MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) REGIONAL WATER INITIATIVE FIRST REGIONAL CONSULTATION ON MNA WATER CHALLENGES AND PREPARATION FOR THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM 28308 SUMMARY REPORT SPAIN, JUNE 10-12, 2002 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i;_ -'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.I WsC,< Rate,Cud The World Bank F3dWl WateL Folu MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA (MNA) - REGIONAL WATER INITIATIVE FIRST REGIONAL CONSULTATION ON MNA WATER CHALLENGES AND PREPARATION FOR THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM SPAIN, JUNE 10-12, 2002 SUMMARY REPORT JUNE 2002 Sponsored by: The 3rd World Water Forum Secretariat The World Bank TABLE OF CONTENTS Page FO R EW O R D ..................................................................... v ACRONYMS ..................................................................... vi SUMMARY OF THE CONSUL TA TION Section 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................. 1 2. GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT ........................ 3 2.1 Introduction ..............................................................3 2.2 Spain Groundwater Management ............................................................. 4 2.2.1 Introduction to the Evolution of Aquifer Management in Spain .... 4 2.2.2 Case Study on Participatory Groundwater Management in The Delta of Llobregat (Barcelona). 5 2.2.3 Case Study of Mula (Murcia), Modernization of a Traditional Irrigation District by a Water Users Association. 6 2.3 Improving Groundwater Management through Government Action in Jordan 7 2.4 Managing Groundwater in the Southwestern Region of the U.S. The Importance of Public Action .8 2.4.1 The Experience of Groundwater Conservation Districts in Texas .8 2.4.2. Centralized Active Participation in Groundwater Management in Arizona .10 2.4.3. Centralized Management of Groundwater--The Case of New Mexico .12 - 11 - 3. PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A PRELIMINARY NOTE .. 15 3.1 The Challenge ................................................................ 15 3.2 Options and Challenges for Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation in The MNA Region ................................................................ 16 4. GROUP DISCUSSIONS .................................................................... 21 4.1 Group Discussions on Groundwater and Aquifer Management ........... ............. 21 4.2 Group Discussions on Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Resources Management .................................................................... 24 5. COUNTRY CONSULTATION FOR THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM, JAPAN, MARCH 2003 .................................................................... 27 6. KEY LESSONS DRAWN FROM THE CASE STUDIES .29 6.1 Options for Improved Water Resources Management and Applicability in MNA Countries .29 6.2 Implementation of Public Private Partnerships, Roles, and Risks .34 7. THE WAY FORWARD TO THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM.... 37 ANNEXES 1. Consultation Agenda .41 2. Participants' List .45 - 1ii - - b Foreword T nhe Regional Consultation on MNA water Alvarez, Director-General for Water Resources challenges and 3rd World Water Forum and Water Quality, and Mr. Juan Canovas, (3WWF) preparation took place in the President of the Segura River Basin Authority. framework of the Partnership Program between We would like to extend our appreciation to the the MNA Water Initiative and the 3WWF Baix Llobregat Users Association's excellent Secretariat. The objective of the Partnership presentations and to Mr. Francisco del Amor, Program is to assist the MNA Region in the President of the Mula Water Users Association, preparation of the Forum, while at the same time for the well-appreciated and enlightening generate knowledge on key water issues relevant presentation on the Mula Irrigation to countries of the region and build partnerships Modernization Plan. Professor Ramon Llamas, for information exchange and dissemination. from the Marcelino Botin Foundation, provided stimulating remarks at the Consultation. The The Regional Consultation was held in Spain, relentless efforts made by Ms. Josefina Maestu June 10-12, 2002 and included site visits to learn (University of Alcala de Henares and World about good practices and innovative methods in Bank consultant) throughout the consultation are groundwater resources management as well as in also gratefully acknowledged. Thanks are private sector participation. Case studies from extended to the other resource persons for their Spain, Jordan, South Western US, and Morocco presentations-Dr. Elias Salameh, University of were presented. Representatives from ten Jordan, Mr. Sixto Requena, World Bank countries of the Region, including high-level consultant and Dr. Rashid Al-Hmoud, assistant delegates, participated in the Consultation. In Professor of Economics at Texas Tech addition were representatives from partner University, USA. organizations--3rd World Water Forum, the World Water Council and the Islamic Our thanks are, of course, due to the workshop Development Bank. participants themselves whose critical involve- ment and dedication to learning made the Many people contributed to the success of this consultation a successful event. Consultation. First of all, we would like to thank the Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, the The contributions of many World Bank staff Ministry of Environment, the Catalan Agency were instrumental in achieving the con- for Water and the Segura River Basin Authority sultation's success. A special word of thanks is in Spain for their generous hospitality and due to the support provided by the Regional extensive assistance in the preparation of the Water Initiative Team of Vahid Alavian, Satoru Consultation. In particular, we would like to Ueda, Ashok Subramanian, Nathalie Abu-Ata thank Mr. Jose Cuevas, President of the and Josephine Onwuemene. Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Mr. Ramon Salah Darghouth Ke The World Bank T 3r World Water Forum Secretariat ACRONYMS ADWR Arizona Department of Water Resources AMA Active Management Area (Arizona) AWS Assured Water Supply Rules (Arizona) BOT Build, Operate and Transfer BOT-C BOT Concessions CAGRD Central Arizona Groundwater Replenish District CAP Central Arizona Project CC Concession contracts CUADLL Water Users Association of the Delta of the Baix Llobregat FCIHS Foundation International Center for Groundwater Hydrology GUA Groundwater User Associations GW Groundwater INA Irrigation Non-expansion Area LOT Lease, Operate and Transfer m3 Cubic Meters MNA Middle East and North Africa MWI Ministry of Water and Irrigation (Jordan) RWI Regional Water Initiative RWPG Regional Water Planning Groups (Arizona) TNRCC Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission TPWD Texas Water Department Board O&M Operations and Maintenance OSE Office of the State Engineer (New Mexico) PET Potential Evapotranspiration PGMA Primary Groundwater Management Areas (Texas) PPP Public Private Partnership RBA River Basin Authority STC Shadow Toll Contract WRM Water Resources Management WWF World Water Forum - vi - SUMMAR Y OF THE CONSUL TA TION - INTRODUCTION T he Middle East and North Africa (MNA) tariat(3WWF) to assist countries of the region to Region, which extends from Iran to Mo- prepare for the 3WWF, Kyoto, March 2003. The rocco, is composed of countries which Spain Regional Consultation was the first meet- share similar types of agro-climate conditions. ing to be held as part of the Partnership. This area is the most water scarce region in the world and the water stress is increasingly affect- The purpose of the Regional Consultation was ing economic and social development. While two-fold: (i) to present preliminary findings of conventional water availability remains rela- some of the RWI analytical work activities, in- tively constant, demand is increasing sharply as cluding sustainable groundwater management a result of population growth, increases in and public-private partnerships in irrigation and household income, and irrigation development. water resources management and gather feed- back from the countries; and (ii) to discuss Following the decision of the Regional Eco- preparation for the 3WWF, including priority nomic Summit held in Amman in October 1995 themes to be addressed at the Forum as well as to address the overall water scarcity in the MNA the organization and structure of a Regional Day region and its impact on economic development, specifically dedicated to common water chal- the MNA Regional Water Initiative (RWI) was lenges in the Region. The Regional Day in launched to facilitate water policy reforms in Kyoto represents an opportunity to communicate countries of the region through (i) knowledge to the rest of the world the key water challenges and experience sharing, (ii) analytical and sector of the Region and solutions proposed to address work support, and (iii) establishment and those challenges. strengthening of partnerships. Two seminars on policy reforms in Water Resources Management In an effort to promote the exchange of ideas (WRM) were organized in 1998 and 1999, fol- and experiences, water management practices in lowed by a series of workshops on groundwater Spain were presented to the participants through management and water reuse, respectively in case studies and field visits. Spain, which shares 2000, in Sana'a, Yemen and in 2001, in Cairo, similar water challenges with a number of MNA Egypt. countries, has been successful, in part, in devel- oping solutions to address water scarcity, both at Recently, the MNA RWI established a partner- the technical and policy levels. In addition, other ship with the Third World Water Forum Secre- case studies from within and outside the region *1 Introduction contributed to broaden the scope of the discus- Section 3 presents options for public-private sions drawing on experiences from Jordan, Mo- partnerships in irrigation in MNA countries and rocco and the Southwestern United States. is a preliminary note to be expanded and com- pleted before 3WWF. This report does not necessarily reflect the World Bank's official policy regarding water Section 4 presents a summary of the discussion resources management, but is instead a working session by country delegates on sustainable document, which will be strengthened with addi- groundwater use and public-private partnerships. tional case studies, as needed. The outcome of the discussions on the prepara- The present report is divided into seven sections. tion for the 3WWF Regional Day are presented Second 2 summarizes the groundwater case in Section 5, including a series of follow-up ac- studies and highlights some of the key issues tions for countries and partner organizations related to institutional and organizational as- from June 2002 until March 2003. pects, regulatory measures and incentives for sustainable groundwater management. The Section 6 identifies lessons learned and guide- Spain case studies emphasize the importance of lines for preparation towards the 3WWF. participatory management in groundwater re- sources while the cases studies from the South- Finally, Section 7 draws some major lessons western United States highlight the role of learnt from the above-mentioned case studies public action. The case of Jordan offers an illus- and places them in context as we move forward tration on the use of strict monitoring and en- in preparation for the 3rd World Water Forum. forcement measures related to groundwater resources extraction. 244 GROUNDWATER AND AQUIFER MANAGEMENT 2.1 Introduction T mhe MNA Region is one of the driest in the for institutional and legal reform, the problem of world. Groundwater plays a key strategic fragmentation of responsibilities in government, role in the region. Most surface water is the difficulties in issuing and enforcing permits, highly seasonal and expensive to transport but and regulating groundwater use. The main points groundwater is available throughout the year and emerging from the Workshop were as follows: is of better quality than surface water. It acts as a strategic buffer and serves both domestic and * A partnership between users and agricultural irrigation needs. Groundwater today government authorities is needed where the suffers overexploitation and pollution and this administration can assess and disseminate can endanger the livelihoods of those depending information and bring users together at the on these resources. aquifer level, providing incentives to do so, and where local users determine rules, The June 2000 Regional Groundwater monitor compliance and mediate in case of Workshop in Sana'a, Republic of Yemen, co- dispute. sponsored by the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, focused on the * There might be a need for the administration legal, institutional, economic and socio-political to strengthen and reorient its role in aquifer factors affecting groundwater management in management, from predominantly top-down participating countries. design and enforcement of rules to information dissemination and facilitation of The workshop helped advance common joint decision-making processes, including understanding as to the extent of the problem in improving monitoring systems and access to MNA countries, the limits of supply side information. management and the risks involved in the use of non-renewable groundwater. Some of the * In most cases, there needs to be a shift from implementation problems in improving expanding supply to managing demand of groundwater management included the problems groundwater resources, including improved of data, information and understanding, the need 03 Groundwater and Aquifer Management irrigation techniques and changes in 2.2.1 Introduction to the Evolution of cropping patterns. Aquifer Management in Spain' Implementing changes in aquifer manage- Spain has important groundwater renewable ment requires addressing the issue of resources (average of 27,000 million cubic defining and clarifying water rights. This meters). Groundwater has been increasingly often may require Water Law reforms to used by farmers (especially small farmers) but reconcile public ownership of water and also by cities and industries that consider it a individual rights of use. strategic resource. Groundwater abstractions have increased in Spain from 500 million cubic * Evaluation of international case studies of meters in 1,900 to 5,600 million cubic meters in participatory aquifer management is needed 1996. Agriculture represents 75% of total to address institutional and practical issues. groundwater abstractions in the country; 20% is used by cities and 5% by industries. Spain is one The Spain Regional Consultation took on the of the countries in the region that has the highest challenge of "drilling into" existing experiences number of wells per capita (estimated about 1 of aquifer management in places where there million wells). The factors driving increased had been improvements. The cases were chosen groundwater use have been lower drilling costs, from Spain, Jordan and the Western U.S., places the invention of the multistage pump, a greater with similar climatic conditions as those found knowledge of hydrogeology and the imitation in the MNA countries and facing similar effect among users because of the good conditions of overexploitation and generalized benefit/cost ratio. scarcity. Generally, groundwater development has had The objective was to analyze institutional positive economic and social impacts. However, arrangements (role of different stakeholders, in some cases, it has caused negative impacts legislation, water rights system), and actions and such as depletion of hydraulic head, useful measures that have led to improved groundwater quality degradation, subsidence or groundwater and aquifer management (socio- land collapse, interference with other water economic measures, technical measures, developments, and adverse impact on aquatic regulatory measures). Moreover, the objective ecosystems. was also to see how the stakeholders involved dealt with some of the major problems of Changes in groundwater management in Spain implementation, how barriers to change were have been accompanied by a number of overcome and what were the major critical legislative developments. According to the factors that triggered change. The objective was Water Act of 1879, groundwater belonged to the then to focus not only on instruments for owners of the land above it. Farmers using improved groundwater management but also on surface water had to, as early as 1879, organize the major enabling preconditions, institutional in irrigation associations. As a result, more than arrangements and the process of implementation 3000 associations exist today. It is only after the of changes in policies and actions. Water Act of 1985 that groundwater became public domain and its use was regulated by the 2.2 Spain Groundwater Management. Law. The new law makes compulsory the From private property to public domain and registration of existing and new users and allows joint management by River Basin Authorities River Basin Authorities (RBA) to intervene and User Associations. directly in the aquifers declared over-exploited. t Presentation by Prof. Ramon Llamas, Professor of Hydrogeology, Madrid University. 444 Groundwater and Aquifer Management Participation of groundwater users in aquifer information dissemination, user participations, management is introduced through Water Users clear identification of water rights, the need for Associations and users are represented in RBA phasing out the subsidy culture, the importance governing and management bodies. The of promoting GUAs, and the need to give regulatory framework was completed by the increasing attention to groundwater pollution. abstraction regime defined in The Basin Water Other key lessons include the need to establish Plans (1998). The latest Reform of the Water Act and to reform the RBA and the importance of (1999) also allows water transactions to take adapted management to local conditions and place among different users. necessities. In Spain, RBAs have played a central role in 2.2.2 Case Study on Participatory Aquifer water resources management since 1929 (Today, Management in The Delta of there are 11 Basin Authorities and 2 Island Llobregat (Barcelona)2 Authorities). RBAs build and manage major infrastructures and are in charge of monitoring In the Delta of the Llobregat River in Barcelona, quantity and quality of surface and groundwater; the Baix Llobregat Delta User Association they prepare water management plans, keep (CUADLL) was created in 1976 as a result of inventories, issue licenses and permissions, social alarm triggered by rapid depletion of the inspect and police licenses, charge fees to water water table as well as deteriorating water quality users, and so forth. Their coverage areas in the aquifers. This led to an increase in the cost coincide with hydrological boundaries. Also, of water purification and abstraction, which had Water User Associations play a key role for the potential of endangering the survival of cities water resources management in cooperation with and key industries in the area. Social alarm was RBA. also triggered by plans for a new dock in the port that was feared would worsen seawater The 1985 Water Law defined and made the intrusion. The aquifer now supplies water to establishment of groundwater user associations City of Barcelona (Water Supply Company of (GUA) compulsory in overexploited aquifers. Barcelona - AGBAR), towns, industries, and GUAs are not private associations but "Public irrigation areas. It has a strategic value given its Law Corporations." They are regulated by the location, especially during incidents of drought 1985 Law that establishes how to create them, or pollution. how they are organized and the decision-making processes vis-a-vis the RBA. Although the law The CUADLL (initially led and promoted by states that GUAs can manage the aquifers with one of the municipal governments) committed the character of "public" organizations they itself to establishing sustainable aquifer use and remain under the supervision of the RBA. They raising public awareness about the value and are democratic organizations, which give them importance of protecting the aquifer. It defined legitimacy to implement control actions. They its basic objectives as (i) promoting the are represented in the RBA, where the reduction of abstractions; (ii) insuring adequate Management Committee is elected by a general replenishment of the aquifer; (iii) improving assembly of users. The Committee implements water quality; (iv) managing the common the agreements decided in the Assembly, and in interests; and (v) carrying out awareness case of conflict, users have agreed that the Jury campaigns among the population. has the power to make the ultimate decision. 2 Presentations by Andreu Galofre (Catalan Water The lessons learned from the experiences of Agency); Fidel Ribera (FCIHS); Joan Codina, Jose Maria groundwater management in Spain indicate the Ninierola and Josep Ferret (water users association) and importance of education campaigns, effective overview by Josefina Maestu (University of Alcala and World Bank Consultant). *5 Groundwater and Aquifer Management Today, the Association has groundwater users against giving any new permits for abstraction of registered in the official "Water Registry" and is water from the aquifer, when this will increase preparing a full inventory of existing wells. It the total water abstractions or when the balance collaborates with the RBA on various activities of the aquifer is negative. including conducting studies on the characteristics and the state of exploitation of the The Water Users Association is run mainly on a aquifer (including evolution of problems of sea volunteer basis with a minimum administrative water intrusion and pollution), publishing staff. It relies on contributions from members in opinion articles in major newspapers and terms of time or funds. The WVA also participating in open and expertfora to inform facilitates and implements actions such as the general public and to seek their support. monitoring or artificial recharge with only However, it was faced initially with limitations indirect compensation (i.e., increased quota of and difficulties due to lack of a regulatory water use to water company in relation to framework. recharge). It also influences regional policy makers through the municipalities on proposed The 1985 Water Law placed groundwater in the land use changes. public domain and enabled the Basin Authority to declare an aquifer over-exploited, and 2.2.3 Case Study of Mula (Murcia). intervened in the aquifer. The Law also provided Modernization of a Traditional all water users (previously only surface water Irrigation district by a Water Users users) with the rights of constituting user Association3. associations and participating in basin authorities' decision making. Today, the Mula County has a precipitation of around 200- CUADLL is composed of a General Assembly, 300 mm per year. Potential evapotranspiration is Governing Board, Arbitrator, Technical high, averaging 1200-1300 mm per year. It is a Commission, Water Police, etc. to protect the semi-desert area. Until a few years ago, the common interests and acquired water rights, and traditional basin irrigation was characterized by to establish appropriate aquifer management old and deteriorated irrigation networks causing norms. It possesses an independent legal status high water losses. It was on the brink of land that allows it to enforce the decisions of the abandonment and desertification. However, with Board in association with the Catalan River the support of the Murcia Regional Government Basin Authority. These efforts have greatly and other institutions such as the High Council contributed to tuming around the trend of for Research, the local farmers introduced aquifer depletion. modern micro-irrigation networks with computerized automation systems connecting For the CUADLL to successfully perform its wells, small reservoirs, pumping stations, etc. on duties, the Water Administration had to delegate a community basis. The irrigation system covers some of its water resources management tasks. a hilly area of about 2,000 hectares and divided As a result, the Association has become "the into seven main plots. There are a total of 4,000 hands and eyes of the administration" in the land holdings belonging to 1,700 farmers. The area. At the same time, the CUADLL demands main products are fruits, citrus and flowers. The support from the administration (RBA) in the irrigation area uses both surface and application of prevailing rules and laws. The groundwater. The wells are 200m deep and the CUADLL collects information and reports water depth is 130m. The two wells have a regularly to the RBA on all the water extracted capacity of 130 I/s and 70 I/s respectively. by users and on any changes in water use. The Association charges a fee to members to cover its management costs, according to usage. The CUADLL has advised the Water Administration 3Presentation by Francisco del Amor, president of the Mula Water Users Association. 644 Groundwater and Aquifer Management The design choices and operational practices, 2.3 Improving Groundwater Management consistent with the local crop requirements and through Government Action in Jordan4 farmers capacities, were decided by the irrigation users, and now, the irrigation network In Jordan, the Ministry of Water and Irrigation is centralized/owned by the Irrigators User (MWI) has all the responsibilities of water Association. Sixty-eight percent of farmers are resources management. It regulates the use of small holders owning farms of less than one water, prevents its waste, conserves hectare. This participatory approach with an consumption, levies and collects tariffs, and integrated water resources management gives water extraction permits. The law states accomplished: (i) sustainable exploitation of the that water is public property and under control aquifer; (ii) maintenarce of water quality; (iii) of the government. equitable distribution of irrigation water; (iv) ecosystem conservation; and (v) improved living In the early 1990s, the MWI established a by- quality for irrigators. law prohibiting the drilling of new wells in most parts of the country, where aquifers were One of the prominent features of the water afflicted by depletion and quality degradation. distribution is a computerized automation Only new wells for governmental municipal system. Each farmer has a "water account," water supply, universities, hospitals, and similar to a bank account in which all water military camps were exempted from this by-law. allocation and transactions (withdrawals) are In addition, repairs of existing wells were indicated. Each irrigator has his own "water allowed only if the same specifications of the book" where all his water and fertilizer original wells were used. All drilling companies transactions are registered. Another interesting were notified of the fines against those who innovation is the "water teller machine," which violated the regulation under the by-law. If a is similar to a banking teller and cash dispensing drilling rig was found at an unlicensed well, the machine located outside of the Association's rig would be confiscated and the drilling team headquarters office. Farmers can program the would be arrested. They would be released only irrigation opening/closing and verify water after paying an appropriate fine and a bail. The withdrawal volume by these machines. The regulation has been enforced strictly, with very Community also has a distribution plan of few exceptions. irrigation and fertilization at the same time. Water carries the dissolved fertilizers that each The MWI went to great lengths to control the kind of irrigation crop requires and according to wells. It took around ten years to accomplish a the requests of farmers. full inventory. Fieldwork was carried out all over the country to register wells, measure It was reported that water loss was reduced from coordinates and obtain information on depth, 1.2 to 0.14 million cubic meters by the water level, year of drilling, water use, etc. As a introduction of the system, in addition to other result, the Ministry has files for nearly all wells benefits, such as energy cost savings, savings in in the country whether they are licensed or fertilizer used (around 45,000 fertilizing units) illegal. The total number of wells in 2000 was agricultural production increases, etc. The 2,449; of which 1,830 were used for irrigation, Segura River Basin Authority also works with 450 for municipal supply and 169 for mainly the Association to manage and control industrial uses. In general, water levels are groundwater and surface water through deep, 100-200 m below ground surface. inventorying, monitoring, licensing, etc. 4Presentation by Dr. Elias Salameh, University of Jordan. N+7 Groundwater and Aquifer Management In 1998, a new regulation was issued, charging a years. Details of the block tariff are: abstractions price for all extracted groundwater for from one single well of less than 150 thousand municipal, industrial, and commercial uses, cubic meters remain free of charge; abstractions excluding irrigation. The charge was a flat rate of 150 to 200 thousand cubic meters will be of US$ 0.15 per cubic meter. All wells were charged at the rate of US$ 0.036 per cubic metered on a regular basis by the MWI, which meter; and abstractions over 200 thousand cubic collected fees based on the abstraction volume. meters will be charged at US$ 0.09 per cubic meter. In 1999, the charge was raised to $0.37 per cubic meter. Consumers protested and threatened to The introduction of this new pricing policy of press charges against the Ministry. But the irrigation water is expected to reduce greatly the Ministry did not yield to the protests and instead amount of pumping water used for irrigation. advised industrial users to install water saving This case may only be partially replicable to and recycling devices. It turned out that those other MNA countries due to the following industrial plants succeeded in saving around reasons: (i) the Jordanian government has 10% of water use and found the devices worth strong capacity to enforce monitoring and the investment. regulations; (ii) water scarcity in Jordan is more severe than most other MNA countries; and (iii) The MWI also took an important step to install the number of wells is relatively small - around meters on all wells including those used for 2,500 nationwide (including illegal ones) and irrigation. The first objective was to measure the they are located in flat terrain easily accessible abstracted volume of water from all wells. The by government offices. second objective was to remind farmers that they are allowed to abstract only the amounts of 2.4 Managing Groundwater in the water stated on their drilling licenses. Southwestern Region of the U.S. The Importance of Public Action5 and Farmers fiercely resisted the installation of Participation meters and some of them even destroyed meters at the beginning. To address the issue, the 2.4.1 The Experience of Groundwater Ministry announced it would close any wells in Conservation Districts in Texas which the owner hindered or destroyed the installation of the meter. Now, the Ministry is Groundwater in Texas was recognized as the proud of the fact that the enforcement rate is private property of landowners, in 1949, with a about 95%. Farmers were also asked to pay for special legislation. The principle of ownership the amount of water exceeding the limits in the used in the state is the absolute ownership licenses. As a result, farmers gradually stopped doctrine, in which landowners enjoy absolute selling water to others. Prior to this, they would freedom to use all groundwater available frequently abstract water not included in the underneath their land. Additionally, landowners licenses for trade. could sell the water to others for beneficial purposes either on or off the land and outside the In 2002, the Cabinet of Ministers approved a basin where produced, just as they could sell any new pricing policy on irrigation water-even on other property. The same legislation authorized amounts already granted in existing licenses- the creation of groundwater conservation with a block tariff system, where charges districts, which now are the only entities that are increase in relation to the amounts of water authorized to restrict the use of groundwater for extracted. The Ministry instituted this new aquifer conservation and land subsidence policy after conducting intensive and difficult control. Groundwater conservation districts can negotiations with farmers' representatives. The new pricing system will go into effect in three Presentation by Dr. Rashid Al-Hmoud, Assistant Professor of Economics,Texas Tech University, USA. 844 Groundwater and Aquifer Management be established after local residents appeal to the groundwater is privately owned by landowners. state to create a district. The districts are also in charge of monitoring the quantity and quality of groundwater. The 1985 legislature authorized the Texas Natural Resources Conservation Commission . High Plains Underground Water (TNRCC) and the Texas Water Development Conservation Districts Board (TWDB) to identify areas where critical groundwater problems exist or may exist in the Some of the districts are quite large. For near future. These agencies are also responsible example, the High Plains Underground Water for identifying and delineating Primary Conservation District No. I (the District) covers Groundwater Management Areas (PGMA) as 28,000 km2 of parts or all of 15 counties. well as initiating the creation of groundwater Population is 442,000. Total irrigated area is conservation districts. When the identification 809,400 hectare out of 1.3 million hectares of process is initiated, notification is sent to crop land. The district is governed by five counties, municipalities and other entities in boards of directors. To ensure local order to solicit comments and request data and representation at the county level, each county information. The PGMA reports include elects its own county committee. There are 15 evaluation and recommendations on strategies county committees in the district, with each one for the establishment of groundwater districts. containing five members who are elected by each county's registered voters. County After considering all information and comments, committees meet regularly with the District's the TNRCC issues an order stating its findings manager and staff to discuss various issues, such and conclusions on the designation of the area as approving water well permits, the budget, and and benefits. The Order provides local residents any other water related issues. Although Texas with an opportunity to choose between Water Code gives the District various options establishing a new district or joining an existing for financing its budget, the District uses one. If the voters elect not to create a district, the property taxes as the predominant source of TNRCC is required to make legislative records income. and to provide recommendations for future management, which may include direct The District requires permits for all wells management by the TNRCC regional office. capable of producing at least 265 liters per day. Areas that reject the government's Individuals who wish to drill a well, equip or recommendations are not eligible to receive any alter the size of the well must apply to the financial aid from the state, such as low-interest District. A county committee must first loans to improve their irrigation system, and are recommend a permit before sending it to the subject to regulations through the initiation of a Board of Directors. The permit application district by the commission's local office. solicits information on the exact location of the well, the location of the three nearest wells and Districts have varied powers including well the size of the pump. If the application is permitting, well spacing, and determining the approved, the county committee recommends size of well pumps. The purpose of groundwater the size of the well pump, depending on the conservation districts is not to impose strict minimum distance to the nearest well. By regulations, but rather to provide for the signing the application, the landowner swears conservation, preservation, protection, and that the proposed well is spaced correctly. Thus, prevention of waste of the groundwater or all responsibilities fall on landowners. The reservoirs or their subdivisions. They achieve District is also responsible for monitoring water these goals through various activities and level in the aquifer. Currently, there are over programs beginning with the principle that 1,200 monitoring wells scattered across the *9 Groundwater and Aquifer Management District. Each year, District personnel read the vehicle to build support for, and eventual water level in the aquifer and compare it to the compliance with, unpopular decisions. previous year's readings to check for the annual Legislation was enacted in 1997 to promote the change in the water table. formation of Regional Water Planning Groups (RWPG) that consist of, among other The District lends money to farmers at interest representatives, a wide variety of water user rates lower than commercial rates using funds categories. The objective of the RWPG is to provided by the TWDB. Since 1985, the prepare and submit to the state govemment TWDB, through the Agricultural Water regional water plans for their respective areas. Conservation Equipment Loan Program, gave Members of these groups are nominated by area out over US$ 15 million to the District. As a citizens and approved by the TWDB. Each direct result of the program, the adoption of RWPG has to identify water demands for a improved irrigation techniques has increased specified 50-year period, evaluate the adequacy dramatically. Today, 75% of total irrigated area of existing supplies available in the planning in the District employs the center pivot system area, determine surpluses or shortages of water (which can achieve irrigation efficiency of up to supplies for the 50-year period, evaluate water 95%), while use of conventional furrow management strategies, and identify cost irrigation systems has nearly disappeared. effectiveness and environmental impacts of each alternative. They then develop the Regional The District also provides advisory services Water Plan and policy recommendations, under focusing on irrigation techniques to local the supervision of the TWDB. As a result of the farmers. The District, in cooperation with the US continuous work by the RWPG, the Texas Department of Agriculture and the Soil legislator passed in 2001 one of the most Conservation Service, designed a regional pre- comprehensive water plans in the history of plant soil moisture-monitoring program to Texas (known as Waterfor Texas-2001). provide farmers information regarding soil moisture in the root zone before irrigation 2.4.2 Centralized Active Participation in seasons. It also publishes in its monthly Ground-Water Management in newsletter contour maps showing the results of Arizona the pre-plant soil moisture survey each year. Another program that aims at improving the In Arizona, surface water rights are based on the efficiency of irrigation water is the Potential doctrine of prior appropriation, the principle of Evapotranspiration Data (PET) program, in which is "first in time, first in right." The use of which irrigators are given computer software groundwater resources, on the other hand, is that enables them to track their crops irrigation subject to the reasonable use doctrine in which using daily data. District staff visit sites on a landowners have the right to capture and use weekly basis in order to verify the model and groundwater beneath their land for beneficial check moisture monitoring devices. In addition purposes on that land without limitations. to the technical assistance programs above, the Landowners cannot transport water off their land District engages in educational programs that if the transfer injures the water supply of a seek to educate the public about the importance neighboring landowner. of water, and demonstrate techniques that can be used to conserve the resource. As a result of the continuous overdraft problem, the state passed the Arizona Groundwater Regional Water Planning Groups Management Act in 1980, which created the Arizona Department of Water Resources The participation of concerned water users in the (ADWR). It was the first comprehensive decision making process of groundwater policy legislative framework for managing is widely observed and practiced as an effective groundwater in the state. The act seeks to 1044 Groundwater and Aquifer Management reduce pumping rates to safe yield levels by the amount of each right). A non-irrigation right is year 2025, which is a level defined by the code associated with land that was retired from as the long term balance between the annual irrigation. Holders of such rights cannot use amount of groundwater withdrawals and the them for irrigation purposes, but can lease them annual amount of natural recharge. to be used on or off their property. The 1980 Act created five Active Management Moreover, the 1980 Act sets the rule for the Areas (AMA) in a part of the state where the creation of an Irrigation Non-expansion Area magnitude of groundwater overdraft is more (INA), which can be designated by the director profound. The Act also allowed other areas to of the ADWR in the case of a serious overdraft create an AMA after submitting a petition to the problem or on the basis of an election, held by ADWR. The 1980 Act restricted the reasonable local residents of an area. In INAs, irrigated use doctrine and imposed strict regulations on areas from groundwater resources are limited by groundwater use inside and outside AMAs. The the number of acres that were historically five AMAs include over 80% of Arizona's irrigated. Although individuals in INAs are not population, and 70% of the state's overdraft allowed to construct new irrigation wells, they problem. are free to withdraw any amount of groundwater subject to the reasonable use requirement. The 1980 Act also provides for five management Currently, INAs encompass over 41,000 periods: 1980-1990; 1990-2000; 2000-2010; hectares of rural areas in Arizona. 2010-2020; and 2020-2025. For each of these periods, the director of the ADWR is required to To ensure that Arizona reduces its reliance on promulgate management plans for the five groundwater resources, the ADWR established management periods. These management plans various programs to encourage water users to require the director of the ADWR, after public use renewable water sources, especially from the hearing, to impose increasingly stringent Colorado River through the Central Arizona mandatory conservation measures on all Project (CAP). The CAP is a federal project groundwater uses to meet the goals of each constructed by the Bureau of Reclamation to management period. In the event the transfer 3.45 billion cubic meters of water yearly management plans do not prove to be sufficient from the Colorado River to Arizona (and other to meet their goals, the director is empowered to Southwestern states) using a 546 km long purchase and retire water rights after January of conveyance system. 2006. Such purchases are to be financed by withdrawal taxes on all individuals withdrawing To ensure adequate water resources for future water within an AMA. development, the ADWR enacted the Assured Water Supply (AWS) rules. According to these To protect the rights of landowners who utilized rules, developers must demonstrate the groundwater before 1980, the Act provided two availability of water for their projects for the types of groundwater rights-irrigation next 100 years, of which 90% must be obtained grandfathered rights and non-irrigation grand from renewable water sources. If developers do fathered rights. An irrigation right is given to not have access to adequate renewable water those who irrigated their land in any year sources, they can join the Central Arizona between 1975 and 1980. In this case, each Groundwater Replenishment District farmer is entitled to a specific amount of (CARWD). The CARWD uses CAP water to groundwater subject to an irrigation water duty, replenish aquifers using recharge facilities when which is a concept that varies with the most its members use more than their allotted current irrigation technologies (the TWDB amounts of groundwater. In such cases, reduces the water duty frequently to limit the members must pay special fees. 1+11- Groundwater and Aquifer Management Until 1996, Arizona did not use its full share of appropriation rights doctrine. In the late 1940s, CAP water. Consequently, the ADWR the New Mexico OSE divided the state into established the Arizona Water Banking townships. Each township is 36-square-miles of Authority (AWBA) to store Arizona's unused land. The groundwater in the aquifer below each share of the Colorado River for future needs. township is treated as a separate source of water, Each year, the AWBA pays the delivery and even if two adjoining townships share the same storage costs to transfer Arizona's unused share aquifer. The assumption by the OSE is that of the Colorado River to different parts of the under each township, there is a stock of states through the CAP. The water is then stored groundwater that is different in its characteristics underground through direct recharge, or used by from the water stock below the adjoining irrigation districts instead of pumping township. This assumption was made to groundwater (known as indirect recharge). facilitate the calculation of the aggregate supply of water below each township, so that the OSE 2.4.3. Centralized Management of can determine the aggregate appropriate quantity Groundwater--The Case of New of water. This division of the total area of the Mexico state and its groundwater resources was also essential to set rules for groundwater transfers. The 1927 Legislature created the first groundwater appropriation statute in New Groundwater rights in the appropriation rights Mexico. It gave the Office of the State Engineer doctrine are exclusively owned and based on (OSE--the authority that manages groundwater consumptive use. In New Mexico, groundwater in New Mexico) supervision rights and control rights were determined at 3 acre-feet of of groundwater and declared groundwater to consumptive use per acre of land. The total "belong to the public, and subject to amount of water an individual right holder may appropriation to beneficial use." The statutes withdraw is a function of the consumptive use also prohibit the removal of water for and the return flow coefficient, which varies transportation outside New Mexico without a with the type of use. The OSE determines both permit from the state. They also specify that variables. The return flow coefficient equals 1/3 groundwater may be appropriated outside the for irrigation and zero for industrial uses in New boundaries of declared groundwater basins for Mexico. The rationale behind this is that beneficial use within the state without the approximately 2/3 of groundwater used in appropriators making application to the OSE, irrigation either evaporates or gets absorbed by subject only to prior and existing rights within the soil and plants, thus allowing for 1/3 of the such areas. In areas outside declared water applied to percolate back into the aquifer. groundwater basins, the Office of the State In the industrial sector, groundwater used is Engineer has no jurisdiction over groundwater totally absorbed and does not percolate into the use. In these areas, individuals claiming that new aquifer after its use. appropriations will impair their water rights (i.e., senior rights holders) must sue in district courts. Groundwater rights holders in New Mexico have In such actions, the burden of proof is on the the right to reallocate the resource, granted that senior appropriators to establish an impairment their action does not impair existing rights. of their water right. Currently there are 33 Property rights holders may transfer declared groundwater basins, covering over 90% groundwater from one location to another within of New Mexico's total area. the boundaries of a township, from a township to another, and outside the state. However, each In 1931, the State Legislature imposed a permit type of transfer is subject to different policies. system for the appropriation of groundwater, Any applicant who wishes to transfer which is still in effect. The property rights groundwater rights must publish the application doctrine that applies in the state is the in a weekly newspaper for three consecutive 1244 Groundwater and Aquifer Management weeks. This gives third-parties (those who are areas in need, in an attempt to increase the not affected directly by the water transfer) the marginal benefit of water. The water bank is opportunity to voice their objections to the based on allowing holders of current water rights application, if they feel that the reallocation of in the District who are not using their rights to groundwater will impair their rights. place the rights in the bank. Individuals and entities that need water can buy the right to use Water marketing activities in New Mexico are (i.e., borrow) water to put it to a beneficial use. very limited and confined to only one When water rights holders present their rights to groundwater basin. The District's water bank is the water bank for deposit, they must first verify a water management tool used to distribute with the OSE that their rights are valid. water from areas where it is not being used to *13 PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIPS IN IRRIGATION AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: A PRELIMINARY NOTE 3.1. The Challenge enabling environment for PPP management. M s . 'NA countries need to raise financing Minimum features of a good enabling for annual investments in the irrigation environment are as follows: sector between 2.5 and 3.5 billion US$ in the coming years. Government budgets will * Investment and business climate and possibly be the main source of funding. But as perception of risks. These are determined by government budgets might not be adequate, a series of factors such as rate of exchange MNA countries have the option of using Public- policies, macroeconomic stability, sound Private Partnership (PPP) to attract additional investments and profit repatriation, and the financing. However, the only PPP options that respect to due process in the solution of offer financing as part of its contractual services conflicts at the judiciary. If the judiciary is are concession or BOT-concessions. Therefore too slow or not predictable, conflict the real challenge for the average MNA country resolution mechanisms can be part of will be to ensure a good return on irrigation concession contracts to mitigate perception projects so the private sector can commit equity of risks; and loans from commercial banks to finance irrigation projects. At the same time, available * Political commitment to expedite the water in MNA must be managed effectively formation of PPP. Political commitment at given overall water scarcity and competing the highest level canbe shown by hierarchy claims for water. PPP can also contribute to of legal instruments to put in practice a PPP improved management and distribution of water contract. Committed governments use through irrigation networks. contractual instruments endorsed by law. For example, infrastructure concessions are To meet the challenge of financing and awarded by supreme decree in Chile, with management, MNA governments might need to signatures of the President and Finance and consolidate their reforms to establish an Sector Ministers; IThis section is based on the presentation of a preliminary drafl Framework Paper, "Options and Challenges for PPP in Irrigation ", Murcia-Spain, 2002, prepared by Sixto Requena (Consultant) and Hassan Lamrani. 015 Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Resources Management * Clear rules for tariff making based on all estimations needed, especially those that sound economic and financial principles. have financial implications and affect the Rules for tariff making and adjustments profitability of the business. Therefore the should be embodied in specific laws or more trustworthy the data, the less room for equivalent legal instruments, and form the uncertainty and the more willing the private basis to prepare financial projections, upon sector will be to get into PPP; and, which the private sector can make qualified * Clear risk sharing schemes between the assessments about the convenience or inconvenience of going into a PPP ~public and private sectors. Clear inconvenience of going into a PPP; distribution of risks and instruments to * Well defined WRM institutionalframework overcome contingencies make a contract Clearly defined institutional responsibilities easier to agree on, given that costs and in WRM and well qualified staff in key benefits of taking the risks can be positions will reduce the perception of risk incorporated in the financial analysis. In the by the private sector, as public functions case of irrigation projects, commercial risk related to the irrigation sector will be clear; will be given greater consideration given that willingness to pay by farmers can be * Sound database. Available technical afece by aviaiiyofwtr-hc studies will allow the private sector to make might b y uncerain ent. might be a very uncertain event. Box 3.1: Concession Embalse Illapel, Chile: a win-win- 3.2 Options and Challenges for PPP in win PPP partnership Irrigation in the MNA Region Embalse Illapel S.A. is a concessionaire undertaking a concession contract awarded in April 2001 by the Government of Chile; construction began in There are various optional contractual forms of August 2002, and practical operation will begin by August 2004. By virtue Public-Private-Partnerships (PPP) that might be of the concession contract: applicable to the irrigation sector. Options can be . The Government could win - As Embalse Illapel S.A. will provide tailored for satisfying very specific irrigation needed financing to build a 25 Mm3 dam and transport facilities, and to modernize the distribution network. After construction completion needs, e.g., if there is in place a newly built in August 2004 and when the dam is in operation, the government will irrigation system, the government might be payback 75% of capital investments in three annual installments, willing to contract out management services from instead of financing 100% upfront as it was the case in all previous the private sector to ensure proper O&M and dams built in Chile; service reliability to farmers over the life of the . The farmer community could win - After finishing construction, in irrigation facilities . If such a system did not August 2004, they will be able to grow high value crops during the exist and, due to fiscal constraints, the spring and summer seasons by having access to water that currently is goverment could not build it in the coming lost to the sea. Farmners will participate in water distribution through their WUAs, paying a fee for storing water in the dam to the years, then a PPP contract can help in addressing concessionaire; and, the investment problem. The private sector could bring financing, technical and managerial d The concessionaire could win - After finishing operation, in August 2004 and for 25 year, the concessionaire will have the right to exploit expertise to build and manage the system over a the business, won by asking for the least capital and operational number of years, long enough to recover subsidy from the govemment. Since the contract between farmers and investment costs plus a reasonable return. (See concessionaire are voluntary, there is a commercial risk taken by the Box 3.1 for the case in the concession Embalse concessionaire in exchange of which it is expected to make profits. Illapel in Chile). However, for PPP to work to the advantage of the concerned country, it will always be very important to ensure that social and environmental issues are taken into account. 2 It is widely known that without proper O&M irrigation facilities deteriorate quickly, resulting in unreliable irrigation water and in frustration for the farmers. 1644 Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Resources Management The options. Figure 3.1 presents a menu of An idea of main features contained in each eight (8) PPP contract options (horizontal axis) optional PPP contract can be grasped by looking and six potential features or bundles of services at Figure 3.1; and the degrees of contract (vertical axis, left hand side) that can or cannot sophistication and risk taking by the private be included in each optional PPP contract. sector will depend on whether an optional PPP Features or services offered by each optional contract offers the possibility of improving contract are presented as separable blocks of financial surplus generation out of operations obligations in relation to handling infrastructure and whether or not an optional PPP contract for irrigation. On the right hand side of Figure offers the possibility of bringing cash financing 3. 1, the level of risks taken by the private sector up front. in each optional PPP contract is indicated. Figure 3.1: Options of PPP and implied risk-taking High G4 r Contribution to investment Access to I II I c c2 > capital mkts JL IL&l e Q Surplus out o 7; ~~operation Managing e '2 expertise L Cu o Technical 1 expertise M. Operating efficiency Nil rt Z G~~~~d - - - - - .- . *° E 0.0 '' (WUAs) (SC) (MC) (STC) (LOT) (BOT) (BOT-C) (CC) PPP options According to Figure 3.1, (i) WUA only offers offer surplus generation out of operations in improvements in operational efficiency; (ii) addition to all features offered by management contract service offers only technical expertise; contracts; (v) lease contracts offer similar (iii) management contract offers improvements services as shadow tall contracts; (vi) BOT in operational efficiency, technical and contracts offer short term financing to facilitate managerial expertise; (iv ) shadow toll contracts construction in addition to surplus generation; *17 Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Resources Management (vii) BOT Concessions offer long term financing * The Guerdane Project in the Guerdane that is applied to construction of new water for perimeter, near Agadir; and irrigation infrastructure; and, (viii) Concession contracts also offer fresh long term financing to * The Gharb Project in the Central Zone of the rehabilitate existing infrastructure. And, depend- Gharb region, near Kenitra. ing on the financial engineering embodied in the contract, BOT-concessions can also offer The Guerdane project will serve a population of financing for the government subsidy market-oriented farmers in a perimeter of 10,000 obligations, making it possible to build irrigation hectares. It is now at the stage of pre- infrastructure in the immediate future rather than qualification of interested investors. Opening of 7-10 years later. biddings is expected to take place in January 2003. The Gharb Project will be tendered at a According to sound integrated Water Resources later stage. Management (WRM) experience, whether we look at the Spanish hydrographic management The Guerdane project, for which total case, the French Water Agencies case, or the investments are estimated at US$80 million, has Dutch Water Boards case, one lesson is very two main components: clear: decentralized "corporate like" principles can be applied for implementing WRM * Construction and operation of a 70 functions. Using these principles, interests of kilometer-long, gravity-based (buried pipes) various relevant stakeholders can be represented water conduction infrastructure that will and independent professional management of convey an annual volume of 45 million day-to-day WRM activities with full financial cubic meters from the Chakoukane-Aoulouz and administrative autonomy can be achieved. complex to the Guerdane perimeter; and Once decentralized, and financial and * Construction and operation of an estimated administrative autonomy for WRM is achieved, 300 kilometer-long irrigation network that authorities in charge can work with a budget will distribute irrigation water to farmers financed by water taxes, out of which they can within the Guerdane perimeter who express direct grants to various stakeholders to promote their demand. Distribution of irrigation proper handling of water aimed at water through the distribution network up to implementing: (i) on farm water saving farmers' individual storage basins will not techniques; (ii) improved dam and distribution use electric power. systems O&M, through choosing the best contractual instrument; (iii) improved domestic Designing the appropriate tariff structure is a and industrial sewage treatment; and (iv) assess key aspect of the PPP activity to ensure the benefits and costs of PPP contracts and support financial viability of the project for prospective them when they are found to be the best investors, and to induce farmers on the perimeter instrument to improve WRM objectives. to use surface water efficiently. It will also be used to finance a process of further technical 3.3 Pilot Projects innovation to save water by the farmer community so the critical limited resource such The pilot projects for pnrvate sector participation as surface water is used diligently, and waste is in the Guerdane irrigation district and the Gharb prevented. region in Morocco are a case in point. As part of its program of economic reforms, the 3.4. Conclusion Government of Morocco has decided to implement two projects for rural water In the context of the need for additional conveyance and distribution through PPPs: financing and improved management, the experience to date in MNA countries is more with water user associations than with private 1844 Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Resources Management commercial sector participation in irrigation. Analysis of PPP options must address concerns User associations have largely participated in about the social and environmental impacts irrigation O&M and improved management of Questions to address include: (i) Does PPP water services. A clear choice for MNA improve service delivery to small holders and countries, therefore, is to clearly identify the tail enders? (ii) Does PPP for market-oriented potential roles of the private sector in water agriculture permit the government to focus on management and development, together with public good services to the poor? (iii) Will tariff risks and incentives. increases be politically acceptable? and (iv) Will environmental conditions worsen under PPP? *19 - - - 4 GROUP DISCUSSIONS roup discussions dunrng the regional (monitoring wells and abstraction/regulation consultation addressed the main issues enforcement and policing)? J raised by case studies and the field visit. Cases were discussed in light of the different 4. What are possible solutions: economic tools, participant country experiences. Discussions focused on the main policy concerns and main implementation challenges that are often Enabling Pre-Conditions encountered. Particular attention was paid to the issues of participatory management and the Country participants agreed that participatory specific role of private participation in irrigation aquifer management seems often to be a response to a cnsis that triggers the need for action. The types of crisis discussed that affect MNA countries may include water scarcity (as a 4.1 dGroup fe Discussionsent Grunwaer result of refugees influx, for example), water quality, and transboundary issues. But there are other more common situations such as increased groundwater andaquifer management were: demand relative to water availability, gradual depletion and degradation, population growth .. Wh a t ean pand poor efficiency in management. Any of c. Wht/ ear *th enabl n r Pareciation these may trigger the need for an alternate Groundwater Management? approach in groundwater management. An indication as to when a problem situation 2. What are the roles of key players (Basin reaches a crisis level (see Barcelona case) might administration, national/state governments, lie in the need to communicate the sense of water users associations)? urgency, involving data collection and 3. What would be the implementation documenting the problem, to the users and challenge for groundwater management decision makers. *21 Group Discussions Enabling preconditions for sustainable aquifer considerations included the need today for management, in general, and according to the allocating water to high value uses. case studies may include the need for the development of a legislative framework for The Role of Different Actors aquifer management, strengthening in parallel institutional capacity and separating the Some of the participants argued strongly that in ownership of wells and the ownership of water policy implementation and in the promotion of (that participants argued needed to remain participatory aquifer management, it is public), and moreover, integrating surface and important to consider the different roles of groundwater management. various actors in order to protect the public's interests, consider the equity issues and the Participants argued that one key aspect in needs of future generations, and insure improved groundwater management is the definition of the water use efficiency and allocation. It became goals of sustainable aquifer management. This clear that there was a consensus among could be defined as the preservation of water participants that all national governments, Basin availability and sustainability (in quantity and Authorities and users associations have an quality), the improvement of service quality, the important but different role to play. development of knowledge, studies and monitoring, etc. However, improving The roles for national governments discussed in implementation requires getting users involved light of experience included strategic planning, in formulation/design of general goals and in the development of legislation, establishment of management system (see Barcelona and Mula). financing policy, setting priorities, defining the Participants also considered that increasing role of other levels of management, implementation success requires developing a implementing policies for decentralization and legislative/institutional framework and water acting as regulator. Many argued that rights system which takes into consideration the Government should have control of water internal variation in different parts of the various resources, and should be able to conduct countries (see Jordan, Arizona, New Mexico, assessments and other research, take a lead in Texas) education, and carry out major investments where needed. However, Governments should An adequate definition of water rights as an also establish economic policies to ensure enabling pre-condition for aquifer management rational use, use subsidies whenever appropriate, was discussed in the context of considering and ensure that monopoly situations (when there water as a public property. Country participants is private involvement) do not create allocation argued that this is important because it insures inequities and unreasonable profits. However, taking care of equity issues. It was some of these responsibilities may be shared acknowledged, however, that some types of with the Basin Authorities. private rights of use may be adequate and serve as incentives for the preservation of resources. Basin authorities were also seen to have an The identification of groundwater private rights important role to play as the main body for was considered important when there has not integrated resources management at the basin been public property involved but simply level. They could play a role as regulators and in appropriation. Some participants argued that in enforcing legislation and at operational level of the definition of water rights it would be the basin, acting as the main liaison between important to consider issues such as the priority users and government. Basin authorities are that needs to be given to drinking water supplies, essential in this interface role and in the support that water might be in some cases strategic for and creation of relationships with users, production and that it might be necessary to save including the creation of users associations. water for future generations. Other Users associations, in fact, as shown in the case 2244 Group Discussions studies, frequently depend on them for support Participants argued that there are advantages to in enforcing rules and carrying out studies. public intervention such as financial resources, legislative instruments and heightened capacity, Participants discussed how, in light of the cases but also some disadvantages such as slow action presented, Water Users Associations should and increased bureaucracy. Government man- have an essential role in aquifer management. agement might be easier where there are less They are envisaged as having mainly an wells and users (Jordan experience) but more operational role, but should also participate in difficult where there are a multitude of users and the decision making of the basin authorities. wells (Spain). The latter may require more Some participants, however, showed concern decentralized systems of management and over the issue of user participation in greater user participation when even RBA are management and the problems that may be unable to control all abstractions and other encountered. Some posed the question of incidents. whether there was a need for users associations focusing on water management or whether the There was a general recognition that govemment is better positioned to carry out enforcement of new laws takes time and it is operational water management duties. important to balance the use of education versus the use of policing, inspection and mandatory Discussions by participants pointed out that the instruments. In this context it is important that experiences presented through the case studies users are present to deal with the implementation seemed to show that aquifer level user challenge and they also should be proactive in associations with the support of Basin Authority demanding collaboration from basin authorities might be particularly effective in establishing and efficient government (Barcelona case). agreements among users for water abstraction and distribution, monitoring individual Some participants pointed to the importance of members' water use, and enforcing agreements measures for monitoring and control of water and fines. What also emerged, however, was quality and water quantity in aquifer how important it is for Water Users Associations management. Making implementation success- to act in the framework of the legislation and ful, however, could rely on options such as a regulations established at basin and national mandatory metering policy but with a grace levels, defining their responsibilities and their period, dealing with illegal water use by instruments for action. establishing a police force, and giving appropriate powers to implementation agencies. The Implementation Challenge The power of demonstration actions such as closing key wells and prosecuting people Implementation of changes in aquifer (Jordan experience) could ease implementation. management can be problematic. Some of the These enforcement measures require that there problems faced by public organizations were exist the political will to support these actions. raised by participants and often relate to enforcement and control. Public actions pose Actions for Improving Aquifer problems in relation to monitoring wells, Management controlling volumes abstracted, and enforcing and policing regulations. Still, it was recognized Two types of actions were discussed in light of that there needs to be an important level of the cases and experiences that were analyzed public control (versus individually owned and earlier. Some were technical solutions and others managed wells). were socio-economic measures. Some participants argued that in analyzing actions and options it was important to draw on the lessons ~*23 Group Discussions of the cases discussed and other country * What are the obstacles and incentives for experiences that showed that improving aquifer PPP? management requires considering also surface water, treated wastewater, and brackish water. Some participants argued that public management might be projected by some in a Discussions centered on some technical rather negative light (hence proposals for solutions such as artificial recharge, conjunctive increased private role). The participants pointed use of surface and groundwater, desalination of out the importance of considering conflicts brackish water and its viability, in addition to between public and private interests, for regulatory/mandatory actions, economic tools instance, the private sector may want to expand and social mechanisms. Actions proposed were: use when the common interest is to control this. closing wells; grouping wells to facilitate monitoring; using land use policies and Overall, it was agreed that private sector controlling new land uses to avoid further involvement might need to be seen as an pressures; establishing a system of fines and instrument of achieving public goals and not the penalties; establishing users' fees (increasing other way around. The government has to have block tariffs); and changing from direct to a strategic plan of action and consider how the indirect subsidies. Some participants argued that private sector might contribute to the plan. the use of water for higher added value uses might be facilitated by establishing The cases presented showed that it is important incentives/subsidies to favor low-water-use in to ensure that all participants are winners, and to agriculture. Other actions to facilitate this could find win-win-win strategies. But participants include buying agricultural non-used water to argued that this may not always be possible use it for municipal use and for compensating when you have to care for public interests, and farmers for not irrigating. Some participants that there needs to be a way of balancing public raised the issue that the establishment of water and private interests. banks as an option may present obstacles, particularly if, as in many parts of the MNA In order to deal with the obstacles and incentives region, there is no real water surplus and no for the development of public private tradition of having the right to sell water. partnerships, some participants argued that it is important to define the role of the private sector Participants considered that community mainly as an operator of services of water management tools and peer pressure was as supply, in charge of distribution. Private important as insuring users collaboration with operators could also deal with water authorities in policing. To be effective the development and main conveyance systems, establishment and implementation of laws & although this might be more complex and regulations require the consensus of all the difficult, given the strategic nature of water actors. resources management. 4.2 Group Discussion on Public-Private On the basis of participant country experiences Partnerships in Irrigation and Water with PPP, it was argued that it is fundamental to Resources Management have a clear legal and regulatory framework, capacity to regulate private operations and well- The key questions discussed in relation to public defined responsibilities, rights and obligations. private partnerships were: Transparency is also very important in any process of private involvement in water * What is the possible role and areas for PPP resources management. Good market conditions implementation? are necessary for private participation to be viable and to be able to sustain itself. Some 2444 Group Discussions participants agreed that this might be facilitated value added is the nature of land tenure system by providing incentives in the formn of well- and smallholdings. An additional issue raised aimed subsidies to make "business" viable in by some participants was that it is also important irrigation areas. Still, viability of private to take into account that the viability of private participation in irrigation areas is linked to the sector involvement could be linked to existence of high value added crops and the "collateral" businesses of the main public implementation of soft loans to improve services, such as maintenance and agricultural technology. However, it was discussed that a processing where relevant. major obstacle for producing crops with higher *25 5 COUNTRY CONSULTATION FOR THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM, JAPAN, MARCH 2003 T nhe last session of the Regional and partners at the plenary session of the Consultation focused on the preparation Regional Day. for the Third World Water Forum (3WWF). The main objective of the discussion Different activities that have been undertaken by was to collect the key MNA messages to be the Partnership Program in assisting countries of conveyed to the 3WWF and discuss the format the Region to prepare for the Forum, such as the of the MNNA session at the 3WWF. Mr. Kenzo Water Voices Project or the Virtual Conferences Hiroki, from the 3WWF Secretariat, briefed the were also presented to the country delegates. delegates on the organization and structure of the 3WWF, including the importance of the The Regional Consultation led to the agreement Regional Day as a vehicle for attracting the on core themes to be presented and discussed at world's attention to water challenges of the the 3WWF: (i) Sustainable Groundwater and MNA Region. The objective of the Regional Aquifer Management, (ii) Public-Private Day is three-fold: (i) review common water Partnerships in Irrigated Agriculture and Water issues and strategies in the region on prioritized Resources Management, (iii) Agriculture Policy, themes based on various studies, virtual Water, and Food Security (iv) Treated conferences, water voices, etc. organized during Wastewater Reuse, and (v) Desalination. Some 2002-2003; (ii) establish a mechanism to share of these topics have already been the subject of information and knowledge among the countries specific regional workshops (e.g., Groundwater and partners active in the region, and coordinate Management Workshop, Amman, 2000 and various programs to increase their impacts; and Wastewater Reuse Workshop, Cairo, 2001) and (iii) prepare a Regional Statement to be reports on the first three themes are currently submitted to the Ministerial Conference at the underway. Forum and to present regional issues to the world and donor communities. The preparation Participants considered that the dissemination of of the Statement will be facilitated by the core key lessons learned from the various cases is organizers and agreed with the country delegates important for progressing in the topics above. It is essential to reiterate the need to share with *27 Country Consultation for the 3WWF other countries information and experiences on welcomed this prospect and suggested water resources management. combining the ICBA-convened session and its own session on wastewater reuse, including Participants' countries discussed some desalination. It was agreed that this option organizational issues and in-country preparatory would be further explored over the coming process leading to the 3d World Water Forum. It months. was suggested that countries would include actions such as briefing Ministries on the A timetable was developed and included a list of importance of the 3rd World Water Forum and tasks to be accomplished by both countries and would seek to organize working groups partners until the next consultation and responsible for informing and raising awareness eventually until the 3rd World Water Forum. It about the Forum among other stakeholders. was agreed that the next consultation will be held sometime in October 2002 and that the It was also suggested to involve, in the Bank would advise the countries and other preparation and coordination process, the sub- partners on the date and venue of the next regional organizations. For example, Arab 3WWF Regional Consultation. Maghreb Union (AMU) has conducted several water-related studies, over the past years, More specifically, from June until the next focusing on coordination of water policies and consultation, the country delegates agreed to the political economy of water and could be hold stakeholders consultations for 3WWF useful in presenting a broad picture of the water preparation, participate in 3WWF-led virtual resources situation in North Africa at the Forum. conferences to share knowledge and information on key water management issues and provide The Regional Day could include the MNA feedback on the on-going thematic reports Region and all the remaining Mediterranean prepared by the World Bank. Countries will also countries (Spain proposal), on the basis that start reflecting upon the selection of their water problems encountered by Mediterranean delegation to the Forum and preparation of the countries were similar to those experienced by Regional Statement throughout the period Middle Eastem and North African countries and leading up to the Forum in March 2003. different from those experienced by European countries. This proposal, however, would have As for the Partner organizations, including the to take into account other Regional Days World Bank, they have agreed to work together arrangements and be reviewed by the 3WWF for preparation towards the Regional Day to Secretariat. maximize synergies and provide support to the countries for preparation of the Regional Opportunities for joint presentations during the Statement. Finally, the World Bank, along with Regional Day with other organizations, such as the other partner organizations will encourage IDB, which has submitted a request to the regional knowledge sharing through Internet 3WWF Secretariat to organize a session on the dialogue, newsletters, and an email distribution use of saline water and treated wastewater for list, and will organize and support regional irrigated agriculture convened by the consultations with countries until the 3rd World International Center for Biosaline Agriculture Water Forum. (ICBA), were also considered. The World Bank 2844 6 KEY LESSONS DRAWN FROM THE CASE STUDIES T he main lessons from the cases and other decisions and investments to maximize private discussions leading to the 3d World returns from using the resource. Water Forum are presented below. Faced with critical aquifer depletion, some 6.1 Options for Improved Water Resources countries took dramatic steps, by changing the Management and Applicability in MNA ownership of groundwater from the private hand Countries to the public hand. In Arizona, strict regulations were introduced for Active Management Areas The presentations and discussions on the two (AMAs) to set clear limitations on abstraction main themes in the Regional Consultation volume, while the remaining areas including meeting (groundwater and aquifer management Irrigation Non-expansion Areas (INAs) were and PPP in irrigation) have shed light on some kept with private property doctrine. Likewise in key issues, especially in relation to water rights, Spain, the 1985 Water Act declared that institutional arrangements, economic measures, groundwater is under the public domain, but the and also about the challenges involved in the transition from private property to public process of implementation of policy changes and property has not been smooth, in spite of some public private partnership. transitory procedures. Needless to say, there are inherent difficulties in the registration of more Groundwater Rights than 1 million wells. Property rights of groundwater can be vested Well-defined property rights provide clear with the government (public property rights interpretation of each user's rights and duties doctrine) or with individuals (private property and facilitate reallocation of water for higher doctrine). In the public property rights doctrine, economic uses. In New Mexico, groundwater ownership and control over use rests in the right holders have the right to use 3 acre-feet of hands of the government. Individuals have the consumptive water per acre of land. Individual right to use groundwater only with permissions right holders can transfer water rights to others from the government. In the private property within the state if it does not cause negative doctrine, owners of groundwater rights can make impacts on third parties. 0*29 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies On the other hand, the Arizona Water Act Institutional Arrangements banned the transportation of groundwater to AMAs from any other area outside. Large cities, Approach from the Top such as Phoenix, purchased farming areas called "water farms" in various rural counties for The Ministry of Water and Irrigation of Jordan withdrawing water to meet increasing water has successfully introduced a series of demands. The ownership of these farms groundwater conservation measures that include exchanged hands from the private sector registration, metering, and volumetric charges (individual farmers) to the public sector (cities). even in the case of irrigation water. The Since cities are public entities, they were not government's efforts should be highly praised required to pay property taxes to the counties in for controlling all sectoral uses in a which water farms were located. As a result, comprehensive and consistent manner. It should those rural counties lost a considerable amount be noted, however, that this approach was made of tax base (which used to be paid by private possible under specific circumstances, such as owners), and lost some of their revenues the government's strong enforcement capacity necessary for local development projects. In (which is rare in many developing countries) and addition to these apparent financial losses, the relatively small number of wells within farners in the water-exporting counties easily accessible range of government offices. experienced a considerable decline in their water table. This is because the water code did not In New Mexico, the 1927 legislature provided clearly define the maximum groundwater the Office of the State Engineer (OSE) with withdrawal amount from areas outside AMAs. supervision and control of groundwater, As a result, tremendous amount of groundwater declaring that groundwater belongs to the public was transported from water farms into AMAs, and is subject to appropriation to beneficial use. which caused the decline in the amount of The OSE fulfills its responsibilities without groundwater available for local farmers. particular participation from users. Although some participatory approach has been introduced The rapid drawdown of aquifer could have been in preparing a long-term management plan, the minimized, had water rights been clearly defined state government is solely responsible for water in those rural counties. These inconsistencies right appropriation, which is supplemented by seem to suggest that the complexities associated legal courts' adjudication processes. This with water transfer will continue, even if centralized system requires a great deal of economic forces of water utilization are government's capacity and budget to manage considered. time-consuming administrative work, such as confirmation processes of water rights. Finally, it should be noted that perfection is the enemy of the better when it comes to water law In Arizona, a comprehensive and stringent legislation. Both Arizona and Spain amended regulatory framework has been introduced, water laws more than three times in the last two including various types of management tools, decades. The 1980 Arizona water act was such as the designation of AMAs and INAs, amended in 1991, 1993, 1995, and 1997. Still, Grand fathered rights, Type I and II rights, they are facing paramount challenges that Central Arizona Groundwater Replenishment necessitate further amendments in their water District (CAGRD), Assured Water Supply policies. Seeking an appropriate framework of (AWS) for new developers, etc. The Arizona groundwater management is a lengthy process Department of Water Resources (ADWR) plays for governments and user groups, particularly in a central role in planning, supervising, and cases involving fundamental paradigm shifts of policing water rights in AMAs and INAs, in water rights, but what is important is to take the coordination with other government agencies first step. without active interaction with users 3044 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies organizations. This centralized system requires policies only with public approval. Because of many competent professional staff and a the nature of this process, the primary activities considerable budget, similarto the New Mexico of the districts are to encourage water case. It should be noted that the 1980 conservation rather than to enforce regulation. Groundwater Management Act, which requires developers to establish AWS for the next 100 This arrangement has given a great deal of years by using more renewable sources, is a credibility to the districts and increased the useful tool for controlling water demands under awareness of water issues among the public. severely constrained aquifer conditions. The residents of these areas compared a self- However, requiring only the municipal sector to management scheme with a more centralized provide an AWS may be detrimental to the other approach and they chose the former. Besides, sectors of the economy, namely the industrial some incentive programs, such as low-interest and the manufacturing sectors. Requiring an loans for advanced irrigation systems, gave the assurance of water availability should be equally incentive to local citizens to either form a new distributed among all water users. district or join an existing one. Bottom- Up Approach This approach may hold a promising idea in a very decentralized society, such as Yemen. An In Texas, Groundwater Conservation Districts incentive package including well-targeted play a central role in groundwater management, subsidies and low interest loans for advanced from permitting well-drilling to monitoring irrigation systems along with a set of pumping aquifer conditions, while the state water regulations set under specific aquifer authorities provide only limited guidelines and management goals can be presented to the restrictions as well as state-wide long-term population for voting. Through this process, management plans. The districts are governed by water challenges and possible policy options can a locally elected board of directors and operated be understood more clearly by the stakeholders by staff hired to conduct specific tasks. Their and could be accepted with strong ownership of operations are often supported by a combination the management package. of user fees or local taxes depending on the district. Because the districts are local entities, Combined Bottom-Up and Top-Down Approach they are able to develop water management approaches including regulations tailored to Successful groundwater management has been match management needs within their area. In achieved through the combination of govern- addition, they are able to build support for ment regulation and participation from Users management policies because the districts are Associations as seen in Spain, France, and some governed by the very users that are affected by states in the southwestern region of the U.S. water problems. Particularly in Spain, the partnership between river basin authorities and users associations has The state government proposes the been formally established by the 1985 Water establishment of groundwater conservation Act. districts for critical aquifer areas, but has to be approved by referendum. Some cases were In Spain, river basin authorities (hydrological supported and others were rejected depending on confederations) under the auspices of the the public vote. Also, any changes to policies national government manage both surface and and programs that groundwater conservation groundwater within the hydrological basins. districts embark on must be first discussed and The Basin Authorities are supported by approved by the tax payers and the general competent staff and adequate budget. The Basin public. Proposed policies can become binding Authorities are required to identify over- *31 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies exploited aquifers and ensure that water users elements of both the centralized and the associations are made responsible for sharing decentralized management options. management responsibilities in these aquifers. It also stipulated in the 1985 Water Act that River In New Mexico, the OSE still holds most of the Basin Authorities and user associations can regulatory functions, but the public started establish formal collaboration agreements in becoming more involved in designing water resources management and control of groundwater management policies. In 1987, the wells and their legal rights. In this case, the Authority decided that regional water planning basin authorities can provide technical and should be prepared with the participation of a financial assistance for user associations to broad range of stakeholders. Also, in Texas, fulfill these expanded roles. frequent droughts and rapid economic growth have promoted a more comprehensive planning In Barcelona, the partnerships between River doctrine to ensure that all groundwater basins Basin Authorities and Users Associations have are represented. The general public is becoming been remarkably successful. The users more involved in designing state water plans. In associations, which have an independent legal 1997, the new legislation directed the TWDB to status allowing it to enforce the decisions of the designate 16 Regional Water Planning Groups Board, committed to establishing sustainable (RWPG), which include various interest groups aquifer use and raising public awareness about ranging from irrigators to utility companies. the value and importance of protecting groundwater. They were able to register all Economic Measures groundwater users in the official "Water Registry" and prepare a full inventory of An effective tool to facilitate groundwater existing wells. They collaborated with the conservation is metering abstractions and Catalan River Basin Authority for various imposing fees based on the volume of water activities including publication of opinion abstraction. As seen before, these economic articles in major newspapers to inform and seek tools are being successfully introduced in support of the general public. These efforts have Jordan. First, metering and pricing was applied greatly contributed to turning around the trend of to all extracted groundwater except for those aquifer depletion. used for irrigation, saving around 10% of the total used amount in industry due to the induced In Mula County, Spain, user associations played recycling of water. The price of water was set at a key role in transforming old and deteriorating US$ 0.37 /m3 in 1999. Afterwards, metering irrigation facilities on the brink of land was also introduced for irrigation use to check abandonment into a modern micro-irrigation the amount of abstraction against the threshold network with a computerized automation set in the permits. Now, the MWI has worked system. The design and operational practices, out with the farmers' representatives a block which were consistent with the local crop type of tariffs on irrigation water even within the requirements and farmers capacities, were limits of the granted water rights. decided by the users associations in a participatory manner. In Mula, Spain, both water demand and existing supplies are integrated into an intelligent system In the US, there are different types of in which there is a detailed account of available management styles, ranging from centralized (as water reserves, individual consumption, in the case of New Mexico) to decentralized (as financial costs and power consumption in the case of Texas). There is, however, a according to the sources of water. The general trend in many Southwestern states to use Cooperative draws from a combination of a moderate approach, which combines the sources: regulated water from the Segura River, which is the cheapest because it is delivered by 3244 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies gravity and cost them 0.03 Euro/mr3; water from consideration and respect for people's prior the water transfer Tajus Segura which is more abstraction rights, the difficulties of improving expensive (0.13 Euros/m3) since it incorporates existing farming and industrial practices and the the payment of an expensive transfer promotion of awareness of problems that require infrastructure; and groundwater when other going beyond an individual approach, needed to sources are insufficient. be addressed explicitly and gradually. In Jordan giving time to adapt to new legislation, new Those water prices are determined by the costs controls, new charges (first industry and later, of the combination of available sources irrigation) was key to implementation success. depending on the time and scarcity from the In Barcelona and in Mula the most difficult cheapest to the more expensive water supplies as challenge was to change people's minds and this additional volumes are requested by users. requires a constant process of "going public." Farmers are charged different prices according to volume and time of use. Since farmers It is also about people because groundwater understand that more volume of water use above management is facilitated by putting differential a threshold implies accessing more expensive users' capacities to work. Groundwater manage- sources of water, only those who are willing to ment is complex, but different users/actors have pay higher prices will use more water. This is a differential skills. The lessons from Barcelona good example of how water scarcity signals are and Mula show how counting and using existing incorporated into pricing depending on the skills and experience of the different users can timing and volume. facilitate aquifer management. The collaboration of the River Basin Authority (RBA) for Implementation Lessons monitoring and studies and providing support for enforcement is fundamental. The experience We can draw lessons from the four cases of Jordan shows that building capacity and skills presented in relation to implementation of in central government can have important direct participatory groundwater management, results in implementation. modernization of irrigation systems and government efforts in policy reforms. These Aquifer management does not have to be include: "expensive." In the cases of Mula and Barcelona, joint management has been done The importance of the trigger for organized mainly on a volunteer basis. It is only action. The cases of Barcelona and Mula show administrative and operations staff that is that there is a difference between the existence needed. The provision of differential skills and of a problem, the perception of the existence of a services by members can also make a cost problem by some major groundwater users difference and save to have to contract out (those most affected) and the perception of this services such as monitoring, aquifer recharge, becoming a common problem that requires joint policing, etc. In Texas, financing groundwater action. The local authorities and local groups districts costs property owners a very small have a fundamental role to play in this process. amount of money (US$0.0083 per $100 valuation). Managing groundwater is about dealing with people: people's interests, people's traditions Using existing sectoral coordination mech- and people's awareness of problems and anisms is important. Often threats and potential consequences. Dealing with the problems of for improvement of groundwater resources are changing from an existing regime of not only due to existing uses but related to groundwater management is a stepwise process. expectations and plans of other actors. In the In Jordan, in Barcelona and in Mula, the protection of groundwater resources, the case of *33 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies Barcelona showed how important it is for water aquifers and aquifer management have been managers to influence strategic plans through slow and is still problematic. Improvements in public participation processes. This includes water use in irrigation in Mula have also been major land use plans, metropolitan slow. Increasingly tough and difficult actions infrastructures, and port infrastructures that in have been taken. First there were small controls the case of Barcelona could endanger the aquifer and dams, voluntary reduction of abstractions, of the Baix Llobregat. and improvements through technology changes. As benefits from organized action have showed, The challenge of adopting solutions tailored to it was possible to implement other actions such existing capacities. In groundwater management as banning abstractions, strict systems of quotas there are complex issues of monitoring, control, and enforcement of penalties for irrigation organization and joint action. For example, early outside of perimeters, etc. The advantage of monitoring is important. The experience of users' participation is that benefits are sustained Barcelona showed that this could start with local by users themselves. participants and the support of the River Basin Authority. The power of piloting and demonstration. The cases of Barcelona and Mula show the power of The importance of demonstrative actions and pilot and demonstrative actions for changing clear political will. In Jordan this has been legislative frameworks for groundwater manage- fundamental for policy implementation success ment and influencing national and water when dealing with illegal wells as when a agricultural policies. situation affects both big and small farmers. Consistency and transparency with no double Other important implementation issues that were standards seem key to implementation success. mentioned in the different discussion sessions include the power of trust and perception of The importance of a clear legislativeframework. common interest; the need to balance costs to In critical scarcity situations the existence of an improve aquifer management and perceived appropriate legal framework with clear interventions; the importance of leadership; and enforcement powers to the water authorities (and the need to support Participatory Management water users associations) is fundamental. This is by the national and river basin organizations. a fundamental implementation lesson from the cases of Southwestern U.S. and Jordan. In 6.2 Implementation of Public Private Jordan the laws of the Ministry of Water and Partnerships, Roles, and Risks Irrigation have been modified and approved by the power of the court. With this the Water Water Resource Management (WRM) in the Authority of Jordan can take immediate actions MNA region, as in other regions, is concerned (i.e., illegal wells, pricing) without waiting for with the conservation and overall allocation of permission. In the US, the degree of water water to various competing uses, including water scarcity drives the amount of legislation and for irrigation, domestic, industrial, and regulation needed to design an optimal environmental consumption. The trigger for management scheme. Texas faces less water involving the private sector in irrgation could scarcity than Arizona and, thus, has less be, as in Morocco, related to the increasing regulations and limitations on water use. pressures on scarce budget resources or the search for alternative solutions for increasing Improving aquifer management is a long efficiency in the management of the system. process. At the same time, it is important to demonstrate benefits gradually to maintain The strategic aspects of water management are success of actions. In Barcelona, the clearly the responsibility of the public sector. improvements of both the conditions of the The public sector is the strategic planner, the 3444 Key Lessons drawn from the Case Studies policy maker, and the rule maker. There are, considered in the case of private sector however, some aspects on resource management involvement. These risks include business that could benefit from the involvement of the climate, political commitment, profitability, and private sector. From practical experiences, as in legal and institutional frameworks. Commercial the case of Murcia, we know that there are and market risks are also a consideration. The various segments integrated vertically in water distribution of risks also has to be well resource management. It is important to identify established. Without the government accepting a what the government can do in each of the part of the risk, there will be no incentives for segments. private capital to engage in projects. On the other hand, a totally risk averse private sector Worldwide, management of irrigation is would not be a lasting partner. beginning to be handled at a much lower level, as in the case of Mula. In this context, a range of Policymakers' objective should be for institutional instruments such as water user everybody to benefit from the right policies, associations and the private sector are being including the local governments, public and considered and promoted for improved private sector, and the water users. management and financial sustainability. Governmental regulation is therefore central to PPP arrangements. However, there are many concerns related to private sector participation; potential monopoly power of the private sector is a concern. Equity and environmental effects are other concerns. There are also a number of risks to be 435 7 THE WAY FORWARD TO THE THIRD WORLD WATER FORUM (3WWF) T he issues and challenges in the MNA prepared. It is time to re-focus our technical Region have been identified and discussed assistance from policy and conceptual dialogue by a series of RWI conferences and to provision of instrumentation tools. The workshops that have been organized since 1998. countries of the Middle East and the Also, at the global level, water resources Mediterranean Region, including North Africa, management policies and strategies have been share similar types of climate conditions and discussed and understood at the 2nd World Water water challenges. Relevant and useful lessons Forum in Hague in 2000, which produced the can be analyzed and shared for these countries World Water Vision Report, and the World drawing on the experiences region-wide and Summit in Johannesburg in August-September, worldwide, which would give direct support for 2002. Thanks to these efforts, key policy and the institutional reform of those countries. decision makers have shared the issues, strategies, and understanding of the necessity to To help countries tackle the implementation initiate water sector reform to some extent challenges, the World Bank and other although more strenuous efforts need to be made international communities can help in the at basin and village levels to have all layers of following areas: stakeholders share the concerns and issues with the policy makers. 1. Providing lessons and experiences from relevant cases. Analytical reports focused on The main theme of the Third World Water implementation can be prepared drawing on Forum (3WWF) is "From Vision to Action." global and regional experiences, including However, many governments still do not have the Mediterranean Region. adequate information and knowledge regarding how to transform the concepts of integrated 2. Discussing the analytical results and cases at water resources management to actions on the regional workshops coupled with field visits ground adapting to various local conditions. as well as through other communication Specific tools and instruments are still not means. available for filling this gap even though numerous generic policy papers have been *37 The Way Forward to the 3WWF 3. Conducting pilot projects on the ground in the region, such as the management of fossil reflecting the lessons learned under the and trans-boundary aquifers towards the future. actual investment projects among countries and donors. Information dissemination is also crucial in making the best use of the knowledge generated. These kinds of activities will greatly help the The workshop in Sana'a in 2000 and the countries transform the ideas and concepts into Regional Consultation in Spain (2002) were practice, enabling them to reform the legal and useful for discussing real cases in combination institutional framework. with well-programmed field trips. Other communication means, such as The Kyoto Forum offers a stage for preparing a videoconferences, virtual Internet discussions, concrete action plan at the regional level to the RWI website, and newsletters have been move forward with the above three activities for used and will be further explored for more assisting countries in their water sector reform effective communication among the countries efforts. The regional statement to be submitted and donor communities. to the Forum Ministerial Conference can include this kind of a concrete action plan with the Partnership and donor coordination is also ownership of the countries along with the critically important to enhance synergies and support from the international donors' avoid duplication among the donors. The community. We would also like to discuss how Regional Day formulation towards the Kyoto we could measure and secure the benefits from Forum provides us with an ideal opportunity to this action plan and achieve the targets with a work together through preparatory regional clear timeframe. consultation and other consultations and to ensure coordination among the programs The groundwater and aquifer management study organized by different institutions. The introduced in this report is our first effort along partnership also aims to build a coalition with this idea evolving from the discussion of the initiatives by the countries and regional conceptual policies to provision of institutions and foundations. implementation tools. We have found that there are no perfect practices of aquifer management The 3d World Water Forum, particularly the but there are some relevant case studies in terms Middle East and Mediterranean Regional Day, of joint management between the basin offers a stage to highlight the MNA water issues management authorities and water users and engage major partners, such as IDB, UJNDP, associations, economic tools, water right system, GWP, and other key international and bi-lateral etc., which can provide useful lessons for the organizations. MNA countries. Many participants at the Consultation in Spain welcomed the idea and Following the First Regional Consultation in interesting cases introduced during the Spain, the following steps will be taken towards presentation and field trips. Kyoto: The remaining key themes, such as agriculture 1. Prepare a briefing note of the Regional Day policy, food security, and water as well as and send to countries and partners - by desalination options based on country reports September 15, 2002; and other analytical papers, which will also be presented at the Kyoto Forum, will be discussed 2. Hold the Second Regional Consultation to at the 2 Regional Consultation meeting. Along discuss and agree on the Regional Day with these studies, groundwater and aquifer program including session planning and study will also be enhanced responding to the formats with countries and partners - by countries' expectations and emerging challenges October 2002; 38*4 The Way Forward to the 3WWF 3. Finalize and agree on the Regional Day 5. Hold the Regional Day in Kyoto and issue Program through various kinds of the Regional Statement including a Regional consultation - by December 15, 2002; Action Plan; 4. Finalize and agree on the logistical plan for 6. Implement the Regional Action Plan with the Regional Day at Kyoto Forum including countries and partners and monitor progress. a Regional Statement - by January 15, 2003; *39 .7 ANNEX CONSUL TA TION A GENDA 1 Middle East and North Africa Regional Consultation for the 3rd World Water Forum June 10-12, 2002, Spain Draft Agenda BARCELONA, SUNDAY, JUNE 92002 Evening Arrival at the Hotel in Barcelona - Registration BARCELONA, MONDAY, JUNE 10 2002 8:00 am - 8:30 am Departure to Barcelona Metropolitan Area Building 8:30 am - 9:25 am Opening Ceremony Chairperson: Mr. Vahid Alavian Welcome allocution, Ministry of Environment, Spain Speaker: Ram6n Alvarez Maqueda Director of Waterworks and Water Quality Time: 10 minutes Hosting Institution, Metropolitan Area of Barcelona, Spain Speaker: Mr. Jose Ignacio Cuervo, President of Metropolitan Area of Barcelona Time: 10 minutes 3WWF Secretariat Speaker: Mr. Kenzo Hiroki, Vice Secretary General The 3rd World Water Forum Time: 15 minutes World Bank Speaker: Mr. Salah Darghouth Water in the Middle East and North Africa: Barcelona 1997 - Barcelona 2002 Time: 10 minutes World Bank Speaker: Mr. Satoru Ueda The Partnership Program between the 3WWF and the MNA Regional Water Initiative Time: 10 minutes 9:25 am - 9:55 am Introduction to the evolution of aquifer management in Spain Speaker: Mr. Llamas Time: 20 minutes Q &A: 10 minutes *41 9:55 am - 10:35 am Case of the "Baix Llobregat" in Catalonia, Spain. - Technical Characteristics of the aquifer of the Baix Llobregat Speaker: Mr. Fidel Ribera: International Foundation for Aquifer Hydrology. Time: 15 minutes - Overview of Lessons related to institutional and management issues from the Aquifer of the Baix Liobregat. Speaker: Ms. Josefina Maestu, University of Alcala de Henares Time: 15 minutes Q &A: 10 minutes 10:35 am - 11:00 am Coffee Break Management of the Barcelona Aquifer - A Collaborative Process 11:00 am - 11:20 am The role of the Catalonian Agency for Water in the Management of the aquifer of the Baix Liobregat. Speaker: Andreu Galofre: Catalan Agency for Water 11:20 am - 12: 20 pm The Water Users Association-Short interventions - Legal status and organizational issues. Speaker: Mr Jordi Codina, Secretary of the Water Users Association of the Delta of the Baix Llobregat. - Management of the aquifer: regulation, control and financial management. Speaker: Josep Maria Nifierola, Technical Director of the Water Users Association. - The role of the municipality in pollution control. Specific cases. Speaker: Josep Ferret, Promoter and Advisor to the Water Users Association. Time: 30 minutes Q & A: 30 minutes 12:20 pm - 12:50 pm Travel to Agbar Water Company 12:50 pm - 1:50 pm The Barcelona Private Water Company (Agbar) Speaker: Jose Luis Armenter. Time: 30 minutes Q & A: 30 minutes 1:50 pm - 2:20 pm Return to Hotel Lunch - 2:20 p.m. - 3:30 p.m. 3:30 pm - 4:00 pm Check Out 4:00 pm Departure to Barcelona Airport 5:30 pm Flight departure for Alicante 9:00 pm - 10:00 pm Reception and Dinner 4244 MURCIA, TUESDA Y, JUNE 11, 2002 7:00 am - 8:00 am Breakfast Chairperson: Messrs. Ashok Subramanian and Satoru Ueda 8:00 am - 8:10 am Welcome allocution, President of the Regional Government Speaker: Mr. Ramon Luis Valcarcel Time: 10 minutes 8:10 am - 8:30 am Case Study from Jordan, Groundwater Resources Management Speaker: Dr. Elias Salameh Time: 15 minutes Q & A: 5 minutes 8: 30 am - 9:10 am Case Study from South Western US, Groundwater Resources Management Speaker: Dr. Rashid Al-Hmoud Time: 30 minutes Q &A: 10 minutes 9:10 am - 9: 30 am Introduction to Segura River Basin Management Speaker: Mr Manuel Miron: Head of Planning of the Segura River Basin 9:30 am - 10:00 am Coffee Break 10:00 am - I 1:00 am Visit to the HQ of the Segura Basin Authority with Mr. Canovas I 1:00 am. - 12:00 am Travel to Mula by bus 12:00 am - 2:00 pm Site visit with Mr. Francisco del Amor, President of the Water Users Association Lunch - 2:00 pm - 3:00 pm 3:00 pm - 5:00 pm Continuation of Site Visit 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm Return to Hotel 7:00 pm - 9:00 pm Dinner *43 MURCIA, WEDNESDA Y, JUNE 12, 2002 Chairperson: Messrs. Ashok Subramanian and Satoru Ueda 9:00 am - 9:45 am Options and Challenges for Public-Private Partnerships in Irrigation and Water Management in MNA countries Speaker: Dr. S. Requena The case of the Guerdane Project in Morocco Speaker: Mr. H. Lamrani 9:45 am - 10:45 am Country Group Sessions 10:45 am - 11:15 am Coffee Break 11:15 am - 1:00 pm Country Group Sessions Lunch - 1:00 pm - 2:00 pm Chairperson: Mr. Salah Darghouth 2:00 pm - 4:30 pm Country/Region preparation for 3WWF, including country statements: * Knowledge sharing and partnership building within the context of the 3WWF/RWI partnership program * MNA session program of the 3WWF in Kyoto 2003 * Post-3WWF activities 4:30 pm - 5:00 pm Coffee Break 5:00 pm - 6:00 pm Plenary Evening and Night in Murcia MURCIA, THURSDAY, JUNE 13, 2002 Departure to Alicante airport for Barcelona airport and international flight connections 4444 4 4. S~~~~~~~~ - g ANNEX~~~~~~~~~ PARTCIPNTS'LIS 2~~~~~~ _SJ PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM BETWEEN WORLD BANK MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA REGIONAL WATER INITIATIVE AND THE 3RD WORLD WATER FORUM SECRETARIAT REGIONAL CONSULTATION, SPAIN, JUNE 10-12, 2002 PARTICIPANTS LIST COUNTRY PARTICIPANTS ALGERIA M. Ramdane Lahouati Directeur du Developpement Agricole des Zones Arides et Semi-Arides Ministere de l'Agriculture Bd. Amirouche Alger, Algerie Tel: (213-21) 71-87-63 Fax: (213-21) 745-752 Email: r_lahouati(a)yahoo.Fr EGYPT Dr. Ahmed Khater Director, Research Institute for Groundwater (RIGW) National Water Research Center Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation Delta Barrages (El-Kanater) Qualubia, Egypt Tel: (20-2) 218-2061 (direct)/218-2117 Fax: (20-2) 218-8729 Email: drkhaterghotmail.com IRAN H.E. Dr. Bahram Aminipouri Deputy Minister, Soil and Water Directorate Soil & Water Directorate, Ministry of Jihad and Agriculture Kesh Blvd. 10th Floor, Room 1004 14154 Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Tel: (98-21) 896-9278/612-3001 Fax: (98-21) 612/3027896-0188 Mr. Abdolrasol Talvari Specialist on Water Resources Engineering and Aquifer Management Soil & Water Conservation, Watershed Management Research Center 13445-1136 Tehran. Islamic Republic of Iran Tel: (98-21) 490-1891/490-1893 Fax: (98-21) 490-5709 Email: telvari@scwmrc.com telvarigyahoo.com.au o45 H.E. Dr. Reza Ardakanian Vice Minister for Water Affairs Ministry of Energy Tehran, Islamic Republic of Iran Tel: (98-21) 890-5003; (98-911) 208-2448 mobile Fax: (98-21) 880-1555 JORDAN H.E. Eng. Sa'ad Bakri Secretary General Ministry of Water and Irrigation P.O. Box 2412, Amman 11183, Jordan Tel: (962-6) 565-2286 Fax: (962-6) 565-2287 Email: sa'ad_bakri@mwi.govjo Eng. Edward Qunqar Director of Water Resources and Planning Directorate Ministry of Water and Irrigation P. 0. Box 2412, Amman 11183, Jordan Tel: (962-6) 568-3100 Fax: (962-6) 568-2287 Email: Edward_qunqargmwi.govjo Dr. Kamal Khdier Director, Water, Environment Department Ministry of Planning, Amman, Jordan Tel: (962-6) 464-4466 Fax: (962-6) 464-9341 Email: kkhdier@mop.govjo KUWAIT Mr. Abdulaziz J. Al-Sumait Deputy Director of Ground Water Projects Administration Ministry of Electricity and Water P.O. Box 12 Safat 13001, Kuwait Tel: (965) 537-1548 Fax: (965) 537-1420/1/2 Email: Al Sumait33(ahotmail.com |LEBANON Mr. Bassam Jaber Focal Point and Institutional Expert Advisor Ministry of Energy and Water Corniche du Fleuve, Beirut, Lebanon Tel: (961-1) 565-110 Fax: (961-1) 449-639/565-666 Email: bajabergterra.net.lb 464 Mr. Hassan Jaafar Hydrogeologist and Head of the Environmental Protection Department Ministry of Energy and Water Corniche El Naher Beirut, Lebanon Tel: (961-1) 565--110 Fax: (961-1) 449-639/565-666 |MOROCCO M. Abbelhak Guemimi Ingenieur du genie rural Chef du departement de gestion des reseaux d'irrigation et de drainage de l'ORMVA des Doukkalas Ministere de l'Agriculture, du Developpement Rural, et des Eaux et Forets Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco Tel: (212-23) 34-05-36/(212-61) 43-55-41 Fax: (212-23) 34-05-36 M. Abdelaziz Ameziane Directeur de la Region Hydraulique du Sahara Ministere de l'Equipement B.P. 492 Laayoune-Sahara Laayoune-Sahara, Maroc Tel: (212-48) 893-308/893-503 Fax: (22-48) 893-425 Email: azizamez(@yahoo.com SALUDI ARABIA Mr. Ahmed Abdulla Ghurm Alghamdi Head, Water Research and Studies Division Water Resources Development Department, Ministry of Agriculture and Water Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Tel: (966-1) 402-2479 Fax: (966-1) 402-2479 Email: Alghurmnhotmail.com Dr. Ali Saad Al-Tokhais Designate Deputy Minister for Water Affairs Ministry of Agricuture and Water Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Tel: (966-1) 402-2425 Fax: (966-1) 402-2424 * 47 SYRIA Mr. Eng. Jamal Dahrouj Director of Planning Ministry of Irrigation Fardus Street, Damascus Syrian Arab Republic Tel: (963-11) 222-1400/544-7676 Fax: (963-11) 245-6009 Email: irrigation.min(net.sy Mr. Maen Daoud Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform Hijaz Square Damascus, Syrian Arab Republic Tel: (963-11) 222-1514 or 221-3614 Fax: (963-11) 224-4078/4023 Email: agre-mingmail.sy YEMEN Mr. Abdulla Mohammed Al-Thary Head, Water Policy, Strategy and Programming Sector National Water Resources Authority (NWRA) P.O. Box 1052 Sana'a, Republic of Yemen Tel: (967-1) 254-1 or Secretariat (967-1) 243-403 Fax: (967-1) 256-927/231-530 Email: sys2000(y.net.ye Dr. Yousuf Ahmed Fare'e Ministry of Agriculture and Water Resources Sana'a, Republic of Yemen Tel: (967-1) 255-460/282-445 (fax) Fax: (967-1) 282-999 Mr. Qahtan Yehya Abdul-Malik Director, Central Unit for Irrigation & Water Monitoring Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation P. 0. Box 13067 Sana'a, Republic of Yemen Tel: (967-1) 255-460/282-445 (fax) Fax: (967-1) 282-999 Email: Qahtan64@hotmail.com Qahtan64 y.net.ye 484 DONORS/OTHER PARTICIPANTS Mr. Kenzo Hiroki Vice Secretary General for Finance, Planning and General Affairs The Secretariat of the 3rd World Water Forum 5th Floor, Kojimachi YT Bldg., 2-2-4 Kojimachi, Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0083, Japan Tel: (81-3) 5549-1488 Fax: (81-3) 5212-1649 Email: Hiroki@water-forum3.com Dr. Karim Allaoui Vice President Operations' Technical Assistant Islamic Development Bank (IDB) P.O. Box 5925, Jeddah 21432, Saudi Arabia Tel: (966-2) 646-6729/6122; 664-1380 (telefax - home) Fax: (966-2) 637-4131 Email: kallaoui@isdb.org.sa karimallaoui@hotmail.com Ms. Marlies Schuttelaar Expert, Water Action Unit, World Water Council Les Docks La Joliette 10-3 13002 MARSEILLE, France Tel : (33) 4 91 99 41 00 Fax: (33) 4 91 99 41 01 Email: m.schuttelaar@worldwatercouncil.org RESOURCE PERSONS Dr. Rashid B. Al-Hmoud Assistant Professor of Economics Texas Tech University Department of Economics Lubbock, TX 79409-1014, USA Tel: (806) 742-2201 (233) Fax: (806) 742-1137 Email: rashid.al-hmoud@ttu.edu Ms. Laura Vitoria Codina Facultat de Geologia, Universitat de Barcelona Cl. Marti i Franques s/n, 08028 Barcelona, Spain Tel: (34-93) 402-1345 Fax: (34-93) 402-1340 Email: Ivitoriaggeo.ub.es H+49 Ms. Josefina Maestu Consultant Tel: (34-916) 334-354 Fax: (34-916) 332-743 Email: josefinamaestu@compuserve.com Mr. Sixto A. Requena Carlos Grafia 189 San Isidro, Lima 27, Peru Tel: (51-1) 422-7386/944-6897 (mobile) Fax: (51-1) 421-7241 Email: Srequena@worldbank.org Prof. Dr. Elias Salameh Professor of Hydrology University of Jordan P. 0. Box 9999, Webdeh Amman, Jordan Tel: (962-6) 535/5000 Ext 2345 or 533-6225 (home) Fax: (962-6) 534-8932/462-2408 Email: salameli@ju.edujo PARTICIPANTS FROM SPAIN Mr. Juan Canovas Cuenca Presidente, Ministerio de Medio Ambiente Confederacion Hidrografica del Segura Plaza Fontes, 1 30001 Murcia, Spain Tel: (34-968) 211-004 Fax: (34-968) 211-845 Email: presidencia@chs.mma.es Mr. Jordi Codina Secretary of Water Users Association Avgda Verge de Monsterrat 133 08820 El Prat de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain Tel: (34-93) 379-3216 Fax: (34-93) 478-0560 Email: cualljcodina@wanadoo.es 5044 Mr. Josep Ignaci Cuervo President of the Barcelona Metropolitan Entity for Hydraulic Services and Waste Treatment Area Metropolitana de Barcelona Calle 62, num. 16 Edificio B Zona Franca 08040 Barcelona, Spain Tel: (34-93) 223-4169 Fax: (34-93) 223-4710 Email: desurb@amb.es Mr. Francisco Del Amor President, Water Uservs Association, Segura Azucaque 4 30001 Murcia, Spain Tel: (34-968) 221-422/221-797 Fax: (34-968) 218-670 Email: scrats@basecia.es Mr. Josep Lluis Armenter i Ferrando Director Divisi6 de Producci6 Societat General dAigues de Barcelona, S.A. Ctra. Sant Joan despi, 1-08940 Cornella de Llobregat Catalana, Spain Tel: (34-93) 342-34-33 Fax: (34-93) 342-34-56 Email: jarmente(agbar.es Mr. Josep Ferret Promoter and Advisor to Water Users Association Avgda Verge de Monsterrat 133 08820 El Prat de Llobregat Barcelona, Spain Tel: (34-93) 379-3216 Fax: (34-93) 478-0560 Mr. Andreu Galofre Cap de la Unitat d'Aigues Subterranies Catalan Agency for Water Spain Tel: (34-93) 567 28 44 Fax: (34-93) 567 27 80 Email: agalofre@correu.gencat.es *51 Mr. Ramon Alvarez Maqueda Director of Waterworks and Water Quality Ministerio de Medio Ambiente Plaza de Santa Cruz s/n Madrid 28071, Spain Tel: (34-91) 597-6661 Fax: (34-91) 597-6661) Email: ralvarezmaqueda@dgohca.mma.es Mr. Joan Parpal Marfa General Secretary, Metropolitan Area of Barcelona Area Metropolitana de Barcelona Calle 62, num. 16 edificio B Zona Franca, 08040 Barcelona Spain Tel: (34-93) 223-4169 Fax: (34-93) 223-4710 Email: desurb@amb.es Mr. Manuel Miron Head of Planning, Segura River Basic Authority Plaza de Fontes 1 30071 Murcia, Spain Tel: (34-968) 211-004 Fax: (34-968) 211-845 Email: Manuel.miron@chs.mma.es Mr. Josep Maria Ninerola Technical Director of Water Users Association Avgda Verge de Monsterrat 133 08820 El Prat de Llobregat Barcelona, Tel: (34-93) 379-3216 Fax: (34-93) 478-0560 Email: cualljmnp(wanadoo.es Mr. Fidel Ribera Technical Coordinator, Fundacion Centrl Intemacional de Hidrologia Subterranea (FCIHS) Arag6 383 08013 Barcelona, Spain Tel: (34-93) 458-2600 Fax: (34-93) 459-0106 Email: gerencia@fcihs.org 5244 Dr. M. Ram6n Llamas Director, Groundwater Project (Marcelino Botin Foundation) Vice-President, International Association of Water Resources (IWRA) Plaza M. G6mez Moreno, 2. Edificio Mahou, planta 23 28020 Madrid, Spain Tel: (34-91) 417 92 00 Fax: (34-91) 417 92 10 Email: mrllamas@cospa.es Mr. Luis Martinez Cortina Scientific advisor, Groundwater Project (Marcelino Botin Foundation) Plaza M. G6mez Moreno, 2. Edificio Mahou, planta 23 28020 Madrid, Spain Tel: (34-91) 417 92 00 Fax: (34-91) 417 92 10 Email: I.martinez@cospa.es WORLD BANK PARTICIPANTS Mr. Salah Darghouth Sector Manager Rural Development, Water and Environment The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: (1-202) 473-5008 Fax: (1-202) 477-1374/1981 Email: Sdarghouthgworldbank.org Mr. Vahid Alavian Senior Water Resource Specialist The World Bank 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: (1-202) 473-3602 Fax: (1-202) 477-1374/1981 Email: Valaviangworldbank.org Mr. Satoru Ueda Senior Water Resource Specialist The World Bank 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: (1-202) 458-7154 Fax: (1-202) 477-1374/1981 Email: Suedagworldbank.org *53 Mr. Ashok Subramanian Lead Water Institutions Development Specialist The World Bank 1818 H Street N.W. Washington, DC 20433, USA Tel: (1-202) 473-0359 Fax: (1-202) 477-1374/1981 Email: Asubramanian@worldbank.org Mr. Hassan Lamrani Senior Operations Officer/Water and Rural sectors The World Bank Office, Rabat 7 rue Larbi Ben Abdellah Rabat-Souissi, Morocco Tel: (212-37) 63 60 50 Fax: (212-37) 63 60 51 E-mail : hlamrani@worldbank.org Ms. Nathalie Abu-Ata Consultant The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, USA Tel: 1+ (202) 473-1760 Fax: (1+(202) 477-1374/1981 Email: nabuata@worldbank.org 5444