Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from the Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program (AFREA) Phase I Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program (AFREA) Photo (above): Isabel Neto Cover photo: Stephanie Nsom Table of Contents Acronyms and Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The African Energy Challenge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 AFREA Phase I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lighting Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Solar Lighting Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Who Benefits from Lighting Africa? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Biomass Energy Initiative and Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Biomass Energy Initiative (BEIA) for Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 BEIA Pilot Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Outcomes of BEIA Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Focus on Market Transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Importance of Knowledge Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 ACCES Activities under AFREA I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 The Rwanda SWAp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Setting Up the SWAp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Implementing the SWAp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 AFREA: Making Green Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Generating Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Reaping the Impacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Learning from the SWAp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Table of Contents 1 Gender and Energy Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Gender and Energy Up Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Africa Electrification Initiative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Activities Carried Out under AEI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Conclusion: AFREA Phase IA Foundation for Progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Boxes Box 1: Senegal’s Solar Lantern Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Box 2: Setting Quality Standards for Solar Lighting Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Box 3: Kenyan Flower Workers Given Credit to Access Clean Lighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Box 4: Scaling Up Biodiesel Production Transforms a Community in Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Box 5: Establishing a Comprehensive Quality Assurance and Technical Support System for Cookstoves . . . . . . . 22 Box 6: Benefits of the Rwanda SWAp Go beyond the Numbers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Box 7: Tambacounda’s Hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Box 8: Tanzanian Women Turn Manure into Financial Opportunities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Box 9: Rwanda SWAp—A Model for Other Countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Box A-1: Rehabilitating the Hydro Plant in Yandahun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Tables/Figures Table 1: Regional and Country-Specific AFREA I Projects and Disbursements (in US$) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Figure 1: Access Across Developing Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Figure 2: Access to Electricity in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Figure A2.1: AFREA I—Disbursements by Regional Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Figure A2.2: AFREA I—Disbursements by Country-Specific Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 2 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Annex 1: Other AFREA Phase I Activities 40 Africa: Decision Toolkit for Solar Photovoltaic (PV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Africa: Energy Access Scale-up Plan Consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 West African: Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Nigeria: Climate Change Implications for Growth in the Nonoil Sector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 South Africa: Concentrating Solar Power (CSP) Incentives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Liberia: Catalyzing New Renewable Energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Rwanda: GEF Sustainable Energy Development Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Mali: Energy Access for Productive Uses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Benin: Modernization of Biomass Energy Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Annex 2: AFREA I Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Annex 3: AFREA I Outputs by Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Africa Renewable Energy Access Program (AFREA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 Africa Energy Access Scale-Up Plan Consultations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Capacity Upgrading for West African Partners in Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) . . . . . . . . 48 Concentrated Solar Power in South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Decision Toolkit for Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Gender and Energy in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 Lighting Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Nigeria Climate Change Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Rwanda: Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Rwanda Sustainable Energy Capacity Development Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Modernizing Biomass Energy Services in Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Catalyzing New Renewable Energy in Rural Liberia (Phase I) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Annex 4: World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by AFREA, FY2010–2014 . . 52 Table of Contents 3 4hoto: P Mitsunori Motohashi Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Acronyms and Abbreviations ACCES Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions IFC International Finance Corporation AEI African Electrification Initiative km kilometer AFREA Africa Renewable Energy and Access KNUST Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology BEIA Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa kW kilowatt CEIF Clean Energy Investment Framework kWh kilowatt-hour CO2 carbon dioxide LED light-emitting diode CSP concentrating solar power LG-QTM Lighting Global Quality Test Method CST concentrating solar thermal LLL Lighting Lives in Liberia DIY do-it-yourself LPG liquefied petroleum gas EARP Electricity Access Rollout Program MW megawatt ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States NEAP National Electrification Access Program ESMAP Energy Sector Management Assessment NGO nongovernmental organization Program PROGEDE II Second Sustainable and Participatory FiT feed-in tariff Energy Management Project FY fiscal year PV photovoltaic GEF Global Environment Facility QA&TS quality assurance and technical support GIS geographic information system RREA Rural and Renewable Energy Agency GIZ German Federal Enterprise for SE4All Sustainable Energy for All International Cooperation SSA Sub-Saharan Africa IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction SWAp sector-wide approach and Development SWER single-wire earth return IDA International Development Association SWS shield wire scheme IEC International Electrotechnical Commission UN SG United Nations Secretary-General Acronyms and Abbreviations 5 Sustainable energy can revitalize our economies, strengthen social equity, and catalyze a clean energy revolution that benefits all humanity. Acting together, we can open new horizons today and help power a brighter tomorrow. —United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon Photo: 6 Isabel Neto Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Energizing The African Energy Challenge A ccess to energy and economic development go hand in hand. Improving electricity supply and distribution boosts economic growth, creates jobs, and FIGURE 1: ACCESS ACROSS DEVELOPING REGIONS 100 expands the reach of educational and health services. It 600 Population without Access can also empower women, providing income-generating 80 Percent with Access opportunities and enabling them to spend their time 60 400 more productively. 40 Unfortunately, more than 589 million people in Sub- 200 Saharan Africa (SSA) live without access to electricity: 20 only 35 percent of the population in SSA has access, 0 0 compared with 96 and 78 percent in East Asia Pacific and EAP ECA LAC MENA SA SSA South Asia, respectively (Figure 1). For most Africans, % of total population with access to electricity 2012 electric power is inaccessible, unaffordable, or unreli- Population without access (million) 2012 able. The lack of both quality energy services and access to modern sources of fuel—such as natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), diesel, and biofuels— traps them in a world of poverty. The World Bank Group’s engagement in the energy sector is designed to help client countries secure the af- This inaccessibility to modern energy in SSA touches fordable, reliable, and sustainable energy supply needed all sectors of society—health clinics cannot refrigerate to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity. vaccines, students find it difficult to read after dark, The Bank’s approach mirrors the objectives of the and businesses have shorter operating hours (see Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative—achieving also Figure 2). Even Africans with modern energy face universal access, accelerating improvements in energy unreliable and unpredictable supplies for which they efficiency, and doubling the global share of renewable must pay high prices. energy by 2030. The Bank recognizes that each country determines its own path for achieving its energy Currently, the energy sector of SSA meets neither aspirations: each country’s sustainable energy transition the needs nor the aspirations of its citizens. Africa’s involves a unique mix of opportunities and challenges, development challenges will become even more prompting different emphases on access, efficiency and daunting as population growth in many SSA countries renewables. is projected to outpace electrification efforts. If current trends continue, electrification rates will grow from 35 to 51 percent, but the absolute deficit of people without electricity will also grow from its 2012 level of 589 million to over 645 million by 2030. Clearly, action is needed to accelerate electrification beyond its business- as-usual pace. African Energy Challenge 7 FIGURE 2: ACCESS TO ELECTRICITY IN AFRICA Tunisia Morocco Algeria Libya Arab Rep. Western of Egypt Sahara Cabo Mauritania Verde Mali Niger Senegal Sudan Eritrea The Gambia Chad Burkina Faso Guinea-Bissau Guinea Benin Nigeria Côte Ethiopia Sierra Leone d’Ivoire Ghana Central African South Sudan Republic Liberia Cameroon Somalia Togo Equatorial Guinea Uganda São Tomé and Princípe Kenya Gabon Congo Rwanda Dem. Rep. of Burundi Congo Tanzania Seychelles Comoros Angola Malawi Share of population with access to electricity Zambia > 75% 50% – 75% Mozambique Zimbabwe Madagascar Mauritius 25% – 49% Namibia < 25% Botswana Swaziland South Lesotho Africa IBRD 40564 | APRIL 2015 This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank GSDPM Map Design Unit Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Africa is well endowed with energy resources. supplies for site-specific challenges. New technology, Ensuring that they are available at the exact time, ranging from low-cost electrification techniques to place, and form in which they are needed will remain improved cookstoves and solar photovoltaics (PV), can a significant challenge for years to come. Helping provide solutions for clean and efficient delivery of countries chart low-carbon growth paths will reduce both traditional and modern fuels. Effectively bringing future dependence on fossil fuels. Off-grid renewable these new solutions to bear in the context of SSA technologies—such as small hydro, solar, or sustain- provides the raison de être for the Africa Renewable able biomass—may represent the least-cost power Energy and Access program. 8 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Photo: Bruno Demeocq, Lighting Africa African Energy Challenge 9 Photo: 10 Richard Hosier Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I AFREA Phase I I n 2009, the World Bank established the Africa Renewable Energy and Access program (AFREA) to focus on the special needs of the energy sector BOX 1: SENEGAL’S SOLAR LANTERN LIBRARY in Africa, where limited access to modern energy Students in 58 selected rural schools in Senegal constrains development and the opportunity presents were introduced to a different kind of lending itself to leapfrog to cleaner renewable energy supplies, library—a library of solar lanterns. These libraries instead of “locking in” to conventional carbon dioxide allowed students to borrow solar lanterns, so they laden fossil fuels. The Bank set up AFREA as part of could study after dark and their families could its Energy Sector Management Assessment Program experience the benefits of a clean, safe, affordable (ESMAP) and Clean Energy Investment Framework lighting source. (CEIF). The Netherlands contributed over $28 million The schools that received the Lantern Libraries to the CEIF Multi-Donor Trust Fund to finance AFREA. were chosen based on their lack of electricity, their This report provides a retrospective overview on AFREA relatively large student body, and their regions’ high Phase I achievements and lessons learned. poverty rate, so as to maximize impact. In all, 4,798 The Bank’s support of AFREA has allowed task teams to lanterns were made available to the Ministry of pilot innovative technologies and cutting-edge market- Education and were managed by the schools, giving transformation programs that respond to the needs 6,115 students direct access to the lights. Because identified by energy practitioners in client countries. As of the large average family size in the region, this such, the program has served as an incubator: promis- means that approximately 55,000 people were ing ideas have been tested and important lessons have directly exposed to the technology. been learned, both from successes and from activities By creating a low-risk opportunity to test solar that fell short of expectations. lanterns, the libraries addressed a common risk- aversion tendency. These Lantern Libraries have AFREA program support has been most effective when strongly affected commercial sales. Following a test it has been linked to shaping, leveraging, and empower- period to try out the lamps, 35 percent of families ing the development and implementation of the Africa in the Lantern Library region purchased lanterns. Energy Practice’s International Development Association In contrast, only 15 percent of people in control (IDA) portfolio. The program is designed to help expand communities where no Lantern Library was installed access to modern energy services by improving service purchased lanterns. In East Africa, experience delivery and scaling up innovations in electricity, lighting, shows that only about 10 percent of consumers in and cooking. In terms of conventional electrification, the rural communities are early purchasers of lanterns. program focuses on improving the pace, effectiveness, and efficiency of extending the grid to communities “My children are studying longer now because other without access; creating enabling environments and lighting products would not allow them to study markets for new technologies (Box 1); and finding for a long time. I am no longer buying batteries for promising avenues for meeting the needs for modern them. This is a very good initiative. We are very energy services using renewable sources. grateful,” said Bourry Sarr Nioro Kaolack, whose children were part of the Lantern Library. AFREA Phase I 11 Table 1 lists the national and regional projects supported and Energy Program, and the African Electrification under AFREA I. This publication zooms in on the key Initiative (AEI). One chapter also documents the results of regional programs that were supported: Lighting Africa, a successful national program—the Rwanda Sector-wide the Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA), Africa Approach (SWAp). Summaries of the remaining activities Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES), the Gender and their results appear in Annex 1 of the report. TABLE 1: REGIONAL AND COUNTRY-SPECIFIC AFREA I PROJECTS AND DISBURSEMENTS (IN US$) Page Number of Disbursements Project Description Regional Projects Lighting Africa (LA) 4,468,347 15 Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) 1,249,434 33 Gender and Energy Program 1,395,382 29 Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) 571,773 19 Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) 3,255,968 19 Toolkit Solar Photovoltaic (PV) 259,714 40 Africa Energy Access Scale-up Plan Consultations 561,895 40 West Africa Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) 966,247 40 Country-Specific Projects Rwanda: Sector-Wide Approach (SWAp) 1,551,491 25 Nigeria: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Growth 297,750 41 South Africa: Concentrated Solar Power 99,574 41 Liberia: Catalyzing New Renewable Energy 3,087,815 42 Rwanda: GEF Sustainable Energy Development Project 3,946,221 43 Mali: Energy Access for Productive Uses 1,091,246 43 Benin: Modernization Biomass Energy Services 1,944,444 43 Total Disbursements AFREA 1 Activities 24,747,302   Program Administration 1,366,867   GRAND TOTAL 26,114,169   Note: South Sudan and Niger activities (US$106,000 and US$70,000 disbursed respectively) were officially AFREA II-approved activities that were partly funded from AFREA I resources, and therefore these activities are not included in this table. 12 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Photo: Mitsunori Motohashi AFREA Phase I 13 Photo: 14 Lighting Africa Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Lighting Africa N early 600 million people or 65 percent of SSA’s population have no connection to the electricity grid. Solar photovoltaic lighting systems can provide Building initially upon two pilot projects implemented by IFC in Ghana and Kenya starting in 2007 , Lighting Africa now operates in 10 additional countries—Burkina Faso, basic electricity services that are affordable and the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Liberia, portable. And if the private sector and the government Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Sudan, Tanzania, and have worked together to prepare the market, they can Uganda. The program has focused on market develop- provide coverage to unelectrified areas in a very short ment for pico-PV products that provide light and mobile time. phone charging, especially those using light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which have increased dramatically Traditionally, people without access to the grid have the volume of light provided per unit of electricity relied on expensive, polluting, inefficient, fuel-based consumed. Lighting Africa works with private sector, lighting products, such as kerosene-powered lamps, manufacturers, distributors, consumers, financial institu- battery torches, and candles. Solar-lighting products tions, development partners, and governments. Overall, provide a healthy, safe alternative to kerosene lamps it has helped to stimulate the market, build confidence and candles. About 7 .5 million quality-verified solar light- in the lighting products, and ensure that consumers ing products have been sold in Africa over the past five can identify high-quality products that represent a good years, enabling approximately 37 million people across value proposition. the continent to have access to clean, modern lighting products.  However, market penetration of the products Lighting Africa’s approach to the challenge comprises remains low, presenting an enormous business opportu- five main elements: nity. In Africa, companies selling solar lighting products ››Quality assurance—Builds consumers’ and other that meet the quality standards recorded an average stakeholders’ confidence in the sector by developing 140 percent year-on-year growth in sales between 2009 a quality assurance framework. In the early stages of and 2014. the program, low-quality solar lanterns were at risk of spoiling the market. To counterbalance this effect, Background Lighting Africa has supported the development of quality standards and has built the capacity for local Upon its launch, the Lighting Africa program focused laboratories to test lanterns (Box 2). on building markets for affordable, high-quality, modern solar-powered lighting products. Initially, the program ››Market intelligence—Attracts companies and was a Global Environment Facility (GEF)-sponsored investors to the solar lighting market by providing initiative of the International Finance Corporation (IFC). market intelligence, such as mapping users’ needs, Later, the World Bank joined the collaboration, helping to estimating how much consumers currently spend for bring in further support from AFREA, ESMAP , Italy, the their lighting needs, and determining what types of Netherlands, and the United States. As a long-term goal, lanterns are in greatest demand. the program seeks to enable 250 million people without ››Business support—Provides business development grid electricity to access clean, affordable solar lighting services to partner companies. Access to finance can products by 2030. be key to local distributors. Lighting Africa connects companies to potential financing sources, such as local banks or microfinance operations. Lighting Africa 15 manufacturers mastered the production of high-quality solar lanterns with LEDs, they began to move into BOX 2: SETTING QUALITY STANDARDS FOR SOLAR the production of larger, portable, plug-and-play or LIGHTING DEVICES do-it-yourself (DIY) systems with multiple light points In April 2013, Lighting Africa celebrated having the and opportunities to deploy more electrical appliances, International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) including phone chargers, fans, radios, color televisions, approve its quality assurance framework for solar and computers. The products do not require a technician LED lighting devices—the Lighting Global Quality to install them, as did previous generations of solar Test Method (LG-QTM)—as the world standard for home systems, and they retail for less than US$200. To clean, off-grid lighting products. The IEC approval ensure the quality of the products, all are subjected to helps harmonize quality assurance systems, thereby a rigorous quality assurance framework similar to that eliminating the need to test new products, resulting already being applied to solar lanterns. in savings that can be transferred to buyers through lower-priced, high-quality products. Who Benefits from Lighting Africa? Developed by Germany’s Fraunhofer Institute Consumers, industry, governments, and development for Solar Energy Systems, the LG-QTM quality organizations all benefit from Lighting Africa’s work. assurance standard has become the cornerstone of Consumers are assured of affordable, high-quality Lighting Africa. It now serves as a minimum-quality solar lighting products from companies that work with benchmark for manufacturers to attain when making Lighting Africa and its sister programs. Manufacturers solar products, and for consumers to look for when and distributors gain from the wealth of information buying them. This avoids “market spoilage,” whereby made available by Lighting Africa on markets, consumer the proliferation of lower-quality products drives out needs, and industry quality standards. Governments the higher-quality products in a “race to the bottom,” profit from the program’s advice on how to integrate which benefits no one. modern off-grid lighting products into their rural energy “The people with the greatest need for reliable, access programs, and how to use the market approach off-grid lighting are the ones hit hardest by faulty to sustainably increase access to energy. Development products that come with inflated claims,” said Dr. organizations implementing off-grid lighting programs Michael Gatari, a professor who runs Lighting can access Lighting Africa’s experiences to guide them Africa’s quality assurance laboratory at the in designing and implementing their programs. University of Nairobi, Kenya. “The new IEC standard will help provide these consumers with more choices Impacts for quality, modern off-grid products.” The impacts so far have been impressive. To date, more than 50 products have met or surpassed Lighting Africa’s quality and performance standards, with more ››Consumer awareness—Creates awareness among than 7.5 million products sold in 20 African countries. potential consumers of the benefits of modern solar In addition, the IEC in 2013 adopted Lighting Africa’s lighting products over fuel-based (kerosene) lighting. quality assurance framework for solar LED lighting ››Policy strengthening—Improves the policy environ- devices as a global industry standard. Moreover, the ment for off-grid solar lighting products. Lighting awareness campaigns that educate consumers about Africa works with governments to provide a favorable the benefits of solar products have reached more policy environment to enable the growth of the than 22 million people at 1,500 village forums. Finally, market and the adoption of off-grid lighting products the Lighting Africa team has engaged with client as part of their rural electrification programs. governments in 12 countries to discuss options to help catalyze local markets for small PV systems. In addition, in FY14 alone, Lighting Africa influenced IDA funding in Solar Lighting Products the amount of US$ 875 million in Burkina Faso, DRC, Lighting Africa initially provided support to the develop- Ethiopia and Mali. ment of the market for solar lanterns and single-task lights, particularly those using LEDs. These products can cost as little as US$10 for a basic task light. As the 16 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Lessons Learned awareness raising will only waste limited funds and lead to frustration on the part of consumers. Because of its success in stimulating the growth of markets for innovative technologies targeting those at Marketing Should Appeal to Consumers’ the bottom of the pyramid, other programs are looking Aspirations at the lessons from Lighting Africa, and exploring how As marketing executives everywhere know, what often to apply them to their work. Following are some key sells a product is the image associated with it in the lessons from Lighting Africa’s experience. consumers’ minds. The Lighting Africa program found that rural consumers desire to purchase solar lanterns Market Stimulation Is Essential and solar home systems because they associate these Market development and transformation activities can products with not only greater convenience but also a have tremendous impact, if carried out in conjunction better quality of life. As rural dwellers aspire to a more with policy and private-sector initiatives. Instead of just comfortable and prosperous life, aspirational values giving away lanterns, it is more effective to leverage begin to constitute an effective driver of market sales for the private sector and government to develop the solar new, innovative products such as solar lanterns (Box 3). market, which results in a greater impact for less total funding. Government Help Is Needed to Shape the Enabling Environment BOX 3: KENYAN FLOWER WORKERS GIVEN For a solar lighting program to be successful, govern- CREDIT TO ACCESS CLEAN LIGHTING ment support is needed, especially to remove any “When I put on the new solar lights, my child market, regulatory, or policy barriers. Initially, Lighting thought it was electricity and told me to turn on Africa’s two pilot projects provided no support for the TV! There is no difference from electricity; solar policy changes, which limited their success. Only light is very bright,” said Jacinta, a flower worker, on when support was provided for both policy reforms installing a solar-powered home lighting system. and private-sector development did the markets show dramatic growth. Thanks to a loan from her employer, Olerai Flower Farm in Narok, Kenya, Jacinta purchased and Solar Lanterns Are More Than Gadgets installed her clean lighting system in 2011. Olerai At first, governments were skeptical of solar lights, advanced all employees easy-to-pay loans to buy viewing them as mere gadgets. They did not see solar lamps by providing the first 50 percent up front and lighting as real electricity and thought that supporting then the remainder over a period of three months. Lighting Africa meant abandoning further grid invest- One of Lighting Africa’s components is business ments as the two options were seen as mutually support. By pairing the lighting manufacturer exclusive. To change governments’ viewpoint, Lighting with employers like Olerai, the program helped Africa had to show officials the products through a ensure that low-cost, high-quality, off–grid lighting series of workshops and conferences attended by products could reach the people who most need it. both representatives of government and the private Farm workers may spend a large share of their sector. The program demonstrated to doubtful policy daily wages on kerosene, which can be expensive. makers that solar lanterns serve as the entry point to The monthly saving from solar lighting helps Jacinta an expanded menu of modern electricity services that cope with escalating food and living costs. Jacinta combines both on-grid and off-grid supplies to meet the also became aware of other benefits through emerging electricity needs in a sustainable way. Lighting Africa’s consumer awareness component. “Kerosene smoke caused eye irritation and the light Consumer Awareness Is Key was not enough. When I was not home, I always The Lighting Africa program discovered that its public had to ask someone to go and sit with my kids awareness campaign needs to be coordinated with the because the paraffin lamps were not safe. Now distributors, to ensure that solar lanterns are available the children can just switch the lights on and start once awareness is raised. Obviously (in retrospect), studying safely.” unless supplies are readily available in-country, Lighting Africa 17 Photo: Klas Sander Biomass Energy Initiative and Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Biomass Energy Initiative (BEIA) for to undertake pilot activities. It covered the following thematic areas: Africa Biomass fuels supply a majority of SSA’s energy needs, ››Enabling market conditions to ease the commercial- especially the energy used by an estimated 81 percent ization of cleaner and more efficient cookstoves. of SSA households for cooking. Biomass fuels also ››Modernizing the charcoal industry by improving the provide the energy for many agricultural, commercial, industry’s environmental sustainability and energy and industrial applications, and will continue to be a efficiency at both the charcoal producer’s and the predominant local source of energy for decades to end-user’s levels. come. ››Demonstrating the feasibility of social biofuels, such Current uses of biomass fuels in SSA present grave as the use of small-scale biofuel production systems health, environmental, and social concerns. As a result to supply a local market with fuels. of indoor air pollution and chronic respiratory illnesses ››Increasing power capacity using bioelectricity—that from the use of primitive cookstoves, the World Health is, relying on biomass as fuel for power generation Organization’s estimates suggest that between 2000 both for sale to the grid operator and for direct and 2030, 8.1 million premature deaths will occur consumption. among children and 1.7 million premature deaths will occur among adult women in SSA. At the same time, ››Strengthening leadership in biomass energy through higher-level training for technical and professional Africa’s biomass resources are immense, and if sustain- leaders. ably managed, can provide the basis for significant renewable electricity generation and supply through both isolated and national electrical grids. BEIA Pilot Projects In consultation with client countries, the AFREA team al- To help modernize the biomass energy sector, the World located support to nine initiatives based upon innovative Bank launched BEIA in 2010, supporting nine promising, approaches, the track record of sponsorship, geographi- innovative pilot biomass energy projects in eight SSA cal diversity, and conformity with the strategic areas countries. BEIA was implemented as part of the AFREA in the biomass supply and demand chains. The overall program and received additional co-funding from the intention was to push the frontiers of biomass energy in governments of the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, Africa through the following nine initiatives: and Germany. The initiative focused on technologies ranging from charcoal to briquettes to social biofuels, Promoting High-Performance Cooking Stoves and from high-efficiency cookstoves to bioelectric- ity. It used innovative delivery models and relied on ››Uganda—Promotion of Improved Biomass Top Lit-Up Draft Stoves private initiatives, social enterprises, and public–private partnerships. ››South Africa—Promotion of Improved Biomass Rocket Stoves BEIA sought to test promising approaches that could be incorporated into the future World Bank lending ››The Gambia—Promotion of Improved Biomass Vesto Stoves portfolio and provide resources to African organizations Biomass and Cookstove Programs 19 Modernizing the Charcoal Industry ››Tanzania—Promotion of Charcoal Briquettes BOX 4: SCALING UP BIODIESEL PRODUCTION ››Rwanda—Promotion of Charcoal Producers’ TRANSFORMS A COMMUNITY IN KENYA Organization Close to 70 percent of Kenya’s energy needs are met from relatively inefficient and unsustainable Demonstrating the Feasibility of Social Biofuels ››Kenya—Scaling Up Biodiesel Production forms of fuel, such as wood and charcoal. For rural households, the percentage is much higher. ››Benin—Promotion of Social Biofuels When villagers in Naro Moru, 200 kilometers (km) ››Ethiopia—Promotion of Ethanol Micro-Distilleries from Nairobi, started processing Croton tree seeds to make biodiesel, they didn’t realize the extent Increasing Power Capacity with Bioelectricity and speed with which it would transform their ››Uganda—Promotion of Bioelectricity in Uganda community and inspire a shift in other forested communities. Outcomes of BEIA Projects Following two years of training and investment, a local nongovernmental organization’s (NGO’s) As part of the AFREA program, the majority of BEIA Self-Help Center has used the AFREA-funded BEIA projects showed a strong potential for replication Scaling Up Biodiesel Production Project to reduce and scale-up, with five of the nine initiatives dependence on woodfuel, conventional diesel, and securing additional funding for scale-up activities. kerosene. Using biodiesel made from Croton seed oil Over the course of its initial project cycle, BEIA as an alternative energy source at the household made strides in changing people’s attitudes toward level has increased household incomes, reduced biomass energy. As a means of symbolizing this poverty, and improved environmental sustainability. shift, the heads of state of Tanzania and Uganda both purchased BEIA stoves and briquettes at public This project has generated employment oppor- shows. tunities for 3,000 individuals per year in directly collecting seeds, managing seed collection centers, Overall, BEIA pilot projects have helped to uncover transporting feedstock, grading and packing seeds, what works and does not work in the biomass sector, and processing and marketing biodiesel. Related advancing the global conversation on biomass energy. income and employment opportunities include These projects have demonstrated how biomass commercial nurseries and business development energy initiatives not only produce clean energy, but services. also create employment opportunities for communi- Women manage more than 20 nurseries connected ties, empower women, incubate entrepreneurship, with this project, and an estimated 456,000 and protect the environment (Box 4). seedlings were planted on farms. Farmers were trained through practical demonstration of on-farm Impacts agroforestry, tree-planting techniques, and forest In Rwanda and Tanzania, the BEIA schemes helped management. modernize the charcoal industry. The project in A lesson that can be drawn from this project Tanzania enabled 720 people in 12 villages to be is that finding a business model that ensures trained in producing charcoal from agricultural waste, equitable distribution of benefits and a transparent while the program in Rwanda helped a cooperative im- decision-making process may be a precondition for prove its charcoal kilns. Meanwhile, the Modernizing making a program such as this work for all involved. Biomass Energy in Benin program is promoting Integrating the social, environmental, and economic sustainable woodfuel production and a market aspects of development increases the chances management system for 300,000 hectares of forests. of sustainability and continuity. A functional The projects in Benin, Ethiopia, and Kenya each also monitoring framework that has built-in feedback helped demonstrate the feasibility of small-scale mechanisms is an indispensable tool in program locally produced and consumed biofuels. management. 20 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I In addition, in South Africa, a thriving market for efficient compared with the design of fuel-efficient wood stoves, biomass stoves resulted in the sale of 8,000 stoves and the opposite is the case. Making wood-burning stoves 4,000 energy-efficient products, and in Kenya, a pilot that can operate efficiently outside the laboratory is a scheme to scale up biodiesel production boosted daily challenge that involves considerable changes in human output from 300 liters to more than 1,000 liters. behavior to implement effectively. Unlike solar lanterns, the benefits of clean cookstoves Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions may be apparent only to women and children who do (ACCES) the cooking, rather than to the entire household. Nev- In 2012, the World Bank launched the ACCES program. ertheless, some of the same approaches and tools that Building on the Lighting Africa model and several of proved successful for Lighting Africa are being drawn the successful BEIA-supported pilot projects, ACCES upon to transform the market for fuel-efficient cook- seeks to promote the enterprise-driven, large-scale stoves. The ACCES framework has provided three main adoption of clean cooking solutions throughout SSA. lines of support: The overarching goal of ACCES is to reduce poverty, 1. Managing quality—Enhancing product information health-related risks, and the adverse environmental and consumer confidence through the establish- impacts associated with traditional cooking technologies ment of a regional Quality Assurance and Technical and practices by stimulating the uptake of high-quality, Support program (Box 5). efficient cookstoves. As practiced throughout much of 2. Delivering products—Strengthening industry Africa, cooking with biomass relies upon a three-stone supply chains through the linkages among manufac- hearth, which not only uses wood inefficiently, but also turers and distributors. emits pollutants that endanger human health and harm the global environment. 3. Activating customers—Engaging consumers through timely and targeted consumer awareness, The social implications of cookstoves are particularly commercial marketing, and promotion campaigns. important to women and girls, who are primarily respon- sible for cooking—thus, inhaling most of the pollutants. With some variations, these three lines of support echo Plus, they often spend hours each week collecting the Lighting Africa framework. fuelwood, which translates into lost opportunities for completing education and generating income. Importance of Knowledge Management Knowledge management is a key component of ACCES. Focus on Market Transformation It encapsulates various knowledge generation, dis- Recent developments in clean cooking technologies— semination, communication, and exchange activities. For including cleaner, more efficient cookstoves, efficient example, to develop a comprehensive understanding of charcoal kilns, briquetting, pelleting, and advanced the household cooking sector, ACCES commissioned a fuels—create an opportunity to accelerate SSA access landscape study entitled Clean and Improved Cooking in to and penetration of modern fuels and cooking appli- Sub-Saharan Africa. The study outlined market op- ances. ACCES seeks to develop a market-transformation portunities and barriers to scale, the main actors in the program to demonstrate that an enterprise-driven sector, and key cookstove technologies and markets; approach to disseminating clean cookstoves could reach recommended business models; and reviewed past and a majority of African households, and that efficient ongoing activities and programs. fuel production practices and alternative fuels could be promoted to supply fuels sustainably. ACCES Activities under AFREA I Rather than just giving away the stoves, the program As a blend of World Bank and client-executed activities, helps commercialize clean cooking solutions by using the ACCES program began carrying out programs in the a market-based solution. Although the technological Democratic Republic of the Congo and Senegal, and innovation in building LED lanterns running on low- on the regional level under AFREA I. In the Democratic voltage direct current seems to be quite complex when Republic of the Congo, ACCES supported the Forest Biomass and Cookstove Programs 21 Investment Program-funded project Improved Forested Impacts Landscape Management Project, in preparation for the design of cookstove support activities. In Senegal, In the Gambia, South Africa, and Uganda, project work the ACCES team conducted a market and value-chain helped develop sustainable businesses and stimulate assessment for a project that promotes sustainable a market for high-performance modern cookstoves and use of biomass resources. And at the regional level, the briquettes. Furthermore, the creation of the Africa Clean ACCES program has initiated a quality assurance and Cooking Initiative program followed from a consulta- technical support system to ensure standards for clean, tion process involving more than 130 stakeholders efficient cookstoves. representing government, NGOs, the private sector, and donors. Subsequently—following the Lighting Africa model—ACCES has initiated development of a regional quality assurance and technical support system to create performance standards for clean cookstoves. BOX 5: ESTABLISHING A COMPREHENSIVE QUALITY ASSURANCE AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT SYSTEM FOR COOKSTOVES As part of its “Managing Quality” line of support, the countries and baseline assessment of gaps in ACCES regional Quality Assurance and Technical capacity, testing, and quality control in regional Support (QA&TS) program has helped to steer the knowledge hubs. clean cooking market toward higher-quality products ››Minimum stove performance thresholds in order for that present a stronger value proposition to con- products to qualify for program investment support sumers and provide a level playing field for market along the value chain. The thresholds accurately competition. Activities along the value chain that reflect national goals and expectations, and may improve stoves or fuel quality complement the QA&TS vary in their level of ambition according to sectoral program. Through incorporating technological and mar- priorities, with the goal of supporting progressively ket readiness into ambitious national programs, ACCES higher-performing technologies over time. has helped countries establish realistic and practical targets to encourage—rather than hamper—innovation ››Quality Assessment Scorecard and Test Methods and competition. to incorporate a comprehensive checklist of quality control measures covering design, performance, The metrics used for the program—efficiency, manufacturing, and distribution of stoves and emissions reductions, safety, and durability—aim to be fuels. This tool provides cookstove manufacturers, consistent with the ongoing global efforts to develop distributors, and program implementers a definition performance standards and testing capacity for cook- of quality that allows them to assess their product ing technologies. Moreover, these metrics are able to and to either scale up their investment or return to further evolve as the international scientific and policy the drawing board. community moves toward more precise and practical measurements of stove performance. Under AFREA I, ACCES explored the feasibility of national technical bodies implementing an energy Under AFREA I, the ACCES QA&TS program developed guide-labeling scheme to enable consumers to several tools and programs that will continue to be understand the lifetime costs and benefits of a used as ACCES under AFREA II turns more toward the particular stove. This guide is meant to enhance implementation of country programs: product information and consumer confidence in ››Rapid baseline assessment of performance for product quality. the most common cooking products in its target 22 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Photo: Richard Hosier Biomass and Cookstove Programs 23 Photo: 24 Stephanie Nsom Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I The Rwanda SWAp D uring the first decade of the 21st century, Rwanda made robust progress on both social and eco- nomic indicators as it emerged from its fragile status. The World Bank played a pivotal role in the opera- tionalization of the Rwandan SWAp, first by assisting in the formulation of the Electricity Access Rollout However, access to electricity remained a constraint to Program (EARP) investment prospectus, which laid the further development. Rwanda’s energy infrastructure groundwork for technical, financial, and implementation was dilapidated. By 2008, only 6 percent of, or 500,000, planning. This document, presented to a donor financing Rwandans—mostly in urban and peri-urban areas—had roundtable in 2008, provided a transparent and targeted access to grid electricity. The available generation implementation strategy for the least-cost achieve- capacity was limited to 50 megawatts (MW), and the ment of Rwanda’s electrification goals for the period country relied heavily on imported automotive diesel oil, 2009–12. The strategy included aggressive targets to which made the electricity supply both unreliable and increase electricity connections from 100,000 in 2008 to expensive. Against this background, the government 350,000 in 2012, and to provide electricity connections of Rwanda made the ambitious commitment to triple to numerous schools, health centers, and other social household access to electricity over a five-year period in infrastructure. order to move the country forward. Implementing the SWAp Setting Up the SWAp A sector working group made up of key stakeholders To help the government address Rwanda’s severe and development partners implemented the SWAp. The electricity access issues, the World Bank and other working group provided a forum for joint planning and donors collaborated to establish a sector-wide approach coordination among all key stakeholders. Traditionally, a (SWAp). The idea behind a SWAp is that a whole sector SWAp streamlines finances by pooling funding. In the can be transformed through collaboration and coor- case of Rwanda, because of some systemic procedural dination, in contrast to the more common piecemeal constraints (such as not being able to use country approach, whereby each development partner selects systems or the specific targeting by some donors), projects for support independently. SWAps allow pooling of funds could not be achieved. Nevertheless, all development partners to coalesce behind a government activities, albeit the funding mechanisms and proce- vision through integrated technical, financial, and imple- dures, are selected following the agreed-upon program mentation planning. In the best of cases, all individual rollout prioritization criteria, and reporting covers the projects are embedded within the SWAp framework. whole program. The Rwandan SWAp represents the first of its kind to The first step in preparing the SWAp was to decide be implemented in the infrastructure sector. A major ad- which parts of Rwanda would immediately receive vantage with the Rwandan SWAp was that all financing electricity and which would have to wait. To identify the supports a holistic plan, as endorsed by the government physical locations and least-cost electrification options to meet its own objectives. The approach enabled even to be targeted, a team fanned out across the country, smaller donors without their own technical capabilities mapping population density and areas of economic to support the SWAp. activity with global positioning system-measuring instru- ments linked to a computerized geographic information system (GIS). The fieldwork process included marking Rwanda SWAp 25 the location of every school, health clinic, and govern- New Grid Connections ment administrative center in Rwanda, in order to During the project’s four-year period, household provide electricity to these public institutions. connections were tripled, increasing from 100,000 to 390,000 as of December 2013. This translated to an Drawing on the experience of other countries (including increase from 6 percent to 16 percent of households Tunisia), changes were made in the grid-construction being able to utilize electrical power. Additionally, all techniques used, thereby lowering the capital costs new households connected under the project are using of distribution infrastructure. The cost per customer energy-efficient compact fluorescent lamps. The project connection fell because of planned efficiencies, such as program also increased connections to schools, health changing from lattice-framed towers to wooden poles. centers, and administrative offices, with more than half In addition, the use of ready boards reduced the costs of Rwanda’s health centers and roughly 40 percent of of wiring households. The program design also allowed its schools having access to electricity as of December for staggered connection payments to lower the amount 2013. that households had to pay up front. Reduced Costs of Connections AFREA: Making Green Connections Before the EARP , the cost of a household electrical connection was in the range of US$2,000. The SWAp AFREA’s focus for Rwanda and the SWAp was helped bring the cost down to US$880 through technical to strengthen and increase the use of renewable changes and rollout cost optimization. The program energy. With joint financing from the GEF, the AFREA initially focused on connecting households within 5 km program implemented the Rwanda Sustainable Energy of the existing grid (which was estimated to cover 60 Development Project to improve policy and institutional percent of all households). That decision accounts for a frameworks and increase private-sector participation in good part of Rwanda’s success in reducing connection the renewable energy sector. costs and increasing connection rates. Rwanda used this technical assistance to develop the Renewable Energy and Policy Strategy, which Reaping the Impacts was approved in 2012. The strategy led to adopting a Between 2009 and 2012, nearly one million Rwandans micro-hydro feed-in tariff (FiT) in early 2012, and training gained access to electricity, more than 1,400 km of entrepreneurs in biomass, PV, small-hydro energy, and new distribution networks were built, and electricity energy efficiency. The AFREA program also supported connections tripled. The number of schools connected the analysis of the regulations required to tap Rwanda’s to the grid rose from 715 in 2009 to 1,226 in 2012, Lake Kivu methane for power, as well as efforts to and health centers with electric power grew from 169 enhance the sustainable use of biomass and clean to 286, respectively. Furthermore, the electrification cooking solutions in Rwanda. increased the international competiveness of coffee and Overall, AFREA initiatives enabled Rwanda to more tea, Rwanda’s major export crops, by lowering energy effectively blend renewable energy into the electricity costs. Rwandans are realizing numerous other benefits system, while promoting those small and middle as well (Box 6). enterprises working on renewable energy. Generating Results In just four years, the Rwanda SWAp project has yielded amazing progress in increasing access to electricity. The rapid scale-up of electricity access has exceeded the government’s original targets. The two main results are a large of number new grid connections and the reduced costs of connections. 26 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Data Collection The collection of data from a number of different BOX 6: BENEFITS OF THE RWANDA SWAp GO sources was critical to developing a spatial network BEYOND THE NUMBERS expansion plan based on demand assessment and For Edward Kasumba, Coordinator of Electricity affordability. Access Rollout with Rwanda’s Energy Water and Sanitation Authority, the benefits of the SWAp Strong Commitment from a Lead Partner were far reaching. He was impressed not just with The access program in Rwanda (which is applicable to the increase in the number of households con- similar post-conflict and low-income countries) benefited nected to the grid, but also with how the quality greatly from both the government’s commitment to of life was dramatically improved in rural areas increase access and the World Bank’s ability to drive the because of the improved social services. “Schools process, convene development partners, and mobilize that never before had computers were connected grant funds for the upstream analytics that resulted in to the Internet—which is a very great achieve- the SWAp. ment in remote areas—and hospitals and health centers that had been unable to afford fuel for Coordination Facilitated through the Sector their generators were able to operate equipment Working Group that had been sitting unused.” The primary mechanism under the SWAp is centralized management and planning though the Sector Working Mr. Kasumba also noted that the SWAp had Group. By providing a platform for developing a joint, brought a new vitality to many far-flung areas. harmonized strategy, the SWAp reduced the coordina- “On the economic side, we’ve seen that business tion costs of stakeholders in the sector. centers are able to work into the night and that shops and markets are able to use refrigeration Least-Cost Planning to keep their produce fresh.” The transfer of experiential knowledge on cost-lowering design and implementation features can overcome barriers, especially those of affordability. Learning from the SWAp Financial Sustainability Other countries doing similar work could learn from the While subsidies are often needed when increasing Rwanda SWAp. The fundamental building block of a access to the poor, it is important to assess the financial SWAp is the development of an investment prospectus sustainability of any access program by realistically grounded in sound sector planning. This has proven to forecasting loads based on consumers’ ability to pay. be effective, if the following conditions are present. Doing so makes possible an accurate estimate of the additional support needed from government (in the Strong Government Buy-in form of subsidies or transfers) and donors. In the case Ownership by the government was key for the Rwanda of Rwanda, actual household demand has been lower SWAp to be effective. than expected, thus constraining the utility’s revenues. A greater programmatic emphasis on income-enhancing Investment Prospectus productive uses of electricity should be added to future The main tool used in the Rwandan SWAp was the efforts in response to this lesson. investment prospectus. This document put forth a credible program framework for the electricity sector’s development, provided rigorous technical and financial analyses to aid implementation, and helped leverage donor funding by providing a clear plan of action and reducing the preparatory activities that donors had to conduct before allocating funds. Rwanda SWAp 27 Photo: 28 Vanessa Lopes Energizing JanikAchievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Africa: Gender and Energy Program I nitiated in 2009, AFREA’s Gender and Energy Program offered pilot approaches, developed expertise, and worked with energy teams and clients to begin integrat- on implementing and scaling up these activities. The program has developed approaches on how to integrate gender through assessments, fieldwork, client dialogue, ing gender into energy-sector operations. The program workshops, and action plans. It has also supported worked with Bank energy teams to establish relation- research and training; provided information through ships and projects and create results “on the ground.” toolkits, presentations, case studies, newsletters, and videos; and developed a roster of gender and energy The Gender and Energy Program under AFREA I practitioners for the Africa region who have been drawn developed and mainstreamed the application of good upon to share experiences for capacity building and practices in applying gender-sensitive approaches in regional workshops. energy projects and policies. The program worked in six countries—Benin, Kenya, Mali, Senegal, Tanzania, and Zambia—and preparatory work was conducted in Gender and Energy Up Close Liberia and Mozambique. In Senegal, poverty, energy, and gender are inextricably connected. Therefore, programs that integrate gender The program’s mantra was to be very practical—work- into energy issues are essential for tackling poverty. ing with project teams and governments to design Among the poor, women bear the brunt of limited specific project components and activities to improve access to modern energy services, as their responsibili- the lives of women and men. Activities included helping ties extend to gathering firewood and cooking. increase women’s awareness of and skills for productive uses of energy, and developing financial literacy training The Gender and Energy Program’s activities in programs for women to learn more about energy pricing Senegal’s Second Sustainable and Participatory Energy and subsidies. Management Project (PROGEDE) show how gender integration has moved beyond advocacy to action and While the focus differed for each country, the gender- demonstrate how gender is central to development. mainstreaming process remained the same. Gender Building on the successful PROGEDE I, PROGEDE II Assessments were carried out to gather data and infor- is a community empowerment program designed mation from various stakeholders, and Gender Action to preserve the overall forest ecosystems on which Plans were designed to address gaps and opportunities. many poor rural Senegalese families rely. Launched in These actions were then monitored and reported on, so 2011, PROGEDE II effectively mainstreamed gender that lessons could be learned and knowledge shared. by ensuring that women beneficiaries participated in Various workshops were conducted with rural energy decision-making processes; developed skills in technical agencies, utilities, and ministries to build capacity and production, entrepreneurship, and organizational share experiences. management; and benefited from increased incomes. The program has also incorporated gender activities into With the support of the AFREA Gender and Energy Pro- AFREA’s regional programs, such as ACCES, Lighting gram, the PROGEDE II project team reached out to rural Africa, and AEI. In addition, local gender and energy women to ensure their inclusion in project activities experts have been hired to support and advise the (Box 7). PROGEDE II also helped families to diversify World Bank energy teams and government counterparts Gender and Energy Program 29 Lessons Learned BOX 7: TAMBACOUNDA’S HERO Mainstreaming Is Challenging The very notion of mainstreaming means that an activity Many residents of Tambacounda, a rural town is not a stand-alone, one-time intervention, but rather about 400 km southeast of Dakar, Senegal, is fully integrated into the project cycle. This poses the consider Fatoumata Souaré a hero, because she greatest challenges for gender mainstreaming, but is and her children own and operate a sustainable also the key to its success. The Gender and Energy charcoal production business that nets about Program team has found that integrating gender consid- US$2,800 every three months. The income has erations into the project design stage constitutes best allowed Mrs. Souaré, who lost her husband a few practice, as it allows for dialogue with the government, years ago, to build a new house, install a solar proper project scoping, and ensuring that gender is panel, send her children to school, and purchase considered across the full project, including monitoring, health insurance for her family. Mrs. Souaré is one evaluating, and reporting aspects. Having a project of many residents in rural areas of Senegal who manager and task team leader provide the space during have benefited from the World Bank-sponsored team missions and meetings to discuss gender issues PROGEDE II project. with the government has proven to be an essential step in the process. their household fuel needs away from wood, sup- Solutions Should Be Practical, Not Theoretical ported beekeepers to modernize their craft, and brought A second lesson from the first phase of the Gender and improved seeds and larger yields to farmers. Selected Energy Program is the need for practical solutions and project components included the following: interventions. In part, this means practically dealing with the country’s actual energy situation. Staff members ››Institutional Reform of the Charcoal Value Chain— have commented that they are permanently learning: This component supports establishing charcoal as experts in the field of gender and energy are limited, production concessions that increase the share of staff members continuously share experiences among income from charcoal production for local govern- themselves and with colleagues from other sectors, ments and local communities in a gender-equitable institutions, countries, and regions (Box 8). manner. Activities included outreach and awareness raising with respect to relevant policies, laws and re- Knowledge Products Should Be Readily Available forms, business development training, and measures The Gender and Energy Program team has also learned designed to improve access to urban markets. to have knowledge materials available, as they tend to ››Sustainable Wood Fuels Supply Management— be in demand. Such materials as toolkits and template This component supports sustainable community for- terms of references help staff members, client project estry management, the establishment and cataloging teams, and other development partners build on practi- of biodiversity community reserves, and eco-friendly cal experiences and tailor projects to their own specific income-generating activities, such as gardening and gender-sensitive development actions. honey production. ››Promotion and Diversification of Modern Household Energy—This component works to im- prove the production and dissemination of improved stoves, to develop an understanding of household energy consumption and supply, and to build the capacity of the Ministry of Energy’s Directorate of Petroleum Products and Household Energy. 30 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I BOX 8: TANZANIAN WOMEN TURN MANURE INTO FINANCIAL OPPORTUNITIES Many poorer families in Tanzania spend a large portion officials in the Tanzanian Rural Energy Agency about of their income on wood or charcoal for cooking. This how men and women use and access energy differ- reliance on woodfuel represents not just a financial ently. When the agency expanded training opportuni- hardship but also an environmental challenge, as ties for women, Judith attended a 10-day workshop, valuable trees are destroyed to provide the woodfuel where she learned about the money she could save by and smoky cooking fires cause health problems. switching to biofuel. She created a business plan and secured a loan of US$2,000. With that, Judith bought Low-cost sustainable energy is vital to Tanzania’s two pregnant cows and installed the biogas system. growth. Women play a key role in switching to alterna- tive fuels. They are not only major consumers of green Since she’s spending less time tending to the cooking energy, but also budding entrepreneurs. An increasing fire, Judith can focus on selling the milk her cows number of households in Tanzania are headed by produce. Within just a few months, she has more than women—30 percent. And women produce 70 percent of tripled her family’s income. With their extra money, all agricultural output. Judith reports that she and her husband are paying the costs of university for their older children. “Our son Three years ago, Judith Mugeta’s family of eight lived wants to get a master’s degree. Now we can support on US$90 a month, which her husband earned teach- him using the money we saved from my husband’s job, ing at the local school. Nearly half of that income was instead of using that money for household expenses.” used to buy wood or charcoal fuel for cooking. That’s changed for Judith and her family. The benefits extend beyond the family. Judith has also hired two young adults in her community. One helps Gender training at the highest level of Tanzania’s with cooking and cleaning, while the other helps make energy sector has led to new opportunities for Judith, biogas and takes care of the cows. The money they her family, and her community. Judith is now using earn helps their own families. cow dung to make an alternative fuel: biogas. Dung and water are mixed together and stored underground Judith isn’t complacent. She’s already planning her in a large vat. Anaerobic digestion creates the biogas next business venture. “Our future plans are to put a (methane), which is piped into Judith’s kitchen. No more roof on the chicken coop. Once we have finished that, smoky fires. No more spending the bulk of the family’s and have put a roof over some other rooms, we’ll start income on expensive firewood and charcoal. “I’m very raising laying hens.” She’ll sell eggs from the chickens happy,” Judith says. “I can make (biogas) in a short to earn even more income and perhaps create more time but I’ll be using it for the next 24 hours.” jobs and more revenue for the community. Judith learned about the financial possibilities of To see the video of Judith’s story, please, visit biogas through a multi-step process that started with https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DIdnOkyDgOA. AFREA’s Gender and Energy Program, which trained Gender and Energy Program 31 Photo: Mitsunori Motohashi Africa Electrification Initiative S SA electrification practitioners often face difficulties in obtaining the practical and timely operational know-how needed to tackle the many economic, ››Low-cost electrification technologies ››Pro-access regulations for mini-grids technical, institutional, legal, and political barriers that ››Productive uses of electricity they encounter in their daily work. Even in cases where ››Connection charges regulations, policies, and necessary institutions are in place, relevant and up-to-date operational experiences ››Access to finance/subsidies and implementation techniques are not always easily ››Grid intensification accessible. Therefore, achieving national and regional ››Off-grid PV technology universal access targets will require not only enormous resources—an estimated US$1 billion a year to achieve ››Effective monitoring and evaluation. universal access by 2030—but also significant invest- Phase II of AEI involved research and analysis of the ment in capacity and implementation expertise. practical issues of interest for the SSA electrification practitioners identified during the previous phase. In 2009, the World Bank set up AEI as a vehicle to During this phase, a series of AEI discussion papers address these existing knowledge gaps and facilitate and how-to manuals were completed, and a number exchange of skills and knowledge among SSA electrifi- of workshops and knowledge exchange events were cation practitioners who are actively working on day-to- organized. Phase II also involved the development of day access issues within the energy ministries, utilities, knowledge dissemination mechanisms: the AEI Web rural energy agencies, regulatory agencies, universities, site; an online network for members, including a private and research institutes in the region. AEI aims to create space for discussing various electrification topics; and and sustain a living body of practical knowledge and an online archive of operational documents for use by a network of practitioners in the area of design and practitioners. implementation of rural, peri-urban, and urban on-grid and off-grid electrification programs. Activities Carried Out under AEI In June 2009, AEI launched Phase I with a kick-off practitioner workshop in Maputo, Mozambique. Phase Rural Electrification Agencies and Rural I established a network of SSA senior electrification Electrification Funds practitioners, identified the issues where practitioners In November 2011, AEI hosted a workshop in Dakar on face the most significant knowledge constraints and Institutional Approaches to Electrification: Experiences that are of greatest interest for their daily work, and of Rural Energy Agencies and Funds in Sub-Saharan recognized the most suitable long-term information Africa. The workshop examined how rural electrification dissemination mechanisms for AEI. agencies and funds interact with national utilities, ministries, and regulators, and encouraged practical The following areas became the primary focal topics of knowledge sharing in the region. Following the event, AEI’s activities: AEI produced the practitioner handbook Institutional ››Efficient rural electrification agencies and rural Approaches to Electrification: Experiences of Rural Energy Agencies and Funds in Sub-Saharan Africa. electrification funds Africa Electrification Initiative 33 Another AEI event was the Panel on Institutional AEI events included a seminar on Small Power Approaches to Electrification, which was held during the Producers in Tanzania (Washington, DC, November World Bank Energy Week in 2011. The panel covered dif- 19, 2010) and World Bank Energy Week 2011 ferent institutional approaches to electrification, focusing (Washington, DC, March 14–16, 2011). These seminars on Mali’s rural electrification program (which has created covered lessons from Tanzania’s experience of creating more than 50 isolated diesel-fired mini-grids); Kenya’s clear and “light-handed” regulatory systems to promote and Ethiopia’s utility-led electrification approach; and on-grid and off-grid generation of electricity by small Bangladesh’s rural electrification cooperatives system, power producers. modeled after the U.S. cooperative system. Productive Uses of Electricity Low-Cost Electrification Technologies AEI has collaborated with the German Federal AEI has hosted a series of Low-Cost Electrification Enterprise for International Cooperation (GIZ)/ESMAP Technology Workshops, co-organized with the European research project on productive uses, or PRODUSE. Union Energy Initiative (EUEI) Partnership Dialogue This collaboration has resulted in a number of research Facility. The first event, held in Arusha, Tanzania, in papers and events, including Grid Extension in Rural September 2013, targeted English-speaking countries in Benin: Micro-Manufacturers and the Electrification Trap the SSA region and presented low-cost grid-extension (2010) and Productive Uses of Energy—PRODUSE: technologies that have been used to reduce electrifica- Measuring Impacts of Electrification on Small and tion costs in such countries as Ghana, New Zealand, and Micro-Enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa (2013). South Africa, These technologies include single-phase reticulation, the shield wire scheme (SWS), single-wire AEI held a roundtable discussion and the EUEI-led earth return (SWER), and low-cost high-tension grid Productive Uses Workshop (Nairobi, Kenya, September extension. A follow-up practitioner’s workshop targeting 20–22, 2011), focusing on how productive uses of Francophone countries was held in Cotonou, Benin, in energy can be fostered and some concrete productive March 2014. use planning and implementation steps. In response to strong interest from the Zambian Connection Charges Ministry of Energy, whose representatives attended the The 2013 AEI publication Connection Charges and Arusha workshop, AEI held a targeted Local Low-Cost Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa reviews ways to Electrification Technology and Policy Practitioner improve electrification rates by addressing the issue of Workshop in Lusaka in May 2014, where representa- high connection charges and ways to mitigate them. The tives of energy stakeholders from Ethiopia, Ghana, paper assesses ways to introduce low-cost technologies Namibia, and Togo shared their countries’ experiences and materials in distribution networks and household with implementing low-cost electrification technology connections, making bulk purchases of materials and projects utilizing the SES and SWER technologies. The adjusting technical standards to reflect the lower loads event was part of broader AEI technical assistance to of households that use a minimum amount of electric- Zambia on low-cost electrification technologies. ity. It also reviews various financing solutions, such as spreading connection charges over a reasonable period, Pro-access Regulations for Mini-grids rolling them into monthly service payments, subsidizing In a follow-up to the AEI workshop on Institutional connections, and amortizing them through loans. Approaches to Electrification, held in Dakar in 2011, AEI produced the handbook From the Bottom Up: How Access to Finance and Subsidies Small Power Producers and Mini-Grids Can Deliver AEI sponsored a panel on Innovative Financing for Electrification and Renewable Energy in Africa—An Rural Electrification, held at the World Bank Energy Implementation Guide for Regulators and Policymakers. Days 2011 (Washington, DC, March 14–16, 2011). The Since its release in December 2013, the book has been panel covered various innovative approaches, includ- downloaded more than 8,800 times, becoming the ing performance subsidies designed by Energizing second most popular publication in the World Bank’s Development/GIZ; a credit line for rural/renewable Directions in Development series. energy development and carbon finance, implemented 34 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I by the REA Tanzania; and microfinance for solar energy faced by electricity specialists in the SSA region. This ap- development in Uganda. proach has resulted in clients’ high levels of satisfaction with AEI products. AEI also sponsored a training workshop on Paying for Results in the Energy Sector, held at the World Bank South–South Knowledge Exchange Is Productive Energy Days 2012 (Washington, DC, February 23–March Peer-to-peer exchange grounded in demonstrating the 1, 2012). Organized in cooperation with ESMAP and success stories of other African countries in improving the Global Partnership on Output-Based Aid, the panel access to electricity is one of the most potent ways covered the concepts of results-based financing and of influencing decision making and gaining buy-in and output-based aid, the opportunities raised by these confidence from local stakeholders in new technologies forms of aid, and the application of the approaches. and policy methods. AEI’s goal is to ensure a bottom-up Panelists from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Liberia, and approach to knowledge exchange, using a mix of tech- Uganda presented case studies. niques to allow practitioners to share their experiences and knowledge. This approach provides practitioners Lessons Learned with the most relatable examples that come from their peers in the region. Three lessons emerge most strikingly from AEI’s experience. Tailoring Activities to Fit Needs Is Effective Over the course of AFREA I, experience with AEI Listening to Clients Is Key demonstrated that for peer-to-peer learning to be Listening to clients’ views of their needs is crucial to effective, tailoring activities linked to specific clients and ensuring that you can help them. AEI has anchored its challenges is far more effective than convening broader, activities with this key lesson, both by noting clients’ generic conferences. Along these lines, AEI also needs for relevant knowledge and by helping them to provides sufficient support to each country scenario, fill those knowledge gaps in their day-to-day work. All using a step-by step approach that gradually builds up of AEI’s activities and strategic themes are tailored to the local capacity. specific requests expressed by the clients and issues Africa Electrification Initiative 35 Photo: 36 Stephanie Nsom Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Conclusion: AFREA Phase I A Foundation for Progress B y the time all AFREA I projects had closed on June 30, 2014, AFREA Phase II was well under way. Its framework was designed to incorporate lessons client training, capacity building, and development of tailored and timely information solutions. Building around the experiences, challenges and contributions and experiences from the first five years of operation in of operational staff remains at the core of maintaining order to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the AFREA’s relevance and cutting edge and maximizing the program in achieving its goal: To increase both access effectiveness of Bank support to energy practitioners to modern energy and the use of clean energy in SSA. and clients in SSA. These goals—which are consistent with those of the SE4All initiative and the World Bank’s Directions for the A second lesson concerns the overall scope of Energy Group—will remain front and center throughout resources that the Bank is responsible for delivering to AFREA II. its clients in SSA: IDA resources. As nearly all African countries are IDA-eligible, using AFREA funds to The experiences, successes, and lessons from the develop, steer, and shape the design and implementa- larger AFREA I activities have been summarized in tion of projects supported by IDA is the most effective the previous chapters of this report; experiences from way to leverage AFREA resources to have the greatest the remaining projects are reviewed in Annex I. Some impact. All AFREA grants need to be viewed from the of these lessons are technical and project-specific in perspective of how they will influence and improve the nature. For example, the importance of product quality effectiveness of the region’s IDA-supported activities. is a prerequisite to successful transformation of markets for new energy products, such as LED-lit PV lanterns Third, capacity building takes many shapes and forms. (Lighting Africa) and improved cookstoves (ACCES). From large conferences—useful for generating enthu- Another example is provided by the great success of siasm and initiating activities—to tailored training and the approach taken in the Rwanda SWAP , which now consultant support—developed in close dialogue with forms a best-practice model for SE4ALL ’s work (see Box clients— utilizing the full range of capacity building tools 9). But still other lessons are broader in nature and have is essential to maximize overall effectiveness. Thanks to been used to inform AFREA’s approach to program- AFREA Phase I, the African energy team is better able ming as it moves forward. A few of these lessons are to select the appropriate tool to respond to an identified described below. need. Through the work supported under AFREA Phase II, this skill will be refined further. Perhaps the most fundamental lesson for program design is that it is essential to build around the Finally, “South–South” experience sharing and peer-led experiences and challenges facing the Africa Energy training are more effective in inspiring and assisting Practice’s operational staff in their day-to-day dialogue energy practitioners to achieve their goals than tradi- and work with clients across the African subcontinent. tional “North–South” training or “Bank–client” dialogue. Operational staff members are in daily contact with Learning about what has worked from those who have the practitioners and clients and therefore have the made it work bolsters confidence, encourages active most direct impact on shaping the efforts of client replication, and embodies an important formula for governments moving forward. These staff are also the success. first to pick up on emerging needs and challenges and Utilizing AFREA funds to support the mission of therefore can effectively make use of funding for extra increasing access and clean energy in SSA has been Conclusion: AFREA I—A Foundation for Progress 37 a privilege for the Africa Energy Practice. Being able to draw upon these resources to maximize project impact and learn-by-doing BOX 9: RWANDA SWAp—A MODEL FOR OTHER is an experience not available to Bank teams COUNTRIES in all regions. As AFREA advances into its The results of the Rwanda SWAp have so impressed its next phase, the Africa Energy Practice looks observers that the model is being promoted for adoption forward to being able to continue learning, around the world. It has inspired other African countries experimenting, and enhancing the effective- working with the World Bank—namely, Ethiopia, Kenya, ness of its core business of bringing clean Nigeria and Tanzania—to apply elements of Rwanda’s energy and enhanced access to our client approach, including the use of a systematic geospatial countries. assessment of the electrification opportunities and chal- lenges to develop an investment prospectus listing priority programs to be supported collaboratively among interested development partners to maximize results consistent with national priorities. Rwanda’s SWAp has served as a model for the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) Initiative to help developing countries attain the goal of universal access by 2030. As one of its technical contributions to the SE4All program, the World Bank has recommended that all countries prepare an investment prospectus built around detailed geospatial assessments of gaps and opportunities in a manner similar to that undertaken by Rwanda. The SE4All Technical Assistance Program in Africa is supporting access planning in Burundi, Guinea, Liberia, Mozambique, and Senegal. As part of this support, all of these countries will develop their own investment prospectus to initiate their SWAp. SE4All is using the SWAp as a planning tool in “high impact countries”, that is, countries with large un-electrified popula- tions in both Africa and Asia. As a result, these countries will be better able to build a consortium of funders and investors interested in contributing their resources to help these countries reach the goal of universal access. able to build a consortium of funders and investors interested in contributing their resources to help these countries reach the goal of universal access. 38 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Annexes Photo: Mitsunori Motohashi Conclusion: AFREA I—A Foundation for Progress 39 Annex 1: Other AFREA Phase I Activities Africa: Decision Toolkit for Solar The various activities carried out under this grant have contributed to promoting dialogue and involvement by Photovoltaic (PV) various stakeholders on the issue of achieving universal The Develop Decision Toolkit for Solar Photovoltaic grant electricity access in Africa and securing the continent’s supported the development of best-practice decision energy future in a sustainable manner. The grant was guidelines, models, and templates or toolkits for achiev- instrumental in completing the World Bank’s Africa ing least-cost energy solutions and incorporating the Energy Strategy Update for Fiscal Year 2011–12 and sustainability of energy services in social institutions, supporting the well attended Ministerial Roundtable such as health clinics, schools, households, and other during the World Bank–IMF Spring Meetings in April rural development sectors. While solar PV has been 2011, which resulted in a discussion of the question: deployed across the remote and rural areas in develop- What would it take to transform Africa’s energy sector? ing countries to meet the essential service needs of Also, the African Energy Ministers Conference, held in communities, its long-term sustainability has often been Johannesburg, South Africa, in September 2011, has below par, in part because of lack of both attention to been an important milestone in shaping consensus proper design and provision of long-term maintenance among African countries on the priorities for sustainable services. energy development. The Johannesburg Declaration adopted at the conference highlights the key energy The grant supported community input and analysis challenges facing African countries and articulates a needed to develop the solar PV toolkit, which is available clear roadmap going forward. in both French and English and also online. Drawing on experiences and good practices from throughout the AFREA’s resources and skills in support of high-level world, the toolkit offers practitioners a guide that can events, such as the ones organized, constitute unique be used to begin the long-term process of installing and opportunities for governments, donors, and financiers maintaining solar PV energy systems. to come together and reach a common understanding on the priorities for securing Africa’s energy future in a A significant amount of knowledge from a range of sustainable manner. practitioners was gathered to prepare the toolkit. A prac- titioner workshop, held in May 2010, showed evidence that the operational models in the toolkit should be West African: Renewable Energy tailored to each country, applying knowledge of the role Education Project (REEP) of local government, the cohesiveness of communities, This project seeks to upgrade the capabilities of the West and other factors. African partners in the Renewable Energy Education The toolkit extends AFREA’s commitment to improving Project—2iE (International Institute for Water and access to sustainable, affordable, renewable electricity Environmental Engineering) in Burkina Faso, and the in rural areas and enhancing the availability of solar PV College of Engineering at Kwame Nkrumah University of systems to meet the growing needs of communities. Science and Technology (KNUST) in Ghana. The project’s focus is on planning, delivering, and evaluating hands-on training to transfer know-how on renewable energy Africa: Energy Access Scale-up Plan technology assessment and project implementation to Consultations its clients. The ultimate aim of this project is to enable The Africa Energy Access Scale-up Plan Consultations The Energy Center, KNUST, and its partner institution grant contributed toward disseminating knowledge on 2iE to become capacity-building nodes for the recently energy-sector development in Africa, including best established ECOWAS Regional Centre for Renewable practices, energy-sector policies, and related climate Energy and Energy Efficiency, to be based in Cape Verde. change issues. The grant also provided policy support to The two partner universities, 2iE and KNUST, success- the activities of the Secretariat of the Forum of Energy fully installed 20-kW peak-grid-connect PV systems on Ministers in Africa. their campuses. Twenty-nine men and women at KNUST were trained in solar energy technologies (PV and 40 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I thermal), bringing the total number of people trained at by high-level stakeholders, were undertaken to ensure the university to 57. At 2iE, 63 solar energy profession- wide dissemination of the findings. In addition, the grant als, such as lecturers, engineers, decision makers, and has resulted in a US$30-million climate change com- technicians, were trained on PV technologies during ponent included in the Nigeria Erosion and Watershed the three sessions; 8 of these individuals are from the Management Project. Université d’Ingénierie et de la Technologie Bobo- Dioulasso; École Supérieure des Techniques Avancées; The knowledge base created as part of this grant and École Nationale Supérieure d›Ingénieurs, Université extends AFREA’s support for a reliable, low-carbon, de Lomé. This brings the total number of people trained and sustainable power supply in Africa that supports at both partner institutions to 120. Other activities competitiveness and employment and enables more included the installation of a weather station at 2iE, and businesses and people to realize their economic development of a data-logging system, data collection potential. and assessment, and creation of a Web site to access to those results. South Africa: Concentrating Solar Power Two stakeholder workshops brought together about 100 (CSP) Incentives energy experts from across Africa and beyond, to inform The Concentrating Solar Power Regulatory and national and subregional energy policy and research Financial Incentives grant was designed to enhance directions. The workshops produced a number of understanding of barriers to deployment of CSP in knowledge products, which are available on The Energy Southern Africa—particularly those related to technology Center’s Web site (http://energycenter.knust.edu.gh). applications—in order to inform government policies and AFREA’s role in enhancing the technical knowledge build analytical capacities that allow partner countries and skills of energy practitioners in key institutions is to surmount these challenges and develop utility-scale essential to successful energy access scale-up. solar thermal installations. The grant was used for preparation of the analytical Nigeria: Climate Change Implications for report Concentrating Solar Power: Financial and Growth in the Nonoil Sector Regulatory Incentives, published in June 2012. A surge This grant aimed to develop a solid knowledge platform in demand for solar thermal power generation projects on low-carbon growth options that could contribute to in several partner countries shows that concentrating the government of Nigeria’s efforts to develop nationally solar thermal (CST) technologies could become an appropriate mitigation actions. important source of renewable energy. During its two years of work, the team undertook a Merely replicating developed countries’ schemes in the multiyear program of analytical work that evaluated how context of a developing country may not generate the climate change considerations could be integrated into desired outcomes. Against this background, this report Nigeria’s plans for growth and development, known analyzes and draws lessons from the efforts of some de- as Vision 20:2020. The team organized more than 20 veloped countries and adapts them to the characteristics workshops on the different topics of low-carbon growth, of developing economies, assesses the cost-reduction with close to 80 participants from federal and state potential and economic and financial affordability government agencies, academia, the private sector, civil of various CST technologies in emerging markets, society, and the community of development partners. evaluates the potential for cost reduction and associated Virtually all of the data and assumptions used in the economic benefits derived from local manufacturing, and analyses were discussed and validated with country suggests ways to tailor bidding models and practices stakeholders. Two books were published in the World and structures for power purchase agreements for CST Bank’s Directions in Development series in June 2013: projects in developing-market conditions. Toward Climate-Resilient Development in Nigeria, and The results of the report were used in the design of regu- Low-Carbon Development: Opportunities for Nigeria. latory incentive schemes for deploying renewable energy A third book, Assessing Low-Carbon Development in technology, including CST. For example, the design of Nigeria, was published in the World Bank Studies series. South Africa’s renewable FiT scheme was adjusted to Outreach activities, including the launch event attended introduce actions in combinations with the FiT. Annex 1: Other AFREA I Activities 41 Liberia: Catalyzing New Renewable Energy BOX A-1: REHABILITATING THE HYDRO PLANT This renewable energy project was designed to help IN YANDAHUN establish the Rural and Renewable Energy Agency In May 2009, a series of assessment studies (RREA) in Liberia, to mobilize new and affordable renew- determined that rehabilitation of the long- able energy services for rural areas with little or no abandoned hydro plant in Yandahun would be access to the grid. Spanning five years and two phases, an ideal pilot project opportunity for RREA. The the project included two pilot activities: (1) renovation of assessments found that the generation capacity an existing micro-hydro power plant in a community of of the Yandahun plant could be doubled from 2,000 people, and (2) sales of affordable solar lanterns its pre-war capacity of 30–60 kW. Moreover, for businesses and families located far from the grid. restored electricity supply would provide income- In 2010 during Phase I of the program, President Ellen generating opportunities for small enterprises in Johnson Sirleaf of the Republic of Liberia signed an the area. Executive Order establishing RREA as a legal entity. In 2011, construction started on the hydro plant, The opening of RREA supports the government’s efforts and less than two years later, the plant was to expand access to electricity to residents throughout fully commissioned. Liberian President Ellen the country. Future workers attended training in the Johnson-Sirleaf cut the ribbon at the ceremony areas of renewable energy technology and develop- for the plant, which now provides power to ment, GIS-based energy planning, computer science, homes and businesses for the first time in more finance, and other specific skills needed by personnel than a generation. Opening the mini-hydro plant ready to operate RREA. The World Bank helped develop represents an important step in bringing electric- guidelines for setting up RREA’s departments with ity to the millions of Liberians who currently live proper controls and transparency, along with guidelines off the grid. “This is our flagship project—a real for RREA’s hiring rules, personnel management, and milestone,” announced RREA General Director daily operations. Branding was developed for RREA, Augustus Goanue. “It demonstrates our emphasis including a logo and Web site (www.rrea.gov.lr), which on extending the benefits of electrification beyond was launched in May 2011. the capital and therefore distributing the benefits of development more evenly.” In Phase II, RREA revitalized a micro-hydropower facility that had been destroyed during Liberia’s civil war. AFREA’s support has led to a promising The former 30-kW micro-hydropower plant had been opportunity for RREA from another international operated by the community in Yandahun, Lofa County. organization. In 2014, the Climate Investment Work on the facility, including installation, testing, and Funds allotted RREA US$50 million to develop commissioning, was completed on March 31, 2013. and implement a renewable energy investment The repaired and expanded Yandahun micro-hydropower plan.The financing will enable RREA to build a project was officially dedicated in February 2014 by Her series of new mini-hydro plants connecting to Excellency Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and handed over to the new mini-grids in isolated rural areas. RREA is Yandahun community cooperative, which is responsible currently working with the government to identify for the project’s operation and maintenance. Today, projects where the new mini-hydro plants will be the power plant provides access to sustainable energy located. for an estimated 200 locations, such as households, “We want to replicate the Yandahun project businesses, schools, and health clinics (Box A-1). using the capacity we have gained,” Mr. Goanue explained. “We now have the experience to go ahead and manage other similar projects around the country.” 42 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I A second activity demonstrated the use of off-grid solar Mali: Energy Access for Productive lighting devices for Liberia. Established as a pilot-phase Uses business development effort, Lighting Lives in Liberia This grant provided additional funding for the Household (LLL) was developed to use solar energy for a rapid Energy and Universal Rural Access Project, which was scale-up of access to modern lighting. Since LLL ’s designed to support the government of Mali’s efforts to launch in February 2012, two orders of an estimated increase the access of isolated low-income populations 20,000 solar products have been imported and sold by to basic energy services, to help achieve economic local retail partners. In August 2014, RREA donated 500 growth and poverty reduction targets, including those of these lighting products to the Ministry of Health for linked with the Millennium Development Goals. The distribution to Ebola-affected areas in Liberia. The LLL AFREA Trust Fund supported activities to increase pilot is being scaled up with financing support from GEF . renewable energy supply to households, small and medium enterprises, and health and education centers Rwanda: GEF Sustainable Energy in rural and peri-urban areas. In addition, the grant Development Project supported activities to promote community-based This project aims to strengthen and consolidate the woodland management, and to strengthen the energy- Rwandan renewable energy market, by improving the sector reform processes for increasing private-sector policy and institutional frameworks of the renewable participation in decentralized energy service delivery. energy and energy efficiency subsectors, and increasing The use of grant resources as additional funding for an private-sector participation in the country’s renewable ongoing project allowed resources to be earmarked to energy sector. specific investments, without having to use the grant resources to prepare them. The AFREA Trust Fund has supported several activities related to the project’s energy policy, strategy, and This grant is in line AFREA’s funding objectives to management that have enabled government agencies support activities that help accelerate preparation and in the energy sector to make informed decisions related implementation of electrification subprojects based to policy actions, project promotion, and private-sector on renewable energy technologies to expand energy engagement. By fully integrating renewable energy access in SSA. and energy efficiency activities, the project has led to This subcomponent will expand access to renewable considerable expansion of the solar, micro-hydro, and energy in about seven villages in five different regions improved cookstove markets, thus reducing CO2 emis- in Mali, thereby reducing greenhouse gas emissions. sions and avoiding incremental generation costs that Focusing on multiplying the successfully established would have been required to meet incremental demand schemes of biofuel and PV mini-grids in Mali, AFREA from the energy efficiency savings and substitution. A Trust Fund grants will finance the expansion or construc- new sector policy and several enacted laws together tion of larger-scale renewable-technology mini-grids define the emerging sector structure and institutional that can generate and distribute power to rural and framework. These include a government policy to peri-urban households, community institutions, and increase private-sector investments and off-grid electric- businesses. Focusing on villages where customers ity distribution. As a result, a number of private firms are concentrated enough to be economically intercon- are now participating in the Rwanda renewable energy nected, each renewable energy subproject is expected market. to provide 60–400 new connections. An additional The project has had significant social and poverty-related off-grid renewable energy generation capacity of 250 impacts, including improving living conditions for users kW will be installed under this subcomponent. through the increased use of improved cookstoves, and sustaining local jobs related to the manufacturing of this Benin: Modernization of Biomass Energy technology. AFREA’s role of enhancing the policy devel- Services opment capacity of key institutions, such as government This grant increased access to cleaner cooking fuel ministries, is essential to successfully scaling up access in the form of LPG, promoted energy-efficient use of to sustainable energy. charcoal, and supported income-generating activities that contribute to forest protection in Benin. Annex 1: Other AFREA I Activities 43 The grant supported training activities for men Regarding LPG stove dissemination, 16,000 LPG pack- and women in improved, energy-efficient charcoal ages (LPG bottle and stove and connecting equipment) production, resulting in the training of 500 charcoal were acquired and were being commercialized at a producers—more than initially planned. Energy-efficient subsidized price in four cities: Cotonou, Porto-Novo, production of charcoal will be scaled up under the Abomey Calavi, and Parakou. implementation of the forest management plans cover- ing 300,000 hectares, financed by IDA. The support for income-generating activities enabled the development of improved bee-keeping practices in Over the course of this grant, 6,000 improved charcoal rural communities and resulted in increased revenues in stoves were tested, labeled, and sold. Beneficiaries participating villages, exceeding initial expectations. traveled to Senegal on a study tour to learn more about cookstove dissemination practices to help address With this grant’s focus on energy-efficient charcoal difficulties in disseminating the new charcoal cook- production and the dissemination of LPG package stoves. A revolving fund was set up and will ensure the cookstoves, AFREA is helping to expand access to dissemination of more than 10,000 improved charcoal reliable and affordable modern energy services to both stoves. rural and urban families in Africa. 44 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Annex 2: AFREA I Activities FIGURE A2.1: AFREA I—DISBURSEMENTS BY REGIONAL ACTIVITY US$12.7 MILLION 35% Lighting Africa (LA) 10% Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) 11% Gender and Energy 4% Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) 26% Biomass Energy Initiative Africa (BEIA) 2% Toolkit Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) 4% Africa Energy Access Scale-up Plan Consultations 8% Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) FIGURE A2.2: AFREA I—DISBURSEMENTS BY COUNTRY-SPECIFIC ACTIVITY US$12.0 MILLION 13% Rwanda: Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) 2% Nigeria: Enhancing the Climate Resilience of Growth 1% South Africa: Concentrated Solar Power 26% Liberia: Catalyzing New Renewable Energy 33% Rwanda: GEF Sustainable Energy Development Project 9% Mali: Energy Access for Productive Uses 16% Benin: Modernization Biomass Energy Services Annex 2: AFREA I Activities 45 Annex 3: AFREA I Outputs by Project Africa Renewable Energy Access FY 2014 Program (AFREA) Analytical & Advisory Activities ›› Senegal: Baseline and Feasibility of Alternative FY 2012 Cooking Fuels in Senegal Knowledge Products ››Brochure: AFREA Meeting Africa’s Energy Needs and Widening Access to Sustainable Energy in Sub- Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) Saharan Africa FY 2010 Knowledge Products1 Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions ››Discussion papers: (ACCES) • On-Grid and Off-Grid Small Power Producers FY 2011 in Africa: Key Implementation Questions For Analytical & Advisory Activities Electricity Regulators ›› Household Energy Access for Cooking and Heating • Carbon Finance: Challenges and Opportunities in (June 2011) the Electrification Sector in SSA • Off Grid: Hybrid Models FY 2012 • Pico PV Analytical & Advisory Activities • Productive Uses (developed with GIZ and European ›› Africa country engagement: Country Prioritization Union Energy Initiative Partnership Dialogue Facility Assessment in Landscape Report (East Africa (EUEI-PDF)) Alliance Workshop) • Grid Connection Charges Knowledge Products • Microfinance for Off-Grid Electrification ››Africa consultation: East, West, and Southern Africa consultations; 3 consultation event reports dis- ››Research/technical papers seminated; consolidated stakeholder report (Nairobi, • What the Data Show: Access to Electricity in SSA Accra, Maputo) • Subsidy Matrix ››Report: Wood-based Biomass Energy Development • Ground-Level Regulatory and Policy for Sub-Saharan Africa: Issues and Approaches Implementation Issues in Promoting On-Grid and ›› Brochure: Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions Off-Grid Small Power Producers Initiative (ACCES, November 2012) • Experience of Rural Electrification Funds/Rural Energy Agencies in SSA FY 2013 Knowledge Products ››Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) Maputo Workshop ››Consultation: Consultation workshops in Senegal and Proceedings | Energy Practitioners in Sub-Saharan Uganda; stakeholder interviews in Kinshasa Africa (December 2009) ››DRC, Uganda: Consumer research study ››Support provided to Rwanda Electricity Company to identify speakers for the regional mini-workshop ››Africa: Technical Assessment of Cookstove Projects on Access to Electricity and Development of Local for the World Bank Biomass Energy Initiative for Industries in East Africa (April 2010) Africa ››AEI Web site completed and launched ››Uganda: Results-based financing study ››Development of an online archive of operational ›› Web site: ACCES Web site documents for electrification in partnership with 1 Knowledge products include toolkits, operational guides, models, handbooks, databases, internal and external training, forums, and workshops. 46 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Public–Private Partnerships in Infrastructure Resource • Improving Electricity Access for the Urban Poor in Center for contracts, laws and regulation; some of African Cities the documents have been translated to English and • L’Amelioration de l’Acces a l’Électricité pour les French Pauvres dans les Zones Urbaines Africaines ›› AEI Online Social Collaborative Network (French) completed, discussions included the following • Institutional Approaches to Electrification topics: (1) On-Grid and Off-Grid Small Power Producers in Africa: Key Implementation Questions • Approches Institutionnelles de l’Électrification (French) for Electricity Regulators; (2) Carbon Finance: Challenges and Opportunities in the Electrification ››Africa: Impact Evaluation of Productive Use | An Implementation Guide for Electrification Projects (led Sector in SSA; (3) Hybrid Mini-Grids; (4) Pico PV; by EUEI) and (5) Microfinance and Rural Electrification. ››Senegal: AEI Dakar Workshop Proceedings FY 2011 ››Sub-Saharan Africa: AEI Call for Papers on Innovative Analytical & Advisory Activities Approaches for Access Scale-Up (10 papers submitted ››Microfinance for Off-Grid Electrification by SSA electrification). Winning papers: ››Grid Extension in Rural Benin: Micro-Manufacturers • Électrification Rurale en Zone Faiblement Monetarisee: Approche Innovante pour and the Electrification Trap (AEI in cooperation with GIZ) l’Électrification du Village de Goyala en Republique de Guinée (French) ››Impact Evaluation of Productive Use—An Implementation Guide for Electrification Projects (AEI • Namibian Policy Perspectives on Solar Energy in cooperation with GIZ) Knowledge Products ››Online Social Collaborative Network (continued): ››Training: Private-Sector Enabling Acceleration to • 187 participants reached Universal Access Panel and Paying for Results in the • Online discussions on: Energy Sector --Different Institutional Approaches to ››Workshop: World Bank Energy Days 2012 Electrification (Washington, DC, February 23–March 1, 2012) --Energy Access for the Urban Poor (with ››Training: Regulatory Review of the Power Purchase ESMAP) Agreements in Tanzania (Washington, DC, July11, --Strategies for Promoting Productive Uses of 2012) Electricity (with EUEI-PDF) ››Training: Urban and Peri-Urban Energy Access Practitioners’ Forum (ESMAP Knowledge Exchange Knowledge Products Forum 2012, Washington, DC, May 7–8, 2012) ››Symposium on Small PV—Applications, Rural ››Workshop: Institutional Approaches to Electrification Electrification and Commercial Use (June 6–7, 2011; Practitioners’ Workshop (Dakar, Senegal, November University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany) 14–16, 2011) ››World Bank Energy Week 2011—panels on ››Workshop: Productive Use of Energy Practitioners’ Institutional Approaches to Electrification and Workshop (led by EUEI-PDF; Nairobi, Kenya, Innovative Financing for Rural Electrification (March September 20–22, 2011) 14–16, 2011, Washington, DC) ›› Workshop: Promoting Low-Carbon Energy in Africa ›› Seminar on Small Power Producers in Tanzanian through Carbon Finance Workshops (Africa Carbon Villages (November 19, 2010, Washington, DC) Forum 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, April 17–20, 2012) FY 2012 FY 2013 Analytical & Advisory Activities Analytical & Advisory Activities ››Africa: Discussion papers/write-ups posted since July ››Africa: Africa Electricity Connection Costs and 2011 via AEI Online Social Collaborative Network: Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa • Strategies for Promoting Productive Uses of ››Africa: Africa Electricity Sector Data Analysis for Electricity Sub-Saharan Africa Annex 3: AFREA I Outputs by Project 47 ››Africa: From the Bottom Up: Using Small Power in Africa” was held in Johannesburg on September Producers to Promote Electrification and Renewable 15–16, 2011 Energy in Africa. An Implementation Guidebook for Regulators and Policymakers ›› Africa: Lighting Africa Operational Toolkit Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) Knowledge Products FY 2011 ››Policy research working paper: Connection Charges Analytical & Advisory Activities and Electricity Access in Sub-Saharan Africa ››Africa: Biomass energy strategy for Africa (November ››AEI online Network posting: Developing a Carbon 2010) Development Mechanism Program of Activities: ›› Africa: Biomass Energy Potential to Transform Lessons Learned from Senegal’s CFL Distribution Sub-Saharan Africa, World Bank Intranet article Program (December 2010) ››Conference: 3rd International Off-Grid Lighting Conference and Trade Fair (Lighting Africa, Senegal, FY 2012 November 2012) Analytical & Advisory Activities ›› Workshop: Regulatory Review of the Power ››Africa: Wood-Based Biomass Energy Development Purchase Agreements in Tanzania (Washington DC, for Sub-Saharan Africa | Issues and Approaches July 2012) (September 2011) ›› Africa: Power Cogeneration and Charcoal FY 2014 Production: Technological Status and Commercial Analytical & Advisory Activities Prospects (January 2012) ››Africa: From the Bottom Up: How Small Power Producers and Mini-Grids Can Deliver Electrification FY 2013 and Renewable Energy in Africa Knowledge Products ›› Africa: Overview of Low-Cost Technologies ›› Workshop: Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) Close-Out Workshop (Tanzania, September Knowledge Products 2012) ››Workshop: Local Low-Cost Technology and Policy Electrification Workshop (Lusaka, Zambia, May 12–13, 2014) Capacity Upgrading for West African ››Workshop: Low-Cost Electrification Technologies Partners in Renewable Energy Education Workshop (Benin, March 2014) Project (REEP) ››Workshop: Low-Cost Electrification Technologies Workshop (Tanzania, September 2013) FY 2012 ›› Workshop: Low-Cost Electrification Technologies Analytical & Advisory Activities Workshop (Zambia, May 2014) ›› Ghana: Integration of Photovoltaic Output into Electricity Distribution Grids | Studies on a 4-kWp System in Ghana (September 2011) Africa Energy Access Scale-Up Plan Knowledge Products Consultations ››Training: GIS Energy Planning and RET-Screen Energy FY 2011 Analysis Model Training at KNUST (Ghana, August 2011) Analytical & Advisory Activities ››Africa: The Ministerial Roundtable “What Would It ››Training: Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Take to Transform Africa’s Energy Sector?” was held Policy Training Program (7 sessions at KNUST/2iE, in Washington, DC, on April 15, 2011, as a side event Ghana, January–May 2012) to the World Bank Spring Meetings. ››Webinar: CSP Technologies for Harnessing Solar ›› Africa: Africa Energy Ministers Conference “Road Energy in Africa—Schott Solar (August 2011) to Durban: Promoting Sustainable Energy Access 48 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I ››Webinar: Resource Assessment for CSP Feasibility, Knowledge Products an ECREEE—CENER project (May 2012) ››Workshop: Experience of the AFREA Gender ›› Workshop: International Solar Energy Experts Mainstreaming Program and Learning from Tanzania: Workshop (I -SEE 2012)—College of Engineering, Africa Regional Workshop on Mainstreaming Gender KNUST (Ghana, May 2012) Equality in Infrastructure Policies and Projects (March 2011, Ethiopia) ››Workshop: Gender Equality and Access to Energy Services: The Experience of the Rural Electrification Concentrated Solar Power in South Africa Agency of Mali: Africa Regional Workshop on FY 2011 Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Infrastructure Knowledge Products Policies and Projects (March 2011, Ethiopia) ››Energy and Mining Sector Board Discussion Paper ››Gender awareness training: Introduction to Gender No. 24: Regulatory and Financial Incentives for and Energy Concepts (Rural Energy Agency, Tanzania) Scaling Up Concentrating Solar Power in Developing ›› Web page: ESMAP Gender and Energy Web page Countries (June 2011) designed, developed, and launched ››Regional workshop: CSP Development Potential in the Southern Africa Region in Gaborone, Botswana FY 2012 (May 2010) Analytical & Advisory Activities ››Paper: Presentation at Delhi International Renewables ››Africa: Gender support and contribution to the Africa Conference in October 2010 Clean Cookstoves Energy Solutions Program (ACCES) ›› Workshop: Potential for Local Manufacturing in ››Africa: Network of gender and energy experts in the India (New Delhi, June 2011) Africa region established and expanding ››Mali: Gender assessments | Mali (July 2011) ››Mali: Gender focal point terms of reference and Decision Toolkit for Solar Photo Voltaic (PV) position developed in Mali/AMADER (August 2011) FY 2011 ››Mali, Tanzania, Senegal, Kenya, and Benin: Africa Knowledge Products Gender and Energy Program activities initiated and ››Africa: Photovoltaics for Community Service Facilities: implemented (May, 2012) Guidance for Sustainability—English | French Version ›› Tanzania: Gender assessments | Tanzania (May (December 2010) 2011) ›› Training: Decision toolkit to aid the more effective Knowledge Products design and implementation of off-grid projects/ programs in health, education, and water sectors ››Newsletter: Tanzania | Championing Energy Solutions for Women (May 2012) ››Report: Expanding Women’s Role in Africa’s Modern Off-Grid Lighting Market (French, October 2011, Gender and Energy in Africa Energy Sector Management Assistance Program) FY 2011 ››Video: ThinkEqual 2012 Campaign | Mali Gender and Analytical & Advisory Activities Energy Documented (April, 2012) ››Report draft: Methods and Approaches on Integrating ››Workshop: Gender and Energy session and knowl- Gender in Africa Energy Programs and Projects Toolkit edge exchange (AEI Workshop, Senegal, November ››Corporate reviews and contributions to World 2011) Development Report on Gender Equality and ››Workshop: AMADER Gender and Energy Workshop Development 2012 (Mali, November 2011) ›› Lighting Africa report: Expanding Women’s Role in ›› Workshop: Rural Energy Agency Workshop Africa’s Modern Off-Grid Lighting Market (Tanzania, June 2012) Annex 3: AFREA I Outputs by Project 49 FY 2013 Knowledge Products Analytical & Advisory Activities ››(Already in FY13) Video: Tanzania—Sustainable ››Benin: Developing a gender assessment and action Energy: African Women Turn Manure into Opportunity plan for Benin’s Rural Energy Program ››BBL: PROGEDE 2: Community-Led Sustainable ››Kenya: Gender assessment and actions plans for the Forest Management Creating Wealth for Rural Ministry of Energy and Kenya Power and Lighting Families and New Energy Sources in Senegal Company (Washington, DC, March 2014) ››Senegal: Implementing gender action in Senegal’s ››Workshop: Capacity Building and Experience Sharing Rural Energy Program Workshop (Dakar, Senegal, April 7–9, 2014) ›› Tanzania: Implementation of gender action plan ››Workshop: Gender Mainstreaming Capacity Building and capacity building for Tanzania’s Rural Energy Workshop (Kenya Power, Nairobi, August 27–28, Agency 2013) ››Workshop: Gender Mainstreaming Workshop Knowledge Products Ministry of Energy and Petroleum (Nairobi, August ››Report: Expanding Women’s Role in Africa’s Modern 29–30, 2013) Off-Grid Lighting Market (printed in English and ›› Workshop: Gender and Energy Online Community French) of Practice space launched featured AFREA ››Video: Energy to Change Women’s Lives in Africa | workshop (https://collaboration.worldbank.org/ Senegal groups/gender-and-energy) ››Workshop: What Is Gender Mainstreaming and How to Empower Women through Cookstove Solutions (Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves Forum, Lighting Africa Cambodia, March 2013) FY 2009 ››Report: Collaboration with ESMAP to produce Briefing Note on Integrating Gender Considerations Analytical & Advisory Activities into Energy Operations ››Africa: Lighting Africa Annual Report 2009 ›› Tools: Collaboration with ESMAP to produce ››Tanzania: Market Intelligence Report (June 2009) Gender and Energy Online Resources and Tools ›› Ethiopia: Market Intelligence Report (June 2009) (http://www.esmap.org/node/2757) FY 2010 FY 2014 Analytical & Advisory Activities Analytical & Advisory Activities ›› Africa: Lighting Africa Annual Report 2010 ››Zambia: Gender component developed together with energy team and Zambia Electrical Supply Knowledge Products Corporation utility for project ››Conference report: Lighting Africa 2nd 2010 ››Benin: Gender assessment report finalized International Business Conference and Trade Fair (July ››Kenya: Continued dialogue on gender action plan 2011) ››Senegal: Continued implementation of gender action ›› Consumer education products: Series of public service announcement (PSA) materials from Strika plan in Senegal’s Rural Energy Program (print, radio, and video) (https://www.lightingafrica. ››Tanzania: Continued implementation of gender action org/resources/multimedia/​) plan and capacity building for Tanzania’s Rural Energy Agency FY 2011 ››Mali: Continued implementation of gender action plan Analytical & Advisory Activities for AMADER ››Africa: Lighting Africa Market Baseline Report ›› Consultation and development of Phase II—AFREA (October 2010) (https://www.lightingafrica.org/ II Gender and Energy Program resources/market-research/market-trends/) ››Africa: The Off-Grid Lighting Market in SSA: Synthesis Report (February 2011) 50 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I ›› Africa: Lighting Africa Annual Report 2011 Nigeria Climate Change Assessment Knowledge Products FY 2013 ›› Consumer education products: Series of PSA ma- Analytical & Advisory Activities terials from Strika (print, radio and video) (https:// ››Nigeria: Assessing Low-Carbon Development in www.lightingafrica.org/resources/multimedia/​) Nigeria: An Analysis of Four Sectors ›› Nigeria: Low-Carbon Development: Opportunities FY 2012 for Nigeria Analytical & Advisory Activities ››Africa: Lighting Africa Market Trends Report (April Knowledge Products 2012) ›› Workshop: Nigeria Climate Risk Assessments ›› Africa: Donor update brief 2012 Workshop (December 2012) Knowledge Products ››Conference report: Lighting Africa 3rd 2012 Rwanda: Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) International Off-Grid Lighting Conference and International Trade Fair (February 2013) FY 2013 ›› Consumer education products: Series of PSA ma- Analytical & Advisory Activities terials from Strika (print, radio, and video) (https:// ›› Rwanda: Extending Access to Energy: Lessons www.lightingafrica.org/resources/multimedia/​) from a Sector Wide-Approach FY 2013 Analytical & Advisory Activities Rwanda Sustainable Energy Capacity ››Mali: Consumption analysis (June 2013) Development Project ›› Burkina Faso: Supply chain mapping (June 2013) FY 2013 Analytical & Advisory Activities Knowledge Products ››Consumer education products: Series of PSA materi- ›› Rwanda: Development of renewable energy policy and strategy als from Strika (print, radio, and video) (https://www. lightingafrica.org/resources/multimedia/​) ›› Training: Quality Assurance and Technical Support Consultative Committee Discussion (Senegal, Modernizing Biomass Energy Services in September 5, 2013) Benin FY 2012 FY 2014 Knowledge Products Analytical & Advisory Activities ›› Efficient Charcoal Production Workshop in Dakar ››Nigeria: Consumer Insights Market Study, August (November 2012) 2013 ››Mali: Supply chain mapping (July 2013) ›› Senegal: Supply chain mapping (July 2013) Catalyzing New Renewable Energy in Rural Knowledge Products Liberia (Phase I) ››Consumer education products: Series of PSA materi- FY 2012 als from Strika (print, radio, and video) (https://www. Knowledge Products lightingafrica.org/resources/multimedia/​) ›› Workshop: During June 2–3, 2010, a World Bank ›› Conference: Solar in the Sahel Conference (Dakar, energy mission helped RREA hold a workshop with Senegal, May 1–7, 2014) key stakeholders (Government of Liberia, private sector, NGO) Annex 3: AFREA I Outputs by Project 51 Annex 4: World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by AFREA, FY2010–2014 AFREA activities have contributed to the identification and design of approved World Bank Group energy lending of close to US$2 billion. These lending operations are listed below. Country Project Burkina Faso Energy Access Project Burkina Faso Electricity Sector Support Project Cameroon Energy Sector Development Project Cameroon Forest Investment Program Congo, Democratic Republic of the Regional and Domestic Power Market Development Project Ethiopia Electricity Network Reinforcement and Expansion Project Ghana Ghana Energy Development and Access Project Kenya Electricity Expansion Project Liberia Lighting Lives in Liberia Malawi Energy Sector Project Mali Household Energy and Universal Access Project Mali Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program Mali Rural Electrification Hybrid System Project Mozambique Energy Development and Access Project Rwanda Electricity Access Scale-up and Sector-Wide Approach Development Project Senegal Second Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project South Africa Eskom Renewables Support Project Tanzania Energy Development and Access Project Zambia Increased Access to Electricity Project 52 Energizing Africa: Achievements and Lessons from AFREA Phase I Copyright © 2015 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America First printing January 2014 The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this paper are entirely those of the author(s) and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its Board of Executive Directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The Boundaries, colors, denominations, other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. The material in this publication is copyrighted. However, it may be reproduced in whole or in part and in any form for educational or nonprofit uses, without special permission provided acknowledgment of the source is made. Requests for permission to reproduce portions for resale or commercial purposes should be sent to the ESMAP Manager at the address listed above. ESMAP encourages dissemination of its work and will normally give permission promptly. The ESMAP Manager would appreciate receiving a copy of the publication that uses this material for its source sent in care of the address listed above. All images remain the sole property of their source and may not be used for any purpose without written permission from the source. Production Credits AFREA Program Manager | Richard Hosier AFREA Program Coordinator | Siet Meijer AFREA Program Assistant | Marie-Lolo Sow Design and Reproduction | Corporate Visions, Inc. 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