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Bank of) . 10 (America . .(Wall Street Journal Market Watch 28 July 2009) FinMark Trust 2003 and 2008; FSD Kenya) . .(2009a; Kumar 2005; World Bank 2008a . . . . .2008 : .(2008a) GSMA 8 http://go.worldbank.org/K2CKM78CC0 http://www.equitybank.co.ke/, www.themix.org 9 4 . : . 10 . ( ) . . .(FNB 2006) - 2009 / . - - 30 : .(Wireless Federation 7 May 2009) (FSD Kenya 2009b) 2008 26 Pickens) 5 . " " .( 2006 .(2009 ) ( ) 1999 90 .(Ivatury and Pickens 2006) .(CGAP 2007) : . · :1 . .2008 117 2003 36474 - 1999 1.6) . .( 93.3) (2007 : . 9000 39.6 398 30 2007 . . 2003 . 5600 (FEBREBAN) : : .(2008) (2008) 10 5 13 . 120 2009 . . GSMA .( Pickens - ) 2009 / . . · . ( ) 40 . .2006 ) "" 5.8 "" .( . . Bankable Frontier) . · .(Associates 2009 50 . . 1999 1 . ) 2.6 . . · .( : 16 . · . 800 - . . ) 11 11 .( . . · . ( 610) . · 12. ) FSD Kenya .(http://www.safaricom.co.ke/index.php?id=749) 11 .(2009a) . . M-PESA 12 .http://technology.cgap.org/2009/08/18/mobile-banking-in-tanzania-concluding-thoughts 184 PayPal - 13 . - ­ 1998 . 6 .( 1.55) 86 - . ( . . ( 180) . · . . 14 . . . . . . . . - . 5.01) 4.3 - - ( :1 3,000 2,500 200 2,000 800 40 40 1,500 100 180 2640 300 1,000 370 1640 500 610 0 .Oliver Wyman (2007) : http://technology.cgap.org/2009/09/08/understanding-what-drives-profits-for-agents -m-pesa/ : 2009 / 8 14 7 2009-2008 . : · . . . · ) (2008b . . . . · . - - . . . · . . . · . . . . : . 1.1 2.1 . 15 . 2020 . .2 2020 . . . .(2006) 2015 15 8 :2 100+ 94­90 84­80 74­70 64­60 2010 54­50 2020 44­40 34­30 24­20 14­10 4­0 ­200 0 200 400 600 : . (2007) . 2020 51 1.2 . 45 2.2 . 3.2 . : . . 300 . .(2008c ) - - . . . 9 (2009-1999) :3 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 .( ) : ) ( ) ( .( ) . . Fiszbein) ) 60 .(and Schady 2009 . .(3 ) (2009 16 . 10 : 22 . . " " 170 : 15.8 2005 .(Ramji 2009) .( ) 85 . Thyagarajan and Venkatesan) .(2008 . 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B100 1999 RIM 850 4 21 .blackberry.com : RIM.850 GSM Arena, PC World (2000) : .JAVA GPRS . "() " ( ) 5 " " 22 .Gartner (2009) http://blogs.msdn.com/oneapp/archive/2009/08/24/microsoft-introducing-oneapp.aspx 23 24 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%28programming_language%29 . 13 2009 / .( ) : . · . . " " · . . · . . · . . . . . : . . : . · 40 139 . - .(CGAP 2009) . . · . 11 8.3 8.1 .(Rhyne 2009) . 25 . "" 14 . "" - 21 . ( ). FSD) ( ) . .(Kenya 2009b . 53 . .( ) . . . . - - . . . . - . - 11 Bankable) .(Frontier Associates 2009 :6 35% 28 30,000 32% 31% 30% 29% 28% 25 27% 25,000 26% 26% ( ) 25% 24% 22 20,000 20% 19 17% 15,000 15% 16 10% 13 10,000 5% 4% 10 5,000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 0% 2007e (FDIC) (2008) : - .(2009) "" 25 7.6 Schäfer (2008) 26 . 10 15 - - . . . . .(6 ) ) . (- PayPal . . . . . .(Moracynski 2007) 70 20 27 . . . . " : - - . . ... . . " .(Business Daily 4 August 2009) . . . - . . . . - - . . . : / 27 .http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators 16 2020 . ) 2002 . . . .(2008 . . . .2020 : . " " " - : - " . · . - - " " . .(Kunkel 2008) / ./ · . . . . " : 2020 · . " ." 28 . () . ." .(2 ) . " . "! (-) . . 15-10 28 . 17 - . - . . . ."- " : 2015 . " : . . . / . " ." 35 ." . "" ." " : " : . . . : . " : " " ." . " " : . . " ." ." " " : " : ." " : . . . " : . . ." ." 18 . 2008 . . 2010 . " : ." " ."- " " . . " : : . " ." ." . . " . . . ." ( ) 2010 . . . : . . . . 2020 / 22-16 : . : . 200 . . . : 10 " : " . . . 19 . 325 2012 2018 . " : - " - . " ." 400 : . - " " : ." - ." . : . 2.2 2015 . . . . . " : . "! . . " . ." : . " ." " ." 20 " . " " . . . 600 " " " : " 350 " 50 - . " " : " . . 6000 350 . " . - 2011 ."2015 - ." " PeerPay" : " ." . 800 200 2015 PeerPay . 20 . . . 1000 / PeerPay ." " . " . Orput PeerPay " 350 . PeerPay . 21 "" : PeerPay " . "" " " " ." " : PeerPay "" : Orput . 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New York: Random House. 26 August. 57 2009 / . . : .www.cgap.org CGAP 1818 H Street, NW MSN P3-300 Washington, DC 20433 USA 202-473-9594 : 202-522-3744 : : cgap@worldbank.org © CGAP, 2009 Bankable Bankable Frontier) () Signal Point Consult Hyperion Frontier Associates () (Associates .Frontier Ventures Partners . . : : 57 2020 2009