THE 85512 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 12 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2013 INSIDE 24X7 water supply under the Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Three Karnataka towns lead the way in providing Project 1-6 How India weathered cyclone Phailin 7 Development Dialogue: A path to end poverty 8-9 24/7 water supply ICR Update: Mizoram State S Roads Project 10-12 eventy eight year old Basavannevva Shelavadi peers happily Interview, Recent Project through her foggy glasses at the new tap in front of the makeshift Approvals and Signings room in which she lives along with her young grandson. Although she 13-14 first moved to the city 48 years ago, this is the first time that this frail New Additions to the Public woman has seen clean water gush out unceasingly at the turn of a tap Information Center 15-27 outside her front door. “The water makes me so happy,” she beams, Contact Information 28 unable to conceal her delight. About the photograph: Seventy eight year old Until five years ago, this scavenger slum on the outskirts of Dharwad Basavannevva Shelavadi at her home in Dharwad town town in northern Karnataka had only one tap for its teeming residents. in Northern Karnataka And water flowed through it just once every eight to ten days. Photograph by Graham Crouch For on her relatives to fetch water, the old lady Basavannevva bathed just once in fifteen days, an ordeal Shelavadi, in the scorching summer heat of southern regular access India. It was even more difficult for this to clean water devotee of the goddess Yellamma - the most has been life-changing favored deity in northern Karnataka – as she was unable to bathe before performing her morning prayers and applying the fresh red ‘tilak’ on her forehead as a mark of true worship. Then, in 2008, things began to change. A World Bank project—Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project—came on stream, providing 24/7 water supply in specific ‘demo-zones’ on the outskirts of three major Karnataka towns – Hubli- Dharwad, Belgaum, and Gulbarga. This was one of the first such experiments to bring uninterrupted water supply to an Indian town, where irregular water flows have long been the norm and citizens have had to devise an array of coping strategies to deal Basavannevva, married when she was eight with the chronic shortages. years old, would wake at 4 in the morning and walk for nearly 2 kilometers to reach For Basavannevva, the regular access to the tap; there she would line up for hours to clean water has been life-changing. “I can draw a small pot of water. Many a time the finally bathe every day and clean my house water ran out by the time her turn came, and thoroughly,” says the determined lady, her fights were common. Even on days when spotless blue and white sari a testament to she managed to fill her pot, the water was the hygiene she now enjoys. mostly rife with floating particles, making it Her large extended family shares the unfit for drinking and cooking, even after a common monthly bill of Rs.200, and feels good boil. it is a small sum to pay for the enormous Now widowed and alone and dependent difference the water makes to their lives. The Karnataka Urban Water Sector Improvement Project is providing 24X7 water supply in specific demo zones on the outskirts of three major towns in Karnataka’s Hubli- Dharwad- Belgaum & Gulbarga 12 2 The World Bank in India • November 2013 Roopa Venkatesh Mali shows off her water supply at her home in the demonstration zone of Madhav Nagar in Hubli A matter of pride their education,” exclaims their father proudly, “and what’s more, they are fluent in Down the road, 18 year old Pooja Gali and English too.” her 20 year old brother Praveen remember having to miss class to help their parents Relentless urban challenge fetch water. Their father, a plumber with great aspirations for his children, felt dejected As ever-increasing multitudes of India’s poor every time they missed school to fulfill this and dispossessed throng into towns and daily chore. Today, at a cost of just Rs. 48 per cities in search of a better life, providing month, the family gets a continuous supply adequate and affordable services to of water at home, and the children are free to the urban areas has emerged as a huge concentrate on their studies. “My children are challenge for the country. Cities are adding the only ones in the slum to have completed some 10 million new residents each year and, Pooja Gali and her brother Praveen had to miss classes to help their parents fetch water. Today, at a cost of just Rs 48 per month, the family gets a continuous supply of water at home The World Bank in India • November 2013 12 3 with homes and shops springing up at an unrelenting clip on every available space, services providers are unable to keep pace. No Indian city has 24/7 water supply, and neither old residents nor new arrivals get enough water to cook and clean, wash and bathe. Sheer desperation often forces many to tap illegally into the underground water mains. But the haphazard jumble of joints that ensues mostly ends up sucking in dirty the amount of water they consumed. Finally, water, contaminating fresh supplies and it showed that partnerships between the bringing in illness and disease. public and private sector could benefit everyone.” The project owes its success to “This project was critical for the urban water the dedication of all those who participated sector in India. It demonstrated for the first in its design and implementation, added time that providing continuous water supply Kingdom, emphasizing that a focus on was technically feasible in the country, educating and reaching out to customers something which was not widely accepted was critical to build the people’s support for before the project began,” said Bill Kingdom, the new arrangements. the World Bank’s team leader for the project. “It also showed that people, including slum New hope dwellers, were willing and able to pay for The project’s impact is evident in the demo- Residents zones where round-the-clock water supply of areas that has improved life markedly. In Dharwad’s have yet to twin city of Hubli, Roopa Venkatesh Mali, a receive 24/7 nurse by profession, beams with pride as she water supply look forward turns on the tap inside her house and a clear to the day stream of water gushes forth. when uninterrupted Five years ago, Mali and her husband had water supply to store their meager supplies of water in would reach buckets and drums. Mali frequently missed their homes work to collect water, and often faced the wrath of her boss for coming in late or missing work altogether. “I had a problem, my husband had a problem, and still the water was never enough,” she recalls. Today, Mali has a continuous supply of clean water at a monthly cost of about Rs. 68-78, which includes a payment of Rs. 30 towards the cost of the meter. “I can now concentrate 12 4 The World Bank in India • November 2013 on my job and also work overtime,” she says who struggles to meet the needs of her 13 with a smile. member family, looks forward to the day when uninterrupted water supply reaches Livelihoods improve her home as well. Livelihoods have benefitted too. In Belgaum, In areas that have yet to be covered by the 35 year old Noor Ahmed, a bubble-bottle project, residents show the dirt that comes seller, needs 15-20 pots of water a day to out of the water from a common tap, where scrub his bottles and concoct the bubble water comes just once in 5 days. solution. Before regular water supply came to his neighborhood, Ahmed would have to So too does 31 year old Srinivas D. borrow 2-3 pots of water a day from homes Khamkar, a street-cart vendor selling fast in a wealthier row of houses nearby. But food in Belgaum. Khamkar needs at least 3 now that the family’s tap meets all his water barrels of water a day to manage his home needs, Ahmed has the time to fill more and his cart – to keep it clean, wash utensils, bottles and boost his sales. and cook. “I use just one small jug of water to clean my entire stall. Still, I lose sales Towards the future whenever there isn’t enough water to cook and clean properly. I can’t even open my Residents of areas that have yet to receive shop on some days,” he says. 24/7 water supply are eager for the same benefits. In Hubli, 55 year old Sharful Nisa, “Studies have shown that households in the Local resident Sharful Nisa fills a water jug outside her home in Hubli The World Bank in India • November 2013 12 5 demo zones now save 30-40 hours per month since they don’t have to queue up to collect their daily water supply. This is time spent with families or on productive work. All told, some 70% of residents reported less absenteeism from work. There is also less illness,” says the World Bank’s Bill Kingdom. Given the project’s success, the Government of India has requested the World Bank for a follow-on project, building (Change background colour as needed) on the lessons learnt. “Our goal is for all the residents of these cities to reap the same benefits,” says Kingdom. “How will that affect the economy and well-being of the cities? That is what we hope to find out!” Studies have shown that households in demo zones now save 30-40 hours per month since they don’t have to queue up to collect their daily water supply 12 6 The World Bank in India • November 2013 Results on the ground Cyclone devastation averted: India weathers Phailin C yclone Phailin made landfall near Gopalpur in the State of Odisha, India on October 12 at around 9:15 pm local time with Government of Odisha need to be given full credit for their unwavering commitment to disaster preparedness and risk mitigation. wind speeds of around 200 km/hour. This Following the disaster in 1999, Odisha set up cyclone, the size of Hurricane Katrina, was the OSDMA, the first state agency focused a Category 4 storm (Katrina, in comparison, exclusively on disaster management in was a Category 3 storm upon landfall). Storm India. The state has also kept investing in surges of over 3 meters were recorded along building cyclone shelters, evacuation routes the coastline in some areas of northern and strengthening coastal embankments. Andhra Pradesh and southern Odisha. This Mock drills have been conducted in was the biggest storm to have hit the Indian Odisha’s coastal districts every single year. coast in the past 14 years. Communities have also come to respect and The storm that hit the same coastline 14 years act according to instructions set forth by the ago, in 1999, Cyclone 5B, caused massive OSDMA and state authorities at the time of devastation, killing more than 10,000 people an emergency. All of these efforts bore fruit and destroying substantial housing and public when Cyclone Phailin made landfall. infrastructure in coastal Odisha. This time The World Bank is financing the National around though, the story unfolded differently. Cyclone Risk Mitigation Project (NCRMP) 72 hours later, the official death toll is 38 (Phase I) under implementation in the states people, less than 0.4 % of the death toll from of Odisha and Andhra Pradesh. This is a US the 1999 cyclone. Close to a million people $ 255 million project under implementation were evacuated to cyclone shelters, safe since March 2011 financed by the houses and locations inland in Odisha (around International Development Association, the 850,000) and in Andhra Pradesh (150,000). World Bank’s fund for the poorest. Successfully evacuating a million people The project is mainly focusing on enhancing is not a small task. This cannot be merely the early warning system down to the “last- achieved by kicking the entire state mile” community level and building cyclone machinery into top gear for 3-4 days risk mitigation infrastructure, including following a cyclone warning. This has taken multi-purpose cyclone shelters, evacuation years of planning, construction of disaster roads and strengthening of existing coastal risk mitigation infrastructure, setting up embankments. This was the Bank’s first of evacuation protocols, identification preventative disaster risk management of potential safe buildings to house project in India. It is encouraging to witness, communities and most importantly, working during the project implementation cycle, that with communities and community-based these investments are contributing to the local organizations in setting up volunteer (Change background colour as needed) Government of India’s larger efforts in helping teams and local champions who all knew communities become more resilient to the exactly what needed to be done when the impacts of natural disasters and a changing time came to act. The Odisha State Disaster climate system. Management Authority (OSDMA) and the The World Bank in India • November 2013 7 Development Dialogue A path to end poverty Just six months ago, the World Bank Group endorsed two goals: the first is to end extreme poverty by 2030; the second is to boost shared prosperity for the bottom 40 percent of the population in countries. We cannot let over a billion people suffer in extreme poverty when we have the tools and the resources to change their lives for the better, says World Bank Group President Jim Yong Kim A t this moment, more than a billion people live on less than $1.25 a day. That is a stain on our moral conscience. We needed infrastructure—already scarce— could dry up. The second goal, boosting shared prosperity, must help lift people out of poverty without is directly relevant to all countries in the delay, without prejudice, no matter the world, from the Middle East to Africa to Asia circumstance, no matter the locale. and to Latin America. The protests during Just six months ago, the World Bank Group the Arab Spring, and the more recent ones in endorsed two goals: the first is to end Turkey, Brazil, and South Africa were rooted extreme poverty by 2030; the second is to in the universal desire to participate in the boost shared prosperity for the bottom global middle class. 40 percent of the population in countries. Social media has created an enormous “virtual middle class,” as Thomas Friedman Reaching our first goal—ending extreme has called it, who will continue to knock poverty by 2030—will be historic and on, and then break down, the door of extraordinarily difficult. We are making opportunity. We should pay much more progress, but nothing is assured in the battle attention to whether growth reaches all the against poverty, and it will get much tougher population, and not just the elite. the closer we get to the goal. Global growth could slow. Investors could become even At the World Bank Group, our two goals to more skittish. Long-term financing for much end poverty and boost shared prosperity 8 The World Bank in India • November 2013 require a strategy that forces us to be Third, we will be as ambitious as possible selective – first, choosing our priorities and on issues that are of global importance, then, abandoning those activities that are not. including investing in women and girls and We won’t continue working in areas in which combatting climate change. Our response to others are better or just to meet lending climate change, for instance, must be bold volume targets. We will become a Solutions enough to match the scope of the problem. Bank with results for the poor as our central If we want to end extreme poverty, we have benchmark. to build resilient communities and mitigate So what are our principles? We will have a shocks like climate disasters so that poor relentless focus on our two goals. We will people can make gains in their lives – and work with partners – we cannot do it alone. keep those gains for the long term. We will be bold. We will take risks – smart Just three days ago, 60,000 people gathered risks. And by that, I mean we will invest in Central Park in New York for the Global in projects that can help transform the Citizens Festival, to call for the end of development of a country or a region – even poverty. I ask everyone reading this – join our if it means we might fail. movement right now: log on to the Global And we will look to create innovative financial Poverty Project website ww.zeropoverty2030. tools that can open up new opportunities org, and sign a petition to end poverty in a for long-term financing that countries generation. desperately need. This is the defining moral issue of our time. Three elements of the new strategy are We cannot let over a billion people suffer in worth highlighting. extreme poverty when we have the tools and the resources to change their lives for the First, we will partner with the private sector better. to fight poverty and create good jobs for the poor. Ecom, a client of the IFC, our private For some problems like climate change, time (Change background colour as needed) sector arm, connects cocoa, coffee and is of the essence, but to quote Martin Luther cotton farmers in over 30 countries to global King Jr., “the time is always ripe to do right.” markets. Last year, Ecom helped more than Now’s the time and we are the people. Let’s 134,000 farmers and thousands more through make it happen. farmer organizations. Second, we will increase our commitment to fragile and conflict-affected states. Secretary General Ban Ki Moon and I recently visited the eastern part of the Democratic Republic of Congo. Crowds of people, most of them women, lined the roads from the UN base to a local hospital. I’ll never forget one woman’s sign. It simply said: Stop the rape. In Africa’s Great Lakes region, we are moving with urgency. We quickly put together an additional $1 billion assistance package to help the region, especially the eastern part of the Congo. I pledge to significantly increase our support to fragile and conflict-affected states. I hope to increase the share of IDA core financing —the Bank’s fund for the poorest—to fragile states by about 50 percent in the next three years. IFC also will commit to increasing its support for fragile states by 50 percent over the next three years. The World Bank in India • November 2013 9 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. Mizoram State Roads Project Context With little scope for new rail, river or air Mizoram State Roads Project connections, good roads are vital for Mizoram’s development. Most of the roads Approval Date: 14 March, 2002 are of poor quality with inadequate capacity. Connectivity is crucial for a distant hill state Closing Date: 31 December, 2010 like Mizoram. So improving the road network Total Project Cost US$M 168 was important to facilitate access to all parts of the state and beyond. Bank Financing: US$M 103.15 Project Development Objectives Implementing Public Works The objective of the Mizoram State Roads Agency: Department Project was to improve the management and Outcome: Moderately Satisfactory carrying capacity of the Mizoram core state road network. Risk to Development Substantial Outcome: Components Overall Bank Moderately Satisfactory I. Improvement of about 184 km of state Performance: highways: This component was for widening, strengthening, and new Overall Borrower Moderately Satisfactory construction (Aizawl bypass) of about Performance: 184 km of state roads in two phases. 12 10 The World Bank in India • November 2013 II. Rehabilitation and maintenance of about Achievements 520 km of state roads: This component For Mizoram’s PWD, this was its first major was to help reduce the periodic road project. The project helped its local maintenance backlog of the state by officials gain expertise and valuable exposure funding the overlaying, resealing, and to engineers and contractors both from India minor rehabilitation of about 520 km of and abroad. It helped the PWD bring about key state roads in two phases. organizational reforms, prepare a road policy III. Design, supervision, and technical and a road safety action plan, and introduce a maintenance management system. About advisory services for civil works. 174 km of state roads were widened and IV. Institutional strengthening including strengthened against a target of 184 km (95 equipment, technical assistance, percent). This led to a reduction in travel time training, and pre-investment studies: of 65 percent against a target of 30 percent. This included improving the coordination The portion of the core state road network between government agencies and in good condition increased from zero to 30 other parties; streamlining the overhead percent, against a target of 50 percent, whilst costs and improving the Public Work the portion of core state road network in Department’s (PWD) capability to poor condition remained almost static at ten manage the Mizoram road network percent, against a target of five percent. An including the implementation of a HIV/AIDs awareness program had a positive comprehensive Road Management impact and was followed up by a second System (RMS). campaign with wider coverage. V. Road safety engineering measures and Lessons Learnt the implementation of a road safety plan. ● Bio-engineering measures using local bamboo and traditional techniques may Revised Components be used to stabilize landslide-prone hill Work under the project was reduced from sides. This promotes local employment 520 km to 297 km due to rise in costs during generation. The success of using such implementation. This action was necessitated techniques in this project has led to its to cope with the funding shortfall and replication in states such as Himachal implementation delays. Pradesh. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2013 11 ● Debris disposed in an environmentally friendly manner can also benefit the community. In the Mizoram project the debris provided a unique opportunity to create football pitches and water storage ponds for the local community. ● Institutional change is a challenge that can at best achieve goals fairly gradually over a medium term horizon. This implies that the World Bank should commit support for a commensurate time period if it wants to assure sustainable results. ● A program approach with triggers to move from one stage to the next may be more appropriate. In time it should be possible to transition from a Project Implementation Unit to a more stable integrated departmental solution for project management. ● Fewer, measurable and objective monitoring indicators and a well-designed evaluation system will better assess the baselines and subsequent achievement of project outcomes. ● Hill road design and construction is a specialized field. Therefore, the terms of (Change background colour as needed) reference for design and the qualification criteria for work contracts should be carefully reviewed to mitigate the risks involved. 12 The World Bank in India • November 2013 Interview In the month of June this year, Uttarakhand, endowed with vast natural resources and one of the most frequented tourist and pilgrimage destinations in India, suffered unprecedented rainfall, devastating the towns of Kedarnath, Rambara, Gaurikund and others. The World Bank team fast tracked its preparation to help the state in its post disaster recovery plans as well as strengthen its capacity for disaster risk management. An interview with World Bank Country Director in India, Onno Ruhl, where he emphasizes the need to build back smarter so that the state’s fragile mountain environment is not undermined. Q. What are the key components being communication systems that can provide supported under the Uttarakhand Disaster early warning to people likely to be impacted. Recovery Project? Q. Does the World Bank fast track projects D isasters such as the one that struck for disaster reconstruction? Uttarakhand recently can roll back The government of India requested the ADB decades of development. Our new project and the World Bank for support at the end – the Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project of July. Since winter is harsh in these parts, – will focus on helping the state government it was important for us to help shelter the with both immediate relief and reconstruction people before the winter set in. Accordingly, efforts as well as in disaster preparedness. a team was sent to Dehradun the day While the project will help rebuild houses, the request was received and the project public buildings and small roads and bridges, was prepared in a little over two months as well as bridle paths, the government of as opposed to a 12 month preparation Uttarakhand insists that we should make period. Our staff will continue to work out of sure that what we rebuild is located in the Dehradun to deliver results on the ground in safest place possible and built in a way that as short a time as possible. supports the fragile environment as much as Q. How will the project help in future possible. The motto of the project is to “build preparedness? back better”. Since 1999, when the Super Cyclone hit Therefore, to ensure that recovery is Odisha, our National Cyclone Mitigation targeted, effective and more resilient to Project has focused on increasing disaster future calamities, the project is incorporating preparedness, and also building shelters. lessons from previous disaster recovery efforts both in India and the world. This The system was severely tested two weeks includes putting in place information and ago when Cyclone Phailin hit Odisha. The World Bank in India • November 2013 13 One million people were evacuated in time, this is not the case for a cloud burst. This with minimum loss of human life. We are makes preparedness much more difficult happy that our collective efforts, led by the in Uttarakhand, calling for better and more government of Odisha, Andhra Pradesh and detailed meteorological information. the National Disaster Management Authority More importantly, the timely dissemination of (NDMA) were able to achieve this. However, this information through various channels of there is still work to be done in rebuilding communication, including SMS messages, smarter so that physical damage too is (Change background colour as needed) is critical, especially in a mountainous area reduced. where dissemination has to be even faster Nonetheless, it needs to be borne in than in a cyclone. This is a clear area for us mind that while a cyclone can be seen to focus on in Uttarakhand. approaching over the sea days in advance, Recent Project Approvals Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project houses and public buildings; reconstruction of damaged roads and bridges; and T he World Bank Board of Executive Directors approved a $250 million credit to Uttarakhand to help the state in its post enhancement of the technical capacity of the state for managing future disaster risks. disaster recovery plans as well as strengthen About 2,500 permanent disaster resilient its capacity for disaster risk management. houses will be built under this project. About 3,600 km of damaged village roads and In order to respond in a timely manner, the about 675 km of other district roads will be project was fast-tracked under the World (Change background colour reconstructed. About 440 km of bridle roads Bank’s emergency procedures and was and about 140 bridle bridges that facilitate prepared within a 3-month period. pedestrian connectivity for villages located in Some of the key components of this project remote areas will also be reconstructed. include the reconstruction of damaged Recent Project Signings Uttar Pradesh Water Sector Restructuring Ruhl, World Bank Country Director, India on Project Phase 2 behalf of World Bank. T he government of India and the World Bank has signed a $360 million credit agreement to help build the institutional The project will support the government of Uttar Pradesh’s efforts to consolidate and deepen its various institutional reform capacity needed to increase agricultural initiatives such as the Participatory Irrigation productivity in Uttar Pradesh (UP) where Management (PIM) Act. During the Phase 1 agriculture will continue to play an important project, the PIM Act played a transformative role in alleviating extreme poverty. role in giving Water User Associations (WUA) greater responsibility in managing The agreement for the project was signed by waters available for their farms. The WUAs Nilaya Mitash, Joint Secretary, Department are also playing a greater role in managing (Change background colour as needed) of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on the Operations and Maintenance (O&M) of behalf of the Government of India; Deepak local systems, resolving conflicts amongst Singhal, Principal Secretary, Irrigation on competing users, and assessing water behalf of the Government of UP; and Onno charges. 14 The World Bank in India • November 2013 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Project Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: India Development Update: October 2013 The World Bank PIC By Economic Policy and The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Poverty Sector, The World 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Bank New Delhi – 110 001, India Published: 16 October, 2013 Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Available: On-line, 26 pages Fax: +91-11-2461 9393 Report No. AUS5757 Website: www.worldbank.org Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia Although the recent Email: indiapic@worldbank.org turmoil in global markets has amplified PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR India’s macroeconomic Viva Books Pvt Ltd vulnerabilities, the country’s growth potential remains high, says the World Bank’s India Development Update 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj of October 2013. New Delhi – 110 002 Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 The report says India’s macroeconomic environment Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 is expected to improve, with growth likely to accelerate Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net gradually over the next two years. Economic activity is expected to pick up in the second half of FY 2014, Other Preferred Stockist in India although the speed of economic recovery could be Anand Associates impacted by the country’s present vulnerabilities–high 1219 Stock Exchange Tower headline inflation, an elevated current account deficit, 12th Floor, Dalal Street and rising pressure on fiscal balances from the Mumbai – 400 023 depreciation of the rupee. Nonetheless, core inflation is Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 trending down, a bumper crop is expected in agriculture, Email: thrupti@vsnl.com and exports are likely to benefit substantially from the Website: www.myown.org rupee’s depreciation. However, with the currencies of Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) many other emerging economies weakening against the Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) dollar, lasting improvements in export competitiveness will require policy efforts to fully take advantage of the Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd emerging global opportunities. Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com The report finds that growth has become more effective Website: www.alliedpublishers.com at reducing poverty. Between 2005 and 2012, India lifted 137 million people out of poverty and reduced the Bookwell poverty rate to 22%. It notes that a much larger fraction 24/4800 Ansari Road, of the decline in poverty is taking place in low-income Daryaganj states, and the poorest 40% are increasingly sharing New Delhi – 110 002 the benefits of growth. On the other hand, inequality has Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Email: bookwell@vsnl.net continued to increase—the Gini coefficient rose from 30.9 in 2005 to 32.3 in 2012—and growth of the bottom 40% has not yet fully caught up with the average. The World Bank in India • November 2013 15 With more than half of India’s population living between service delivery. In line with these transformations, India one and two poverty lines, many of the newly non-poor is now among the top 10 percentile of fast growing remain vulnerable to falling back into poverty as a result nations and has become a prominent global voice. of minor shocks. Progress on human development has been remarkable: life expectancy more than doubled from 31 years in 1947 to 65 years in 2012, and adult literacy more than Urbanization beyond Municipal Boundaries: quadrupled from 18 percent in 1951 to 74 percent in Nurturing Metropolitan Economies and Connecting 2011. While India has made significant progress in Peri-Urban Areas in India reducing absolute poverty, it is still home to one-third of the world’s poor people. Helping India address these By the World Bank challenges is central to the World Bank Group’s goal of Price: $25.95 reducing poverty and boosting shared prosperity.  Available: On-line Directions in Development - Countries and Regions English; Paperback; 122 pages Teacher Performance Pay: Experimental Evidence Published March 28, 2013 from India ISBN: 978-0-8213-9840-1; SKU: 19840 Karthik Muralidharan and Venkatesh Sundararaman The report looks at the pace and patterns of India’s Published 14 August, 2013 urbanization, providing a 100-year perspective on Available: On-line, demographic shifts and a 20-year perspective on the Report No. 81471, Brief spatial distribution of jobs across India’s portfolio of settlements. The review is based on an analysis of data This brief summarizes the results of a gender impact from economic and demographic censuses, annual evaluation study conducted in August 2005 in India. The surveys of industry, national sample surveys, and special study observed the impact of a teacher performance surveys of freight transport. It provides diagnostics pay program implemented across a large representative on whether Indian industry is adequately exploiting sample of government-run rural primary schools in agglomeration economies and whether there are hints of the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh on the student and specific barriers to the natural tendency of standardized school level. After two years, students in incentive industry to reshuffle from large metropolitan areas to schools performed significantly better than control smaller urban areas. It examines specific policy issues schools. The mean treatment effect is 0.22 standard and investment bottlenecks that are curbing the pace deviations. There are significant improvements across and benefits of urbanization in India. It also provides the performance distribution. Additionally there were some options for policy reforms, distilling lessons from no observations of adverse consequences, given that relevant international experience. It provides options students also do better in non-incentivized subjects. The for establishing the ‘rules of the game’ that can define main mechanism of impact is increased teacher effort the workings of land and property markets as well as conditional on the teacher being present. The student’s coordination of land use and infrastructure in cities. It gender does not have a significant effect on the impact also provides a framework for policy makers to identify of the intervention. the role of regulatory and price reform in expanding infrastructure services and to make investments that enhance capacity. India’s Spatial Development Klaus Desmet, Ejaz Ghani, Stephen O’Connell and Esteban Rossi-Hansberg World Bank Group in India: Country Program Published September 1, 2013 Snapshot Available: On-line By the World Bank Report No. 81339 (Brief) Published 27 September, 2013 This note examines the recent spatial development of Available: On-line, 103 pages India. Services, and to a lesser extent manufacturing, Report No. 81704 are increasingly concentrating in high-density clusters.  India’s progress in economic and human development What is preventing India’s medium-density cities from is one of the most significant global achievements of growing and taking full advantage of agglomeration recent times. Between 2005 and 2010, India’s share of forces? While some cities, such as Hyderabad, have global gross domestic product (GDP) increased from 1.8 become major high-tech hubs with world-class to 2.7 percent, and 53 million people were lifted out of companies and real estate development reminiscent of poverty. India is home to globally recognized companies Silicon Valley, many others remain mired in poverty and in pharmaceuticals, steel, and space technologies, stagnation. Given the huge congestion in cities such as and the country is a leader in the use of information Mumbai or Kolkata, this seems to be a reasonable policy technologies for e-government purposes and public concern in the context of India. However, those cities 16 The World Bank in India • November 2013 also benefit from important agglomeration economies, Are Pakistan’s Women Entrepreneurs Being Served so there is a need to analyze the trade-offs between by the Microfinance Sector? the costs and benefits of economic density before By Mehnaz Safavian and articulating policy recommendations. Aban Haq Price: $22.00 South Asia Publications Available: On-line Directions in Development – Finance Tackling Non-communicable Diseases in English; Paperback; 78 pages Bangladesh: Now Is the Time Published August 5, 2013 By Sameh El-Saharty, Karar by World Bank Zunaid Ahsan, Tarcey L. ISBN: 978-0-8213-9833-3 P. Koehlmoos, Michael M. SKU: 19833 Engelgau The original purpose of the book was to determine Price: $25.95 whether women entrepreneurs have access to, and Available: On-line are using, microfinance loans as a source of finance Directions in Development – for their businesses. However, the findings of the book Human Development go beyond the narrow objective of understanding English; Paperback; whether microfinance providers are reaching Pakistan’s 136 pages businesswomen. As the research unfolded, the evidence Published September 12, suggested that not only are women entrepreneurs not 2013 by World Bank being served, but also most of the loans for women ISBN: 978-0-8213-9920-0 clients are actually being used by a male family member SKU: 19920 – a brother, a son, a husband, a father. Actual numbers Bangladesh is undergoing a double transition– are hard to pin down, but an estimated 50 to 70 percent demographic and epidemiological. Increasing life of the loans on the books for women clients are solely expectancy and declining fertility and mortality are the used by another household member, while the woman basis of a demographic transition, while the shift from ‘borrower’ is responsible for attending all the group communicable to non-communicable diseases (NCDs) meetings, all repayments or delinquencies, and all the represents the epidemiological transition. transactions costs. The book looks at the status of major NCDs in This book focuses on products, services, policies, and Bangladesh and general trends in the region, other elements of the business model of microfinance analyzing their common risk factors, highlighting their in Pakistan that affect both demand for and access to socioeconomic impact, and assessing the health microfinance by women borrowers, some of whom fall system’s capacity to manage the disease transition. into the narrower category of entrepreneurs. India: Policy Research Working Papers Evaluation of World Bank Programs in Afghanistan 2002-11 WPS 6659 Independent Evaluation Effects of early-life exposure to sanitation on Group Studies childhood cognitive skills: Evidence from India’s total Published September, 2013 sanitation campaign 288 pages By Dean Spears and Sneha Lamba ISBN: 978-0-8213-9872-2 This paper studies the effects on childhood cognitive SKU: 19872 achievement of early life exposure to India’s Total In this evaluation, the Sanitation Campaign, a large government program that Independent Evaluation encouraged local governments to build and promote Group (IEG) assesses the use of inexpensive pit latrines. In the early years of the relevance and effectiveness program studied here, the TSC caused six-year-olds of World Bank Group exposed to it in their first year of life to be more likely support to Afghanistan and some of the key risks to to recognize letters and simple numbers. The results sustainability of development outcomes. The evaluation suggest both that open defecation is an important threat covers the period fiscal 2002–11 and aims to inform to the human capital of the Indian labor force, and that implementation of the fiscal 2012–14 Interim Strategy a program feasible to low capacity governments in Note and the preparation of the subsequent Country developing countries could improve average cognitive Assistance Strategy. skills. The World Bank in India • November 2013 17 WPS 6656 technology linkages explain much of formal-informal Input usage and productivity in Indian manufacturing coagglomeration. Also, within-industry coagglomeration plants matters mostly to small- and medium-sized formal firm By Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr and Stephen D. O’Connell births. Traditional measures of agglomeration remain important in explaining new industrial activity, whether in This paper analyzes the scale and productivity the formal or the informal sector. consequences of varied input use in Indian manufacturing using detailed plant-level data. Counts of distinct material inputs are higher in urban settings than in rural WPS6620 locations, unconditionally and conditional on plant The golden quadrilateral highway project and urban/ size, and they are also higher in the organized sector rural manufacturing in India than in the unorganized sector. At the district level, By Ejaz Ghani, Arti Grover Goswami and William R. Kerr higher input usage in the organized sector is generally observed in wealthier districts and those with greater This study investigates the impact of the Golden literacy rates. If looking within states, the usage is more Quadrilateral highway project on the urban and rural closely associated with electricity access, population growth of Indian manufacturing. The Golden Quadrilateral density, and closer spatial proximity to one of India’s project upgraded the quality and width of 5,846 km of largest cities. Plants in the organized sector utilizing a roads in India. The study uses a difference-in-difference greater variety of inputs display higher productivity, with estimation strategy to compare non-nodal districts the effects mostly concentrated among smaller plants based on their distance from the highway system. For with fewer than 50 employees. For the unorganized the organized portion of the manufacturing sector, the sector, there is little correlation of input counts and local Golden Quadrilateral project led to improvements in both conditions, for better or for worse, and a more modest urban and rural areas of non-nodal districts located 0-10 link to productivity outcomes. km from the Golden Quadrilateral. These higher entry rates and increases in plant productivity are not present in districts 10-50 km away. The entry effects are stronger WPS 6648 in rural areas of districts, but the differences between Specialization, diversity, and Indian manufacturing urban and rural areas are modest relative to the overall growth effect. The productivity consequences are similar in both By Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr and Ishani locations. The most important difference appears to be Tewari the greater activation of urban areas near the nodal cities and rural areas in remote locations along the Golden This paper examines the specialization and diversity of Quadrilateral network. For the unorganized sector, no manufacturing industries within Indian districts. Prior material effects are found from the Golden Quadrilateral to India’s recent economic growth and liberalization, upgrades in either setting. These findings suggest that specialization levels in 1989 were substantially in the time frames that we can consider—the first five to higher than similar metrics calculated for the United seven years during and after upgrades—the economic States. From 1989 to 2010, average specialization levels effects of major highway projects contribute modestly to for Indian districts declined to a level that is now quite the migration of the organized sector out of Indian cities, comparable to the United States. Diversity levels similarly but are unrelated to the increased urbanization of the increased. Specialization and diversity levels in India unorganized sector. are becoming more persistent with time. Manufacturing plants display higher productivity in districts that display both properties. From 1989 to 2010, manufacturing WPS6612 employment growth was higher in districts that were Female business ownership and informal sector more specialized at the start of the period. persistence By Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr and Stephen D. O’Connell The informal sector in India has been exceptionally WPS6622 persistent over the past two decades. Is this a bad thing? Coagglomeration of formal and informal industry: Not necessarily. This paper shows that a substantial Evidence from India share of the persistence in India’s unorganized By Megha Mukim manufacturing sector is due to the rapid increase in A large and growing informal sector is a major female-owned businesses. Had women’s participation feature of developing countries. This paper analyzes remained in the proportion to male-owned businesses coagglomeration patterns between formal and that was evident in 1994, the unorganized manufacturing informal manufacturing enterprises in India. It studies sector would have declined in share rather than (a) the causes underlying these patterns and (b) increased. Most of these new female-owned businesses the positive externalities, if any, on the entry of new are opened in the household and at a small scale, about firms. The analysis finds that buyer-supplier and a third of the size of a typical male-owned business in 18 The World Bank in India • November 2013 the informal sector. Yet, it appears that these businesses direction? The evidence shows that there are positive offer economic opportunities not otherwise present and a horizontal and vertical spillovers in each direction. transition for some women from unpaid domestic work. Informal firms are an important supplier of inputs to formal firms. Employment and output in the organized sector is greater in those states in India that have a WPS6603 greater presence of unorganized suppliers of inputs. Oil price volatility, economic growth and the hedging Conversely, unorganized employment and output role of renewable energy are greater in states that have a greater presence of By Jun E.Rentschler organized buyers of inputs. But there are two important asymmetries in the relationship between the organized This paper investigates the adverse effects of oil and unorganized sectors. First, the unorganized sector is price volatility on economic activity and the extent to much more dependent on and responsive to organized which countries can hedge against such effects by sector presence than vice versa. Second, unorganized using renewable energy. By considering the Realized sector productivity is dependent on and responsive Volatility of oil prices, rather than following the standard to organized sector productivity and presence but the approach of considering oil price shocks in levels, the reverse is not true. effects of factor price uncertainty on economic activity are analyzed. Overall, the paper provides an additional rationale for reducing exposure and vulnerability to oil WPS6580 price volatility for the sake of economic growth. Village sanitation and children’s human capital: Evidence from a randomized experiment by the Maharashtra government WPS6598 By Jeffrey Hammer and Dean Spears Testing information constraints on India’s largest antipoverty program Open defecation is exceptionally widespread in India, By Martin Ravallion, Dominique van de Walle, Puja Dutta a county with puzzlingly high rates of child stunting. and Rinku Murgai This paper reports a randomized controlled trial of a village-level sanitation program, implemented in one Public knowledge about India’s ambitious Employment district by the government of Maharashtra. The program Guarantee Scheme is low in one of India’s poorest caused a large but plausible average increase in child states, Bihar, where participation is also unusually low.  height, which is an important marker of human capital. Is the solution simply to tell people their rights? The results demonstrate sanitation externalities: an Or does their lack of knowledge reflect deeper problems effect even on children in households that did not adopt of poor people’s agency and an unresponsive supply latrines. Unusually, surveyors also collected data in side? This paper reports on an information campaign districts where the government planned but ultimately that was designed and implemented in the form of did not conduct an experiment, permitting analysis of an entertaining movie to inform people of their rights the importance of the set eligible for randomization. under the scheme. In randomly-assigned villages, the movie brought significant gains in knowledge and more positive perceptions about the impact of the scheme. WPS6553 But objectively measured employment showed no Urbanization and agglomeration benefits: Gender gain on average, suggesting that the movie created a differentiated impacts on enterprise creation in “groupthink,” changing social perceptions about the India’s informal sector scheme but not individual efficacy in accessing it. The By Stephen D. O’Connell, Ejaz Ghani and Ravi Kanbur paper concludes that awareness generation needs to go hand-in-hand with supply-side changes. This paper presents an exploration at the intersection of four important themes in the current development discourse: urbanization, agglomeration benefits, gender WPS6588 and informality. Focusing on the important policy Friend or foe or family? A tale of formal and informal objective of new enterprise creation in the informal plants in India sector, it asks and answers four specific questions on By Ejaz Ghani, Stephen D. O’Connell and Gunjan Sharma the impact of urbanization and gender. It finds that This paper examines the interaction between formal m the effect of market access to inputs, on creation of (organized) and informal (unorganized) plants in the new enterprises in the informal sector, is greater in manufacturing sector in India. How has the size and more urbanized areas; productivity of the plants in the organized sector m This “urbanization gradient” also exists separately for affected the plants in the unorganized sector? How the creation of female owned enterprises and male have informal plants affected formal plants? Are owned enterprises; the magnitudes of the effects symmetric in either m there is a differential impact of female specific market The World Bank in India • November 2013 19 access compared to male specific market access, The report updates all on female owned enterprise creation in the informal indicators as of June 1, sector ; and 2013, ranks economies on m gender specific market access to inputs matters their overall “ease of doing equally in more or less urbanized areas. business”, and analyzes reforms to business Among the policy implications of these findings are that regulation – identifying m new enterprise creation by females can be which economies are encouraged by urbanization, but strengthening their business m the effect can be stronger by improving female environment the most. specific market access, especially to inputs. Doing Business illustrates how reforms in business regulations are being used to analyze economic Other Publications outcomes for domestic entrepreneurs and for the wider economy. It is a flagship product produced in partnership by the World Bank and IFC that World Development Report 2014: Risk and garners worldwide attention on regulatory barriers to Opportunity – Managing Risk for Development entrepreneurship. More than 60 economies have used By World Bank the Doing Business indicators to shape reform agendas Price: $35.00 and monitor improvements on the ground. English; Paperback; 360 pages Published October 7, 2013 Tales from the Development Frontier: How China by World Bank and Other Countries Harness Light Manufacturing to ISBN: 978-0-8213-9903-3 Create Jobs and Prosperity SKU: 19903 Price: $39.95 The last 25 years have English; Paperback; witnessed unprecedented 552 pages changes around the world – many of them for the better. Published September 16, World Development Report (WDR) 2014: Managing 2013 by World Bank Risk for Development contends that the solution is not ISBN: 978-0-8213-9988-0 to reject the changes that bring about opportunities SKU: 19988 along with risks, but to prepare for them in a proactive Despite widespread and holistic way. Thus, managing risks responsibly and agreement among effectively has the potential to bring about a sense of economists that labor- security and means of progress to people in developing intensive manufacturing countries and beyond. has contributed mightily to rapid development in China WDR 2014 presents a detailed approach and specific and other fast-growing economies, most developing advice to improve resilience. For policy makers in countries have had little success in raising the share developing (and developed) countries, the Report also of manufacturing in production, employment, or provides strategic recommendations that cut across exports. This book recounts efforts to establish light risks and social systems in an integrated framework. manufacturing clusters in several Asian and African They attempt to provide both innovative solutions countries, looking in particular at China. to long-standing problems in poor and emerging economies and ways to mainstream risk management into the development agenda. Assessing Low-Carbon Development in Nigeria: An Analysis of Four Sectors Doing Business 2014: Understanding Regulations for Edited by Raffaello Cervigni, Small and Medium-Size Enterprises Irina Dvorak and John Allen Rogers By World Bank
 Price: $34.95 Price: $35.00, English; Paperback; 278 pages World Bank Studies Published October 25, 2013 by World Bank English; Paperback; ISBN: 978-0-8213-9984-2,
 SKU: 19984 422 pages Eleventh in a series of annual reports comparing Published August 5, 2013 business regulation in 189 economies, Doing Business by World Bank 2014 measures regulations affecting areas of everyday ISBN: 978-0-8213-9973-6 business activity. SKU: 19973 20 The World Bank in India • November 2013 The Federal Government of Nigeria has adopted Vision This book first surveys international best practices for 20: 2020-an ambitious strategy to make Nigeria the the delivery of employment services and then reviews world’s 20th largest economy by 2020. the provision of those services in a selected group of countries in the MENA region, with a focus on To evaluate how to achieve the objectives of Vision public provision through existing public employment 20: 2020 with reduced carbon emissions, the Federal agencies. Findings indicate that public agencies in the Government of Nigeria and the World Bank undertook region face many challenges to the effective delivery of a multiyear program of analytical work. This volume is employment programs-namely insufficient administrative a collection of the background technical reports on the capacity, system fragmentation, lack of governance four sectors of inquiry: agriculture and land use, oil and and accountability, regulation bottlenecks, and flaws in gas, power, and transport. It contains details on the program design. data, methodology, and assumptions used throughout the analysis. Economic Development and Islamic Finance Toward Climate-Resilient Development in Nigeria Edited by Zamir Iqbal and Abbas Mirakhor Edited by Raffaello Cervigni, Price: $39.95 Riccardo Valentini and Available: On-line Monia Santini Directions in Development Price: $29.95 – Finance Available: on-line English; Paperback; Directions in Development – 372 pages; Countries and Regions Published August 5, 2013 English; Paperback; by World Bank 212 pages ISBN: 978-0-8213-9953-8 Published August 5, 2013 SKU: 19953 by World Bank ISBN: 978-0-8213-9923-1 Over the last three decades, the concepts of Islamic SKU: 19923 finance and Islamic economics have captured the attention of researchers. The growing market for This book express the need to address issues of transactions compatible with Islamic law is further climate change in time, which is expected to exacerbate evidence of growing interest in this mode of finance. Nigeria’s current vulnerability to weather swings and limit By some estimates, the total volume of Islamic financial its ability to achieve and sustain the objectives of Vision assets has grown by 15 to 20 percent a year since 1990 20: 2020. But there is a lot that can be done, starting and now exceeds $1.3 trillion. now, to avoid such a damaging outcome. This volume attempts to highlight some of the key features of Islamic finance relevant to economic Building Effective Employment Programs for development. The objective of the volume is to improve Unemployed Youth in the Middle East and North understanding of the perspective of Islamic finance on Africa economic development, social and economic justice, human welfare, and economic growth. Edited by Diego F. Angel- Urdinola, Arvo Kuddo, Amina Semlali Sustaining Trade Reform: Institutional Lessons from Price: $29.95 Argentina and Peru Available: On-line Directions in Development – By Elías A. Baracat, J. Human Development Michael Finger, Raúl León English; Paperback; Thorne and Julio J. Nogus 188 pages Price: $25.95 Published August 5, 2013 Available: On-line by World Bank Directions in Development ISBN: 978-0-8213-9904-0 – Trade SKU: 19904 English; Paperback; 164 pages Despite high and increasing unemployment rates, Published August 5, 2013 employers in the region have a hard time finding workers by World Bank whose competencies and skills fit their employment ISBN: 978-0-8213-9986-6 needs. SKU: 19986 The World Bank in India • November 2013 21 Trade policy reforms introduced by Peru in the 1990s caused by a combination of low hydropower output have continued over several changes in the presidency during winter, when river flows are low, and high whereas similar reforms in Argentina have since been demand driven by heating needs. Shortages affect reversed. In both countries, the reforms included some 70 percent of the population, costing about 3 the introduction of new mechanisms for managing percent of annual GDP. This figure excludes human and trade policy as well as the reduction of restrictions. environmental costs, as well as the serious negative Throughout the 2000s, Peru’s liberalization expanded. effect on the business investment climate. The new institutions became more robust, and through This book explores a range of supply and demand them pressures for protection were effectively contained. alternatives-including thermal, run-of-river hydro, At the same time, Argentine trade policy returned to other renewables, energy efficiency, and demand the high-protection import substitution regime in place management-to further inform its development partners before the 1990s reforms. Multiple restrictions have on the country’s efforts to meet its winter energy been imposed in Argentina, mostly through a reversion demand. The study recommends that the Government to informal methods that abjure the governance of Tajikistan accelerate its efforts in energy efficiency characteristics that the 1990s reforms introduced. and demand management, including tariff reform; add new dual-fired thermal power supply to complement the existing hydropower supply during winter; and pursue Clusters of Competitiveness energy imports and rebuild regional energy trade routes By Raj Nallari and to leverage surplus electricity supply in neighboring Breda Griffith countries. Price: $25.95 Available: on-line Directions in Development - Light Manufacturing in Tanzania: A Reform Agenda Private Sector Development for Job Creation and Prosperity English; Paperback; By Hinh T. Dinha and 146 pages Celestin Monga Published August 28, 2013 Price: $25.95 by World Bank Available: On-line ISBN: 978-1-4648-0049-8 Directions in Development – SKU: 210049 Private Sector Development This book examines in detail the essential role that English; Paperback; clusters play in guiding the formation of competition 136 pages; policies that promote growth. Published September 12, 2013 by World Bank It focuses on clusters as a means of stimulating ISBN: 978-1-4648-0032-0 economic development at the local, regional, and SKU: 210032 global levels. As systems of interconnection between private and public sector entities, clusters play an This book argues that for Tanzania to remain one of the important role in the modern economy and its search for fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa, it competitiveness. has to make progress in the structural transformation that can lift workers from low-productivity agriculture and the informal sector to higher productivity activities. Tajikistan’s Winter Energy Crisis: Electricity Supply Manufacturing, which has been the main vehicle and Demand Alternatives throughout the world to achieve this transformation, has remained stunted in Tanzania. By Daryl Fields, Artur Kochnakyan, Gary Stuggins Using new evidence, the book shows that feasible, and John Besant-Jones low-cost, sharply focused policy initiatives aimed at Price: $22.00 enhancing private investment could launch Tanzania Available: On-line on a path to competitive light manufacturing. These World Bank Studies initiatives would complement progress on broader English; Paperback; investment reforms by increasing the share of industry 112 pages in regional output and raising the market share of Published August 5, 2013 domestically produced goods in rapidly growing local by World Bank markets for light manufactures. ISBN: 978-0-8213-9967-5 SKU: 19967 Tajikistan suffers severe energy shortages in winter, 22 The World Bank in India • November 2013 India Project Documents National Agricultural Innovation Rajasthan Rural Connectivity Project Date Oct 17, 2013 Date 03 September 2013 Project ID P092735   Project ID P130164 Document Type 81939 (procurement plan) Report No. PIDA 1345 (Project information Document) Second Phase of Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor 80788 (Procurement Plan-First, Project  Second, Third and Fourth Phase) Date Oct 15, 2013 Project ID P114338    Elementary Education III Document Type 81915 (Board Report) Date 30 August 2013 Project ID P144447 Uttarakhand Disaster Recovery Project Report No. PIDC997 (Project information Date Oct 10, 2013 Document) Project ID P146653    Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY) Document Type E4311 Environmental Assessment Second Rural Roads Project Gujarat State Highway Project II Date 14 August 2013 Project ID P124639 Date 18 September 2013 Report No. 80556 (Procurement Plan) Project ID P114827 Report No. PIDA 1387 (Project information Vocational Training Improvement Document) Date 05 August 2013 Rajasthan Road Sector Modernization Project Project ID P099047 Date 17 September 2013 Report No. 80011 (Procurement Plan – equipment and material (FY2013-14) Project ID P130164 Report No. ISDSA5655 (Integrated Safeguard Data 80012 (Procurement plan – Sheet) Uttarakhand) 81053 (Procurement Plan) 81054 (Procurement Plan) E4283 (Environmental Assessment 2 Vol.) RP1474 (Resettlement Plan 4 vol) PIDA1345 (Project Information Document) Tamil Nadu Irrigated Agriculture Modernization and Water Bodies Restoration and Management Project Date 15 September 2013 Project ID P090768 Report No. 81008 (Procurement Plan-First Phase) 81007 (Procurement Plan-Third Phase) 81055 (Procurement Plan-Fourth Phase) The World Bank in India • November 2013 23 World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 6661 WPS 6650 The mechanics of job creation: Seizing the new Up in smoke? Agricultural commercialization, rising dividends of globalization food prices and stunting in Malawi By Celestin Monga By Benjamin Wood, Carl Nelson, Talip Kilic and Siobhan Murray WPS 6660 Simulating poverty in Europe: The potential WPS 6649 contributions of employment and education to Shared prosperity: Links to growth, inequality and reducing poverty and social exclusion by 2020 inequality of opportunity By Mohamed Ihsan Ajwad, Kenneth Simler, Mehtabul By Ambar Narayan, Jaime Saavedra-Chanduvi Sailesh Azam, Basab Dasgupta and Misha Bonch-Osmolovskiy and Tiwari WPS 6659 WPS 6648 Effects of early-life exposure to sanitation on Specialization, diversity, and Indian manufacturing childhood cognitive skills: Evidence from India’s total growth sanitation campaign By Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr and Ishani Tewari By Dean Spears and Sneha Lamba WPS 6647 WPS 6658 Can e-filing reduce tax compliance costs in developing Estimating the effects of credit constraints on countries? productivity of Peruvian agriculture By Fatih Yilmaz and Jacqueline Coolidge By Tiemen Woutersen and Shahidur R. Khandker WPS 6646 WPS 6657 Regulation, renegotiation and capital structure: The quality of budget execution and its correlates Theory and evidence from Latin American transport By Douglas Addison concessions By Alexander Moore, Stephane Straub and Jean- WPS 6656 Jacques Dethier Input usage and productivity in Indian manufacturing plants WPS 6645 By Ejaz Ghani, William R. Kerr and A note on the simple algebra of the shared prosperity Stephen D. O’Connell indicator By David Rosenblatt and Tamara J. McGavock WPS 6655 Where is the cheese? Synthesizing a giant literature WPS 6644 on causes and consequences of financial sector Telecommunications externality on migration: development Evidence from Chinese Villages By Selahattin Selsah Pasali By Yi Lu, Huihua Xie and Lixin Colin Xu WPS 6654 WPS 6643 Political budget cycles and the organization of political Labor migration and economic growth in East and parties Southeast Asia By Marek Hanusch and Philip Keefer By Terrie Walmsley, Angel Aguiar and S. Amer Ahmed WPS 6653 WPS 6642 Promises, promises: Vote-buying and the electoral Islamic finance and financial inclusion: Measuring use mobilization strategies of non-credible politicians of and demand for formal financial services among By Marek Hanusch and Philip Keefer Muslim adults By Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Leora Klapper and WPS 6652 Douglas Randall What regulatory frameworks are more conducive to mobile banking? Empirical evidence from findex data WPS 6641 By Eva Gutierrez and Sandeep Singh Sovereign ratings in the post-crisis world: An analysis of actual, shadow and relative risk ratings WPS 6651 By Kaushik Basu, Supriyo De, Dilip Ratha and Demand collapse or credit crunch to firms? Evidence Hans Timmer from the World Bank’s financial crisis survey in Eastern Europe WPS 6640 By Ha Nguyen and Rong Qian Civil conflict and firm performance: Evidence from Cote d’Ivoire By Leora Klapper, Christine Richmond and Trang Tran 24 The World Bank in India • November 2013 WPS 6639 WSP6625 Poland’s new golden age: Shifting from Europe’s A new index of the business environment for periphery to its center microfinance By Marcin Piatkowski By Robert Cull, Sergio Navajas, Ippei and Renate Zeiler WPS 6638 WSP6624 Exchange rate volatility, financial constraints, and Assessing firms’ financing constraints in Brazil trade: Empirical evidence from Chinese firms By Stijn Claessens and Seynabou Yaye Sakho By Sandra Poncet and Jerome Heericourt WSP6623 WPS 6637 Toward a conceptual framework for the knowledge bank Valuing global public goods: A European Delphi stated By Laura Chioda, Augusto de la Torre and preference survey of population willingness to pay for William F. Maloney Amazon rainforest preservation WSP6622 By Jon Strand and Stale Navrud Coagglomeration of formal and informal industry: WPS 6636 Evidence from India How does corporate governance affect bank By Megha Mukim capitalization strategies? WPS6621 By Deniz Anginer, Harry Demirguc Kunt Huizinga and Macroeconomic context and fiscal policy: Europe and Kebin Ma Central Asia during 2000-2012 WPS 6635 By Roumeen Islam Africa’s macroeconomic story WPS6620 By Douglas Hostland and Marcelo M Giugale The golden quadrilateral highway project and urban/ WPS 6634 rural manufacturing in India From pawn shops to banks: The impact of formal By Ejaz Ghani, Arti Goswami Grover and William R Kerr credit on informal households WPS6619 By Claudia Ruiz Microfinance and moneylenders: Long-run effects of WSP 6633 MFIs on informal credit market in Bangladesh Industrial policy in the African context By Claudia Berg, Shahe M Emran and Forhad Shilpi By Joseph Stiglitz, Justin Lin, Celestin Monga and WPS6618 Ebrahim Patel Private tutoring in Vietnam: A review of current issues WSP6632 and its major correlates Arbitrating and mediating disputes: Benchmarking By Hai Anh H Dang arbitration and mediation regimes for commercial WPS6617 disputes related to foreign direct investment Women’s legal rights over 50 years: What is the impact By Sophie Pouget of reform? WSP6631 By Mary Driemeier- Hallward, Tazeen Hasan and Population, poverty, and climate change Bogdana Anca Rusu By Monica Das Gupta WPS6616 WSP6629 Women’s legal rights over 50 years: Progress, The real exchange rate and export growth: Are stagnation or regression? services different? By Mary Driemeier- Hallward, Tazeen Hasan and By Barry Eichengreen and Poonam Gupta Bogdana Anca Rusu WSP6628 WPS6615 The rejuvenation of industrial policy Benchmarking financial systems: Introducing the By Joseph E Stiglitz and Celestin Justin Yifu financial possibility frontier By Thorsten Beck and Erik Feyen WSP6627 Addressing household air pollution: A case study in WPS6614 rural Madagascar Trade, informal employment and labor adjustment costs By Susmita Dasgupta Paul Martin and Hussain A. Samad By Javier Arias, Lederman c Erhan and Diego Rojas Daniel WSP6626 Development at the border: Policies and national WPS6613 integration in Cote d’Ivoire and its neighbors Greening global value chains: Some implementation By Denis Cogneau, Sandrine Mesple-Somps and Gilles challenges Spielvogel By Bernard Desgagne The World Bank in India • November 2013 25 WPS6612 WPS6599 Female business ownership and informal sector Economic Growth and equality of opportunity persistence By Vito Peragine, Flaviana Palmisano and Paolo Brunori By Ejaz Ghani, William R Kerr and Stephen D O’Connell WPS6598 WPS 6611 Testing information constraints on India’s largest Brazil’s bank spread in international context: From antipoverty program macro to micro drivers By Martin Ravallion, Dominique van de Walle, Puja Dutta By Ole Hagen Jorgensen and Apostolos Apostolou and Rinku Murgai WPS6610 WPS6597 Sustaining trade reform: Institutional lessons from Efficiency and equity implications of oil windfalls in Peru and Argentina Brazil By Elias A Baracat, J.Michael Finger, Raul Leon Thorne By Ole Hagen Jorgensen and Julio J Nogues WPS6596 WPS6609 When competition corrupts: A theoretical analysis of How capital-based instruments facilitate the transition market structure and the incidence of corruption toward a low-carbon economy: A tradeoff between By Kaushik Basu, Tamara McGavock and optimality and acceptability Boyang Zhang By Julie Rozenberg, Adrien Vogt-Schilb and WPS6595 Stephane Hallegatte Behavioral economics and public sector reform: An WPS6608 accidental experiment and lessons from Cameroon The art of currency manipulation: How to profiteer By Gael Raballand and Anand Rajaram by deliberately distorting exchange rates WPS6594 By Kaushik Basu Middle-income traps: A conceptual and empirical WPS6607 survey Social capital, product imitation and growth with By Gabriel Fernando Im and David Rosenblatt learning externalities WPS6593 By Richard-Pierre Agenor and Hinh T Dinh Improving access to banking: Evidence from Kenya WPS6606 By Franklin Allen, Elena Carletti, Robert Cull, Jun Qian, The relative income and relative deprivation Lemma Senbet and Patricio Valenzuela hypotheses: A review of the empirical literature WPS6592 By Paolo Vemer Resolving the African financial development gap: WPS6605 Cross-country comparisons and a within-country Russian volatility: Obstacle to firm survival and study of Kenya diversification By Franklin Allen, Elena Carletti, Robert Cull, Jun Qian, By Alvaro S Gonzalez, Iacovone Leonardo and Lemma Senbet and Patricio Valenzuela Hari Subash WPS6591 WPS6604 Institutional and structural determinants of investment Lending concentration, bank performance and worldwide systemic risk: Exploring cross-country variation By Jamus Jerome Lim By Thorsten Beck and Olivier De Jonghe WPS6590 WPS6603 Foreign bank behavior during financial crises Oil price volatility, economic growth and the hedging By Jonathon Adams-Kane, Julian A Caballero and role of renewable energy Jerome Jamus By Jun E Rentschler WPS6589 WPS6602 The use of random geographic cluster sampling to Sunshine works – comment on “the adverse effects survey pastoralists of sunshine: A field experiment on legislative By Kristen Himelein, Stephanie Eckman and transparency in an authoritarian assembly Siobhan Murray By James H Anderson WPS6588 WPS6600 Friend or foe or family? A tale of formal and informal The effect of weather-induced internal migration on plants in India local labor markets: Evidence from Uganda By Ejaz Ghani, Stephen D O’Connell and By Eric Strobl and Marie-Anne Valfort Gunjan Sharma 26 The World Bank in India • November 2013 WPS6587 WPS6575 Evaluation of development programs: Randomized The foundations of macroprudential regulation: A controlled trials or regressions conceptual roadmap By Chris Elbers and Willem Jan Gunning By Augusto de la Torre and Alain Ize WPS6586 WPS6574 Natural resources, physical capital and institutions: Are microcredit borrowers in Bangladesh over- Evidence from Eurasia indebted? By Nancy Vandycke By Shahidur R Khandker, Rashid Faruqee and Hussain A Samad WPS6585 Does the semi-autonomous agency model function in WPS6573 a low-governance environment? The case of the road Benefit incidence with incentive effects, measurement development agency in Zambia errors and latent heterogeneity By Gael Raballand, Kate Bridges, Monica Beuran and By Martin Ravallion and Shaohua Chen Audrey Sacks WPS6572 WPS6584 Drivers of firm-level productivity in Russia’s Shorter, cheaper, quicker, better: Linking measures manufacturing sector of household food security to nutritional outcomes in By Zeljko Bogetic and Olasupo Olusi Bangladesh, Nepal, Pakistan, Uganda, and Tanzania WPS6571 By Sailesh Tiwari, Emmanuel Skoufias and What are the causes of the growing trend of excess Maya Sherpa savings of the corporate sector in developed WPS6583 countries? An empirical analysis of three hypotheses Organizing for prosperity: Collective action, political By Leandro Brufman, Lisana Martinez and parties and the political economy of development Rodrigo Artica By Philip Keefer WPS6570 WPS6582 Household enterprises in Mozambique: Key to poverty Financial development in Latin America and the reduction but not on the development agenda Caribbean: Stylized facts and the road ahead By Louise Fox and Thomas Pave Sohnesen By Tatiana Didier and Sergio L Schuler WPS 6569 WPS6581 The effects of country risk and conflict on Fiscal sustainability in Burundi: Baseline projections, infrastructure PPPs stochastic simulations, and policy scenarios By Gonzalo Araya, Jordan Schwartz and Luis Andres By Mizuho Kida WPS6580 Village sanitation and children’s human capital: Evidence from a randomized experiment by the Maharashtra government By Jeffrey Hammer and Dean Spears WPS6579 Disquiet on the weather front: The welfare impacts of climatic variability in the rural Philippines By Abla Safir, Faye Sharon Piza and Emmanuel Skoufias WPS6578 Growth and volatility analysis using wavelets By Inga Maslova, Harun Onder and Apurva Sanghi WPS6577 Financial inclusion for financial stability: Access to bank deposits and the growth of deposits in the Global Financial Crisis By Rui Han and Martin Melecky WPS6576 The rhyme and reason for macroprudential policy: Four guideposts to find your bearings By Augusto de la Torre and Alain Ize The World Bank in India • November 2013 27 The World Bank in India VOL 12 / NO 3 • November 2013 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Email: indiapic@worldbank.org ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: mediaindia@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-4147 9220 Fax: +91-11- 2461 9393 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. 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