38933 Chapter 2 : Development Performance and challenges 13. The regional picture: While poverty reduction has occurred for both rural and urban areas, a disaggregation by geographic regions reveals a mixed Figure 2.2: Poverty Levels by Division picture (Figure 2.2). The largest decline in poverty (2000 and 2005) incidence occurred for the Dhaka division, followed by Change in poverty headcount (%) by divisions Chittagong and Sylhet. By contrast, poverty headcount 60.0% stagnated in Barisal and Khulna. A decomposition exercise shows that two divisions ­ Dhaka and 50.0% 40.0% Chittagong ­ contributed to as much as 79 percent of the 30.0% aggregate reduction in poverty headcount between 2000 and 2005.8 Regional differences were thus quite sharp in 20.0% 10.0% 2005 ­ the poverty headcount ranged from a low of 32 0.0% percent in Dhaka and 34 percent in Chittagong and Sylhet to over 50 percent in Barisal and Rajshahi. Barisal Dhaka Khulna Sylhet Overall Rajshahi Chittagong 2000 2005 14. Growth and poverty reduction since 1990 has Source: World Bank 2007 been accompanied by faster progress on some human development measures. In the human development area, secondary school enrollment remained stalled at 19 percent be t has since increased to 46 percent; access to sanitation facilities has been doubled from 23 percent in 1990; children malnutrition rates (by weight) stagnated during the 1980s but have been reduced considerably since, although Bangladesh still has a lot of distance to cover in this respect. 15. In many ways, progress on most human development indicators (see Table 2.3) has been as impressive (or more so) than income growth and poverty reduction, and stands out in comparison with mo 03). Table 2.3: Progress in Social Indicators Then Now School enrollment, secondary (% net) 19 (1990) 44 (2005) School enrollment, primary (% net) 71 (1990) 84 (2004) Fertility Rate 7.0 (1972) 3.0 (2004) Immunization, DPT (% of children ages 12 23 months) 1 (1980) 93 (2004) Immunization, measles (% of children ages 12 23 months) 1 (1982) 76 (2004) Improved sanitation facilities (% of population with access) 23 (1990) 64 (2005) Life expectancy at birth, total (years) 45 (1972) 62 (2003) Malnutrition prevalence, weight for age (% of children under 5) 68 (1983) 47 (2005) Mortality rate, unde 5 (per 1,000) 239 (1970) 88 (2005) Mortality rate, infant (per 1,000 live births) 145 (1970) 65 (2004) Source: GoB and World Bank 8This refers to a sectoral decomposition of changes in poverty headcount between 2000 and 2005, with the sectors as the 6 divisions. Total effect accounts for 99.8 percent of the change in poverty headcount (Dhaka and Chittagong contributing 52 and 27 percent respectively); the population shift effect has an (opposite) effect of 0.4 percent, and the interaction between the populatio hift and in toral effects contributes 0.6 percent. 5