a few developing Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC), in the countries have enacted RE policies and programs, organization of the three-day International Grid- most continue to lack policies to increase the use Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum. of these technologies. A major scaling-up effort is needed to foster continued technology cost The goal of the Forum held on February 1-3, 2006, reductions and broader acceptance of these energy in Mexico City, Mexico, was to stimulate a dialog 1 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM that could lead to increased use of grid-connected industrialized country representatives (35 percent). RE in the developing world. The objectives of the Senior policy makers, regulators, investors, Forum were to: financiers, industry, and utilities responsible for power sector and RE development also attended · To exchange experience and lessons learned the forum (Figure 1.1). on renewable-friendly power sector policies between countries with successful policies-- Meeting Overview both industrialized and developing--and countries currently in the process of developing The interactive Forum was designed to focus on or considering new RE policy frameworks. four core topics: 1) incorporation of RE in power sector frameworks; 2) economic valuation of RE; · To present issues, offer solutions, share lessons 3) RE policy instruments; and 4) private sector learned, and discuss good practices based on investment in RE. The Forum presented issues and country-specific case studies and cross-cutting offered solutions, lessons learned, best practices, issues and themes. and country-specific case studies in both plenary sessions and break-out discussions. · To offer a platform for discussing collaborative opportunities and exploring follow-on activities; Remainder of Document this is provided to assist those countries with commitments and plans for developing RE The remainder of this document presents the policy frameworks to further advance their highlights of speaker presentations, breakout efforts. groups, ensuing discussions, conclusions, and next steps. Copies of the presentations are provided The Forum brought together approximately 300 on a CD affixed to the inside back cover of this participants from 35 countries including both document, and can also be found at the Forum developing country (66 percent of participants) and Website, www.gridre.org. Figure 1.1: Participant Breakdown 29% 13% Government Education Utility 10% Other Regulator Private Sector International Organization 11% 22% 11% 4% 2 2.Opening Session In the opening session of the Forum, senior level relative importance of these drivers may vary. In speakers addressed the roles and prospects for Europe, for example, where there is no immediate RE, particularly in the context of the developing need for added capacity, the key market driver is country marketplace. the environment. Alternatively, in the developing world, supply concerns, rising fuel prices and Renewable Energy Progress economic development issues are spurring markets and Plans for RE. The Forum began by stressing the importance of RE, along with energy efficiency, was offered as meeting global energy needs and finding the preferred "no regrets" avenue for mitigating alternatives to fossil energy, especially given rising climate change. As a result, the GEF, along with its prices and detrimental climate change impacts. implementing agencies, the World Bank, the United The favorable attributes of RE were highlighted, Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and as were the significant contributions these United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), technologies offer. However, it was noted that many have spent US$1 billion dollars in RE to date. RE is renewable technologies remain expensive and an attractive option for adding safe and clean sustained efforts are required to bring these costs capacity and power, and is the least politically down. This should be achievable in the next few contentious energy option (after energy efficiency). years with the concerted efforts of developed and industrialized countries alike. RE was also mentioned as a tool for helping to achieve the Millennium Development Goals Mainstreaming Investment in (MDGs) and lift people out of poverty. It was noted Renewable Energy that energy is more than electricity, but also heating, cooling and transport. Modern energy With an annual investment of US$30 billion (as services also include applications such as improved comparedtoUS$170billioninvestedinconventional cooking stoves that reduce indoor air pollution, technologies, including large hydro), RE can now respiratory diseases and child mortality rates. be considered part of the mainstream world energy scene. To date, the bulk of RE development has occurred in only a handful of countries. For example, 85 Six key factors are driving the markets for the RE. percent of worldwide wind capacity is located in These are energy security, environmental five countries, while three countries concentrate protection, insurance against fuel price risks, nearly all Photovoltaic (PV) capacity--and these economic development, industrial development, countries are not even those with the best wind and employment. Depending on the country, the and solar potential. In these instances, policy 3 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM interventions made RE a reality. The case of the administrative procedures, and public acceptance feed-in law in Germany was provided as an and support. Experience shows that if one or more example of good policy, showing the direct of these key components are missing, little progress correlation between RE market growth and will happen. In addition, setting targets serves as an supportive policy frameworks. The stop and start important catalyst for governments to take action example of the US Production Tax Credit (PTC) and develop the necessary regulatory frameworks, shows the detrimental impact that policy designs but these have little value if not coupled with policies can have on the creation of sustained markets, to establish incentive mechanisms and provide for businesses and investment. long-term Power Purchase Agreements (PPAs) that enhance returns for investors. Regardless of the In industrialized and developing countries alike, policy option employed, it should provide: market distortions exist which make it difficult for streamlined and uniform planning procedures and RE to compete. Massive subsidies for conventional permitting systems; integrated least-cost network energy loom as a primary barrier for RE. Similarly, planning;fairaccesstothegridattransparentprices; the inability of the market to internalize the social removal of discriminatory access and transmission and environment costs of polluting energy sources tariffs; transparent pricing for power throughout a also hinders advancement of renewables. Many network, with recognition and remuneration for the forms of RE are economic and offer the least-cost benefits of embedded generation; unbundling of solutions today, but deserve fair consideration and utilities into separate generation and distribution a level playing field to compete. In this context, companies; and financing of grid infrastructure the support frameworks for RE should not be development. viewed as subsidies but merely as compensation mechanisms. If the markets were not distorted, the Countries interested in developing policy need for special provisions would not exist. frameworks for RE should start now, rather than wait until costs come down, as it takes time to Three Government policies were described that establish associated institutional and human mandate grid-connected RE use and foster market capacities. Countries that wait 10+ years to get deployment: engaged will be left behind. · Price Mandates, whereby RE generators are Other lessons identified in accelerating the paid fixed prices for the electricity they provide deployment of grid-connected RE in developing to the grid (e.g., feed-in law). countries included: · Quantity Mandates, whereby all electricity · Only technologies which are already proven providers must obtain a specific market share should be deployed in developing countries. It quantity of RE generation (e.g., renewable is not appropriate to add technology portfolio standard). development risks to the commercial, financing, and other risks that new markets and · Competitive bidding, whereby set quantities of new technologies in developing countries RE generation are purchased on the basis of already face. open competitive solicitations. · It is important to be open to all Renewable Success factors identified in the design of effective Energy Technologies (RETs), including large- RE policies -- be they national, state, or local -- scale hydropower. It is also valuable to be should include a long-term payment mechanism, technology-neutral, and not overly focused on access to the grid and strategic grid development, any particular solution. Multilateral good governance practices and appropriate organizations like the World Bank and GEF are 4 OPENING SESSION not the right actors to pick "winning" governments and others. In the future, the Bank technologies. This should reside at the local pledged to do even more, through agencies level, and in the marketplace. such as ESMAP, the Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), and the · Engagement of the private sector in RE new Clean Energy Investment Framework--an program development is key. outcome of the G8 Gleneagles meeting. · The deployment of RE on a large-scale is about · Germany offered Renewable Energy Network far more than technology. It concerns human for the 21st Century (REN21), and other and institutional capacity, Government partnerships, as mechanisms for information regulatory and policy frameworks, business sharing and reporting. These entities can help models, and financing. to build on the work of Renewables2005 and BIREC2005 and contribute to achieving Finally, several of the speakers expressed their meaningful results at the 14th and 15th continued and strengthened support for RE in sessions of the UN Commission for Sustainable developing countries: Development (CSD), to be held later this year. · The GEF committed to remain an active player In Summary in expanding RE business throughout the developing world, with plans to invest at least RE is a strong and growing industry, concentrated US$100 million additional per year for RE into today in a handful of countries but with enormous the future. The GEF is now moving from a prospects for growth. Several factors are driving the technology demonstration approach to a much escalation of RETs worldwide, led by economic greater focus on helping to create the kind of development, energy security, and their "no regrets" enabling environment in which RE can flourish, solution for tackling climate change. Well-designed to include addressing issues such as capacity policies can boost markets for these technologies, building, regulatory frameworks, incentives, just as poorly designed policies stall their good information, business and technical advancement. However, the critical first step is to infrastructure, etc. With limited resources, the reduce existing fossil fuel subsidies and other market GEF thrust is less on a single investment and distorting effects. A range of mandated market more on a sustainable process of investment. policies exist for scaling up investment in grid- GEF also offered to continue to share connected RE but, regardless of the approach taken, experiences and lessons learned. key principles should apply: strong legal framework; welldesigned,long-termpaymentmechanism;open · The World Bank described its substantial and access to the grid; and public support. Financial growing portfolio of activities in the area of RE incentivesandlong-termPPAscanfurtherstrengthen and energy efficiency. In 2005, with the help investor confidence and reduce risks. Multilateral of GEF, the Bank exceeded its commitment and bilateral support exists to help developing made at the Bonn Renewables2004 countries put effective policy and regulatory Conference, reaching investments of three- frameworks in place, drawing upon the experience quarters of a billion dollars and leveraging an baseofindustrializedcountriesthathavebeenactive additional US$3 billion from the private sector, in the field for more than 20 years. 5 3.Challenges and Prospects of Grid-Connected Renewable Energy This session discussed opportunities, barriers and steep learning curves over the last decade, and models for large-scale, grid-connected RE this is projected to continue into the future. Prices deployment worldwide. are likely to continue to fall across the RE spectrum, unlike the fossil fuel sector. With such rapid growth, Global Perspectives on it has been difficult to forecast where prices will be Renewable Energy in the mid- to long-term. RETs offer enormous benefits. They utilize locally Policies and incentives have been essential available resources, displacing the need for costly ingredients in enabling countries to reach mature fuel imports; are environmentally beneficial; reduce markets while experiencing rapid cost reductions, risks from hydrocarbon price volatility; and create reducing risk perceptions, and improving local job and income opportunities. RE is versatile operating efficiencies. Today, 48 countries have in scale and can work on-grid or off-grid. RETs RE policies and a variety of instruments and have an enormous role to play in securing and approaches are available. diversifying the energy mix of countries worldwide, yet their potential has only begun to be realized, The role of subsidies for RE continues to be a major particularly in the developing country marketplace. source of debate, yet these have been shown to be Rapid increase of RE in these countries will require essential in moving markets forward and leveling establishment of supportive policy and regulatory the playing field with heavily supported fossil fuels. frameworks, strengthening of local capacities, and Well-designed subsidies can jumpstart Renewable increasing access to financing. It will necessitate Energy Technology (RET) deployment and over time maximizing use of hydro resources (large, small, these can be reduced/eliminated. The key lies in and micro) in an environmentally sustainable transparent, open systems that encourage new manner; more efficient use of biomass residues market entrants; long-term contracts; proper prices; for power generation and transport; and and grid-access regulations. increasing the deployment and reducing the costs of solar, wind, geothermal, wave, tidal, and other Renewable Energy Scenarios RE sources. for the Future Today, RETs are the fastest growing of all energy Two options were presented regarding the future technologies and are cost-competitive in a variety for RE. Under its business-as-usual scenario, the of grid and off-grid applications. The take-off of International Energy Agency (IEA) World Energy RE has commenced, with growth rates of Outlook (WEO) projects an increase in the total technologies such as solar and wind occurring at demand of energy to more than 16,000 million 25-30 percent per year. RETs have experienced Tons of Oil Equivalent (TOE) by 2030. In this 7 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM scenario, oil and gas account for more than 60 schemes; the Biodiesel Policy, which seeks to percent of world primary energy demand; world increase national biodiesel use; the Luz para Todos oil production will shift away from Organization Program (Lights for All), which is targeting 2.5 of Economic Cooperation and Development million new connections by 2008--of which (OECD) nations to countries such as Saudi Arabia 200,000 will be supplied by RE; and an Ethanol and Iran; gas reserves will be concentrated in Policy aimed at increasing domestic application former Soviet Union countries and the Middle East; of ethanol (1 million flex fuel vehicles in 2005) and global CO2 emissions will grow more than and exports. Most notable, however, is the auction- 50 percent, with developing country emissions based Renewable Energy Incentive Program overtaking those of the OECD nations in the (PROINFA), which has a goal of 3,300 megawatts 2020s. Per capita energy use remains low in (MW) of RE, shared equally between wind, biomass developing countries, and if no new policies are and small hydro (1,100 MW each). PROINFA offers implemented, 1.4 billion people will continue to clear and stable regulatory frameworks, lack electricity in 2030. Though renewable guaranteed 20-year power purchase contracts with electricity generation will increase six-fold by 2030, the national utility ELECTROBRAS, and favorable mainly from wind and biomass, the overall financing terms with the Brazil National percentage of RE will remain relatively constant at Development Bank (BNDES) of 20 percent equity, 2 percent. These trends raise serious concerns 80 percent debt, and 12-year financing. At least regarding energy security, the environment and 60 percent local content1 is required under energy poverty. PROINFA, with incremental costs transferred to the In its alternative policy scenario, IEA/WEO includes consumer. Expected results of the program include more aggressive policy measures in the power creation of 150,000 jobs (direct and indirect), generation, transport and residential/commercial US$3.8 billion in total investment, diversification sectors. These policies would stimulate the use of of producers and sources of energy, and estimated RE, energy efficiency and cleaner fossil fuels, and avoided emissions of 2.8 million tons of CO2 per yield striking improvements in security of energy year. During the initial phase of PROINFA, progress supplies, reduction of emissions, and increased has been slower than anticipated due to a number access to energy for poverty alleviation. No of difficulties that resulted in program delays and "revolutionary" policies are needed to reach this extensions, including an inability of users to pay alternative scenario, but more vigorous use of for energy services, manufacturing and licensing existing policies that make economic sense. IEA is constraints, new environmental requirements, a proponent of the market economy, yet given the disagreements in contract negotiations, and a magnitude of the challenge, there is an urgent and longer time for PROINFA to operationalize than decisive need for governments to be proactive in originally anticipated (from decree, to bidding, to correcting market failures and steering the world construction, to access). Despite these obstacles, onto a markedly different energy path. however, projects are now moving forward. Country Case Studies in India. In India, generation capacity is split among Renewable Energy the states, the central Government and the private sector. Hydropower accounts for 26 percent of total Brazil. The energy system of Brazil has a very high installed capacity and other renewables an penetration of RE in the total energy supply (44 additional 5 percent for a total contribution of 31 percent), and in the generation of electricity (88 percent. At present, the power sector is undergoing percent). Brazil continues to foster RE development a process of reform, with new rules defined in the through a number of policies: the New Electricity Act of 2003 aimed at fostering Hydropower Policy, aimed at building large hydro competition, protecting consumers, and increasing 1Local content is the proportion of inputs to be supplied from within the country. 8 CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS OF GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY access. RE potential is significant, estimated at over transmission and distribution. Private sector 80,000 MW, with development to date of participation is limited and consists of two approximately 6,700 MW. A key barrier to the schemes--Independent Power Producer (IPP) and scale-up of RE in India is the lack of a national self-supply. The existing electricity law presents policy; to date technology advancement has been barriers to RE development as the national utility, due in large part to state-level policies. At present, the Federal Electricity Commission (CFE), follows India is the only country in the world with a a least-cost principle for acquiring energy from dedicated Ministry of Non-conventional Energy third parties, and the benefits of RE (social, Sources (MNES), and a financing entity for RE, economic, environmental) are not valued. The Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency strategy of SENER is twofold--to showcase RE (IREDA). IREDA has played a catalytic role in projects to increase investor confidence and to creating awareness, encouraging private sector strengthen the policy environment. On the project investments, stimulating market development by side, activities include the GEF/World Bank Large- showcasing success stories, and helping to create Scale Renewable Energy Development Project; the manufacturing, design, engineering, operation GEF/United Nations Development Programme and maintenance capabilities in the country. The (UNDP) Action Plan for Removing Barriers to the efforts made by IREDA and the MNES have Full-Scale Implementation of Wind Power; and encouraged several states to establish policies and some wind, solar, geothermal and hydropower incentives to encourage private investments in the projects executed by CFE. In addition, an sector. IREDA has also assisted the Government's accelerated depreciation allowance for RE shift in policy from funding technology-driven investments was enacted in January 2005, and a Government installations and RE development new contract template for remote self-supply programs, to commercialization through subsidy projects (where the generation is located away provisions and to the establishment of demand from the consumption, and electricity is wheeled drivers. IREDA has committed more than US$1.6 through the grid) was published in January 2006. billion, disbursed US$844 million, and approved This allows for energy banking, favorable wheeling over 1,700 projects. Bilateral and multilateral charges, and the offset of demand charges organizations are the primary source of funding. according to average peak-time generation. Key obstacles to growth identified by IREDA include: Finally, SENER has collaborated with Congress in absence of assured consumers and markets; small, the development of a new Renewable Energy Act. dispersed nature of RE projects and associated high This Act has already been sanctioned by the lower costs; 90 percent of small hydro potential is in chamber of Congress in December 2005, and is hilly areas with no industrial base (no demand); awaiting Senate approval. If it is passed, a public the key buyers, State Electricity Boards (SEBs), are fund for offering performance-based incentives on unwilling to pay more for RE; absence of a bid system would be created. aggregating agencies/traders; lack of Spain. Spain's aggressive policy for the promotion understanding the economic benefits of RE, of RE is geared towards: (1) reducing energy particularly by regulators; and frequent policy dependence, as the country relies on imports for changes. 80 percent of its primary energy supply; and (2) Mexico. Mexico is increasingly dependent on creating jobs. The policy also contains economic, natural gas for the generation of electricity which environmental and social objectives. The has presented problems as prices have been highly Renewable Energy Plan (PER), which covers the volatile over the last five years and a growing share period 2005-2010, calls for RE to represent at of this fuel is imported. The current policy least 12 percent of primary energy consumption, framework establishes State-control of electricity contribute to 30 percent of total electricity 9 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM consumption, and account for approximately 6 countries are putting policies and programs in percent of total petroleum and diesel consumption place to support RE, more aggressive action is in the transport sector. The PER is expected to result needed by governments now to avoid a business- in US$28 billion in investment, contribute over 10 as-usual reliance on fossil fuels and the negative million TOE, create approximately 95,000 jobs consequences this scenario will yield. (industrial and agricultural from biofuels), and avoid over 76 million tons of CO2 emissions. In Countries are pursuing different policy options for 2004, Royal Decree 436 provided significant promoting RE, with all setting targets and incentives for RE. This included guaranteed grid timetables for RE development. The Brazil PROINFA access and a two-tier feed-in system that enables program is using an auction based system to producers to choose every year between a fixed develop grid-connected wind, hydropower, and price tariff and a floating tariff (determined by the biomass technologies, which has run into a range prime rate plus incentive plus market price). To of administrative, contractual and financing delays date, the majority (80 percent) have opted for risk that are now being addressed. In India, RE activity and high returns (floating tariff), rather than has taken place primarily at the state level, lacking security (fixed tariff). Tariffs are technology- a national RE policy. India is the only country with dedicated RE financing agency and energy ministry. dependent, and an average reference tariff, Outstanding barriers to grid-connected RE in India published every year, is applied to new projects (in include the SEBs which are often not financially 2005 this tariff was 7.3304 euro cents per kilowatt solvent and unwilling to pay higher rates for RE; hour, kWh). In order to foster industrial policies and incentives that are inconsistent over development and job creation, Spain imposes a time; and a lack of understanding of economic large local component requirement in RE projects. benefits of RE by regulators. The findings of the European Commission's (EC's) ALTENER project demonstrate that RE is more Mexico employs the least cost principle which makes labor-intensive than conventional energy it difficult for renewables to compete, particularly as technologies, with job creation occurring primarily there is no added value for the benefits of these in small- and medium-sized enterprises. Further, technologies. Additionally, there is a limited role for an important portion of the employment generated the private sector in Mexico's vertically integrated is in low income regions. utility structure. Several steps have been taken to increase the role of RE and the private sector, with In Summary support of the World Bank and GEF, and a new proposed Renewable Energy Act would further RE has a significant role to play in enhancing enhance the contribution of these technologies in a energy security, improving the environment, and country highly dependent on fossil fuels. contributing to economic development. Accelerated deployment of these technologies is Spain has shown the success of the feed-in tariff achievable with well-designed policies and market and that effective policies can be put in place to corrections to value the positive attributes of these stimulate local job creation and industrial technologies. Although an increasing number of development. 10 4.Renewable Energy in Different Institutional Power Sector Frameworks This session addressed the various institutional process due to the availability of external incentives power sector frameworks existing around the world with donor support. today, and the pros and cons of each. United Kingdom: Renewable Energy Mexico: State-owned Fully- Development under Fully Privatized Integrated Utility Market CFE is a vertically integrated utility, one of the two UK energy policy goals aim to: put the country on State-owned utilities in Mexico. (The other utility, a path to cut CO2 emissions by 60 percent in 2050, Luz y Fuerza del Centro or LFC, covers distribution with significant progress by 2020; maintain in the central area of the country.) CFE is reliability of energy supplies; promote competitive responsible for planning, construction and markets; and ensure that every home is adequately operation of the national electric system and is and affordably heated. In theory, the UK operates subject to regulation and supervision by the a "competitive" electricity market, with regulated Mexican Government. Each year, the House of networks. This means that there is no intervention Representatives approves the CFE budget, with in the market, it is technology and fuel blind, the tariffs set by the Ministry of Treasury. CFE has an workings of the electricity market are the same for installed capacity of 46,686 MW in 218 power renewables as for any other source of electricity, plants, and has 22 million consumers. Based on and any help for renewables (or other econometric models, CFE defines the investment technologies) is indirect or external to the market. program with the lowest cost for the electric sector Support for RE in the UK involves the Renewable with a 10-year planning horizon. CFE projects new Obligation (RO, 2002-2027), research and installed capacity requirements of 21,529 MW development (R&D) estimated at around US$30 through 2015. The planning document is updated million, and capital grants to the tune of US$150 annually based on historic trends, expected million over 2002-2007. The current British policy population growth, regional demand growth, for RE, the RO, places an obligation on the economic growth scenarios, and power generation suppliers to meet a certain percentage of the technologies. Several RETs are included in the previous year's supply from eligible renewable current 10-year plan, including five large electricity. The suppliers can either meet the hydropower projects, six wind projects (100 MW obligation by purchasing renewable obligation each), two geothermal projects, and one certificates (ROCs), or by paying a penalty which concentrated solar power (CSP, embedded in a is raised each year. The penalty fund is recycled hybrid system with a combined-cycle natural gas back to the suppliers in the proportion that they plant). In order to comply with the policy met the total annual RO target. The supplier and framework, non-competitive technologies (wind the RE generator agree on the price, contract length and solar) have been included in the planning and volume. Findings to date are that the RO has 11 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM not met expectations, achieving only about 60 grid, and 80 percent if connected to the medium percent of its targets (today the UK obtains only 2 voltage grid. In addition, for medium-scale projects percent of its electricity from RE). This is due to from 1-10 MW, the policy establishes an several reasons. First, the design of the system has extendable 10-year power purchase contract. To yielded a perverse incentive whereby suppliers further increase the utilization of RE, Indonesia is benefit by not reaching the target, as achieving taking a number of actions which include the target means the reward is less. Second, the formulating a directive policy on investment and system discourages new entrants; the stringent financing; creating an incentives policy (to include obligations placed on suppliers to obtain value tax and fiscal incentives and a depletion premium); from renewables as outlined above, favor and increasing R&D activities. incumbents who are able to take the risks and deal with the transaction costs. This has limited In Summary innovation and the development of a mentoring base for renewables, and few investors have In a vertically integrated system, such as Mexico, emerged. Third, it supports only the cheapest the utility has full responsibility for the national technologies. electric system, including purchasing power from IPPs, and is usually subject to independent Indonesia: Small Power Producer regulation. RE generators that represent the least Program cost options will enter the electricity mix like any other generator. Newer technologies, or those Indonesia has significant RE potential, however, technologies that are not least cost, will find it there has been limited development to date. difficult to compete. By convincing utility planners Currently, renewables account for about 15 and regulators of the value of renewables percent of total installed capacity of which the bulk generation, and/or making incentives sufficiently (12 percent) comes from large-scale hydro and attractive to enable RE to compete on its own some geothermal development (2 percent). Today, financial merits, this barrier to market entry can Indonesia has a number of policies in place to be overcome. promote RE power generation: the Green Energy In a fully privatized utility market, such as the UK, Policy, which calls for implementing the maximum decisions are also made on a competitive basis, utilization of RE and energy efficiency; Small Power in this case one that is technology- and fuel-neutral. Distributed Generation Using Renewable Energy There is no intervention to support RE, however, which supports small enterprises with capacity less suppliers are obligated to meet a certain than 1 MW; Medium-Scale Power Generation percentage of the prior year's supply from eligible Using Renewable Energy which supports renewable electricity basis. This laissez-faire market businesses with capacity less than 10 MW; approach of the UK has not met expectations. Regulation on Electricity Supply and Utilization Additionally, the UK system has been a barrier to which prioritizes RE for power generation; and the new market entrants, limited innovation in the Geothermal Law which regulates the management marketplace, and resulted in minimal investment and development of geothermal resources for in the technologies. direct and indirect utilization. In the field of RE, Indonesia stands out for its development of small- Small power producer programs, such as the one scale (under 10 MW) grid-connected RE projects in Indonesia, have streamlined the process for through the small- and medium-scale policies connecting small power producers to the grid. identified above that have set tariffs to be paid to These programs often include standardized PPAs, generators at 60 percent of the utility's production tariff-setting procedures, interconnection cost if the project is connected to the low voltage regulations, and standards. 12 5.Valuation of Renewable Energy This session introduced the importance of more (US$0.03-0.047/per kWh); high transaction costs; effective valuation of RE and better accounting of and the inability of developers to optimize project the positive attributes that these technologies have design and finalize feasibility studies without a set to offer. tariff. Utility Planning and the Renewable The Draft National Master Plan for Vietnam lists Energy Supply Curve 408 small hydro projects totaling 2,925 MW, 82 percent of which have a capacity less than 10 MW. Rational utility planning requires knowledge of As depicted in Figure 5.1, Qecon shows the what is likely to be economic if the tariffs were avoided cost of 505 Vietnam dollars (VND)/kWh based on its avoided costs, that is the marginal (US$0.031/kWh) at about 1,210 GWh. The cost for the same amount of energy acquired projects to the left of Qecon are sometimes called through another means such as the construction win-win because they are cheaper than the of a new production facility or purchase from an competitor's and have no (or very small) alternate supplier. This can be determined by environmental impacts. However, due to the preparing an indicative RE supply curve whereby barriers cited above not all of the projects to the the quantity Megawatt hour (MWh) that is left of Qecon will be developed. economic is given by its intersection with the avoided cost ($/MWh). At this level, the supply curve is very flat which means that small increments in tariff can result in The example of Vietnam was used to describe the a substantial increase (or decrease) in the number effects of the RE supply curve. Vietnam was selected of economic projects, and therefore in the amount because it has over 2,100 MW of capacity, and of economic generation. Assigning even marginal though the Government has prioritized its amounts to externalities such as local development, barriers exist and very few projects environmental and health impacts, climate change have reached financial closure. These barriers mitigation, or real economic costs of fossil fuels include: the resistance of commercial banking can yield substantial impacts on the development system to loan tenors of more than seven years; of RE. In this case, the optimum amount of small the lack of enthusiasm of the local utility, Electricity hydro increases to Qenv or about 1,455 Gigawatt of Vietnam (EVN), to embracing 2,100 MW of hour (GWh). Similar analyses conducted in China, small, run-of-river hydro plants; non-standard, ad Croatia and South Africa confirmed the merits of hoc, PPAs based on cost plus "fair return"; the RE supply curves as a useful planning tool. Supply insistence of EVN on confidentiality when issuing curves can also be used to derive standardized PPAs; the very broad published tariff guideline PPAs and a published avoided cost tariff which 13 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM minimize the transaction costs of implementing RE. effectively hedged,REcanhelp mitigate it.Themicro Further, in the case of Vietnam, it showed that EVN level addresses the risk that future fossil fuel costs should not be in the business of negotiated tariffs will fluctuate over time. Individual investors can and rates of return, and the Government should hedge this risk with financial instruments, though not set the tariffs. The issue of project financial this comes at a cost (e.g., a six-year gas hedge is viability is best left to the banks that may need estimated at US$0.008/kWh in one study). Society, training in risk assessment (e.g., hydrology risks, however, does not benefit, as hedging does not construction risks, etc). eliminate risk but simply shifts it to someone else. Figure 5.1: Cost Impacts on Optimal Generation 1000 800 VND/kWh Qenv=1455 GWh cost, 600 Qecon=1210 GWh 400 generation 200 economic 0 0 50 1000 1500 2000 2500 cumulative energy produced, GWh Portfolio Diversification and Free To address this, one needs to adopt finance theory Hedging principles and include risk energy investment decision making, since risk affects value and The value of RE was discussed, featuring its role in economic expectations. It was documented that portfolio diversification, energy security and by including risk and portfolio diversification in hedging. It was highlighted that in electricity the portfolio planning process, lower-cost-equal- generation, fossil fuel risk generally takes two risk alternatives, and equal-cost-lower-risk forms--micro- and macro-economic level risks. alternatives often include RE. The risk structure of At the macro level, it is widely accepted that fossil RE investments is very different from the one of fuel price volatility hurts unemployment and Gross conventional energy supply technologies, and Domestic Product (GDP) growth, both for oil therefore, an effective hedge can be provided. consuming and producing nations. For example, Renewables produce energy plus price certainty over the period 1970-2000 in the US, oil price and enhance energy security. Portfolio volatility imposed US$7 trillion in costs to the diversification may be the only free lunch for country. Studies show that every MWh of non-gas hedging fossil risk, even if one believes that RE generation in the US saves consumers US$7.50- costs more, as adding them to a fossil generating 20.00. Though macro level risk cannot be mix reduces overall cost risk. Unfortunately, analytic 14 VALUATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY tools used by the electricity industry today do not creating stability issues depending on the strength reflect this, leading to poor decision making and of the transmission grid and if renewables operate planning. IPPs typically cannot capture the risk in conjunction with fossil fuels or hydropower to mitigation benefits of RE, leading to under- regulate the intermittency. Capacity credit was investment relative to the optimal societal mix. It is highlighted as an important factor in intermittency; time to shift the grounds for debate; the issue is its proper assessment requiring a location-specific no longer if RE, but how much. study of the coincidence between the RE resource and peak load requirements. Further, dividing the Valuing the Capacity Contribution of wind turbines geographically across the system Intermittent Sources ­ The Danish increases the capacity value as different wind Experience patterns at the sites can make the wind turbine output less intermittent. Finally, emerging storage The Danish power system is organized into two possibilities (e.g., compressed air energy storage) sections: the East Danish system which is and new grid-operating strategies should enhance interconnected with the Nordic system in Norway the value of intermittent technologies. and Sweden, and the West Danish system interconnected with the Continental system in Importance of Credible Resource Germany and beyond. The Danish system is Information: Solar and Wind Energy characterized by its high wind power production, Resource Assessment ­ The SWERA accounting for about 19 percent of total Program consumption. This has been driven by feed-in tariffs established in the country. Due to the intermittency The Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment of wind, the demand for capacity reserves and (SWERA) Program, supported by UNEP/GEF, seeks ancillary services has been increased, yet the to remove information barriers to solar and wind interconnection to Norway, which is 100 percent energy development through better quality and hydro, has helped to regulate the intermittency of higher resolution resource assessment. In its first wind systems on the grid. Further, an unfavorable stage, SWERA covers 13 countries in Latin America, geographic situation exists in that: (1) the Africa and Asia. The experience of SWERA shows interconnection with Germany has a very similar that credible information on RE resources has been wind situation, and (2) there is a sparse population a key factor for the development of appropriate RE and lack of load in the coastal areas where the policies. Energy planning entities need to have basic resource is the strongest, making energy transport knowledge about national resources in order to an issue. In Denmark, the supply of wind power is propose new legislation; likewise, legislators need sometimes so large compared to the load that the to be well informed to approve new policies. marginal benefit of its production is zero or less. Resource data are also key for governments to Areas for further work include: (1) infrastructure encourage and promote local development, for issues, including increased balancing power needs companiesandutilitiestopreparebankableprojects, and grid expansion; and (2) international issues, and for local and international financial institutions such as interconnectors for cross-border trade and to consider investment and mitigate risks. Typically, harmonized grid codes for new wind farms. when SWERA first goes into a country, it finds that existing solar and wind maps are outdated; the This presentation sparked an interesting discussion country's focus is on hydro and geothermal on the intermittent nature of wind and its effect on development, with wind considered a more grid stability. In general, it was noted that advanced, costly and complex technology with intermittent renewables could account for up to intermittency and dependency issues; and there is 30 percent of the total electricity supplies, without limited knowledge of the significant technology and 15 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM cost advances of "current" solar and wind demonstrate the effects of market distortions technologies. By providing reliable data, SWERA has hindering the advancement of RE such as in China managed to transform these perceptions and show and South Africa, determine the economically that solar and wind are real alternatives for optimal quantity of grid-connected RE as in the developing countries. For example, SWERA has case of small hydropower in Vietnam, and provide demonstrated that technologies often regarded as the basis for setting RE targets as in Croatia. "firm", such as hydropower, are subject to droughts and other risks. Solar and wind can help to firm up Utility portfolio diversification is a means for energy resources to the grid through diversification hedging fossil fuel price volatility risks. The risk- and hybrids, and thus help to shave load peaks for adjusted costs of many renewables is lower than hydro, reduce diesel imports at non-firm prices, gas-fired electricity and likely cheaper than long- term financial gas hedging. As IPP investments reinforce the distribution system, and contribute to cannot capture this, and utilities fail to include it in hydro storage and save water. Solar, wind and other their planning, this market imperfection arguably RETs also provide modern energy services for creates an economic basis for establishing public economic development in rural areas. policies that support renewables. In Summary Access to credible RE resource data is necessary for utilities to make sound planning decisions and Tools exist today for more effective valuation of RE for policy makers to establish appropriate RE and improved accounting of the benefits these policies and implementing regulations. The technologies provide. Several examples were example of wind resource intermittency, and the provided for improving the case for RE in overall importance of mapping resource availability to utility planning. peak load requirements in determining capacity credits, was highlighted as one example of the RE supply curves offer a useful tool for utility importance of reliable resource data collection. planning by demonstrating the quantity of RE that The SWERA program has been effective in is below the avoided cost of supply today (win-win providing decision makers with sound solar and scenario), and which could be fully deployed wind data in the countries where it operates, and assuming the removal of any outstanding helping to expand markets and investment. technical, institutional and market barriers. If environmental externalities are taken into Lastly, it was suggested that there is a need for consideration, the true social cost of competing improved analysis on issues related to RE and grid energy alternatives increase, as does the optimum interconnection, both at the country level and cross quantity of RE. Supply curves can help to border. 16 6.Renewable Energy Policy Instruments This session reviewed the various policy instruments target that increases over time, strong and in the market today and the impacts they are effective enforcement methods (it is better not having on increasing the use of RETs. to have an RPS than to have a non-enforceable one), and creation of a certificate trading Mandated Market Policy Overview platform based on compliance tracking. The use of certificates makes for a more liquid Three main policies have been used worldwide for market. promoting the entry of new and emerging RETs into electricity markets: feed-in laws, renewable · Tendering policies involve Government- portfolio standards (RPS), and tendering policies. sponsored competitive bidding processes for the acquisition of renewable electricity, whereby · With feed-in laws, the Government sets a long-term contracts are awarded to lowest mandated price to be paid for renewable priced projects. The Government contract electricity, usually technology-dependent, and guarantees the purchase of all power the utility must take power from eligible generated at a specified price over a fixed facilities. Feed-in laws are focused on new and period and the Government pays the emerging technologies and there are three incremental cost of the RE. Tendering is usually methods for price setting: (1) estimated long- done in conjunction with other policies, such term cost plus reasonable profit; (2) wholesale as public benefit funds or resource concessions avoided cost of power; and (3) percent of the (e.g., wind). Success factors for tendering retail electricity rate. Key success factors in feed- include long-term standard contracts which in laws are long-term contracts of 15-20 years, reduce the risk for investors, contracts/tenders guaranteed buyers under a standard contract, that are large enough to achieve economies tariffs that provide reasonable rates of return, of scale and are awarded annually to create and flexibility to capture cost efficiencies. stability, appropriate penalties for not meeting milestones, and a stable source of funding. · With an RPS, the Government sets a mandated quantity of RE to be purchased, it focuses on Table 6.1 provides an assessment of the new and emerging RETs, and there is a advantages and disadvantages of the three policy requirement on wholesale or retail market options, using the following criteria: quantity of participants (utility or grid company) to RE development over a specific timeframe; impact purchase the power generated. RPS success on both cost and price reductions; results in factors require good policy design, resource diversity; long-term market sustainability; establishment of an energy/output-based local industry development; certainty for investors; 17 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM and simplicity of implementation. Findings are The RPS is good at minimizing costs and prices but summarized below. only if accompanied by long-term, well designed PPAs; offers good resource development, especially Feed-in laws have resulted in the largest RE if combined with tradable certificates; and is more installed capacity. They are the simplest to compatible with reformed electricity markets. They administer and enforce; produce the greatest provide certainty regarding market share (if targets resource diversity and local industry development; are met), are perceived as being more compatible can be cost-effective if the tariff is periodically and with open or traditional power markets, and are wisely adjusted over time to eliminate excess rent more likely to fully integrate RE into electricity supply payments; and work best in regulated markets. infrastructure. They also facilitate the establishment They are flexible and can be designed to of a RE credit trading system. Challenges are that accommodate differences in technologies and in an RPS may take longer to build local industry and the marketplace. They invite steady growth of meet resource targets; can be complex to design, small- and medium- scale players, result in low administer,andenforce;havehightransactioncosts, transaction costs, offer easy entry by new players, and lack flexibility (e.g., difficult to adjust in short- and facilitate financing. The key challenge is term if needed). establishing the tariff, particularly for new technologies where the true costs of the systems Competitive tendering is best at minimizing costs, are unknown and/or variable. as long as the industry is well established; can be Table 6.1: Renewable Energy Policy Review Quantity of Cost/Price Resource Market Local Investor Simplicity RE Reduction Diversity Sustainability Industry Certainty Development Development Feed-In Large amounts Cost efficient Excellent Technically & Excellent Can reduce Most simple Laws RE in short time if the tariff is economically investor risk to design, periodically sustainable with price administer, and wisely guarantee enforce, adjusted & PPA contract RPS If enforced, RPS and Favor least- Technically & Favor least- Lack of More complex can meet tendering cost economically cost price to design & realistic best at technologies sustainable technologies certainty administer, targets reducing & established difficult for complex for cost & price industry investors/ generators with players PPA can competitive reduce risk bidding Tendering Related only Good at Favor least- Tied to Favor least- Can provide More complex to quantity RE reducing cost resource cost certainty if than feed-in, established cost technologies planning technologies well simpler than by process process; & established designed RPS sustainable industry (more risk if planning players than feed-in) supported, stable funding 18 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY INSTRUMENTS combined with an RPS; will not build a market by yet little incentive was given for technology itself, but needs companion policies; can improvement and cost reduction. Since 1995, discourage local industry formation if not carefully when the power market was restructured to used; and can be politically challenging as it introduce competition at the retail level, California requires a stable source of funding. Competitive has sought models for continuing the development tendering tends to favor large, centralized of RE in this new market framework. At first a merchant plants at the expense of small investors reverse auction mechanism was introduced, and ensuring that signed contracts are realized is whereby renewable generators would compete a key challenge. If tendering is tied to resource against each other for public funds, with the lowest planning and a transparent procurement process, bidder winning. Generators would separately offer investor certainty can be enhanced. their renewable power to consumers via the new, non-utility energy service providers (ESPs). This In each of these cases, the policies can enable approach had great economic merit, but never electricity suppliers to recover the incremental cost had a chance to prove itself due to the collapse of from consumers, and connection to the grid is vital. the entire wholesale electricity market in 2000- 2001. Though the auction worked, the electricity In summary, each of the three policies offers pros market did not, and uncertainty destroyed the and cons; there is no perfect policy solution. Thus, development incentives. After the crisis, a "middle it is vital for policy makers to articulate and way" was introduced and has proven successful. prioritize their goals, to determine which policy This new managed wholesale competition system intervention makes the most sense; recognize that is based on an RPS and strives to achieve both this is a dynamic decision that must be continually lower costs over time and technological reviewed and assessed; understand that improvements, with the stability and certainty of enforcement of mandates is critical; and ensure the regulated utility market. The RPS bidding good policy design which is fundamental to process involves a number of steps, beginning with success. the submission of an RPS plan by the investor owned utility. This is reviewed, amended and California's Competitive Tendering approved by the Public Utility Commission (PUC), Mechanism and utilities then solicit power from renewable The state of California has set the stage in the US generators. The state then calculates a "market for RE deployment. California has aggressive and price referent" (MPR) on the basis of the long-term explicit targets for development in every aspect of avoided cost of natural gas generation--including the clean energy sector. Renewable generation hedging--to achieve a fixed price. The utilities pay targets are 20 percent in total generation by 2010 costs up to the MPR, and generators must compete and 33 percent by 2020, and these goals are for access to public subsidy funds that cover the achievable. In 2004, California produced 10 remaining costs. The prize is long-term, fixed price percent of its electricity from eligible renewables contracts (10+ years). (does not include large hydro which contributed 15 percent). How well is managed competition working in California? In practice, the system is working. An early surge in the development of RE took place Between the first RPS solicitation by the utilities in between 1978 and 1995, when electric utilities 2004 through October 2005, 3,000 MW of new were compelled to sign long-term power contracts, renewable contracts have been approved by the at non-competitive prices with any renewable State. Since October 2005, another 2,500 MW electricity generator using eligible technologies. have been approved. To date, no public subsidies During this period, substantial capacity was added, have been needed due to the increased costs of 19 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM assuming payback periods of 16 to 20 years, and Renewable Energy Deflects reasonable internal rates of return (e.g., Fossil Fuel Price Increases in approximately 10 percent for wind power). The Germany tariff remains constant for commissioned installations, but depends on the year of the initial During the plenary discussions, Dr Volker operation--the later an installation is Oschmann announced that an article had commissioned, the lower the tariff. come out in the German press during the time of the Forum stating that while electricity To date, the RE Act has yielded significant results. prices had increased in the country due to RE in Germany has grown at 10 percent per year rising fossil fuel prices, the impacts were since 1999, accounting for 11 percent of electricity mitigated due to the fact that 11 percent of share by the end of 2005; contributed to 150,000 the country's electricity supply is from RE. As a result, one of the largest German jobs; and provided the equivalent investment of utilities did not have to increase their retail US$7.2 billion. A recent study by the European power prices to consumers, despite Commission compared the policies of the member significant oil and gas price hikes. states and their effectiveness, and concluded that "feed-in tariffs are currently cheaper and more effective than quota systems (e.g., RPS), because natural gas. The challenge now is to get these they give high planning and investment security, plants built efficiently and to develop enough are easy to handle, and involve low transaction transmission to deliver the power. costs". The European experience also corroborates the importance of regulations, and that these must Germany: Feed-in Tariff Law be carefully and properly designed. The German policy is based on the RE Act, the Financial Incentive Policy Overview feed-in law that fixes prices for electricity from RE, gives planning and investment security, and This financial incentive discussion began with a encourages private action and investments. This definition of "support" or subsidies for RE as the is the main instrument for promotion of RE total cost, to either the public budget or to the electricity in Germany, and the most successful electricity consumer, of purchasing renewables instrument to reduce CO2 (52 million tons were rather than buying electricity at a price which reduced in 2004). The goal of the RE Act is a reflects no Government intervention. Four main sustainable electricity system based on RE. Near- drivers for the establishment of financial incentive term objectives are to develop RE, create an policies for RE were identified: the cost- innovative industrial base, and facilitate economies competitiveness in electricity supply; the creation of scale to achieve cost reductions. The RE Act gives of jobs; the security of supply; and the environment. RE priority access to the electricity grid, obliges grid The relative weight of these drivers will vary operators to purchase RE electricity, and fixes the depending on each country's priorities. The design price (tariff) for RE electricity. The steps involved of the support scheme will depend on the various are: RE Act sets the tariffs and pay period; the RE objectives a country or sub-national entity may producer feeds electricity to the grid; the grid have and these can generally be classified into operator pays remuneration (no state aid); and three areas: (1) those concerned with the impact the costs are transferred to consumers, via a effectiveness of policies, such as job creation, surcharge of approximately 3 percent of the technology development, market expansion, or electricity bills. The tariffs are differentiated and energy portfolio diversity; (2) those that have to depend on plant size and technology, and are do with the policies' distributional efficiency, determined by means of scientific studies, namely, the reduction in the cost of support per 20 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY INSTRUMENTS generated kWh, the reduction in transaction costs, low-interest loans, topping up kWh premiums, R&D, or the removal of distortions in the power market; and environmental taxes. Table 6.2 shows the and (3) those related to the burden-sharing different financial incentive mechanisms used by efficiency of policies, which refers to how the governments, and classifies them according to the support offered is shared between electricity financial mechanism (who pays) and the support consumers and tax payers, between energy- target. (This example focuses on wind power.) In intensive industries and other industries, or among most cases, the policies employed are actually the different utilities. combinations of these various mechanisms. Both demand- and supply-side instruments are The key policy approaches in the market today available to promote RE. Demand-side instruments, are the feed-in tariff (including a premium on top- which shift the demand towards renewables, include of-the-spot market price), the tradable green green electricity, tax benefits, tradable, credits, etc. certificate (whereby RE electricity is sold at Supply-side instruments, which improve the cost- conventional-energy market prices with the competitiveness of RE, include investment subsidies, incremental costs passed onto producers or Table 6.2: Renewable Energy Financing Mechanisms Financing Subsidy Targets Mechanisms Cost of Investment Price of Output Operating Costs Public Budget Finance · Direct capital subsidies · Topping-up premiums to · Subsidies to the marketing of Instruments · Soft loans producers green electricity · Value added tax (VAT) · Production tax credit exemption · Topping-up premiums to · Import duty exemption consumers · Accelerated depreciation · VAT/excise duty · Tax holidays on income exemptions · Subsidies to exporters · Public green electricity of RET equipment purchases · Subsidies to RD&D Electricity Invoice · Grid reinforcement · Premium feed-in tariffs · Wheeling tariff below the true cost Finance Instruments (deep connection costs) for RE electricity of utility paid by utilities · Renewable Portfolio · Balancing costs charged to · Part of (shallow) Standards with or consumers not to generators connection costs paid without Renewable · Use-of-system charges fixed by utilities Energy Credits (RECs) below cost · RD&D of power utilities · Eco-taxes on alternative · Subsidized administration of on interfaces between fuels green invoicing wind farms and regional/ · Voluntary green consumer national power system premium tariffs Subsidized Export · Soft loans for Credits to RETs RE-investments · Grants for project preparation Greenhouse Gas · CO2 certificate Payments · Certified Emission Reduction (CER)/JI revenue/kWh 21 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM consumers), periodic tenders for MW (open for any next 10 years, may be a good public investment. new wind farm or for concessions for wind farms Finally, setting the right level of support and at specific sites), and pure tax-financed support. adjusting it according to the circumstances is In order to choose among these policy approaches essential. and to design the policy details, attention needs to be paid to the specific policy drivers. For example, Figure 6.1 provides a review of the development if job creation is a relevant driver, then additional of wind farm potential over time for the various incentives can be offered to projects with high policy approaches. regional production share, as in the case of Spain, US Federal Production Tax Credit Ontario and China. Financial considerations and other Incentive Policies regarding the cost of capital (risk and expected rate of return) deserve attention as well. Since The relative merits of performance-based and investors demand return in proportion to risk, when investment-based policy measures to support RE no long-term contracts are offered (as in the UK in the marketplace was discussed in the context of system), capital costs are higher. From this the US marketplace. It was noted that the selection perspective, the feed-in tariff is ideal for investors of policy tools to achieve cost-effective results is as there is no market risk and the project can be highly dependent upon a range of factors, implemented any time during the year once including: technology maturity; technology risk financial closure has been reached. Also, the profile; the size and location of the project; the formal procedure for signing the PPA with the motivations, income levels and needs of the system operator or local utility is simple. investors; the organizational structure and management of the developers; the public benefits, As another example, since a private investor's etc. Where the objectives are economic efficiency project rate of return will almost always be higher and market-based promotion of RE (as in the US), than the public sector's discount rate for public it is important to match policy designs with incentive investments, offering a higher tariff during the first mechanisms (whether supply- or demand-oriented) 10 years, and then a much lower tariff during the that take into account technical, market and Figure 6.1: Development of the Wind Farm Potential over Time: Price and Quantity Approaches New installed MW per Year Mandated Market Scheme Set -aside Scheme Declining Scale Feed -in -Tariff Uniform Feed -in -Tariff 1 N Year 22 RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY INSTRUMENTS financial constraints. Policy tools need to be the power sector of the Netherlands has undergone developed to reduce clean energy costs while a process of reform during the last 20 years, from providing revenue certainty that will in turn reduce State-owned vertically integrated utilities to the financial risk premiums. While it is desirable to current situation of unbundling and partial design policies so that subsidy levels are tied to privatization. Accordingly, the RE policy framework project performance, investment incentives need has evolved through a number of stages covering to be considered if the conditions necessary for a range of options as shown in Table 6.3. creating a long-term predictable revenue stream cannot be met. Moreover, policy support should In particular, prior to 1996, capital subsidies were be compatible with competition in the marketplace, provided on a first-come basis. The process for of limited duration, and value-producing. project selection was not transparent and the budget was limited, resulting in manufacturers These observations were substantiated by maximizing kW not kWh. From 1996 to 2002, examining policy support for RE within the US. For the Netherlands moved to a green label system example, the 2005 Energy Policy Act provides a with tradable certificates. At that time, this was an range of policy incentives, including fiscal and innovative approach that was coupled with credit-based mechanisms. Using these tools, the voluntary green electricity, a large consumer base US Government is addressing market failure that and an associated consumption tax credit. The is impeding the deployment of RETs. Among other system yielded enormous growth of green kilowatts things, targeted risk-sharing can help build the to consumers (40 percent today, 3 million people). market for RE in a manner that leverages private However, the electricity was sourced from cheap, capital, focusing on areas where RE can contribute often existing, RE from other EU countries, resulting significant benefits, such as reducing peaking in an outflow of billions of euros in tax monies to demand, increasing grid reliability, capturing price other countries. From 2003 to present, this system premium for green power consumers, reducing was replaced by a fixed premium system, which is emissions, etc. The Administration is also working a subsidy per kWh provided on top of the market with states and localities that have developed an price. This system, which is still in place, is financed array of incentive programs to enhance RE market by an annual levy of 35 euro per connection point. development. The program has led to growth in RE, particularly of wind and biomass co-firing, yet the funds are Netherland's Experience in not sufficient to cover expenses and there is a deficit Grid-Connected Renewable of billions of euros. The Government is now Energy Policies considering putting in place a tender mechanism or an RPS. In conclusion, politicians have had The Dutch experience in RE policy was described difficulties in understanding the complex dynamics as one of "going in circles". It was explained that of support mechanisms in liberalized markets, Table 6.3: The Renewable Energy Policy Matrix Price Quantity Supply Feed-in systems (premiums, fixed tariffs, Tendering systems production tax credits) Capital subsidies Demand Consumption tax credit Renewable obligations (with or without tradable certificates) 23 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM resulting in inconsistent and flawed policy designs improve the cost-competitiveness of RE (e.g., that have not taken into account the economic investment subsidies, low interest loans, topping behavior of investors. In addition, the permit up kWh premiums, etc.) or increase the demand procedures have limited the installation of RETs. for the technologies (e.g., green electricity, tax Nonetheless, the Government is now learning from benefits, tradable credits). the favorable experiences of other countries. In closing, it was highlighted that the next big policy In general, there is no perfect policy solution; they issue that must be considered is that of integration should be selected based on policy maker goals of RE with emerging distributed generation and objectives. Also, these policy options are not technologies. In order to face this challenge, the restricted to the national level, numerous examples EU Fenix project has proposed a new model for exist at the state and local levels as well. grid control based on "smart energy systems". This concept requires real-time metering, and both Finally, some important points raised during the time- and location-dependent pricing and tariffs. presentations were: From a decision maker perspective, this means · When no long-term contracts are available, regulations and policies that will foster these kinds capital costs are higher (e.g., UK). of business models--and this is not obvious. In Summary · Some countries are moving away from the feed-in tariff to an RPS, either because it has Three key policies have emerged for promoting become financially unsustainable (e.g., the widespread use of RE ­ feed-in laws, RPS and Netherlands) or because there is a lack of tendering. Thus far, feed-in laws have resulted in control over the amount of RE entering the grid most additions in renewable electricity capacity and (e.g., Korea). generation worldwide, while reducing costs · If job creation is the key market driver, through technology advancement and economies additional incentives can be offered to projects of scale, and creating domestic jobs and industries. with high regional production share, as in the With periodic adjustments to the fee to account case of Spain, Ontario and China. for cost reductions, these feed-in laws have proven to be most desirable by investors. In some instances · To jumpstart a market, offering a higher tariff hybrid policies are emerging, such as the case of during the first 10 years and a much lower California which operates a wholesale competition tariff in the following 10 years may be a good system based on an RPS. public investment. In addition to these policy mechanisms, there are · In the future, smart energy systems will be a range of finance instruments available to important in RE grid integration. 24 7.Renewable Energy Public Financing and Planning: Stakeholder Perspectives Session 7 discussed the importance of public and coordinated a working group of ECAs to explore private sector investment in RE, both at the global ways to collaborate with industry, and in April and local levels, and described various funding 2005, a special Sector Understanding was sources. negotiated for RE (and water) to extend the minimum repayment terms for RE projects to 15 Sustainable Energy Financing years. This allows ECA financing to be more closely aligned with PPAs, and therefore can lower a An analysis of the financing requirements for grid- project's cost of delivered energy. Summing up, connected RE projects shows a number of gaps the experience of SEFI shows that innovative public constraining development. In particular, there is a finance is not only pure equity or debt, but rather lack of project development and seed capital, a a blending of risk/return attributes. It is not just lack of long-term finance, a debt/equity gap (often about capital, but also enterprise development only up to 50 percent debt is available), and a services. It is not for the public sector to do on its lack of risk management instruments. The UNEP own, but in partnership with commercial first Sustainable Energy Finance Initiative (SEFI) movers. It is not just about innovation, but also collaborates with public and private finance replication and mainstreaming. And it is not just institutions on initiatives to fill these gaps (see the about capital and services, but also about publication Public Finance Mechanisms to Catalyze changing mindsets. Sustainable Energy Sector Growth). Similarly, on the insurance side, conventional programs do not Public-Private Partnerships for cover the range of risks involved in the different Investing in Renewable Energy-- RETs; currently, only wind appears to be sufficiently US State Renewable Energy Funds covered through conventional insurance products. As a new effort on this front, SEFI, with GEF support, Within the US, the states have led the historic is conducting an assessment of financial risk transition in clean energy. In the 1990s, the management instruments for RE projects, leading restructuring of the power sector took decision to recommendations on ways in which the private making power away from utilities and gave more sector and the donor community could help drive power to state legislators. This was an opportunity innovation in RE risk management markets (see for states, especially those with environmentally the publication Financial Risk Management inclined legislators, to lead an unprecedented Instruments for Renewable Energy Projects). transition in clean energy. This was consistent with Moreover, SEFI has been working with Export the American historical trend of states playing a Credit Agencies (ECAs) to increase support for RE. prominent role in development projects and being In the lead up to Renewables2004, SEFI at the forefront of technology innovation. Over the 25 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM period 1997-2006, there has been a state-level innovative public financing. In the future, work revolution on energy. Efforts have included an needs to focus on technology innovation if the explosion of RPSs put in place, establishment of emission stabilization objective of the Kyoto incentives and cap and trade mechanisms, and Protocol is to be met. creation of SBC funds. Today, 14 state energy funds are operating which will bring nearly US$4 billion Bilateral Agency Experience in dollars of investment over the next decade. These Financing Grid-Connected state funds support a wide range of activities, Renewable Energy including technology creation, business development, and commercialization via company Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau (KfW) is a public investments, consumer incentives and market bank of the Federal Republic of Germany with a conditioning. Several strategic models or balance sheet of 341 billion euros in 2005, and combinations of these models are followed for the new commitments of 69 billion euros this year. KfW use of these state funds: is based in Frankfurt with over 50 offices around the world. KfW bonds have been assigned the · The project development model, whereby highest rating by Standard & Poor's, Moody's, and incentives and grants directly subsidize project Fitch ratings. About 75 percent of KfW's business installation, as in California and New Jersey. is in Germany, and 25 percent is international, with a focus on supporting developing and · The investment model, which involves loans transition countries governments, promoting and equity investment in companies and private sector development, and providing export projects, as in Connecticut. and project finance support. In the field of RE and energy efficiency, KfW has been a significant player · The industry development model, which with commitments in 2005 of 6.1 billion euros-- provides business development grants, 3.6 billion for RE and 2.5 billion for energy marketing support, technical assistance and efficiency. Activities supported by KfW in the field education to build industry infrastructure, as of RE include: in Wisconsin. · Concessionary financing through the KfW · The Research and Development (R&D) model, Development Bank, such as soft loans or as in California and New York, which provides grants, development loans with low interest grants and cost-share support for technology rates, a Study and Expert Fund for preparatory creation. activities, a Special Fund for RE and Energy Efficiency, and cooperation with the German · And the combined model, as in Massachusetts, Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and bilateral and which utilizes a mix of the above approaches. multilateral financial institutions. Also, through the Clean Energy States Alliance, · Commercial financing through the Deutsche states are beginning to work together on a Investitions-und Entwicklungs-gesellschaft cooperative basis to engage new states and to (DEG), which includes equity participation and participate in a number of international initiatives mezzanine loans. focusing on finance and technology collaboration. An international sub-national network has been · Export and project financing through the KfW formed, and collaboration is occurring on issues IPEX Bank. of climate stabilization and technology agreements, transatlantic investment, pensions and · Innovative financing instruments, such as institutional investments, and exchange on carbon credits, via the KfW Carbon Fund. 26 RENEWABLE ENERGY PUBLIC FINANCING AND PLANNING: STAKEHOLDER PERSPECTIVES Over the last few years, KfW's support for RE has methane emission reductions are by far the most been growing, led by hydro, solar and wind favored,asmethanehasapotentgreenhouseeffect. technologies. This trend is expected to continue as Typically, carbon revenues amount to between 2-10 demand warrants. percent of investment costs, making a difference, but not necessarily a deal maker. The relevance of The Role of Carbon Finance in carbon finance is its catalytic role, providing a Accelerating Grid-Connected bankable revenue stream with a high quality cash Renewable Energy flow. In the near term, carbon finance is reaching a critical stage. The window to deliver projects for the This presentation provided an overview of the Kyoto first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol (2008- Protocol, which entered into force with Russia's 2012) is almost fully closed for long lead-time ratification. Today, all industrialized countries (e.g., projects such as large hydropower and geothermal, Annex I countries), with the exception of the US and will close in 2006 for other projects. In this and Australia, have ratified it, committing to a set context,itisessentialtoseekadecisiononthesecond of legally binding Greenhouse Gas (GHG) commitment period of the Protocol or an alternative reductions averaging 5.2 percent of their 1990 post-2012 trading scheme. emission levels. Under the Kyoto protocol, Annex In Summary 1 countries may achieve these reductions either domestically or by supplementing their domestic Several sources of financing for RE were discussed efforts through three international market-based in this session. In the US, 14 state energy funds mechanisms. These are: international emissions have been established which will provide nearly trading; the Clean Development Mechanism US$4 billion of investment in the next decade for (CDM), whereby developed countries purchase domestic and international activities in RE. ECAs emission reductions from developing countries; or have extended their minimum repayment terms for Joint Implementation (JI), where developed RE projects to 15 years. Bilateral organizations countries purchase emission reductions from provide a range of financial and technical developed countries and economies in transition. assistance for RE projects and programs in The first compliance period is 2008-2012. The developing countries, with KfW serving as one of quantitative relevance of carbon revenues in grid- the world leaders in this area. The World Bank connected RE projects depends on the nature of and regional development banks have made RE a the energy situation in the country, being higher in priority and carbon finance is playing a catalytic countries with greenhouse-gas-intensive role in RE finance. Outstanding financing gaps in economies such as those with significant coal the area of RE include lack of project development consumption. It also depends on the technology. and seed capital, lack of long-term finance, a debt/ Landfill gas, biogas from livestock and poultry equity gap, lack of risk mitigation instruments, and waste, and other biomass projects that lead to insufficient insurance products. 27 8.Breakout Groups In this session, Forum participants divided into four Breakout Session 1 breakout groups in order to promote discussion Renewable Energy and Power Sector and information exchange, to lay the groundwork Reform, Mr Charles Feinstein, for advancing existing and new programs in RE, Moderator, and Ms Marta Rivera, and to identify areas for follow-on support by Rapporteur countries, the World Bank, GEF and others. The four groups were: In this session, participants discussed a vertically integrated system versus various options for 1) RE and power sector reform. unbundling the electric system, as distinguished by the degree of independence and market 2) Mainstreaming RE into power sector planning. responsiveness of the levels of generation, transmission, distribution and consumer service. 3) RE policy instruments. There are numerous gradations of unbundling, and many systems operate as hybrids. For 4) Mobilizing local capital for RE. example, commonly competition and private sector participation may be introduced in the generation For each group, participants were asked to address sector through the entry of IPPs selling to a "single the following four questions: buyer" (a state utility) which may simultaneously own and operate certain generation assets (e.g., · What are the key issues/barriers to the scale- hydropower) as well as the integrated up of RE? transmission/distribution system. Further liberalization may involve the creation of a · What are successful approaches/models for wholesale generation market, where large grid-connected RE? consumers are free to buy power from independent power producers under bilateral contracts; an · What are major next steps and how do we extension of these arrangements involves creating move forward? a real time or day-ahead spot market to provide balancing services to the underlying wholesale · What is the role of key players in advancing RE market. Still more liberalized/unbundled systems in developing countries? may comprise, in addition to the multiplicity of generators, multiple and independent distribution Moderators were assigned to facilitate the breakout entities serving distinct geographical markets sessions, and rapporteurs took notes during serving customers on the basis of electricity session discussions and reported the findings. purchased in wholesale and spot markets. 29 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Generally speaking, vertically integrated systems Breakout Session 2 offer economies of scale and economies of scope. Mainstreaming Renewable Energy But the amount of RE capacity is centrally planned into Power Sector Planning Mr Anil and determined by a monopoly that is often resistant Cabraal, Moderator, and Mr Claudio to change. Under the vertically integrated system, Alatorre Frenk, Rapporteur long-term contracts are needed for IPPs to ensure success and there is very little sensitivity to risk on In this session, a number of issues and barriers the part of the single buyer, which needs to manage for mainstreaming RE into power sector planning the mounting contingent liabilities represented by were identified. These included: RE is perceived as the IPP contracts. This can work against the price more expensive by utilities; resource and stability offered by RE producers, as their advantage performance data uncertainty leads to inadequate may not be recognized and valued by the single tariff structures; there is a lack of capacity by off-taker. renewables to be absorbed into the network due to intermittency and unpredictability issues; there In an unbundled system, there is competition, and is a perception of technological immaturity; market the individual market actors respond to the rules distortions exist due to concessional loans to public set by the regulator and implemented by the utilities; utility decision makers do not bear the fuel transmission entity or the independent system price risks; existing planning models do not capture operator (ISO), allowing for more flexibility. There the benefits of RE; and institutional and regulatory are typically increased opportunities for private barriers prevail that hinder implementation. generators, as the specific attributes of RE can be matched up with the power characteristics sought The group identified a number of successful by consumers. For example, an intermittent RE approaches for addressing these barriers: source may not be seen as attractive to a heavy widespreadapplicationofmulti-factorplanningtools process industry requiring 100 percent firm power; that are available today in some developing however, this same producer may find a ready countries; independent and capable regulation to market with an entity that needs to pump water at enforce more effective utility planning practices; low cost as and when electric energy is available. transmissionsystemoperatorsthatmaximizeaccess, As such, each actor has to manage his/her own properlyvaluediversity,reducetransactioncosts,and risk. However, RE may need special treatment to create transparent and competitive markets; and participate in highly liberalized markets dominated investment in new technologies and approaches. by short-term and spot power trading. The capital intensity and long asset lifetime of renewables In order to move forward there is a need for projects imply that long-term contracts, such as Government commitment and actions to set clear PPAs, are needed for the RE generators. policy goals and directions for the power sector; strengthening the capacity of regulators and RE Regardless of the structure, "cookie cutter" or agencies to deliver; breaking down the utility generalized solutions are to be avoided, and each planning tools monopoly; building the capacity case should be looked at individually. An over- and diversity of utility planners; supporting arching truism, however, is that governments need demonstration schemes for new technologies and to specifically consider upfront the impacts of approaches; collecting better quality resource data proposed regulatory changes and new market and improving access to this information; and structures on RE, as their characteristics differ from introducing streamlined mechanisms to include RE standard fossil sources. It is usually difficult to in the carbon trading market. retrofit solutions to accommodate desired RE provision, once a specific market organization has In terms of the roles of key players: governments been designed and implemented. must take action and set national goals for RE; 30 BREAKOUT GROUPS regulators need to enforce these goals; donors Breakout Session 3 should support capacity building and technology Renewable Energy Policy Instruments transfer; the private sector should organize to make Dr Griffin Thompson, Moderator, and a more effective case for RE, including building Mr Alvaro Rios, Rapporteur partnerships between foreign manufacturers and local distributors/operators; and the banking In session 3, participants identified issues, solutions sector must be educated on how to evaluate RE and follow-up actions for successful use of policy projects/benefits and manage associated risks. instruments in scaling-up RE in developing countries. For key issues and response, see Finally, all these activities require long-term Table 8.1. engagement-- and patience--to change mindsets of the various stakeholders. Table 8.1: Breakout Session 3: Issues and Response on Renewable Energy Policy Instruments Issue Response Feed-in tariff may not work in developing countries Small incremental costs in the beginning Consumers may be willing to pay for energy security Strong fossil fuel lobby and lack of political will for Public awareness RE Level the playing field between conventional and RE How to incorporate RE and energy Sector reform should address renewables and efficiency efficiency into power sector reform and this should be done early in the process Lack of RE resource data, Engage SWERA and other tools information, mapping Do not wait for 100 percent information Engage with private sector What are the options for financial incentive mechanisms? Accelerated depreciation, production-based tax incentives, fossil fuel tax, etc. What are the RE policy instruments to expand energy Off-grid market niches, links to poverty reduction and services under the context of poverty with more income generation expensive RE? Lack of local manufacturing Create market demand, supply will come Definition of RE Each country can define what this constitutes Low tariff/subsidies Feed-in tariff for RE; guaranteed grid access; pro-poor subsidies Institutional competition barriers Formulate systemic approach in a more integrated manner; bring in many institutions 31 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Breakout Session 4 renewable resource risks and other risks (e.g., Mobilizing Local Capital for foreign exchange); and education/promotion Renewable Energy Mr Eric Usher, campaigns for RE. Other tools that could help are: Moderator, and Mr Antonio Huerta, bundling of projects to reduce transaction costs; Rapporteur securing PPAs with transparent pricing; using mezzanine finance; employing risk mitigation During this session, participants listed a number instruments and guarantees; having public bank of barriers to mobilizing local capital for RE from lending, insurance and guarantee structures; and the banker/investor perspective: uncertain revenue setting up lines of credit in commercial banks. streams; challenge of getting bankable projects; a lack of familiarity by banks with projects/ In Summary developers; investors do not see the profit margins; high transaction costs; failures of past RE projects; Each of the breakout groups were tasked with dominance of public sector; the lack of familiarity answering four questions. The results of their with the RE sector; lack of long-term financing; discussions are provided below. different banks have different needs (e.g., commercial, development); private banks do not What are the key issues/barriers to the scale-up of look at projects or savings they generate, just at RE? the balance sheet; and bankers do not know how to conduct due diligence. · Perceived risk of utilities From the perspective of the developer, the following · Resource and performance data uncertainty issues were identified: small companies lack capital and have high transaction costs; public sector · Intermittency and unpredictability issues competition; lack of reliable resource data; issues · Market distortions of red tape, administrative bureaucracy, permitting requirements and contracting; difficulty with first- · Utility decision makers who do not bear the time projects; foreign exchange and other risk that fuel price risks cannot be hedged; collateral requirements; lack of debt, equity and working capital; high cost/time · Planning models that do not capture the in raising capital (in some cases up to 10 percent benefits of RE of funds being raised); lag times in payments; and having consumers that do not pay. · Institutional and regulatory barriers that hinder implementation The list of options that can help address these issues included: standardized documents; banker · Lack of public awareness of the benefits of RE training; bringing in experts who can help the · Lack of banker knowledge of risks of RE and banks with due diligence; finding financing how to address these; lack of long- term institutions with knowledge and willingness to deal financing with this sector; enlarging the project experience base; easing permitting and reducing red tape; · Administrative bureaucracy/red tape facilitating working capital and finance; providing guarantees and partial guarantees; hedging of · Collateral requirements 32 BREAKOUT GROUPS What are successful approaches/models for grid- · Ease of permitting and reducing red tape connected RE? · Provision of guarantees, partial guarantees and other financial risk-sharing instruments to local · Standardized documentation financial institutions and establishment of dedicated credit lines · Development/application of effective policy measures such as feed-in laws and RPSs, as · Government commitments to renewables and well as financial instruments setting up of clear policy goals for the power sector · Long-term PPAs to reduce risks · Strengthen the capacity of regulators, utility · Widespread application of multi-factor planners, Government agencies, financial planning tools institutions and others on RE · Independent regulation of utilities · Support demonstration schemes for new technologies and approaches · Transmission system operators that maximize · Collect better quality resource data and access improve access to this information · Effective valuation of RE benefits · Introduce streamlined mechanisms to include RE in the carbon trading market · Reduced transaction costs What is the role of key players in advancing RE in · Create transparent and competitive markets developing countries? · Credit enhancements, guarantees and risk- · Governments should set national goals for RE sharing approaches with financial institutions · Regulators need to enforce these goals · Investment in new technologies and · Donors should support capacity-building, approaches. technology transfer and financial risk sharing and credit enhancements What are the major next steps and how do we move forward? · The private sector should organize to make a more effective case for RE · Public information campaigns · Financial institutions should invest in RE projects · Incorporate RE into power sector reforms and manage associated risks. 33 9.Round-table Discussion: Enhancing Private Sector Investment In this session, several private sector firms technical and operative aspects are essential, such presented their views on scaling-up investment as the quality of the resource, the capacity of the in RE. grid, the interconnection requirements, the dispatch rules, and the availability of tax incentives. RE Enel ­ Belgium projects require adequate tariffs and long-term power purchase contracts. Enel is developing and operating geothermal, hydropower, wind, biomass and solar projects in EDF ­ Mexico a number of countries of Europe and the Americas. According to its experience, feed-in tariffs are the EDF has an installed capacity of more than most effective policy for fostering renewable 125,000 MW worldwide. Although only 0.36 electricity, since they provide a guaranteed off-take percent corresponds to non-hydro RE, the company price and facilitate different incentives for diverse is committed to increasing this, by allocating an technologies. However, they require that incentives initial fund of 3 billion euros to its subsidiary EDF are set at appropriate levels and that instruments Énergies Nouvelles. With regards to Mexico, EDF to control efficiency are foreseen. Quota systems applauds the RE bill now in Congress and the with tradable certificates have the virtue of creating efforts by the Government and the regulatory two markets--one for power and one for the green commission to foster RE, in particular, the inclusion value of energy. This approach favors the less costly of 500 MW (100 MW per year over five years) in technologies and there is a constant need to control IPP projects in the current expansion planning of costs. A third option--investment subsidies--has CFE (with the assistance of the GEF-funded Large- been gradually abandoned in Europe due to the Scale Renewable Energy Development Project). high burden it imposes upon governments and the However, given the substantial wind energy low efficiency it engenders. potential and the problems with hydrocarbon supplies in the country, the current RE goals of Iberdrola ­ Mexico Mexico seem symbolic. Much more ambitious goals are achievable. Iberdrola has an installed capacity of 4,000 MW, most of which is based on clean energy sources Acciona Energía SA ­ Spain (natural gas, hydro and wind). Currently, it is developing wind power projects in Spain, Mexico Acciona Energía is a firm devoted exclusively to and Brazil. From Iberdrola's experience, the RE, and has no business interests in conventional feasibility of RE projects depends on their energy technologies. It seeks to abandon the sustainability, i.e. their social, environmental, and current energy model, which is based on energy economic attributes. In addition, a number of "mono-crops" and characterized by cyclical energy 35 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM crises. The primary advantage of RE is undoubtedly be solved by improved debt/equity ratios and risk price stability, and these technologies can help poor mitigation instruments; and human risks which countries that are the hardest hit when prices go require capacity development to enhance plant up. At present, however, RETs cannot always performance. Tariff risks are mitigated when stable compete with conventional technologies. RETs have incentives are offered, with feed-in tariffs definitively high initial investment costs and require a stable, the best option. Furthermore, in India there are assured market, and protection against the additional risks when the projects are connected oligopoly of conventional energy. to unstable grids; it is preferable to connect to a stable grid, even if this involves investing in Econergy International/Clean Tech 10 kilometers (km) of additional transmission. Fund ­ Mexico MesoAmerica Energy ­ Costa Rica Unlike 10 years ago, a very favorable environment for RE projects now exists. This is characterized by Central America lacks a consistent and well thought- low interest rates, goodwill, investor liquidity, carbon out RE plan, with the existing situation operating as trading mechanisms, and growing interest from a a policy salad. This disarray is due, in large part, to range of financial institutions including the World the self-serving lobbying efforts of some private Bank Group, international and national developerswithgoodpoliticalconnections.Although development banks, and commercial banks. In they have managed to raise awareness about RE in addition, increasing prices of fossil fuels, favorable Central America--a positive movement in a region regulationsincountrieslikeMexico,andexistingand dependentonexpensivefossilfuels--theiraggressive new policy frameworks in many countries are lobbying tactics have had negative consequences opening the doors for RE investments. The time is resulting in confusion, resistance, and a push-back right to develop projects. However, since this is a against RE. In this context, trustworthy institutions new market, the first set of projects will be such as the World Bank and GEF have a major role challenging.Themarkethasmanynichesforplayers toplayindevelopingacredible,objectiveframework of all sizes. The Clean Tech fund managed by for the region and information dissemination. On Econergy is aimed at medium sized projects, larger than US$10-20 million. Econergy's experiences the latter, a simple first step could be free show that projects below this size range are subscriptions to RE magazines for Government uneconomic due to their high transaction costs. officials. Further, project developers need to develop high-quality projects with realistic Bhoruka Power ­ India expectations. The private sector is the key player for the In Summary implementation of RE projects. The main issue it faces is risks associated with project development, Overall, the private sector speakers were optimistic which increase financial costs. The primary risks about RE and the role it is playing and will continue are: policy risks which can be addressed by long- to play in meeting the energy needs of developing term policy and regulatory frameworks; resource countries. More and more countries are putting risks, to be addressed by long-term resource data policies in place to encourage development of RE, access (e.g., at least 10 years for hydropower, three carbon trading mechanisms are emerging, and years for wind power); administrative risks in there are a growing number of international, securing Government clearances, especially development and commercial banks engaging in concerning land acquisition, which could be helped the financing of RE projects and programs. Further, with the establishment of one-stop windows for the rising prices of fossil fuels are opening the door clearance intervention; financing risks which could to RE investments. 36 ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION: ENHANCING PRIVATE SECTOR INVESTMENT From a policy perspective, the speakers favored the interconnection requirements, and dispatch rules. feed-in tariff as the most effective policy for fostering Long-term PPAs are also important. RE, in that it provides a guaranteed off-take price and opens the market for a diverse range of Several speakers noted a key advantage of RE, technologies. Yet the tariff must be set at appropriate particularly for developing countries is its price levels, and mechanisms to control efficiency must stability, as these countries are hit hardest with fossil be foreseen. Quota systems, with tradable fuel price increases. Yet this benefit is not accounted certificates, have the benefit of creating two for. Though some RE options are cost-competitive markets--one for power and one for the value of today, others are not, and the economics could be green energy. This approach favors the least cost enhanced if subsidies for conventional energy were technologies and requires constant attention to eliminated and/or the benefits of RE properly controlling costs. A third option--investment accounted for. subsidies--has been gradually abandoned in Europe due to the high cost burden imposed on Finally, a number of the speakers indicated that in governments and its low efficiency. Tax incentives the countries where they operate, the private sector were also cited as important policy instruments. could do much more to contribute to meeting Key technical and operational aspects for RE energy needs and displacing fossil fuel, yet they include the quality of the resource and access to are hampered from doing so by policy and reliable resource data, capacity of the grid, regulatory frameworks that limit their participation. 37 10.Round-table Discussion: Moving Forward on Scaling-up Grid-Connected Renewable Energy This session involved presentations by country It is anticipated that biomass use could create delegations interested in reporting on how they 5,000 indirect jobs by 2015. Currently, an intend to move forward with the difficult work of assessment is being conducted to review and revise designing and implementing policies to advance the feed-in tariffs, as they might be too high. clean energy, energy security, and development. Egypt Croatia The electricity sector in Egypt depends on three Croatia is a country with 4.5 million people that pillars: diversifying electric energy resources, currently imports 55 percent of its fuel, and this improving energy efficiency and maximizing percentage is going up. Today, Croatia has energy conservation measures, and enhancing the installed capacity of 4,000 MW, of which 45 role of RE in the production of electricity. The New percent is hydro, 15 percent nuclear, and the and Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) was remainder fossil fuels. Significant potential exists established as a dedicated organization to in the country for biomass, and the key market introduce RETs to Egypt on a commercial scale. In drivers for RE are the Kyoto protocol, the EU targets, order to achieve the goal of covering 3 percent of and job creation. The energy sector in Croatia has the electric energy demand by 2010, and to reach been harmonized with EU directives and the 17 percent by 2020, NREA's mandate includes: country is developing RE-supporting laws which conducting RE resources assessments; advancing will seek least-cost solutions. Croatia has worked the research, development, demonstration and with the World Bank to identify efficient levels of testing and evaluation of the different technologies; renewables in the overall energy mix and has implementing mature technologies; providing established a goal of 400 MW, with a tariff impact education, training, and information of around 1.1 percent. Key issues for dissemination; transferring technology and implementation are: who will pay the incremental developing local industry; and testing and certifying cost, how will this be transferred to producers, and RE equipment. Egypt has a high wind regime, what is the role of various institutions? A regulatory estimated to support about 20,000 MW of wind framework was developed to answer these farms, and a countrywide wind atlas will be issued questions, a feed-in system is underway, and a in 2006. Currently, the most promising locations fund was established to collect SBCs across all are along the Red Sea. In cooperation with other consumers. The three pillars are: guaranteed feed- countries, international donors and agencies, Egypt in tariffs, declining each year; an energy efficiency now has an installed capacity of 145 MW along fund; and state subsidies for companies outside the Suez Gulf and plans to have 3,000 MW by of state sector, aimed at increasing employment. 2020. In terms of solar thermal energy, Egypt offers 39 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM a number of advantages including: high intensity month heating season and is feeling the effects of of solar irradiation; large, uninhabited, flat desert being cut off from cheap oil from Iraq. Jordan is areas available at no cost; the existence of an now trying to attract private sector investment to expanded gas pipeline network; and an extended boost renewable and alternative energies, with a national power grid and regional interconnection. focus on off-grid water pumping, wind farms, and Additionally, the country has a skilled and cheap energy efficiency. A dedicated fund has been set labor force, and domestic industrial capabilities. up to support these efforts. Other activities include: With the collaboration and support of other solar water heating expansion; a 1 MW biogas players, Egypt is currently developing its first solar GEF medium-sized project (MSP); a solar pond in thermal facility with a 150 MW capacity, and by the Dead Sea; a Dead-Red canal project to 2020 plans to expand to 750 MW of installed generate 100 MW from hydropower; capacity. In the future, Egypt anticipates exporting establishment of wind farms across the Mediterranean region, with interconnection by a the green electricity produced from RE to Europe transnational grid; a commissioned resource map via interconnected transmission lines. for the Mediterranean region; and a study on Indonesia resource mapping, barrier removal and effective policies for the region. The strategy is to achieve Currently, in Indonesia, there is a massive under 15 percent RE within the next 15 years. Achieving use of renewable resources. About 47 percent of this goal will require large projects that are grid- households are unelectrified, mainly outside of connected and will necessitate the intervention of Java-Bali. These regions are hugely dependent on organizations such as the World Bank and GEF. diesel and fuel oil for generation, with serious Nigeria negative financial implications. It is also in these regions that the majority of RE resources are Nigeria has vast RE resources, but only hydro and located. The Government has issued several solar are in significant use for power generation decrees and laws supportive of RE, but and only hydro is grid-connected. The country development continues to be slow. To address this plans to expand RE use to 7.1 percent of power situation, there are a number of activities that have generation by 2025, through investments in solar been identified that could scale-up RE in the PV systems for off-grid applications, isolated mini- country. These included: improve policy and grids, and other grid-connected systems. In order regulatory frameworks and develop implementing to achieve its RE goals, the country has a number rules and regulations; determine economically of plans and policies. The National Energy Policy viable RE prospects outside Java-Bali, including (NEP) tries to aggressively integrate renewables into accounting for fuel price uncertainties; improve RE the national energy mix by providing fiscal resource data quality and data dissemination; incentives, establishing a comprehensive strengthen utility capacity; enhance regulatory information system on RE, providing labor training, capacity; and undertake outreach and promotion conducting R&D, and establishing a rural to the private sector. Indonesia is seeking electrification fund. The Renewable Energy Master international community assistance in these Plan (REMP), which is still to be adopted, was a initiatives. consequence of the NEP. REMP envisions an Jordan economy increasingly driven by renewables, sets targets and timetables for the country, establishes In the oil-rich area of the Middle East, Jordan a framework on cross-cutting issues with phased stands out for its lack of oil, but abundance of projects that include market development, seeks wind and solar resources. The country has a six- to increase energy access, aims to enhance 40 ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION: MOVING FORWARD ON SCALING-UP GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY manufacturing capacity, and supports conventional energy resources, diminishing infrastructure development. pressure on the environment, securing sustainable energy supply of regions with non-centralized The National Electric Power Policy (NEPP) is a systems, and decreasing costs of delivered fuel component of the ongoing restructuring of the from remote districts. Outstanding barriers to entire economy and incorporates renewables in achieving these goals include a lack of rules and the generation fuel mix. The Electric Power Sector regulations for grid-connected installation and Reform Act (EPSRA) is the legal consequence of high production costs, financial risks, and technical the NEPP. It provides legal backing to, and the problems with grid connection. To address these process for unbundling; establishes rules for the barriers, Russia launched the Russian Program for development of competition in generation and Development of Renewable Energy Sources power trading and for the regulation of (RPDRES) with the GEF to make institutional transmission and distribution; and creates a rural improvements and investment co-financing to electrification agency and fund for leveraging stimulate development of RE in the country. investments in, and administration of a subsidy for rural electrification. Finally, the Rural South Africa Electrification Policy (REP) aims at making reliable electricity available to 75 percent of the population South Africa is a country of 44 million people by the year 2020, including utilization of RE besieged by AIDS and unemployment problems. resources for at least 10 percent of all new Coal is the primary fuel (70 percent), with the connections. To this point, the country has remainder of total energy consumption met from unbundled its national electric power authority; imported oil. About 92 percent of the country is privatization is underway; an aggressive public electrified. Key motivators for RE in the country are: investment program has been launched for climate change, the need for new capacity to generation, network extension, and strengthening; replace retiring coal plants, increased job creation, and IPP licensing is ongoing. Policy and regulatory and the rising price of oil. Challenges to RE include: provisions which are sensitive to, and address the non-cost reflective tariffs from coal substitution; peculiarities of, grid-connected electricity are yet inequitable spending on R&D, with more going to to be made. nuclear than RE; a lack of public information and mixed messages on RE; environmental assessments Russia which are a huge problem in South Africa; and the tremendous turnover of human capacity in the At present in Russia the proportion of RE use is Government and regulatory community. In terms very small. The current plan is to increase the ratio of accomplishments to date, a White Paper on RE of RE in total energy supply from 0.1 percent to 1 policy has been prepared that establishes a target percent--a 10-fold increase by 2020. Although of 10,000 GWh of RE by 2030, or about 4 percent this represents progress, it is not an impressive of projected capacity of 41 GW. Further, studies figure, and Russia needs to work on more on resource availability indicate that 50 percent ambitious targets. Energy sustainability was of current consumption could come from RE, to declared a mainstream theme during the Russian include small hydro, landfill gas, solar thermal, presidency of the G8 in 2006 and this includes and biofuels. In the case of biofuels, South Africa diversification of energy supply. In addition, is developing a strategy in this area and will be renewable resources are considered an important collaborating with Brazil and Germany on element of an environmental policy aimed at program design. Currently, a subsidy of 14.2 reducing pollution and GHG emissions. Strategic million rands exists to support biofuels. Although goals for RE include reducing consumption of very small, it is a start. Regarding the legal 41 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM framework in the country, the Electricity Act development as preliminary studies show in excess provides for non-discriminatory connection to the of 1,000 MW of wind potential. Planned activities grid, allows the Ministry of Mines and Energy to include the development of 200 MW of wind by specify percentage of sources for generation, and 2011; diffusion of large-scale solar water heating, gives the regulator a prominent role to play. with a target of 500,000 square meters by 2009; scale-up of biomass, PV, and wind pumping; Planned activities for RE include: setting up a grid- creation of an energy conservation fund; support connected strategy; integrating renewables with the through incentives and grants, rational rural development strategy; targeting a 12 percent consumption, and energy substitution (switch from energy efficiency improvement by 2012; funding imports to natural gas); development of a RE equity investments; working with Brazil and India sustainable policy; and a wide information and on a cooperation framework; enhancing donor dissemination campaign on how to save energy. coordination; developing the Darwin wind farm These activities will be implemented through five demonstration program; exploring green energy task forces and will include monthly reports to the trading; and working with GEF and UNDP on a President's cabinet. Their success will require solar water heating program, and GEF and the partnership, financing assistance, and technology World Bank on market design technical assistance. transfer from industrialized countries. Key lessons learned to date are the need to build in sustainability and the realization that policy itself In Summary is not enough; it must be linked to follow-on action Each of the countries addressed in this panel have and implementation. made commitments to expand the use of RE in their Tunisia energy mix and most have set targets and timetables for RE development. Several have already put in Tunisia has had an energy policy in place since place policies and regulations to increase the role the 1980s that is based on the development of of renewables, while others are in early stages of sustainable hydrocarbon resources, least-cost policy development and implementation. Market supply of energy for the whole population, and drivers for RE include climate change, EU targets rational use of energy and promotion of RE. Tunisia (for EU member countries), rising fossil fuel prices, has been active in RE and rational energy use for and job/industry creation. Activities address grid- over 20 years, including the establishment of a and off-grid energy needs and include electric, national energy conservation program, creation thermal, mechanical, and fuel applications. of national agency for energy efficiency, energy Among the key lessons cited by these countries to intensity improvements, and reductions in GHG. date are: Achievements to date include 20 MW of installed wind systems, 1,200 PV households, 200 schools · RE resource information is critical; all of the with PV in remote rural areas, 150,000 square countries have conducted resource assessments meters of solar collectors for hot water, and most or are in the process of doing so. notably, 97 percent rural electrification coverage. Tunisia has also established a regulatory · Though ongoing research, development and framework that includes a 2004 law on energy demonstration of RETs is necessary and conservation, and a prioritized national program occurring in many of the countries, only mature for conservation and the promotion of RE. In the technologies should be implemented and these future, there will be a strong push for wind energy exist in the marketplace today. 42 ROUND-TABLE DISCUSSION: MOVING FORWARD ON SCALING-UP GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY · Some of the costs of these technologies remain · A range of technologies are being tested and higher than conventional options, though deployed in these countries, including large- policies can be put in place to address this. and small-scale hydropower, large-scale solar For example, in the case of Croatia, a SBC thermal, solar water heating, wind farms, and was collected from consumers to support the grid- and off-grid PVs. Many of the countries costs of a feed-in tariff for RE producers. are also undertaking studies on the potential for biofuels. · Policies should be routinely reviewed and revised as needed; however, any adjustments · Rules and regulations for grid-connected installation are crucial. should be made in a manner that does not adversely affect investor confidence. · Donor coordination is key and the support of the international development community, · Public education, training and information including the World Bank and GEF, has been dissemination on RE is essential, as is outreach important in advancing the role of RE in the to the private sector. Strengthening the capacity countries. of utilities and regulators in RE is needed and testing and certification of RE equipment is · Finally, policies are necessary, but not sufficient; important. these must be linked to follow-on action and implementation. 43 11.Closing Session and Wrap-up The closing session reviewed the highlights of the not distort, the sector. Donors have to ask a number three-day Forum and outlined next steps for of questions to consider support: moving forward on the significant momentum generated at this event. · Has the homework in sector reform been done, such as creating a level playing field? Donor Perspective on Country Plans for Grid-Connected · Is there a good analysis of the status and Renewable Energy challenges? Does the country have a strategy? There is a cost associated with designing and · Has the country implemented energy efficiency implementing RE projects and programs in sufficiently? (RE does not make sense if developing countries, and the international donor consumption is highly wasteful.) community has a responsibility to play its part. · Has the country done the math on proposals, However, donors want to support the development including a comparative summary of of a sustainable power sector, one that is financially, alternatives? socially, and environmentally sound. Further, it is the donor role to support the agenda of developing · Are the proposed programs also addressing countries, not the wishes of the industrialized world, poverty? This is an important goal for donors. and the donor agenda should not include technology dumping. Increased RE is good for · Is there a bias in the country towards large- everybody, and these technologies have an scale projects? In many instances, small-scale important role to play in the global energy future. projects may be more realistic, yet financing However, two key challenges remain. First, how schemes have to be adopted to deal with these. are the incremental costs of RE to be addressed, and what is the appropriate role of the donors RE will be moving up the global agenda. The G8 and GEF. Second, how can donor funds be used under Tony Blair gave a big boost to RE and energy more effectively in a catalytic role to stimulate efficiency, Russia has committed to advance this domestic funding sources for RE, including from platform under its recently assumed G8 leadership, consumers who must pay for the service. In and Germany, as the next G8 presidency, will make general, the energy sector should be a profitable RE a priority. There will also be an increase in donor sector that should not require public subsidies if it funding for RE projects. From Europe alone is working properly; however, in cases where discussions are underway regarding an increase subsidies are warranted to address market in foreign aid at the level of US$10 billion dollars imperfections they should be designed to enable, per year, with a large part of this dedicated to 45 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM infrastructure, and the World Bank has expressed assessing the resource base and valuing this its increased support levels for RE and energy accordingly. Engaging the private sector is also efficiency. The Government of Germany is also key, necessitating long-term contracts and prices. committed to playing its part by working with Multilateral, private finance, and development developing country and international partners in entities must strengthen their work and share advancing RE on a large scale. experiences, with governments playing the important role of bringing together and serving GEF Lessons Learned in as point of contact to all. In the case of Mexico, Renewable Energy the main challenges include: developing an appropriate set of laws and ensuring they are Since its inception in 1991, GEF's significant implemented/enforced; creating methodologies to investment in RE, estimated at approximately $1 evaluate capacity; creating net metering; billion, has yielded a number of important lessons determining the economic value of renewables for learned that are being internalized and resulting risk reduction; and stabilizing the grid network. in modifications to the way GEF is doing business Mexico also needs to intensify the mapping and in this area. First, based on its broad mission and assessment of resources and improve land zoning mandate, GEF's approach to RE needs to be to avoid speculation and environmental impacts. strategic and concentrate on catalyzing sustainable Finally, there is a need in the country to provide RE market development; GEF is not in a position incentives to IPPs, small power producers, and self- to simply fund all costs associated with RE generators to encourage renewable development. deployment. Second, while GEF money has been used for demonstration projects in the past, the Forum Wrap-up and Next Steps emphasis in the future will be on scaling-up the use of renewables, for example through the smart The Ministry of Energy of Mexico was recognized use of policies and power sector frameworks. Third, for hosting the Forum and the GEF, the World Bank, local finance is important and GEF resources can ESMAP and GWEC were acknowledged as help to leverage and facilitate this funding. In that sponsors of the Forum which had proven to be sense, GEF needs to find ways to more aggressively extremely useful and informative. His Excellency bring private sector financing to the table. And Minister Clariond had opened the meeting by finally, RE needs to be seen as a means to an end challenging the audience on the relatively high which, from the GEF point of view, is to stabilize costs of RE (despite their favorable environmental the GHG concentration in the atmosphere. and social benefits), and over the next three days speakers and participants addressed this Meeting Highlights challenge. During the Forum three key drivers for RE development continued to emerge--energy The excellent work of the conference organizers, security, a cleaner environment, and economic sponsors, and forum participants was development. The major lessons learned during acknowledged, and the importance of keeping the the three-day meeting included: RE accounts for lines of communication alive was highlighted. only one-sixth of total energy supply, primarily from Among the main conclusions from the Forum were hydropower and traditional biomass; renewables the importance of implementing appropriate laws, are making a difference, yet there is much room having the necessary planning tools to account for growth; countries should develop technology for the individual characteristics of all energy neutral solutions that match local demand with sources, and establishing related regulatory local supply capacity; and RE in developing entities. Much work remains to be done in countries must focus on commercial technologies. 46 CLOSING SESSION AND WRAP-UP Ms Sierra indicated that there are a range of policy of countries, yet these have not had the impact of options for advancing renewables, and no one the feed-in approach. In addition to policy solution fits all. This notwithstanding, feed-in tariffs instruments, a range of financial instruments exist appear to be emerging as a competitive for RE, yet gaps remain in terms of long-term mechanism to produce high penetration rates in financing, debt/equity, and risk mitigation. Finally, a short period of time, while creating local the resources of the World Bank were committed to manufacturing and jobs. RPS andtenderingpolicies further advancing efforts in RE, and to making the are other policy options being pursued by a number world a better place. 47 12.Conclusions The Forum addressed four key issues over the three Countries documented the impact that RE is days. Opportunities for grid-connected RE, making in reducing emissions, decreasing outstanding barriers to the technologies, lessons dependence on fossil fuels, and improving energy learned in the policy area, and where do we go security. Several speakers highlighted that RE is from here? good business, can be profitable, and is boosting economies in the short-, medium-, and long-term. Opportunities for Grid-Connected Spain described the positive impact of RE in direct Renewable Energy and indirect job creation, particularly in the industrial, agricultural, transport and service RE is a market segment that warrants significant sectors; in small- and medium-scale enterprises; attention and provides enormous opportunities. and often in low income regions. Germany Three key market drivers were identified, providing announced that the country's reliance on RE for the pillars for RE scale-up. 11 percent of total generation has enabled local utilities to maintain consumer price levels despite First, advancing energy security, by diversifying a rising fossil fuel prices. country's energy mix and reducing the impact of fossil fuel price uncertainty. This can lead to power Barriers to Grid-Connected plant portfolios that are optimized in terms of risk Renewable Energy and costs. Despite their significant benefits, RE technologies Second, helping to ensure a cleaner environment continue to confront a number of barriers. Among and reducing carbon dioxide and other harmful those barriers, highlighted during the Forum, were: emissions. IEA reported that a "business as usual scenario" in the energy sector will result in an · Lack of favorable policy, regulatory, legal increase of CO2 emissions of more than 50 percent frameworks, and planning practices to in the next 25 years. RE offers a clean, versatile in encourage development of and investment in scale, "no-regrets" climate change mitigation renewables. solution. · Energy prices that do not reflect the social and Third, stimulating economic development, to environmental costs of energy, and massive include developing markets, building industries, subsidies that exist for fossil fuels. It was noted generating jobs and incomes, and reducing that RE would not require special support if poverty. these market distortions were addressed. 49 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM · Inadequate institutional capacity for various Key Findings and Lessons Learned aspects of RE project and program design, development, and implementation. A number of findings and lessons learned emerged during the Forum. · Insufficient access to long-term financing, seed capital, and financial risk mitigation One-sixth of global energy comes from instruments. renewables, however, this is primarily traditional biomass and hydropower. Other RE technologies · Inadequate information on the RE resource are growing rapidly, though they are starting from potential and intermittency issues of some a small installed base. According to the IEA, under renewables. the business-as-usual scenario, RE generation will increase six-fold through 2030, but the overall · The unusual cost-revenue structure of percentage of total generation will remain low at renewables (high investment costs, low O&M only 2 percent. Fossil fuels continue to be the costs, and steady benefits that depend on dominant energy source, despite negative mainly on external factors, like intermittent environmental and energy security consequences. energy supply and dispatch conditions). More aggressive policies to promote "no regrets" solutions such as RE can help address security · Knowledge gap by many developing country issues and provide a pathway for global climate decision-makers on the policy experiences of change mitigation. countries that have put in place effective policy and regulatory frameworks, including the range RE is making a difference. At least 48 countries of available approaches, tools, and instruments. have RE policies in place and the list is growing, Also, lack of consumer understanding of the yet the impact of such policies in terms of benefits of RE. installations is highly concentrated. Five countries account for 85 percent of global installed RE · Finally,anissuethatwillbecomemoreprominent capacity. And, interestingly, these five countries do as RE accounts for a larger portion of total not necessarily have the best RE resources. The generation mix is integration into the electricity difference is that they have strong policy and system.Thisissueisalreadyoccurringincountries regulatory frameworks. Further, though the bulk like Denmark, Spain and Germany where RE of the RE development has been in industrialized comprises a significant share of electricity supply. countries to date, an increasing number of developing countries are putting aggressive Further, developing country participants noted that, programs and policies in place. unlike their counterparts from OECD nations, they confront a number of additional challenges in RE "technology push" approaches are not scaling-up RE at the grid-level. These related to appropriate. Solutions should be matched to the power sector policy frameworks and regulation, local resource base, market conditions and country governance practices, lack of private sector priorities. All RE options should be considered, interest, infrastructure quality, and income levels including large-scale hydropower. and ability to pay. In the case of developing countries, the focus must Table 12.1 identified some of the proposed be on commercial technologies with proven solutions identified over the course of the Forum performance as they cannot afford to be a test for mitigating these barriers. bed for unproven options. 50 CONCLUSIONS Table 12.1: Barriers and Solutions to Increase Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Barriers Proposed Solutions Lack of Favorable Policy/ · Government commitment and actions to set clear policy goals/planning for Regulatory Climate the power sector · Build on experiences of other countries to put in place policies, regulations, and/or incentives to promote RE · Require guaranteed access to grids, and long-term secure payment · Power sector reform should consider RE upfront · Match instruments to local needs, conditions, power sector structure · Private sector needs to mobilize/engage in policy debate and make a better case for RE Market Distortions that Bias · Eliminate fossil fuel subsidies Against RE · Improve valuation of RE through improved planning tools to account for portfolio diversification value, hedging, and externalities Inadequate Institutional · Strengthen capacity of regulators, utility planners, energy agencies Capacity · Strengthen utility planning tools to account for RE Knowledge Gap on Policy · Improved knowledge sharing between countries that have implemented RE Approaches/Impacts policies and those in process · Improved documentation/sharing of lessons learned and best practices (e.g., World Bank RE toolkit, REN21) Lack of access to Financing · EU, World Bank, regional banks, bilateral organizations (e.g., KfW) are increasing financing for RE/EE · Export Credit Agencies extending terms for RE to 15 years · Emergence of dedicated RE funds at country and state levels financed through System Benefits Charge · Outstanding need for better engagement of local financial institutions, risk sharing/mitigation instruments, seed capital, long term debt/equity · More effective use of public funds to leverage private investment · Carbon finance is playing a catalytic role; need streamlined mechanisms to introduce RE into the carbon trading market Lack of Resource Data · Collect better quality resource data (through SWERA and other mechanisms) and improve access to this information High Transaction Costs · Standardization of documentation--PPAs, contracts, etc. · Ease of permitting restrictions, bureaucracy, red tape (e.g., "one shop windows" for clearance intervention · Adopt wholesale approach--bundle small-scale projects together Intermittency/Integration of RE · Further investigation of grid integration issues into Electricity System · Real time metering; time and location dependent pricing/tariffs; and regulations policies that allow for these models · Smart energy systems There is a need for ongoing RD&D and Analysis of natural resources and power technology innovation to continue to bring the generation portfolios with appropriate risk costs down and efficiencies up and to expand adjustment techniques often leads to the the product base. recognition that in most countries there are 51 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM economically and financially cost-effective niches incorporate these technologies after the fact. for RE. The Forum looked at RE in a vertically integrated With respect to RE policies a number of important system versus an unbundled system. In general, it points were made and reinforced over the course found that in a vertically integrated system there of the three-day meeting. are economies of scale and economies of scope, the amount of RE capacity is determined by a Several examples were provided where the costs monopoly that may be resistant to change, and are competitive or least cost, and projects and there is very little sensitivity to risk. In an unbundled programs are moving forward. Other examples system there is competition, the rules are set by were presented for countries such as Vietnam and the market allowing for more flexibility, increased Croatia where RE is least cost but market, opportunities exist for private generators, however, institutional, or other barriers are preventing the they may need special treatment to participate. The projects from moving forward. In still other independent system operator (ISO) implements instances, the technologies are not least cost, but policies set by Government, and each actor has to the favorable environmental, security and manage his/her own risk. Under both structures economic benefits they offer are not accounted long-term contracts are needed for the power for in the marketplace. Policies and other producers and "cookie cutter" solutions should be mechanisms can address these barriers, and value avoided; each case should be assessed the externalities, to enhance the competitiveness individually. and uptake of RETs. Eliminating market distortions such as fossil fuel subsidies, as has been done in Twenty-five years of experience has demonstrated Indonesia, can be one of the most effective policy clear factors for successful policies. They must be instruments for leveling the playing field for RE. long-term and consistent; have a secure and Traditional financial analysis, based on discounted predictable payment mechanism; provide fair and cash-flow accounting undervalues future fuel price open access to the transmission grid; possess good risks and ignores the environmental and health governance conditions and administration costs of fossil-fuel power plant emissions. A number procedures with low transaction costs; have strong of cases were provided on ways to enhance the public acceptance and support; and enforcement value of RE through more effective planning, is key. Countries should start simple in the design portfolio diversification and free hedging, and of energy policies, and as repeated in several incorporating environmental and health presentations--"the devil is in the detail". externalities. However, it was also noted that though these mechanisms are emerging, they need A wide range of policy options exist for advancing broader acceptance and adoption. RE. Some clear differences were presented between the various policy options and the results they yield. Energy sector reform can serve as an important For example: means for addressing market barriers and increasing deployment of renewables, as has been · Feed-in laws produce high penetration rates experienced in countries such as China and South in a short period of time, create local Africa. In these cases, power sector reform is manufacturing, provide strong incentives for opening up competition and expanding private investment, can be cost-effective if the opportunities for energy-service providers and tariff is periodically and wisely adjusted, and entrepreneurs that had not existed under prior overall are the most simple to design, Government-owned and -operated utilities. administer, enforce, and contract. The highest However, designing power sector architectures installation figures have been achieved with this should consider RE up-front; it is much harder to policy model and investors prefer this 52 CONCLUSIONS mechanism due to its price stability. Feed-in policies, e.g. Public Benefit Funds. Tendering is laws provide a pre-determined off-taker price; good at minimizing cost, but ensuring that power distributors and retailers must take signed contracts are secured is a key challenge. power from eligible facilities; they are focused Like the RPS, tendering favors the least-cost on new and emerging technologies; and have solution though it is relatively easy to have varying methods of setting price. Feed-in separate bidding categories or separate success factors include long-term contracts solicitations for different technology groups. If (15-20 years); guaranteed buyers under a solid resource planning process exists with standard contract; tariffs that give a reasonable competitive bidding to acquire the resources rate of return; and flexibility to capture cost identified in the planning process, this is efficiencies. A recent study of the European probably the most sustainable market Commission found that "feed-in tariffs are approach. Finally, tendering tends to be more cheaper and more effective than quota systems administratively complex than feed-in tariffs, (e.g., RPS) because they give high planning and which can add to the cost. investment security, are easy to handle, and involve low transaction costs". The report also All three approaches--feed-in laws, RPS, and reinforced the importance of well-designed tendering--can support investor requirements and regulations. be designed to reduce risk. They can also be structured to pass cost on to the consumer, and · Renewable Portfolio Standards are quantity- need to address grid interconnection. However, based via Government mandate; focus on because feed-in laws offer a predictable price and emerging and new RETs; and provide a PPA, this gives investors the greatest level of requirement on wholesale or retail market certainty. Consistent policies that account for participants (utility or grid company). Attributes investor behavior are crucial. of the RPSs are that they can meet realistic RE targets if strongly enforced; can reduce cost Each of the policy mechanisms discussed has pros and price with competitive bidding; can reduce and cons. The approach/approaches taken investor risk with a PPA; and can be more depend(s) on the specific goals and objectives to politically and economically sustainable as they be accomplished, the socio-economic context, and are "market-based" policies. The RPS favors the power sector structure. There is no one-size- least-cost technologies but diversity is possible fits-all solution, and what you start with may not with separate technology targets or tenders. be where you end up, so monitoring is important. Quota systems with tradable certificates can create two markets--one for power and one In addition to policy instruments, a range of for the green value of energy. In general, the financial incentive policies were identified for RPS approach is more complex to design and country consideration. These included tax credits, administer than the feed-in tariff, potentially accelerated depreciation, capital subsidies, adding to costs. concessional loans, and carbon credits. Many of the successful financing instruments available, like · Tendering policies involve a Government- revenue-enhancements, soft lending programs sponsored competitive bidding process for RE. and partial credit guarantees, have been designed In the case of tendering, the lowest priced as part of the enabling environments and can be projects are awarded contracts; contract fully adapted to the respective policy instruments guarantees take all power generated at a chosen, e.g. in tenure, scope, and scale. specified price over a fixed time period; the Government pays the incremental cost of RE; Experience demonstrated that output-based and they are usually combined with other incentives are generally preferable to investment- 53 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM based incentives for grid-connected RE. This is A sound enabling environment of policy and because the investment-based mechanisms do not regulatory framework for RE is the key for private provide incentives to generate electricity or sector participation in the RE sector. Long-term price maintain the performance of the RE plants once stabilitythroughlong-termPPAswithtransparentand they are installed, while the output-based incentives adequate pricing is the most important factor. The promote the desired outcome--generation of private sector favors the feed-in tariff as the most electricity from RE. effective policy for fostering RE, because it provides a guaranteed off-take price and opens the market Covering the incremental cost of RE and the for a diverse range of technologies. Tax incentives funding of the various policy measures was a major are also cited as important policy instruments. topic of discussion during the meeting. The most frequent approaches cited were passing the costs Policy activities in support of RE are not just onto consumers through a systems benefits charge occurring at the national level. Several countries (SBC), imposing a carbon tax on fossil fuel, and have strong policies and programs at the state setting up a dedicated fund financed directly by and local levels that are driving the markets for the Government or with donor support. these technologies. Next Steps Though funding sources exist for RE through developing country governments, local financial Regarding next steps, a number of follow-on institutions, multilateral and bilateral activities were discussed. organizations, dedicated funds, and others, gaps remain. Attention is needed in the areas of long- Several developing countries reported on programs term financing, project development and seed and plans to escalate their RE efforts in the near capital, debt/equity gaps, and risk mitigation term. These included Croatia, Egypt, Indonesia, instruments. Carbon finance can play a significant Jordan, Nigeria, South Africa, Russia and Tunisia. role as the market evolves. The World Bank, GEF, ESMAP and IFC agreed to Various models of public-private partnership for provide follow-up financial support and technical financing RE exist. In general, public sector funds assistance to help these countries develop must be highly targeted to catalyze, not displace, appropriate policies, programs, plans, and secure private capital. Public funds can be used to support needed resource data and planning tools. infrastructure development such as loans and equity investment in companies and projects, Countries more advanced in RE policy formulation, business development, marketing campaign, including those from Europe, the US, Mexico, technical assistance, research and development, Brazil, India and others, offered continued standards development, and public awareness. information exchange and dialogue to accelerate adoption of more effective policies overall. To scale up RE investment, mobilizing local Particular reference was made to a report recently financing sources is the key. The local banks, issued by the EU in December 2005, entitled The however, are not familiar with RE projects, perceive Support of Electricity for Renewable Energy Sources. them as high risk with high transaction costs, and This document provides an up-to-date and usually do not offer long-term financing to match thorough inventory of experience gained in the the long pay-back period of RE projects. The Forum application of different mechanisms used in EU identified a list of options to address these issues Member States for supporting electricity from RE. such as standardized lending documents, banker These were classified into four groups: feed-in training, using mezzanine finance, and employing tariffs, green certificates, tendering systems, and risk mitigation instruments and guarantees. tax incentives. 54 CONCLUSIONS Private sector participants, including Enel, regulatory frameworks and expand their RE Iberdrola, EDF, Acciona Energy, MesoAmerica capacity. For example, it was noted that the G8 Energy and Econergy, indicated their strong interest have increased their support for RE and energy efficiency and this will continue. From Europe alone in financing RE projects, in countries that offer clear, there will be an increase in aid coming at the level stable, long-term policy and regulatory regimes. of US$10 billion dollars per year, with a large part of this dedicated to infrastructure and energy. Bilateral governments (e.g., Germany, other European Countries, the US, etc.); multilateral Finally, as one speaker stated, the key next step is programs, including UNEP and SWERA; to "shift the grounds for debate--the question is partnerships such as REN21, the Global Network no longer if RE, but how much". There is a role for on Energy for Sustainable Development (GNESD), all of the key stakeholders to make this happen: and the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP); governments to set national goals and policies; research organizations, such as ECN and the regulators to enforce these goals; donors to National Renewable Energy Laboratory; trade support capacity and technology transfer; the associations and others offered technical private sector to deliver products, service, assistance, support and information to help promotion and investment; and the financial sector countries develop appropriate policy and to invest in the future. 55 Appendix I Agenda International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum Hotel Camino Real, Mexico City, Mexico, February 1-3, 2006 www.gridre.org Agenda January 31, 2006 16:00-21:00 Forum Registration 20:00 Welcome Dinner for International Participants Day 1, Wednesday, February 1, 2006 08:00 Forum Registration 9:00-10:30 Session 1: Opening Chair: HE Fernando Canales Clariond, Minister of Energy, Mexico Renewable Energy in Mexico: Progress and Plans, HE Fernando Canales Clariond, Minister of Energy, Mexico Meeting Energy Security and Environment Challenges: The Crucial Role of Renewable Energy Policy, Ms Kathy Sierra, Vice-President, Infrastructure, The World Bank Renewable Energy and Climate Change, Mr Leonard Good, Chief Executive Officer, Global Environment Facility Renewable Energy Development in Germany, Mrs Astrid Klug, Parliamentarian, State Secretary for the Federal Ministry for Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany The Need for Renewable Energy Policy Frameworks in Developing Countries, Mr Arthouros Zervos, Chairman, Global Wind Energy Council and Vice-Chairman, REN 21 Questions and Answers 10:30-11:00 Press Conference/Coffee Break 11:00-13:30 Session 2: Challenges and Prospects of Grid-Connected RE ­ Global Perspectives and Country Case Studies Chair: Mr Jamal Saghir, Director, Energy and Water, The World Bank Renewable Energy in the Future Energy Supply, Dr Fatih Birol, Chief Economist, International Energy Agency Power Sector Architecture and Renewable Energy Policy and Planning, Mr Chris Flavin, President, Worldwatch Institute 57 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Achievements and Lessons Learned in RE Policy Development: Ms Laura Porto, Director of Renewable Energy, Ministry of Mines and Energy, Brazil Mr Debashish Majumdar, Acting Managing Director, Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency, India Dr Juan Mata, Director General for Environment, Technology Development, and Research, Ministry of Energy, Mexico Lic José Gil López, Head of Cooperation Projects with Latin America and Asia, Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía (IDAE), Spain Questions and Answers 13:30-15:00 Luncheon 15:00-16:00 Session 3: Renewable Energy in Different Institutional Power Sector Frameworks Chair: Anil Cabraal, Senior Energy Specialist, The World Bank Mexico: State-owned Fully-Integrated Utility, Ing Eugenio Laris Alanís, Vice-President for Financed Generation Projects, Comisión Federal de Electricidad United Kingdom: Renewable Energy Development under Fully Privatized Market, Dr Catherine Mitchell, Senior Principal Research Fellow at the Centre for Management Under Regulation, Warwick Business School, University of Warwick, UK Indonesia: Small Power Producer Program, Ms Maritje Hutapea, Head of Sub-Directorate of Energy Utilization Organization, Directorate General Electricity and Energy Utilization, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources Questions and Answers 16:00-16:30 pm Coffee Break 16:30-18:30 Session 4: Valuation of Renewable Energy Chair: HE Ridha Ben Mosbah, Secretary of State, Ministry of Industry, Energy, and Small and Middle Enterprises, Tunisia Utility Planning and the Renewable Energy Supply Curve, Dr Peter Meier, Consultant, Switzerland Portfolio Diversification and Free Hedging, Dr Shimon Awerbuch, Senior Fellow Science and Technology Research (SPRU), University of Sussex, UK Valuing the Capacity Contribution of Intermittent Sources, Gitte Agersbaek, Engineer, Danish Transmission System Operator, Denmark Importance of Credible Resource Information: Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment, The SWERA Program, Ing Marta Rivera, SWERA Guatemala Questions and Answers 18:30-18:45 Session 5: Wrap Up for Day 1 19:00-20:00 Reception Hosted by the Global Environment Facility and The World Bank 58 APPENDIX I: AGENDA Day 2, Thursday, February 2, 2006 9:00-11:30 Session 6: Renewable Energy Policy Instruments Chair: Mr Juan Legisa, Coordinator, Advisory Council to the Secretary of Energy and Academic Director of the CEARE (Center of Studies of the Energetic Regulatory Activity), Argentina Mandated Market Policy Overview, Dr Jan Hamrin, President, Center for Resource Solutions: To include discussion of mandatory price or quantity, feed-in tariffs, Renewable Portfolio Standards, competitive tendering mechanism, etc. Panelists: Germany: Feed-in Tariff Law, Dr Volker Oschmann, Deputy Head of Renewable Energy Law Division, Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety, Germany California's Competitive Tendering Mechanism, Mr Dan Adler, Director, Technology and Policy Development, California Clean Energy Fund Financial Incentive Policy Overview, Dr Wolfgang Mostert, Consultant, Denmark: To include discussion of performance-based vs. investment-based, capital subsidies, tax credits, etc. Panelists: US Federal Production Tax Credit and other Incentive Policies, Ms Larissa Dobriansky, Deputy Assistant Secretary, Office of National Energy Policy, US Department of Energy Netherlands Experience in Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policies, Dr Gerrit Jan Schaeffer, Energy research Center of the Netherlands (ECN) 11:30-12:00 Coffee Break 12:00-14:00 Session 7: Renewable Energy Public Financing and Planning: Stakeholder Perspectives Chair: Mr Vladimir Maksimov, Adviser, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, Russia Sustainable Energy Financing, Mr Eric Usher, Head, Renewable Energy and Finance Unit, United Nations Environment Programme Public-Private Partnerships for Investing in Renewable Energy - US State Renewable Energy Funds, Mr Lewis Milford, Executive Director, Clean Energy States Alliance, US KfW Experience in Financing Grid-Connected Renewable Energy, Mr Ulrich Schoppmeyer, Director, KfW in Central America and Mexico Improving Rural Electrification with World Bank Support, Mr Pedro Villa Durand, Manager, World Bank Rural Electrification Project The Role of Carbon Finance in Accelerating Grid-Connected Renewable Energy, Mr Fernando Cubillos, Senior Technical Specialist, Carbon Finance Group, The World Bank 14:00-15:00 Luncheon 15:00-17:45 Session 8: Breakout Groups 15:00-16:45 Breakout Groups Participants will be divided into working groups to address a set of pre-defined questions/issues. The objective is to provide an opportunity for those countries with interests and plans to develop renewable energy policies to interact and learn from others that have done it. A facilitator and rapporteur will be assigned for each group. 59 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Breakout Group Sessions Include: Renewable Energy and Power Sector Reform -Charles Feinstein, Moderator -Marta Rivera, Rapporteur Mainstreaming Renewable Energy into Power Sector Planning -Anil Cabraal, Moderator -Claudio Alatorre Frenk, Rapporteur Renewable Energy Policy Instruments -Griffin Thompson, Moderator -Alvaro Rios, Rapporteur Mobilizing Local Financing -Eric Usher, Moderator -Antonio Huerta, Rapporteur Coffee to be provided during breakout groups. 16:45-17:45 Breakout Group Reports Breakout Group Rapporteurs to present summary of group discussion (10 minutes each) 17:45-18:00 Session 9: Wrap Up Discussion for Day 2 20:00 Dinner Hosted by the Federal Electricity Commission of Mexico Day 3, Friday, February 3, 2006 9:00-11:00 Session 10: Round-table on Private Sector Investment Chair: Morgan Landy, Manager, Renewable Energy and Public Private Partnerships, International Finance Corporation Private Sector Participants will respond to questions/issues raised by policy makers over the prior two days. (Additional private sector representatives may participate as well.) Mr Francesco Giorgianni, Head European Affairs, Public and Regulatory Affairs, Enel, Belgium Mr Tomas Guijarro, Director de Desarrollo de Negocios Latinoamérica, Iberdrola, Mexico Dra Cintia Angulo de Leseigneur, Presidenta, EDF México Mr Melchor Ruiz, Director for Latin America, Acciona Energia SA, Spain Mr Jay Gallegos, Chief Operating Officer, MesoAmerica Energy, Costa Rica Mr John Paul Moscarella, Executive Vice-President and Manager, Econergy International/Clean Tech Fund, Mexico Mr S Chandrasekhar, Managing Director, Bhoruka Power, India Questions and Answers 60 APPENDIX I: AGENDA 11:00-11:30 Coffee Break 11:30-13:30 Session 11: Round-table Discussion: Moving Forward on Scaling-up Grid Connected Renewable Energy Chair: Ms Susan Goldmark, Energy Sector Manager, Latin America and the Caribbean, The World Bank Country Plans for Developing and Implementing RE Programs and Policies (10 minutes each) Mr Zeljiko Tomsic, Assistant Minister, Ministry of Economy, Labour and Entrepreneurship, Croatia Eng Khaled Mohamed Fekry, General Manager of Bioenergy Department, New and Renewable Energy Authority, Egypt Ms Maritje Hutapea, Head of Sub-Directorate of Energy Utilization Organization, Directorate General Electricity and Energy Utilization, Department of Energy and Mineral Resources, Indonesia Mr Malek Kabariti, President of the National Energy Research Center, Jordan Prof Onwuamaeze Casmir Iloeje, Chairman, Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, Nigeria Mr Vladimir Maksimov, Adviser, Ministry of Economic Development and Trade, Russian Federation Mr Andre Otto, Deputy Director of Department of Minerals and Energy, South Africa HE Ridha Ben Mosbah, Secretary of State, Ministry of Industry, Energy and Small and Middle Enterprises, Tunisia Donor Perspective on Country Plans for Grid-Connected Renewable Energy, Mr Manfred Konukiewitz, Head, Division Water, Energy, Urban Development, Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany Questions and Answers Closing Remarks, Lic Carlos Garza Ibarra, Deputy Secretary for Energy Policy and Planning, Ministry of Energy, Mexico Summary, Ms Kathy Sierra, Vice-President, Infrastructure, The World Bank Meeting Adjourned! 61 Appendix II Participant List International Grid-Connected Renewable Energy Policy Forum - Participants List Ms Alicia Baragatti Mr Samvel Arabajyan Directora Nacional de Promoción Commissioner Ministry of Energy Public Utility Regulatory Commission Paseo Colón 171 - 4° Piso . of. "411" #22 Saryan ST. Buenos Aires, Argentina Yerevan, Armenia Phone: (54-11)4349-8008 Phone: 37410 566702 Fax: (54-11)4349-8482 Fax: 37410525563 E-mail: abarag@mecon.gov.ar E-mail: samvel@psrc.am Mr Jorge Alberto Bauer Mr Tigran Gnuni Ingeniero Director, Energy Strategy Center Secretaria de Energia Ministry of Energy Paseo Colón 171 - 4° Piso - "401" 5/1, Myasnikyan av., 375025 Buenos Aires, Argentina Yerevan, Armenia Phone: (54-11)4349-8008 Phone: (374 10) 581 156 Fax: (54-11)4349-8482 Fax: (374 10) 542 468 E-mail: jbauer@minplan.gov.ar E-mail: tigran.gnuni@energinst.am Mr Juan Legisa Mr Francesco Giorgianni Coordinator, Advisory Council to the Minister Head European Affairs, Public and Ministry of Energy Regulatory Affairs Argentina Enel Brussels, Belgium Ms Monica Amelia Servant de Ferrara Phone: 32-2-211-0224 Licenciada E-mail: francesco.giorgianni@enel.it Secretaria de Energia Paseo Colón 171 - 4° Piso - of. "411" Ms Angelika Pullen Buenos Aires, Argentina Policy Officer Phone: (54-11)4349-8008 Global Wind Energy Council Fax: (54-11)4349-8482 26 Rue Du Trone 1000 E-mail: mserva@mecon.gov.ar Brussels, Belgium Phone: +32 2502 5502 Fax: + 32 2 546 1944 E-mail: ap@gwec.net 63 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Arthouros Zervos Mr Nenad Debrecin President Professor, Department of Power Systems Global Wind Energy Council and REN 21 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing 26 RUE DU TRONE 1000 University of Zagreb Brussels, Belgium Unska 3 Phone: +32 2502 5502 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Fax: +32 2 546 1944 Phone: 385 1 6129 907 E-mail: zervos@fluid.mech.ntua.gr Fax: 385 1 6129 890 E-mail: nenad.debrecin@fer.hr Ms Laura Cristina da Fonseca Porto Ministry of Energy and Mines Mr Zeljko Tomsic Esplanada dos Ministirios,Bloco U Assistant Minister 7: Floor-Suite 926 Ministry of Economy, Labour CEP.70.065.900 and Entrepreneurship Brasilia, Brazil Ulica grada Vukovara 78 Phone: (55 61) 3319 5811 10000 Zagreb, Croatia Fax: 61 9976 3150 Phone: 385 1 610 6113 E-mail: lporto@mme.gov.br Fax: 385 1 610 91 13 E-mail: zeljko.tomsic@mingorp.hr Mr Fayez Malek Energy Specialist Mr Gitte Agersbaek CIDA Engineer Canada Energinet.dk E-mail: FAYEZ-A_MALEK@acdi-cida.gc.ca Fjordvejden 1-11 7000 Fredericia, Denmark Mr Edigson Enrique Pérez Bedoya Phone: +45 76 22 42 10 Director General E-mail: gia@energinet.dk IPSE Cra. 12, 84 - 12 Piso 9 Mr Wolfgang Mostert Colombia Director E-mail: direccion@ipse.gov.co Dalparken 6 2820 Gentofte, Denmark Mr Luis Carlos Rubiano Ortegón Phone: 4539636131 Subgerente Planeación Fax: 4539636131 Empresas Públicas de Medellín E-mail: wolfgang@mostert.dk Carrera 58 # 42-125 Oficina 9-066 Medellín (Antioquia), Colombia Mr Alvaro Ríos Roca Phone: +57 (4) 3804230 ­ 3804320 Executive Secretary Fax: (+)57 (4) 380 67 95 Organización Latinoamericana de E-mail: lrubiano@eeppm.com Energía (OLADE) Av. Mariscal Sucre N58-63 esq. Fernández Salvador Mr Henry Josué Zapata Lesmes Quito, Ecuador Unidad de Planeación Mienero Energética, Ministerio Phone: (5932) 2531674 de Minas y Energía, Colombia Fax: (5932)2531691 Carrera 50 No. 26-00 E-mail: jjcastro@olade.org.ec Bogotá D.C., Colombia Phone: 3245210 Eng Khaled Mohamed Fekry Fax: 3150306 General Manager of Bioenergy Deptt E-mail: henry.zapata@upme.gov.co New & Renewable Energy Authority (NREA) Egypt Mr Jay Gallegos Fax: +202 2717173 Chief Operating Officer E-mail: khfekry@nreaeg.com MesoAmerica Energy Costa Rica 64 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Fatih Birol Mr Volker Oschmann Chief Economist Deputy Head Renewable Energies - General Affairs International Energy Agency Division France Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Phone: +33 (0) 1 40 57 66 70 Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Fax: +33 (0) 1 40 57 66 59 Alexanderplatz 6 E-mail: fatih.BIROL@iea.org 11055 Berlin, Germany Mr Eric Usher Phone: -6962 Head, Renewable Energy and Finance Unit E-mail: volker.oschmann@bmu.bund.de UNEP Tour Mirabeau Mr Michael Wegner 39-43 quai Andre Citroen Germany Paris, France Phone: 33 144377614 Mr Arne Wolf Fax: 33 144371474 Consejero E-mail: eric.usher@unep.fr Embajada de Alemania Lord Byron # 737 Mr Daniel Argyropoulos Col Polanco Federal Ministry for the Environment, 11560 México, D.F. Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Germany Alexanderplatz 6 Phone: +52 55 52832249 10178 Fax: +52 55 52812588 Berlin, Germany E-mail: arne.wolf@diplo.de Phone: +49 1888 305 3647 Fax: +49 1888 305 3649 German Antonio Juárez Vidaurre E-mail: daniel.argyropoulos@bmu.bund.de Msc. Ingeniero Electricista Comercializadora Eléctrica de Guatemala, S.A. Mrs Astrid Klug (COMEGSA) Parliamentarian State Secretary 6ta Avenida 8-14 Zonal Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Ciudad de Guatemala, Guatemala Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU) Phone: (502) 2420 4200 extension 2352 Alexanderplatz 6 Fax: (502) 2230 5618 10178 E-mail: gjuarez@comegsa.net Berlin, Germany Phone: +49 - 1888 305 - 2032 Ms Marta Ximenez de Rivera Fax: +49 - 1888 305 - 2039 Director E-mail: astrid.klug@bmu.bund.de Solar and Wind Energy Resource Assessment Guatemala Dr Manfred Konukiewitz E-mail: martaxrivera@hidroelectrica-rhsa.net Head, Division Water, Energy, Urban Development BMZ Mr S Chandrasekhar Adenauerallee 139 - 141 Managing Director 53113 Bhoruka Power Bonn, Germany India Phone: +49 (0)1888 535-3783 Phone: +91 80 22273285 Fax: +49 (0)1888 10 535-3783 Fax: +91 80 22245246 E-mail: konukiew@bmz.bund.de E-mail: sekhar@bhorukapower.com Mr Debashish Majumdar Managing Director Indian Renewable Energy Development Agency India E-mail: d.majumdar@iredaltd.com 65 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Ms Maritje Hutapea Mr Edgar Alvarado Domínguez Head of Energy Utilization Division Asesor de Comisionado Directorate General of Electricity and Energy Comisión Reguladora de Energía Utilization, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources , Horacio #1750, 4o Piso, Republic of Indonesia Col. los Morales Polanco, Jl.HR.Rasuna Said, Blok X-2, Kav. 7-8 Kuningan Deleg. Miguel Hidalgo, 11510, D. F. Jakarta Selatan - Indonesia Mexico Indonesia Phone: 52831559 Phone: 62-21-5229373 Fax: 52831548 Fax: (6221) 525 6044 - 525 6066 E-mail: ealvarado@cre.gob.mx E-mail: mhutapea@hotmail.com Mr José Antonio Abascal Eng Ario Senoaji SEDESOL Engineer Mexico PT PLN (Persero) Jl.Trunojoyo Blok M I / 135 Kebayoran Baru - Jakarta Mr Guillermo Acosta 12160 Comisión Federal de Electricidad Indonesia Mexico Phone: 62-21-7261122 Ext.1320 Fax: 62-21-7227026 Eng Rosa Aracely Acosta Torres E-mail: asenoaji@pln.co.id Ingeniera CFE Mr Endro Supriyanto Mexico Power Plant Expert Phone: 52-29-44-00 x6828 PT. PLN (Persero) Fax: 57-05-49-76 Jl. Trunojoyo Blok M I/135 E-mail: aracely.acosta@cfe.gob.mx Kebayoran Baru - 12160 Mr Vicente Aguilar Jakarta, Indonesia Conae Phone: +6221 7251234 eXT. 1849 Mexico Fax: +6221 725 1048 E-mail: esupriyanto@yahoo.com Mr Ildefonso Aguilar Grupo Diavaz Eng Ziad Jibril Sabra Mexico Director of Renewable Energy Department Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Mr Pedro Alatorre Jordan Ingeniero Phone: +96265803060 Ext.128 Comisión Federal de Electricidad Fax: 96265865714 Mexico E-mail: renewable@memr.gov.jo Phone: 55 9554 00 ext. 51529 Fax: 55 9554 00 ext. 51537 Mr Malek Kabariti E-mail: pedro.alatorre@cfe.gob.mx President of the National Energy Research Center Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Dr Claudio Alatorre Frenk Jordan Instituto de Ingenierma UNAM E-mail: malek.kabariti@gmail.com; Romualdo Carnero 203-3 Malek.kabariti@nerc.gov.jo Col. Oviedo Mota 58060 Morelia, Mich. Ms Vesna Borozan Mexico Macedonian Parliament Phone: 525 555 685 7030 Macedonia Fax: 525 555 686 7006 Phone: +389 70 383 919 E-mail: calatorre@energia.gob.mx Fax: +389 2 3064 262 E-mail: vesna.borozan@mt.net.mk 66 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Edgar Alvarado Domínguez Mr José Carlos Arcos Asesor de Comisionado IPN Comisión Reguladora de Energía Mexico Horacio #1750, 4o Piso, Col. los Morales Polanco, Mr Diego Arjona Arguelles Deleg. Miguel Hidalgo, 11510, Secretario Ejecutivo DF Mexico Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia E-mail: ealvarado@cre.gob.mx Mexico DF, Mexico Phone: (52) 55 3000-1702 Mr Eduardo David Alvarez Mireles Fax: (52) 55 3000-1003 Coordinador de Comunicación Externa E-mail: arjona@conae.gob.mx Électricté de France México Panzacola 64-202. Col. Villa Coyoacán. Del. Mr Javier Arrambide Olvera Coyoacán. C.P. 04000. México, DF Secretaría de Energía Mexico Insurgentes Sur 890, Col. Del Valle, Del. Phone: +00 (52 55) 5339-0616 Benito Juaréz Fax: +00 (52 55) 5339-0627 Mexico E-mail: eduardo.alvarez@edfmexico.com Phone: 5000-6000 ext. 1024 E-mail: jarrambide@energia.gob.mx Mr Pablo Alvarez Watkins Doctorado Mr Diego Agustin Arriola Jimenez Facultad de Ingeniería, UNAM Ingeniero Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México Iberdrola Facultad de Ingeniería Mexico Av. Universidad 3000, Cd. Universitaria, CP 04510 Phone: +52(81)81534600 EXT 1032 Delegación coyoacán Fax: +52(81)81534605 Mexico DF, Mexico E-mail: diego.arriola@iberdrola.com.mx Phone: (Mex) 56-22-31-20 E-mail: paw@fi-b.unam.mx Mr Eduardo Arriola Valdes Jefe Division de Ingenieria Electrica Mr Enrique Anaya Facultad de Ingenieria, UNAM Academia Mexicana de Derecho Ambiental Mexico DF, Mexico Mexico Phone: 56223116 Fax: 56161855 Ms Cintia Angulo Hinojosa E-mail: earriola@fi-b.unam.mx Directora General EDF México S.A. de C.V. Ing Gonzalo Arroyo Aguilera Panzacola 62-202 Col. Villa Coyoacán Gerente de Programación de Sistemas Eléctricos C.P. 04000 Comisión Federal de Electricidad Mexico DF, Mexico Ave. Paseo de la Reforma 164 Piso 8° Phone: 55 53390601 Col. Juárez C. P. 06600 Fax: 55 53390627 México, D.F., Mexico E-mail: cintia.angulo@edfmexico.com Phone: 52-55-57052594 E-mail: gonzalo.arroyo@cfe.gob.mx Mr Vicente Aparicio Grau Ingeniero Mr Armando Arteaga King Iberdrola Gobierno del Estado de B.C. Carretera a Dulces Nombres km.12.5 Pesquería Calzada Independencia y Heroes Nuevo León CP 66650 Centro Civico Mexico Mexicali, B.C., Mexico Phone: (81)81534600 Phone: (686) 558-1118 Fax: (81)81534605 E-mail: aarteaga@baja.gob.mx E-mail: vicente.aparicio@iberdrola.com.mx 67 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Ing Alfredo Elias Ayub Mr Salomón Camhaji Director General Asergen Sc CFE Mexico Mexico E-mail: alfredo.elias@cfe.gob.mx Mr Fernando Campos Consultor Independiente Mr Friederike Bachmann Mexico Camexa Servicios Mexico HE Fernando Canales Clariond Minister of Energy Mr José Luis Barquet Abad Mexico Ingeniero E-mail: fclariond@energia.gov.mx INELECSA Rutilo Torres # 737 Mr Federico Carranza Almaguer Col Esmeralda Ingeniero San Luis Potosí, S.L.P., Mexico Iberdrola Phone: (444) 818 9015 y 822 4165 Carretera a Dulces Nombres km. 12.5 Pesqueria Fax: (444) 818 9015 Nuevo León, cp 66650 E-mail: jbarquet@inelecsa.com Mexico Phone: +52(81)81534600 Mr Ramiro Barrios Fax: +52(81)81534605 Semarnat E-mail: federico.carranza@iberdrola.com.mx Mexico Dip Francisco Javier Carrillo Soberon Mr José Alfredo Basualdo Secretario de la Comisión de Energía IPN Honorable Cámara de Diputados Mexico Av. Congreso de la Unión #66 Col. El Parque, Deleg. Venustiano Carranza Mr Juan Carlos Bejarano Borboa C.P. 15969 Subsecretario Jurídico del Estado México, DF Mexico Gob del Edo de Baja California Phone: 5628 1300 ext. 7716 y 7713 Calz. Independencia #994, Centro Fax: 5628 1300 ext. 7782 y 7783 Cívico y Comercial, Mexicali, Baja California E-mail: francisco.carrillo@congreso.gob.mx Mexico Phone: (686)5581087 Eng Luis Manuel Castro Jiménez Fax: (686)5581087 Ext.1460 Ingeniero Eléctrico Electrónico E-mail: jbejarano@baja.gob.mx Unam Santa María la Rivera #216, Col. San Cosme Mr Hector Beltran México DF., Mexico Unam Phone: (55) 5773-3097 Mexico E-mail: lcastroj@hotmail.com Mr Salvador Beltrán del Río Ing Jose de Jesus Celis Alarcon Secretaría de Energía Phoebus Tech. Engineering Inc. S.A. de C.V. Mexico Manuel Navarrete 41 Col. Algarin Mr Hector Beltran Mora C.P. 06880 Instituto Ingenieria Unam Mexico DF, Mexico Mexico Phone: (0052) (55) 55381085 Fax: (0052) (55) 55341339 Mr Mauricio Bermeo E-mail: phoebustechinc@yahoo.com Secretaria de Gobernación Mexico 68 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Humberto Celis Vázquez Mr Gaelo De la Fuente Consultor Grupo Diavaz Secretaría de Energía Mexico Av. Insurgentes Sur No. 890 Piso 3 Col. Del Valle México, D.F., Mexico Mr Odón Demófilo Phone: 5000-6000 Ext. 1049 Maestro en Ciencias Fax: 5000-6223 Energía, Tecnología y Educación, S.C. E-mail: hcelis@energia.gob.mx Calle Puente Xoco 39, Col. Xoco, C.P. 03330, Mexico Phone: 55-5601-5339, 5688-2857 Mr Ernesto Conconi Fax: 55-5604-7732 Estado de Oaxaca E-mail: demofilo@prodigy.net.mx Mexico Ing Carlos Dominguez Ahedo Mr Horacio Corral General Director Walter Smart Environment Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia Mexico Río Lerma No. 302, Piso 5 Col. Cuauhtémoc Mr Fernando Cubillos 06598 México D. F., Mexico Sr. Technical Specialist Phone: (52) 55 3000-1000 The World Bank Fax: (52) 55 3000-1003 Mexico E-mail: cdominguezahedo@conae.gob.mx Phone: 1-202-473-0961 E-mail: fcubillos@worldbank.org Mr Andre Eckermann Mexico Mr Belcar Cuentas-Zavala Linares Phone: 0052-55-5000 6000 ext. 1088 Responsable de Proyectos Fax: 0052-55-5000 6000 ext. 2160 Iberdrola Mexico E-mail: andre.eckermann@gtz.de Manuel Avila Camacho N°28, Piso 19, Edificio Torre del Bosque, Lomas de Chapultepec, C.P. 11000 Mr Ovidio Elizondo Mexico DF, Mexico Direccion de Tecnologia y Desarrollo Phone: (52-55) 85034600 Mexico Fax: (52-55) 85034605 E-mail: belcar.cuentas@iberdrola.com.mx Mr Juan Pablo Escandón IPN Mr Jose Cuevas Mexico Asesor Indpendiente Mexico Ms Azucena Escobedo Unam Mr Edmundo De Alba Mexico Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Mexico Mr Salvador Espindola Hernandez Instituto Ingenieria UNAM Dr Francisco Jose de Barnes Mexico Comisión Reguladora de Energía Av. Horacio No. 1750 - 4o. Piso Mr Arturo Espinoza Jaramillo Col Los Morales Polanco Secretario de Infraestructura y 11510 México DF, Mexico Desarrollo Urbano del Estado Phone: 5255.5283.1541 Gobierno del Estado de Baja California Fax: 5255.5283.1548 Edificio del Poder Ejecutivo 4to Piso E-mail: fbarnes@cre.gob.mx Calzada Independencia No. 994 Centro Civico 21000 Mr Luis De la Cruz Mexicali, Mexico Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Phone: 686 5581040 Municipal Fax: 686 5581965 Mexico E-mail: aespinoza@baja.gob.mx 69 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Eng Jorge Fernandez Mr Carlos Flores Macias Ingeniero Electricista Director General Comisión Federal de Electricidad Conergy Mexico Reforma 164, Piso 8 Guerrero 30, Centro Col. Juárez Tlalnepantla 54000, CP 06600, Edo. de México, Mexico México DF, Mexico Phone: 52-55-3640-8806 E-mail: jorge.fernandez@cfe.gob.mx Fax: 52-55-5565-1476 E-mail: c.flores@conergy.com.mx Dr Adrian Fernandez Bremauntz Presidente Mr Andres Flores Montalvo Instituto Nacional de Ecología Director de Investigacion de Programas Especiales Periferico Sur 5000 Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco Periferico Sur 5000 CP 04530, Mexico Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco Phone: (52) +55 -5424-6454 Del. Coyoacan Fax: (52) + 55 -5424-5404 CP 04530, Mexico E-mail: afernand@ine.gob.mx Phone: 52-55-5424-6467 Fax: 52-55-54246404 Mr Jorge Fernandez T E-mail: aflores@ine.gob.mx Direccion de Tecnologia y Desarrollo Mexico Mr Abraham Rodrigo Flores Ramos Phone: (01 55) 52 29 44 00 ext. 80083 Ingeniero Químico Fax: (01 55) 52 29 45 37 Sener Insurgentes Sur 890 Mr Gerardo Jose Ferrando Bravo Mexico Maesto en Ciencias E-mail: afloresr@energia.gob.mx Facultad de Ingeniería Unam Av. Universidad 300, Circuito Escolar s/n Mr Luis Fernando Franco Jiménez Mexico Petroleos Mexicanos Phone: 56162827 Mexico Fax: 56162829 E-mail: gferrando@servidor.unam.mx Eng Euridice Fuentes Del Rio Ing Ms Claudia Flores Unam Profesional Independiente 5 de Mayo No. 14-4 Mexico Col. Sn Fco Culhuacan Coyoacan DF Mr Rubén Filemón Flores García CP 04260, Mexico Director General Phone: 56460975 SENER Fax: 56460975 Av. Toluca 340 E-mail: euri.fuentes@gmail.com Col Olivar de los Padres México DF, 01780, Mexico Ms Natalia García Phone: 5000 61 26 Instituto de Investigaciones Jurídicas E-mail: rflores@energia.gob.mx Unam Mexico 70 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Carlos García Aguilar Mr Flavio González Superintendente General de Central Arian Solar Central Eólica La Venta de la Comosión Mexico Federal de Electricidad Fax: (55) 5724 5812 Carretera Panamericana Km 821, Col. Felipe Pescador, CP 70050 Mr Nemorio Gonzalez Medina Juchitán de Zaragoza, Oaxaca, Mexico Comisión Federal de Electricidad Phone: 9717113993 Don Manuelito 32 Fax: 9717113993 Col. Olivar de los Padres E-mail: carlos.garcia17@cfe.gob.mx Del Alvaro Obregon 01780, DF Eng Miguel Angel García Vázquez Mexico DF, Mexico Vázquez E-mail: nemorio.gonzalez@cfe.gob.mx Unam Bosques de Viena 12 #14, Fracc. Bosques del Lago, Mr Pablo Gottfried Blackmore Cuautitlán Izcalli, Estado de México., Mexico Gerente de Proyectos Phone: (55) 5877-1136 Fuerza Eolica S.A. de C.V. E-mail: maiki27@yahoo.com Av. Año de Juárez 205 Col. Granjas San Antonio Ing Eduardo Zenteno Garza Galindo 09069 Director General Mexico DF, Mexico EDF Energies Nouvelles Mexico Phone: 51 555 685 7030 Av. Paseo de las Palmas 751 Of. 902 Fax: 51 555 686 7006 Col. Lomas Barrilaco E-mail: pgottfried@gmail.com 11010 Mexico DF, Mexico Ing Carlos Gottfried Joy Phone: (5255) 55202841 Director Fax: (5255) 55202851 Fuerza Eólica, S. A. DE C. V. E-mail: centeno@siif-energei.fr Av. Año de Juárez 205 eduardomyl@yahoo.com Col. Granjas San Antonio 09070 Lic Carlos Garza Ibarra Mexico DF, Mexico Deputy Secretary for Energy Policy and Planning Phone: 52 555 685 7030 Ministry of Energy Fax: 52 555 686 7006 Mexico E-mail: cgott@prodigy.net.mx E-mail: carlosgarza@energia.gob.mx Mr Thomas Grube Mr Carlos Javier Garza Leal Mexico Secretaría de Energía Insurgentes Sur 890, Colonia. Del Valle, México DF, Mr Jorge de Jesús Guerra Gutiérrez. Mexico Unam Phone: 5000-6000 Ext. 1051 Av. Tasqueña #1648. Col. Paseos de Tasqueña. E-mail: cjavier@energia.gob.mx México Distrito Federal, Mexico Phone: 56-97-66-35 Mr Isabel Gómez Macias E-mail: Fundación Emisión jorgedejesusguerragutierrez@yahoo.com.mx Mexico Mr Gerardo Guerrero Mr Victor Manuel Gomez Navarro Unam Consultores en Ingeniería Aplicada, S.C. Mexico Articulo 7mo No. 102 Fraccionamiento constitución C.P. 42080 Pachuca, Hgo, Mexico E-mail: coninga@coninga.com 71 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Tomás Enrique Guijarro Rojas Mr Marco A Hernández Monroy Director de Desarrollo de Negocios Latinoamérica Director General Iberdrola SCHOTT Mexicana S. A. Boulevard Manuel Avila Camacho 24, Piso 19 Chicle 162, Edif Torre del Bosque, Col Lomas de Chapultepec 08400 Iztacalco, CP 11000, México DF, Mexico Mexico DF, Mexico Phone: (5255) 85 03 46 04 Phone: +52 55 5803 1210 Fax: (52 55) 85 03 46 05 Fax: +52 55 5649 9801 E-mail: tomas.guijarro@iberdrola.com.mx E-mail: mhdezm@prodigy.net.mx Mr Ruben Guizar Bejarano Mr Cruz Ernesto Hernandez Ramirez Asesor Coordinador SENER-USAID Petróleos Mexicanos Insurgentes Sur 890 Piso 12, Col. Del Valle. Av. Marina Nacional # 329 Piso 35 TE México, D.F. CP 03100, Mexico Col. Huasteca Phone: 5000-6000 Ext. 1076 México D.F. C.P. 11311 Fax: 5000-6223 Mexico DF, Mexico E-mail: rguizar@energia.gob.mx Phone: 52 55 1944 2500 ext. 54759 Fax: 52 55 1944 8669 Mr Joaquin Gutierrez Ley E-mail: cehernandez@dco.pemex.com Ingeniero Gobierno del Estado de Baja California Mr Giovanni Octavio Hernandez Uribe Calzada Independencia # 994 UNAM Sidue Cuarto Piso Calle 51 # 27, Col. Santa Cruz Meyehualco Edificio del Poder Ejecutivo Mexico Centro Civico Phone: 56913286 Mexicali Baja California, Mexico E-mail: exergiovanni@gmail.com Phone: (686)-558-19-08 Fax: (686)-558-11-40 Eng Juan Herrera Romero E-mail: jgutierrez@baja.gob.mx Ingeniero Energía Posgrado UNAM Enrique Guzmán Lara Av. San Francisco Culhuacan #139 Ingeniero Colonia Ejidos San Francisco Culhuacan Comisión Reguladora de Energía C.P. 04420 Horacio 1750, col. los Morales, C.P. 11510 Coyoacan, Distrito Federal, Mexico Mexico Phone: 5656 7959, 55 2955 5145 Phone: 01.55.52.83.15.21 Fax: 5656 7959 Fax: 01.55.52.83.15.01 E-mail: juanhero@gmail.com E-mail: eguzman@cre.gob.mx Dr Jorge Huacuz Villamar Mr Sebastian Hack Gerente de Energías no Convencionales Gtz Instituto de Investigaciones Eléctricas Mexico Av. Reforma 113 E-mail: sebastian.hack@gmx.net Col. Palmira 11590 Mexico DF, Mexico Ms Claudia Luz Hernández Esteva Phone: 52 555 685 7030 Secretaría de Energía Fax: 52 555 686 7006 Insurgentes sur #890 Piso 12 E-mail: jhuacuz@iie.org.mx Col. del Valle 03100 México, D.F., Mexico Phone: 55.5000.6000 x 1018 Fax: E-mail: clhernandez@energia.gob.mx 72 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Lic Antonio Huerta Goldman Salvador Landeros Ayala Director General de la Unidad de Promoción de Doctor en Ingeniería Inversiones Facultad de Ingeniería, UNAM Secretaría de Energía Av. Universidad No. 3000 Insurgentes sur #890 Piso 12 Col. Copilco Universidad Col. del Valle Delg. Coyoacán 03100 CP. 04510 , Mexico Mexico DF, Mexico Phone: (52) 5556223004 al 06 Phone: 55.5000.6000 x 1018 Fax: (52) 5556161073 E-mail: ahuerta@energia.gob.mx E-mail: sland@fi-b.unam.mx Mr Federico Hungler Salceda Mr Mario Lara Director de Cogeneracion y Energia Renovable Ingeniero Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia Comisión Federal de Electricidad Rio Lerma 302 COL. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06500, Don Manuelito No. 32 Mexico DF, Mexico Col. Olivar de los Padres Phone: (52) 55 3000-1000 Ext. 1218 C.P. 01780 Fax: (52) 55 3000-1003 Deleg. Alvaro Obregón E-mail: cog@conae.gob.mx Mexico Phone: 01 (55) 55955400 Ext. 51501 Mr Ubaldo Inclan Fax: 01 (55) 55955400 Ext. 51510 Secretaría de Energía E-mail: mario.lara@cfe.gob.mx Mexico Lic Eugenio Laris Alanís Mr Javier Labastida Alvarado Director for Financed Generation Projects Ing. Eléctico Electrónico Comisión Federal de Electricidad Facultad de Ingeniería Unam Paseo de la Reforma No. 164, Piso 11 Artes No. 14 Coyoacán. Col. Juárez México DF, Mexico 06600 Phone: 56-59-44-53 Mexico DF, Mexico E-mail: jlabastidaa@yahoo.com.mx E-mail: eugenio.laris@cfe.gob.mx Mr Israel Laguna Monroy Mr Javier Lascurain Subdirector de Metodos y Estudios de Mitigacion del Mexico Cambio Climatico Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Ms Gladis Elisabeth Leal Garza Periferico Sur 5000 Licenciada COL. Insurgentes Cuicuilco Secretaría de Energía CP 04530 , Mexico Insurgentes sur, 890, Tercer Piso. Col. del Valle Phone: (52) + 55 + 5424-6467 Mexico DF, Mexico Fax: (52) + 55 +5424-6404 Phone: 50 00 60 58 E-mail: ilaguna@ine.gob.mx E-mail: gleal@energia.gob.mx Mr Jorge A Landa Bonilla Mr Martha Lezcano Energy and Clean Production Advisor Comisión Federal de Electricidad U.S. Agency for International Development Mexico Paseo de la Reforma No. 305 Col. Cuauhtemoc 06500 Mexico DF, Mexico Phone: (52-55) 5080-2951 Fax: (52-55) 5080-2494 E-mail: jlanda@usaid.gov 73 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Eduardo Lobaton Gonzalez Dr Cecilia Martin Del Campo Jefe Unidad Proyectos Especiales.Subdireccion de Facultad de Ingeneiría UNAM Distribucion Av. Paseo Cuauhnáhuac 8532 Luz y Fuerza del Centro Col. Progreso Melchor Ocampo 171 62550, Jiutepec, Morelos., Mexico Col. Tlaxpana Phone: (777) 3 19 32 82 11379 Mexico DF, Mexico Fax: (777) 3 19 41 01 Phone: 51 40 04 80 E-mail: cmcm@fi-b.unam.mx Fax: 51 40 02 93 E-mail: elobaton@inter01.lfc.gob.mx Dr Manuel Martínez Investigador Ms Fabiola López Programa de Energía. Universidad Autónoma de la SHCP Ciudad de México Mexico Colonia del Valle San Lorenzo 290 Mr Serafín López Mexico DF, Mexico Comisión Federal de Electricidad Phone: 52-55-54886661 Ext. 5304 Mexico Fax: 55755805 E-mail: mmartinez@energiauacm.org.mx Mr Federico Lopez de Alba Comision Federal de Electricidad Ms Julia Martinez Fernandez Mexico Coordinador del Programa de Cambio Climatico Phone: 052-55-5229-4400- Ext. 44038 Instituto Nacional de Ecologia Periferico Sur 5000 Mr Edgar López Satow Col. Insurgentes Cuicuilco Comisión Reguladora de Energía Del. Coyoacan Mexico CP 04530, Mexico Phone: 52-55-5424-6424 Ms Solange Marquez Fax: 52-55-5424-6424 Fundación para la paz en la Era Núclear E-mail: jmartine@ine.gob.mx Mexico Eng Angelberto Martinez Gomez Mr Felix B Marquez Ingeniero Mécanico Ingeniero Comisión de Energía Cámara de Diputados Comisión Federal de Electricidad Av. Congreso de la Unión #66, Col. El Parque. Don Manuelito No. 32 C.P. 155969, Delegación Venustiano Carranza. Col. Olivar de los Padres Mexico DF, Mexico C.P. 01780 Phone: 56 28 13 00 Ext. 7716 7713 Deleg. Alvaro Obregón Fax: 56 28 13 00 Ext. 7783, 7782 Mexico E-mail: angelberto@infosel.net.mx Phone: 55 9554 00 Ext. 51511 Fax: 55 9554 00 Ext. 51510 Mr Rodolfo Martinez Strevel E-mail: felix.marquez@cfe.gob.mx Ovonic Energy International Lic. Grajales Robles 16, Despacho # 7 Mr Mauricio Marroquin Brittingham Col. Del Valle Ingeniero Mexico, DF 03100, Mexico Iberdrola Phone: 52 55 11 07 61 50 Carretera a Dulces Nombres km 12.5 Pesqueria Fax: 52-55 11 07 77 53 Nuevo Leon, CP 66650, Mexico E-mail: strevel@avantel.net Phone: +52(81)81534600 Fax: +52(81)81534605 E-mail: mauricio.marroquin@iberdrola.com.mx 74 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Dr Juan Mata Mr Carlos Mira Álvarez Director General for Environment, Technology, Mira Industrial Development, and Research Mexico Ministry of Energy Mexico Mr Carlos Montaño Phone: Director General Planeación Energética Fax: SENER E-mail: jmata@energia.gob.mx Insurgentes Sur 890 Piso 3 Del Valle Mr Santiago Martin Mata Chavez Mexico DF, Mexico Ingeniero Phone: 5000 6022 Energia, Tecnologia y Educacion S.C. E-mail: cmontano@energia.gob.mx Calle Puente Xoco No. 39 Col. Xoco Mr Rene Martin Montijo Villegas Deleg. Benito Juarez Gobierno del Estado de B.C. 03330 Calzada Independencia y Heroes Mexico DF, Mexico Centro Civico Phone: 52 55 56 88 28 57 Mexicali, B.C., Mexico Fax: 52 55 56 04 77 32 Phone: (686)558-1071 E-mail: smmatac@prodigy.net.mx E-mail: rmontijo@baja.gob.mx Mr Pedro Matabuena Mr José Enrique Morales Sahagún Facultad de Ing. UNAM Director General México Mexico Endesa Cogeneración y Renovables Av. Insurgentes sur 1457 p. 13 , Col. Insurgentes Mr Arturo Mateos Mixcoac. C.P. 03920 , México DF, Mexico Despacho de Arquitectura Phone: 01 55 5611 39 39 Mexico Fax: 01 55 56 1162 77 E-mail: emorales@endesa.com.mx Mr Yasuhiro Matsumoto IPN Luis Arturo Moreno Vega Mexico Energy and Climate Change Campaigner Greenpeace Mexico Mr Alfonso Mendoza Vertiz 646 Price Water House Converse Col. Narvarte Mexico 03010 Mexico DF, Mexico Mr Juan Jose Mendoza Salgado Phone: 5530-2165 Comision Federal de Electricidad Fax: 5530-8969 Mexico E-mail: arturo.moreno@mx.greenpeace.org Mr Eduardo Meraz Ateca Dr David Morillón Gálvez Comisión Federal de Electricidad Presidente Don Manuelito 32 Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar Col. Olivar de los Padres Edificio 12, Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, CU, CP. 01780, Alvaro Obregón 04510 Mexico Mexico DF, Mexico Fax: (55) 5595 5400 Ext. 51033 Phone: 5622 5200 E-mail: eduardo.meraz@cfe.gob.mx Fax: 5622 5221 E-mail: dmorillon@sid.unam.mx; Mr José Luis Millán anescomite@anes.org Arian Corportativo Mexico 75 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr John Paul Moscarella Eng Julian Orozco Servín Executive Vice-President and Manager Ingeniero Econergy International/Clean Tech Fund Comisión Federal de Electricidad Monterrey, Mexico Subdirección de Generación Phone: 52-81-8363-1176 Calle Don Manuelito #11. Colonia Olivar de Los Fax: 52-81-8363-1176 Padres. Delegación Álvaro Obregón. CP. 01780 E-mail: moscarella@econergy.com Mexico Phone: 54 90 40 00 Ext. 72710 Mr Rafael Narvaez Avila Fax: 54 90 40 00 Ext. 72784 Ingeniero Eléctricista E-mail: julian.orozco@cfe.gob.mx Comisión Federal de Eléctricidad Reforma No. 164-8 Piso Mr José Ortega Cruz Col. Juárez Ingenierio Electromecanico C.P. 06600 México DF Cie-Unam Mexico Priv. Xochicalco s/n. Phone: (01-55) 52-29-44-00 Ext. 80079 80076 Col. Centro. Fax: (01-55)52-29-45-37 Temixco, Morelos. E-mail: rafael.narvae@cfe.gob.mx C.P. 62580. Mexico Gustavo Daniel Núñez Güereña Phone: 17773250052 Ingeniero Industrial Fax: 17773250018 Sunpower S.A. de C.V. E-mail: joc@cie.unam.mx Cerrada Río Becerra # 112 Col. 8 de Agosto Mr Hermilio Oscar Ortega Navarro C.P. 03820 Ingeniero en Energía Mexico DF, Mexico IPSE S.A. de C.V. Phone: 52-76-21-51, 30-04-34-72 Barranquilla 22, El Ahuehuete Fax: 52-76-33-79 C.P. 56190 E-mail: gustavo@sunpower.com.mx Texcoco, Estado de México Mexico Josue Elias Obregon Lozano Phone: 01(595) 923-4256 Jefe de Energeticos E-mail: hermilio.ortega@gmail.com Sanluis Rassini Monte Pelvoux No. 220 P-8 Ms María Ortiz Col. Lomas de Chapultepec Subdirección de Permisos Eléctricos 11000 Comisión Reguladora de Energía Mexico DF, Mexico Horacio 1750, Polanco 11510 Phone: 5255 52295829 Mexico DF, Mexico Fax: 5255 55209797 Phone: 5.2555283152e+011 E-mail: irivero@sanluisrassini.com Fax: 5.255528315e+011 E-mail: mortiz@cre.gob.mx Mr Gerardo Oceguera Peña Universidad Ciudad de México Mr Javier Padilla Molina Mexico Gerente Phone: 55 31 14 27 55 Cableados Industriales, S.A. de C.V. Jaime Balmes No. 11, Edif D, Local 130-E, Col. Los Morales Polanco. 11510 Mexico DF, Mexico Phone: (52-55) 5395-6083 Fax: (52-55) 5395-5819 E-mail: jpadilla@cisae.com.mx 76 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Sergio Palafox Palafox Mr Gonzálo Pérez Ingeniero Iberdrola Comisión Federal de Electricidad Mexico Paseo de la Reforma No. 164 Piso 14 Col. Juárez Ms Katya Pérez Guzmán Mexico DF, C.P. 06600 Programa Aire y Energía Mexico Centro Mexicano de Derecho Ambiental, A.C. Phone: 55 5229-4400 Ext. 6962 Atlixco # 138 Fax: 55 5705-4419 Col. Condesa E-mail: sergio.palafox@cfe.gob.mx Del. Cuauhtémoc Mexico Ms Patricia Rocio Parra Espindola Phone: -8554 Estocolmo #8 Col Jardines de Bellavista Tlalnepantla, Fax: -7749 Edo de Mex. CP 54054 E-mail: katyap@cemda.org.mx Mexico E-mail: patricia.parra@owenscorning.com Dr Rogelio Ramirez Barradas Comisión Federal de Electricidad Ms Raquel Pedraza Reforma 164 Piso 9 SHCP Delegación Cuauhtemoc Mexico C.P. 06600 Mexico DF, Mexico Mr Alejandro Peraza Phone: 57052594 Comisión Reguladora de Energía E-mail: rogelio.ramirez@cfe.gob.mx Mexico Mr Gaudencio Francisco Ramos Niembro Lic Gerardo Perdomo Sanciprian Coordinador Tecnico Director General de Información y Estudios Comision Nacional para el Ahorro de Energia Energéticos Rio Lerma 302 COL. Cuauhtemoc, C.P. 06500 Secretaría de Energía Mexico DF, Mexico Insurgentes Sur 890, Piso 3, Colonia Del Valle, C.P. Phone: (52) 55 3000-1079 03100, México DF Fax: (52) 55 3000-1003 Mexico E-mail: gframos@conae.gob.mx Phone: (55) 50006014 Fax: (55) 50006223 Mr Enrique Rebolledo E-mail: gperdomo@energia.gob.mx Semarnat Revolución 1425 Ms Gabriela Pereda Dominguez Col. Tlacopac - San Angel Commercial Officer, Energy Sector DF, 01040 British Embassy, Mexico City Mexico Rio Lerma #71 Phone: 52-55-56243614 Col. Cuauhtemoc E-mail: enrique.rebolledo@semarnat.gob.mx CP. 06500 Mexico DF, Mexico Mr Arturo Guillermo Reinking Cejudo Phone: 52428538 Jefe Depto. Sistemas Energéticos, Faculta de Fax: 52428522 Ingeniería E-mail: gabriela.pereda@fco.gov.uk Unam Edificio Bernardo Quitana. 1er Piso Mr Nahum Pérez Circuito Exterior Unam Ciudad Universitaria Mexico Unam 05170, Mexico Mr Antonio Pérez E-mail: reinking@servidor.unam.mx Secretaría de la Función Pública Mexico 77 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Franklin David Rendón Fricks Ms Rosamaria Rodriguez Ingeniero Industrial Mexico Olmecapan, S. C. Priv. de Apolinar Castillo No. 19 Mr Nicolás Rodríguez Martínez Fraccionamiento Los Ángeles Ingeniero Xalapa, Veracruz Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo C.P. 91060, Mexico Eje Central Lázaro Cárdenas No. 152 Phone: (228) 818 3244 Edif. Principal Piso 4 Fax: (228) 818 3244 Col. San Bartolo Atepehuacan E-mail: chompokank@xal.megared.net.mx 07730, Gustavo A. Madero, México DF, Mexico Dr Franklin Rendón González Phone: 52 (55) 9175-6139 PhD en Ingeniería Fax: 52 (55) 9175-6144 Olmecapan, S. C. E-mail: nrmartin@imp.mx Priv. de Apolinar Castillo No. 19 Fraccionamiento Los Ángeles Mr Leopoldo Alberto Rodriguez Olive Xalapa, Veracruz Servicios Industriales Penoles SA CV C.P. 91060, Mexico Moliere 222 3er Piso Phone: (228) 818 3244 Col. Los Morales, Secc. Palmas Fax: (228) 818 3244 11540 E-mail: olmecapan@xal.megared.net.mx Mexico DF, Mexico E-mail: leopoldo_rodriguez@penoles.com.mx Ms Elsa Gabriela Renteria Martinez Asistente Proyecto de Energia Solar Ms Lorena Roman Procobre Mexico Firco Bosques de Alisos 47-B Mexico Interior A1-02 Oficina 25 Bosques de las Lomas ,Cuajimalpa Mr David Romero 05120 Unam Mexico Mexico Phone: 51483223 Fax: (525) 5148-3224 Mr Arturo Romero E-mail: erenteria@copper.org Mexico Dr Eduardo Rincón Mejía Mr Jose Luis Roque Gayoso Doctor Sedesol México Asociación Nacional de Energía Solar Mexico Edificio 12, Instituto de Ingeniería, UNAM, CU CP. 04510, México, DF Eng Sergio Rosas de Alva Mexico Ingeniero Phone: 5622 5200 Comisión Federal de Electricidad. Subdirección de Fax: 5622 5221 Generación E-mail: rinconsolar@hotmail.com Calle Don Manuelito #11. Colonia Olivar de los Padres C.P. 01780. delegación Álvaro Obregón. Mr Rolando Rodriguez Mexico DF, Mexico Maestro Phone: 54 90 40 00 Ext. 72 800 72801 Conae Fax: 54 90 40 00 Ext. 72784 Rio Lerma 302, Col. Cuauhtemoc, Del. Col. E-mail: sergio.rosas01@cfe.gob.mx Cuauhtemoc Mexico Phone: 30001007 E-mail: cp@conae.gob.mx 78 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Julio Cesar Rosas Porcayo Col. Olivar de los Padres Ing. Electromecánico C.P. 01780 CIE- UNAM Deleg. Miguel Hidalgo Privada Xochicalco S/N Mexico Col. Centro Phone: 55 9554 00 Ext. 51542 Temixco, Morelos Fax: 55 9554 00 Ext. 51537 62580, México E-mail: anselmo.sanchez@cfe.gob.mx Phone: (777) 325-0052 Fax: (777) 325-0018 Mr Carlos Sánchez E-mail: jcop@cie.unam.mx Comisión Federal de Electricidad Mexico Ms Belizza Janet Ruiz Mendoza Estudiante Mr José Ramón Sánchez Ceresuela UNAM Ingeniero Químico Calle Ayotosco, Lote 10, Manzana 16, Col. Santo Cryplant Domingo, Del. Coyoacán, C.P. 04369 Adolfo Ruiz Cortines 102-C, Col. Mexico Acapantzingo,Cuernavaca, Morelos, México CP E-mail: bjrmco@yahoo.com 62440 Phone: 52-777-3125048 and 3141392 Rodolfo Javier Salcedo Novella Fax: 52-777-3106158 Licenciado E-mail: cryplant@prodigy.net.mx CySTE Magdalena 201 Dr Aarón Sánchez Juárez Col. Del Valle Centro de Investigación en Energía Delegación Benito Juárez Priv de Xochicalco s/n Col Centro 03100 México DF, Mexico Temixco, Morelos Phone: 5148 9387 Mexico Fax: 5148 9385 Phone: +52-55- 5632 9716 E-mail: rodolfosalcedo@aol.com Fax: +52-777- 325 2469 E-mail: asj@cie.unam.mx Mr Jaime Saldaña Sistemas de Energia Internacional Klara Schrittenlocher Mexico Interpreter German Federal Ministry for the Environment Eng Gustavo Salvador Torres Fuente del Salvador 24, Tecamachalco, 53950, Edo. Subdirector del Centro Nacional de Control de Mex. Energía Mexico Comisión Federal de Electricidad E-mail: klara1102@yahoo.de Don Manuelito 32 Olivar de los Padres Ms Yenny Sumano 01780, Alvaro Obregon Equipamientos y Suministros Industriales Mexico DF, Mexico Mexico E-mail: gustavo.salvador@cfe.gob.mx Dr Jesús Alberto Tejeda Ricardez Mr Anselmo Sanchez Doctor Ing. Químico Ingeniero IIE/PNUD Proyecto Eólico Comisión Federal de Electricidad Av. Reforma No. 113, Col. Palmira Don Manuelito No. 32 CP 62490 Cuernavaca, Morelos México Phone: (777) 3 62 38 11 Fax: (777) 3 62 38 08 E-mail: jtejeda@iie.org.mx Mr Luis Torregrosa Unam Mexico 79 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Ramon Carlos Torres Enriquez Mr Eduardo Zenteno Sener Eléctrica del Valle de México Mexico Mexico Phone: 5000 6000 Ext. 1382 Ing Jacobo Mekler Waisburd Rubén Torres Gutiérrez Ingeniero Ingeniero en Energía Comexhidro CySTE Bosque de Ciruelos 190-303A Magdalena 201 Bosques de las Lomas Col. Del Valle C.P. 11700 Del. Benito Juárez Mexico DF, Mexico 03800 México DF, Mexico Phone: 5.2555596892e+011 Phone: (55) 5148 9387 Fax: 5.2555251607e+011 Fax: (55) 5148 9385 E-mail: jmekler@asergen.com.mx E-mail: ruben.torres@cyste.com.mx Dr Gerrit-Jan Schaeffer Mr Miguel Angel Valdovinos Terán Dr Ir Físico ECN Comisión Federal de Electricidad PO Box 1, 1755 ZG Paseo de la Reforma No. 164 Piso 14 Petten, Netherlands Col. Juárez Phone: 31 224 56 8264 México DF, C.P. 06600, Mexico Fax: 31 224 56 8966 Phone: 55 5705-2195 E-mail: schaeffer@ecn.nl Fax: 55 5705-4976 E-mail: miguel.valdovinos@cfe.gob.mx Mr Ulrich Schoppmeyer Director Mr Julio Alberto Valle Pereña Agencia del KfW para América Central y México Secretaría de Energía Centro Ejecutivo San Marino Insurgentes sur #890 Piso 12 Módulo B-403, 2do. Piso Col. del Valle Managua, Nicaragua 03100 Phone: (505) 2550535/36 Mexico DF, Mexico Fax: (505) 2550537 Phone: 55.5000.6000 x 1018 E-mail: uschoppmeyer@enitel.net.ni E-mail: jvalle@energia.gob.mx Mr Ewah Eleri Mr Roberto Gabriel Vera Azar Executive Director, Director Jurídico de Normatividad Administrativa International Center for Energy, Environment, and Gob del Edo de Baja California Development Calz Independencia #994, Centro Cívico y Chatti Plaza, 6 Sapele Street, Garki II Comercial, Mexicali, Baja California, Mexico Abuja, Nigeria Phone: (686)5581087 Phone: +234 9 234 8525 Fax: (686)5581087 Ext. 1460 Fax: +234 9 234 8525 E-mail: rvera@baja.com.mx E-mail: ewaheleri@yahoo.com Eng Yolanda Zeferino Abundis Prof Onwuamaeze Casmir Iloeje Ing. Eléctrico-Electrónico Chairman Amee Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission Rosas de Mayo #11 26, Mediterranean Street Col. Benito Juárez, Cd. Nezahualcoyotl (Off Shehu Shagari Way) Edo. de México, Mexico Cadastral Zone A6 Phone: 51111861 Maitama E-mail: yolanda_za@yahoo.com.mx Abuja, Nigeria Phone: +234-9-413 1611; 0804-4127127(GSM) Fax: +234-9-413 0783 E-mail: ociloeje2000@yahoo.com 80 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Farkhand Iqbal Mr Mathieu-Credo Koumoin Joint Secretary UNDP-GEF Regional Coordinator, Energy and Planning Commission Climate Change Joint Secretary UNDP-GEF Energy Wing 5, Boulevard de l'Est, Point E. B.P. 154 Dakar, Senegal Planning and Development Vision Senegal 99-West Phone: (221)-869-0638 Shalimar Plaza Fax: (221)-869-0681 Blue Area E-mail: mathieu.koumoin@undp.org Islamabad, Pakistan Phone: 0092-51-2255563 Mr Andre Otto Fax: 0092-51-2264159 Deputy Director E-mail: farkhandiqbal@hotmail.com Department of Minerals and Energy Private Bag x 59 Mr Ulrich Stohr-Grabowski Pretoria Principal Advisor South Africa German Technical Advisor E-mail: andre.otto@dme.gov.za House No 63-A, Street No 5, F-8/3 Islamabad, Pakistan Mr Naresh Singh Phone: 0092-51-2255563 General Manager and Acting CEO Fax: 0092-51-2264159 National Energy Regulator E-mail: ulrich.stoehr-grabowski@gtz.de PO Box 40343 Arcadia Mr Pedro Glicerio Villa Durand 0007 Ingeniero Electricista Pretoria, South Africa World Bank/Gobierno Perú MEM-Proyecto FONER Phone: +27 12 401 4600 Av. Las Artes 260 - San Borja Fax: +27 12 401 4680 41 E-mail: naresh.singh@ner.org.za Lima, Peru Phone: 475 0535 - 9945 7988 Lic José Gil López E-mail: pvilla@minem.gob.pe Licenciado en Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales Instituto para la Diversificación y Ahorro de la Energía Mr Maciej Nowicki (IDAE) President Madera, 8 EcoFund Foundation 28004 Bracka 4, 00 502 Madrid, Spain Warsaw, Poland Phone: +34 91 4565023 Phone: +48 22 628 50 85 Fax: +34 91 5230414 Fax: +48 22 628 50 81 E-mail: josegil@idae.es E-mail: mnowicki@ekofundusz.org.pl E-mail: jgrabowska@ekofundusz.org.pl Mr Melchor Ruiz Perez Acciona Energia Mr Valdimir Maksimov Avda. de Europa, 10 Adviser Parque Empresarial La Moraleja Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of 28108 Alcobendas (Madrid) Russian Federation Spain 1st Tverskayao Yamskaya,1,3 125993 Phone: 34 91 663 06 72 Moscow, Russia Fax: 34 91 663 07 59 Phone: +7 (495) 209-8080 E-mail: shurtado@ehn.es Fax: +7 (495) 209-5333 E-mail: MaximovVA@economy.gov.ru HE MMC Ferdinando Secretary Ministry of Power & Energy, Sri Lanka Ministry of Power & Energy No 493/1 81 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM T.B.Jayah Mawatha 10 Mr Peter Meier Colombo, Sri Lanka Chief Economist Phone: 94112665259 Zurich Economics Fax: 94112687360 Glasgow, United Kingdom E-mail: secrepe@sltnet.lk E-mail: qmeier@aol.com HE Ridha Ben Mosbah Ms Catherine Mitchell Secretary of State Senior Principal Research Fellow Ministry of Industry, Energy and Small and Middle Centre for Management Under Regulation, Warwick Enterprises Business School Rue 8011 - Immeuble Ennozha Montplaisir 1073 University of Warwick Tunis, Tunisia Coventry CV4 7AL Phone: 216 71 841 503 United Kingdom Fax: 216 71 799 728 Phone: (44) 2476 524985 E-mail: ridha.benmosbah@wanadoo.tn Fax: (44) 2476 524965 E-mail: catherine.mitchell@wbs.ac.uk Mr Ezzeddine Khalfallah Directeur Général de l'Agence Nationale pour la Mr Dan Adler Maîtrise de l'Energie Director, Technology and Policy Development National Agency for Energy Conservation "ANME" California Clean Energy Fund 3, Rue 8000 Montplaisir 1073 582 Market Street, Suite 1015 B.P. 213 94104 Tunis, Tunisia San Francisco, CA, USA Phone: 216 71 782 419 Phone: 415 986 4590 Fax: 216 71 782 622 Fax: 415 986 4591 E-mail: dg@anme.nat.tn E-mail: dan.adler@calcef.org Eng Emmanuel Jjunju Mr Romulo Bisetti Projects Engineer Latin America Sales Manager Electricity Regulatory Authority Kyocera Solar, INC 15. Shimoni Road 7812 E Acoma DR PO Box 10332 Scottsdale, AZ 85260 Kampala, Uganda USA Phone: 256-41341646 Phone: 480 443 7724 Fax: 256-41341624 Fax: 480 368 5812 E-mail: e.jjunju@era.or.ug E-mail: romulo@kyocerasolar.com Mr FJ Kasujja Mr Ravindra Anil Cabraal Board Member Lead Energy Specialist Electricity Regulatory Authority (ERA) The World Bank 15 Shimoni Road 1818 H Street NW, H 3-443 Po Box 10332 Washington, DC, USA Kampala, Uganda Phone: 202-458-1538 Phone: 256-41341646 Fax: 202-522-3228 Fax: 256-41341624 E-mail: acabraal@worldbank.org E-mail: era@africaonline.co.ug Dr Shimon Awerbuch Senior Fellow Science and Technology Research SPRU Energy Group, University of Sussex Freeman Centre Brighton, BN1 9QE United Kingdom E-mail: awerbuch@alum.rpi.edu 82 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Mr Juan Cruz Monticelli Mr Charles Feinstein Consultor Sector Leader for Finance, Private Sector and Organización de los Estados Americanos Infrastructure, LAC 1889 F St. NW The World Bank Washington, DC 20006 USA Suite 691 E-mail: cfeinstein@worldbank.org USA Phone: +(202) 458-3745 Mr Chris Flavin Fax: +(202) 458-3560 President E-mail: usdecpr9@oas.org Worldwatch Institute USA Mr Homero Del Bosque E-mail: cflavin@worldwatch.org Vice-President, Latin America Energy Conversion Devices Ms Eileen Margaret Frederiksen 9855 Crosspoint Blvd. Ste 142 Knowledge Coordinator Indianapolis, IN, USA The World Bank Phone: 317-577-1330 MSN H 3-307 Fax: 317-849-8773 1818 H. Street NW E-mail: sandru_pk@yahoo.com Washington, DC, USA Phone: 202-473-2710 Ms Larisa E Dobriansky Fax: 202-522-3228 Deputy Assistant Secretary for National Energy E-mail: efredriksen@worldbank.org Office of Policy & International Affairs 1000 Independence Avenue, S.W. Mr Edward Ted Gilman Kennedy Washington, DC. 20585 Renewable Energy/Climate Change Specialist USA The World Bank Phone: (202) 586-1524 1818 H. Street NW Fax: (202) 586-3047 Washington, DC, USA E-mail: larisa.dorbriansky@hq.doe.gov Phone: 202-473-0219 E-mail: tkennedy@worldbank.org Mr Eduardo Dopazo The World Bank Ms Susan Goldmark USA Energy Sector Manager, LAC E-mail: edopazo@worldbank.org The World Bank USA Ms Gabriela Elizondo Azuela E-mail: sgoldmark@worldbank.org Senior Energy Specialist The World Bank Mr Leonard Good 1818 H Street Chief Executive Officer and Chairman Washington, DC, USA Global Environment Facility Phone: (202) 456 5392 1818 H Street NW Fax: (202) 676 1821 MSN G-6-602 E-mail: gazuela@worldbank.org Washington, DC, USA Phone: 202-473-3202 Mr Daniel Farchy Fax: 202-522-3240 JPA Latin America Energy Cluster E-mail: lgood@thegef.org The World Bank USA Ms Janice G Hamrin MSN I5-502 Executive Director 1818 H St. NW Center for Resource Solutions Washington, DC, 20433 USA Phone: +1 202 413 1032 E-mail: jhamrin@resource-solutions.org E-mail: dfarchy@worldbank.org 83 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Mr Richard Hosier Ms María Hilda Rivera-Ramirez Team Leader, Climate and Chemicals Energy Engineer Global Environment Facility Energy and Security Group 1818 H St NW Washington, DC, USA Room G-6055 Phone: 703-689-4670 x115 Washington, DC, USA Fax: 703-689-4427 Phone: (202)458-0290 E-mail: maria@energyandsecurity.com Fax: (202)522-3240 E-mail: rhosier@thegef.org Ms Jodie Roussell Associate Director Mr Peter Johansen American Council on Renewable Energy (ACORE) The World Bank PO Box 33518 USA Washington, DC 20006 E-mail: pjohansen@worldbank.org USA Phone: +1.202.393.0001 x 7584 Mr Todd Milo Johnson Fax: +1.202.393.0606 Senior Energy Specialist E-mail: roussell@acore.org The World Bank 1818 H Street Mr Jamal Saghir Washington, DC, USA Director, Energy and Water Phone: 01-202-458-2435 The World Bank E-mail: tjohnson@worldbank.org 1818 H. Street NW Washington, DC, USA Mr Morgan Landy E-mail: jsaghir@worldbank.org Manager of Renewable Energy and Public Private Partnerships Mr Miguel Angel Sernas Morales IFC Infrastructure Department GE Energy USA Marietta, GA E-mail: mlandy@ifc.org 1176 Stream View Way 30062 USA Ms Debora Ley Phone: 678 844 5111 1112 Sagebrush Tr. SE E-mail: miguel.sernas@ge.com Albuquerque, NM, USA Phone: 001-505-332-0432 Ms Judith Siegel E-mail: debbieannley@yahoo.com President Energy and Security Group Mr Lew Milford Reston, VA, USA President Phone: 703-464-0561 Clean Energy Group E-mail: judy@energyandsecurity.com USA E-mail: lmilford@cleanegroup.org Ms Katherine Sierra Vice-President, Infrastructure Mr Gustavo Perez The World Bank Sr. Community Development Specialist Washington, DC, USA City of Chula Vista E-mail: ksierra@worldbank.org 276 Fourth Avenue Chula Vista, CA 91910 Mr Griffin Thompson USA Senior Energy Advisor E-mail: gperez@ci.chula-vista.ca.us US Department of State 2201 C Street NW Suite 7821 Washington, DC, USA Phone: 202 647-1139 E-mail: ThompsonGM@state.gov 84 APPENDIX II: PARTICIPANT LIST Ms Xiaodong Wang Dr Maria Luise Christine Woerlen Energy Specialist GEF The World Bank MSN G6 - 602 USA 1818 H Street E-mail: xwang1@worldbank.org Washington, DC, USA Phone: +1 202 473 5196 Mr Mark Webster Fax: +1 202 522 3240 Managing Director E-mail: cwoerlen@thegef.org EESD, LLC 1208 Princess Street Mr Dana Younger Alexandria, VA, USA Senior Adviser, Renewable Energy and Sustainability, Phone: +1 703 582 0070 Infrastructure Department Fax: +1 703 997 1326 International Finance Corporation E-mail: mark.webster@eesd.com USA E-mail: dyounger@ifc.org 85 List of Formal Reports on Completed Activities Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA (AFR) Africa Regional Anglophone Africa Household Energy Workshop (English) 07/88 085/88 Regional Power Seminar on Reducing Electric Power System Losses in Africa (English) 08/88 087/88 Institutional Evaluation of EGL (English) 02/89 098/89 Biomass Mapping Regional Workshops (English) 05/89 -- Francophone Household Energy Workshop (French) 08/89 -- Interafrican Electrical Engineering College: Proposals for Short- and Long-Term Development (English) 03/90 112/90 Biomass Assessment and Mapping (English) 03/90 -- Symposium on Power Sector Reform and Efficiency Improvement in Sub-Saharan Africa (English) 06/96 182/96 Commercialization of Marginal Gas Fields (English) 12/97 201/97 Commercializing Natural Gas: Lessons from the Seminar in Nairobi for Sub-Saharan Africa and Beyond 01/00 225/00 Africa Gas Initiative -- Main Report: Volume I 02/01 240/01 First World Bank Workshop on the Petroleum Products Sector in Sub-Saharan Africa 09/01 245/01 Ministerial Workshop on Women in Energy 10/01 250/01 and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from a Multi-Sector 03/03 266/03 and Multi-Stakeholder Workshop Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, October 23-25, 2002 Opportunities for Power Trade in the Nile Basin: Final Scoping Study 01/04 277/04 Énergies modernes et réduction de la pauvreté: Un atelier multi-sectoriel. Actes de l'atelier régional. Dakar, Sénégal, du 4 au 6 février 2003 (French Only) 01/04 278/04 Énergies modernes et réduction de la pauvreté: Un atelier multi-sectoriel. Actes de l'atelier régional. Douala, Cameroun 09/04 286/04 du 16-18 juillet 2003. (French Only) Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshops held in Africa 01/05 298/05 Power Sector Reform in Africa: Assessing the Impact on Poor People 08/05 306/05 The Vulnerability of African Countries to Oil Price Shocks: Major 08/05 308/05 Factors and Policy Options. The Case of Oil Importing Countries Angola Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 05/89 4708-ANG Power Rehabilitation and Technical Assistance (English) 10/91 142/91 Africa Gas Initiative - Angola: Volume II 02/01 240/01 87 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Benin Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/85 5222-BEN Botswana Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 4998-BT Pump Electrification Prefeasibility Study (English) 01/86 047/86 Review of Electricity Service Connection Policy (English) 07/87 071/87 Tuli Block Farms Electrification Study (English) 07/87 072/87 Household Energy Issues Study (English) 02/88 -- Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 05/91 132/91 Burkina Faso Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/86 5730-BUR Technical Assistance Program (English) 03/86 052/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 06/91 134/91 Burundi Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3778-BU Petroleum Supply Management (English) 01/84 012/84 Burundi Status Report (English and French) 02/84 011/84 Presentation of Energy Projects for the Fourth Five Year Plan (1983-1987) (English and French) 05/85 036/85 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 09/85 042/85 Peat Utilization Project (English) 11/85 046/85 Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/92 9215-BU Cameroon Africa Gas Initiative ­ Cameroon: Volume III 02/01 240/01 Cape Verde Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5073-CV Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 110/90 Central African Republic Energy Assessment (French) 08/92 9898-CAR Chad Elements of Strategy for Urban Household Energy The Case of N'djamena (French) 12/93 160/94 Comoros Energy Assessment (English and French) 01/88 7104-COM In Search of Better Ways to Develop Solar Markets: The Case of Comoros 05/00 230/00 Congo Energy Assessment (English) 01/88 6420-COB Power Development Plan (English and French) 03/90 106/90 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Congo: Volume IV 02/01 240/01 Côte d'Ivoire Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5250-IVC Improved Biomass Utilization (English and French) 04/87 069/87 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 Power Sector Efficiency Study (French) 02/92 140/91 Project of Energy Efficiency in Buildings (English) 09/95 175/95 Africa Gas Initiative ­ Côte d'Ivoire: Volume V 02/01 240/01 Ethiopia Energy Assessment (English) 07/84 4741-ET Power System Efficiency Study (English) 10/85 045/85 Agricultural Residue Briquetting Pilot Project (English) 12/86 062/86 Bagasse Study (English) 12/86 063/86 Cooking Efficiency Project (English) 12/87 Energy Assessment (English) 02/96 179/96 Gabon Energy Assessment (English) 07/88 6915-GA Africa Gas Initiative ­ Gabon: Volume VI 02/01 240/01 The Gambia Energy Assessment (English) 11/83 4743-GM Solar Water Heating Retrofit Project (English) 02/85 030/85 Solar Photovoltaic Applications (English) 03/85 032/85 Petroleum Supply Management Assistance (English) 04/85 035/85 88 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Ghana Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6234-GH Energy Rationalization in the Industrial Sector (English) 06/88 084/88 Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 11/88 074/87 Industrial Energy Efficiency (English) 11/92 148/92 Corporatization of Distribution Concessions through Capitalization 12/03 272/03 Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 11/86 6137-GUI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 01/94 163/94 Guinea Bissau Energy Assessment (English and Portuguese) 08/84 5083-GUB Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English & Portuguese) 04/85 033/85 Management Options for the Electric Power and Water Supply Subsectors (English) 02/90 100/90 Power and Water Institutional Restructuring (French) 04/91 118/91 Kenya Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3800 KE Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/84 014/84 Status Report (English) 05/84 016/84 Coal Conversion Action Plan (English) 02/87 -- Kenya Solar Water Heating Study (English) 02/87 066/87 Peri-Urban Woodfuel Development (English) 10/87 076/87 Power Master Plan (English) 11/87 -- Power Loss Reduction Study (English) 09/96 186/96 Implementation Manual: Financing Mechanisms for Solar Electric Equipment 07/00 231/00 Lesotho Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4676-LSO Liberia Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 5279-LBR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 06/85 038/85 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/87 081/87 Madagascar Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 5700-MAG Power System Efficiency Study (English and French) 12/87 075/87 Environmental Impact of Woodfuels (French) 10/95 176/95 Malawi Energy Assessment (English) 08/82 3903-MAL Technical Assistance to Improve the Efficiency of Fuelwood Use in the Tobacco Industry (English) 11/83 009/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 013/84 Mali Energy Assessment (English and French) 11/91 8423-MLI Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 03/92 147/92 Islamic Republic of Mauritania Energy Assessment (English and French) 04/85 5224-MAU Household Energy Strategy Study (English and French) 07/90 123/90 Mauritius Energy Assessment (English) 12/81 3510-MAS Status Report (English) 10/83 008/83 Power System Efficiency Audit (English) 05/87 070/87 Bagasse Power Potential (English) 10/87 077/87 Energy Sector Review (English) 12/94 3643-MAS Mozambique Energy Assessment (English) 01/87 6128-MOZ Household Electricity Utilization Study (English) 03/90 113/90 Electricity Tariffs Study (English) 06/96 181/96 Sample Survey of Low Voltage Electricity Customers 06/97 195/97 Namibia Energy Assessment (English) 03/93 11320-NAM 89 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Niger Energy Assessment (French) 05/84 4642-NIR Status Report (English and French) 02/86 051/86 Improved Stoves Project (English and French) 12/87 080/87 Household Energy Conservation and Substitution (English and French) 01/88 082/88 Nigeria Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4440-UNI Energy Assessment (English) 07/93 11672-UNI Strategic Gas Plan 02/04 279/04 Rwanda Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3779-RW Status Report (English and French) 05/84 017/84 Improved Charcoal Cookstove Strategy (English and French) 08/86 059/86 Improved Charcoal Production Techniques (English and French) 02/87 065/87 Energy Assessment (English and French) 07/91 8017-RW Commercialization of Improved Charcoal Stoves and Carbonization Techniques Mid-Term Progress Report (English and French) 12/91 141/91 SADC SADC Regional Power Interconnection Study, Vols. I-IV (English) 12/93 - SADCC SADCC Regional Sector: Regional Capacity-Building Program for Energy Surveys and Policy Analysis (English) 11/91 - Sao Tome and Principe Energy Assessment (English) 10/85 5803-STP Senegal Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4182-SE Status Report (English and French) 10/84 025/84 Senegal Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 05/85 037/85 Preparatory Assistance for Donor Meeting (English and French) 04/86 056/86 Urban Household Energy Strategy (English) 02/89 096/89 Industrial Energy Conservation Program (English) 05/94 165/94 Seychelles Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4693-SEY Electric Power System Efficiency Study (English) 08/84 021/84 Sierra Leone Energy Assessment (English) 10/87 6597-SL Somalia Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5796-SO Republic of South Africa Options for the Structure and Regulation of Natural Gas Industry (English) 05/95 172/95 Sudan Management Assistance to the Ministry of Energy and Mining 05/83 003/83 Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4511-SU Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/84 018/84 Status Report (English) 11/84 026/84 Wood Energy/Forestry Feasibility (English) 07/87 073/87 Swaziland Energy Assessment (English) 02/87 6262-SW Household Energy Strategy Study 10/97 198/97 Tanzania Energy Assessment (English) 11/84 4969-TA Peri-Urban Woodfuels Feasibility Study (English) 08/88 086/88 Tobacco Curing Efficiency Study (English) 05/89 102/89 Remote Sensing and Mapping of Woodlands (English) 06/90 -- Industrial Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance (English) 08/90 122/90 Power Loss Reduction Volume 1: Transmission and Distribution System Technical Loss Reduction and Network Development (English) 06/98 204A/98 Power Loss Reduction Volume 2: Reduction of Non-Technical Losses (English) 06/98 204B/98 90 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Togo Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5221-TO Wood Recovery in the Nangbeto Lake (English and French) 04/86 055/86 Power Efficiency Improvement (English and French) 12/87 078/87 Uganda Energy Assessment (English) 07/83 4453-UG Status Report (English) 08/84 020/84 Institutional Review of the Energy Sector (English) 01/85 029/85 Energy Efficiency in Tobacco Curing Industry (English) 02/86 049/86 Fuelwood/Forestry Feasibility Study (English) 03/86 053/86 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 092/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Brick and Tile Industry (English) 02/89 097/89 Tobacco Curing Pilot Project (English) 03/89 UNDP Terminal Report Energy Assessment (English) 12/96 193/96 Rural Electrification Strategy Study 09/99 221/99 Zaire Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5837-ZR Zambia Energy Assessment (English) 01/83 4110-ZA Status Report (English) 08/85 039/85 Energy Sector Institutional Review (English) 11/86 060/86 Power Subsector Efficiency Study (English) 02/89 093/88 Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/89 094/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 08/90 121/90 Zimbabwe Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3765-ZIM Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 005/83 Status Report (English) 08/84 019/84 Power Sector Management Assistance Project (English) 04/85 034/85 Zimbabwe Power Sector Management Institution Building (English) 09/89 -- Petroleum Management Assistance (English) 12/89 109/89 Charcoal Utilization Pre-feasibility Study (English) 06/90 119/90 Integrated Energy Strategy Evaluation (English) 01/92 8768-ZIM Energy Efficiency Technical Assistance Project: Strategic Framework for a National Energy Efficiency Improvement Program (English) 04/94 -- Capacity Building for the National Energy Efficiency Improvement Programme (NEEIP) (English) 12/94 -- Rural Electrification Study 03/00 228/00 EAST ASIA AND PACIFIC (EAP) Asia Regional Pacific Household and Rural Energy Seminar (English) 11/90 -- China County-Level Rural Energy Assessments (English) 05/89 101/89 Fuelwood Forestry Preinvestment Study (English) 12/89 105/89 Strategic Options for Power Sector Reform in China (English) 07/93 156/93 Energy Efficiency and Pollution Control in Township and Village Enterprises (TVE) Industry (English) 11/94 168/94 Energy for Rural Development in China: An Assessment Based on a Joint Chinese/ESMAP Study in Six Counties (English) 06/96 183/96 Improving the Technical Efficiency of Decentralized Power Companies 09/99 222/99 Air Pollution and Acid Rain Control: The Case of Shijiazhuang City 10/03 267/03 and the Changsha Triangle Area 91 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Toward a Sustainable Coal Sector In China 07/04 287/04 Demand Side Management in a Restructured Industry: How Regulation and Policy Can Deliver Demand-Side Management Benefits to a Growing Economy and a Changing Power System 12/05 314/05 Fiji Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4462-FIJ Indonesia Energy Assessment (English) 11/81 3543-IND Status Report (English) 09/84 022/84 Power Generation Efficiency Study (English) 02/86 050/86 Energy Efficiency in the Brick, Tile and Lime Industries (English) 04/87 067/87 Diesel Generating Plant Efficiency Study (English) 12/88 095/88 Urban Household Energy Strategy Study (English) 02/90 107/90 Biomass Gasifier Preinvestment Study Vols. I & II (English) 12/90 124/90 Prospects for Biomass Power Generation with Emphasis on Palm Oil, Sugar, Rubberwood and Plywood Residues (English) 11/94 167/94 Lao PDR Urban Electricity Demand Assessment Study (English) 03/93 154/93 Institutional Development for Off-Grid Electrification 06/99 215/99 Malaysia Sabah Power System Efficiency Study (English) 03/87 068/87 Gas Utilization Study (English) 09/91 9645-MA Mongolia Energy Efficiency in the Electricity and District Heating Sectors 10/01 247/01 Improved Space Heating Stoves for Ulaanbaatar 03/02 254/02 Impact of Improved Stoves on Indoor Air Quality in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia 11/05 313/05 Myanmar Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5416-BA Papua New Guinea Energy Assessment (English) 06/82 3882-PNG Papua New Guinea Status Report (English) 07/83 006/83 Institutional Review in the Energy Sector (English) 10/84 023/84 Power Tariff Study (English) 10/84 024/84 Philippines Commercial Potential for Power Production from Agricultural Residues (English) 12/93 157/93 Energy Conservation Study (English) 08/94 -- Strengthening the Non-Conventional and Rural Energy Development Program in the Philippines: A Policy Framework and Action Plan 08/01 243/01 Rural Electrification and Development in the Philippines: Measuring the Social and Economic Benefits 05/02 255/02 Solomon Islands Energy Assessment (English) 06/83 4404-SOL Energy Assessment (English) 01/92 979-SOL South Pacific Petroleum Transport in the South Pacific (English) 05/86 -- Thailand Energy Assessment (English) 09/85 5793-TH Rural Energy Issues and Options (English) 09/85 044/85 Accelerated Dissemination of Improved Stoves and Charcoal Kilns (English) 09/87 079/87 Northeast Region Village Forestry and Woodfuels Preinvestment Study (English) 02/88 083/88 Impact of Lower Oil Prices (English) 08/88 -- Coal Development and Utilization Study (English) 10/89 -- 92 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Why Liberalization May Stall in a Mature Power Market: A Review 12/03 270/03 of the Technical and Political Economy Factors that Constrained the Electricity Sector Reform in Thailand 1998-2002 Reducing Emissions from Motorcycles in Bangkok 10/03 275/03 Tonga Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5498-TON Vanuatu Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5577-VA Vietnam Rural and Household Energy-Issues and Options (English) 01/94 161/94 Power Sector Reform and Restructuring in Vietnam: Final Report to the Steering Committee (English and Vietnamese) 09/95 174/95 Household Energy Technical Assistance: Improved Coal Briquetting and Commercialized Dissemination of Higher Efficiency Biomass and Coal Stoves (English) 01/96 178/96 Petroleum Fiscal Issues and Policies for Fluctuating Oil Prices In Vietnam 02/01 236/01 An Overnight Success: Vietnam's Switch to Unleaded Gasoline 08/02 257/02 The Electricity Law for Vietnam -- Status and Policy Issues -- The Socialist Republic of Vietnam 08/02 259/02 Petroleum Sector Technical Assistance for the Revision of the 12/03 269/03 Existing Legal and Regulatory Framework Western Samoa Energy Assessment (English) 06/85 5497-WSO SOUTH ASIA (SAS) Bangladesh Energy Assessment (English) 10/82 3873-BD Priority Investment Program (English) 05/83 002/83 Status Report (English) 04/84 015/84 Power System Efficiency Study (English) 02/85 031/85 Small Scale Uses of Gas Pre-feasibility Study (English) 12/88 -- Reducing Emissions from Baby-Taxis in Dhaka 01/02 253/02 India Opportunities for Commercialization of Non-conventional Energy Systems (English) 11/88 091/88 Maharashtra Bagasse Energy Efficiency Project (English) 07/90 120/90 Mini-Hydro Development on Irrigation Dams and Canal Drops Vols. I, II and III (English) 07/91 139/91 WindFarm Pre-Investment Study (English) 12/92 150/92 Power Sector Reform Seminar (English) 04/94 166/94 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector (English) 06/98 205/98 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Manual for Environmental Decision Making (English) 06/99 213/99 Household Energy Strategies for Urban India: The Case of Hyderabad 06/99 214/99 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation In the Power Sector: Case Studies From India 02/01 237/01 Energy Strategies for Rural India: Evidence from Six States 08/02 258/02 Household Energy, Indoor Air Pollution, and Health 11/02 261/02 Access of the Poor to Clean Household Fuels 07/03 263/03 The Impact of Energy on Women's Lives in Rural India 01/04 276/04 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Long-Term Impacts And Policy Options for Rajasthan 10/04 292/04 Environmental Issues in the Power Sector: Long-Term Impacts 10/04 293/04 And Policy Options for Karnataka 93 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Nepal Energy Assessment (English) 08/83 4474-NEP Status Report (English) 01/85 028/84 Energy Efficiency & Fuel Substitution in Industries (English) 06/93 158/93 Pakistan Household Energy Assessment (English) 05/88 -- Assessment of Photovoltaic Programs, Applications, and Markets (English) 10/89 103/89 National Household Energy Survey and Strategy Formulation Study: Project Terminal Report (English) 03/94 -- Managing the Energy Transition (English) 10/94 -- Lighting Efficiency Improvement Program Phase 1: Commercial Buildings Five Year Plan (English) 10/94 -- Clean Fuels 10/01 246/01 Household Use of Commercial Energy 05/06 320/06 Regional Toward Cleaner Urban Air in South Asia: Tackling Transport 03/04 281/04 Pollution, Understanding Sources. Sri Lanka Energy Assessment (English) 05/82 3792-CE Power System Loss Reduction Study (English) 07/83 007/83 Status Report (English) 01/84 010/84 Industrial Energy Conservation Study (English) 03/86 054/86 Sustainable Transport Options for Sri Lanka: Vol. I 02/03 262/03 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Options in the Sri Lanka Power Sector: Vol. II 02/03 262/03 Sri Lanka Electric Power Technology Assessment (SLEPTA): Vol. III 02/03 262/03 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from South Asia 11/03 268/03 Practitioners Workshop How Can Modern Energy Services Contribute to Poverty Reduction? Colombo, Sri Lanka, June 2-4, 2003 EUROPE AND CENTRAL ASIA (ECA) Armenia Development of Heat Strategies for Urban Areas of Low-income 04/04 282/04 Transition Economies. Urban Heating Strategy for the Republic Of Armenia. Including a Summary of a Heating Strategy for the Kyrgyz Republic Bulgaria Natural Gas Policies and Issues (English) 10/96 188/96 Energy Environment Review 10/02 260/02 Central Asia and The Caucasus Cleaner Transport Fuels in Central Asia and the Caucasus 08/01 242/01 Central and Eastern Europe Power Sector Reform in Selected Countries 07/97 196/97 Increasing the Efficiency of Heating Systems in Central and Eastern Europe and the Former Soviet Union (English and Russian) 08/00 234/00 The Future of Natural Gas in Eastern Europe (English) 08/92 149/92 Kazakhstan Natural Gas Investment Study, Volumes 1, 2 & 3 12/97 199/97 Kazakhstan & Kyrgyzstan Opportunities for Renewable Energy Development 11/97 16855-KAZ Poland Energy Sector Restructuring Program Vols. I-V (English) 01/93 153/93 Natural Gas Upstream Policy (English and Polish) 08/98 206/98 Energy Sector Restructuring Program: Establishing the Energy Regulation Authority 10/98 208/98 Portugal Energy Assessment (English) 04/84 4824-PO 94 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Romania Natural Gas Development Strategy (English) 12/96 192/96 Private Sector Participation in Market-Based Energy-Efficiency 11/03 274/03 Financing Schemes: Lessons Learned from Romania and International Experiences. Slovenia Workshop on Private Participation in the Power Sector (English) 02/99 211/99 Turkey Energy Assessment (English) 03/83 3877-TU Energy and the Environment: Issues and Options Paper 04/00 229/00 Energy and Environment Review: Synthesis Report 12/03 273/03 MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) Arab Republic of Egypt Energy Assessment (English) 10/96 189/96 Energy Assessment (English and French) 03/84 4157-MOR Status Report (English and French) 01/86 048/86 Morocco Energy Sector Institutional Development Study (English and French) 07/95 173/95 Natural Gas Pricing Study (French) 10/98 209/98 Gas Development Plan Phase II (French) 02/99 210/99 Syria Energy Assessment (English) 05/86 5822-SYR Electric Power Efficiency Study (English) 09/88 089/88 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Cement Sector (English) 04/89 099/89 Energy Efficiency Improvement in the Fertilizer Sector (English) 06/90 115/90 Tunisia Fuel Substitution (English and French) 03/90 -- Power Efficiency Study (English and French) 02/92 136/91 Energy Management Strategy in the Residential and Tertiary Sectors (English) 04/92 146/92 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume I (French) 11/96 190A/96 Renewable Energy Strategy Study, Volume II (French) 11/96 190B/96 Rural Electrification in Tunisia: National Commitment, Efficient Implementation and Sound Finances 08/05 307/05 Yemen Energy Assessment (English) 12/84 4892-YAR Energy Investment Priorities (English) 02/87 6376-YAR Household Energy Strategy Study Phase I (English) 03/91 126/91 Household Energy Supply and Use in Yemen. Volume I: Main Report and Volume II: Annexes 12/05 315/05 LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN REGION (LCR) LCR Regional Regional Seminar on Electric Power System Loss Reduction in the Caribbean (English) 07/89 -- Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 04/97 194/97 Elimination of Lead in Gasoline in Latin America and the Caribbean - Status Report (English and Spanish) 12/97 200/97 Harmonization of Fuels Specifications in Latin America and the Caribbean (English and Spanish) 06/98 203/98 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop held in Bolivia 06/05 202/05 Power Sector Reform and the Rural Poor in Central America 12/04 297/04 Estudio Comparativo Sobre la Distribución de la Renta Petrolera en Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador y Perú 08/05 304/05 95 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number OECS Energy Sector Reform and Renewable Energy/Energy 02/06 317/06 Efficiency Options The Landfill Gas-to-Energy Initiative for Latin America and the Caribbean 02/06 318/06 Bolivia Energy Assessment (English) 04/83 4213-BO National Energy Plan (English) 12/87 -- La Paz Private Power Technical Assistance (English) 11/90 111/90 Pre-feasibility Evaluation Rural Electrification and Demand Assessment (English and Spanish) 04/91 129/91 National Energy Plan (Spanish) 08/91 131/91 Private Power Generation and Transmission (English) 01/92 137/91 Natural Gas Distribution: Economics and Regulation (English) 03/92 125/92 Natural Gas Sector Policies and Issues (English and Spanish) 12/93 164/93 Household Rural Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 01/94 162/94 Preparation of Capitalization of the Hydrocarbon Sector 12/96 191/96 Introducing Competition into the Electricity Supply Industry in Developing Countries: Lessons from Bolivia 08/00 233/00 Final Report on Operational Activities Rural Energy and Energy Efficiency 08/00 235/00 Oil Industry Training for Indigenous People: The Bolivian Experience (English and Spanish) 09/01 244/01 Capacitación de Pueblos Indígenas en la Actividad Petrolera. Fase II 07/04 290/04 Boliva-Brazil Best Practices in Mainstreaming Environmental & Social Safeguards Into Gas Pipeline Projects 07/06 322/06 Estudio Sobre Aplicaciones en Pequeña Escala de Gas Natural 07/04 291/04 Brazil Energy Efficiency & Conservation: Strategic Partnership for Energy Efficiency in Brazil (English) 01/95 170/95 Hydro and Thermal Power Sector Study 09/97 197/97 Rural Electrification with Renewable Energy Systems in the Northeast: A Preinvestment Study 07/00 232/00 Reducing Energy Costs in Municipal Water Supply Operations 07/03 265/03 "Learning-while-doing" Energy M&T on the Brazilian Frontlines Chile Energy Sector Review (English) 08/88 7129-CH Colombia Energy Strategy Paper (English) 12/86 -- Power Sector Restructuring (English) 11/94 169/94 Energy Efficiency Report for the Commercial and Public Sector (English) 06/96 184/96 Costa Rica Energy Assessment (English and Spanish) 01/84 4655-CR Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 11/84 027/84 Forest Residues Utilization Study (English and Spanish) 02/90 108/90 Dominican Republic Energy Assessment (English) 05/91 8234-DO Ecuador Energy Assessment (Spanish) 12/85 5865-EC Energy Strategy Phase I (Spanish) 07/88 -- Energy Strategy (English) 04/91 -- Private Mini-hydropower Development Study (English) 11/92 -- Energy Pricing Subsidies and Interfuel Substitution (English) 08/94 11798-EC Energy Pricing, Poverty and Social Mitigation (English) 08/94 12831-EC Guatemala Issues and Options in the Energy Sector (English) 09/93 12160-GU Health Impacts of Traditional Fuel Use 08/04 284/04 96 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number Haiti Energy Assessment (English and French) 06/82 3672-HA Status Report (English and French) 08/85 041/85 Household Energy Strategy (English and French) 12/91 143/91 Honduras Energy Assessment (English) 08/87 6476-HO Petroleum Supply Management (English) 03/91 128/91 Jamaica Energy Assessment (English) 04/85 5466-JM Petroleum Procurement, Refining, and Distribution Study (English) 11/86 061/86 Energy Efficiency Building Code Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Energy Efficiency Standards and Labels Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Management Information System Phase I (English) 03/88 -- Charcoal Production Project (English) 09/88 090/88 FIDCO Sawmill Residues Utilization Study (English) 09/88 088/88 Energy Sector Strategy and Investment Planning Study (English) 07/92 135/92 Mexico Improved Charcoal Production Within Forest Management for the State of Veracruz (English and Spanish) 08/91 138/91 Energy Efficiency Management Technical Assistance to the Comisión Nacional para el Ahorro de Energía (CONAE) (English) 04/96 180/96 Energy Environment Review 05/01 241/01 Nicaragua Modernizing the Fuelwood Sector in Managua and León 12/01 252/01 Policy & Strategy for the Promotion of RE Policies in Nicaragua. (Contains CD with 3 complementary reports) 01/06 316/06 Panama Power System Efficiency Study (English) 06/83 004/83 Paraguay Energy Assessment (English) 10/84 5145-PA Recommended Technical Assistance Projects (English) 09/85 Status Report (English and Spanish) 09/85 043/85 Reforma del Sector Hidrocarburos (Spanish Only) 03/06 319/06 Peru Energy Assessment (English) 01/84 4677-PE Status Report (English) 08/85 040/85 Proposal for a Stove Dissemination Program in the Sierra (English and Spanish) 02/87 064/87 Energy Strategy (English and Spanish) 12/90 -- Study of Energy Taxation and Liberalization Peru of the Hydrocarbons Sector (English and Spanish) 120/93 159/93 Reform and Privatization in the Hydrocarbon Sector (English and Spanish) 07/99 216/99 Rural Electrification 02/01 238/01 Saint Lucia Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5111-SLU St. Vincent and the Grenadines Energy Assessment (English) 09/84 5103-STV Sub Andean Environmental and Social Regulation of Oil and Gas Operations in Sensitive Areas of the Sub-Andean Basin (English and Spanish) 07/99 217/99 Trinidad and Tobago Energy Assessment (English) 12/85 5930-TR 97 MEXICO: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL GRID-CONNECTED RENEWABLE ENERGY POLICY FORUM Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number GLOBAL Energy End Use Efficiency: Research and Strategy (English) 11/89 -- Women and Energy -A Resource Guide The International Network: Policies and Experience (English) 04/90 -- Guidelines for Utility Customer Management and Metering (English and Spanish) 07/91 -- Assessment of Personal Computer Models for Energy Planning in Developing Countries (English) 10/91 -- Long-Term Gas Contracts Principles and Applications (English) 02/93 152/93 Comparative Behavior of Firms Under Public and Private Ownership (English) 05/93 155/93 Development of Regional Electric Power Networks (English) 10/94 -- Round-table on Energy Efficiency (English) 02/95 171/95 Assessing Pollution Abatement Policies with a Case Study of Ankara (English) 11/95 177/95 A Synopsis of the Third Annual Round-table on Independent Power Projects: Rhetoric and Reality (English) 08/96 187/96 Rural Energy and Development Round-table (English) 05/98 202/98 A Synopsis of the Second Round-table on Energy Efficiency: Institutional and Financial Delivery Mechanisms (English) 09/98 207/98 The Effect of a Shadow Price on Carbon Emission in the Energy Portfolio of the World Bank: A Carbon Backcasting Exercise (English) 02/99 212/99 Increasing the Efficiency of Gas Distribution Phase 1: Case Studies and Thematic Data Sheets 07/99 218/99 Global Energy Sector Reform in Developing Countries: A Scorecard 07/99 219/99 Global Lighting Services for the Poor Phase II: Text Marketing of Small "Solar" Batteries for Rural Electrification Purposes 08/99 220/99 A Review of the Renewable Energy Activities of the UNDP/ World Bank Energy Sector Management Assistance Program 1993 to 1998 11/99 223/99 Energy, Transportation and Environment: Policy Options for Environmental Improvement 12/99 224/99 Privatization, Competition and Regulation in the British Electricity Industry, With Implications for Developing Countries 02/00 226/00 Reducing the Cost of Grid Extension for Rural Electrification 02/00 227/00 Undeveloped Oil and Gas Fields in the Industrializing World 02/01 239/01 Best Practice Manual: Promoting Decentralized Electrification Investment 10/01 248/01 Peri-Urban Electricity Consumers -- A Forgotten but Important Group: What Can We Do to Electrify Them? 10/01 249/01 Village Power 2000: Empowering People and Transforming Markets 10/01 251/01 Private Financing for Community Infrastructure 05/02 256/02 Stakeholder Involvement in Options Assessment: 07/03 264/03 Promoting Dialogue in Meeting Water and Energy Needs: A Sourcebook 98 LIST OF FORMAL REPORTS ON COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Region/Country Activity/Report Title Date Number A Review of ESMAP's Energy Efficiency Portfolio 11/03 271/03 A Review of ESMAP's Rural Energy and Renewable Energy 04/04 280/04 Portfolio ESMAP Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Reports 05/04 283/04 1998-2004 (CD Only) Regulation of Associated Gas Flaring and Venting: A Global 08/04 285/04 Overview and Lessons Learned from International Experience ESMAP Gender in Energy Reports and Other related Information 11/04 288/04 (CD Only) ESMAP Indoor Air Pollution Reports and Other related Information 11/04 289/04 (CD Only) Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop on the Pre-Investment Funding. Berlin, Germany, April 23-24, 2003. 11/04 294/04 Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Annual Report 2003 12/04 295/04 Energy and Poverty Reduction: Proceedings from the Global Village Energy Partnership (GVEP) Workshop on Consumer Lending and Microfinance to Expand Access to Energy Services, Manila, Philippines, May 19-21, 2004 12/04 296/04 The Impact of Higher Oil Prices on Low Income Countries 03/05 299/05 And on the Poor Advancing Bioenergy for Sustainable Development: Guideline 04/05 300/05 For Policymakers and Investors ESMAP Rural Energy Reports 1999-2005 03/05 301/05 Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Financing and Policy Network: Options Study and Proceedings of the International Forum 07/05 303/05 Implementing Power Rationing in a Sensible Way: Lessons 08/05 305/05 Learned and International Best Practices The Urban Household Energy Transition. Joint Report with 08/05 309/05 RFF Press/ESMAP. ISBN 1-933115-07-6 Pioneering New Approaches in Support of Sustainable Development In the Extractive Sector: Community Development Toolkit, also Includes a CD containing Supporting Reports 10/05 310/05 Analysis of Power Projects with Private Participation Under Stress 10/05 311/05 Potential for Biofuels for Transport in Developing Countries 10/05 312/05 Experiences with Oil Funds: Institutional and Financial Aspects 06/06 321/06 Coping with Higher Oil Prices 06/06 323/06 Proceedings of the Grid-Connected RE Policy Forum (with CD) 08/06 324/06 Last Report included in this list 324/06 99 Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA Tel: 1.202.458.2321 Fax: 1.202.522.3018 Internet: www.worldbank.org/esmap E-mail: esmap@worldbank.org