SuStainable Development unit n latin ameRiCa anD tHe CaRibbean 70123 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes Peru PERU COUNTRIES AT HIGH ECONOMIC RISK FROM MULTIPLE HAZARDS (Top 33 based on GDP with 3 or more hazards)a 1. Taiwan, China 2. Dominican Republic 3. Jamaica 4. El Salvador 5. Guatemala 8. Costa Rica 10. Colombia 12. Chile 15. Barbados 18. Ecuador 20. peRU 21. St. Kitts and Nevis 24. Honduras 27. Mexico 32. Bolivia a Dilley et al. (2005). Table 7.2. © Laser143 | Dreamstime.com peruvian cities are at high risk for earthquakes and there are a dearth of resilience-building programs for essential buildings and infrastructure. Nicaragua PERU Natural Disasters from 1980 - 2008b 2,000,000 Affected People Economic Major Disaster Impact (2000) Damages Disaster Date Affected (Number of People) 100 1,500,000 Disaster Date Cost (US$ x 1,000) 59% Drought 1990 2,200,000 Earthquake* 2007 2,000,000 Extreme temp. 2004 2,137,467 Mass 1,000,000 mov. wet 1983 988,800 11% Extreme temp. 2003 Lack 1,839,888 of Resilience (2007) 50 Earthquake* Local 300,000 2001 Events (2000) Drought 1992 1,100,000 Drought 1992 250,000 Extreme temp. 2007 884,57220% 11% 500,000 Flood 1994 50,000 Mass mov. wet 1983 700,000 Drought 1990 36,000 Storm 1997 580,730 0 Earthquake* 0 1986 22,000 Flood 2008 Storm 495,000 Flood Drought Storm Earthquake* 1997 Storm 12,000 Wildfire Earthquake* 2007 Volcano 479,955 Flood 1981 6,000 Earthquake* 2001 349,978 Socio-economic Fragility (2007) 3,000 Mass mov. wet 1984 Management Index (2008) Risk Statistics by Disaster Typeb LCR 17 Average Peru Nicaragua Exposure Population Affected by Disaster Type & Physical Susceptibility (2007) / Disaster Type (1000s US$) Economic Damages 2,500,000 38% 2% 2,000,000 1,500,000 8% 15% 1,000,000 6% 26% 500,000 5% 0 Extreme Temp. Epidemics Earthquake Drought Drought Earthquake* Flood Mass mov. wet Storm Mass mov. wet Flood Relative Vulnerability and Risk Indicatorsc Major Disaster Impact (2000) 100.00 St Kitts and Nevis (2007) Lack of Resilience Local Events (2006-8) 50.00 800,000 0.00 700,000 600,000 500,000 100% Socio-economic Fragility (2007) 400,000 Risk Management Index (2008) 300,000 200,000 100,000 LCR 17 Average Exposure & Physical Susceptibility (2007) 0 Peru Storm Storm b UN (2009). http://www.preventionweb.net/english/countries/statistics/?cid=134. Source data from EM-DAT. Data displayed does not imply national endorsement. c Relative Vulnerability and risk Indicators are adapted from IADB-IDEA-ERN (2009). Values are normalized on scale of 0 – 100 and presented against the average for 17 LCR countries. Major disaster Impact taken from disaster deficit Index: the ratio of economic losses which a country could suffer during St Lucia a Maximum Considered event and its economic resilience. Local events taken from Local disaster Index: the propensity of a country to experience recur- rent, small-scale disasters and their cumulative impact on local development. risk Management Index is presented as the negative (i.e. 0 = optimal, 100 management capability in (i) risk identification, (ii) risk reduction, (iii) disaster = incipient) of IADB’s risk Management Index: measures a country’s risk 1,200,000 management, and (iv) financial protection. resilience, Fragility and exposure are taken from the component indices of Prevalent Vulnerability Index. Date 1,000,000 for local event data depends on information available for each country. Data, and the respective LCR 17 average, from 2000 is used for Dominican Re- public, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica and Nicaragua. Data, and the respective LCR 17 average, from 2006-08 is used for Bolivia, Colombia, Costa 800,000 Rica, Ecuador, Panama and Peru. All LCR 17 averages are calculated based on available data. 100% 600,000 209 400,000 200,000 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes DISASTeR RISk pRoFIle2 northwest of Arequipa, where explosive activity was recorded between 1990 and 1992. The potential hazard in this case is ashfall toward the Arequipa region with lahars and flows into the Colca Valley. geological Hazards landslides are a recurring hazard for Sierra peru is a country with a high seismicity. In Peru, communities and strongly affect infrastructure as in its Andean neighbors, seismic activity originates in the country. The most landslide-prone zones are in the subduction zone between the Nazca and South the steep mountainsides and flanks, the Coast and the American plates and in the continental fault system in high Amazonian valleys, and the inter-Andean valleys the Andes Mountains. Over the past 400 years, Peru of the Huallaga, Marañón, Apurimac, and Urubamba has been hit by at least 30 major earthquakes, the rivers, among others. These events take their heaviest most recent of them near the coast of Lima (1940), toll on road infrastructure. Also included in this Arequipa (1948), Ancash (1970), Nazca (1996), disaster category are flash floods, avalanches, and Arequipa (2001), and Pisco (2007). The highly torrential down-slope flows of water-saturated earth seismic hazard zones are concentrated along the and rock (“huaycos�). The Machu Picchu sanctuary coastal region, home to the nation’s capital, Lima (see region experiences complex events of this type.5 Such Figure 1).3 This is Peru’s disaster hotspot. catastrophic slope failures have occurred primarily in the Andean Mountains, due to seismic activity or heavy The coastal region of peru has a history of rains, claiming thousands of casualties in communities tsunamis. Most of the destructive tsunamis that downstream from the Huaytapallana, Huayhuash, have struck the west coast of South America in the Urubamba, and Vilcabamba cordilleras (1883, 1938 last four centuries have occurred from the Callao and 1970).6 harbor, coast of Lima, southward. According to recent studies4, at least ten Peruvian Regions are at risk for tsunamis, notably Piura, Lambayeque, Lima, Ica, and Arequipa, where the bulk of the coastal port, oil and Hydrometeorological Hazards gas infrastructure is located. peru’s northern coast is especially vulnerable Volcanic hazards in peru are localized in the to el Niño oscillations, which are typically southern part of the country. The 15 existing active characterized by prolonged torrential rains mainly volcanoes pose a threat mainly to four Regions: Tacna, in the Regions of Tumbes, Piura, Lambayeque, La Moquegua, Arequipa, and Ayacucho (see Figure 2). Libertad, and Ancash (except for the high Andean The city of Arequipa is the most exposed because of its provinces). The 1982-83 and 1997-98 El Niño events proximity to the Misti volcano, an area home to over a were devastating for Peru’s economy and people, with million people, and because of infrastructure development losses tallying US$2.277 billion and US$3.569 billion near the volcano’s cone. The most recent event was respectively in destroyed and damaged homes, the eruption of the Sabancaya volcano, 70 kilometers infrastructure and production equipment, cropland, 2 One of the primary sources referenced to develop this profile was DIPECHO (2008). 3 From Tavera and Bernal (2006) and Tavera (2008). 4 Dirección Hidrográfica y de Navegación – Marina de Guerra del Perú (2007). 5 See Vilcanota Valley Slope Monitoring for Flash Flood Prevention, Peru. Geophysical Flow Observatory, University of Maryland, Baltimore County. 6 See Atlas of Natural Hazards in Peru (2004). 210 PeRu Figure 1. Seismic Hazard Map of Peru. Figure 2. Volcanic Hazard Map of Peru. Source: Tavera (2008). Source: Instituto Geofísico de Perú. and transportation stock, among others.7 Following a history of recurrent flooding. An assessment by the 1997-98 El Niño, the World Bank approved the Multisectoral Commission on Risk Reduction a US$150 million loan for a project to assist the in Development (CMRRD) classifies 55 Peruvian Peruvian Government’s reconstruction efforts.8 provinces as high flood risk (Figure 3). At least 23 percent of peru’s population lives Southern peru is prone to droughts, in flood-prone areas.9 As is typical for the Andean frosts, severe cold snaps and other region, the particular water regimen conditions in Peru hydrometeorological events. The south Andean favor flooding. In Peru, flooding is more intense along region (Puno, Cuzco, Apurímac, Arequipa, Moquegua, the rivers that flow toward the coast—which are dry and Tacna) is the most recurrently drought-prone. Its most of the year—when they receive freshets during 1.3 million people living beyond 3,500 meters above the Sierra rainy season between November and April. sea level are the hardest hit because farming and Major Amazon Basin Rivers also inundate floodplains, stock-raising is their livelihood. Frosts occur mainly as Figure 3 illustrates. The Regions of Puno (Titicaca from May to August and affect the Sierra regions watershed), Piura, Lambayeque, and Ucayali have (center and south) that lie above 2,900 meters above 7 See ECLAC Economic Evaluation. 8 See World Bank ICR P054667. 9 UNDP (2004). 211 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes Figure 3. Peru’s Flood Hazard Potential. stubble burning affects 60 percent of Andean farmlands. Pollution caused mainly by the mining and metal industry, household wastes, and farm chemicals has impaired water quality: 16 of the 53 rivers in the coast are partially polluted with lead, manganese, and iron. Moreover, water and sanitation system coverage (around 68 percent) and the quality of those services are limited, so several million people have no access to safe drinking water or sewer systems. Informal management of potable and wastewater is a structural driver of environmental degradation, primarily on the mountainsides. Unplanned urban development and the population distribution have intensified peru’s vulnerability. Close to 76 percent of Peruvians are urban dwellers, and cities are growing quickly and haphazardly. There has been a sharp shift in population distribution by natural region; today the coastal area is home to 54.6 percent of the total population, the Andean regions to 32 percent, and the Amazon Basin to 13.4 percent—a lopsided land occupation pattern. One third of the provinces Source: CMRRD (2004). (home to over 71 percent of Peru’s population) are at very high or high seismic risk. Informal and illegal settlements account for a large share of city growth, especially in Lima, with several consequences for sea level. The cumulative effect of these events is sustainable development. More than 4,000 human devastating for agriculture and has long-term impacts settlements and 900,000 households countrywide on the livelihood of local populations. have yet to see physical-legal title regularization problems resolved (50 percent of Lima settlements, for instance), so residents of these communities are living without essential services such as water and Determinants of Vulnerability to Adverse sanitation or access to public housing programs.10 Natural events in peru peruvians’ socio-economic conditions increase Soil and water quality degradation are peru’s peru’s vulnerability to socio-natural hazards. main vulnerability-heightening environmental More than one-third of Peru’s population (39.3 percent) factors. Forty percent of the coastal region soils is living below the poverty line and 13.7 percent exhibit some degree of salinization resulting from over- subsists in extreme poverty (INEI11 2008), with a irrigation and poor drainage. Water and wind erosion sharp disparity between urban and rural rates—25.7 owing to sparse or no plant cover, overgrazing, and percent and 64.6 percent, respectively. According to 10 See Habitat International Coalition (2005). 11 Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas e Informática. 212 PeRu the National Information System on Disaster Prevention reserve area management, and enhancing spatial and and Management (SINPAD) figures for 1995-2007, the sector planning instruments are examples of actions to Regions hardest hit by disasters were Apurímac, Loreto, address the structural drivers of disaster risk. Lima, Cajamarca, Puno, and Cusco, where poverty rates are highest. Compounding the problem are weak peru’s infrastructure and productive sectors are institutions and a dearth of planning instruments to highly exposed to socio-natural hazards. There deliver social policies more efficiently. is a need to scale up efforts to inventory, analyze, and prioritize interventions required to make existing infrastructure more resilient to earthquakes, flash floods, landslides, and flooding. Agriculture, tourism, DISASTeR RISk MANAgeMeNT the oil and gas industry, and fisheries are among the sectors most exposed to the impact of El Niño and FRAMeWoRk other extreme hydrometeorological events. peru’s ongoing decentralization process is an opportunity to build institutional capacity peruvian cities are at high risk for earthquakes and implement a comprehensive disaster risk and there are a dearth of resilience-building management policy. In the medium term, the bulk programs for essential buildings and of disaster risk management responsibilities and infrastructure. Considering the direct and indirect toll resources will be handled by the regional, provincial, that such catastrophes can have on people in major and district governments. Since decentralization cities, as well as on the economy and social stability, the is still in early stages, it is imperative to bolster country is faced with the twofold challenge of fixing the the institutional capacity of these various levels of unplanned urban development model and unregulated government through technical assistance. occupation of quake-prone areas while making the housing, health, education, urban infrastructure, and Monitoring systems and information technology government sectors more earthquake resilient. tools need to be scaled up to provide the requisite knowledge to support subnational governments and relevant sectors. It is critical for Peru to ensure that subnational governments have the appropriate ACTIVITIeS UNDeR THe Hyogo technological tools and mechanisms to generate, FRAMeWoRk FoR ACTIoN manage, and access hazard and risk information pertinent to their particular needs. The Comprehensive Approach for Probabilistic Risk Assessment12 (CAPRA) platform can be very useful at this juncture. Hyogo Framework for Action (HFA) Priority #1: policy, institutional capacity peru recently strengthened its environmental and consensus building for disaster risk and planning institutions. In 2008, the national management Environment Ministry was created and began operating. The National Center for Strategic Planning peru’s National Civil Defense System (SINADeCI) (CEPLAN) was launched. These two events, indirectly, is an institutional platform for disaster risk will help make the country more disaster-resilient. management. Headed by the National Civil Defense Countering watershed deterioration, assuring careful Agency (INDECI), this network has five regional 12 http://ecapra.org. 213 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes bureaus (Iquitos, Piura, Lima, Arequipa and Cusco) HFA Priority #2: Disaster risk assessment and Civil Defense offices in the different government and monitoring agencies. INDECI brings together and coordinates with a number of ministries and science and technology In recent years, peru has made a considerable agencies by way of Civil Defense Committees, the effort to produce and compile information on Multisectoral Commission, and the Advisory Council hazards and risk at the national level. INDECI on Science and Technology. The country’s two policy produced its 2004 Atlas of Natural Hazards in Peru pillars in this sphere are the National Pact’s Risk in concert with 13 other science and technology Prevention and Management Policy and the National institutions, which, for a year and a half, compiled data Disaster Prevention and Management Plan. on potential adverse geological and hydrometeorological natural events and other kinds of hazards such as The ongoing decentralization process is an epidemics, pandemics, and environmental pollution. opportunity to build up institutional capacity The Multisectoral Commission on Risk Reduction in and implement the risk management policy. Development (CMRRD) created by the Presidency of the The decentralization program launched in 2002 Council of Ministers in 2003 also updated and unified saw elected regional authorities institute a process several of these hazard, vulnerability, and risk maps. to establish regions and the associated mechanics of transferring responsibilities and resources to Many peruvian science and technology institutions the regional governments. As part of this exercise, are engaged in the study of these natural events. INDECI began transferring powers and responsibilities Much of the country’s hazard and risk assessment to the regional governments where Regional Civil technical capacity is concentrated in six institutions Defense Systems (SIREDECI) were set up. Under represented on the SINADECI Advisory Council on this arrangement, the regional governments take on Science and Technology.13 A number of public and responsibility for design and delivery of their own private universities run academic and research programs disaster prevention and management plans, guided by in this field. Although this is considered a strength, these national government policies. Support and assistance efforts need to be optimized and targeted to concrete to the regional, provincial, and district governments in information needs, i.e., prioritize events, zones, scope, those areas clearly could accelerate and bolster this work scales, methodologies, and so on. Strengthening process, which is still in the early stages. national technical coordination mechanisms and agencies will help achieve that aim. The SINADeCI policy framework needs to be updated in line with the new organization of Monitoring systems and technology tools for the State, the focus on risk management, and modeling and assessment need to be scaled up decentralization policies. The Government is to address subnational government and sectoral promoting the institutional reform (the original law dates knowledge needs in particular. It is critical for Peru back more than 36 years). This entails changes to to ensure that subnational governments have the right disaster prevention provisions as well as greater attention technology tools and mechanisms to generate, manage, to this issue in laws and policies governing environmental and access hazard and risk information pertinent to protection, land-use planning, and the Public Investment their particular needs. CAPRA can offer valuable System (SNIP) in particular. These are key areas of focus support for data management, analysis methods, and for the country to overcome structural impediments to interactive tools. The tool will help in standard setting, resilience-building for development. 13 Instituto Geofísico del Perú (IGP), Instituto del Mar de Perú (IMARPE), Instituto Geológico, Minero y Metalúrgico de Perú (INGEMMET), Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (SENAMHI), Dirección de Hidrografía y Navegación de la Marina de Guerra de Perú (DHN), and Japan-Peru Center for Earthquake Engineering and Disaster Mitigation (CISMID). 214 PeRu data sharing, and use of a common language to HFA Priority #4: Reduction of the facilitate communication about disaster risk. CAPRA underlying risk factors (reduction of applications can be tailored to sector and user needs exposure and vulnerability and increase of in such matters as emergency response, land use resilience) planning, investing in mitigation, and financial protection strategies. The CAPRA system’s transparent models peru recently strengthened its environmental and open architecture will enable future users to and planning institutions. In 2008, the national understand this tool and adapt it to their needs. Ministry of Environment was created and began operating and the National Center for Strategic Planning (CEPLAN) was launched—two events that will indirectly help make the country more HFA Priority #3: Use of knowledge, disaster-resilient.14 The Environment Ministry is now innovation, and education to build a coordinating several institutions and existing programs culture of safety and resilience at all levels involving watershed recovery, reserve area protection, and land use planning, among others.15 CEPLAN, INDeCI’s “learning to prevent� training program for its part, is starting strategic development area has shown some 4,000 teachers how to integrate macroplanning. In both cases, technical assistance disaster risk management into the academic curriculum. and capacity development, among other supportive Another initiative targeted at fourth-year high school mechanisms, will be very important to help roll out students develops knowledge and skills in civil-defense- these long-term processes that will so heavily impact related activities. Several public and private universities Peru’s sustainable development. offer post-secondary specializations, notably the National Engineering University (UNI), which has Reducing vulnerability of public investment graduate programs in disaster risk management. projects has been a priority for the Ministry of These institutional programs need continuity within the the economy and Finance (MeF). Over the past SINADECI policy framework. few years, the MEF has developed methodology and technical tools that public institutions and local Ngo engagement in school- and community- governments are now required to use to mainstream based risk management projects in peru is disaster risk reduction into the National Public very important. Numerous NGOs and agencies Investment System project development and approval are running risk management projects with financial cycle.16 Though this marks a significant move to make support from the United Nations, the European Union, new projects more resilient, a great deal remains to USAID, and other international agencies. Though the be done to make existing infrastructure (roads, health, outcomes of these separate projects are important, education, etc.) more disaster-resilient in the areas of tighter coordination is needed to avoid dispersion analysis, quantification, and charting of strategies for and duplication of effort. Dialogue mechanisms likely adoption by the central and subnational governments would need to be instituted with partner organizations and the production sectors. This should be given and NGOs to come to a consensus on policies and priority consideration in any initiative to support the priorities in the SINADECI framework. Peruvian Government. 14 Legislative Decree 1013 enacted on May 13, 2008. 15 For example, Instituto del Mar de Perú (IMARPE), Comisión Ambiental Regional (CAR), and Comisión Ambiental Municipal (CAM). 16 See Guía metodológica para la incorporación del análisis de riesgo asociado a peligros naturales en la formulación y evaluación de proyectos en el Sistema Nacional de Inversión Pública. Dirección General de Programación Multianual. 215 Disaster Risk Management in Latin America and the Caribbean Region: GFDRR Country Notes peru’s productive sectors are highly exposed to the south, provided valuable lessons about socio-natural hazards. Its hydrocarbon and fishing the country’s capacity to manage major industries and agriculture are among the sectors most disasters and post-event reconstruction. On frequently buffeted by natural events. The 1997-98 El August 15, 2007, an M8.0 earthquake (on the Niño, for one, caused an estimated US$1.627 billion in modified Richter scale) rattled Peru’s southern production sector losses.17 Assessing disaster risk in those coast, causing severe damage in towns such as segments of the economy and devising comprehensive Chincha, Pisco, Cañete, and Ica.20 An INDECI self- risk reduction strategies is a country priority given the evaluation of the emergency response, produced growth and development dynamic in the last decade. some months after the quake, identified the need for This will likely mean strengthening the government improvements in such areas as regional government agencies that make, coordinate, and regulate these sector capacity development, coordination, logistics, and policies, dialogue with the private sector, and support for communications, among other areas.21 From the reactivating the Resilience-Building Program to Manage outset, the provisional agency (FORSUR), created Recurring El Niño Events (PREVEN).18 to manage the reconstruction, had to surmount administrative, legal, and technical hurdles as The concentration of the population in cities such well as resolve coordination problems with other as lima (30.8 percent of the national total), piura public agencies and regional governments. Peru (6.1 percent), and Arequipa (4.2 percent)19 and needs to maintain and enhance response capacity their exposure to seismic hazards constitutes the development programs at all levels and address post- country’s greatest disaster risk. Since the direct and disaster recovery issues as part of comprehensive indirect impacts of an earthquake in these large urban risk management. centers are devastating for people as well as for the economy and social stability, Peru is faced with the twofold A comprehensive financial strategy is needed challenge of fixing the unplanned urban development to manage post-disaster situations. Since Peru model and unregulated occupation of earthquake hazard is exposed to frequent disasters and emergencies, zones while making the housing, health, education, urban a comprehensive financial protection strategy needs infrastructure, and government sectors more earthquake- to be devised to establish financial vehicles (for risk resilient. Given the magnitude of the investment this transfer and retention) appropriate to resource needs will call for, an effective mitigation-project analysis, and flows depending on the type of emergency. assessment, and prioritization process is required, as is a Regulations on states of emergency and other comprehensive financial protection strategy for the city. arrangements to ensure solid institutional coordination and efficient expending of resources are also important factors to address. As a result, the MEF has begun implementing some measures: to establish a HFA Priority #5: Disaster preparedness, contingency fund, to get a contingency credit with recovery and reconstruction at national, the Corporación Andina de Fomento (CAF), and to regional, and local levels continue the negotiation process with the World Bank for a CAT DDO (catastrophe deferred drawdown The most recent earthquake to strike peru, in option development policy loan). 17 Andean Development Corporation (2000). 18 Executive Orders 073-2006-PCM and 024-2009-PCM. 19 INEI, National Censuses (2007). 20 According to INEI data, the quake destroyed close to 52,000 homes and severely damaged 23,600 and left 320,000 casualties and victims in its wake. Road infrastructure and the education and housing sectors were particularly hard-hit. 21 See Lecciones Aprendidas del Sur – Sismo de Pisco, 15 de agosto del 2007, Instituto Nacional de Defensa Civil (INDECI). 216 PeRu key DoNoR eNgAgeMeNTS ongoing Donor or IFI-Supported Funding Agency / Allocated Budget HFA Activity Activities International partners and period (US$) Area(s) Disaster Risk Management in Urban Inter-American 1 million 1, 4 Areas/Housing Sector Development Bank 2010-2011 Disaster Risk and Risk Management Inter-American 750,000 (for 14 countries including Peru) 1, 2 Indicators Development Bank 2009 Catastrophic Seismic Risk Profile Inter-American 400,000 (for 4 countries including Peru) 2 Development Bank 2008-2009 Disaster Preparedness and Early European Commission/ 2.6 million 5 Recovery for Earthquake and Tsunami in ECHO/ UNDP 2009-2011 Lima and Callao Andean Program for Disaster Risk PREDECAN 9.45 million Euros for the Andean 1, 3, 4 Prevention Countries 2005-2009 Enhancement of Earthquake and Tsunami Government of Japan/ 5 million Disaster Mitigation Technology JICA 2009-2014 Integration of Disaster Risk Management The World Bank 300,000 1, 2, 4 Information in Peru’s Planning System (SFLAC Grant) 2010-2011 peru’s priority risk management objectives can scaling up of event monitoring networks and be summarized as follows: (i) develop local early warning systems, partnering with the private government capacity through the decentralization sector, will help to considerably reduce exposure process, (ii) ensure existing infrastructure and the to socio-natural hazards. productive sectors are disaster-resilient, and (iii) • To efficiently pursue the above-listed actions, reduce disaster risk by making lima, Arequipa, it is essential to overcome impediments and other major cities earthquake-resilient. of technical data dispersion, methodology tools, and technology infrastructure for risk • Regional, provincial, and district government modeling at different scales. GFDRR support capacity development for risk reduction will make it possible to develop initial activities policy design and delivery will require toward structural solutions like CAPRA. support, primarily for risk diagnosis, technical assistance, and training. • There is a dearth of disaster risk reduction programs to make essential buildings and • efforts to increase inventories in addition infrastructure in lima, Arequipa, and piura to the analysis and prioritization of earthquake-resilient. The advances that can be interventions required to make existing achieved with GFDRR funding support for analysis infrastructure more resilient to earthquakes, and design of medium- and long-term programs flash floods, landslides, and floods, need to will have a very strong impact. be scaled up. GFDRR support in key sectors— such as roads, education, and health—can facilitate In addition to the above-mentioned activities, investment program selection and design. continued dialogue with the government of • extreme weather disturbances such as el peru will lead to the prioritization of future Niño could derail peru’s production and initiatives to ensure adequate mainstreaming economic growth. Support for the PREVEN and implementation of disaster risk reduction program (focusing on northern Peru) and for measures. 217 Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Telephone: 202-458-0268 E-mail: drm@worldbank.org Facsimile: 202-522-3227 AUSTRALIA BAngLAdeSh BeLgIUM BRAZIL CAnAdA COLOMBIA denMARK FInLAnd FRAnCe geRMAnY hAITI IndIA IReLAnd ITALY JAPAn LUXeMBOURg MALAWI MeXICO The neTheRLAndS neW ZeALAnd nORWAY SAUdI ARABIA SenegAL SOUTh AFRICA SOUTh KOReA SPAIn SWeden SWITZeRLAnd TURKeY UnITed KIngdOM UnITed STATeS VIeTnAM YeMen Special thanks and appreciation are extended to the partners who support GFDRR’s work to protect livelihood and improve lives: ACP Secretariat, Australia, Bangladesh, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, European Commission, Finland, France, Germany, Haiti, India, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Malawi, Mexico, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, South Africa, South Korea, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom, United Nations Development Programme, United States, UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction, Vietnam, the World Bank, and Yemen.