83362 r!l d~ E INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY & ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROJECT WITH WORLD BANK ASSISTANCE .. KARNATAKA . SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY REPORT .,.._··~:" •. .~. '• GOVERNMENT OF KARNATAKA/WORLD BANK ----------- - APRIL 1991 -~----------_,. : .. ~ i ·, l: ·' ' NIDC I OM CONSULTANTS UNDIAl PVT. L TO. BANGALORE ~ I! " - lil )m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd CONTENTS PAGE .NO. ABBREVIATIONS 1 INTRODUCTION 1 2 CURRENT GOVERNfiiENT POLICY IN THE \\TATER AND SANITATION SECTORS 4 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE 12 4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 14 5 \qATER USE, SANITATION AND \HLLINGHESS TO PAY 21 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 59 7 COMt-fUN!TY PARTICIPATION '7~ 10 8 IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 80 ANNE.XURES ANNEXURE I TERMS OF REFERENCE 88 ANNEXURE II HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE 96 ANNEXURE III VILLAGE QUESTIONNAIRE 114 ANNEXURE IV . CHECKLIST FOR PARTICIPANT OBSERVATION 125 ANNEXURE V CHECKLIST FOR GROUP DISCUSSIONS 130 ANNEXURE VI LIST OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 136 ANNEXURE VII TABLES 137 )rn Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE REPORT ARWSP Accelerated Rural Hater Supply Programme D.K. Dakshina KM1nada GOI Government of India GOK Government of Karnataka HP Hand Pump JHC Janata Housing ColonJ· LPCD Litres Percapita Per Day MNP Minimum Needs Programme Mini \~ater Supply NGY Nirmala Grama Yojana NIDC National Industrial Development Corporation O&M Operation and ~1aintenance OMCI Om Consultants {India) Private Limited PHED Public Health Engineering Department Public \~orks Departrnent sc Scheduled Caste SCP Special Component Programme ST Scheduled Tribe TOR Terms of Reference TSP Tribal Sub-Plan UNICEF United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund Village water and s~1itation Coffimittee i'Yard \'Vater and Sanitation Committee ZP Zilla Parishad Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd MAP OF KARNATAKA Position of KARNAT AKA in India MAHARASHTRA ANDHRAPRADE~ - 0 . BIJAPUR N I \._....7 UTTARA ~ 40 0 40 !-..-tensive field data collected during the study &id the discussions with the variOU$ sections Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd of people in the study villages, and NIDC, GOK and The World Bank tearn. The report presents the essent.ial details related to the project objectives. 1. 7 He wish to thank the ~nne. the GOK and the Horld Bank for having given us this opportunity to participate in this innovative effort. Ne are e:>..-tremely thankful to the various Government officials (both at the State and field level}, elected representatives of the Zilla Parishads {ZP}, Mandal Panchayats, and in particular the people of the study villages for their whole- hearted co-operation. ~"Ye are particularly thar.1kful to Mr.N.P.Singh, Commissioner and Secretary (Rural Dev-elopment and Pancbayat Raj), GOK and Mr.B.N.Nagarajan, Engineer-in-Chief, PHED, for their invaluable support. )m Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd CHAPTER 2 COE:RENT GOVERNMENT POLICY IN THE ~iATER AND SANITATION SECTORS 2. 1 RURAL ~iATER SUPPLY 2. 1. l The Government of Karnataka {GOK) has been giving high \ priority to the water supply sector &jd relatively to a lesser e:>.~ent, to sanitation. Concerted efforts have been made to meet the basic drinking water needs under the state sector as v1ell as under the central sector programmes. These programmes receive financial support from the Government of India {GOI) under the Minimum Needs Programme, {70~~ loan, 30% grant) and t.he Accelerated Rural ~~ater Supply Programme {AR\~SP) { 100%. grant). 2. 1. 2 The above schemes are entrusted to Zilla Parish ads {ZPs) for implementation. On the formation of ZPs and Mandal Panchayats in the year 1987 as part of the decentralisation process, all field level officers of the Public Health Engineering Department. (PHED), Public Norks Department {PND) and Health Department have been placed under the ZPs. The maintenance of all piped water supply schemes rest with Mandal Panchayats as per the ZP Act. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 2. 1. 3 The Mini Nater Supply and Handpump schemes are also covered under the Special Component Programme {SCP) and Tribal Sub-Plan (TSP) of the state sector. Some schemes are functioning under bilateral assistance, and foreign aid has become significant in the water and sanitation sector. 2. 1. 4 As per the guidelines of the Technology Mission, the GOK has set the norm of 40 LPCD as the basis for all schemes. There are 3 t~~es of rural water supply schemes and the GOK has set normative guidelines for the applicability of these schemes: Piped ~'tater Supply {PNS) schemes {Pump and overhead tank with the pipelines laid to public water fountains) for habitations with population exceeding 2, ~'?0. Mini i'Vater Supply (MNS) schemes (which consist of a cistern and an energized pump) for habitations with a population between 1,000 and 2,000. Similarly, the Handpump {HP) Schemes are generally for smaller habitations with population less than 1,000. 2. 1. 5 At the end of the VII plan { HJ89-1990) there were ~H6 not covered habitations, 12,764 partially covered babit.ations, and 4,0f~2 fully covered habitation under the above mentioned schemes. The emphasis in the VII Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd plan was mostly on piped water supply schemes and roir.s.i water supply schemes so as to achieve the prescribed standard required besides continuing borev1ell progrrumnes {future investments tend to focus on the improvement of the quality and reliability of water suppl!-·). The work of the revival of defunct piped water supply schemes, mini water supply and augumentation of piped water supply schemes were also taken up during the year 1989-90 and onwards. 2. 1. 8 During the VIII five year plan, the above said schemes are proposed to be continued and it is also proposed to take up the balance of 316 not covered habitations and 12,764 partially covered habitations for full coverage v;i th the objective of providing 40 LPCD at the end of the VIII plan. 2. 1. 7 The main thrust during the VIII plan is 1007~ coverage of the problem villages to provide uniform and sustained water supply of 40 LPCD for all the rural populations, as per the Technology Mission Standards. 2. 1. 8 The proposed programme for the VIII Five Year Plan (1990-95) aims at providing 8411 borewells fitted with handpumps, 2182 mini water supply schemes and 950 PNS Schemes. The ZPs have been directed to accelerate the progress for the uncovered villages. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 2. 1. 9 The proposed outl~· for ·1990-95 in the central sector for the GOK is Rs.1,482 millions for new project$ and the state's outla~y ~s Rs.1,436 million$for new projects under the ZPs. An outlay of Rs.100,000 is pr·oposed for meeting the establishri'ient costs of Maintenance and Investigation Unit 7 which would be totally met by the GOI. Provision bas also been made towards necessar~y training for caretakers under the state sector. 2. 1. 10 During 1990-91, the emphasis is on habitations that include main villages, hamlets, thandas, and ,Janata Housing Colonies. Even habitations with less than 500 population are covered by the above schemes. The GoverTnnent has proposed to relax the norms in respect of SC/ST habitations and of those below poverty line. 2.1.11 The Government's thrust is on the phasing of lfmter suppl:'l installations through maximum comm~nity participation in selection of sites arjd caret. akers. Introducing appropriate recovery mechanisms for atleast part of the direct Operation and Maintenance costs have been thought of as an effective system of community involver.!'ient. Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd RURAL SAlUTATION 2.2.1 Due to various reasons, sanitation in rural Karnataka has received relatively less attention than rural water supply. As per the decade programme, an amount of Rs.2,000 million>is required to cover the targetted 25% of the rural population. But there is not \ much evidence to shov; that even 5% of the coverage has been achieved. During 1984-85, some 1000 units {latrines) have been constructed under state funding for schools, communities &nd hcruseholds. During 1986-87, the state sector planned for the construction of community latrines in villages on a pilot basiG with 20% of contribution from the beneficiaries. But the project spilled inJco 1987-88 without much progress due to lack of initiative from the beneficiaries. 2 . 2.3 The present stat.us shows that. by the end of 1989-90, 2,683 villages have been partially covered. By the end of March 1990, individual and 2,449 institutional low cost sanitary latrines were constructed under both state and central sectors covering a rural population of 136 thousands, which is 0. 72% of the t.otal population. · Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 2.2.4 The total proposed outl~· for the rural sanitation is about Rs.208 millions in the VIII Five Year Plan {1990- 95). The proposed outlay under state sec~or for sanitation programmes is about Rs.33 millions, and Rs. 175 millions for Nirmala Grama Yojars.a, v-•hich has been launched in the 4 districts of Kolar, ' Mysore, Belgaum and Gulbarsa with the assistance of the Government, Mandai Panchayats, UNICEF and the beneficiaries. This programme plans to provide latrines for selected beneficiaries on the condition that they provide free labour for t.heir conGt.ruction. 2.3 INTEGRATED RURAL NATER SUPPLY AND SANITA'l'ION DEVELOPMENT 2.3.1 Considering the disparity between present water supply and sanitation coverage in the state, integrat.ed water ~id sanitation development bas been given much higher priorit.y in the future programmes. Health Education/Promotion component will play a crucial role :1n the. succe£~sful utilisat-ion of all water supply and sanitation schemes. 2.3.2 Tbe involvement of "''omen is a maJor feature of community involvement. To increase awareness among worl'1en, Mahila Mandals and ot.her operating women's groups have been identified as a focussing point for health education programme. The Social iqelfare and Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd Health Departments are already utilising them 1.r.s their health programmes. The Health Education and Training Section of the Health and Family \~elfare Department conducts extensive school health programmes and finances some sanitary facilities for schools through school betterment cormfiittees. 2.3.3 The role of NGOs. has been identified in promoting health awarenesss and in building local infrastructure for spreading health messages arrsong women. 2.3.4 The Mandal Panchayats are identified for mobil ising voluntary labour, promotion of sanitat.ion and health, provision of public latrines and other tasks through three standing committees, as itf; obligator-:,.· functions. Maintenance is the major feature of the obligation of Mandal Panchayats and the ZPs. There is a specific provision in the budget of the GOK for the maintenance and operation costs. !2. 3. 5 The monthly progress of all rural water supply and sanitation schemes is being reviewed at the State Level under the Karnatal~a Development Prograrrm~e and also in the monthly Multi level Review Meeting , in order to determine whether the targets drawn for the successful completion of the schemes have been achieved v;i thin the stipulated time. Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd 2.4 SCHEMES UNDER BILATERAL ASSISTANCE FOR RURAL KARANATAKA 2.4.1 An innovative integrated water supply and s~!itation project with assistance from DMliDA is being implemented in three pilot taluks: Bagepalli (Kolar district), Jagalur . {Chitradurga district} and Hungund (Bijapur district}. Caretaker training programmes have been also carried with DANIDA support. 2.4.2 An Integrated Rural iiater Supply and Sanitation Project is contemplated in the 4 districts of Bi japur, Dharv;ad, Raichur ~Jd Bell an· under Netherlands assistance. 2.4.3 An Integrated Rural ~·~ater Supply, Environmental Sanitation and Habitat Management has been proposed under \~orld Bank assistance, for 1, 000 villages in 10 districts of Karnataka. 2.4.4 New proposals under Bilateral assistance of FRG, Japan and Norv;ay are being contemplated. 2.4.5 An outlEt.J;· of about Rs.394 millions is proposed under the VIII Five Year Plan for bilateral assistance. Of late, foreign aid has become significant and irr~ortant in the water and sanitation sectors of the stat.e. Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd CHAPTER 3 OBJECTIVES AND SCOPE OBJECTIVES 3. 1 The detailed objectives and scope of this study are shown in the Terms of Reference {TOR) prepared by the HIDC in Anne)...-ure - I. 3.2 The main objective of the study is to provide inputs that. will enable the NIDC and the State Government to prepare the project document. SCOPE 3.3 Specific areas where inputs are needed froru the current Socio-Economic Survey are : Analysing' existing 't';ater, sanitation and hygiene pattern, [major water and other sanitation-related health problems {from Go\>-t.. health data and local observations)] Selection of hygiene messages Incentives related to h~·giene education Determining community role in plarming, implementing and maintaining facilities under the proposed project {particularly with regard to involvement of women, scheduled castes/tribes} Orn CO!'lsultants (India) Pvt Ltd Evolving methodology for government and community interaction in the selection and planning of facilities {i.e. community involvffifient) Establishing system for timely delivery of hygiene messages/provision of latrines Identification of the role of NGO~s Assessment of demt:md for increased water sen·ices levels Determining demand for latrines Determining demand for drainage under a cost sharing arrangffinent Assessing ~~illingness of villagers to pc;o· for water supply and sanitation facilities 3.4 As a part of the study, the follov;ing data were collected for the sarr~le villages: * Socio-economic data :t: Am:;essment of wat.er, sanitation and healt.h situation * Knowledge, attitudes, perception and practices * Delivery of hygiene messages and COr.liTfiUn i ty participation. The Socio-econmnic study covered 30 sample villages {3 ' villages per district) in the ten project districts. As per the TOR, 500 sample households had to be covered in each district. Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ltd CHAPTER 4 APPROACH AND METHODOLOGY 4.1 A phasewise approach was adopted sq as to conduct the study systmnatically as given below: Phase - I - Planning and preparation of survey tools, Pilot survey and finalisation of sun·ey tools. -Orientation-cum-training programme for the field staff; Phase - II - Field data collection Phase - III - Computerisation of field data and data analysis. Phase - IV - Preparation of draft report and interim presentation. Phase - V - Final report. METHOLODOGY 4.2 The methodology adopted for the study included {i) pilot survey {ii) extensive {household and village) survey, {iii) participapt ~bserr.vation:, and {iv) group d:tscussion. Though these techniques are exclusive, they are coruplementary to each other. The following survey instruments were developed,tested and used in the field. (a) Household questionnaire for an e).-t.ensive survey of sample households in the study villages Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd MAP OF KARNATAKA N o BIJAPUR 20 +0 20 1,0 1:==-1 '=--1 Scale in Km ARABIAN SEA REFERENCE ?L1a..oo- River Reservoir ·District boundary 0 District HO • Study Toluk I H Q ~· location of Studv vii Inn• Om Consultants (India j Pvt ltd {b) Village questiormaire for collection of village informations {c) Checklist for participant observation {d) Checklist for group discussion The survey instruments are presented 1n Annexures-II v. 4. 3 During the planning and preparatory phase, det.ailed study methodology was developed and survey instruments were formulated. A pilot study was conducted in villages of Bangalore {Rural) district to test the survey instruments and finalize the same. 4.4 Field studies commenced after establishing rapport with t.be concerned government officials, v1z., Chief Secretaries, Executive Engineers, Assistant Executive Engineers of Zilla Parisbad {ZPL Junior Engineers, Mandai Panchayat Secretaries and Health staff. Elected representatives of the Mandal were contacted at the village level. SELECTION OF SAMPLE VILLAGES 4.5 Thirt.y sarriple villages (Annexure VI) in ten districts {three villages per district} were selected from the list of 280 project villages {phase I) provided by the Public Health Engineering Department {PHED). Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ltd 4.6 A multi-stage sampling method was used to select the sarrrple villages. Major variables, such as total population, scheduled castel and scheduled tribe population, total literates and total number of households; based on 1981 census figures, were standardized districtwise t.o select the '· sample villages. 4. 7 The sar{rpl ing procedure adopted ensured that the three villages in each district had a population var-'.ling in size and representing three different taluks of the district. As they were spread geographically across the district, it reflected the socio-cultural variations within each district. SELECTION OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS 4.8 The total number of sample households per district has been fixed at 500 as per the terms of reference. The actual sample size of households to be covered in each of the three samplf:; villBges. in a given district' was arrived at by distributing the total sample size {i.e. 500) proportionately to total number of households in each of t.he three sample villages. 4.9 The sample households in the village were chosen {circular systematically) from the houselist prepared with the help of village demand register maintained by Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd the Ma~ndal Panchayat and also by physical listing of the households not covered in the demand register. 4.10 Ever'.l 'K'th household {where 'K' is the ratio of total number of households in the village to the number of Sf:I.I!.!Ple households to be covered) was taken up for the survey. This procedure covered all the categories of households, considering factors like caste, class, and access to water sources. COVERAGE 4.11 The total number of f,022 households vlere covered. in the ten districts. The extensive survey included collecting quE.mti t.ati ve and qualitative informat.ion on socio-economic characteristics, attitudes, practices, current availability of v;ater, sanit.ation practices, willingness to pay for establishment, operation and maint.enance of community assets on an irf_!proved basis and current health status. Both male and female survey. 4.12 General information for the village was collected through a village questionnaire. Participant observation technique was also used to gain meaningful insights into the problems relat.ed to the project components. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 4.13 Group discussions were held with local people, eleoted representatives, village elders, youth leaders ar1d women groups. This technique was used to understand local beliefs, perception ar1d attitudes towards water availability and its use, awareness and receptivity tov;ar·ds sanitary lat.rines, environmental sanitation and health practices and their opinion and willingness for involvement. This technique was also used to assertain people~s willingness to pay for the improved services and their participation in the project. 4.14 The views of men and women were also collected in relat.ion to project objectives through informal street corner meetirutG and tea shop discussions. Close observations were made of the collection behaviour and other activities at the v;ater sour-ces. Sanitation practices prevailing and places of defecation were also observed. 4. 16 Visual aids showing the sanitary latrines, leach pits etc., were used to make the respondents understan~ the improved services, before starting of bidding for their willingness to pay. Photographs >v;ere taken to reflect and indicate the exist.ing water and sarii tation problems. 1 Om Consultants 1ndia) Pvt Ltd '- ' 4.17 FIELD PROCEDURES - SOME SALIENT FEATURES :t: The study districts were grouped into three zones in order to gain indepth knowledge and for oper·ational convenience. :t: The three zones v;·ere: Zone I Bangalore {Rural), Hand~·a and ' t.tlsore districts Zone II Belgaum, Shimoga and Dak.shina Kannada districts Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and Bellar~· districts Over 20 professionals including five v;omen professionals from respective study districts were involved in t.he conduct. of the study. The field team comprised of qualified and experienced multi-disciplina~·· professionals in the field of Sociology, Economics, Psychology, Education and Rural Development. * The field staff were formed into three t.eams with sen1.or consul tant.s as team leaders. The field study was conducted simultaneously in the three zones. * Senior professionals 1f;ere involved in designing, training and conducting windshield surveys in the field. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd A wom~J sociologist was involved to explore ) womens views and their involvement in the proje-ct. * Depending on the size of the village, an average of 20- 50 mandays were utilised in each village for the study. 4.18 DATA ANALYSIS * The data of the survey relating to 5,022 sample households have been anaylsed through the use of computers. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd CHAPTER 5 WATER USE, SANITATION AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY 5.1 SOCio-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS \ 5. 1. 1 An analysis of Socio-Economic characteristics is necessary as a basic input for proper planning and implementation. In the present study, the salient features of socio-economic chara.cteristic6 reh:lting to the project objectives are analysed. A description of the general condition of the villages studied, follovied by the socio-economic characteristics of sample households, is presented in this section. GENERAL CONDITIONS 5.1. z Two hundred and eighty project villages have been selected by the ZPs for the first phase of th~ project. As mentioned earlier, thirty sarr!I)le villages were identified by ZP~s from these. 280 pr9ject villages spread over ten districts. Some of the characteristics of these sample villages are: population in 30 villages r&ig~ frore 1414-6726 {1981 census} total number of households range from 220-1020 {1981 census} 20 among the 30 study villages are Mandal headquarters J - 13 of these villages have hamlets ranging frorri 1-15 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd POPULATION DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES S:AUPU: S:TUOY (t--1-30) 14 13 I;;> - II A 10 I I I 9 - In 0 ~ > 7 B Lo. 0 5 0 -4 "' 3 2 UPTO 2000 2001 TO 3000 300 I TO -4000 -4001 TO 5000 OVER 5000 ' POPUL Lo. 0 5- 0 2. 4 2 0 UPTO 300 30 I TO 500 50 I TO 700 70 I TO 900 OVER 900 110. OF" HOlJSf:HOLOS -----------~ AD~UNISTRA'I'fVE STATUS OF SA!-.!PLE VILLAGES N Qf·MANDA.L Hq (88.m!) ·•. UANDIIL 11q (06.711:) / Om Co0$Wtonts(ooia)Pvt Ltd 29 of these are multicaste villages settlements are clustered castewise in all the study villages dispersed settlement pattern is found in Dakshina Kannada and southern part of Shimosa districts. In other areas, the settlements are r~lat.ively more congested. SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE 5.1. 3 ~ / ; · 17 villages have pucca approach roads -r 4 villages have both pucca. and kutcha. approach roads 9 villages have kutcha approach roads 22 villages have high school facility 4 villages have junior colleges \'15 vi 11 ager.; have primary health centre l )2 villages have health m.tbcentre 3 villages have primary health unit . 10 villages have no governmental health facility all villages have domestic and commercial power supply post and telegraph and telepho~e f~ility are available in all the villages radio, television a~nd newspaper are well used Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd .~ ~]'' DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES c···· _J "~ .~J ~ \ PUCCA (58.7i1L) PUCCA Jic (1.3.3%) DISTRIBUTION OF VILLAGES HAVING NIL (88.31'11) PEC (50.0~) existing financial institutions~ Type Number of Villages Comrrlerci al Banks 6 Co-operative B~iks 1 Commercial and Co-operative Banks 2 Regional Rural Bank 9 12 villages do not have any financial institutions. CHARACTERISTICS OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS GENDER DISTRIBUTION - RESPONDENTS 5. 1. 4 The Gender dist.ribution of respondents shovw 48 percent being female. This varies across the region. The regional variation is about 24~~. The covert;:tge of female respondents across the region varies betv;een 36- 70 percent. {Table:l ·-Annexure- VII). FAMILY TYPE 5.1.5 Nuclear and joint families represent 70 and 30 percent respectively. Districtwise variation is higher 1n joint families compared to nuclear families. The regional variations being 27 and 12 percent respectively (Table: 1 - Annexure - VII}. HOUSE OWNERSHIP Ovrrlership of dwellings in the study region reveals that 96 percent of the sample households ovm dv;ellings. The regional variation ir; not r;ignificant (3%). {Table:Z Annel..--ure - VI I). 23 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd. GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS n:M.AIJi: ("' 7. 71>1:) MAlE (52.3~) DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS BY FAMILY TYl"li: DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOLDS D¥ 'IJWJULINC TVVJt KUTCHA (22.431;) Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd TYPE OF DWELLING ~~- 1. 7 The difference in types of dwelling {Table:2 - Annexure - VII) of the sample households shows 26 percent pucca, 52 percent semipucca and 22 percent kutcha structures. The regional variation is more with regard to pucca structures. In case of semipuoca and kutoha structures, regional variatiors is less. The inter regional variations e:>..-plain that semipucoa structures are more prevalent in southern Karnataka and Shimoga dist.rict, and the pucca structures are more in Northern Karnataka. In Dakshina Kannada pucca structures are few and semipucca and kutcha structures are almost equal. SHlGLE VS MULTIPLE BLOCKS 5. 1.9 Nearly 99 percent of the dwellings among s amp 1e households are single blocks. The inter-district variation is 13 percent. Hhereas, it is at variance ~n multiple blocks. The co-efficient of variation is as high as 62 percent. HOUSING VIS-A-VIS COMMUNITY COMPOSITION 5. 1. 10 The t~""Pe of housing across different caste/religion is presented in Table:3 - Anne:>..~re - VII. It is seen that pucca houses ,.~ary frori'l 8 percent among Scheduled Tr·ibe to 49 percent among Vokkaliga and other farrr.ting communities. The variation across the caste and community groups is very high. Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSE STRUCTURE " BY COMMUNITY 70.---------------------------------------------------------~2 A I BO I I I I 50 (/1 0 <5 ::r::. AO I.IJ (f1 ;::::, 0 ::r::. 30 ~ ~ z 20 ~ [( 1.1.1 10 a.. 1 2 . 3 5 B 7 B 9 10 .A.LL COMMUNITY ---------~ [ZZJ PUCCA ISS] SEMIPUCCA (@ KUTCHA Legend : 1. Brahmins 2. Vokkaliga & other farming commun1t1es 3. Lingayats 4. Artisans 5. Others 6. Schedule Caste 7. Schedule Tribe 8. Jains 9. Muslims 10. Christians )ffi Consultants (india) Pvt ltd In case of Gemi-pucca type bour;es, the composition varies from 39 percent in other caste group to 64 percent in Artisan group. The overall variation acroGs different community groups is 90 percent. This variation is more than double the variation across t.he regions. 5.1.12 Similar is the case of kutcha houses. Th6 composition varies from 10 percent in Vokkaliga and other farming communities to 38 percent in Scheduled Tribes. CASTE/COMMUNITY OOMPOSITION u fi. 1. 13 The import.ant: c&ste/comrm.mit.y groupr.; and t.beir composi t.ion among sample bout;eholds are shov.n be lov; in summarised fo:r-rfi: Caste/Comruuni-t;.y Structure / Code Caste/Community No. of % Ho. Households 1 Brahmins 113 2.25 r) l, Linga~tats 990 19.71 3 Vokkaliga & Other Agricultural C!astes 1297 25.83 4 Artisans 219 4.36 5 Other Communities '552 10.99 6 Scheduled Castes 868 17.28 7 Scheduled Tribes 177 3.52 8 Jains 85 1. 69 g Muslims 705 14.04 10 Christians 16 0.32 TOTAL 5022 100.00 Hot.e: The code numbers 1 to 10 have been consistent.ly used in all sections of this report while referring to caste/cormnunity group. I ; i ···\ Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd I l I COMMUNITYWISE DISTRIBUTION OF HOUSEHOI ze Z4 22 1 ) 20 I 18 1 1 1 18 I l 1A I I lZ llQ !:.-' g 10 B ~ B ~ 4 2 0 1 ., 3 4 5 B ..... 8 g 10 "- ' COMMUNITY -----------~ Om Consultant$ (India) Pvt ltd 5. 1. 14 The di~trictwi~e ca~te corrmrunity composition of the sample households is presented in Table: 4 - AnneJ..."Ure - VII. The major comrtrunities are Vokkaliga and other farming comnruni ties and Lingayats { 26 and 20 percent respectively). The other large communities are Scheduled Cast.e { 17 percent) and Muslims { 14 percent). DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES: 5. 1. 15 The average household size of the sample households 1s 6.3. The average size in Southern Karnataka is lower than Northern Karnataka. The sex ratio in the sample household~ of the project districts is 930. Across the region, it varies fro-ill 897 in Myr;ore region to 979 in Daksbina Kannada. 5.1.16 The population of the 5,022 households in the study villages is 31,659. Gender wise composition shows 48 percent are females. There is no significant variation of fernale population between different regions~ -.-:-.~ Distribution of sample population according to different age groups shown in Table: 5 - :~nnexure - VII reveals that f,5 percent of the sample population are below 15 ·years of age. In this age group, f~fiales are 27 percent indicat.ing almost equal population of males and females in this category. Infants upto 5 years constitute around 12 percent in the total population. Om Consultants (india) Pvt ltd AGE DISTRIBUTION - ALL DISTRICTS 2~~-------------------------------------------------~ zz zo 16 16 12 10 6 2 o~~~_u~~~~~A-~~UL~~~~~~~~~A-~~= s - 10 10 - 15 15 - zs 25 - :35 :35 - so so - es >85 E::ZJ AGE: GP.OllF &~\P.S) M.U.1tS . - -----------> I'JtM.ALES ~ ALL SEX DISTRIBUTION OF SAMPLE POPULATION (~- :I1GG'J) MJIL£ (52.0!1;) r LITERACY LEVELS OF SAMPLE POPULATION roA.M,t.&. EOUCATJON (.t5.4J'1;) ILliTERATE (50.0) Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd LITERACY 5. 1. 17 Li t.eracy level of the Garr!Ple households is 44 percent {Table:6 -Annexure- VII). Regional variation in total literates is 21 percent. The composition of sample population having formal education is 40 percent. Across the districts, the variation in formal education is 22 percent. OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN Table:? - Anne).."Ure - VII the occupational pattern of the sample housheolds. Fortysix percent of the households have agriculture as the main occupation. Agricultural labour is the other alternate occupation and 20 percent of the sample households depend on this sector. Non-agricultural sector constitute percent. 12 percent of the households do not have any occupation. They are depending on external Gources ,, 5.1.19 There is significant regional variation in different sectors other than agriculture. The magnitude of variations is 40-50 percent. In agricultural sector, the regional variations are not very significant. The inter-regional comparison in occupation of the sample households shov;-s agriculture as the major occupation with the except.ion of Dakshina Kannada. In Dakshina Kannada, the sample households depend more on Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd 0 CCUPAT I 0 NAL DIS T RIB UTI 0 N ( r;{A}..(:p L1t: H 0 U !ntH 0 LD Sl) " ll I; . ,; HOU5t!· '-'HOI.D 'WORK (11. ?'~) AGRICULTURE SERVICES (5. 9::b) ("16·~/.) \ OUSfN/1'91 & TRADE (1.2il6) ARTISANS (2. "'/~) A.GRI. LABOUR (20. lltJ \ / / GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF WORI( FORCE CillLDREN (3.3%) PBM.ALE (34-.6%) MALE (08.1~) Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd agricultural labour. This disperit.y i£~ due t.o t.he skewed identification of sample households in clusters. WORKFORCE 5. 1. 20 The total workforce in the study region is 43 percent. '1'7 {Table:8 Anne:>.'Ure - VI I) . Male workforce, is t.., percent, female workforce is 15 percent and child labour is 1 percent. Of the total population, 20 percent of the females are in the age group of 15-65 years, which represent.s the lf;orking age group. Only 75 pereent of females in this age group are working {i.e. 1~~~~ of the total population). The regional variation 1n workforce is high among child labour and female workers, whereas it is insignificant among rnale workers. ECONOMY [,. 1. 21 One of t.he indioat.ors for identifying t.he levels of living is the inco~e .levels. ,of the households. Table: 9 Annexure - VII present.s the distribution of sample households across different monthly income groups. The income of the households is estimated by taking all the sources from which the household generates income. The income is taken as the net income aft.er deduct.ing input and other costs approximately. 5. 1.. 22 The distribution sbows that 30 percent of t.he sample housholds have a monthly income of more than Rs.1000; Om Consultants (Indio) Pvf Ltd ti I: r ! Om Consultants (lndia) Pvt Ltd 27 percent have between Rs.600-1003 and 43 percent have less than Rs.600. It is interesting to note that in tbe regions of Mandya and Shimoga, there is concentration of households in the top two income groups. This is because of the impact of irrigation on the economic levels of the households. In the Hort.hern Ka:cnataka region, it is Geen that more than 50 percent of the households are still in the lower income groups. ~'- 1. 23 The expendit-ure pattern of the sam·ple households is presented in Table: 10 - Annexure - VII. Tbe average annual e}.-pendit.ure is Rs. 11,547. It is seen that food and clothing which are basic necessities for survival is tbe major expenditure i·t.eru of the households { 5B~C: on food, 18% on clothing). The regional variation is around 17 percent for food <:md Hi percent for clothing. £j. 1. ~:4 Expenditure on education is: the lowest.. Only about 5 percent of the eA~enditure is spent on education. EA-pendit.ure on transport.at.ion is 7 percent of the tot.al eA-penditure. Medical eA-per-.sditure is estimated around 6 percent, fo~uing part of other e~~enditure. LIVESTOCK 5.1.2~~ Table:ll Annexure VII presents the livestock position of the households. Sixty three percent of the Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd DISTRIBUTION OF EXPE~-DITURE llY ITI!J.(Q TRANSPORT (ti.S::t) EDUCATION (o.O~) POOD (67 .U~) CLOTHING (19.1~) DISTRIBUTION OF UVESTOCK OTHERS (4c.5~) POULTRT (Z2.l~) IJ.A.TTL!l (4 Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd Source · HP :l<:* Percentage of HHs @ 48 6 23 44 18 Variation {~~) 18 41 52 44 101 :t Include : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal. *·* The percentages 1,1;i 11 not add to 100 due to Use 1 of rr~ltiple sources. @ HHs = Households Regional variations {Table:12.1- Annexure- VII) in the usage of above sources vary from 18 percent {PHS) to I!'iOre than 100 percent {other t::ources) . The sourcewise dependency var~es in different districts according tG the availabilit.y of wat.er from different. sources. Dependency on PNS is high { '?I) ' .... percent) Mandya district. Nearly 50 percent of t.he sample household-s in the villages of Mysore district have access onl::r to bandpumps. Dependency on other surface water sources in the three villages of Raichur district is as high as 71 percent. This is due to brakish and saline v;ater qual it~.· of underground sources. 5.2.H In Dak.shina Kannada, the major water source is tbe drav1 well. Piped water supply is absent in the study villages of this district. This is because of the dispersed settlement pattern. Handpumps are used in Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd SOURCE··w·IsE DEPENDENCE OTHER PURPQE A I l 60~------------------------~~~~------~ I l I I I 4-0 I I ~ a ~ 30 9 .... ... ~ 0 10 PWS JdWS RP WELLS OTH:ERS SOURCE ---------> Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd few hamlets v1here settlement.s are clustered. These are mostly Janatha housing colonies. OTHER PURPOSES~ 5.2:.9 l~ater usage under this cat.egory {Table 12.2 - AnneJo..\lre VII) includes bathing, washing of clothes, vessels, band washing, wat.ering of gardens, cat.tle feeding and animal washing. \~ater is used for other purposes also from multiple sources. The table belo.,.,. gives the sourcewise dependency for other purposes. Souroewioe dependence - other purposes Source HP \~ells Others :t: **: Percent.age of HHs 39 5 50 37 Variation {~0 33 51 40 41 ;J: Includes: Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal. ;t;r: P-ercentage wi 11 not add to 100 due to use of mult.iple sources 5. 2:. 10 Sourcewise dependency· varies v;ithin each district. Dependency on P~~S is very high in Raiohur district {73%) and zero in D.K. district. Dependency on 'dells · lS ver-:/ ~·gh 111 · ln B'd "1 ar {~4~' lj "ot 1 DK • • {~,~%'), v ~··lbarga "''-' ~~s~~~' ~v vl and Belgaum { 61~G). 5.2.11 Regional variat.ion is noticed in the use of different sources between drinking and other purpose. Variat.ion across the districts in t.be use of P\qs for drinking Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd purpose is less than for other purpose use. High variation in case of usage of PHS for other purposes is due to brakish and Gal ine quality of wat.er {particularly in Raichur district where PNS is mainly used for other purposes) . ONNERSHIP OF ~~ATER SOURCES 5. 2. 12 The ownership of water sources such as v1ells and private house connections by the sample households is given in Table: 13 {Anne).."Ure - VII). Only ten percent of the sample households in 20 of the study villages spread over nine districts ov;n privat.e house connections. The villages in D.K. are not having private house connections as there are no piped water supply schemes existing at present. 5.2. 13 Around three percent of the total sample households are owning wells. ~qells {bot.h public and private) are a ..._. major source in D.K. Even here {D.K.), among vne sample households· {514), only' 6 percent. o¥m v;ells. This is because of the larger representation of cluster houses in the hamlet.s in t.he surveyed sample particularly .Janatha housing colonies, -v,·here the dependency is on comr!1un i ty v;e 11 s and handpumps. Generally, the settlements in D.K. are dispersed and independent in nature, and comprise mostl~l of farr!i houses which have private wells. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd COLLECTION PRACTICES i~ater for domestic use is generally collected by women assisted by children. Men also help in collection of water from distant sources during the time of inadequacy. In case of higher income groups, hired male labour is being employed to collect wat.er from distant sources. ~~ater is collected daily, mostly during mornin1:t and evening hours. Insufficient water availability from any single source bas lead the hmweholds to depend on multiple sources, to fetch tbe required quantity of water. TIMING OF WATEH SUPPLY : .. 2. 15 ~'Vater supply t.imings in case of PWS {Public Standpost and Private cormection} is neither uniforri'J nor regular due to fluctua·tions in power supply. Tbe supply timings are generally limit.ed to 1 - 2 hours in the rnornings. There has been no user consultation on timings. 5.2.16 In some regions water supply is made available for an hour both during morning and evening. During summer the duration of water supply varies depending on t.be availability. DISTANCE 5.2.17 Distanee to different vtat.er sourees {other than the sources located within the premises of households) varies. The average distance to the water source in 1m Consultants _\India) Pvt Ltd the project villages ranges from 100 metres in case of P~'iS to 770 metres in case of traditional sources such as ponds, tanks and canals. 5.2.18 The table b~low shows the sourcewise average distance traversed : Sourcewise average distance travelled Source PNS MHS HP ~~ells Others * Average Distance '?'?'i {in metres) 101 146 231 261 I I I :t. Includes : Ponds, Tanks, River and Canal. NUMBER OF TRIPS 5.2. 19 The households v;ith an average size of 6. 3 perGons have to make 15 trips in a day to collect the day~s water requirement. The number of trips made to various water sources in a day vary from 8-31 across the regions. The highest ir:: in D.K. due to high usage of water for other purposes mainly for bathing activity. Villafters bathe twice. a .d~~· in this region. {Table: 14 in Annexure - VI I) . TIME TAK'"EN TO COLLECT WATER 5.2.20 The average time taken in a day to collect water varies from region to region depending on the distance, number of sources and the consumption level. Majority of the households collect water during morning time for 2-3 hours, when major requirement of water for the day is collec..k.ed. The households spend 30 minutes to 1 1 I Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd I ' TIMING FOR WATER COLLECTION (PERCENTAGE Or HOUSEHOLDS) II l l EVENING (33.3!1ti) MORNING (45.8~, II 1 Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd hour 1r1 the evenings to fulfil the shortage of availability during the morning hours. WATER CONSUMPTION [1, 2. 21 ~~ater consumption for domest.ic purposes {drinking and cooking, other purposes including bathing of animals, washing clot.hes, etc. ) from all the sou~ces is estimated approximately at 45 Ltrs Per Capita per Day {LPCD). The districtwise consumption/avail ab i l i t.y levels vary bet..,;een 29 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in D.K. The low figure in Belgaum is due to inadequate water availabilit·y from P~~S and absence of sufficient traditional sources. In D.K. there is higher· dependency on tradi t.ional sources such as 'Vlells. {Table 15 in Annexure - VI I for details). The districtwise per capita dai l~· water consumption is shovm graphically in figure below. PERCAPITA DAILY WATER CONS1JMPTION DISTRICTWI!bi: IW LPCD I' I I I I I I I I I I L) (.J 0.. _J Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 5.2.22 The dai l~l water availability/consumption levels 8!c!"iOng different cast. e/corMf!Unity groups va-r.l from 32-62 LPCD in the project districts. This is shovm graphically in Figure 2. It cErr1 be observed that the consurr~tion level generally decreases along the hierarchical order of the cast.e groups { 1. - 7) . PER CAPITA l)AILY WATER CONSUMPTION 5'"i;jQM ALL. SOURC£S - COMMUWITYW!Sii: 1 I I l I I l I I I I 0 {_) a.. ~ 1 2 3 4 5 B 7 B 9 10 ALL COMMUNITY GROUP -------------:> Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 5.2.23 However, inter-regional variations are observed in water consumption of the caste/community groups. Among the Brahmins the per day consurrfPtion varies from 42 LPCD 1n Belgaum region to 86 LPCD in Bangalore {rural) region. Likewise, among Lingayats it l.G 34 LPCD in the Belgaum region and 60 LPCD in the Mandya region. Vokkaliga and farming caste groups have water consumption of 25 LPCD in Belgaum region compared to 64 LPCD in Bidar region. The consuufPtion W!iong scheduled caste households varies from 23 LPCD in Belgaum region to 46 LPCD in Bangalore (Rural) and D.K. regions. Among the ~1us lim community the regional consumption level varies from 20 LPCD in Belgaum to 58 LPCD in Mandya region. Similar variations exist among other cast.e/cornmuni ty groups. HANDLING AND STORAGE OF HATER 5.2.24 Handling and storage of •,.;ater for household purposes in general and for drinking/cooking in part.icular is practiced H> a systematic manner which 1s seen as a traditional heritage among all the sample households. Nater for drinking/cooking is being stored in earthen, copper and brass metal pots normally. The advent of modern era has ushered in stainless steel and plastic containers in the form of pots, drums, buckets and other large containers, s lov1ly replacing the traditional copper/brass wares in the rural households. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd The advent of stainless steel and plastic '-dares was also found to be advantageous to the households in terms of cost, cleanliness and effort, {Particularly plastic containers are lighter in weight). This is more so in the case of economically weaker and working class households. The location of stored water for drinking and cooking is normally the kitchen, v;hich i't; a traditional practice and faci l i t.ates easy access i bi l i t.y. The storage of v;·ater for bathing and other purposes 1.s mainly in earthen pots,, followed by storage in copper. and brasc vessels: Alur,:;.inium, metal and cement/stone troughs are also used for storage. These containers are placed in the bathrooms or in front/backyard of the houses. CHARACTERISITCS OF ~~ATER SOURCES AVOIDED Avoidance of certain wat.er sources for different reasons is found in all the study d ist.ricts. The fact.ors relating t.o avoidance of water sources are: long distfu--sce, more waiting time, vlater quality and other social factors. Om Consultants :India) Pvt Ltd E"s.2.27 The following table gives the number of sample households avoiding some of the water sources due to different reasons. Source avoided and reasons for avoidance Sources Reason for avoidance ~u: Avoided -----------------------------------~-------- Long ~~ater quality Social distance not good factors Public standposts 14 0 14 MHS 3 0 5 Handpump 22 17 33 ~~ells 160 74 153 Other ~ 79 8 0 * Includes: ponds, tanks, canals and river. :t:l Figures represent. number of households About 12 percent of the sample households have expressed different reasons for not using some of the existing wat.er sources. Distance of t.he ~later sources from the living place is a major reason {6 percent). Social factors such as caste discrimination, frequent quarelling among the users are some of the reasons eh~ressed by the households {4 percent). This was mainl~l among scheduled caste and other v;eaker sections. 5.2.30 Around 2 percent of the £~ample households have stated bad quality of water as reason for avoiding some sources. Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE OF EXISTING WATER SUP'PLY SYSTEMS ~~. 2. 31 At present operation and maintenance responsibilit.ies rest v;i th the Mandal Pe.nchayats. All Mandal Panchayats have appointed operators commonly called as ·'Hater man'. The operator is incharge of water supply and maintenance of installations of piped water supply and miniwater supply systems. PWS ~~. 2. 32 The operation of the exist.ing piped wat.er supply syst.em is by pumping v;ater from the ground water source to the elevated st.orB.Jg"e reservoir or to the ground level storage reservoir. The st.or&ge capaci t.y of these reservoirs varies from 50,000 litres to litres. In som1e of the villages, the full capacit.y of the reservoir i,s not utilised due to inadequate ground water potential and also due to fluctuations in pov. 2. 33 The water is diGtributed through public standposts and private house cormections. As t.he piped water supply schemes in most. of the villages are 15-20 years old, tbe distribut.ion systems do not function properly, Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd leading to wastage of water. Leakages, damages and worn out pipes are caused often because of mishandling bz,.· the users. It has been obsen·ed. that. inordinate delay takes place in replacing parts; particularly in case of replacement of accessories for public standposts. In many villages, it has been observed that most of the public standposts have no taps. This causes wastage of water near the supply source. MWS 5.2.34 Operation of Miniwater Supply systems is also looked after by the waterman. There is no control system near the cisterns and wastage of water is obsen·ed. As the cisterns have storage capacity of about 5,000 litres, the water is pumped twice a day in order to facilit.at.e water availability both during morning and evening hours. In some areas t.he ground v;ater sources are located outside the villages at a considerable distance. ~i/astage & leakage of water is observ·ed near the source. In one village, the cowherds had damaged the main line pipes so as to get water for the cattle leading to v,·astage of v;ater near the source and resulting low pressure at distribution points. This is primarily due to lack of drinking water facility for animals. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd HANDPUMPS 5.2.36 The other protected \of'ater source, viz., Handpump is also maintained by the Mandal Panchayat. Though handpumps are found in all the study villages, many of these are not functioning due to bad handling by the users, mechanical failures and also dr!-·ing up of the water source. The maintenance of handpumps 1s very poor in all the places in the study area. Nearly 30-40 percent of handpurl'iPS have become non-functional. ~~. 2. 33 The main reasons for the present status are: * Bad handling b~l users due t.o lack of education 1n proper usage - result.ing in frequent breakdowns. Delay :tn procuring required spares due t.o administrative procedures. * Non-availability of t.echnical per·sons at Mandal level and dependence on the ZP Engineering sub- division. ; ~: Inadequat.e at t.ent ion/ ernpb as is paid to the maintenance function by concerned agencies. f;. 2. 39 In some of t.he sarnple study villages, caretakers, trained in HP maintenance, were not utilised by the Mandal Panohayat.s. In the remaining villages, trained caretakers v;ere not available. Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd 5.2.40 There is no maintenance committee either formal or informal, for any of the water supply systems. User groups have not thought about such arrangements at any place. COMJ.:fUNITY ACTION ~i. 2. 41 In some of the st-udy areas it is stated that because of the delay in repairing the systems {example: breakdown of main line systems) the community, viz., the leaders of the village including mandal pradhan and members have repaired t.be system. To quote anot.her incidence, in one of the villages 1n Hysore region, the community collected the funds f:r·om the households 1n the village 1n order ·to drain v;ater from a canal to the village tank. Here, the yout.h c~lub members of t.he villagE: were actively involved in fund generation and also in digging a feeder channel. Examples of such nat.ure reveal that the community can be involved ·~ l.l.. properly motivated and when need is felt, their participation is possible. SANITATION 5. ~~. 1 Sanitat-ion is tbe means for prevention of diseases by eliminating or controlling the environmental factors which fortrt links 1n the chain of transmission. Improper excreta disposal, garbage disposal and seweage Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd wastes are some of the activities for transmission of diseases. Excreta disposal, soil pollution and the propert.ies of soil are closely relat-ed. SANITARY LATRINES The general statur:: of latrines in all the thirty villages is poor. Only eleven villages have ciornmunity latrines; that t.oo of non-sanitan· type. They are based on open pit system. Pig system {usage of pigs t.o clean the faecal r1satter) and closed type cubicles are found in Northern Karnataka. In most areas, the community 1 atrines are not being used and the 1 at.rines are in a dilapidated condition. f,. 3. 3 The present defecation practice is mostly use of open grounds. ~~~ater is carried in most of the areas. In some areas people have to vmlk long dist.ances in search of open ground for defecation . ~1en and v1omen are .,, abused if found defe<~at.ing on privat.e lands. Children defecat.e at available space. In Southern Karnatal::.a, i1ien generally go for defecation near the open wat.er sources, like ponds, t.anks and canals. In case of women, though t.hey go for open ground defecation, they do not use water from the open sources. The use of private latrines in t.he st:t.ldy area is very , low. This 1s oec~ause of low priorit~~. low Om Consultants :India) Pvt Ltd affordabi 1 i ty, lack of space and traditional beliefs against having latrines within the premises . It is seen that only about. six percent among the sample households are owning some type of private latrines. {Table:16- Annexure- VII). It varies from 3 percent in Gulbarga region to 12 percent. in Belgaum region. Use of privat.e latrines is found only among Vokkaligas, Lings.yats, Brahmins, and Muslims. Tbe different. types of private lat.rines and t.be cost. incurred for the construction is presented in Table:17 Annexure VII. Of the six percent of sample households having private latrines, 2 percent are having single pit pourflush t.ype and 4 percent. ar-e having Bucket type. The cost incurred for the single pit pourflush t.ype vary bet.-v;een Rs 1, 000-3,000. Fiftynine percent of t.he sample households incurred a cost of Rs 1,000-1,500 and 29 percent incurred a cost About 12 percent have invested between Rt:.~ 2 , :.'300- 3, lZJOO. The cost incur:r·ed for Bucket. type is less than Rs. 1,000. Table:lS Annexure - VII presents the sources of finru1ce for construction of private latrines. About. I 33:3 percent of the households have availed Government subsidy. The rest of the households owning latrines have invested from their own sour·ces. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 5.4 iHLLINGNESS TO PAY FOR WATER AND SANITATION ~'iATER SUPPLY - \'HLLINGNESS TO PAY 5.4.1 By and large there is only a limited practice of direct cost sharing for public utility services at present. More so for water facility, because of the traditional belief that "The water is perceived as nature·'s gift to the mankind". Also many feel that the provision of wat.er is tbe ret~ponsibility of the Government.. Hence, access to water free of cost has been considered as .. tbe right' . /~t present., the Mandal Pancbayat.s at. the village level are maintaining t.he improved water s:.•s·tems. organisations are charging the users for public distribution and also for private house connection£~. For public standposts, a nor1sinal charge of Rs.l.00-3.00 r.ser annum is being collected along with the house tax, :ror all the bcruseholds., A conce~sional charge of 2~~-50 paise per annum is charged for scheduled caste and scheduled t.ribe households. For private house conneetions, in addition to tbe deposit money of Rs.40- 30:3, a monthly fixed v-;ater tariff is levied towards operation and maintenance costs. This varies across the regions between Rs.3-10 per month. However, lS Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd noticed that the collection of this tariff 1s often poor. In some areas overdues for the past 2-3 years is reported. 5.4.3 The proposed project. envisages to augment the present vmter availability from 20 LPCD to 40 LPCD in case of public standposts and from 40 LPCD to 70 LPCD for private 4-' connecv1ons. In order to promote a sense of r-esponsibility and corfmii tment among tbe users, is felt that the total costs of orleration and maintenance should be borne by the comrnunity itself. .. , ' . ...., .I The v;illint:~ness of the community to pay monthly tariff towardr..; wat.er usage f.·md maint.enance bEts been arwlysed according to the preferred v;ater systemf; {Tabl-e: 19 Annexure - VI I) . The analysis reveals t.bat. 76 per·cent of the sample households are willing to pay if they are provided v;itb improved water syst.ems. About 17 percent. of t.he households have e:>..-pressed their unwillingness to Among the households ... willing to pay, the willingness ranges from Rs. 5 to Rs. 2 monthly. 6 3 percent of t.he sample ~ '\ households are willing to pay up·to Rs.10 monthly. vn.l.y 13 percent have e:h-presr:;ed their willingness to pa.y betv;een Rs. 10-20 monthly. I Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd I WILUNGNESS TO PAY-HOUSE CONNECTIONS I>CRCC:NTACC OF" TOTAL s:AI..CI>LC (I..C-6022) I I ! RLio /1-COI..CTW (3B.V!Ii:) RS.5 /UONTH (~&. 61.) RS.B /MOt~TH ~ WILUNGNESS TO PAY - PWS l>li:RCii:NTACC OF" TOUL S:"-I..CPLC (N-6022) RS.~ /MONTH (10.2\;) WILUNGNESS TO PAY - MWS l>li:RCii:NTACI: OF" TOTAL 5:AMI>U: (1-l-5022.) /I..CONTW (.21.2st:) "'3.0 /"'OHTH (ts2 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 5.4.5 Nearly 93 percent of the sample households have shown preference for improved v;oe.ter supply S:!lSt.ems. About seven percent of the sample households have no specific preference to anz..,· system. Only 3 percent of the sample households who have already private house connections have preferred some alternat.e sourcec also. Source wise preference along with v,·illingness t.o pay for different water sources is given in the following Table. SOURCENISE PREFERENCE AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY (WATER) 7;. Households % Households Monthly Payment Preferring vti 11 ing to pay Rs.5 Rs.8 Rs.10 ,.... -o,.... FHC 60% 56~~ 20. 6~(. i . .j," 16. 3~£ Pi~S 19~G 11% 8.1% 1. 1~~ 1. 6~~ HI~S 1 r)OJ' .l.l..'(J 7!J~ 4.1% 1. 4% 1. 1% Hand pumps 2% 2% 1. 1% 0.2% 0. 4~; Tota.l 93% 76% 33.9% 10.0% 19.4% Note: The above table shows t.hat Private House Conneetions {PHC) is preferred by 60~~ of t.he sample households The sou:r·ce wbich i;:; least. preferred is the ha.ndpump. This is because, most sample villages already enjoy a PHS. Also the existing handpumps are not ~delding good quality and sufficient water. And also, many of the handpumps are not vwrking properly. So also, the Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd willingness to pay for different sources. Among the households willing to make monthly paJt''Tuent for different sources, majority are willing to pay Rs.5 to Rs.l0 for private house connections. For other sources, a negligible nur;iber of households bave agreed to pay upto Rs.10 monthly. Another criterion for measuring the affordability is the H.ICome 1eve 1 of the households. Willingness to pay among the sample households according to monthly income level is shown in the following table. WILLINGNESS TO PAY BY MONTHLY INCOME LEVELO~ATER) Ir •.:::or;,e level Total HouGeholds Amount , i~r.;/~·bnt.h) Households >,.lilling to pay Rs. Es Rs.8 Rs. 10 i.h•\..(1 R:G 100 49~ 3~:. 1. 5;;(. 0. 4~(. 0. 87:. lC·l - 350 1 ':)0( go.• 5. 8~~ 0.9% 1. g~:. "'""' '" ~ ..-., - 6D0 '-1 ...._, .l. r1-o' .l..tl..-t 187~ 9.3% 2.4% 4.6% 601 - 1000 27% 20% 8. 6~~ 3. 4~~ 5. 3~~ r.:-o..' 1000+ 30% .t.:tl..-o 8. '?"'-' I 10 2. 95':. 6.8% ----------------------------r-------------~--------------------- Total 100% 33.9% 10.0% 19. 4~(. From t.he above table it. can be inferred t.hat higher the 1ncome level greater the willingness to pay. Table:20 AnneJ..."Ure VI I gives det.ails of the willingness to pay' at different levels of income. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd SANITATIOH PRIVATE LATRINES About 48 percent of the sar!iple households prefer to have Private Latrines. The following Table gives the pattern of cost r;baring. Percent of sample houGeholds willing to share , the cost of private latrine Tot.al HHs willing Percent share of cost HHs to contribute 100% 75% 50% 25% Zone Ho. ----------------------------------------------------------------- T g .l.. 1505 903 60 0. £") £.. 0. 6 '? I • 3 51. II 1fll4 725 48 0. 3 6. 3 41. 4 • l.). • T .i. 2003 758 38 1 .l.. 1 .l.. 6. 1 11. 9 18. 9 /~ ll ....... ,...,.r• I.•L'•l~.,:.;.. 5022 2386 48 0. 5 3.0 9.0 3f>. t"l Note: Zone I Bangalore {R}, Mysore, !-fandya districts Zone II Shimoga, Belgaum, D.K. districts Zone III: Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur, Bellary districts. The above table reveals that majority of the households are willing to share only 25 percent of . , ' I capital cost for private 1 atri nes. The trend of wi 11 i ngness to cost. Gbar-ing is based On the approximate COSt for a tv;inpit pourflush latrine being Rs. 200'..3. {Table: 21 - AnneJ...."Ure - VII). " 5.4.H It. can be observed that. the willingness to share t.he cost is highest in Zone I {comprising of Bar1glaore {R), - Mysore and Mandy a dist.ricts) and least in Northern /' " COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES "I I 19 Ul I I 17 I Ul I Ui I I I u I I I rc 2 13 I~ 12 0 I 11 :z: Ill 10 !b I ;J 9 I ' I> :. 0 ll: a 7 I II. 0 6 I Ill /j ~ 4- a IQ a ~ 1 111 0 c.. 100~ 76~ 60~ ali~ ~ ll!URE or COST ----------> j: COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES (ZONE - ;I) ~ {{) I I I {0 I I I 36 I ~ 30 ~ g :35 Ill ',, "' ::J 0 ao !I: c:. 0 16 l!l ~ 10 6 tt. 6 Ill (l, 0 100:1: 76~ 60:. ali~ ~ S!URE or COST ----------) COST SHARING - PRIVATE LATRINES (ZONB - 1) A 60 I I I I I 00 I I 01 .c.o ~ 0 !!: Cl fl) ::> 30 g it. 0 010 111 ~ ~ 10 6 tt. 1!1 tJ. 0 100~ 76!1: 60~ 26~ :0.: S!URE Or COST ---,.-----> Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd Karnataka {comprising of Bidar, Gulbarga, Raichur and Bella~· districts}. Apparently closeness to urban areas and prevailing socio-economic status have an important role to play in determining the v;il1ingness to pay for sanitary latrines. 5.4.10 It 1s interesting to note that in Northern Karnataka, even t.hough t.he overall response is the least, few households are v.-illing to share as much as 75 - 1007~ of the cost. In all other regions, t.be majority are willing to share cost upto 25% only. •. 4. 11 It should be noted bere t.hat the respondents share of cost includes their 1 abour cont.ri but ion. Very fev; would be willing t.o contribute by way of cash. COMMUNITY LATRIHES ~~. 4. 12 Nearly 84 percent. of the sample households are, willing to accept the concept of community latrine. {Table:22 - ArmeJ...\.lre - VII). Before one comes to any hasty conclusions, it is necessary to understand people's concept of a 'communi ·ty 1 atrine' . the term community latrine, is not a public latrine. Community latrines, according to the people, should be meant only for a limited number of neighbouring households of t-he same caste group. A castewise variat.ion in tbe preference for such corm1runit.y latrines is observ·ed. It varies from 59 percent among Brahmins Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd to 92 percent among Scheduled Caste groups. The inter- regional variation reveals that preferences range from 60 percent in Shimoga region to 98 percent in Mandya region. 5. 4. 13 The following table gives the pr·eferred peyrr1Emt pat.tern for corr~unity latrines. Preferred payment pattern for oo~trunity latrines PaJ.Uient pattern Total No. Preference of HHs Monthly Fixed Labour Fee Fee Contribution { Maint. ) {Maint. ) { Cqnstn.) 5022 84% 19% It c~an be noticed frmn t-he above table that >w·;bile half of the households preferring community latrines are willing to p8J.o· a monthly fee for rliaintenance, Only lf, percent have opted for fixed fee and 19 percent for labour contribution towards construct.ion. Since the total 'fiorkforce ir,; only 43 percent,·: surplus manpov;er available within the household is limited. Apparent-ly people prefer to contribute labour for the construction of their O\tt"ri private latrines rather than towards construction of community latrines. :> OOMENS VIENS OH HATER AND SANITATION 5.5.1 A close observation of water and sanitation situation in the study areas reveals that women are the carriers Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud of water, managers of '<'i'&ter use and in general guardians of their households in terms of water use decisions. Having the rhythm of all dai lJt tasks dependent on the fetching of v;ater {resulting in shortage of time available for other activities), women plan their day to day activities depending on daily water requirrflent and availability. It is observ·ed that married women and young girls are predominant in water collection. ~~omen some areas expressed that the water availability from the traditional sources becomes increasingly difficult during summer mont.hs {Hareh, April and May) and they have to go farther to fetch water for their daily minimal needs. This situat.ion is more so in case of women of scheduled castes and ot.ber v.·eaker section households. This is because their accessibility to number of v;ater sources is limited. 5. ~~. 3 The dependence on unprotect.ed open water sources for drinking water is obsen·ed among the women of scheduled castes households. This is due to lack of accessibility to protected v;ater supply sources. 5.5.4 Homen dependent on handpumps have e:>..."Pressed that the;,.· spend more time in water collection 1 as pumping of water requires ext.ra ph~·sical effort and 'f'alking long distances. The dependency on handpumps at the hamlets is more. I 'I H I .I l I' Ji I ~ TIME SCHEDULE OF A \..-pressed that it is their responsibility to identify the water sources with 'good quality of water' for drinking purpose. In case of usage of water sources for other purposes, women choose a particular source. The reasonr;· given for this choice vary from place to place such as the nearnesr:: of the sources, perception of water qual i t.y etc. \~omen in all st.udy areas felt. the need for irli:proved wat:er sources. Especially women belonging t.o S.C. and S. T. community have €),:pressed preference for PNS. ~qomen in most of the study areas felt the need for provi£;ion of proper platform& for public Gt.andpoG·ts. The safety and privacy for defecation by women is an import. ant factor for the location and t.irfle of defecation. The following table gives the place a."ld time o£ defecation for women in the sa1nple hour;eholds. Place and time of defecation for women Time Place Before After At ot.her Total 7 AM B PM times Open Ground 2488 936 1052 4476 {50) {19) {20} {89} Private Latrine 160 11 128 299 {3} {Neg) {3) {6) Community Latrine 142 16 89 247 {3) {2) {5} Total 2790 963 1269 {56) {19) {25) {100) Note: 1. Figures in brackets are percentages; 2. Ne..t. : HAI11~r~-ihl= Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd ·woMEN - PLACE FOR DEFECATION CO:t.aruNITY I.A.TRINE (5.~) ---....--..- WOMEN - TIME FOR DEFECATION OTH!:~ (2~. 0111S) 0 BEfORE 7.6..M. ~ ( ~t6.0/.) l.rT£R e. ~.u. (t g_o~) Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 5.5.8 ~~omen in 89% of the sample households used open ground£:: for defecation. Open ground 1s mostly public and private lands in the outskirts of the village. In 6% of the households women used private latrineG located within the premises. Corrm!Unity latrine is used by women in 5% of the households. A:-nong tbe v;omen going for open ground defecation, preferred going before 7 a.m., 195"~ in the night time and 257~. v;ent at any tirne found convenient to t.hem. ~1. 5. g The acceptance of latrines within the prernises is low ar110ng the Lingayat. women in Nort.bern Karnataka due to t.hei r religious beliefs. Nomen in D.K. felt that open defecation 1s not. a problem because set.tlement.s are dispersed and plenty of bu;:.:hes provided some pri vac;,; for women. In all crt.her f:ireas, privacy 1s an impor·tant concern for women. Even in D. K. many v;omen are apprebensi ve of future unrestrict.ed availability of Government lands for defecation. Muslim women found it difficult t.o go for open ground ., """-. a.e.)._eca ~ .... 'lon due to social restrictions. Heed for private latrines is high due to eveteasing, lack of privacy and other related social problems when women go for open ground defecation. 5. 5. 11 ~;~omen felt that communit;y latrines should b? separate They said that. t.be main reason for poor Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd utiliGation of existing community latrines is the bad maintenance and lack of water facilit;,-. ~~omen have expressed a r;trorjg need for urinals and latrines near school, anganwadi with adequate water supply, Om Consultants (India: Pvt Ltd CHAPTER 6 ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 6. 1 ROADS 6. 1. 1 The approach roads to villages in the study region are as follov1s:- Pucca roads 17 villages Part Pucca/Part Kut.cha roads 4 villages Kutcha roads 9 villages (; 1 . 2 Most of the road£~ -...-.ithin the villages and the roads leading to the hamlets are kut.cha and are in very bad cordi tion. G. 1. 3 The village roads are badly maintain<:~ v;it.h r.nany pits and resulting in difficulties in traversing them. G. 1. 4 In Dakshina Kannada, as the settlements are of dispersed type, most of the roads leading to these settlements are uneven in nature. 6.1.5 Due to stagnation of v;ater during rfionsoons, these kutcha roads are hazardous to traverse. DRAINAGE Provision of drains has not. received high priorit.y. This ha·s resulted in only few isolated drains being Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd provided for the entire village in all villages of t.he stud~· region. In some areas of t~orthern Karnataka drains of burnt stone masonry were found. Even though the waste water is effectively drained out of the houses, there has been no concerted effort by \ the group or community to drain the waste water from the settlement. 6.2.3 The domest.ic soakpits are found traditionally popular in come areas of North Karnataka. They were mainly closed storage pits of an average depth of f1 feet. These pits are opened once in 10i15 years for cleaning. The people in these areas are not aware of sanit.ary soakpits. ~.2.4 In some of the t:.;ettlementr; of weaker sections tbe wast.e Vlater is utilised to Vt'ater t.he trees adjacent to the house. This has helped in keeping ·the surroundings cleaner and greener around these houses. Hamlets are characterised by the absence of drains. There is no comprehensive and integrated drainage system found in any village of t.be study area. MAINTENANCE 6.2.7 Drains are not. regularl~· cleaned by the households due to the belief that, cleaning the drains would lead t.o Om Consultants (India". '- ) Pvt Ltd hcmdling of neighbours sewage which is undesirable. 6. 2 . 8 Availabilit~/ of the required manpower {scavengers) for maint.enance of drains is low. 6.2.9 No regular cleaning of drains owing to a "blame-it-on- the-others" attitude. 6. 2.10 Open type drains are perceived as problematic by the households owning cattle and carts, as it. makes cat.tle and cart movement difficult. G. 2. 11 In the narrov; bye-1 anes, owing to the lack of sufficient space, the area available for provision of drainages is 1 imi ted. G.2. 12 In some of the study areas, few households have constructed dr£1.ins adjacent to t.heir houses at their ovm expense. WASTE DISPOSAL 6.3. 1 \~aste that comprised of animal dung is st.acked either in heaps or in small '+. Pl'-'S and disposed/used periodically. 6. :3.2 In some area£~ of Dakshina Krumada it has been obr;erved that households o~ning cattle dump the garbage along with animal dung within the catt.le-shed and cover it. with straw. Thus, they have an indigenous compost pit within the cattle-shed. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 6.3.3 An interesting waste disposal pattern was observed amongst congested households wit..b lack of space for waste disposal in Southern Karnataka. In such areas t.be botwebolds had identified heaps in accordance to their household location at a distance from their living quarteis. These beaps wer·e sit.uated on the peripher~y of the villages. 6.3.4 In some areas, owing t.o the lack of open space wit.hin the household for v;aste disposal, these households bad encroached on to the roadG wi tb t.beir vlaste heaps. This affected the flow of traffic or; these roads. c.. J. 5 In some areas even though local authorities have tried preventing the people from disposing vi'acte on government. 1 ands, these meesures have not proved successful . 6.3.6 Hence, from the above observations it can be seen that "waste ic not vt'asted" and is effectively stored, periodically collect.ed and well used as manure. 6.4 HASHING HABITS i~ASHING OF CLOTHES 6.4.1 It has been observed that >.,;ashing of clothes varies according to the acces-s and availability· of v1ater sources. Om Consultants (India'1 Pvt Ltd " / 6.4.2 Hashing of clothes is mainly done near tanks, ponds and other open sources since this is found more convenient than collecting water and then washing it at home. 6.4.3 Howe\>·er, houses which had privat.e houGe cormec.-tions were found to have small stone slabs within/near their premises and they used i t for washing of clothes. 6.4.4 In some of the areas vi'here the open sources were at a long distance, i t bas been obser·ved that washing of clothes v;as done near handpumps and public standposts. More than eighty five percent of the sample households used some cleaning agent for cleaning clothes. The tmi t. prices for t.hese cleaning agent.s vc:tried from Rs. 2 - Rs.5. 6.4.6 The cleaning agent used is essent.ially Detergent Soap or Soap Po\lt'Cler. In some areas, a special type of sand1 locally called "Sm1lu" is also used for washing clothes. 6.4.7 In fev? ar·eas, bar-ter in the form of washing of clot.bes by the washenuan {dhobi) for the households in return for food grains, vegetables etc. is practised. PERSONAL HYGIENE {BATHING AND HAND l~ASHING) 6. ~i. 1 Over 60% of sample households take bat.h daily. In specific areas {D. K.) people take bath t.v;ice a dco·. Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ltd Soap iG generally used while taking bath. {The r;oap used is not ah;ays necessaril;t bathing soap). Generally people do not use cleaning agents aft.er defecation or after handling of animal waste. However, Hi some areas of South Karnataka, it has been observed that people preferred to clean their handf.> wi tb soap before eating onl~l. This can be at.tribut.ed to their high expo.;;ure to urban lifestyles. Among members of t.he v;eaker r.>eetions, washing of hands v;ith cleaning agent.s after any activity was almost negligible. Awareness on the ill-effects of eating without proper cleaning of hands was low among these householdc. t:" ~ ~ {) ....s. ;:) Members of the weaker sections were found t.o use natural cleaning agents 1. e. mud, ash etc. predominant}~· for cleaning their hands. 6.6 ANIMAL HANDLING 6.6. 1 \·htb cows being considered sacred, people do not view the handling of cows as unsanita~j in any manner. In the small and congested habitats it has been _) observed that the cattle occupied a major space of the living area and their urination and exereta were found to lead to bad and pungent living conditions. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 6.6.3 ~1/a..shing of animals is done at the open sources ttvailable. In lldigala, one of tbe study villages, it has been observed. that cov;s are washed daily whereas people bathed once a week! In some areas 'f;here no open water source is available the catt.le is washed near the house. FOOD HABITS 6.7. 1 Food is cooked 2-3 times daily. The staple diet consists of jav;ar rotis, ragi-balls. People prefer being served piping hot and hence the cooking is done just before meals. It has been observed t,hat. most of the households have their utenr;ils containing food closed properly. 6.7.3 Majority of the households belonging to upper class use steel, copper and o·t.her metal utensils for preparing of food, v;ber-eas the households of the lower classes use earthen/aluminium pots. 6.7.4 Cooking is mainly done on chullas using firewood. U-se of kerosene stoves vias observed mostly amongst members of the upper caste. Ragi, rice, grams and fev; vegetables constituted the staple diet of most of t.he households. Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd 6.8 DEFECATION 6.8.1 On an average only 3-6 % of the households in the villages have private latrines. These are mainly bucket t~"?e latrines. 6.8.2 Mostl~· people defecate on open ground. It was observed even in households with private latrines, that t.he menfolk were still going for open ground {OG) -defecation as tbe;y· found it more "comfortable" and "convenient" . Thus it is generally the women who use existing private latrines. C.3.3 In areas wherein Government. sponsored scbemes were being implemented for providing Privat.e Latrines{P'IJT.w), the response for these schemes was moderate. 6.8.4 Men were four1d t.o use the open v;ater sources for cleaning, after defecation whereas women did not use open sources in South Karnat.a,ka. Men/women are abused if they were found using private lands for defecation. Men/women had to go long distances t.o find vacant/free land to go for OG defecation. Community latrines are found mainly in North Ke.rnataka. The usage of the available community latrines is low, and even this small group of users are mainl;y· members of the lower classes. Public latrines/urinals were not Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd found in other areas. Even the few public latrines found in neighbouring villages of the study area were unused and in a dilapidated condition. 6. H.l0 In the Muslim colonies/settlements of the villages 1.n Bangalore Rural District, the households owning private latrines shared their latrines with neighbouring households of t.heir own caste. These private latrines were mostly open pit covered with st.one slabs for seats, and thatched covering for walls. These latrines are mainly used b~l women·. 6. £1 HEALTH Uniformly recorded data 1.n a st.andard format on mortality, incidence of diseases and morbidity for the entire study area ...,'lere not available. All observations and opinions recorded are from discussions with local health autborities 1 private medical practit.ioners and target group. 6. Sl. 2 It has been obser"V·ed that common ailments such as fever, throat infections etc., are occuring frequently u.s most villages of the study area. These ailments were more amongst '1Wmen and children of the lower classes. 6.91.3 It. has been reported t.hat dysentry and diarrohea were found to be occurins mainly during sumrr1er. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 6.9.4 Owing to lack of full-fledged laboratory services for medical diagnosis, the diagnosis of major diseases '*'ere not done as required. 6.9.5 Owing to the poor bathing habit.s of the people of lower classec, skin diseases like rashes, scabies, ec•zema ' are frequent among tbiG segment of the population. 6.9.6 Due to irnproper pre-natal care, many cases of anaemia were report.ed in the study area. It is observed t.hat., although the reach of e).."tension activities provided by t.he AHM' s {Auxillary Nurse Midwife), and other health workers have been extensive, their advice is not pract.ically implemented by this target group. 6.9.7 Ther~ are a few health hazards directly related to the occupa-t.ion such as beedi roll in~L sericul ture {silk reeling) and agricultural labour. Due to the poor incomes from these occupations, the physical exertion is not adequately; compensated v1i th proper nourif?hment leading to cases of physical weaknesses and a low level of body resistance to diseases. 6.9.8 A few cases of the following v.·at.er related diseases were reported by health authorities in the study area: - Diarrohea - Cholera Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd - Jaundice - Sore throat, fever etc - Skin diseases . 6. 9. g According to medical authorities people are not E:l.'flare of the relationship between water and diseases. 6.9.10 0'fJing t.o belief in local remedies, patients do no·t visit the health centres soon after infection. This leads to t.he patient arriving when the infection is at a critical stage. An interesting example being that, jaundice v.·bich has SYifiPtOiflS of fever during the nights, is usuall!<· perceived as normal fever b!-· the villagers. After t.rying local remedies { sucb as applying garlic to their foreheads) for a few da!lS and finding that the fever does not subside, they visit the health centres. This leads to grave hardships to such patients. 6 . 9.11 Health authorities at the' village level are of t.he view t.hat. t.he incidence rate for many :major diseases has reduced considerably over the last 5 years. This 1s attributed to the availability of atleast one protected source for drinking water in the village. 6.9.12 However, the available protected water sources have not sufficiently served members of the lower classes. This is due to the restrictions on usage of certain wat.er Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud sources based on caste discrimination. Hence~ i~bis ) target groups health profile has not changed considerably. ,, ' 6.9.13 The health profile of the hamlets are generally not as good as the main village due to ·· ... tbe .. ,lack r.:.··-i'~' '.n' "':_ ~ ·' of health 1.: facilities arld low levels of awareness on personal and communi t~l hygiene. 6.9.14 In some areas tbe 1 ack of drains h.tfS«?t';~£;u1 ted in many ( ,- cesspools in the vi.llage. These cesspools. result in ' ' breeding of mosquitoes, these areas. . . 11 <.;·- 0. 10 HYG IEHE MESSAGES 6.10.1 Delivery of hygiene If1essages would prove crit'ical in ' .. creating awaren.ess amongst the target groups on the _..__ .-~ ~--~-A~~-~·-~):-:-. \ ..,.,...~,-;~~:·'~. ~~ benefits ":"iiha'·link&ges between proper v.·ater management. ' and improved environmental sanitation. The mode of delivery for tbese messages sbould be t.ailor made according to the needs and current practices prevalent in t.he village. 6.10. 2 Creation of messages would prove more beneficial if the user groups are consulted during planning and project execut.ior.s gt.ages. This r:;ort of consultation would help in the evaluation of their present perception, literacy I''' Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd and awareness levels resulting in correct focus of messages to the target groups. 6.10. 3 Messages in local languages and with proper illustr·ations of local sit.uat.ions that can be itnproved through better environmental sanitation would prove useful in conveying t.he benefits of voluntary effort. in improving personal and c~ommunity hygiene. 6. 10.4 It is suggested that. messages be designed t.o motivate the target group to undertake preventive measures that would lead t.o improved environmental sanitation. This message must be focussed primarily to these areas within the villag-e wherein the hazards of poor environmental sanitation are high. Any message must focus on bringing about behavioural changes. 6. 11 PRELIMINARY SELECTION 6. 11. 1 ~1essagtes must be designed after \.mderst.anding the recept.ivit.y of t.he village to earlier hygiene mecsages, i.e. an assessment of t.he impact on target group of earlier health campaigns. It. is cuggestt:-d that the Attention Interest Desire Action {AIDA) approach 1. e. an effect.ive message triggering off the process be used vi'hen formulating preliminary messages. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 6.11.2 Messages must be able to initiate effective action both of constructive and preventive nature by laying emphasis on the importance of individual action in improving environmental sanitation. 6.11.3 The r!'Jessages that. are so designed must be tested. on small tc1rget groups to evaluate t.beir understanding of the same. After this evaluation, and fine tuning of proposed messages the same could be communicated to ·the entire population. G. 12 MESSAGE DELIVERY MODE G. 12. 1 It ir.; sugger.;ted tbat village elders and leaders be motivated to initiate and participate in impro'.,.·ina envirom.nental sanitat.ion programmes on a periodic basis. During this programmes they can speak t.o the target group and motivate t.hem t.o adopt. the suggested measures effectively. In many villages {particularly in Northern Karnat.aka) there are very few sanitary latrines for purposes of demonstration. {During the course of the study, the field team carried photographs, parnplets and other materials for showing to respondents before eliciting t.heir response). Hence there is need for der110nstra-tion. PRINT MEDIA 6.12.2 Posters, banners, parriplets and st.ickers could be utilised to convey hygiene messages. This could be Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd well used if the modes i.e. posters, stickers etc are focussed to the required target groups specifically. VISUAL MEDIA 6 . 12.3 Video recording of hygiene programrr1es could be shown t.o target grvup at frequent intervals to convey hygiene messages. ELECTRONIC MEDIA In all the study villages, radios v1ere prevalent. This could be utilised for health education. DRAMA, LOCAL ARTS 6. 12. 5 Street plays and short plays during village festivals, v1ben religious dramas are enacted, could be scripted to convey hygiene messages t.o the vast audiences that view tbem. 6.13 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HEALTH PROBLEMS AND VILLAGE INFRASTRUCTURE 6. 13. 1 It has been expressed during discussions that the villagers are often unable to perceive -a direct relationship between the current. health profile and the status of environmental sanitation within the village. They do admit that their present environmental sanitation is poor. Om Consultants (India~ Pvt ltd 1 6.13.2 The lack of drains in some areas is critical to health because during monsoons the neighbouring houses and " their own sewerage is found to flow into the households. 6.13.3 Ar:. there is no comrrrunit;>l action or set. norms/precedent for uniform waste disposal the risk of infection through these open waste heaps is high in a few areas. Even though local au·thorities have t;ried to get the villagers to dispose the v;ar;te at safe distances from the households, ther;e efforts have not. been fruitful. (\. 13.4 In r:.ome of the villages t.he villagers were avlare of the fact that due to the failure of not cleaning the overhead tank the v;ater had become contaminated and hence unsafe for consumption. Thus in certain cases the villagers are aware of the relationship between water and health. WOMEN AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION 6.14 WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES BY WOMEN 6. 14.1 ~'¥omen are incharge of household "fiaste disposal. In the case ofthose owning cattle, waste consisting of animal dung was disposed b:!l women in open pit 'l;hich is reused as manure. They also make cakes to b,s used also as fuel. Domest.ic soakpit was found to be acceptable among 'lt;omen. Homen in the study areas have strongly felt the need for ·'dustbins'. 1 Nashing platforms·' with Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd water facility is recognised ~· women as an irr~ortant need. HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG t~MEN 6. 14.2 The hygiene practices among women depended on their attitudes and 1 i teracy levels. Use of cleaning agent.s for washing clothes and vessels by women belonging to the weaker sect.ions is em important behavioural change over the last few years. Traditional practice of using ash and mud for cleaning vessels is however continued. Cleaning of vessels is a daily activity. Nomen belonging to upper castes in a village in Mysore district were found to wash handpumps/public taps with cott1dung because the source was "believed" to be polluted when lower castes "touched" the handpuri~s/publ ic taps. 6. 14.3 ~~ater stored 1.n the houses was neither filtered nor boiled and in man~ cases tbe vessels kept uncovered. Hence, the chances of water contamination are high. Use of toilet soaps for bathing is widely prevalent. HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG WOMEN 6.14.4 Awareness among women to..,.1ards "''ater-related diseases is low. In some areas, due to improper pre-natal care, cases of anaemia are found. Nomen complained of chest pain, bodyache etc. from the use of handpumps. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud CHAPTER 7 COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION 7.1 The need for co~nunity participation in water supply and sanitation projects is increasingly gaining importance. Any change in the technical aelivery systems, no mat.ter bow· beneficial to the population, requires changes in the surrounding Gocio-economic support system. '7 I) I , L. The rural communities have their own sociaL cultural and political structures for accomplishini~ objectives, settling disputes and bringing about change. other cultural factors, mainly socio-political lD nature, affect the succeGs involving the comnmnit.y in planning and implementing projects, and using and maintaining rsev; facilities and amenit.ies. 7.3 The political structur;;~s ,sornetimes help for the bett.erment of the societ.y, but sometimes it benefits only certain favoured groups. 7.4 The political st.ructure is corr@licated by t.he caste system. This leads to difficult situatior1s to meet the noble idea of communit:'l participation. Tb•e upper-ca.st.e groups traditionally tend to assume the leadership roles :tn rural societ.y, alt.hough they do: not alv,·a~ls have the interests of the entire communit~·· at heart. .f i Om Consultants (India) ~vt Ltd 7.5 The community activities at present in general confine. to festivals and village fairs. In some areas there are specific incidences of corrmruni.ty actions tov1ards road construction, desilting of tanks/ponds, drainages and repairing of distribution lines of water supply system. The above communit.y based activities .explore the possibility for initiating the local human resources required for the proposed project. 7 .... t. iO Community participation of women vias evident only in t.he form of v;omen get.ting elected t.o Mandal Panchayats. Hov.·ever, their activities are limited to attendance at meet.ing£~ as passive members. Hence they have not had an organised influence on development schemes and project.s. They have also failed t.o involve all categories of women and women's groups in cornmunity participation. FACTORS FOR COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION r-: t. '1 t Local leadership plays cin important role in t.he success of development projects. The leadership at the village level can be formal, informal or both. It is observed that in some areas informal or t.raditional leaderships are oft.en more influential than the people actually in power. Hence there is a need to identify the local leaders who can evoke community involvement effectively. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd 7.8 Co~GUnication of the project objectives to all sections of the society is vital. This helps in creating awareness about the project among the community and initiates to ensure their interaction and involvement in project planning. 7.9 The import.ance of the role of WOii'len as local manugers and contributors to project success cannot be under estimated. Hence the local -.ramen leadership can be used to motivate the women}s involvement. 7.10 Local organir:;ationr; such ar,; youth clubs, mar1i 1 a mandals and anganwadis are to be effectively involved into t.be projec~t. These organisat.ions can be ·trained to help in bringing awareness among the community about health educat.ion, wa.t.er use &nd rel&ted diseaGes and on environmental sanitation problems. 7.11 Educational instit.utions can be used to bring an effective invol"\.·ement of corrununity. Children are the best. comrm.micators of messages v;ho could be used effectively. ..., . ., I , .i~ Involvemerjt of religious instit.utions in the project Vi'OUld be helpful 1n effectively motivating the community, both for contribution and participation. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd PARTICIPATIVE RURAL APPRAISAL {PRA) 7.13 This will be a useful technique that can be used for involving the community. However, this can be carried out only by trained and knowledgeable NGOs in the project area. It is strongly recommended that. this methodology be tried on a.n e>..-perimental basis. ' 7.14 Some possible local level structures e.t the village and ward level for involving the community are outlined in Chapter 8. Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd CHAPTER 8 IMPORTANT POINTERS FOR PROJECT DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION 8.1 There are several important issues that need priority attention ir.s the desigr" and implementation of the proposed integrated project. These are outlined in this chapter under the following two broad classification {1) Issues common to all project districts {2) Issues relevant to specific project districts COMMO~l ISSUES S. 2 Important issues comrnon t.o all project districts are as follows PROJECT PLANNING & DESIGN {1) Tbe project is intended for day-to-day use over a long time period by the beneficiaries. Therefore it has a location specific character. {2) The local people have the best knowledge of such location specific issues and are often in a position to offer innovative low cost solutions provided they are consulted at the planning stage of the project. (3) In most villages, the Mandel Members and Mandal Pradhans have shown a positive response to the proposed project {including their willingness to take care of maintenance eA~enses.) The youth Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd organisations in the sample study villages have shown high degree of keenness in involving themselves in the project. This is a positive aspect which could be utilised well to the advantage of the project. \ {4) As mentioned elsewhere {Ref.5.2), there has been little consultation with user groups on details regarding location of standposts and supply timings. To overcome this lacuna, the following organizational arrangement >;;ould be worthy of consideration. {a) Ward Water and Sanitation Committees n~~'ISC) should be constitut.ed for each ward within the village with representation from each street within the ward {Note : \~ard is an electoral sub-division of the village. Approximately 4-6 wards constitute a village depending' on population). Preferably, atleast 50% of the committee should comprise of women members. {b) Representatives from ffi~SC v1ould form the Village Water and Sanitation Committee {Vi'iSC) with on-e of the local resident Mandal member as the President. Representatives from local youth club, locel, mahila mandal and other local institutions {School, r-eligious institutions etc) should be Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd members of this ccrmmittee. The local health worker/Auxilliary Nurse Midwife should be part of this cormaittee. {c) Both the above bodies O~WSC and VWSC) are informal bodies. (d) Implementation of the project should be pr·eceded by the formation of these informal bodies so t.hat a local level. forum is available for discussing the project with the villagers. {5) It would be useful to involve local NGOs, wbere possible, in enlisting communit~l participation using Participative Rural Appr·aisal {PRA} methodologies. { 6) Projec~ implementation team, while visiting project villages for discussions, must make it a point to stay in the village for a.tleast 2 days. This approach has been found to be more effective ' .. for achieving greater rapport with corr-unl..mity. {7) Given the innovative nature of the project and certain new approaches envisaged, it would be useful to phase the project in such a way that an intense pilot scale effort is -taken up in a nucleus 30 villages before full-fledged implementation is taken up. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd {8) These model villages should be used as a basis for eA~anding the project to other villages on a large scale. {It would be worth inviting important village representatives from other villages to spend a few days in the model villages before taking up the project in their respective villages). { 9} In general, Harfllets have rec:ei ved much less attention with respect to water supply in comparison wit.h the main village. The project would do well to remove this anm~aly. { 10) In villages where the water &v8.ilability {including traditional sources) exceeds 45 LPCD, drainage is a priority need. Any further increase in water supply without attention to drainage would only worsen the environmental sanitation status. { 11) Outflow from all har.sdpUU'iPS should preferably lead to a soak pit and few multiple use trees planted in the vicinit~l {subject to availability of space). {12) Washing platforms would be welcomed by women provided a water source is provided next to it. The washing platform sbould not ,be near a '; Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd standpost/public fountain. Instead, it could be constructed near {at a distance of 20-30 ft} a designated Handpump. This could be tried on an eh~erimental basis. { 13} Cattle troughs, constructed in consultation 'llith villesers, v;ould be welcomed. This is particular}~;- necessary in North Karnat.aka. {14} As such, collection of even the low water supply tariff is rather poor at present. Unless the collection practice is enforced by the Mandals, there is little or no chance for collection of increased tariff under the proposed project. {Hi) It must be borne in mind that villager~s contribution towards sanitation measures {latrines, roads, drains etc.) would mostly be in the form of labour {and to a limited eA~ent in the forro of locally available: materials). Cash contributions are not likely to be forthcoming from majority of households. (16) hbile some of the villagers have welcomed the concept of "mini-community-latrines" {for defecation please see 5.4.12). They suggest a cautious pilot stage approach for such new experiments. Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd LOCATION SPECIFIC ISSUES 8.3 below for the three ~ones. ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- !OWE I ZONE I II ZONE I I ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- A. GENERAL ~ Econa~ically ~ell Southern ~ f. Al I four areShi~oga­ CHARAC- off Economicaily well backward districts TERISTICS rsff i Significant &eg- i Agriculture ~ajar .. Agriculture ~ajar ~ent in non-agri- occupation OCCU{3G.tion cultural occupation I Relatively ~ell t: Re lid:. i ;-ei y dr'l irr iqated area a.r- e a i Good acceEsibility E Accessibility good I Acces&ibility not in 0. r:. I Active and visible t Active and visible i Active and Mell ie~dership in so~e qualifi£-d }'OUl'H.J villaqe:: leade:r~ in feK \'iila;H ~ ~ast~ feelings are • Di5persed settle- f Surface sources strang «ients Hi.~:. and available in some Southern Shi~ogal part of the area. t High degree of ~~posure to urban E High demand for f PWS does not seem i E~isting distribu- private house feasible in view ti tm pci nt5. - conn;;cti.ons -of S.}h"'Sad out need to hr i.ng in settle~ent pattern tmi for.:i t•,. in 0. j~. f Water is nut a ;: HWS teC$sihle in f. rn SO~€ ares major prohle~ few ha~lets iRaichttr' & Sida.d avail ahi lit~,. of f Nast f a.r «~ houses {jrour\dwater ':.aun:e ha 11e pri ,.. ate wells i£ a prpble~ and t: Demand for in O.K. hence a;l tern.:~t i •;e in~reased suppiy surface sources hour-s Surface water ~ource~ need to be ~onsi­ gain importance in dered. De~an:~f 1Rater tariff :. L~TRINESi Highe~t deaand f High demand f Relativaly lo~er for pr i >.·ate· for ~ri•,·ate de~and far private latrines. 1.4B7.1 latrines. i freferen~e fa~ f. Lack of s~ace for f. latrines far ~a~en closed £e~erage pri\'ate l~trint· - a dira necessity sy~te;; ~due to in Se lqatHG dut- urt~-an .c·1!posurt·} to congested They ue· ~n:pose·d settlements ta C{)~fiunity r: l c:trines. {non- co~~unity latrines i Willing to e~pe­ sanitary typei. Yi i t h loci: ~ i: E")' r i ;;en t with The-y reque:£t Qini -caa~1uni t1· li;ited u-ser ~ Use of e~isting latr-ine·s. on a c.o .-;;Mun it 'i private latrines ~~trine£ ... ith only by the wo~en i~;proved ta.d- of houJE.ehnld liti£s.. f No co..-;;;;unity i Nat ~~ny p\'"ivate- latrine~ in tr,is iatrines are E"):iste-nt for de;;;anstra- t i em pu;r poses. DRAINS i Strong bias ~ Undulating tope- ~ ~lining to contrihute I" I ara~ ' n::. - part~ 1' dut· to 5-ta.tuJS drai~s "nd partly due to high uroan i Narrow by-lanes e~posure in Belgau~ * Since water supply. position is rela- ti '-'€ ly· better 1 drainage is a high prio,rity• area before fu,..the-\'" CH.tgllientat. i~n ~f .. ;:;tar- ~upp i y c.te : Zone i Banqalare (Ru\'"alt, Nysare, Kandya Zon-e II Belgaua, Shi~oga, Dah5hina Kannada ZGne IH Sidar, Gu~harga, Raichu,.., Bella\'"y Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt ltd DEMAND FOR PRIVATE LATRINES Lft Based on responses from sample households, demand for private latrines emerges as 48%. Howev·er this is based on a intensive dialogue with detailed eh~lanations. It would be realistic to assume a dema~nd of around 25% wherein the project is taken up on a large scale. CONCLUSION l. 5 It is hoped that the findings and recommendations would prove to be useful for implementing the integrated project. The key elements for success would be user education and community participation. '' -------- ·- ·---- ___.. ___________ --- ___ ...__.........,__~---~ i. ANNEXURE I TERMS OF REFERENCE 'l, SOCIO-ECONOMIC SURVEY BACKGROUND, OBJeCTIVE AND ·-SCOPE OF WORK BACKGROUND I The Government of Karnatuku is posing a pro~ect to the World Bank !o~ ~ssistance for rural supply and envir6nmental sanitatibn, in 280 villages in ten districts of Gulbarga, Belgauru, Shimoga, Bangalore(Rul·al), ~jandya, Hysore, Dakshina Kannad~~, Bidar', Ruichur and Bella:cy with tlte follo1~ing main components:- lt) augmentation of w&ter supply, including rehabilitation of th~ existing ::;ou:r·ces (including open wells) and ground- water re-charging; ~nvironmental sanitation witb lt~.trines and village drainage (for st.o:cw \vater ··an.d sullage, and the filling in c.f pits and cJer.~ressions· in order to prevent the collection of st.ar:c.ii11g water); ,(, , .. c) conducting base-lit.e st.n·vt:y~ on o. sample basis ( 3 villages per district) and t:.he devising of suitable messages to educate. people .in the villages about water borne and water related diseases, as part of a het~.lth educ~tion programffie which ~einfo~ces the impact of other components of the project. J Water Supply and sanitation demand and willin<5ness to pay study for improved water supply and sanitation se:::vices .[ The objecti,ve of the study under part (c) compo·nents f cd l o \-.1 e d b :1' S c o p e of \~ o r k f o ll o ws i n the s u b s e que n t paragraphs.The methodology for data collection should be a sample surveying in each district, combination of questionnaires, qualitative intervie¥.·ing of individual ·households, informal in d i vidual and group discussions , c·a s e · studies and participant observers. The study should be supported by Haps ( sho\ving samJ;le covered) Photographs (to· indicate wain health/sanitation problems). i I ) ·• .:.:....... ·· . . -~· . . •. =· AN!'ffiXURE - "!r ·:·(contd.:) . i· OBJECTIVES To provide State Go~ernrnent.with ·the b~sis for:- 1. AnalysJ.ng existing. sanit·ation and hygiene pattern, tmajor. water and other sanitation-related health .problems (from go~t.· heu1th data and·l~cal obs~rvations)J f' 2. ~election of hygiene messages 3. Incentives related to hygiene education 4. D<=:termining COHI!llLtn1 ty role in planning, implementing and wHi.ntaining f"aci.Lities under the proposed Project ( p ::. :r.· t i c u 1 a r 1 y \.J i t h r e g a r d t o i n v o 1 v e m e n t o "$ w o me n , schedule castes/trib~s} 5. E·volving m~thodology for government and community .interaction in the selection and planning of facilities (i.e. community involvement) ... . :y . G• Est a b 1 ish in g !; y's t e 111 for t 1m e 1 y de 1 i very o i' hygiene messages/provisio~ of latrines 7. Id0nlificution of ~ole of NGO's 8. Asse~sment of demand for increased water services levels 9. Determining demand for latrines 10. \ Dl:terruining demand for drainage under a cost sharing arrangement I 11. Assessing Willingness of villagers to pay for water supply and sanitation facilities .· ANNEXURE -·-:I (Contd; .) SCOPE QE ~o/ORK So-9 io-Economic Characteri s1:ics Data to be collected for individual~, househ6lds, J~int family ~ompounds & villages : 1. Population (age, gender . . . . . . . . • . ) ~o._of h~useholds (joint families, individuals, •..•••.. ) .. -.:.:>;:._. ;· • \ ., ~. Educa t io"ii ·:i~~e l ' · ·, . -.~.... ... •. - '· ~. Occupa'tional pat t,erii, inconie -l.evel and assets ownership .... E~hnic groups (tribal~),. rel~gion, caste E:...:penditure on food, clothing, shelter, transport, t.<.!::-:es, debt repaym1:mts .;:ttc,. (Simple approximation) •1 I • Description and typical· drawings of houses, material 6f con:::;·truc tion, location of l·atrines, wherever applicable • S. ~ c. c ial in f r as t r u c t u r e - · S c h o o 1 s , h o s p i t a 1 s , he a 1 t h c2ntres, post office, ban~,· police.post etc • .; ~fc. and lci'nds of aniwals ,., li.~:-.::r sources for dou1estic use, water availability in hours ,:.,.-.:.· (monsoon and dry season) .and reliability; purchase di..!.y (.:i ~•ater .t'rom int'or;t11:1l private sector, """""Ii1Ciuding neighbours or neur-uy irri~ution wells. 2. Estiwates of water conspmption for domestic and non-domestic u::oe ( drirddnq/ba.thin~ of uni"nw.ls 1 wutering gardens, washing clothes 1 cooking, band W<:1.shing etc.). 3. ~).:scl·iption and u:::;e of latrine facilities, private and pw.. l.i. .:.: or alternativ~ areus for defecation by households. ------ -··-·· 'l . I? o r ma l u r1 d i n f o r mal g r o up s i nvo1ved i n s a n i t a. t i o n activities. 5. T::..mc: al-location for ~.'ome:n i.e. time spent on :- I Collecting Hater Preparing_ food Working in fields Visits to neiihbourhood villages, melas, cattle fairs • ANNEXURE- I (contd.~)· Collecting wood etc. Other· (to .~e sp~cified, if possihte} 6. Community-based disease profile (based on morbidity and mortality data) ., 7. \hl.ter-related diseases most responsible for morbidi'ty and ;::crtali ty 8. Type of existing latrines and the manner in whi6~ acquired; its cost, the agency who installed it -~ 9. Condition of roads, foot-paths, drainage system etc. 10. Acc0ss to and use of existing facilities i.e. distance from source to household, ~~-~1 factors affecting usage of neare~_LJ.:?_oint___.. source and estimates of time taken to collect water . ( d:cy season and ruonsoon) and hours of availability of water li• . . Operation and maintenance performance of existing water supply and sanituti:on. facilitie~ in terms of downti.me.,) t't.:<~~3on·.s for sys:tem r''ati~,-l:.·e .and -~~y, e'{i.dence of. commu-nity:· action to rep<:Lir the sys.tem •· ' . . ~ ... : Ch a r u c t e r i s t i c s o f . \·i a-t e r s o u r c e s n o t c h o s .~ n by the hou::>E:holJs, including colJection tirne for each source, p.;cception Of Wd.let• quality and ·the price Of water, if any KNOI-LLFJ.lCL_ ATTITUDES, E.EH.-;EPTIONS -~ P_RACTICES 1. Pat tern o t' behc.tv iour, loca. t ion and time of day with regard to humao defecation and urination, human handling of urination, hu1nun handling of animal ·house-hold wa.ste ( ,J.iquid a!ld solid) 1 community Wt.I.S te, rain water I 2. llnndling and storuge of' drinking water (pot \sizes, locu.tion, . . . . . . . . . ) 3. Clothes washing and use of cleaning agents 'Hand wdshing und use of cleaning agents 5. Food preparation, haudling and storage of utensils I l' 6. Hundling of animals 7. Children's play patterns 8. Respondents perception of relationship . between health problems and village infras~ructure i.e. stagnant water; flooding, location of compost pits etc. ., .. -~ ...... , I I ANNEXURE -· ;J (Contd •• ) 9. Respondent's perception of water quality, water related diseases in terms of cau~e and preventiori 10. -pe:. sporiden t' s . . · p.e_p;c;-v.p:t)-o,n, ~~ f use . of la urines ( for non-users) L ..... -~ " ~ . ·. . ..,. . . ... ·. 11. · ~ihavioural changes over the past 10 years . ' 12. Resp6ndent's preception of drainage· problems in the ,villa~e/to0n d~ring!dry ·ieason and monsoon and their causes, and _of the disposal of hbus~hold waste water 13. Household expenditure on cleaning agents by type (or information on use or natural cleaning agents such as ash or mud) 1-1. \villingness to pay for various types of water supply and .. i sanitation facilities and factors 'which 1• influence \.Jillingness. 1-t .1 Sl!rv.:=y instrutuents will assess hou~eholds, willingness to ~ay for the following:- 1\ ~ s) Public handpump (willingness to pay for a portion of ca~ital costs or a monthly tarif~ fo~ 0 & H) Piped system with standposts (willingness to pay for a portion of capital costs or.~ monthly tariff foro·& H) \ I Private house connection (willingness to pay both a connection fee r <:.nd u1onthly tariff} Privut<.: latrine using T..he standard twin pit pour flush wodel ( willinsnes::>. to pay a monthly fee vs. a fixed fee) Improved drainage system (willingness to pay a monthly fee vs. a .r lxed fee C>r lub6ur contribution) · Different reliabil,ity levels for water (hours of" the day) 1-!.~ Su:t:v~y instrument(s) will be designed in order to test ·.. i1ether household~ ~-~ i 11 in~ ness-to-pay bids are influenced by tnt;! following· :- a) Staeting point!. b) Cost recovery ru~chanisru c) Amount of time households have to think about their responses ..• : ~ ANNE_XURE- I(Contd .. ) ·...·, 14.3 Calculation of the time or distance from the house-hold to the wate'r sources may te made in either of the follo~fing ways:- u) The enumere1to:r ca.n pace the distance .. to the water sources or The house can be located on an accurate map of the village, and. the distance to the wate~ sources can be measured DELIVf.HY _OF HYGIENE HESSAGCS AND COt-tHUNITY PARTICIPATION 1. Preliminary selection of hygiene messages {which would later L0 tested for fin~l s~lection). 2. Other measures to induce behavioural changes. :3 • Type:: of vehicles and clllration for delivering hygiene 1110..:::; s '""g e s i . e . mass me d i a , v i ll age motivators, outside extension agen~s. } . . . '\ ·)~ •. ... 't;~~rg'e-2. l;roups", ···,t;p ..: of· ·.vehicles for hygiene mess-age• J~llv<:iry, tillling' .w'itl~ respect to. delivery of water ~upply ~nd·~anituti6n.facilities. • :. • I d ~ n t. i f i c u t i o n o f 1 e a J 'e r s h i p w i t h i n t h e .::; o m m u n i t y ( individuuls, groups l ·who could play a role .ir. proposed p et)j ec t. 6• :~!c.:-::bodology for government contact with the community for selection and of ·planning water supply and sanitation facilities. 7. Cowmunity involvement in managing public draina;Se, waste disposal and other public sanitation needs. H. ~ulc of NGOs in organising couununities and individuals to better sanitation practices. t. 9. Drawing up a total ~rogramwe indicating manpower and training needs, orientation programmes, · equipment 'r~quirements, time scnedul~s etc . and costs thereof .. . SELEC~_i'TO_tl OF SAHPLE. VILL_AGES · 1. The sample villuges will h~ve populations varying in size. 2. The villages should be selected on the bas~s of the t~chnical feasibility of improving substantially their acce~s to improved_water supply system. 3. The sample population should b~ selected t~ reflect uccess to different water sources i.e. Sites where tn~d i tional ·type of '::;ources are abundant, where traditional ·i:l ANNEXURE -~J(Contd .. ) sources are scarce or where the water is of poor q~ality .. 4. The communities should have access to differ~nL types of -protected sou~ces i.e. soie with ~xisting p~ped system and .. h_ous,e connect ~on, others ·h":~,t.hout p~pe'}i system etc.: -, •......, ~ .. ... ... ·,. :.... •. :--~ 5. IT! each· district, the., s·ample' ··t·/ould be· 500 households in 3 vi lll:i g e s of . d i f f e 1~ .:: n't sizes . · At 1 east h a 1 f of the ~espondenis in ~ach district should be worn~n 6. If poss.ible, some of the villages chosen shoul~ be such "'·here hygiene education progr~mm~ is being operated so that inflllence of $UCh programme on ·willingness to pay can be ga.u)£ed. Final sd!ection of villa0es, random selection of house-hold, proc..::d:..u:e for construcU.n~ the sample frame and the selection process will be got approved•before start of work. In selected villages, the houeholds in·t~r-viewed will be located on a map of the villa~.::. REPOn'L' .I:llESENTATION The Fill!i.l Rt,;port sholllcl include interalia in-depth discussions of the f o 11 0\-l i n g : - 1. Field proccdu:ces and research design 2• Go v e r n me n t p o l i c y i n t he wa t e r and s .an i t at i o n C ll r r e n t s~ctors and a Jesc1·iption of the existing i~vestment ~:rogrammes and initiac.ives 3. Socio-econo~ic charucteristics of the households in the sample 4. Household water use patterns in the study' areas, including information on current consumptiorr, types of water sources \.~~;t.:cl and sanitation' practices, and expenditure on water and . :.::.::~ni tat ion 5. Presentation of the willingness-to-pay bids for different levels of water and sanitation services ,. 6. Aualysis of the deterlllinants of the wlllingness-to.;...pay bids 7. An·assesswent of the reliability and accuracy of the iurormation on households willingness-to-pay for improved water and sanitation services, community participation etc. 8. Description of any wuter vending or othe~ private sales of t water activities in the study villages. Household~sanitation use-pattern in the study area. . : . 9. 10. Hajor. health problems identified, the preliminary: selection .. ANNEXURE I(Contd .. ) of hygiene messages and recommednation on the delivery veh:Lcles. 11. Recommendation on methodolpgies for community participatio~. The Final Report will be in two parts:- . ·,. ~ , Hillirig~ess-'to-pa\Y study ' I l ·,. (This .Hill inclu.de ·3 main COlll~~·onents: Socio-economic cftaracteristics Water use and sanitation pr~ctices and attitudes Willingness to pay} E:1'.' i ronmental Sanitation Study (Th.i.s will includ,:: Socio-economic data \.Just.:: disposal p.l.t terns Hygiene practice~ Health problems Preliminary selection of hygiene messages Delivery of the hygiene messages Community participation) ...'· 4 hJc)\:' o.\Jc-.;~ V.J;J CONFIDENTIAL HH. Sf. No. DOD :e!~f"eJ:c'd ~~~~ n~~-Je~ ~ed~ ~dZJ~~\) ;j\)i!~ ~e~d ~J~f"~.sd ~e~~ ~o~ JS.J~~ ~~e!$ INTEGRATED RURAL WATER SUPPLY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SANITATION PROJECT IN KARNATAKA A BASE-LINE SURVEY &: i.J.) 0 tJ d 'b ~~ ~ Q HOUSEHOLD QUESTIONNAIRE n~d.J!;:l.:w~ IDENTIFICATION TIO>...J~::.d ~Tid ~o~e ~ Village Location Code ODD (From Dist. Census Handbook) m__,~:d ~;:ldJ YILLAGE NAME AAMLET NAME ~· •l!!l Q::'Joci~ MANDAL ~~~~~.) M TALUK ~~ M DISTRICT ;~ ~;:JtJ~ 6 w~or\9J GENERAL PARTICULARS a3J~ojo ojJ~o:l~~~ ~:::ldJ Name of the Household Head (HH) I w~..J>IJ~Ja3ijd ~;:jdJ Respondent's Name 2 e)oH .sex IM\F l 2.2 ;:k~ Religion HIM\c\J ls\slo w~..; ft.J.)i:3ti~~il Caste 1Ethnic Group (Tribe) 96 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD 2.4 ~vtJ~oZJd ZJn Type of Family (Joint- J, Nuclear- N) 2.5 ~vr300.:J ~d~~d ~@~~ o;:Sv3~ .:::H::iOJ tjjOJ ;!;ld <:);1dr\Qo 0 15 Age & Education details of the Household 2.5.1 aj,J;:So::lo oooz::~o::l~~~ ~o::lv~~ I 2.5.2 ~or3~ t..l:!~o::ll) ~o::lv~~ Of the Spouse (Yrs) Of the HH (Yrs) -----' 2.5.3 o;:Sor3o:lu OOvt:l~ihl~~ <:)o~6 tiJO>~~~ 2. 5. 4 .:lur3ooo t..l:!~oo.~ <:)o'tl6 ~"6 ;!;l Edn. of the HH _ _ _ ___..~ Edn. of the Spouse 2. 5. 5 o;:Sor3o::lo ~i!cje ;!;ld~~ d Of other members in the household No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2. 5. 5 ,1 ~v~o::lv o::lot=~.:l~c:Sc::3Vill:!c:3 ;!;loZJO Q Relationship to HH 2.5.5.2 Oorl ........ ········ ........ ········ ............................... ······· ............. . Sex 2.5.5.3 ~oji)~~ Age (Yrs) 2. 5, 5.4 i:)O~~.;od wOlil~ O..r.lt'~~cj ? If it is located outside the premises what is the distance from the house ? Source codes Distance Ref. codes for Distance 4.2.1 For DrinkingfCooking ................................... ···· ·.............................. . 1 - < 50 Mts. 2 - 51 - 100 o 0 • 0 o o o o o o. o 0 o o o 0 0 o 00 0 0 0 o • o 0 0 o o 0 0 "o 0 0 o • I 0 • o o, 0 , 0 0 0 o · 0 o ~ 0 0 o • 0 0 0 o 0 0 o 0 0 o • 3 - 101-200 4 - 201 - 500 5 - 501 - 1000 4.2.2 For Other Purposes ....... .............................................................. ; 6 - 1 Km - 2 Kms 7 - > 2 Kms •ooO oo oo oO o o o o o o oo oo o Oo o oo oo ooo •ooo o ooo. oOo• oo o o ooo 00• o oooo 1, o 01 o • o•o, 4.3 ~~~ <::3Jeej:3 ~eo~ ~,jJ~dc:S~ wt::lo:3~~f"';tl,j~~~-c. :5llcJl!~Qo., ? Are you avoiding using of water from any sources ? 4.5.1 ~mc:Sd, ~,jlf&ie.J:;::).)O ~i)d~i'i9~~"l i!oR~ ? If yes, Give reasons sourcewise Source code{s Reasons Ref. codes for Reasons 1 • Long Distance ~ - More waiting time 3 • Water Quality not Good .............................. ....... ········ ................................................ ; 4 - Any other reasons •••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• • • • 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 101> 0 •••••••••••••••••••••••••••• > ·~ 1 " OM CONSULTANTS INDIA (PVT) LTD 4.6 ;:J~Q) ~i:lo:3Jl wal~ o~:;.r.l.ge:3.:>._ :!dJ~eo ? How frequently water is is collected for the household ? Ref. codes for Frequency 1 - Daily 2 - Alternetively 3 - Weekly once 4.8 ;:Je~ w~e.Jm'!J (t:Jo0/1) ;:J~d~i>-c. m.J~o~ ~do~eo ? How many vessels of water do you bring everyday ? Number Capacity (ltrs) 4.8.1 For drinking Water .) 4.8.2 For other purposes 4.9 o~dtR ~mli i3J3~ wo.\1t :r:l~ ;:Je~ ~\lGOOoo~ ;:Jed~o"" ::ido~eo ? When and how often do you collect drinking water in a day ? No. of Trips Morning , Afternoon Evening 1:)0 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD 4.9.1 C-);;SJ~ 2...o~o eJ;:j~-o- z.5e~li.:>;je:i!t C-led~~ 3de>J .:JO);jt ~o::loooo !!::!liJ3_}j ? <-s~ ~e~roJ~,r., C-ledil 3o~ l!::!liJt:! ~O:oooJ;j~~et t!..r.J~~) How long does it take to collect one day's requirement of drinking water (give the time taken to collect water each time) Ref. codes for Time Morning 1 - < 15 minutes Afternoon 2 - 15- 30 3 - 30 - 1 Hr. Evening 4- > 1 Hr. 4.10 ~s o~ t1~u.lliJ;j t::led~~ o::iJ;)do :!d.:l;:s~d ?- Who collects water for daily requirements ? Ref. codes for users For Drinking/ Female Child - FC Cooking Male Child • MC Adult Female - AF Adult Male -.AM For other purposes Family labour - FL Hired Labour - HL 4.11 .S.l'l~ (;)~OJ ~deJ'5 mlf~d .woo<> Ni3~11 ~N;!:lv:!...od~-'(' 1 Do you feel that the present water availability is sufficient ? ~~>::rvd~, mli'~lidjtJdnile;d~ c:Je:lJe. c:J~O!ii ~o::l!$ 1!~ojor3.Jet ~n1 c:J~~;!:Jo~eo 4.11.1 6 ? If no, how do you manage your requirement of water in times of insufficiency/lean period ? 4.12 e. ~od ro.i.J~t:i.ldd~~e~ m;!ll'l ;j.Jct~~e.>r!<>oc:! c:J~dr$u.c, l!~ol30Q Oil ? t::le~ Have you purchased water from any private sources before ? 4 . 12.1 w"'oc!<:~ IJ.r,o~e ? From whom did you purchase water ? 4.13 N~~ C-lo::l.J.,_ O~t::l:!6 d e;j~6 ~$li~~ t::ledr3~ oo.i.lo:3 :!do5d o:J;)~Iic.i~ ~e~C.2JtZo~eo ? How do you store water for your daily requirements ? Ref. for storage codes I I t:__ 4.13.1 For Drinking & Cooking Earthen Pot - EP Plastic Pots • pp Stainless Steel Pots - SP 4:13.2 For Bathing, Washing Aluminium Pots - AP of Vessels & Clothes Metal Pots • MP Plastic Buckets • PB Metal Buckets - MB 4.13.3 For other purposes * I II Drums Trough Others (Specify) (BrassjCopper) -D -T -0 * Other purposes include, bathing of animals, cleaning of house, cattleshed and watering of gardens 101 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD • 14 r.;e~ 2l~dc:3~.., o::l.;~ooo ~:!d ~~;!Jli~.Ji)coii :!dc~elJil ? ~n<~dc5, a$e~? Do you collect water along with other family ta.sks ? If so how 7 f.;e~ rAOc:3 t:l::>~e.n:j z5~d ~~eJ ;•::r.,~rtf,;lc:3~ t..iioooo~e~j$~~o:)oo~eO'il ? Do you wash clothes/vessels near the water source ? .-.~~d~ t:Je~ w~ wejeJ/~~li~c:3::>~ z.-iioo::>::>~_.eOjM~OO::>::>~eO 'f a:J~O,!,i ? If no, describe where do you wash clothes f vessels ? «~ ., ;:.~&or:~ o3'-'-.>ooo ojaiJ~ne 21eO~ ~o~e.)li~od c:Jedc::S::>~ eroc::l~~el'l~~o o:lad~dd~ ~t3co~t3;tlo~~t5o3::>e ? Does anybody restrict you from usingjcollecting water from any of the sources in the village ? " -:5- ~dc5, oo~ood ~.)~~ 00~~ rf;)0£'il'fi";:,-af'l ? ll yes. by whom and for what reasons ? ' .~ ~-=-~.:!:.:::> ~~dliANITATION PARTICULARS .:l..~~ ;.!~ ~.;;:>::>.._, e:lo~OOil ;tld1l6 d::> 'l!J""'il ~~ ~Ko~~tl ? O:aili:S ~e~oov~ ? Where do the family members defecate daily and at which time ? Male Female Children Ref. codes for Place • Place Time ············ ············ ..........................., ..................... Open Ground - Community OG Morning- M Evening - E Time Latrine - CL Night - N Private After- Latrine • PVL noon ·AN Distance •• Othe.rs Anytime- At (Specify) - 0 • (Multiple answers permitted) ( :.:~ w:!_.drle.-1~.:>.._ ~r3~e;5.)~;;::~il1'1n ) •• Ref. 4 a..1. for Distance codes lfiJ~/~Ot3il~.J ;!J c;~ WOO~e),; c:3~otj:l;::l~,o~ Mot:SdK9~N.Jdd~ ~~c:3il~ ? • ~ QM ~ ~ If the defecation place is Open Ground, are there any problems connected with this ? · 102 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD 5.2.1 as"'ttmdo, e~ ~JOJ~ O~lc:ftdo 7 c:JO::SO.t.~? If yes, what are they ? Describe ? 5.2.2 lfJ"'iJ'ldj~or:JW~tJ ~cp t,id~ (;)~do .tJiitJ~..cd~o~ ?. Is water available near the plac~ of defecation ? 5.2.3 ~~w.>d~. i::So~~~d~6 dv (;)edc:3"oot ~~dv'8~o!2o ~lf~f~o~~OM~o ;;:lo~ojo v:J';)li0~d 5.3,2 0 r3, eo~~ itl~d tJ~ ~~~ ? If located within the premises: how was this latrine acquried Ref. for answer codes Own Investment - 01 Govt. Subsidy - GS Govt. Sponsored Scheme GSS Other Means (Specify) - OM :5.3,3 ~ ~~e)ojoj;:;iol!5;l;:;ied.-;:lac:3a-~. (1Me.>;:;i~l;l (;);:lo~ .:>~~ ~~.,F"~;!o ? How much cost did you incur in constructing this latrine ? :5. 3.4 0 ~dv ;:J;,c:3o:lo ~rtt:5~d d ~o~-~. o:ladoo witl~IJ';)ef\;:;io~_,d 1 If located within the premises, by whom it is used Ref. for users Male - M Female - F Children - C 5.4 (.J~;,e- IE~trlojo~ ;:;i~o;,rnojo !i'ilml!.)ojo/~c~;tlcd~;:loo t"::(d~~ ? Is there a community latrine iA the village ? ~03 ~· OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD 5.4.1 Iy I I N If no, why? 5.5 ...... ~J~ ~ r:J<::be- a5~'-'ooo~ z..oco Ai~.)OO<>ooo -e;'"' erot.l:iooi,(C)eri~~rioc::::l 05&1ii ~d~e5 ? Ai-R~F.J. If yes, indicate whether it should be shared by a limited number of families or it should be open to all? Answer Code For limited families 1 For all - 2 --;~~d~ o;)OE'Qlri9e~v ?· If no. what are the reasons ? t.. o:$,)e.. e~i:Jc::::l~orifb!~v-<- r:J~F&:lAitJ~do ? Who do you feel, can maintain such community latrines ? • 5.1 ~..~ve.~~~ jo5~o,Joov~ o<>~,)~ jt5dot?J. c::::l 6 ~~'ll ~do:3ve Do you have drainage system in the House in the Village --;dC:.r.ldd, ojJ;);;j;5do5 ti~O.t.. A ? Describe the present condition and maintenance ? 5.7.4 m~o ~d.Jt::l ~eJ.Jt!Jj?jdot:J erSlleJ'CleJ f;l'i:5.J~ ~tlll_}~ld;;:5tll'ld~e ? Are you satisfied with the drainage facilities you have ? . in. the House in the Village 5.7.5 i\l~"• t::l.Jc:Soo~~/iE(J~~~ ~d~O:::: ~eJ.J~jt3do01i9rS.J.c. ~t!!~.;)~.C tl'l, ~~ ~~d -1, W M - Q(e;" M ? If the waste is disposed into compost pit, where i& it located 1 105 CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD ~~,.:;t"H~d ;)~drl~;, HfAl TH PARTICULARS ~- t ~ ;j~iJ~ r;)~o*' i3.?c:$ooo ;tlo;tJ6 d~ i)~~ t:lc:3~..~-o- c:$.;Je, How frequently you and your family members: JR-1. ~ ~tio~;;.j) eo Ref. for answer codes Take balh " ~ • ~""''·'" 0 Daily - D ·~.• -w ..,.,,w"'"~e Wash your clothes Weekly -W ;.;.~;:;:;;co aj~c:$3.J"il~OO.Jc~eo Clean your house with water Occasionally - 0 e;.:!Ojo &:Jil;trl~c:3~ ~~~oooo~eo Cl~an household vessels c::K~~o(. 3..r.>~ooJo~eo Clean livestock ~.s;w,./'l~~o(. ~..r.>~oo~~eo Wash cattleshed £: ·" e ·~ ,.!(,. ~:lrt~c:3~ Oc:3d~ e:J~~;tJe, ~a.tio~~o ? How many times the food is cooked in a day ? Once - 1 Twice - 2 Thrice - 3 1. if <:0·1:.:.:~"" aj~tie)o ~;l5~ ~e~o~tieJo r;)e~ OOJ~rl~~~ we:3o$-r.en~~~eo ? -.·.hat type of vessels do you use for cooking and storing the food ? · Ref. codes for Vessel type Earthen - E Aluminium - A \------1 Brass - B Steel - S ~-~~ z.!~~J.t..d e;,osilde::lr;)o(.ti.?~ m~ri\'l ~oee3 &3oo~~~e~ ?- Do you_close the vessels containing cooked food ? ;J.) ~:~ ~~~ i3Jflt3d i3J~~ edc:3;,-~. ~e~O,t,~;:~ m~rl~c:3~ &;)iJi!~;tJe,.~,Jf)_~o:Soo~eo? How frequently you clean the vessels used for storing and cooking the food ? Ref. codes Once a day - 1 Twice a day - 2 Alternate days 3 .."' r;)~~ ~~ej~ ~W.;Je::l~~ri~rt ~.JOCile5d~ :r.iC>rj:$~rle.-l~llet e.ro~~el'l;tlo~~Cil ? Do you use any cleaning agents for above activities ? .::.1 ~~CJ.)d~, o::l.r.l~Oe~ooi) l'Jct>,;_e5o~ :r.iill:j)~Ti~c:3~ e.ro~~~en;tJo~..,Qeo ? !W~el~ ? If yes, specify type of cleaning agents used 186 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA} PVT LTD 6.3 ~;,t) ~5d~ 7JilQ;::)1i~ ~;,e~ ~~M~ ~ta~F" Q Monthly expenditure (in Rs.) on cleaning agents by type : Type Amount EXAMPLE: 6.3.1 Bathing Soap .................. ; ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 0 •••••••• •••••••••••••••• Soapnut Powder 6.3.2 Detergent Soap , 0 0 0 oooo O i l 11 o o l O l l 101114 oo I O I I I I I I I I O o I I I f I I I I I l l • IIIIOIIOO I l l • I l l I I I I I I l l o I I lo O i l 0 { I I I O I I I I O I • • Cleaning Powder &.3.3 liquid cleaning agents • •. •• •• •• •• •• • •••••••• •••• ••••••• •••••••••••••••••o••• ,,,, .. , •. •• • ••••• •••••••• ••••••• • •••• •••. Natural cleaning agents (ash, mud etc.) 6.3.4 6.4 c::>~~. 5~~JotJd~ t:!ooo~d~ t:!;,\5~ ~;,'1!11 ~~ ~"oOOJi1" ~~.t.I~Uc>~J._,;:l c:J~do ~ot.Jot;)-3 5il00J~1i9il~~ ? What are the water-related deseases that occur frequently in your family, among children and adults 6.4.1 ~~" oc::51i~i1~c:3o.._ e~ ~~!!J l!Uc>~J..,~,..~~c:3 'f e;,~ Ufl~!!J~Uc>t,;l._,v;, o.>df'Ol1it,;lo i3J\!~ e,-,o;:lc:.:)~ ~rMww~" ~ eJ - ~Uc>Oi:3 ~t:!D1i~D ? How frequently do they occur, reasons for occurrence and preventive measures taken ? 6.5 ~ c::>~du-~otJol;)\5 i5'~00o~1i9il~mddUc> No::loe- t:!Dr:3o::lD~ ;IJCl~1i~i1 o.>d~Will'H::$oj;, ?- Has any of these water related deseases caused deaths in your family ? 6.5.1 ..l'(D3~t1ooee ~o1i~dJ ~eoc::5~ roD:~c:::i';)~e.Ml 5vx:~~t3~~deod ~~do 5'~00;)d1i~i1 t.ni5o:tl•e)t;!c:::l';)f1 3D3:1 ? ~t:!c3ecv';l00Uc> o~e1iOod a:SoomlD~c:::iil1iJ3~0ojJt' o:J;:lD.lJ ? Since, women are regularly in touch with water, are they vulnerable to any disease 7 Whether they fall sick, give details 7 1. aSf'OliS~dod ":d t:!o~~ ;!:l'~JJt:it>o::lo e:J;>~Jil ~J,,t:l~ Zd (\ "'' WILLINGNESS TO PAY & COMMUNITY PARTICIPATiON Note : The sub questions in this section ate to be probed tectfully. Do riot pose the choice answefs directly to the respondent, Answers to be elicited from the respondent during discussions. 107 OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD w~~o o:d~,!.,d c:J~dil ~dtJ\J.l~.:J ~ o:3~~ oo~~ ~c::s(. ~ :;.,1) • If an improved water supply is envisaged, what type of water supply system do you prefer ? Ref. codes for type Public Handpump - PH Piped System with Public Taps - PWS Private House connection - PHC Mini Water supply - MWS . i ' ~tGN o:3 ~~00.:> ~vJlS c:J~dv ~dtJOil <':l"to:dGo~eo;> ? If water supply is guaranteed through the above system are you willing to contribute ? y N y N ::::. ~c~. ;-.e~ ~or\e,ili w2>lt ~~Ge.>v "Q01lwil:i~.::J~~o ? if y<.:s, how much are you willing to pay monthly? Ref. Codes for bidding 1 - Rs. 20 2 - Rs. 15 3 - Rs. 10 4 - Rs. 8 5 - Rs. 5 ~ 1 "t,;::.;}dd, o~d~r\~e~o ? II no. what are the reasons? ;.tl.J.. a::o"~~ ~tat~o ~edJ ~dW'Y.>~.::J ~~e~c:3~c:S~ 3or:$~ ~e~ ~..).soo~c::lgjc:SJ.._ o:iJd~.:>~ o:3JJ~ e;,dc$2 .;;c;...~ \lYUJ ~i:>iwo:dt!.::J.!-~>eC'il ? If a water supply augmentation project is envisaged for your village, are you willing to participate in it by contributing labour? h ')* ) ~. 108 ) 'I OM CONSULTANTS (INDIA) PVT LTD 7 .4.2 <'llVc::5"tldd, ovd~rlej~<.lo ? M If no, what are the reasons ? 8. ~~r-=53 ECONOMY 8.1 ~~eC\l<.l oo~.Jojr.? (."::l~""""~~F .w~orl~~) Land Holdings (Area in acres) NeOC)c::)O C\leOi'c:jO ?N;):;e~.J t...~t <'ll~do:3 o;:l;::JC)OO.J 2.J:l?Nd.J ~:::eo:'~ c:v.J o:36 o;:l;tiolOO.J 6 Fallow () land Total Irrigated Unirrigaten Pasture (eultivable), (cultivable) ;l:.l o3 (!)cd-:. jAlot3<);tl;Jddil~~:llic.ir3~ 'DdOO;Jf"li:! ~doll ;;;:b:!~ o;::);J\5~ @o::lF"lXit'$ =~=:::~ co ;~~ O:UO>o::l c~s ;:::lw~o:::l;J o::lJOl?:i~t~on.; oo~e~.tJO Q eo ?. How do you think you will help in the implementation and maintenance of drinking water <.111d sanitation facilities (latrine, drainage] in the village ? *l OOOild;J m~o::5~;:::ltJa5;Jdoc::lo t:Je~ ~,r.,e~;tlo~~c ~t~~ot:; ~o:::loF"Ii:! ~DfltlOrkers in the sample householdc i;l' Districtwise number of sample households by average monthly income groups li5. Districtwise average annual e:>..rpenditure of sample households 11. Districtwise number of' 1 ivest.ock and poultry owned in sample households 12.1 Districtwise number of sar{!ple households using different >t;ater sources - DRINKING and COOKING 12.2 Districtwise number of sample households using different water sources - OTHER PURPOSE 13. Districtwise number of sample households ovming water sources 14. Districtwise number of sample households collecting water and average number of trips per household 15. Districtwise percapit.a daily v;ater consumption from all sources {litres) 16. Districtwise number of sample households having latrine among different caste/religion groups Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) 17. Number of sample households owning latrine by t}-pe and cost of investment 18. Number of sarr~le households ~iing latrine by t}~e and source of investment 19. Sourcewise number of sarr~le households willing to pay for improved water system 20. Number of sarr~le households wi 11 ing to pay for improved water S~lstern by income group 21. Districtwise number of sample households w·illing to share the cost for private latrine Districtwise preference of sample households for community latrine among different caste/religion groups i'l Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE 1 : DISTRICTWJSE GENDER DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS AHD FAKILY TYPE OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS -------··--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISTRICT KALE I FEKALE % JOINT % NUCLEAR % TOTAL NO. OF HH -------<-----------------.----------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE '200 39. 7b 303- 60.24 96 19.09 407 80. 91 503 MNDYA 190 37.92 311 62.08 148 29.54 353 70. 46 501 KYSORE 151 30.14 350 69.86 117 23.35 384 76.65 501 SHIKOG/1 311 62.20 189 37.80 192 38.40 308 61.60 500 DAKSHIIIA KAHNADA 285 55.45 229 44.55 128 24. 90 38b 75.10 514 BELGAU11 296 59.20 204 40.80 244 48.80 256 51.20 500 SELLARY 284 56.80 210 43.20 133 26.60 367 73. 40 500 RMCHUR 310 61.88 191 38.12 124 24.75 377 75.25 501 GUUn~:GA 283 56.37 219 43.63 159 31.67 343 68.33 502 BIMR 319 63.80 181 36.20 184 36.80 316 63.20 500 -----··---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALl DJISTRICTS 2629 52.35 2393 47. bS 1525 30.37 3497 b9. 63 5022 ·----·~----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- '·.,. . • 1" Om Consultants (india) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE 2:DISTRICTWISE HUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING HOUSE AND TYPE OF HOUSE ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISTRICTS UNIT OWNERSHIP DIIELLI NG TYPE TOTAL NO. OWNED REHTED p SP K s II OF HH ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE IRURALJ NO. 460 43 14 374 115 420 83 503 % 91. ~5 8.55 2. 78 74.35 22.86 83.50 16.50 lfANDYA NO. 488 13 12 381 108 ~02 99 501 z 97.41 2. 59 2. 40 76.05 21.56 80. 2~ 19.76 lfYSOR£ NO. 489 12 44 372 85 401 100 501 I 97. bO 2. 40 8. 78 74.25 16.97 80.04 19.96 SHIIIOGA NO. ~65 35 34 389 77 461 39 500 % 93.00 7. 00 6.80 77.80 15.40 92.20 7. 80 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 502 12 24 255 235 506 8 514 % 97.67 2. 33 4.67 49.61 45.72 98.44 1. 56 BELGAUH NO. 482 18 176 217 107 393 107 500 % 96.40 3. 60 35.20 43.40 21.40 78.60 21.40 ·J BELLARY NO. 478 22 265 122 113 484 16 500 % 95.60 4. 40 53.00 24. 40 22.60 96.80 3. 20 RAICHUR HO. 492 9 291 145 65 438 63 501 % 98.20 1. 80 58.08 28.94 12.97 87.43 12.57 GULBARGA NO. 488 14 240 180 82 370 132 502 % 97.21 2. 79 47.81 35.86 16.33 73.71 26.29 BIDAR NO. 496 4 205 159 136 312 188 500 % 99.20 o. 80 41.00 31.80 27.20 62.40 37.60 ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS NO. 4840 182 1305 2594 1123 4187 835 5022 z ' 96.38 3.62 . 25.99. .. : 51.65 22.36 83.37 16.63 ---------------------------------------------·-------~---------------------------·-------------------- P=PUCCA; SP=SEIII PUCCA; K=KATCHA; S=SINGLE; lf=lfULTIPLE; Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE3:CASTE/RELIGIONWISE TYPE OF HOUSE OF SAIIPLE HOUSEHOLDS --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CASTE/RELIGION PUCCA z SEIUPUCCA z I::UTCHA % TOTAL --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BRAHIIINS 40 35.40 56 49.56 17 15.04 113 YOKKALIGA & OTHER FAR/liNG COIIIIUNITIES 483 48.79 404 40.81 103 10.40 990 UHGAYATS 264 20.35 78b b0.60 247 19. 04 1297 ARTISANS 34 15.53 141 b4. 38 44 20.09 219 OTHERS 148 26.81 216 39.13 188 34.06 552 SCHEDULE CASTE 138 15.90 416 47.93 314 36.18 8b8 SCHEDULE TRIBE 14 7. 91 95 53. b7 b8 38.42 177 JAI~S 30 35.29 44 51. 7b 11 12. 94 85 IIUSLII'IS 150 21.28 426 60.43 129 18.30 705 CHRISTIANS ~ 4 25.00 10 62.50 2 12.50 16 --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOHL 1305 25.99 2594 51.65 1123 22.36 5022 ---··----------------------------------------------------------------------------- /.:1 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE 4 : DISTRICTWISE NO. OF SAftPLE HOUSEHOLDS BY CASTE/RELIGION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CASTE/RELIGION DISTRICT UNIT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE CRURAll NO. 2 18 182 7 30 42 3 0 219 0 503 I 0.40 3.58 36.18 1.39 5. 96 8.35 0. 60 0. 00 I 43,54 o. 00 100.00 lfAHDYA NO. 11 31 256 40 50 100 0 0 13 0 501 I 2. 20 6.19 51.10 7.98 9. 98 19.96 o.oo o.oo 2.59 o.oo 100.00 lfYSORE HO. 6 106 215 61 32 81 0 0 0 0 501 I 1. 20 21.16 42. 91 12.18 6. 39 16.17 0.00 o. 00 0.00 o.oo 100. 00 SHJI'IOGA NO. 24 108 80 36 35 107 24 0 Bb 0 500 I 4. 80 21.60 16.00 7. 20 7. 00 21.40 4. so 0. 00 17. 20 o. 00 100.00 DnKSHIHA KAHNADA NO. 23 5 117 29 84 97 66 1 87 5 514 z 4. 47 o. 97 22. 76 5.64 16.34 18.87 12.84 0.19 16. 93 0. 97 100.00 S£lGIIU/f NO. 18 172 59 13 2 85 30 83 38 0 500 I 3.60 34.40 11.80 2.60 o. 40 17. 00 6.00 16.60 7.60 o.oo 100. 00 BELLilRY NO. 2 145 57 b 115 121 2 0 52 0 500 z 0. 40 29.00 11.40 1. 20 23.00 24.20 0. 40 o. 00 10~ 40 0. 00 100. 00 RtHCH:JR NO. 11 117 99 7 79 98 2 0 78 10 501 I 2. 20 23.35 19. 76 1. 40 15.77 19.56 o. 40 o. 00 15.57 2. 00 100.~0 C<.:UA!\~ri NO. 12 144 81 14 97 44 28 1 81 0. 5~)2 I 2.39 28.69 16.14 2. 79 19.32 8. 76 5.58 0.20 16.H o. 00 100. ~.0 $;DAR NO. 4 144 151 6 28 93 22 0 51 1 500 % o. so 28.80 30.20 1. 20 5.60 18.60 4.40 0.00 10.20 0.20 100.00 ------·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DlSTRICTS NO. 113 990 1297 219 552 868 177 85 705 16 5022 % 2. 25 19.71 25.83 4. 36 10.99 17.28 3. 52 1. 69 14.04 o. 32 100.00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEGEND: Ciste/Relisien Group: 1 = Brahaias; 2 = Linsayat; 3 = Vokkalisa and other Agricultural caste; 4 =Artisan; 5 =Other coaaunities; 6- Scheduled Castes; 7 =Scheduled Tribes; S = Jains 9 = Husli•si 10, = Christians. ,, 0 3 () ANNEXURE- VII (Contd.)) g f: 0 TABLE S : DISTRICTWISE AGE DISTRIBUTION OF POPUWIOH BY GENDER ~ r::;;:. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- B. (j" DISTRICTS <--------------------------' ' A G E ~- I S T R I B U T I 0 N ---------------------------------->> '-.../ UNIT UPTO 5 YEftRS 5 TO 10 YEARS 10 TO 15 YEARS 15 TO 25 YEARS 25 TO 35 YEARS 35 TO SO YEARS 50 TO b5 YEARS OVER 65 mRS rom GRAND !!ALE FEll ALE KALE mALE 111\l£ FE HALE !!ALE mm MLE FEllAtE 111\LE FEMlE MLE mr FEll ALE MLE mm TOTAl FEll ALE ~ ·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51\LORE IRURALI NO. 1 171 s. 80 178 b.04 344 11.66 279 9. 46 337 11.43 332 11.26 224 7. bO 294 9. 97 174 5. 90 144 4. 88 111 3. 76 106 3. 59 112 3. 80 57 1.93 57 1. 93 29 o. 98 1530 51.88 1419 48.12 2949 100. 00 a m NO. 159 135 269 300 328 310 235 19b 167 159 134 121 127 100 7b 63 1495 1384 2879 z 5.52 4. 69 9. 34 10.42 11.39 10.77 8.16 6. 81 5. 80 5. 52 4.65 4.20 4.41 3. 47 2. 64 2.19 51.93 48.07 100. 00 JRE HO. 151 133 320 335 329 260 m 2H 177 160 139 96 116 86 74 48 1485 1332 2817 I 5. 36 4. 72 11.36 11.89 11.68 9. 23 6.35 7. 60 6.28 5. 68 4. 93 3. 41 4.12 3. 05 2.63 1. 70 52.72 47.28 100. 00 lOG A · NO. 155 155 303 298 370 386 276 222 192 151 134 140 13b 121 70 37 163b 1510 3146 I 4.93 4. 93 9.b3 9. 47 11. 76 12.27 8. 77 7. 06 b.10 uo 4. 26 4. 45 4. 32 3. 85 2. 23 1.18 52.00 48.00 100. 00 >Hm K~HHADA HO. m m 350 315 - 406 404 247 254 150 1b4 137 133 120 104 42 36 1b08 1575 3183 I 4. 90 5.18 11.00 9. 90 12.76 12.69 1. n 7. 98 4. 71 5.15 4. 30 4.18 3. 77 3.27 1. 32 1.13 50.52 49.48 100. 00 i~UII NO. 155 15b 314 323 364 344 28b .251 211 169 135 137 144 131 72 52 1681 1563 3144 I 4. 78 4.81 9. 68 ?.96 11.22 10.60 8.82 7. 74 6. 50 5. 21 4.16 4. 22 4.44 4.04 2.22 1. 60 51.82 48.18 100. 00 ARY uo. 246 227 439 410 323 2b8 248 m 170 HS 120 124 107 128 53 38 1706 1586 3292 1 7. 47 6.90 13.34 12.45 9. 81 8.14 7. 53 7. 38 5.16 4. 50 3. 65 3. 77 3. 25 3.89 1. 61 1.15 51.82 48.18 100. 00 :HUR NO. 237 211 385 428 358 324 2b8 241 181 177 142 16b 140 . 121 49 52 1760 1720 3480 X &. 81 6. 06 11.06 12.30 10.29 9. 31 7. 70 6.93 5.20 5.09 4. 08 4. 77 4.02 3. 48 1. 41 1. 49 50.57 4?. 43 100. 00 "RGA NO. 238 255 m 38b 358 256 248 234 189 173 134 134 120 125 43 43 1782 U06 3388 I 7. 02 7. 53 13.34 11.39 10.57 7. 56 7. 32 b. 91 5. 58 5.11 3.96 3. 96 3.54 3.69 . 1. 27 1.27 52.60 47.40 100. 00 R NO. 230 229 406 414 ".· 325 2b6 252 214 173 150 136 141 137 . 102 64 42 1723 1558 3281 I 7.01 6. 98 12.37 12.62 9. 91 8.11 7.b8 6. 52 5, 27 4. 57 4.15 4.30 4.18 3.11 1.95 1. 28 52.51 47.49 100.00 ' -----------------------------------------------------------~-----------------------------------------------------------------------------~------------------------------------------------------------ i DISTRICTS NO. 1898.00 1844.00 3582.00 3488.00 3498.00 3150.00 2463.00 2363.00 1784.00 1595.00 1322.00 1298.00 1259.00 1075.00 600.00 m.oo 16406.00 1sm.oo Jtm.oo % b. 00 5. 82 11.31 11.02 11.05 9. 9S 7. 78 7. 46 5. 64 5. 04 4.18 4.10 3. 98 3. 40 1. 90 1. 39 51.82 48.18 100. 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ~~i:~~:~~-;i~~~~~;i;;:;;;;;;~;;~~ii:::~l:A:Tk~=w::r:-~ -,;;,~i~:;:~~-~jjjq~.~~-:-ijf:'·fir:-;~{ir~.~i~&ii£ am • u Mrw ; " a&w 0 3 () g TABLE 6 : DISTRJCTWISE LITERACY lEVElS OF SAKPLE POPULATION ~ ::::;: ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 :J DISTRICTS Ill ITERATES % JNFORKAl % FOR HAL % TOTAL % NO. OF CHILDREN % TOTAL iir EDUCATION EDUCATION LITERATES UPTO 5 YRS. PERSONS r.::::- ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8. a· BANGALORE CRURAL) 1157 39.23 157 5. 32 1286 .3. 61 1H3 48.93 349 11.83 2949 '---"' -o HANDYII 1212 42.10 89 3. 09 1284 44.60 1373 47.69 294 10.21 2879 s. !:; flY SORE 1644 58.36 6. 2. 27 825 29.29 889 31.56 284 10.08 2817 a. SHIKOG/1 996 31.66 168 5. 34 1672 53.15 1840 58.49 310 9.85 3146 DAKSHINII KIINNIIDII 1233 38.74 178 5. 59 1451 •s. 59 1629 51.18 321 10.08 3183 BElGAUrt 1093 33.69 163 5.02 1677 51.70 1840 56.72 311 9. 59 3244 BELLIIRY 1645 49.97 i27 3.86 1047 31.80 1174 35.66 473 14.37 3292 g; z tx1 RAICHUR 1802 51.78 118 3.39 1112 31.95 1230 35.34 448 12.87 3480 >< §3 tx1 GULBARGII 1750 51.65 111 3.28 1034 30.52 1145 33.80 .93 14.55 3388 I < H BlDAR 1432 43.65 113 3.44 1277 38. 92 1390 .2. 37 459 13.99 3281 H ,...., ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- () 0 All DISTRICTS 13964 44.11 1288 4.07 12665 40.00 13953 44.07 3742 11.82 31659 ::l rt -------------------------------------------------~--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- . . 0.. '--' ,, i). C".r' c Om Consultants (India) Pv1 Ud ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. ) / :I Q {:J TABLE 7 : DISTRICTWISE OCCUPATIONAL PATTERN OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ DISTRICT UNIT AGRICULTURE AGRICULTURAL ARTISANS BUSINESS l SERVICES HOUSEHOLD OTHERS TOTAL LABOUR TRADE WORK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BANGALORE IRURALI NO. 289 73 7 7 16 bb 45 503 I . 57. 4b 14.51 1. 39 1. 39 3.18 13.12 8. 95 100.00 MNDYA NO. 233 b3 10 5 2b 75 89 501 % 4b. 51 12.57 2. 00 1. 00 5.19 14.97 17. 7b 100. 00 IIYSORE NO. 30b 7b 7 5 13 b8 2b 501 % b1.08 15.17 1. 40 1. 00 2.59 13.57 5.19 100.00 SHIIIOGA NO. 190 70 20 14 45 97 b4 500 I 38.00 14.00 4. 00 2. 80 9. 00 19. 40 12.80 100.00 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 12b 220 18 3 22 47 78 514 % 24.51 42.80 3. 50 0. 58 4. 28 9.14 15.18 100.00 B£LGAUK NO. 222 42 23 7 32 102 72 500 I 44.40 8. 40 4. bO 1. 40 6. 40 20. 40 14.40 100.00 ,1 i£l~A~Y NO. 212 116 4 3 55 47 b3 500 I 42. 40 23.20 0. 80 0. bO 11. 00 9. 40 12. bO 100.00 K~lCH\J.R NO. 263 93 18 b 27 42 52 501 I 52.50 18.56 3.59 1. 20 5. 39 8.38 10.38 100.00 G..i~SAi..iJA NO. 255 120 23 4 30 2b H 502 I 50.80 23.90 4. 58 0.80 5. 98 5.18 8. 76 100.00 SlDAR HO. 231 138 8 8 31 17 b7 500 I 46.20 27. bO 1. bO 1. bO b. 20 3. 40 13.40 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2327 1011 138 b2 297 587 bOO 5022 % 4b. 34 20.13 2. 75 1. 23 5. 91 11.b9 11.95 100.00 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) () TABLE 8 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF WORKERS IN THE SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- KALE % FEKALE % CHILDREN % TOTAL % TOTAL WORKERS POPULATION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BAHGALORE (RURALJ 7b4 25. 91 195 b.61 2b 0. 88 985 33. 40 2949 KAHDYA 836 29. 04 367 .12. 75 15 o. 52 1218 42.31 2879 KYSOR£ 744 26.H 259 9.19 19 0.67 1022 36.28 2817 SHIIIOGA 863 27.43 240 7.63 8 o. 25 1111 35.31 3146 DAKSHIHA KANNADA 794 24. 95 482 15.14 29 o. 91 1305 41.00 3183 B£LGAUK 913 ?8,14 304 9.37 47 1.45 1264 38.96 32H BELLARY 880 26. 73 no 23. 09 87 2. 64 1727 52. 46 3292 0 r RAICHUR 915 26.29 755 21. 70 86 2.47 1756 50.46 3480 GULBARGA 870 25.68 677 19.98 99 2. 92 1646 48.58 3388 BIDAR 823 25. OS 636 19.38 26 0. 79 1485 45.26 3281 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS 8402 26.54 4675 14.77 442 1. 40 13519 42. 70 31659 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) . Q TABLE 9 : DISTRICTWISE NU~BER OF SA~PLE HOUSEHOLDS BY AVERAGE ~OHTHLY INCOl'fE GROUPS u•-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- KONTHLY INCOl'fE!RSl DISTRICTS UNIT UPTO 100 101-350 351-600 601-100 1000+ TOTAL --·--------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE !RURAL) HO. 18 41 111 161 172 503 % 3. 58 8.15 22.07 32.01 34.19 100.00 l'fMIDYA NO. 9 14 68 158 252 501 I 1. so 2. 79 13. 57 31.54 50.30 100. 00 l'fYSORE NO. 7 32 124 183 155 501 I 1. 40 b. 39 24.75 36.53 30.94 100. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 21 46 109 118 206 500 I 4. 20 9.20 21.80 23.60 41.20 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 6 33 189 167 119 514 I 1.17 6.42 36.77 32.49 23.15 100.00 BELGAUii NO. 31 60 123 97 189 500 I 6.20 12.00 24.60 19. 40 37.80 100.00 BELLARY NO. 17 102 153 122 106 500 f I % 3.40 20.40 30.60 24. 40 21.20 100. 00 i "'"1, Rri!CHUR NO. 25 111 124 131 110 501 z 4. 99 22.16 24. 75 26.15 21.96 100.00 f I' GU'-BARGA NO. 24 94 162 115 107 502 t I 4. 78 18.73 32.27 22.91 21. 31 100. 00 SIDAR NO. 64 111 134 94 97 500 % 12.80 22.20 26.80 18.80 19.40 100.00 --·~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS uo. 222 644 1297 1346 1513 5022 I 4. 42 12.82 25.83 2b. 80 30.13 100. 00 --··-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) 0 TABLE 10 : DISTRICTWIS£ AVERAGE ANNUAL EXPENDITURE OF SA"PL£ HOUSEHOLDS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ UNIT FOOD CLOTHING EDUCATION TRANSPORT OTHERS TOTAL TOTAL NO. OF HHS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ BANGALOR£ !RURAL) HO. 7710 2120 ~22 927 855 12038 503 % 64.05 17.61 3. 51 7. 70 7.10 100.00 "ANDY A NO. 9011 1921 617 1034 1881 14467 501 z 62.29 13.28 4. 26 7.15 13.00 100.00 KYSOR£ NO. 7352 1634 394 712 1259 11354 501 I 64.75 it 39 3.47 6. 27 11.09 100.00 SHIIWGA NO. 6580 2121 777 1096 1525 12102 500 I 54.37 17.53 b. 42 9. Ob 12.60 100. 00 DAKSHIHA KANNADA NO. 5865 1428 342 706 899 9243 514 % 63.45 15.45 3. 70 7. 64 9. 73 100.00 BELGAU" NO. 5923 2449 727 1024 1837 11964 500 % 49.51 20.47 6.08 8.56 15.35 100.00 BELLARY NO. 6751 2158 492 569 1174 11147 500 % 60.56 19. 36 4. 41 5.10 10.53 100. 00 RAJCHUR NO. 6526 2350 471 624 1343 11316 501 j I 57.67 20. 77 4.16 5.51 11.87 100. 00 r. GULBARGA NO. 6274 2545 629 771 1981 12203 502 % 51.41 20.86 5.15 6.32 16. 23 100.00 BlDAR NO. 4764 2137 852 539 1420 9714 500 z H.04 22.00 8. 77 5.55 14.62 100.00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ALL DISTRICTS HO. 6674 2085 572 800 1416 11547 5022 X 57.80 18. Ob 4. 95 b. 93 12.26 100. 00 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) " TABLE 11 : DISTRICTWISE NUI'IBER OF LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY OWNED IN SAI!PLE HOUSEHOLDS ---------··------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NO.OF HHS TOTAL DISTftiCTS UNIT CATTLE BUFFALOE SHEEP POULTRY OTHERS TOTAL no. per OUHIHG z HHS hh LIVESTOCK l ----------·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --------- BANGALORE (RURAL! HO. 568.00 261. 00 195. 00 1323.00 311.00 2658.00 9.33 285.00 Sb.bb 503.00 z 21.37 9. 82 7. 34 49.77 11.70 100.00 /!ANDY A HO. 684.00 170.00 393.00 273. 00 72.00 1592.00 5.19 307. 00 61. 28 501. 00 I 42.96 10.68 24.69 17.15 4. 52 100.00 I!YSORE NO. 860.00 206.00 812.00 335.00 29.00 2242.00 b. 04 371. 00 74. OS 501. 00 z 38.36 9.19 36.22 14.94 1. 29 100. 00 SHII'IOGA HO. 930.00 251. 00 100.00 406.00 27.00 1714. 00 5.83 294.00 58.80 500.00 % 54. 26 14.64 5.83 23.69 i. 58 100.00 DAKSHIHA KANHADA NO. 890. 00 119. 00 58. 00 1395. 00 3t 00 2496. 00 6. 88 363.00 70. 62 514. 00 % 35.66 4.77 2. 32 55.89 1.36 100.00 £ELGAUI! NO. 395. 00 314. 00 454. 00 16. 00 10. 00 1189. 00 4. 54 262.00 52.40 500.00 % 33.22 26.41 38.18 1. 35 o. 84 100.00 HUM:Y NO. 783. 00 259.00 415.00 90.00 5.00 1552.00 5. 06 307. 00 61. 40 500.00 z 50.45 16.69 26. 74 5.80 0.32 100.00 , ... '·,..., ,; :..l'L./-!\ HO. 1204.00 220.00 755.00 182.00 40.00 2401. 00 7. 55 318.00 63. 47 501. 00 z 50.15 9.16 31.45 7.58 1. 67 100. 00 . : ""'A ,.. ,_ • ~ iJ ..' .... t.d·.on HO. 1201. 00 235.00 560. 00 303.00 345.00 2644.00 7. 75 341. 00 67. 93 502.00 z 45.42 8.89 21.18 11. 46 13.05 100. 00 S!DAR NO. 734.00 407.00 352.00• 138. 00 26.(10 1657.00 4. 90 338.00 67.60 500.00 I 44.30 24.56 21.24 8.33 1. 57 100.00 ----------·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS NO. 8249.00 2442.00 4094. 00 4461.00 899.00 20145.00 6. 32 3186.00 63.44 5022.00 I 40.95 12.12 20.32 22.14 4. 46 100. 00 ----------·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (Indio) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) c TABLE 12.1: DISTRICTWISE HUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - DRINKING AND COOKING ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISTRifTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO. WELL OTHERS PUMPS PWS KWS OF HHS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE IRURALl NO. 147 21 108 216 157 503 % 29.22 4.17 21. 47 42.94 31. 21 KANDYA - NO. 226 79 146 359 0 501 z 45.11 15.77 29.14 71.66 0. 00 MY SORE NO. 59 79 251 218 0 501 I 11.78 15.77 50.10 43.51 o. 00 SHIIIOGA NO. 129 63 179 265 0 500 I 25.80 12. 60 35.80 53.00 0.00 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 409 59 68 0 0 SH % 79.57 11. 48 13.23 0.00 o. 00 BELGAUI1 NO. 293 15 37 264 0 500 % 58.60 3. 00 7. 40 52.80 0.00 B£LLARY NO. 238 9b 62 317 83 500 47.60 12.40 63.40 16.60 "" I 19.20 lc:: RAICHUR NO. 179 355 100 206 0 501 I 35. 73 70.86 19.96 41.12 o. 00 GULBARGA NO. 205 75 80 281 60 502 z 40.84 14.94 15. 94 55. 98 11. 95 BIDAR NO. 325 60 146 302 0 500 % 65.00 12. 00 29.20 60.40 0.00 ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- All DISTRICTS NO. 2210 902 1177 2428 300 5022 4 44.01 17. 96 23.44 48.35 5. 97 ----------------------------------------------------------~------------------------ um c.onsultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE - VII(Contd .. ) c TABLE 12. 2: DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS USING DIFFERENT WATER SOURCES - OTHER PURPOSE ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- DISTRICTS UNIT TRADITIONAL SOURCE HAND TOTAL NO. WELL OTHERS PUKPS PWS I!WS OF HHS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE (RURAL) NO. 170 64 122 1b5 143 503 % 33.80 12.72 24.25 32.80 28.43 I!AI~DYA NO. 209 377 112 243 0 501 t 41.72 75.25 22.36 48.50 0.00 IIYSORE NO. 64 136 232 169 0 501 I 12.77 27.15 46. 31 33. 73 0. 00 SHII!OGA NO. 148 284 192 193 0 500 't C,J % 29. 60 56. 80 38.40 38.60 0. 00 'l ~ DAI:SHINA KANNADA NO. 361 126 82 0 0 514 ,, ,J % 70.23 24.51 15.95 o. 00 0.00 BEL GAUl! NO. 307 297 49 101 0 500 :j " t,! % 61.40 59. 40 9. 80 20.20 0. 00 ' BHLARY NO. 271 189 93 297 77 500 RAJ:CHUR % NO. % 54. 20 233 46.51 37.80 125 24.95 18.60 154 30. 74 59. 40 367 73.25 15.40 0 o. 00 501 II 'l GULBARGA NO. z 343 126 25.10 111 212 37 7. 37 502 :! 68.33 22.11 42.23 BILIAR NO. 422 137 135 231 0 500 % 84.40 27.40 27. 00 46.20 0. 00 --··-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS NO. 2528 1861 1282 1978 257 5022 % ---·-------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE - VII (Contd .. ) " TABLE 13 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING WATER SOURCES ----------------------------------------------------------------- WATER SOURCE TOTAl NO .. DISTRICTS WELl z PWS z OF HHS ---------------------------------------------------------------- BANGALORE IRURALl 0 o. 00 30 5. 96 503 KAHDYA 7 1. 40 4b 9.18 501 IIYSORE 0 o. 00 3b 7.19 501 SHIIIOGA 12 2. 40 38 7. bO 500 DAKSHINA KANNADA 31 b. 03 0 0. 00 514 BELGAUI1 0 0. 00 96 19. 20 500 BELLARY 2 o. 40 59 11. so 500 [, RAICHUR 4 o.so b2 12.38 501 c GULBARGA 10 1. 99 37 7. 37 502 BIDt1R 77 15.40 102 20. 40 500 ----------------------------------------------------------------- All DISTRICTS 143 2.85 506 10.08 5022 ----------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (Indio: Pvt Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) ;, TI\BLE H : DISTRICTWISE NU"BER OF SI\IIPLE HOUSEHOLDS COLLECTING WATER AND AVERAGE HUMBER OF TRIPS PER HOUSEHOLD -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- NO. OF NO. OF NO. OF TOTAL NO. AVERAGE DISTRICTS HHS HORNING HHS AFTERNOON HHS EVENING OF HHS PER DAY --·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 81\i~GALORE fRURAll 439 6 38 3 276 5 503 8 111\I~DYA 449 9 35 4 276 7 501 12 "YSORE 429 6 31 6 366 7 501 11 SHIIIOGI\ 404 13 19 8 380 12 500 19 DhKSHINA KA/1111\D/\ 510 16 41 12 475 15 5H 31 BELGAUII 419 9 33 4 179 4 500 9 BEl.li\RY 463 10 15 3 327 6 500 13 RAJCHUR 478 9 12 2 322 5 501 13 GUlBARGn 489 13 7 3 328 b 502 16 BIDAR 463 13 4 4 156 5 500 13 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ALL DISTRICTS 4543 11 235 5 3085 8 5022 15 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- .· ]!' Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE15:DJSTRICTWISE PERCAPITA DAILY CONSUMPTION FROH ALL SOURCES(LITRESl c -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CASTE/RELIGION GROUP ALL TOTAL NO. DlSTRI:TS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 CASTES OF HHs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- BMM.LGRE (RURALl 86 37 48 59 46 46 26 0 42 0 H 503 M.ii!Dtf. 73 60 60 54 37 34 0 0 58 0 52 50.i r, YSOF:: 67 57 46 51 51 42 0 0 0 0 49 501 3H 1!lCC.i 52 38 58 40 40 34 39 0 38 0 42 500 GAKSH I h?1 KnNNADA 79 59 63 47 53 46 72 38 55 ~9 58 51~ 2ELG.iU.~ 42 34 25 30 36 23 20 34 20 0 29 500 2EL L.;p y ,,, 60 43 34 31 31 29 27 0 31 0 .:>, 500 1A!Cfi~F 72 45 37 37 34 29 23 0 32 17 36 501 GULBARG~i 43 41 36 41 37 29 30 44 32 0 36 502 2IDA~ 66 44 64 42 29 39 31 0 35 32 47 500 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ,, ~~L ri STRICTS 62 52 51 1b 38 35 13 35 38 32 45 5022 -f~;~::CASTE/RELIGION:1=BRAHHINS;2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA &OTHER AGRICULTURAL CASTE;4=ARTISAN; 5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;?=SCHEDULED TRIBE;S=JAINSi9=KUSLIHSi10=CHRISTIANS; Om Consultants (ind10/ Pvl Ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .• ) TABLE 16 : DISTRICTWISE ~UMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS HAVING LATRINE AMONG DIFFERENT CASTE/RELIGION GROUPS ------------·~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- CASTE/RELIGION GROUP TOTAL NO. DISTRICTS 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 TOTAL OF HHS ------------··-----·------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- f:ANGALORE (R!JRALJ 0 " ,) 7 ~ L 2 0 0 0 25 0 39 so~: 0. 00 0. 60 1. 39 0. 40 0. 40 0.00 0. 00 o. 00 4. 97 o. 00 7. 75 ll/111[1\'fl 4 6 43 2 0 0 0 0 5 0 60 501 0. 80 1. 20 8.58 0. 40 0. 00 0. 00 0. 00 o. 00 1. 00 0. 00 ii. 98 HYSORE 2 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 18 501 o. 40 2. 00 0.80 o. 00 0. 20 0. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 3. 59 SHJr,OGA 0 12 1 3 1 0 0 0 2 0 19 500 0. 00 2. 40 0. 20 0. 60 0. 20 0. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 40 o. 00 3. 80 DhKSHINA KANNADA 10 0 13 1 1 0 1 1 3 0 30 514 1. 95 0. 00 2.53 0.19 0.19 0. 00 0.19 0.19 0.58 o. 00 s. 84 £ElGAUM 6 38 0 2 1 1 0 12 1 0 62 500 1. 20 7. 60 0. 00 0. 40 0. 20 0. 20 o. 00 2.40 0. 20 o. 00 12. 40 iE~LAF:Y 0 10 4 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 17 500 ') 0.00 2.00 0. 80 0. 00 o. 20 o. 20 0. 00 o. 00 0. 20 0. 00 3. 40 RAICHliF: '· J 10 2 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 21 501 0.60 2. 00 o. 40 0. 00 o. 20 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 1. 00 0. 00 4. 19 GULBnRGA 2 6 1 0 3 1 0 0 2 0 15 502 0. 40 1. 20 0. 20 o.oo 0. 60 o. 20 0.00 o. 00 0. 40 0. 00 2. 99 £!DAR 1 9 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 18 500 0.20 1. so 1. 00 0. 00 0.00 0. bO 0. 00 o. 00 0. 00 0. 00 3. 60 -------------·--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- till DISTRICTS 28 104 80 10 11 7 1 13 45 0 299 5022 0.56 2.07 1.59 0.20 0.22 o. 14 o. 02 0.26 o. 90 o. 00 5. 95 --------------------------------------------------~---~-----------------------~-~------------------------------------------------ LEGEND: CASTE/RELIGION GROUP: 1=BRAHniNSi2=LINGAYATS;3=VOKKALIGA &OTHER CASTE; 4=ARTISANSi5=0THER CASTES;6=SCHEDULED CASTE;7=SCHEDULED TRIBE;8=JAINS; 9=nUSLIXS;10=CHRISTIANS; Om Consultants (India) Pvt ltd ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) - TABLE 17 : NUMBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS OWNING LATRINE BY TYPE A~D COST OF INVESTMENT COST IRS! TYPE {1000 1000-1500 1500-2000 2000-3000 TOTAL SINGLE PIT POUR FLUSH 61 30 13 104 20.40 10.03 4.35 34.78 BUCKET 195 195 65.22 65.22 TOTAL 195 bi 30 13 299 b5. 22 20. 40 10.03 4.35 100.00 Om Consultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE~- VII(Contd .. ) TABlE 18 : NUKBER OF SAKPlE HOUSEHOlDS OWNING lATRINE BY TYPE AND SOURCE OF INVESTKENT SOURCE TYPE 01 GS TOTAL ------------------------------------------------ SINGLE PIT 99 5 104 POUR FLUSH 33.11 1.67 34.78 BUCKET 193 2 195 64.55 0. 67 65.22 TOTAL 292 7 299 97.66 2. 34 100.00 lEGEND: OI=OWN INVESTKENT; GS=GOVT SUBSIDY; 0~ Consultants (India) Pvt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE19:SOURCEWISE NUKBER Of SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IKPROVED WATER SYSTEK ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- SOURCE BIDDINGIRUPEES PER KOHTHI o. 00 5. 00 8.00 10. 00 15.00 20.00 TOTAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- PUBLIC HANDPUKP 24 54 10 21 4 1 114 o. 48 1. 08 o. 20 o. 42 o. 08 o. 02 2.27 PUBliC STANDPOINT 373 408 56 79 27 7 950 7. 43 8.12 1.12 1.57 o. 54 0.14 18.92 HOUSE CONNECTION 216 1031 364 819 426 159 3015 4. 30 20.53 7. 25 16.31 8. 48 3.17 60.04 KIJ S 241 '208 68 57 11 4 589 4. 80 4.14 1. 35 1.14 0.22 o. 08 11.73 NONE 354 o. 00 o. 00 o. 00 0. 00 o. 00 354 7. 05 o. 00 0. 00 0.00 o. 00 o. 00 7. OS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- tl TOTAL 1208 1701 498 976 468 171 5022 24.05 33.87 9, 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Om Consultants (India) ?vt Ud ANNEXURE- VII(Contd •. ) TABLE20:HUlfBER OF SAMPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO PAY FOR IHPROVED WATER SYSTEM BY INCOME GROUP -~·--------------~--------------------------------------------------------------- I'IOHTHLY RS/I'IONTH INCOI'IE lRS! 0 5 8 10 15 20 TOTAL -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- UP TO 100 55 74 18 40 27 10 224 1.10 1. 47 o. 36 o. 80 o. 54 o. 20 4. 46 101 - 350 179 291 46 95 26 7 644 3.56 5. 79 o. 92 1. 89 0.52 0.14 12.82 351 - 600 384 466 122 231 75 18 1296 7. 65 9. 28 2. 43 4.60 1.49 0.36 25.81 601 - 1000 342 433 169 267 111 29 1351 b. 81 s. 62 3.37 5.32 2.21 0.58 26.90 1000 + 248 437 143 343 229 107 1507 4. 94 8. 70 2. 85 b. 83 4. 56 2.13 30.01 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- TOTAL 1208 1701 498 97b 468 171 5022 24.05 33.87 9. 92 19.43 9.32 3. 41 100.00 .\ ~~ ------------------------------------------------~--------------~---------------- ( . ! ANNEXURE- VII(Contd .. ) TABLE 21 : DISTRICTWISE NUKBER OF SAKPLE HOUSEHOLDS WILLING TO SHARE THE COST fOR PRIVATE LATRINE ---~-----------~-----------------------------------------~--------------------------- UNIT TOTAL NO. HO.OF HHs PERCENT SHARE OF COST DISTRICTS OF HHs WILLING 100 75 50 25 ---------~--------------------------------------------------------------------------- BAHGALORE IRURALl NO 503 2H 1 4 23 24b % o. 36 1. 46 8. 39 89.78 HANDY A NO 501 357 5 b9 283 % o. 00 1. 40 19.33 79.27 HYSORE NO 501 272 2 0 18 252 % o. 74 o. 00 6. 62 92.65 SHHIOGA NO 500 264 0 3 33 228 z o. 00 1.14 12.50 86.36 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO 514 241 0 2 42 197 I o. 00 o. 83 17.43 81.74 BELGAUM NO 500 220 0 0 20 200 % o. 00 o. 00 9. 09 90.91 I BELLARY NO 500 171 1 28 59 83 :- % o. 58 16.37 34.50 48.54 RAICHUR NO 501 149 4 33 41 71 % 2. 68 22.15 27.52 47.65 GULBARGA NO 502 191 5 33 55 98 % 2. 62 17.28 28.80 51.31 BlDAR NO 500 247 12 28 83 124 % 4. 86 11.34 33.60 so. 20 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1782 ALL DISTRICTS HO 5022 2386 25 136 443 % 1. 05 s. 70 18.57 74.69 ~-----------------------------------------·----------~------------------------------- () g ~ 0 :J TABLE 22 : DJSTRICTWISE PREFERENCE OF SA~PLE HOUSEHOlDS FOR CO~HUHlTY lATRINES Cit AKONG DIFFERENT CASTES/REliGION GROUPS r.:::::-. -~------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ B. IJNIT CAST£/RELIGION ,, TOTAl NO. ~ DISTRICTS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 fiLl CASTE % OF HHs -o -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- s BANGAlORE !RURAl! NO. 1 16 164 6 28 42 3 0 160 0 420 83.50 503 a % 0.24 3.81 39.05 1.43 6.67 10.00 o. 71 o.oo 38.10 0.00 100.00 HANDYII NO. 11 31 251 39 48 97 0 0 13 0 490 97.80 501 % 2.24 6.33 51.22 7. 96 9.80 19.80 0.00 0.00 2.65 o.oo 100.00 I!YSORE NO. 4 99 211 56 28 76 0 0 0 0 474 94.61 501 % o. 84 20.89 44.51 11.81 5. 91 16.03 0. 00 o. 00 o.oo 0.00 100.00 SHitiOGA NO. 14 80 38 20 28 76 10 0 32 0 298 . 59.60 500 % 4. 70 26.85 12.75 6. 71 9. 40 25.50 3.36 o. 00 10.74 0. 00 100.00 DAKSHINA KANNADA NO. 6 2 49 18 47 91 43 0 59 2 317 61.67 514 % 1.89 0.63 15.46 5. 68 14.83 28.71 13.56 0. 00 18.61 0.63 100.00 BElGAIJH NO. 14 152 56 12 2 85 28 76 35 0 460 92.00 500 % 3. 04 33.04 12.17 2.61 o. 43 18.48 b. 09/ 16.52 7. 61 0. 00 100.00 BELl/tRY NO. 1 136 53 6 113 114 i 0 48 0 473 94.60 500 % 0.21 28.75 11.21 1.27 23.89 24.10 0. 42 o. 00 10.15 0.00 100.00 RAICIIIJR HO. 9 103 80 b 71 96 2 0 72 10 H9 8~. 62 501 > z % 2.00 22.94 17.82 1. 34 15.81 21.38 o. 45 0. 00 16.04 2.23 100.00 - z trj · GULBARGA NO. 6 119 75 14 91 38 24 1 80 0 448 89.24 502 ~ ?:::! % 1.34 26.56 16.74 3.13 20.31 8.48 5. 36 0. 22 17.86 0.00 100.00 tx:l BIDAR NO. 1 99 105 6 23 81 14 0 44 1 374 74.80 500 I % o. 27 26.47 28.07 1. 60 6.15 21.66 3. 74 o.oo 11.76 0.2T 100. 00 < H -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- H ......._ ALL DISTRICTS NO. 67 837 1082 183 479 796 126 77 543 13 4203 83.69 5022 (') % 0 59.29 84.55 83.42 83.56 86.78 91.71 71.19 90.59 77.02 81.25 83.69 ::I rt -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0.. ________________________________________________ TOTIIL NO.OF HHs NO. 113 990 , 1297 219 552 8b8 177 85 705 16 - 5022 . . '-" -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- LEGEND:CASTES/RELIGION:i=BRAHtiiNSi2=LINGIIYATS; &OTHER AGRICULTURAL C/ISTE;4=/IRTIS/IN; S=OTIIER CAS, .DOLE C/ISTE;7=SCHEDUL£ TRIBES;8=JAIHS; ~>,9=1'1USUt!Si 10=• WS;