SHAANXI H IGHWAY PROJECT (2),X. ; . ;-.-;;:- _~EVROMNA IS* ..MPACT . .. . STATEMEN OF .-.I. ..T.O..G.A. * ,- .;EX,'PR.E;S.,S.WA-YZ SHAANXI~~~ ~ PRVNCA INSTITUTE O .... ENVIRONMENTAL. PRTCTO SCI. MAY 1995 XIAN China~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SHAANXI HIGHWAY PROJECT (2) ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OF WEINAN-TONGGUAN EXPRESSWAY SHAANXI PROVINCIAL INSTITUTE OF ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION SCI. MAY 1995 XIAN China ENVRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT OF WEINAN-TONGGUAN EXPRESSWAY Certifcate No.0947 (grade-A) issued by NEPB Director Yu Zhengping Supervisior Tang Tiandou Project Chief Wang Xinsheng Participants Wang Xinsheng, Lin guofu, Zhao Jianqi, Qin yan, Ding Qiang Environmental Monitoring Shaanxi Provincial Station f o r Environmental Monitoring COUNTS 1 THE GENERAL ........................................... 1 1.1 Background and Objectives of The Report........... 1 1.1.1 Background ........................... .... 7 1.1.2 Objectives. ...... .gee e eceece. 1 1.2.3 Necessity ........................ 1.2 Bases of 81A ..o................ ... ;2 1.3 Alignment and standards ........................... 3 1.3.1 Alignment ................... ........ .** 3 1.3.2 Validity of EIA ........... * . 3 1.3.3 Standards of EIA. .... g........ .. e * g 3 1.4 Objectives of Environmental Protection, Assessment Contents and Key Points ..............g.. 5 1.4.1 Objectives .e. e...e...........g..... 5 1.4.2 Contents of EIA ........ . ....g. . 5 1.4.3 Key Points of EIA .... ...... ...... , 5 1.4.4 Brief of Shaanxi Provincial Inst. of Environ. Protection Sci.(SPIES) .....P............. .. ... 5 1.5 Methods of EXA .................................. .. 5 1.5.1 Assessment Method for Soil Pollution ........ . 5 2 SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT ............................. 7 2.1 Direction and Location ............................ 7 2.2 Construction Scale ......................e. 7 2.3 Technical Standards. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...... . .20 2.4 Major Technical Indicators . .................. 10 2.5 Engineering Quantity . .12. 2.6 Land requisition and resettlement ................ 11 2.7 Schedule and Investment .................... . ...... 12 2.8 Recognition and Selection of EIA Factors . . 12 3. SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMENT OF THE ALIGNMENT ...... 14 3.1 Natural Conditions .... 14 3 .1L.1 Climate .............................. 14 3.1.2 Geology and Topography......................... 14 3.1.3 Earthquake ...... .... .................. is.1 3.1.4 HydrologyJr ...g...... ..g.... ......... o. eg15 3.2 Eco-environment .................................... 16 3.2.1 Vegetation.. g............... e.... e.16 3.2.2 .Animals.................... ...... o ........ 16 3.3 Social Conditions.............. . ... .. ...... .6 3.3.1 Regional Economic Conditions ........... 16 3.3.2 Developing Trends of Regional Economy ...... -19 1 3.3.3 Distribution of The Villages nearby..........29 4 SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT OF AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT ....... 22 4.1 Acoustic Monitoring And Ausessment ................ 22 4.1,1 .Acoustic Monitoring......................... .22 4.1.2 Assessment of Ambient Noise Background Levels ......... . .. .- .* ..5...23 4.2 Assessment And Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality ............................. ................... 23 4.2.1 Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality ............ 23 4.2.2 Monitoring Results of Air Quality.4........... 24 4.2.3 Assessment of Ambient Air Quality ........,27 4.3 Agro-environmental Assessment .....................27 4.3.1 Survey And Assessment of Soil Background Levels .......... * ... 27 4.3.2 Survey and Assessment of Grains and vegetabl,.es .............. .............. 28 4.4 Monitoring And Assessment of Surface Water Quality .......*........... 30 4.4.1 Monitoring of Surface Water Quality . .30 4.4.2 Assessment of Surface Water Quality..0.0.... 30 5 ENVIRONMEN2TAL IMACT ASSESSMENT. AND PREDICTION........ 32 5.1 Prediction And Assessment of Traffic Noise Levels ....... .,*9 , * 4550.32 5.1.1 Prediction Model of Traffic Noise ............ 32 5.1.2 Determination of Parameters of Prediction Model . .. . .* * * ....36 5.1.3 Prediction of Constructing Noise ............. 39 5.1.4 Prediction of Traffic Noise ................... 40 5.1.5 Environmental Impact Assessment of Traffic Noise . ........... .. . .... .*44 5.2 Prediction and Assessment of Air Quality .....48 5.2.1 Meteorological Features . .................;48 5.2.2 Selection of Prediction Model .... 51 5.2.3 Calculation of Source Intensity.... ...... 57 5.2.4 Prediction Results .. 61 5.2.5 Environmental Impact Assessment .. 62 .5.3 Influence Analysis on Natural Eco-environment.....67 2 5.3.1 Prediction And Assessment of head Pollution in Soil ........ ..... . . 67 5.3.2 Influence of Traffic on Grains and Vegetables ..9.... ,*99 69 5.3.3 Impact caused by Borrowing soil ..............71 5.3.4 Prediction of Soil Erosion ................,72 5.3.5 Influence of Poor Geological Conditions And landslides .............. 974 5.4 Influence of Traffic on Culture Relics and Tourist Environment .................. 75 5.4.1 Impact on Historical sites ................... 75 5.5 Prediction And Assessment of Influence on Surface Water Quality greatly ....................77 5.5.1 Influence of The Constructing on River Runoff ..................... 9999 ...... * 77 5.5.2 Assessment of Influence on Surface Water.....77 5.5.3 Risk Analysis of Traffic Accidents on The Water Pollution .......... .. #0-9 0 .... . o80 5.5.4 Influence of Effluent Sewage from Constructinq Sites and Service Facility ......80 5.5.5 Influence of Bridges on Streams ..............80 6 ANALYSIS OF THr ALTERNATIV'ES ..81 6.1 Direction of The hivhway 81 6.2 Comparison And Selection of The Alternatives .. 81 6.2.1 Weinan-Diaogiao section ...................... 81 6.2.2 Diaoqiao-the Boundary ........................ 83 7 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ENIROMENT AND ECONOMYr .. 85 7.1 Analysis of Economic Benefit ..................... 85 7.1.1 Econamic Benefit ....85 7.1.2 National Economic Assessment of Tkhe Regional .................85 7.1.3 Financial Evaluation of Project . .85 7.2 Analysis of Environment Benefit ....*.... ... ... 86 7.2.1 Traffic Noise ,....86 7.2.2 Air Pollution .... . 87 3 7.2.3 Save Land........ .......... .... .... .87 7.3 Analysis of Social Benefit ......................87 8 RISK ANALYSIS ......................... ,0*. * ..... e..88 8.1 Factors of Risk ................................. 88 8.2 Measures of Traffic Accident Control ............ 88 9 THE PUBLXC PARTICIPATION . .......... ......... 89 9.1 Investigation of The public Opinions ............ 89 9.1.1 Methods And Aims .................... ..... 89 9.1.2 Participants ............................cC. 89 9.1.3 Contents of Investigation ................. 89 9.2 Investigation Results ........................... 89 9.2.1 Statistic Analysis .................... . 89 9.2.2 Opinions of The Public .................... 89 10 PLANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL ................... ,.. .. -92 10.1 Targets of the Planing........... 10.2 Basis of Environmental Management............92 10.3 Management Institution of Environmental protection ................ .. . .92 10.4 Environment Training ... ................ . 93 10.5 Mitigation Actions .......... . ........ 94 10.6 Measures and Proposals of Environmental Protection ...C. ................ C ... 98 10.6.1 Measures of Environmental Protection During Construction Period ................ 98 10.6.2 Mitigative Measures During Operational Phase ....... ...... *..o.... 100 10.6.3 Countermeasures and proposals .. ........ 101 10.6.4 Monitoring Plan........... .............. 101 10.6.5 Budget For Environmental Monitoring....109 10.6.6 Cost of Environmental Engineering..... .109 11 CONCLUSIONS ............... , 110 11.1 Ambient Environment Quality ................ 10 11.2 Prediction of Environment Quality.. .......... .110 Attached Map 1 Attached Map 2 Attached Map 3 4 1 THE GENERAL 1.2 Background and Objectives of The Report 1.1.1 Background Weinan-Tongguan expressway is an essential segment of the National highway No. 310 and a key section of "*"shaped highway framework in Shaanxi. It will connect Weinan, Xi'an, Tongguan and Henan in the east and west respectively. The project is assigned by Transportation Ministry in document No. 172 in 1989. Based on the document, the highway will be finished by end of the ninety "five-year" plan. Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Environmental Protection Science was entrusted by STD to compile the report 1. 1.2 objectives The proposed Weinan-Tongguan expressway is a trunk way through the eastern Guanzhong plain . Some adverse influence to the environment will arise. Aims of the report are to survey natural and social environment quality, monitor background levels of air, noise, soil and grains. We will also predict influence of the project on environment in the proposed area, and offer some proposals to control it. So as to mitigate the influence to an allowable level. 7.1.3 Necessity (l)Weinan district is one of the most developed areas in Shaanxi. agriculture, energy and rare metal mining of the district take precedence of the province. It will be bases of agriculture and heavy chemicals in the future. So, improvement of traffic and transportation conditions is very important for promoting the area economy. (2) The present highway from Weinan to Tongguan is basically grade 3. Some sections are inferior to the grade. Narrow pavement, overloaded bridges, heavy and tangled traffic make traffic accidents frequently and autos run at lower speed. Which have restricted development of the regional economy. Therefor it is required to better the poor traffic conditions. (3) Weinan-Tongguan expressway, a section of tianyungang- Hecheng national trunk highway, is an important part of 1 "^"shaped highway framework in Shaanxi. With development of economy, the traffic volume will be increased greatly. Therefor, complement of the highway will open the district and the province to outside . (4) There are abundant tourist resources in the east Guanzhong. Huaqin pool, Li mountain, Qin Tomb, Warriors and Horses Figures, Hua mountain, ancient architecture group in Hancheng, and so on, which have formed eastern triangle touring area. Xi'an-Lintong expressway has been finished. After this project, travel time from Xi'an to Tongguan will be reduced to a half. All these will benefit the eastern tourism greatly. (5) Weinan, Yuncheng in Shanxi and Sanmenxia in Henan have formed so-called "gold trianglel"area. The area are featured with abundant resources and good location. Governors of the three districts have planed to constructed the area as an economic development centra. From this point, the highway will play a key role in intensifying links among the three districts. 1.2 Bases of EIA --Document No. 140 issued by Transportation Ministry in 1989 : "reply for some problems in preparing period of Xi'an-Lanzhou highway" . Document No.172 issued by Transportation ministry in 1989. ---Document No. 032 issued by Shaanxi Planing Commission & STD in 1989 :"notification of preparing reconstruction of Tongguan-Baoji section of the national way No. 310 ". And a announcement from STD about attending to prepare the key construction projects of the eighth "five-year" plan. ---Document No. 003 issued by National Environmental Protection Commission, National Planing Commission and National Economic Commission " Regulations for Environmental Management of Construction Projects"' . Document No.186 issued by Government of Shaanxi Province in 1986 "environmental management details ". ---" Regulations of Water and Soil Conservation Work" issued by the State Council in 1982 2 ---" Law of the P. R. of China on Protection of Cultural Relics " 1982 . Management Regulations for Cultural Relics of Shaanxi Province" 1982 . --- NEPA, "Document Corpus of Environmental Protection for Projects Loaned by International Financial Organizations" Book 1,2,3,4. 1992. --- STD, Entrusting letter of compiling EIA report , July, 6 , 1992 . --- Shaanxi Provincial Tnstitute of Environmental Protection Science " Outline of EXA for Weinan-Tongguan Project" , Dec. 1993. 2.3 Alignment and standards 1.3.1 Alignment Based on pollutant diffusion, noise attenuation with distance and other factors, Noise alignment is lOOm of both sides . Alignment of air and ecological environment is 200 m. 1.3.2 Validity of EZA According to EIA outline, the validity is by end of 2018. 1.3.3 Standards of EXA Based on the outline , following standards are adopted: (1) Noise The noise impact on towns and villages, where within 100 meters away from the highway, was assessed against the 4th class standard; and the noise effect to hospitals and schools was evaluated against the 2nd class standard under "Standard of Environment Noise of Urban Area"(GB3096-93). Refer to Table 1-1. Table 1-1 Noise Standards (dB) ------------------------------------------------------------- classification daytime LAeq night LAeq ------------------------_--------------_--_--------______---- 0 50 40 1 55 45 2 60 50 3 65 55 4 70 55 ------------------------------------------------------------ (2) For NOx, CO , T.S.P.r GB3095-82: "Atmospheric Environmental Quality Standards" are adopted . For lead , 3 G87355-87:" Hygiene Standards of Lead in Air and Inorganic Compounds " are adopted . Details see table 1-2. Table 1-2 Atmospheric Zuavironmental Quality Standards ------------------------------------------------------------- pollutants values (mg/Nm3) Standard No. ______… --- - --I-" -------------- - ----…-- - - - ---- ------ daily average TSP 0.30 30 min. TSP 1.00 daily a-frage NOX 0.10 30 min. NOX 0.15 GB3095-82 grade 2 daily average CO 4.00 30 min. cO 10.00 60 min. 03 0.16 TEC 0.16 ------------------------------------------------------------- lead 0.0015 GB7355-87 ------------------------------------------------------------- Bap O. 1pg/m3 (3) Lead in soil Due to lack of standard for lead in soil, 300 mg/kg is adopted as EIA standard based on some information. (4) Lead in crops ----Grains Referring to the Nation Food Hygiene Criteria , 1 mg/kg is adopted as assessment standard ---- Vegetables The standards are described in table 1-3 Table 1-3 Lead Criteria in Grains And Vegetables (mg/kg) ----------------------------------------------------------__- grains (wheat, maize) < 1 ----------------------------------------------------------- fresh weight 0.5 vegetables ------------------------------------- dry weight 2.0 ------------------------------------------------------------- 4 2,4 ObJectives of Environmental Protection, Aangsamnt Contents and Key Points 1.4.2 Objectveas In conformity with the social and natural conditions alor.g the highway , and influence prediction results, Some steps will be taken to control the Influonce to an allowable level. 1.4.2 Contents of EZA Having oonsidered some possible influences , following topics are focused in the report : ----Survey on natural and social environments of the alignment. ----Monitoring of ambient environmental quality. ----Assessment of ambient environmental quality ----Assessment and prediction of traff.4c noise. ----Assessment and prediction of air pollution. ---- Influence analysts of traffic on eco-environment (soil, water and soil erosion ) . ----Prediction and assessment of soil erosion. ----Influence analysis of water quality ----Cost-benefit analysis of economy. ----Analysis of environmental engineering 1.4.3 Key Points of EIA Based on characteristics of the construction, the key points is mainly put emphasis on acoustic and eco-environment assessment. 1.4.4 Brief of Shaanxi Provincial Inst. of Environ. Protection Sci .(SPIEPS) SPIEPS, grade-A certificate institute of EIA, Consists of eight laboratorieb , which are featured with specially-designed, large-scale experimental facilities and advanced laboratory technologies. 20 senior researchers and 50 engineers are working at the institute. Apart from some researching, several EIA reports of highway project have been completed. Persons in charge of the project are experienced researchers. 2.5 Methods of EIA Comparison survey and model calculation are used in the 5 report. 1.5.1 Assessment Method for Soil Pollution: Index method is applied in soil pollution assessment . The index is defined as following : C1 - B p e _-1--- ~~(1-1) C10- B Where: P: assessment index; C: monitoring lead value of soil; CIO: lead threshold value of soil; B: lead background value of soil. The index is classified as table 1-4 . Table 1-4 Classification of soil pollution pollution levels P classification background 7.0 4 6 2 SUMMARY OF THE PROJECT 2.1 Direction and Location The proposed highway, starting at Chengjia village in Weinan city, via Hua, Huayin, Tongguan counties ending at Yangjia village ( boundary of the province), is 78.15km. Principles of designing the project are: possibility naturally , feasibility technically and economically reasonable. The proposed highway runs in the north of Longhai railway and Xi'an-Tongguan highway and parallels them . Which avoids going through dense residential areas and huge buildings, conflicting with water and power facilities. The removals are limited. The direction and location are showed in map 2-1. Control points of the highway are: Weinan, Huayin, Hua counties and Gongkou. 2.2 Construction Scale According to the survey and analysis of traffic volume and agricultural development plans, forecasted traffic volume in the future is described in table 2-1. Table 2-1 Prediction of traffic volume vehicles per day ------------------------------------------------------------ Weinan-Huayin Huayin-The boundary (k57+200-k1O6+220) (k106+220-kI35+310) year …-…-…-…-_ __________________________ medium vehicle car medium vehicle car 2000 7994 15988 5951 11902 2005 12195 24390 9004 18008 2010 17391 34782 12774 25548 2015 23673 47346 22263 34626 2018 30589 61178 26147 44526 Traffic. volume in lanes of interchanges see table 2-2. 7 ([) fIationul road tlo. 210 .x r-' ql) {~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ /SDA~UD ) A Uational road No. 307 j 8 - -~~~~~~~~, i o ˘~~~~to I , )~~~~~~~~~~~2~ Naioa r / National road No. N0 a3tional0 road Ho0. 309 iwa 'Itijonal road National road No. 211 *ti ' Ica/3 National road No. 312 , 'tS National road No. 3 National road No. 31 6 (0~t Nal rried lo.31Uational r Na tion al road No. 21 tion2al roD l.io 210 t _,-/>"iMtAt,,_,,8 -~~~~ 8 Table 2-2 Traffic volume in lanes of interchanges vehicles per day ------------------------------------------------------------- lanes year interchanges -------------------------------------- (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) ---------------------------------------------------------_.--- 2000 240 75 48 40 2005 Chishui 330 110 78 65 2010 445 155 108 90 2015 615 211 144 120 2018 825 293 186 155 ------------------------------------------------------------- 2000 185 190 751 690 2005 Hua county 260 250 1083 995 2010 365 345 1490 1392 2015 515 473 2077 1953 2018 712 645 2858 2713 2000 160 137 560 540 160 120 13 20 2005 Fushui 250 212 830 800 250 200 15 40 2010 366 306 1169 1129 370 295 35 60 2015 531 441 1632 1584 548 430 60 80 201B 753 618 2242 2180 772 612 90 125 ------------------------------------------------------------ 2000 125 115 40 70 405 380 665 668 2005 Huashan 170 155 55 100 600 565 993 995 2010 235 210 80 140 840 803 1408 1410 2015 325 290 115 190 1178 1130 1969 1996 2018 450 397 155 265 1610 1559 2704 2754 ------------------------------------------------------------- 2000 836 755 2005 1206 1100 2010 GangKou 1679 1559 2015 2333 2188 2018 3203 3013 2000 702 912 2005 Qili 1086 1436 2010 1632 2142 2015Ex 2413 3148 2018 3491 4541 - - -- - -- -- ---- ---- ----- ---------- ---- ---- ---- ---- ------ ---- 182 71 b3 94 2.3 Technical Standards The highway will be constructed based on standards of expressway. Weinan-Huayin section(k57+200-k1O6+220), 49.02km long , the standard of plain and light hill are applied. Huayin-Yangjia(boundary of Shaanxi'.section(k1O6+220-k1359+ 340), 29.12km long , standards of heavy hill are applied 2.4 Major Technical rndicators Table 2-3 shows the indicato-s of Weinan-Tongguan section. Table 2-3 The major technical indicators No. indicators : units Weian-Huayin Huayin-the boundary ---------------------------------------------------------__-- basic indicators: 1 grade of expressway plain,light hill heavy hill 2 speed km/hr 120 100 3 des.traf.vol. veh./day >25000 >25000 4 est.inv. yuan RMB 139732.47 5 length km 49.02 29.12 6 topography plain,light hill heavy hill 7 radius of 3200 800 the curve way m 8 view distance 210 160 of stoping in 9 the maxi.slope % 1.2 3.0 base width: 10 base width m 26.0 24.5 11 lane width m 2x27.5 2x7.5 12 surface type bituminous bituminous 13 width of segregation i 3 2 bridges, culverts 14 designed load t 20t for trunks and 120t for trailers 15 flood frequency of small, medium bridges 1/100 1/100 16 flood frequency of special large bridges 1/300 1/300 …---------------------------------------------------- 10 2.5 Engineering Quantity Major engineering quantity see table 2-4. Table 2-4 The major engineering quantity section engineering quantity items units -…--------------- total k57+200-- klO6+220-- k106+220 k135+340 earthwork of the base km3 5613.2 2773.2 8705. average filling height m 3.2 Protrctive drainage engineering m3 11950 22763 377272 bituminous surface km2 1009.4 630.7 1605 large bridge r/set 477/2 106/1 1659/8 medium bridge r/set 8499/9 small bridge m/set 68/4 35/4 104/6 culverts 119 79 164 aver. culverts per km 2.5 interchange set 3 3 6 grade separation set 10 6 36 passages cross railway 1 1 passages 84 24 178 passages per km 1.38 flyover bridges set 15 15 30 occupied land ha 6082 removed build. MZ 3779.5 2302.5 4082 2.6 Land requisition and resettlement (1) Land requisition The proposed project needs to levy land of 427.1 ha., of which 346.7ha. is cultivated land, 60.7ha. is not cultivated land. The grain production loss will be 4160,000kg, if the yield per mu is 800kg. The details is shown in table 2-6. 11 Table 2-5 The composition of land levied ------------------------------------------------------------- Type of Land Quantity(ba.) type of land Quantity(ba.J irrigated 346.7 uncultivated 19.67 residential plot 45.13 woods 15.57 (2) resettlement The area of the structures dismantled is 243419Z in all, of which 13346mg is of buildings, 20993u? is of brick house and 78Y2m2 is of wood house. There will be 420 families to be settled down. The expense of the removal will come to 21,927,500 yuan (RMB). 2.7 Schedule and Investment Schedule : -f---2inishing the feasibility study report in 1993; -----finishing the preliminary design by end of April 1994 and constructing chart by end of the year ; ---finishing bids and preparations of the project in the first half year of 1996 and starting the construction in the second half year ; -----completing the project with 5,070,000 working days in oct 1999. Investment : Total investment of the project is yuan(RMB)1,397,324,700. Of the total, the World Bank loan is U.S.dollars.70,000,O00. 2.8 Recognition and Selection of EIA Factors The selection of EIA factors depends on the nature of the factors and the characteristics of the area the highway passing through. The EIA factors are tabulated in Table 2-6. 12 Table 2-6 Determination of EIA Factors --______-------------_____--------------------------------- construction operation Factor phase phase Vegetation 1 3 Ecological Land 1 Environment Soil quality 2 Crops 3 2 Soil erosion 1 3 Dust 1 3 NOx 3 1 CO 3 1 Air Pb 2 TSP 3 2 TEC 3 1 S02 3 Noise 1 1 Surface hydrology 1 3 water water quality 3 3 Social economy 2 1 Risk accident water 1 air 2 Note: 1-significant impact; 2-impact; 3-slightly impact For the above reasons, the assessment factors of proposed project are dete-mined as following: (1) Ecological environment; (2) Air quality and vehicle exhaust gas, construction dust; (3) Construction noise and traffic noise; (4) Surf ace water; (5) Risk analysis; and (6) Social environment and economic benefit. 13 3. SOCIAL AND NATURAL ENVIRONMNT OF THE ALIGNMENT 3.1 Natural Conditions 3.1.1 Climate East Guanzhong plain in which the proposed highway is situated belongs to semi-damp temperate zone. Mean annual temperature varies from 11.5 to 13.5 centigrade. Average temperature of January and July are 1 and 27 centigrade respectively. The extreme low temperature is minus 20. The extreme high temperature 45 centigrade . Average annual precipitation is 585 mm , But most falls between July and sept.. The maximum depth of frozen earth is 40 cm. 3.1.2 Geology and Topography Weihe River basin the proposed highway will go on lies between Qinling mountain and northern mountain , descending from north to south . Exception to some terraces, the ground is a open plain. Altitude above sea varies from 330m to 348m. Geologically, it is a fault basin formed in the Cenozoic Era. With Fen river basin in the east , so-called Fen-wei basin is formed . Qinling and Northern mountain are intensively elevated fault mountains. Wei river basin lies at the adjoins point of Qinling latitude-direction structure system, Qilian-Helan-Lu- liang i'"shaped structure system and new Huaxia structure system. Of them the first two system are dominating systems. By end of Yianshan movement, the fault basin was enlarged by intensive fault movements in direction of the east and extended it to Fen river basin. In the late tertiary and early pleistocene, the three faults were developed in directions of E-W, N-E, N-W, which separated Wei river valley into four parts: Wei river basin, Lishan fault Weinan fault and Weibei terrace. Stratum in the tertiary period was developed completely The sediment substances are mainly sand, earth and conglomer- ate Raving been experienced these diastrophic movements above, deep river and lake sedimentary was overlapped on the basin in the pleistocene period. 14 Basic topographical features (loess platform and alleviation plain) of the basin were formed based on the late Yanshan movement and the Himalayas movement. The present features were lately developed by the new structure movements, weather fluctuation and water erosion and accumulation. There are two belt terraces in Wei river banks. Which are plane and the altitude varies from 330m to 348m. The main sedimentary are: sandy clay, clayed sand, sands and gravel. But the bi-layer structures are obvious, the upper is shoal facies and the lower is river bed facies. Basic load-bearing of the ground varies from 17OKpa to 25OKpa. Weinan-Hua section of the proposed highway is situated in the second terrace. Huayin-Hua section runs in a flooded-fen, near Hun mountain. Huayin-the boundary section goes in transition area from southern Tongguan plain to Wei and Yellow river valleys and some sections are close to the rivers. 3.1.3 Earthquake Guanzhong plain is one of intensive active quake areas. 107 destroyed quakes have occurred since 1200 A. C. . The quake action can obviously be divided into three active periods, i.e the year from 1207 to 1368, from 1485 to 1724, from 1813 to the present. Generally, the active period is about 200 years and the interval is about 100 years. Most quake central were centralized in the fault lines. Intensity of the quakes were about 7 Rich. scale. Earthquakes in Wei river basin occurred mostly in guanzh- ong plain. The scale is 8 Rich. scale. 3.1.4 Hydrology Wei and Yellow rivers are major rivers through the alignment and in the direction of the highway. Water level of the rivers are controlled by Sanmenxia reservoir. The highway runs where the biggest flood in a century can not reach. there are more than ten streams risen from northern slope of Qinling mountain in Weinan-Tonggan section. They are: Rushui,Yuxian, Tanyu, Shiti, Luowen, Luofu, Xianyu Changjian 15 stream, etc . Drainage areas of them are small. Most streams risen and fallen calmly in the flood periods. Groundwater resources in the alignment is abundant. The groundwater table varies from 10 to 15m deep in the second terrace, ascending from the west to the east. The watertable in some areas is.minus. The depth is about 1m. 3.2 Eco-environment 3.2.1 Vegetation The major tree are: pine, cypress chinese scholar tree, poplar, chinese toon, paulownia, persimmon, peach, malus, pumila, elm, walnut, and Bo on. 3.2.2 Animals The investigation and record of local forest departments shown that wildlife aninals nearly disappear. An investigation on rare plant and wildlife was carried out from June to Aug. 1993. The survey crew worked at Huaxian and Tongguan for more than 60 days and visited the local residents. The survey crew had not found any rare plants, animals and natural conservation area in the assessment area. There were no any rare plant, animalst and natural conservation area in the assessment area. 3.3 Social Conditions 3.3.1 Regional Economic Conditions Weinan district the highway will go through is a east gate of Shaanxi and northwest areas. Geographically, it is a transition area from east to west China. The district consists of three cities and eight counties. The total area is 13,000 sq. km and takes 6.4 percent of the province. The total population is 4.81 million heads. Table 3-1 and 3-2 describe the details. 16 p Table 3-1 Economic indicators of Weinan district items unit the the percen. of district province the province population mil.head 4.81 32.75 14.70 urban population mil.head 2.40 16.79 14.33 farmer mil.head 4.16 24.82 16.77 GNP mil.yuan 4476.39 55623.42 8.05 total social output value mil.yuan 9165.91 76255.21 12.02 total agri.& industry output mil.yuan 7433.56 61218.74 12.14 agri. output mil.yuan 2735.67 16960.58 16.13 industry output mil.yuan 4697.89 44256.78 10.62 income of national people mil.yuan 3478.85 29648.48 11.73 cultivated area thou.ha 602.01 3515.60 17.09 output of stable grain crops t 1718772 11262335 15.26 of the grain:wheat t 1166720 cotton t 56529 75797 74.59 oil crops t 75596 329441 22.95 people's life average income of resident yuan 1116 1195.83 93.3 average income of farmer yuan 511 446.52 114 Note: The yuan in the table is RMB yuan. Following is the same. 17 Table 3-2 Economic indicators of the cities and counties along the highway ------------------------------------------------------------ lndicators unit wn. Hx. Hy. vg. % population: mil.head 0.77 0.33 0.23 0.13 30.27 urban population m±l.head 0.07 farmer mil.head 0.11 GNP' mil.yuan 635.46 272.07 335.39 156.50 31.36 total social il±.yuan 1489.73 r60.72 894.83 291.26 29.20 agri.& iL.- inl.yuan 1152.23 652.54 820.28 225.18 27.37 dustry output agri. output mil.yuan 404.99 156.96 79.84 37.96 24.85 industry output mil.yuan 751.42 495.58 740.44 187.22 46.29 income of mil.yuan 571.45 231.76 267.91 113.33 34.05 national people cultivated area thou. ha 80.33 27.85 14.27 12.76 22.65 grains t 306494 98407 48381 25194 27.84 of the grains: t 210907 57383 26604 17253 26.75 cotton t 14578 2787 1101 309 33.21 oil crops t 14800 1466 1729 1034 25.17 people's life aver. income yuan 1151 1300 of resident aver. income yuan 447 438 473 508 of farmer NOTE: WN.-Weinan Hx.=Huaxian Hy.=Huayin Tg.=Tongguan in this table Weinan district is an important base of energy resources and rare metal mining. Coal resources is distributed mainly in Hancheng, Chengcheng, Heyang, Pucheng and Baishui coun- ties. Hecheng mine, Chenghe mine and Pubai mine are three major mines of the province. Gold ore distributes mainly in Tongguan and Euayin counties. Output of gold in Tongguan takes the third place of the nation. Output of molybdenum in Hun county takes the first place of the nation Smooth terrain, fertile land, convenient irrigation conditions and intensive cultivation make the district become an important base of crops. 700 million ton of commodity 18 grains is supplied for the nation every year , Yield of cotton taken 74.5% of the province in 1990 . Yield of oil crops taken 22.9% in 1990. 3.3.2 Developing Trends of Reglonal Economy With the moving of the national economic development focus westward, a group of large and medium industrial projects will have been constructed before 2000. i. e. Weihe Fertiliz- er, Shaanxi General Chemicals, Shaanxi Aluminum, Weinhe Oil refinery, Gold Refinery, General Shaanxi Chemical Fertilizer Factory and Pucheng, Hancheng, Heyang Power Plant. Agricul- turally, Donglei and Yumen Pumping water Projects have been proceeding. The projects aim at improving the lower yield farmland and Increasing crops output. All these projects will benefit the district greatly. By that time , the district economy will step a new stage and the people's living conditions will be bettered a lot. 3.3.3 Distribution of The Villages nearby There are 34 villages with a population of 12,545, among of them 2991 persons who are living at the first row hourse along the highway.There are 14 sensitive spots, like schools and hospitals with a population of 4359. The details see table 3-3, 3-4. Table 3-3 Distribution of the villages nearby stake No. vill. dis. vill. length Popu. F.R.P (m) (m) k57+00C Shilipu 95 250 930 15 k57+900 zhangjia 80 340 534 50 k61+900 Yaojia 70 190 500 60 k68+250 Xiejia 35 110 190 60 k71+940 zhangquyuan 50 110 280 70 k73+300 Naichun * 20 180 700 150 k76+900 Shao town 60 180 875 80 k77+900 Yongjia 15 280 980 140 k79+750 Dangjia 95 150 468 35 19 Table 3-3 (Continued) --------------------------------------------_r_e-_------------- stake No. vill. dis. vill. length Popu. F.R.P (mu) (M) k80+930 Xiaogaojia * 20 80 380 35 k81+500 Gaojia 60 60 315 30 k82+OO0 BaLjieshan 70 150 600 75 k82+950 Qianjia s 20 160 500 90 k83+650 Fuzhong * 20 200 847 65 k84+300 Quanhou 20 400 700 100 k86+500 Xibaozi 40 50 240 75 k92+600 Fushui Town 60 80 k93+000 Nanchengzi 70 320 700 65 k95+200 Taoxia Town * 70 130 550 100 k97+900 Xiwu 90 240 1200 75 k100+000 Wugang . 24 30 3803 100 k103+400 Baitdang 80 270 750 125 kllW+200 Xiaqu 20 435 1400 300 klll+800 Zhaoping 30 450 1840 100 k115+500 Xiqian * 30 400 704 200 k118+000 Xiyazi 100 170 526 10 kll8+500 Gongzhuong * 35 420 1600 105 k119+000 Renyibao * 64 90 300 145 k120+200 Diaoqiao * 20 540 2800 250 k124+950 Gongkou * 70 270 50 50 k125+300 Jiaoniguao * 20 320 325 120 130+300 Qili 23 270 400 120 k134+200 Xibai 90 270 4000 25 …------------------------------------------------------------ Note: in the table above; vill.--village; dis.--distance; popu.--population; F.R.P--first row population; *--means removed partly. 20 Table 3-4 The schools and hospital nearby schools distance length students teachers or (i) (m) or hospital patients Chishui Vocational Sch. 96 100 960 30 Xinceng Central Primary 90 110 370 20 Lianhuasi vocational Sch. 50 210 1000 30 Baiyt Middle Sch: Sports Ground 55 90 Lianhuasi Central Primary 70 70 300 20 Zhashichang Sch. 30 160 90 10 Fengliang Primary Sch. 25 36 100 5 Fushui Primary Sch. . 30 120 500 25 Taoxia Middle Sch. 80 140 550 45 Xiquandian Primary Sch. 30 100 150 16 Diaoqiao primary Sch. 70 90 200 15 Fushui hospital 40 90 23 22 ---------------------_-__---------------------------------2-- 21 4 SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT OF AMBIENT ENVIRONMENT 4.1 Acoustic Monitoring And Assessment 4.1.1 .Acoustic Monitoring According to EIA outline , distribution of noise monitor- ing points are charted in attached map 1. The monitoring periods are: from Oct. 9 to Oct. 15, in 1993, April 5 to April 9, in 1994. 4.1.1.1 Noise Background Levels at the Sensitive Sites Noise background levels at the sensitive sites insides the alignment are described in table 4-1. Table 4-1 Noise background levels at the sensitive sites(LA dB) ------------------------------------------------------------- daytime (Ld) night (Ln) No. ------------------------ ----------____________ 1 2 3 average 1 2 3 average 1 56.4 45.5 46.0 49.3 2 51.0 51.5 51.5 51.3 46.0 45.0 48.0 46.3 3 52.0 51.0 51.5 51.5 4 50.5 51.0 51.5 51.0 5 50.0 49.5 50.5 50.0 6 51.0 51.5 52.0 51.5 46.0 45.0 45.0 45.3 7 51.0 51.5 52.0 51.5 8 55.6 60.0 51.0 55.5 46.0 47.0 45.0 46.0 9 57.9 58.0 58.0 58.5 46.5 46.6 47.0 46.7 10 54.0 53.0 52.0 53.0 11 52.0 51.5 51.0 51.5 NOTE: l.Xinling Central Primary School 2.Lianhuasi Vocation- al 3.Bayi Middle School 4.Lianhuasi Central primary School 5.Fenliang primarv School 6.Fushui Hospital 7.Fushui Central primary School 8.Taoxia Middle School 9.Shuangquan Central Primary School 10.Xiaoquan Primary School 11.Diaoqiao Central primary School 4.1.1.2 Noise Background Levels of The Villages Nearby Noise background levels of the villages are showed in table 4-2. 22 Table 4-2 Noise background levels of the villages (LA dB) …------------------------------------------------- daytime(Ld) night(Ln) villages ---------------__ ------------------- L1o L5 LN, LACq Lo Lm Iao, LAq Chengjia 53.0 48.0 45.0 50.2 38.0 36.0 35.0 37.6 Chishui 53.2 44.1 Hun County 73.0 61.0 50.0 68.6 54.0 47.0 45.0 53.1 Lianhuasi 42.0 39.0 35.0 39.4 39.0 Liuzhi 49.0 42.0 Fushui 62-0 56.0 51.0 60.0 55.0 52.0 50.0 53.3 XinJian 41.0 38.0 36.0 39.5 39.0 Saying 73.0 64.0 56.0 69.5 65.0 52.0 47.0 60.8 Huamiao 44.0 42.0 40.0 43.0 39.8 Kaiyu 45.0 43.0 41.0 43.4. 39.1 Diaoqiao 62.4 42.2 Gongzhuang 54.5 41.5 Gangkou: W. Str. 72.0 63.0 56.0 68.2 56.0 49.0 45.0 51.9 S. Str. 50.2 47.3 4.1.2 Assessment of Ambient Noise Background Levels 4.1.2.1 Assessment of Ambient Noise Background Levels at The Sensitive Sites Table 4-1 demonstrates that noise level at Shuangquan Central Primary School 58.0dB, is a little bit high. Because the school is close to the old Xi'an-Tongguan highway. Noise levels at the other sensitive sites are lower. Ld, Ln at schools and hospital are not exceeding the 2nd class standard of the national Noise Requirement. 4.1.2.2 Assessment off Noise Background Levels at The Villages From table 4-2, we know that noise background levels at the villages are lower than the assessment standards in either day or night. Therefore, the present situation of acoustic environment is good. In short, Ld, Ln of the concerned villages are respectively less than 70dB and 55dB. So the sound environment quality is satisfying. 4.2 Assessment And Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality 4.2.1 Monitoring of Ambient Air Quality 4.2.1.1 Distribution of Monitoring Points Five monitoring points are located based on EIA outline Names and monitoring contents of the points are described in 23 table 4-3. Table 4-3 Monitoring points and contents monitoring points monitoring contents Chengjia village NO,, CO, TSP, THC, 03, Pb, Bun County NOx, CO, TSP, THC, 03, Pb, Fushui Village NO,, CO, TSP, TEC, 03, Pb, Huayin County NOx, CO, TSP, THC, 03, Pb, Gangkou Village NO,, CO, TSP, THC, 03, Pb, 4.2.1.2 Monitoring Frequency 'NO and CO were monitored six times everyday. The sampling time order is : 07, 09, 13, 15, 18, 20 o'clock in Beijing mean time. TSP and Pb were sampled twice a day, i. e. morning and afternoon. T3C and 03 were sampled at 09:00 a.m. 4.2.1.3 Sampling And Analyzing Methods Table 4-4 shows the methods Table 4-4 Sampling and analyzing methods _y___________________ _ ___ _______________--____________ items sampling methods analyzing methods NO absorption tube C10H7NHC2H4NH2.2HC1 colorimetry TSP filter paper weight CO rubber bladder infrared-ray gas analysis Pb filter paper AAS 03 Absorption X3B03 spectr. TEC gas chromatography ____________________-_______________________________________ 4.2.2 Monitoring Results of Air Quality NO,, CO, TSP, Pb, THC of the monitoring points mentioned above were examined during the period from Nov.3 to Nov.7 in 1993. Table4-5, 4-6, 4-7, 4-8, show the results respectively. 24 Table 4-5 Xonitoring results of NO,, CO, TSP(mq/Nm3) items Chengjiacun Huaxian Fushui Huayin Gangkou ------------------------------------------------------------- range of 30 min. 0.038- 0.042- 0.058- 0.043- 0.002O 0.134 0.155 0.222 0.119 O.aOs -------------------------------------------------------- standard 0.15 --------------------------------------------------------- percen.of 0 4 21 0 0 the exceeded H o - --------------;-- - ------- ------------------------------ value of daily 0.084 0.063 0.096 0.076 0.045 mean standard 0.10 -…------------------------------------ ___---------- __ times of 0 0 0 0 0 the exceeded range of 30 min. 1.ua. 1.00- 1.33- 1.00- 1.00- 7.61 9.36 17.68 5.85 3.67 standard 10.00 percen.of 0 0 3 0 0 the exceeded (%) Co ------- ------- ---_-_-_--_-_---- value of daily 2.91 3.36 3.55 3.36 1.96 mean standard 4.00 times of 0 a 0 0 0 the exceeded (%) range of 30 min. 0.38- 0.26- 0.30- 0.27- 0.30- 1.78 1.99 1.29 2.56 -1.05 standard 1.00 percen.of 47 47 40 13 6.7 the exceeded (%) TSP ----------------------------------------------------- value of daily 0.90 1.01 0.91 0.92 0.67 mean _________________-- -------------------------------___ standard 0.30 -_-_----------------------------------------------------_- times of 2 2.3 2 2.1 1.2 the exceeded 25 *~~ ~ ~~~ * q**I * - t1* Y..j .P *A t r : - > l Table 4-6 Monitoring results of lead (mg/Nm3) date Chengjiacun Euaxian Fushui Huaayin GangKou …------------------------------------------------------ Nov.3, a.m. 0.00049 0.00040 0.00022 0.00014 0.00085 p.m. 0.00066 0.00064 0.00030 0.00027 0.00060 Nov.4, a.m. 0.00030 0.00023 0.00047 0.00018 0.00080 p.m. 0.00040 0.00035 0.00018 0.00018 0.00060 _______________________________________________________.__--_ Nov.5, a.m. 0.00054 0.00035 0.00033 0.00012 0.00080 p.m. 000039 0.00038 0.00033 0.000:13 0.00059 … ________________- ----- -___ _- _ -- __.._ _-_____ Nov.6, a.m. 0.00039 0.00049 0.00036 0.00011 0.00083 p.m. 0.00050 0.00037 0.00022 0.00017 0.00058 Nov.7, a.m. 0.00086 0.00062 0.00018 0.00052 0.00080 p.m. 0.00046 0.00027 0.00020 0.00052 0.00060 Daily Avg. 0.00050 0.00041 0.00028 0.C0023 0.00076 standard 0.00150 Times of 0 0 0 0 0 the exceeded …_- - ---- - _____ - --___--------__ … Table 4-7 Monitoring results of THC (mg/Nm') date Chengjiacun Huaxian Fushui Huayin Gangkou Nov. 3 0.120 0.169 0.011 0.132 0.102 Nov. 4 0.076 0.131 0.101 0.102 0.076 Nov. 5 0.054 0.105 0.105 0.086 0.104 Nov. 6 0.181 0.138 0.086 0.141 0.108O Nov. 7 0.086 0.110 0.175 0.087 0.110 Daily Avrg. 0.084 0.121 0.076 0.104 0.099 standard 0.16 Times of 0 0 0 0 0 the exceeded 26 Table 4-8 Monitoring results of 03 (Mg/NM3) ------------------------------------------------------------- date Chengjiacun Huaxian Fushui Huayin Gangkou ------------------------------------------------------------- Nov. 3 0.003 0.036 0.022 0.024 0.003 Nov. 4 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.020 Nov. 5 0.082 0.014 0.012 0.003 0.072 Nov. 6 0.003 0.003 0.003 0.016 0.016 Nov. 7 0.003 0.040 0.003 0.003 0.003 standard 0.160 times of 0 0 0 0 0 the exceeded 4.2.3 Assessment of Ambient Air Quality 4.2.3.1 NOX With the exception of Huaxian and Fushui stations 30 min. concentrations of the other three stations. Chengjiacun, HuayLn and Gangkou, are all bellow the standard. The daily average of all the five stations did not exceed the standard too. The higher exceed occurs at Fushui station, this maybe associated with the emission of Qinling Power Plant. 4.2.3.2 CO There were no exceed at all the stations, besides the 30 min. level at Fushui station. This result from the emission of Qinling Power Plant. The Power Plant should control its pollution source according to Shaanxi EPA's Action schedule. 4.2.3.3 TSP The 30 min. values at all five points have exceeded the secondary standard at different extends, and all the daily average ranging from 0.67mg/Nm3 to 1.01mg/Nm3 have exceeded the national criteria (0.30mg/Nm3). The reason is that the road now available is dirt road, from which clouds of dust are flying up. 4.2.3.4 Pb, THC, 03 The levels of Pb, THC and 03 are under the standard values. 4.3 Agro-environmental Assessment 4.3.1 Survey And Assessment of Soil Background Levels 4.3.1.1 Distribution of Monitoring Points - 27 Six- monitoring points are distributed in Chengjia village, Chishui, Hun County, Fushui, Euayin, Gangkou based on the soil, crop characteristics and other factors . Two reference monitoring sections are distributed in old Xi'an-Tongguan highway. Distances of the monitoring points to the old highway are lm, 5m, 10m, 20m, 50m and 50m . Which are used to analyze the influence scope and levels. 4.3.1.2 Sampling Methods And Sample Preparation Sampling Methods: The soil samples are collected in plum blossom-shaped points. Every point consists of five sub-samples. The five sub-samples are mixed as a sample. Weight of the each sample is 1000g. Depth of the samples is c. Sample Preparation: The samples are dried by wind in the china plate and grilled, then pick the sands and grass roots and sift out in 40 eyes, and divide it into four g samples for use. 4.3.1.3 Analysis Methods ABA method is applied in grain and soil sample analyzing. 4.3.2.4 Results of The Monitoring Background levels of the soil are showed in table 4-9. 4.3.1.5 Assessment From the table , we know that the lead background levels of the soil are under background levels of Shaanxi province. 4.3.2 Survey and Assessment of Grains and Vegetables 4.3.2.1 Distribution of Monitoring Points And Sample Collection According to EIA outline , maize, cabbage and radish are major monitoring objects. The samples are collected at harvest season. Only the edible parts are used. Table 4-9 Background levels of soil …__--- _---- -- -------- _ __ __ __-…-_----- - - …-----_ _ sample sites lead in soil (mg/kg) grades of pol.lution Chengjia 20.99 2 Cache 22.82 2 Hun County 48.07 2 Fushui 54.76 2 Huayin 26.77 2 Gangkou 90.97 2 ……___… - ____ -__ _ _---_-_-__ ___ ____ ____ ___ ____ ___ 28 In Hack and Lengthen (the old highway section) , besides soil sampling, root, stem, leaf and the edible of maize are sampled. 4.3.2.2 Preparation of the Samples Preparation of the samples are the same as soil done. 4.3.2.3 Analysis MeHxods Analysis methods of soil and the crops are showed in table 4-10 . Table 4-10 Analysis methods of soil and crop samples --------------------------------------------------------__--- pollutant treatment methods analysis methods ------------------------------ --------------------------____ Pb soil: HC104 AAS crops: HNO3+HClO1 AAS 4.3.2.4 Monitoring Results ----Lead contents of maize Lead contents of maize root, stem and leaf are showed in table 4-11. ----Lead contents of cabbage, radish and green Chinese onion Lead contents in the edible parts of cabbage, radish and green Chinese onion at the Chengjia village are 0.110mg/kg, 0.140mg/kg and 0.004mg/kg separately. Table 4-11 Lead contents of maize at different distance (mg/kg) sites distance (m) soil root stem leaf maize 1 27.76 5.61 0.567 0.634 0.369 5 49.73 3.60 0.624 0.410 0.197 Huokou 10 29.61 3.69 0.837 0.370 0.214 20 30.99 2.64 0.662 0.505 0.260 50 20.51 3.31 0.661 0.501 0.154 100 28.23 4.17 0.634 0.266 HxO.336 1 26.03 6.85 -- 0.328 0.670 5 23.82 4.75 0.776 0.317 0.510 Liangtian 10 21.62 4.65 0.815 0.281 0.490 20 22.21 -- 0.652 0.279 0.400 50 21.62 4.36 0.682 0.255 0.495 100 21.07 3.98 0.567 0.214 -- ------------------------------------------------------------- -0 29 4.3.2.5 Assessment From the monitoring results above , following conclusions have been reached: -----Lead contents of the maize are under the National Food Hygiene Standards ; -----The further the monitoring points are located from the highway, the lower lead contents of maize organs are. Lead contents of the maize organs at Hack are not accordance with the regularity because the area was irrigated by wastewater. -----lead contents of cabbage, radish and green Chinese onion are under the standards ; - 4,4 Monitoring And Assessment of Surface Water Quality 4.4.1 Moniltoring of Surface Water Quality The monitoring sections of streams (see Attached Map 3) insides the alignment are showed in table 4-12. Table 4-12 Monitoring sections of streams No. streams sections No. streams sections 1 Cache W. Cache 6 Luofu Baisipo 2 Yuxian N . Sun villa. 7 Wongyu Wufang 3 Shiti Shaigedai 8 Bailong Dachengzi 4 Laowei Forestry Center 9 Tonglao Gangkou 5 Gouyu Paper Mill Monitoring factor: lead, BOD5, oil, and SS. Analysis method : AAS 4.4.2 Assessment of Surface Water Quality Monitoring results of the streams are showed in Table 4-13. 30 Table 4-13 Monitoring results of the Streams (mg/i) ------------------------------------------------------------- streams oil lead BOD5 SS streams oil lead BOD5 SS chishui 0.025 0.0052 <1 68 Laofu 0.025 0.0110 C1 94 Yuxian 0.025 0.0051 Cl 64 Wangyu 0.025 0.0112 Cl 76 Shiti 0.025 0.0100 <1 65 Bailong 0.025 0.0030 C1 70 Laowei 0.025 0.0060 <1 58 Tonglao 0.025 0.0042 C1 90 GongyU 0.025 0.0021 Cl 52 … _ _-.…-___---------___----------__________ Lead levels of shiti, laofu and wongyu are ranged from 0.0100mg/l to 0.0112mg/i while those of other streams are under 0.0011mg/l. The Pb, BOD5 and oil concentrations of each stream accoris with the grade II of GB3838-88. The suspended solid in streams are quite lower. 31 5 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND PREDICTION 5.1 Prediction And Assessment of Traffic Noise Levels 5.1.1 Prediction Model of Traffic Noise It is prescribed by 6B3096-93 " Standards of Environmental Noise of Urban Area" that equivalent sound level (LA.q) must be applied in traffic noise assessment . LAeW is defined as the total sound energy received at the ears of an exposed individual over the period of interest measured in Pa2h. It is abbreviated to LAeq * The formula is: LAeq=1019 (lol 0° ILAd 1) 5-1-1 where: LA: instantaneous sound-A level over a period; T: monitoring time 5.1.1.1 Prediction Model of The Constructing Noise Following point source famula is applied to predict the constructing noise L c2 = L c;-201g 5-1-2 rl Lcp l0lgClo.tLcz±loaLcb ] 5-1-3 Where: C1I: constructing noise at distance r, (m) to the sources, dB ; Lc2: constructing noise at distance r. (m} to the sources, dB ; LCb: noise background level at the assessment point, dB; Lcp noise levels at assessment point , dB 5.1.1.2 Prediction Model of Traffic Noise 5.1.1.2.1 Prediction Model of Traffic Noise at Different 32 Distance Following models are applied in traffic noise prediction at different distances: (LA.q) J - L'p I lO0g(VJ) - ALd - AL, + ALt3 - 13 5-1-4 (LA,,I) C - 101gEa1oO lLs ,, 100.(LA.W)N 4 10 0.L(ZI,J)A 1-AL 5-1-5 (LA.) I - tOlg t 3001'(A&d + 100I(AMW)CI ] 5-1-6 Where : (LAq)I : LAGi of vehicle type i , dB ; (LMq)t :LAeq of all types of vehicle , dB ; (LACq)p : Predication LMq of all types of vehicle, dB; Lpi : average radiation sound levels of vehicle type i , dB ; N1 : traffic volume of vehicle type i , vehicles per hr ; VI : average speed of vehicle type , km/hr AL : correction value of total Lgeq , dB ; AL=AL1+AL2+AS As : reduction amount of LAe at sound image areas of the cuverlent or embankment , dB ; ALd : LAeq attenuation value of vehicle type i at distance r2, dB; AL1: LAeq correction value caused by highway slope, dB; ALd LAs correction value caused by the surface dB ; AL1 : LAeq correction value caused by the curves or limited sections , dB; AL2: LAeq correction value caused by air absorption, dB. root note : i stands for small(S), medium(M) and neavy(H) vehicles. 5.1,1.2.2 Prediction of Traffic Noise at Embankmenta. 33 Sound fields formed by the vehicles at the roadside are not only related with traffic volume, but with the highway structures, vehicle features, shelters and surroundingseas well. Sound field will be amplified while sound sources is elevated. Sound spread at the embankments without shelters is charted in figure 5-1-1. From the figure we know that the sound field at the roadside is divided into four areas. Soundsarer S/ Sore fte imnageS fig. 5-1-1 sound spread at embankment ----Area I Sound waves at prediction point R include directly reached sound and reflected sound of the source S. If we regarded it as a mirror reflection, LAe of the prediction point is: LAeq =LAO+ Lr 5-1-7 Where: L. : directly reached sound of vehicles, dB; ALr: correction amount of the surface reflection, dB ----Area 11 In this area , only directly reached sound ( LAO) exists LACq=LAo 5-1-8 ----ArealU Besides directly reached sound (S), sound reflected by the ground exists as well. The equation is: LAeq = LAO+ ALg 5-1-9 Where: ALg:correction amount of the ground reflection, dB. ----Area IV This area is a diffraction field of the sound images. The 34 equation is: (LAGq)t - LAO- AS 5-1-10 Where : AS: correction amount of the diffraction; 5.1 .1.2.3 Prediction of Traffic Noise at Different Altitudes of Culvert Sound spread at culvert is charted in figure 5-1-2. Smundsaurce S Source of the imageS' Fig. 5-1-2. Sound spread at curvnrlent From the figure we know that sound field at different altitudes of cuverlents can be divided into three areas -----Area l: directly reached sound and reflection sound of the image source S'; -----Area 11: directly reached sound only; …Area IV: diffraction sound area of the source S; 5.1.1.2.4 LAq Attenuation Caused by Roadsides Buildings LAe attenuation caused by the buildings is calculated in following: LAe attenuation caused by the buildings(CALb) depends on the buildings : When the first row of the buildings takes 40--60% of the area from prediction point to the highway,ALb is 3dB. When it takes 7O%-90%, ALb is 5dB. If another row is added , 1.5dB should be added to the ALb. But the maximum ALb is 10dB. The famula is: LAeq=LAO LS-ALb 5-1-11 35 5.1.2 Determination of Parameters of Prediction Model 5.1.2.1 Determnination of Vehicle Parameters ----Referring to average energy radiation sound level (Lp17 the relations between three types of vehicles and their speeds are : small vehicles : LPs 59.3+0.23V1 medium vehicles: LPM 62.6+0.32Vi heavy vehicles : LPH - 77.2+O.18Vj 5-1-12 Where : V1: velocity of the vehicles, kn/hr'. ----Running Parameters of Vehicles Traffic volume of the sections see table 2-1, traffic volume of interchanges see table 2-2. percentage of the vehicles see table 5-2-8 . Average running velocity of the vehicles is calculated in following equations: small vehicles : Vs = 237NJ°.602 medium vehicles: VM-= 212N-0- 14 heavy vehicles : VH - 0.8 VM 5-1-13 5.1.2.2 Noise Attenuation with Distance Distance between the two vehicles during daytime and night (di): dt 1000 A. (a) V. 5-1-14 Distance from prediction point to effective lanes (r.); Z2 DN D F m) 5-1-15 Where : DN: distance from prediction point to the nearest lane, m ; DF: distance from prediction point to the furthest lane, m ALD - 20 * 7 5 (5-1-16) 36 where: K1: constant of the surface from the point to the highway; * K.: constant related to the distance between vehicles, 5.1.2.3 Influence Parameters of the Highway Structure LA,, correction amount (ALS) caused by highway slope are: heavy vehicles : ALLs 980 medium vehicles: AL5 = 73 i small vehicles : ALS a 50 5-1-17 Where : p : the highway slope (%). The maxi. slope of the highway is 4% . In most case , the slope lower than 1%. Le correction amount caused by roughness of the sur- face AL, is neglected for the smooth surface. 5.1.2.4 Reduced Noise Amount by The Highway Structure -----Reduced Noise Amount Different distance calculation of sound image area at the embankments and interchanges see figure 5-1-3 l, d Figure 5-1-3 Different distance calcu. of sound image area at embankment a - I d2 + H2 b l/ (D-d) (-) 37 c -/ D2+ (4-h1-H)2. 5-1-18 Different distance calculation of sound image area at the culvert of the highway is showed in figure 5-1-4 U- B h, D Fig. 5-1-4 Different distance calcu. of sound image area at culvert a (D-d)2 + (h1 -H)2 b _4 d2 +h2 c -Dz + (h + - - H2 a = a + b - c 5-1-19 Where: AS: reduced noise amount , it can be checked from figure AS- a; H : height of sound sources , (m) hi: hei. of embankments or depth of cuverlents, (m); hz: height from prediction point to the ground, (m); D dist. from prediction point to the highway, (m); 38 d : a half wide of the highway when it is embankment, distance from prediction point to road shoulder when it is cuverlent, (m) ---LAUq correction amount caused by the curves or the limited highway sections is calculated in following equation: AL1- lOlg--- (dB) 5-1-20 Where : o : view angle from prediction point to the limited section ends. Because the highway is almost straight , 6°. 5.1.3 Prediction of Constructing Noise 5.1.3.1 Noise Sources Constructing Noise are mainly from collection and trans- portation of soil and stones, machine noise 5.1.3.2 Prediction Results Equation 5-1-2 and 5-1-3 are used to predict the machine noise. The results see table 5-1-1. Table 5-1-1 Prediction results of machine noise (dB) sites noise sources La1 boundary of the sides standard Ld Ln _.___________________________________________________________ soil & diggers 84 72 75 55 stone coll. loaders 90 76 diggers 84 72 loaders 90 78 bulldozers 86 74 the highway graders 90 78 rollers 86 74 75 55 tedder 87 75 mixers 79 59 diggers,loaders and bulldozers 80 75 55 operated at the same time bulldozers and graders operated at the same time 79 75 55 39 5.1.3.3 Influence of Construction Noise From table 5-1-1, we know : -----LA., at soil collection and quarrying site is very close to the standard; -----Noise from most machines is under the standard; …---If the bulldozers , diggers and loaders are operated at the same time , noise levels will exceed the standard ; 5.1.3.4 Prediction of Traffic Noise (1) Prediction Results of Traffic Noise at Concerned Schools and Hospitals Table 5-1-2 Prediction results of traffic noise at the schools and hospitals (di) 2000 2005 2018 stake No. schools or hospitals Ld Ln Ld In Id Ln K62+300 Chishui Voc. Sch. 60.7 52.7 62.2 54.5 65.5 60.4 k73+600 Xinlin Primary Sch. 62.5 54.7 64.0 56.6 67.1 62.2 k79+550 Lianhuasi Voc. Sch. 66.4 58.9 67.8 60.7 70.0 66.1 k80+760 Bayi Middle Sch. 65.6 58.1 66.5 59.8 69.9 65.3 k81+850 Lianhuasi Pri.Sch. 63.6 56.0 65.4 57.7 68.5 63.3 K82+350 Zhashichang Sch. 66.7 56.8 67.4 61.5 70.5 66.4 k84+570 Fengliang Pri.Sch. 72.2 65.2 73.4 67.0 76.0 72.0 k92+700 Fushui Hospital 68.1 60.7 69.4 62.5 72.2 67.8 k93+090 Fushui Primary Sch. 76.6 69.6 77.8 71.4 80.2 76.3 k95+000 Taoxia Middle Sch. 62.5 54.6 63.9 56.4 67.1 62.2 k115+500 Xiquandian Pri Sch. 55.8 48.2 57.0 50.0 60.4 55.4 k127+300 Diaoqiao Primary Sch. 61.9 54.2 63.5 55.9 66.8 61.5 There are about eleven units in all showed in table 5-1-2, and prediction results of outdoor nearst where the building is nearest to the highway are tabulated in Table 5-1-2. (2) Traffic Noise of The Villages nearby 40 Prediction results of outdoor traffic noise at the first row of villages along the highway see table 5-1-3. Table 5-1-3 Traffic noise of vLllages nearby (dB) ------------------------------------------------------------- 2000 2005 2018 stake No. villages heigbt* -------- --------- ---------- (m) Ld Ln Ld Ln Ld Ln kO57+000 Shilipa 4.0 60.7 52.7 62.2 54.5 65.5 60.4 kO57+900 Zhangjia 5.0 62.5 54.7 .63.9 56.4 65.5 60.4 k061+900 Yuaoli 3.0 63.6 55.9 65.1 57.7 66.3 61.3 k068+250 Jiefang 5.5 60.9 53.8 62.1 55.6 64.6 60.6 k071+940 Zhangquiyuan 5.0 60.6 53.1 62.0 54.9 64,8 60.3 kO73+300 Nai 4.5 62.3 55.4 63.5 57.0 65.9 62.0 k076+900 Shiaohua town 3.5 64.8 57.2 66.2 58.9 69.2 64.5 k077+900 Yuengjia 13.2 55.1 48.0 56.3 49.8 58.8 54.8 k079+750 Dangjiahe -4.7 60.7 52.7 62.2 54.5 65.5 60.4 kO8O+930 Xiaogaojiahe 1.8 67.8 60.8 69.0 62.6 71.4 67.5 k081+500 Gaojiahe 3.0 64.8 57.2 66.2 58.9 69.2 64.5 k082+000 Banjieshan 0.3 72.6 65.6 74.2 67.3 76.9 72.3 kO82+950 Qianjiayuao 1.5 70.0 62.9 71.0 64.6 73.8 70.0 k083+650 Fuzhong 1.5 70.0 62.9 71.0 64.6 73.8 70.0 k084+300 Qianhuo 0 72.8 65.8 74.6 67.7 77.1 72.5 kO86+300 Xinbaozi -7.0 68.0 66.1 69.3 62.4 72.1 67.7 kO92+600 Fushui Govern.2.0 63.1 55.3 64.6 57.1 67.6 62.8 kO934000 Nanchengzi -1.0 63.5 56.0 64.9 57.7 68.0 63.2 k095+200 Taoxia 2.0 67.4 60.5 68.6 62.2 71.0 67.1 kO97+900 Xiwu 3.5 61.5 53.7 63.1 55.5 66.3 61.3 klOO+000 Wufang 2.5 65.9 58.8 67.4 60.5 70.2 65.6 41 Table 5-1-3 (continue) 2000 2005 .2018 stake No. villages height* ------------------------------ (M) Ld Ln Ld Ln Ld Ln k103+400 Beidong -2.5 62.4 54.6 64.0 56.4 67.1 62.3 kllO+200 Xiaquicheng 10.5 57.0 56.0 58.0 51.7 60.4 50.4 kill+800 Zhaopi 5.0 59.8 52.1 60.6 53.9 63.1 59.0 k115+500 Xiqiandian -2.3 71.5 64.6 72.5 66.2 75.2 71.3 k'll8+ooo Xiyiazi -5.7 59.9 51.1 60.8 52.8 64.0 58.5 k118+500 Guongzhon 1.5 66.4 59.1 69.2 62.3 70.7 66.1 kll9+000 Reyibao 2.7 62.5 54.9 64.3 56.7 67.3 62.1 k120+200 Diaoqiao 2.0 66.0 59.0 67.0 60.6 68.4 56.5 k124+950 W.Gangkou 3.5 61.1 53.5 62.6 55.1 65.6 60.9 k125+300 Jiaonigou 1.5 68.7 61.8 69.9 63.6 72.3 68.5 kl30+3so Qili 4.0 62.2 55.2 63.8 56.9 66.3 61.9 k134+200 Xibei 10.5 53.6 46.0 54.7 48.6 57.2 53.3 …n…_____ ________--_______________-- -… - -__ __ _ _-- - _---- …_-- *: Height from the surface to the ground. (3) Traffic Noise at the Interchanges along the Highway Prediction results of different direction and different section at each interchange in Chishui, Hua county, Fushui, Huayin, Gangkou and Qilicun are given in table 5-1-4. 42 Table 5-1-4 Noise level at interchanges (dl) …_________________________________________________-_________ Distance to the Highway Monitoring Year 20 40 60 80 100 station --------- --------- ------ - --------- --------- Ld Ln Ld Ln Ld Ln Ld Ln Ld Ln 2000 60.9 53.4 62.7 55.2 64.6 57.3 38.4 31.9 36.5 30.0 NW 2005 62.7 55.6 64.4 57.4 66.3 59.4 40.5 34.0 38.6 32.1 chi 2018 69.3 64.7 67.5 62.7 66.0 61.0 44.3 37.8 42.4 35.9 ------------------------------------------------------------- shui 2000 64.6 57.7 61.8 54.6 65.2 57.9 63.3 55.9 62.2 54.9 SE 2005 66.1 59.7 63.3 56.7 66.7 60.0 64.9 58.0 63.9 56.9 2018 69.2 64.5 66.3 61.7 69.8 65.2 60.1 63.3 67.2 62.2 …----------------------------------------------------------- 2000 68.8 62.2 62.8 55.9 65.3 58.0 63.5 56.2 62.0 54.5 SE 2005 70.4 63.9 64.6 57.8 67.1 60.1 65.4 58.3 63.9 56.7 Kua 2018 74.5 68.4 68.1 62.7 70.1 65.3 60.5 63.6 67.1 62.0 2000 61.5 54.1 50.4 43.9 46.9 40.4 44.4 37.9 42.5 35.9 NW(1) 2005 63.4 56.2 52.0 45.4 48.0 41.6 45.6 39.1 43.7 37.1 2018 66.7 61.5 56.9 49.7 52.2 45.7 49.7 43.2 47.8 41.3 Xian ---------------------------------- 2000 64.9 58.2 61.7 55.0 59.1 52.3 57.3 50.5 55.8 48.9 NW(2) 2005 66.4 59.6 63.3 56.4 60.7 53.7 58.9 51.9 57.4 50.4 2018 71.4 64.3 68.4 61.1 61.9 58.4 64.2 56.6 62.7 55.1 2000 64.7 57.4 62.7 55.3 61.1 53.6 44.0 37.5 42.1 35.5 NW 2005 66.3 59.5 64.4 57.4 62.8 55.8 45.9 39.3 43.9 37.1 PU 2015 69.4 64.7 67.6 62.7 66.2 61.2 51.0 44.4 49.0 42.5 2000 67.4 60.7 62.4 55.4 60.2 53.0 63.3 55.9 62.0 54.5 shui SE 2005 69.2 62.6 64.2 57.4 62.0 55.1 65.2 58.1 63.9 56.7 2018 73.5 67.3 67.7 62.4 65.5 60.2 68.3 63.3 67.1 62.0 2000 68.5 61.8 61.9 54.9 63.7 56.4 61.9 54.4 60.4 52.9 SE 2005 70.3 63.6 63.9 56.9 65.8 58.5 63.9 56.5 62.5 55.1 2018 74.7 68.2 67.9 61.8 69.3 63.8 67.5 61.9 66.2 60.6 Bua ----a-------- ----- 2000 61.7 54.3 59.5 52.0 46.0 39.5 43.5 37.5 41.6 35.1 NE(1) 2005 63.7 56.4 61.6 54.2 47.3 40.8 44.8 38.3 42.9 36.4 2018 67.4 61.7 65.4 59.6 51.5 45.0 49.0 42.0 47.1 40.6 Yin -------------------- 2000 65.6 58.8 62.4 55.6 59.8 52.9 58.0 51.1 56.5 49.5 NE(2) 2005 67.2 60.3 64.1 57.1 61.5 54.4 59.8 52.6 58.3 51.0 2018 71.9 64.9 68.9 61.7 66.4 59.1 64.7 57.3 63.3 55.8 Gang 2000 60.3 53.0 56.9 50.3 53.3 46.8 50.8 44.3 46.9 42.4 NW 2005 62.3 55.0 58.5 51.9 55.0 48.4 52.5 45.9 50.9 44.0 Rou 2018 66.0 60.3 63.2 56.2 59.8 52.6 57.4 50.1 55.6 48.2 ------------------------------------------------------------- Qi 2000 66.8 60.1 61.1 54.0 63.6 56.3 61.7 54.3 60.4 52.9 Li SE 2005 68.7 62.0 63.0 56.0 65.6 58.4 63.8 56.4 62.5 55.0 cun 2018 73.4 67.1 67.0 61.2 69.0 63.7 67.2 61.6 66.0 60.5 43 5.1.5 Environmental Impact Assessment of Traffic Noise 5.1.5.1 Prediction and Assessment at Schools And Hospital (1) Predicted results of noise level nearby schools and hospital are all beyond the 2nd class standard (60dB) of the GB3096-93 from the year of 2000. (2) The predicted noise level on the sports ground of Bayi school 55 meters away from the centerline of the highway exceed the standard, while the classrooms 115 meters away from the centerline of the highway will be hardly affected by noise. (3) Since Fengliang primary school, Bua county, and Fushui primary school are nearer to the highway, it will be serious- ly affected by the traffic noise during running period. (4) The inpatient department of Fushui hospital is close to the highway. The noise level at the hospital will be 68.1 dB by 2000, and 72.2dB by 2018. The traffic noise will affect the hospital in some extent. 5.1.5.2 Hua county town, Huayin development area and Gangkou town 5.1.5.2.1 Hua county town The proposed highway passes the south of Hua county town. Distance from the town to the highway is about 100m. From prediction results we know that: when height from ground to the surface is O.9m, prediction noise levels insides 20m will exceed the standard since 2000. Insides the 40m , noise levels at height above the ground 4.2m exceed the standard. Insides the 60m, noise level at the height above the ground 7.2m will exceed the standard since 2018. The prediction results at 80m far from the highway are lower than the standard (70dB). But, insides 80m, all night prediction noise levels will exceed the standard since 2000. 44 When height from the ground to the surface is 2.4m: The daytime prediction results -insides 20m will exceed the standard at height of 4.2m above the ground, noise levels insides the 40m will exceed the standard at the height of 7.2m, the noise levels are under the standard beyond 6Om of the highway. Noise level insides 4Om will exceed the stan- dard, insides 60m ,noise levels will exceed the standard at the height of 7.2m since 2018, Jut beyond 80n all noise levels are lower than 70 dB. Night noise levels insides 60m will exceed the standard (5SdB) since 2000 , and night noise levels insides lOOm will exceed the standard since 2005. 5.1.5.2.2 Huayin Development Area The highway passes the proposed development area. From the prediction results we know when the surface height above the ground is 2.1m: …---Daytime noise levels insides 20m will exceed the standard at height of 4.2m and the levels insides 60m are under the standard since 2000; ---Daytime noise levels insides 40m will exceed the standard since 2000, but noise levels beyond 80m are under the standard; -----Night noise levels insides 60m exceed the standard and the noise levels insides 80 will exceed the standard at height of 10.2im since 2000; -----Night noise levels will exceed the standard in the area since 2018; When height of highway surface above the ground is 5.5m: ----All daytime noise levels insides 20m will exceed the standard at height of 7.2m since 2018r and insides 40m and 60m, the height of exceeded standard is 4.2m and 10.2m respectively; -----Night noise levels insides 6Om will exceed the standard at the height of 4.2m since 2005; Insides 8Om all night noise levels will exceed the standard since 2005 5.1.5.2.3 GangKou Based on prediction results that the year , distance and 45 height orders which daytime noise levels will exceed the standard are : 2000, 20m, 13.2m ; 2005, 40m, 16.2m ; 2018, 60m, 16.2m ; 2018, 60m, 10.2m. Night noise levels insides 60n will exceed the standard at height of 10.2m since 2000. All night noise levels will exceed the standard at height of 4.2m since 2018. Sound field figures 5-1-5, 5-1-6, 5-1-7 are charted based 5.1.5.3 Villages Nearby From table 5-1-3 we know that: Noise levels at the villages which are partly removed will exceed the standard during the running period. Daytime noise levels at most part of the remained villages will be under the standard . But night noise levels will exceed the standard in 2018. Nght(m) 20 .14 ^ \V~~~~( 7 16; .12 1.2 20 40 60 so 100 Fig.5-1-5. Soundfield of da.ytimne tratffic noise at Huzacounty in 2018 466 20 .18 14 12 C10 /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 6 4 2 .1.2 Fig.5-1-6. Soundfield of daytime traffic noise at Huayin in 2018 20 .12 10 2 20 40 60 80d LaEh gisaom dLM- toi higft-m) Fig.5-1-7. Sound field of daytime traffic noise at Gangkou in 2018 47 5.1.5.4 Interchanges From table 5-1-9, we know: (1) Ld a) .By 2005, in the southeast of Hua county, the traffic noise level within 20 meters from the centra line of the highway will exceed the standard (70dB). By 2108, in the north east of Hua county the traffic noise level within 20 meters from centerline of the highway will above the standard; b).The noise level at southeast Fushui will be 3.5 dB higher than the standard; c).The noise exceedance will also occur at southeast Huayin in 2005 and at northeast Euayin in 2018; d).By 2018, the noise level at 20 meters away ±rom the traffic lane will be 3.4 dB higher than the standard; e).At all of other cases the noise level will be lower than 70 dB. (2) Ln a).The noise levrl in southeast direction of the interchanges within lOOm will be close to or above the standard slightly; b).The noise level at 20m away from the near lane in northeast Hua county, northeast Huayin and northwest Gangkou will be close to or above the standard slightly; c).The noise level at 60m away from the centerline in northwest Chishui, northeast Hua county northwest Fushui and northeast Buayin will be close to or above the standard slightly. There will be no residents around the interchanges. The traffic noise during operation phase will not impact environm5nt too much. 5.2 Prediction and Assessment of Air Quality 5.2.1 Meteorological Features 5.2.3.1 Climate Major indicators of the, assessment alignment see tale 5-2-1. 48 Table 5-2-1 Major indicators of climate (annual average) …-----------------------------------------------------------_ elements unit Weinan Huayin Tongguan …------------------------------------------------------------ air pressure hpa 975.7 975.3 952.0 air temperature centigrade 13.5 13.7 13.0 relative humidity % 72 68 61 rainfall mm 526.7 537.7 596.4 ground temperature centigrade 16.1 16.2 14.8 sunshine time hr 2239.2 2232.6 2215.1 evaporation mm 1637.1 1659.5 1973.0 total clouds 6.1 6.2 5.8 low clouds 1.4 1.3 1.7 wind speed m/s 1.6 2.3 3.4 5.2.1.2 Ground Wind Average wind speed see table 5-2-2. Table 5-2-2 Average wind speed (m/s) ----------------------------------------------------------- No. Area Jan. Apr. July. Oct. year …---------------------------------__------------------------- I Weinan 1.6 1.9 1.7 1.3 1.6 2 Euayin 1.8 2.9 2.6 2.0 2.3 3 Tongguan 2.9 4.1 3.5 3.3 3.4 …---------------------------------__ ------------------------- Frequency of wind directions see table 5-2-3 and figure 5-2-1. Table 5-2-3 Distribution of wind frequency -------------------------------------------__---------------- N NNE NE ENE E ESE ES SSE S SSW SW WSW W WNW WN NNW C A 1 2 6 12 8 3 1 1 4 3 4 7 6 3 1 1 36 B 2 2 5 7 10 2 4 2 2 2 7 5 8 2 3 1 36 C 1 1 1 4 15 21 6 4 3 3 2 2 7 14 7 2 17 Note: A=Weinan B=Huayin C=Tongguan 49 N N N N N~~~E NVE WNE 365 36 - S S S Weinan Huayin Tongguan Figure 5-2-1 wind rose 5.2.1.3 Wind Profile Near The Ground The observed index values (M) of wind profile see table 5-2-4. Table 5-2-4 Index values of wind profile ------------------------------------------------------------- stability A----B C D E----I wind profile UH=Ug(R/10O)m …---------------------------------------------------------- M 0.30 0.35 0.40 0.45 5.2.1.4 Diffusion Standard Deviation Diffusion standard deviation are abstracted from "Tec- hnical Methods for Making Local Emission Standard of Air Pollutants". The values see table 5-2-5. Table 5-2-5 Diffusion standard deviation near ground a, =aA1 o =CXd stability ---------------- a b c d A--B 0.281846 0.914370 0.127190 0.964435 C 0.177154 0.924279 0.106803 0.917595 D 0.110726 0.949418 0.104634 0.826212 E--F 0.0553634 0.929418 0.0720765 0.784400 5.2.1.5 Determination of Integrated Distribution Frequency of 50 Wind Direction, Wind Speed, Stability in A Typical Day Integrated distribution frequency of wind directions, speed and stability see table 5-2-6. Table 5-2-6 integrated distributiou frequency of wind directLon, speed and stability ------------------------------------------------------------- section F (i,j,k) …__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -__________ F(5,3,1)=0.10 F(5,4,r1)0.15 F(4,3,1)-0.15 Weinan-Huayin F(13,3,1l=0,05 F(13,4,1)=0.05 F(11,3,1)=0.05 F(10#,4,1)=0.05 F(17,.4,1)-0.40 F(5,3,2)=0.20 F(5,4,2)=0.15 E(6,3,2)0.10 Huayin- P(14,3,2)=0.15 F(14,4,2)O0.10 F(15,1,2)-0.05 the boundary F(13,2,2)-0.05 F(17,4,2)=0.20 Note: i stands for wind direction, il17 means calm ; j stands for stability, j=1,2,3,4 the order of stability A--B, C, Dr E--F; k stands for wind speed at height of 10, k=l, 2 means the speed are 2.9mJs and 2.4m/s respectively. 5.2.2 Selection of Prediction Model The highway is separated into two sections, i.e. weinan-Huayin section, Huayin-Tonguan section. We consider the sections as unlimited line sources, the constructing sections and interchanges as surface sources . For the line sources, 30 nuin. concentrations insides 200m of the roadside are calculated, and weighted average values of wind direction, speed, and stability is applied to the calculation of daily, annual average concentrations. For the surface sources, we propose they are formed by the spreading of points sources .The corrected Gaussian plume models are applied. 5.2.2.1 Prediction Model of Daily, Annual Average Concentrations at The Interchanges Following Gaussian plume model is applied : C(Z, J, P, Ar, X,d 4 2 Qs(x,Jp)*F(J.r,.Tl)4j ,J1-1 Jr.- )/E 2-x (X+XA) U X--V 16 'exp i(23 )]+ 2Qs.r,,p)*FJ,17,J1) *eexp(- ) C22 2 z 1.Ti) 2UH7(,J) ,2T (X+XA) 2cY.7(.,, 51 LZM ZA LZM 11~~~2 X.. X XL( 2 4.3 AAj ) ;X8 2.15 CCC,7) * (j z) - CC(.)e(X4X)(1 ; -U U1O{S. 10 UH17 CT,J,) _ 0 3 X (n )"t; ar,17T,) - Cc(J)*(X+4x)WDlz 5-2-1 Where: C(I,rJ,Pr,11Xs): C, added concentration of pollutant (p) mg/m3; i, year ; J, interchange No.; I1, wind direction; X., distance in the wind direction, m ; Qs(I,J,P) : Qs, source intensity of pollutant (P), mg/s; I. year; J, interchange No; (J,I,J1,k1) : integrated distribution frequency of wind direction (It), stability (J1) and wind speed (K2.) at interchange (J) ; Ez(J) : average height of pollutant sources ,r ; Xs : vertical distance to boundary of the surface source, m; Lz(J) : average width of crosswind direction at interchange (J), m; AA (J1) : regress coefficient of diffusion standard error in crosswind direction at stability (JI) ; BB(J1) : regress index of diffusion standard error in crosswind direction at stability (J,); CC(J1) : regress coefficient of diffusion standard error in vertical direction at stability (J, ) ; DD(11) : regress index of diffusion standard error in vertical direction at stability (J1); U10(k1) : typical wind speed (kl) value at height of lm; M(J,) : wind speed profile index at stability (J1), meanings of the root notes 52 i=l,2,3,4 : stand for the year 2000, 2005, 2018 ; j-=J,2,3,4,5,6 : stand for interchange : Cache, Hua xian, Fushui, Hua mountain, Diaoqiao, Qilicen; p=1,2,3,4,5 : stand for pollutant NOx, CO, TCH, Pb, Bap; I1=1,2,.., 16: stand for directions N, NNE,.., NNW; Xs=50,100, ....... -, 500: distance to equivalent boundary of interchange in wind downwards; J1=1,2,3,4: stability A--b, C, D, E--F; Kl=1,2,3,4,5: ground wind speeds; 17 : wind speed is 0.3m/s. 5.2.2.2 Prediction of Daily Mean Concentration at Constructing Sections Bap is predicted only. The model is the same as the 5-2-1. 5.2.2.3 Prediction Model of Ground Concentrations of The Roadside Gaussian plume model of line source computed by integral of point source is applied: L~~~~Q <- lX 2 7! (CTY.0) * (aza.+ Z) * Uh WY 2 (H+All) cxp C-- * xp C ) } dL 2 (C Y+ oy) 2 2 ( ar z<0 Or z) 5-2-2 30 min. and daily average concentrations are computed under conditions of that wind is vertical or parallel to the highway. (1) Ground concentration Prediction of Leeward Roadside under the Condition of Wind Is Vertical to the Highway : Coordinate system applied in the prediction see figure 5-2-2. 53 __ _ __ _ -- N Fig. 5-2-2 Coordinate systema of the prediction Where : axis X stands for eastward of highway. Supposed the highway is unlimited , formula 5-2-2 is abridged as following: IQCI,J,F) CrI, .I I l,y,P) V'2 7 UHl,f1) (I,, O' Z z.) --p ( ) 2 ( aZ zr .) 2 Oz 7CC Y | DDCI, 5-2-3 Where: CTCI,J,JI,y,P); pollutant(P) concentration(mg/m3) at distance (y) inyear(y), J: section, Ji: stability; Q(I,J,P : line source intensity of pollutant(P),:J section, I: year, mg/sm; Cz0 : vertical diffusion standard error of atD source , m; H : average effective height of auto source, m; 54 WY : width of the roadbed , m ; Others are the same as mentioned above. (2) Ground concentration of leeward roadside under condition of the highway parallels to wind direction Supposed the highway is unlimited, formula 5-2-3 is abridged as following: Q cx,i,r CPtl,l,jIyIP)i V2 7r UH (0 Zrt O* ZO) H mci,,2 Ozv-CCci., [I j I [ t(B)- 5-2-4 Parameters in the formula are the same as men above. (3) Ground Concentration of The Roadside under Condition of Angle formed by Wind Direction And The Highway The formula is: 2Qtl,l,- sI sil (OA) I CP(l,J,JLI,,Py { C '$2 7r UH I O z s+ cr z.) Hz QCx,j,r) I cos (A) I t *tixp (- 3) 2+C 3 2}Z 2 ( CZ z,t +f zu / Crc p 5-2-5 Where: OA : angle between wind direction and axis X. 5.2.2.4 Prediction Model of Annual Average Concentration at the Roadside Axis system in figure 5-2-3 is applied. 55 yY - w nil;g' l /ling highway 0 Fig. 5-2-3 Coordinate system of the prediction The concentration is calculated in following formula: 16 4 5 CrcI,Iys,,P' EI I { c F J,I,, ,, ) * (sin' (OA) * C COS2 (OA) - Cv) +Cii5-2-6 ZQCI,I,P * I siti (OA) I V/2 ir 7 (OfZ7+ Of.7.) 2I y H12 * "p (- ) 2 ( if 0 z.) - U Z17=CC(J,) * K I sin (OA) I 5-2-7 Where: F(J,17,J,): integrated distribution frequency of calm 56 and stability(a,) in section J The others are the same as stated above. 5.2.2.5 Prediction Model of Annual Lead Deposition The formula is : WPbt1,E.Y)=A ' VlPb *cmitl,lY) 2772 p Pb r tPb= 9 p 5-2-8 Where: Wpb(I.Jr) : annual lead deposition (g/y.m2) at distance (y) to the railings; Cpb(I J Y) : annual average ground lead concentration,mg/m3; yJ~6 : average radius of lead particles; viscous coefficient of air; Prtb : density of lead particles; A : conversion coefficient of units. 5.2.3 Calculation of Source Intensity 5.2.3.1 Formula 5.2.3.1.1 Line Source Intensity (1) Calculation of Oil Consumption Based on the provincial standard (GB3506-86), oil consump- tion is calculated in following formula: 6 * E7~ ( Akkl(qak+qbq * Gk)* * IRi 3 k= I Ki Iz i * *o a Cp) Sj - Ni Xix ) Mi 100 5-2-9 Where: i=1,2,3 : years; j=l,2 : sections; k=1,2,.. .,6: vehicle types; 1=1,2 : petroleum, diesel; B : weighted coefficient of traffic volume. for daily traffic volume, B=O. B is ratio of the periodical traffic volume to daily 57 average traffic volume during a period; Q(I.J.1: 1, consumption of oil type (iľ; Aki recognition coefficient of oil type(k); % k : oil consumption of vehicle type (k) without loaded , 1/iOCt.km; qbk : extra oil consumption of goods transported by vehicle type (k) 1/100t.km; 9ck : extra oil consumption of vehicle weight, 1/lOOt.km; Wk ; goods weight loaded by vehicle type(k) or tourist per 10 ; AGk : actual vehicle weight(G) minus standard weight(Go); S: length of section(j) ,km; K1 : corrected coefficient of the highway; Kz : corrected coefficient of temperature; K3 : corrected coefficient of height; Nii : daily average traffic volume of doubled-directions, Mi k: percentage of vehicle type(k) in year(i) (2) Calculation of Line Source Intensity The formula is: 2 6 Q(i,j,p)=B* _A I j Akl[(qak+qbq Wk+qcL A LokG) *R +qa:4 RE I i'1 k=I KI - K2 - K, -e Rpl -lQ I a n0 100 T - 3600 * S.i -lOGO z 6 = B * J | Akli(qak+qbq - Wk+qd t\G!) * S .R] i=j k:1 K, K2 * I3 * KG p* a (P) *N * ai 3. 6 x I0 T 5-2-10 where: 58 T : period . for daily average, T-24hr. for instantaneous T-lhr; Qljp : line source intensity of pollutants (p),mg/s.m; Kpl : emission coefficient of pollutant (P) g/l Ke : other corrected coefficient.for Guanzhong plain, Ke-1.a5; «L(p) : corrected coefficient of source intensity. for lead, *-L(p)=0.8. for others, B-L(p)-l; 5.2.3.1.2 Calculation of Interchange Surface Source Intensity Calculation of equivalent line source intensity has mentioned above. Equivalent surface source intensity equals that equivalent width of crosswind direction times the line source intensity. 5.2.3.1.3 Calculation of Equivalent Surface Intensity at Constructing Section Following experimental formuLa is applied to compute Bap: Qmp=A B C D Where: A : concentration of bitumen smoking at constructing site, mg/m3; B : discharged smoking per ton bitumen in one second, M3/Bs t; C : used bitumen amount per sq. meter surface, t/im; D : area covered by bitumen , m7; 5.2.3.2 Basis of Calculation 5.2.3.2.1 Coefficient Determination of Discharged Pollutants According to the test results determined by Xi'an University of Highway and Transportation, the emission coefficient are giver in Table 5-2-7. Table 5-2-7 Coefficients of discharged pollutants (g/l) oil types NOx Co TEC lead Bap ------------------------------------------------------------- petroleum 12.08 107.50 5.13 0.35 37.4 ------------------------------------------------------------- diesel 44.4 27.0 33.3 0.35 11.58 ---------------------------------------------------------59- 59 5.2.3.2.2 Speed and Percentage of Vehicle types The speed and percentages see table 5-2-8. Table 5-2-8 Speed and percentages of vehicle types ------------------------------------------------------------- vehicle types oil types load speed percentages (t) (km/h) (%) small truck petroleum 2 85 15.50 medium truck petroleum 4 75 42.20 large truck diesel 8 60 6.70 trailer diesel 8 60 5.70 small bus petroleum 100 22.00 large bus petroleum 60 7.90 5.2.3.2.3 Other Parameters The surface height to the ground is 3.Om. Interchange height is 4.0m. Traffic volume of the interchanges see table 5-2-9. Table 5-2-9 Traffic volume of interchanges (vehfd). ------_.--------------___--------------------_---------.._-____ interchanges 2000 2005 2018 Cache 490 710 1776 Hua county 2220 3150 8431 Fushui 2081 3161 8996 Hua mountain 3004 4421 12041 Gangkou 1936 2806 - 7556 Qili village 1964 3069 9775 ------------------------------------------------------------- 5.2.3.3 Calculation Results of Source Intensity -----The maximum source intensity of 30 min. Calculation results of the maximum source intensity of 30 min. at rush hour see table 5-2-10. 60 Table 5-2-10 Source intensity of 30 mnm. (mg/.-m) ------------------------------------------------------------- years sections NOx Co TEC Pb Bap ---------------_.--------------------------------------------- 2000 Weinan-Bufyin 1.320 5.311 0.8?3 0.0083 0.0000 Huayin-Tongguan 0.903 3.633 0.556 0.0057 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------- 2005 Weinan-Huayin 1.971 7.929 1.214 0.0124 0.0001 Ruayin-Tongguan 1.346 5.416 O.829 0.0084 0.0000 ------------------------------------------------------------- 2018 Weinan-Huayin 3.978 16.006 2.450 0.0249 0.0001 Huayin-Tongguan 2.722 10.954 1.677 0.0171 0.0001 -------aily--average---source--inten--ity------t-e--se-t--ons ----Daily average source intensity of the sections Daily average source intensity of the sections see table 5-2-11. Table 5-2-11 Daily average source Intensity of the sections (mgfs em) ---------------------------------------------------------- years sections NO1 Co TEC Pb Bap ------------------------------------------------------------- 2000 Weinan-Huayin 0.550 2.213 0.338 0.0035 0.000015 Huayin-Tongguan 0.376 1.514 0.232 0.0024 0.000011 2005 Weinan-Huayin 0.821 2.304 0.506 0.0052 0.000023 Huayin-Tongguan 0.561 2.257 0.345 0.0035 0.000016 2018 Weinan-Huayin 1.657 6.669 1.021 0.0104 0.000047 Huayin-Torngguan 1.134 4.564 0.699 0.0071. 0.000032 5.2.4 Prediction Results 5.2.4.1 30 Min. Concentration of the Highway The pollutant concentration has been predicted under A-B, C, D and E-F stability class, but we just present the concentration under class E-F. (1) When wind direction is vertical to the highway , the concentration is showed in fig. 5-2-4. 61 (2) When wind direction is parallel to the highway , the concentration is showed in fig. 5-2-5. 5.2.4.2 Daily Average Concentration of The Roadside Prediction results see fig. 5-2-6, 5-2-7. 5.2.4.3 Daily Average Concentration of the Interchanges see table 5-2-12. Table 5-2-12 Max Daily Average Concentration at the interchanges (mg/Nm3) year interchanges NOx Co THC Pb Chishui 0.000056 0.000226 0.000035 0.00000 Hua county 0.000253 0.001018 0.000156 0.000002 Fushui 0.000238 0.000959 0.000147 0.000001 2000 Huashan 0.000344 0.001384 0.000212 0.000002 Gangkou 0.000222 0.000892 0.000137 0.000001 Qilicun 0.000225 0.000905 0.000319 0.000001 Chishui 0.000081 0.000327 0.000050 0.000001 Hua county 0.000361 0.001451 0.000222 0.000002 Fushni 0.000362 0.001456 0.000223 0.000002 2005 Huashan 0.000506 0.002037 0.000312 0.000003 Gangkou 0.000321 0.001239 0.000198 0.000002 Qilicun 0.000351 0.001414 0.000216 0.000002 Chishui 0.000152 0.000611 0.000094 0.000001 Hua county 0.000699 0.002813 0.000431 0.000004 Fushui 0.000739 0.002975 0.000455 0.000005 2018 Huashan 0.001002 0.004033 0.000617 0.000006 Gangkou 0.000630 0.002535 0.000388 0.000004 Qilicun 0.000775 0.003118 0.000477 0.000005 ------------------------------------------------------------- 5.2.5 Environmental Impact Assessnent 5.2.5.1 The Max. 30 Min. Concentration of Pollutants at The Roadside Based on Figure 5-2-4 and 5-2-5, these findings reveal the 62 following information: ----NO.: When wind direction is vertical to the highway, the frenquency is 1%-4%, N0x concentration will be above the class II of the Ambient Air Quality Standard (GB3096-82), 0.15mg/Nm. Within 200m downwind of Weinan-Euayin section in 2005; N0, exceedance occur at Euayin-Tongguan section downwind in 2018. When wind direction is parallel to the highway, with a frenguency of 14%-23%, exceedances distance alone Weinan-Huayin section are projected to be 58m in 2000, 95m in 2005 and 200m in 2018; Exceedance distance alone Euayin-tongguan section will be 75m in 2018. ----CO: It is anticipated that CO concentration at the all sections and wind directions will meet level II standards as established by China air quality standard. ----THC:It's projected that THC level will be above the standard, 0.160mg/Nm3, within 200m at downwind side of vertical wind in 2018. But exceedance will occur at 155m from the lane in 2018 when wind direction is parallel to the highway. There will be no THC exceedance along Euayin-Tongguan section. 5.2.5.2 Daily Mean Concentration of the Roadside -----…NO Figure 5-2-6 shown that NOx concentration alone the highway will be far bellow the national standard, GB3095-82, i.e. 0.10mg/Nm3, in the predication period. -----CO concentration alone all the sections will not exceed the value of 4.0 mg/Nm3, which established by the standard GB3095-82. 5.2.5.3 Daily Mean Concentration at the Interchanges From the prediction results, Table 5-2-12, we know that concentrations of all the pollutants at interchanges will not exceed the standard in the predicted years. 63 cuhlcerll (Jtof(;,If Al il) 1 'I'Jllr i,g i(c'0 .1. NO, ivi20lev 7. '*t irl pqre '.IltH' in "ek. S. A.' M n)l.i * t-( ir O : 2 : /. I' Ia i2O.0I 6. No ). i1120)S 9. (e1 its 2018 0.9- 01.7 0.6- 0.5I 0.4 Ov O 08N I 3 3 _ It7rF 0.0. 0.04 ---- 0.03- 0.02 - 11 rtyyin-''orLgguan 0.0! -, r 1 f 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 dlistance to the highwayfm) Fig.5-2-4. 30 mtirt. concentratioll of the roadside in crossivind directioni at Weinan-Tongguan section con ceiiItitrion (n SIN m-') 3. 7'1( in 2000 4. NO, in2000 7. CO irn 2000 2 2. I'llC in 2005 5. NO.. in2005 8. CO in 2005 J. W'lICin 2018 6. NOfn 2018 9. CO in 2018 0. 9. 0.8 0.78 0.5 0.4', 6 0.3 tn~~~ FtgS--S assessmon entratonf fterodie 0.2 0~~~~9 U'~~~808 0.02' Weirian-hidstace o ileayiiwa(m Fig.-5-2-5. 380 mmii. concentration o terodie in wind direction at Weinan-Tongguan section r1. TliC ini 2000 4, NO. in2000 F. co in 2000 2 TJICin 2005 5 NOM2Qn2a5 B. CO in 2005 conerntratlion(ntgIN m') J. TiC inOlb 20 . NO. in2OIS S. CO in 20)8 0.3. 0.2- 0.003 . 0.002- Wciicrn-Erua yin HAyin-Tanggun 200l t 160 120 80 io So 200 160 120 80 40 20 dhtsrnce to the high umy( m) Fig.5-2-6. Daily mean concent ration of the roadside at Weinan-Tronggzuan Section 66 cotcmninjion(y gNna') 0.0005 0.0004 0.0003 0.0002\ 0.000)- 8:88881 S\- 0.00007, 0.00006 o Pbin 2005Pi 0.00002 Pb uM 2005 Weinan-Hua yin Huayin-Fon 0.0000!- 2040 s8 Ł0 J60 200 20 40 * j0 120 160 200 distance to the highway(m) Fig.5-2- 7. Lead deposition of the roadsides 5.3 Influence Analysis on Natural Eco-environment 5.3.1 Prediction And Assessment of Lead Pollution in Soil 5.3.1.1 Prediction Model of Lead Pollution in Soil I-in I-K' W.=CsK"+ER - Z I-1I 1-i Where : Wn : lead remainder in year n ,mg/kg; Cb : lead background level , mg/kg ; Z R : imputed lead amount , mg/kg ; K : output coefficient, it depends on soil crop and area; Z : output constant, it depends on soil, crop and area. 5.3.1.2 Prediction Results of Lead Pollution in Soil (1) Lead Ground Deposition Based on traffic volume and equations above, lead deposi- 67 tion is predicted. (2) Prediction Results of Lead Pollution in Soil Prediction results of lead remainder in soil see table 5-3-1. 5.3.1.3 Assessment of Lead Pollution in Soil From the table , following conclusions are reached : -----lead remainder in soil depends on distance , the further the prediction points are located, the lower the remainder level is. -lead remainder in two roadside is affected by wind direction . Lead remainder level in south roadside of Weinan-Buayin section is higher than north roadside . And which is contrary to Huayin-Tongguan section ; -----All the predicted remainders will not exceed the standard in the predicted years; Lead remainders in table 5-3-1 can be converted to pollu- tion indices and graded in table 5-3-2. Table 5-3-1 Lead remainder in soil (mg/kg) Distance far from the highway (x) Sections Years -----…---------------------------- Remarks 30 40 60 80 100 140 200 2000 19.4 19.2 19.0 18.8 18.7 18.5 18.4 Weinan 2005 37.3 34.7 32.3 30.7 29.5 27.9 26.3 S.side 2018 67.8 61.3 55.0 50.8 47.8 43.6 39.4 Huayin 2000 18.5 18.3 18.1 18.1 17.8 17.9 17.8 2005 27.1 25.6 23.7 22.7 22.0 21.1 20.4 N.side 2018 41.7 37.7 32.9 30.2 28.4 26.2 24.4 2000 17.8 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.7 17.6 17.6 2005 19.8 t9.2 18.8 18.6 18.4 18.3 18.2 S.side Euayin 2018 22.8 21.3 20.2 19.8 19.4 19.0 18.8 ----------------------------------------------------- Tongguan2000 18.6 18.5 18.4 18.3 18.2 18.1 18.0 2005 28.5 27.3 25.7 25.1 24.5 23.6 22.7 N.side 2018 45.6 42.6 39.0 36.8 35.1 32.8 30.5 ----------------------------------------------------------68- 68 Table 5-3-2 classification of lead pollution in soil ------------------------------------------------------------- Distance far from the highway Cm) Sections Years ----------------------------------- 30 40 60 80 100 140 200 Weinan-Huayin 2000 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 N. side 2005 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2018 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 …------------------------------------------------------------ Huayin-Tonguan 2000 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 S.side 2005 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2018 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 …____________________________________________________________ note : grade 2 means "safe" . From table 5-3-2 we know that soil pollution belongs to grade 2 (safe) . 5.3.2 Influence of Traffic on Grains And Vegetables 5.3.2.1 Influence of Lead Pollution on Grains (1) Influence of Lead in Soil on Grains Absorption of lead by plants is mainly through roots. The order of lead remainder levels in plant organs are roots, stems, leaves, grains. The remainder levels depend on lead content in soil. Influence of lead content in soil on grains is analyzed in the report. Some researches about influence of lead content in soil on grains have been done . Relations between lead content in soil and lead content in wheat, soybean are: for wheat : Y=0.2696+0.01719X (r=0.94) for soybean: Y=1.59+2.42 lOX (r=0.959) Staple crops insides the alignment are wheat and maize From the table above we know that yield of the grain will not be affected by lead in soil. And it is hardly possible for the grain quality to be affected because the soil is "safe". 5.3.2.2 Analysis of Influence of Lead on Vegetables Cabbage, Chinese cabbage and celery are the staple vegetables insides the alignment. The report analyses influence of lead pollution on the vegetables. 5.3.2.2.1 Prediction Results Prediction results see table 5-3-3. 69 Table 5-3-3 Prediction results of lead content in vegetables (mg/kg) distance from the highway (n) sections year vegt. - -------- 30 40 60 80 100 140 200 A 0.108 0.178 0.176 0.175 0.174 0.173 0.172 B 2.40 2.38 2.36 2.35 2.33 2.33 2.32 2000 C 0.738 0.733 0.726 0.722 0.719 0.716 0.713 Weinan D 0.185 0.183 0.185 0.181 0.480 0.179 0.178 Huayin A 0.296 0.275 0.250 0.236 0.227 0.216 0.206 B 3.53 3.32 3.08 2.94 2.86 2.749 2.56 2005 C 1.D8 1.02 0.948 0.906 D.879 0.845 0.816 D 0.271 0.256 0.237 0.227 0.220 0.211 0.204 A 0.490 0.437 0.373 0.337 0.313 0.284 0.260 B 5.42 4.90 4.28 3.93 3.70 3.41 3.17 2018 C 1.67 1.51 1.32 1.21 1.14 1.05 0.98 D 0.417 0.377 0.329 0.302 0.284 0.262 0.244 A 0.171 0.170 0.170 0.170 0.169 0.169 0.169 B 2.31 2.3D 2.30 2.30 2.29 2.29 2.29 2000 C 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.70 0.70 0.70 Huayin D 0.178 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.177 0.176 0.176 Tongguan A 0.198 0.190 0.184 0.182 0.180 0.178 0.177 B 2.57 2.49 2.44 2.41 2.40 2.38 2.37 2005 C 0.79 0.77 0.75 0.74 0.74 0.73 0.73 D 0.200 0.192 0.188 0.186 0.184 0.183 0.182 A 0.238 0.218 0.204 0.198 0.192 0.187 0.184 B 0.296 0.277 2.63 2.57 2.51 2.47 2.44 2018 C 0.91 0.85 0.81 0.79 0.77 0.76 0.75 D 0.228 0.213 0.202 0.198 0.194 0.190 0.198 Note: A is cabbage, B is Chinese cabbage, C is celery, D is garlic. 70 5.3.2.2.2 Analysis of Influence (1) Cabbage lead content insides 14Om of the southern roadside in Weinan-Huayin section will exceed the standard (0.5mg/kg) in 2018. In Huayin-Tongguan section, lead content insides 40m of north roadside will exceed the standard in 2018. (2) Chinese Cabbage Lead content in the two sections will exceed the standard (dry weight: 2.0mg/kg) during running period. (3) Celery Lead content insides 80m of the southern roadside in Weinan-Tongguan section will exceed the standard in 2018. (4) Garlic Lead content of garlic through the highway are under the standard in predicted years 5.3.3 Impact caused by Borrowing soil All the borrowing soil is going to be used in filling. The borrowing sites (See Attached Map 3) and their impact are presented in Table 5-3-4. Table 5-3-4 Borrowing Sites ___________________________________________--------__-------- Site No. Location Feeding Section Temporary use land (ha) ______________________________________--------------- --___ El 200m right side, K55+500 K57+080-K59+000 5.9 E2 200m right side, K61+000 R59+000-K62+700 0.69 E3 2200m right side, R64+000 X62+700-K67+500 0.46 E4 1600m right side, K69+200 K67+500-K69+000 2.15 E5 500m left side, K71+000 K69+000-K73+000 1.93 E6 1000m right side, R74+400 K73+000-K77+000 10.72 E7 800m left side, K77+700 K77+000-K78+800 4.00 ES 300m right side, K81+500 K78+800-180+000 2.67 E9 300m left side, K83+300 K80+000-K85+000 3.45 EiO 300m right side, K86+300 K86+000-K874500 1.40 Eli 40Cm right side, X88+500 K87+500-K91+000 0.65 E12 400m right side, K91+200 (91+000-K92+800 1.29 E13 500m right side, K110+000 K92+800-110+000 2.33 71 Table 5-3-4(Continual) ---------------------------------------------__-------__--__- Site No. Location reeding Section Temporary use land (ha) --------------------------_.---------------------------------- E14 lOOm right side, R115+300 Kl10+000-K118+400 3.00 lOOm right side, R115+900 E15 50m right side, K120+300 50m right side, K120+500 E16 lOOm right side, X130+000 K126+000-K135+221 0.47 GI 100Dm right side, 170+700 K71+200-K72+900 G2 100Dm on both side, K78+900 K78+000-K81+000 G3 100Dm right side, 190+700 K91+600-K92+800 coal 2800m left side, K93+600 K84+000-K92+800 ash G4 100Dm on both side K93+500 K93+000-K96+300 G5 [lOOm right side, K99+200 K96+300-K100+300 G6 100lm right side, 1101+300 K100+300-K102+900 G7 lOOOm right side, R104+500 K102+900-K135+221 After a carefully selection and design, there are no residents, forest and rare animals around the borrowing sites. Because the grave sites are located at river bed, the environmental impact will be slightly. However, all the earth borrowing sites will affect cultivation of concerned areas. Therefore topsoil of the borrowing sites should be stored and reused in site restoration to Ltinixnize the environmental impact. 5.3.4 Prediction of Soil Erosion 5.3.4.1 Prediction Model of Soil Erosion the universal soil erosion equation is applied -: A=-R-RLS-C-P Where: A : soil erosion modules , t/ha.y; R : erosion factors of rainfall; K : erosionable factors of soil; 72 LS: topographical factors; C : factors of covering and management; p : measare factors of erosion control. 5.3.4.2 Determination of The Factors (1) Factor R Annual average R: 12 R-~ 1.735 7 j g('. ?Hapf/P-O. aSIO) Where : i : month; Pi: monthly average rainfall, mm; P : annual average rainfall, mm. (2) Factor K: 1001=2. I X 10-4 (12-OM) * M' 1443. 25 (SS-2) +2. 5 (PP-3) Where : OM : content of soil organic matter, %; SS : index of soil texture ; PP : permeate grade of soil profile ; for soil without surface layer , SS=4 , PP=4 (3) Factor LS : LS= ) (65. 4siC +4. Sisiu 6 +0.065) I22. 13 where : A : slope length ,m; e: slope angle , when sin6=5%, m=0.5; When sinO<1%, m=0.2 (4) Factor C , P values of factors see table 5-3-6. Table 5-3-6 Values of C, P factors constructing period 1998 1999 2000 2001 ------------------------------------------------------------- C 1 0.45 0.30 0.20 0.01 ------------------------------------------------------------- P 1 0.70 0.40 0.40. 0.40 73 From year 2001 on , plants will gradually recover the areas and C,P are nearly close to zero. 5.3.4.3 Assessment of Prediction Results The prediction results of soil erosion in construction and operational phases are showed in table 5-3-7. Table 5-3-7 Prediction of soil erosion during constructing and operational periods Section soil erosion Construction period operation period lot 2nd 3rd 4th weinan Existing tly 190.0 190.0 190.0 190.0 190.0 Prediction t/y 26637.3 4803.0 2134.0 1419.4 313.2 huayin Increased times 135 25 11 7.5 1.6 huayin Existing t/y 262.5 262.5 262.5 262.5 262.5 Prediction tfy 14865.7 2293.3 983.6 655.7 327.9 tongguan Increased times 56.6 8.7 3.7 2.5 1.2 From the table we know that soil erosion at the construc- ting period is heavily serious . especially at rainy season (July, Aug., Sept.). 5.3.5 Influence of Poor Geological Conditions And landslides 5.3.5.2 Influence of Poor Geological Conditions Lianhuasi(KB1+000--K84+000) and Xiquandian (1175+250-K119+250) where the highway will passe are lotus land, Technically they belong to soft base. Groundwater table at Lianhuasi is shallow. Some are water-covered areas around year. The upper layer of the ground is gravel soil and the lower is soft soil. Xiquandian section is located on flooded land of Yellow river. Some areas are water land. Depth of sludge is from Im to 2m. Technically , it is soft mould or flow mould. The two sections above are specially treated as following: Lianhuasi section: sand stakes or anti-pressure engineer- ing are applied. Xiquandian section: removing sludge and refilling sand 74 soil, and building separated layers. The influence of poor geological conditions at Lianhuasi and Xiquandian can be avoid by building bridge or refilling. The refilling measures is recommended. The alignment lies between the existing road and the hill slope at the east side of Xiguandian, shown in Attached Map3. Although the route avoids the large area of wetland, part of the road section is still affected due to the swamp. Thus, these sections were designed based on soft earth condition. The engineering measures include change the soiL under roadbeds and installation of protection slopes. The area of occupied wetland are presented in Table 5-3-8. Table 5-3-8 Occupied Wetland (lotus land) Stake No. Length (m) Width Cm) Area (ha.) K115+640-K115+950 310 57 1.77 R116+700-K116+900 200 28.5/2 * 0.28 R116+900-K118+750 1850 57 10.54 Total 2360 12.6 * half side of the highway will pass wetland The pecuniary loss due to occupation of ponds and wetlant is anticipated to be 378 thousand yuan (RMB). In order to compensate the pecuniary loss and infiltration, several ponds are going to be established nearby. 5.3.5.2 Influence of landslides Based on survey , we sure that the highway will not impacted by landslides. 5.4 Influence of Traffic on Culture Relics And Tourist Environment 5.4.1 Irmpact on Historical sites The proposed project will affect 14 historical sites, shown in Attached Map 3, which presented in Table 5-4-1. 75 Table 5-4-1 Historical Sites Along the Highway ------------------------------------------------------------- No. Name and Location Classification 1 HengZhen site,,northwest side of Provincial level the existing village 2. Tongguan Ancient Town, the old Provincial level county town 3. Zaili site, northeast side of County level the existing village 4. Lianglaobao site, south side of County level the existing village 5. Qiangiayao site, east side of County level thm existing village 6. Quanhucun site, south side of County level the existing village 7. Fanjiacun site, west side of the County level existing village 8. Guocun site, southwest side of the existing village 9. Huacounty Tomb, south side of the existing county town 10. Wufang site, south side of the existing village 11. Hongyan site, southeast side of the existing village 12. Xiquandian site, south side of the existing village 13. Dongquandian site, south side of the existing village 14. Shaqu site, northeast side of the existing village According to relevant national regulation, unearthing of cultural relies should be taken prior to the highway 76 construction. If and cultural relic is found in the construc- tion, the site must be properly protected and report to the relative agency at one. At present, one highway and one railway pass the ruins of the Western City Wall. Tongguan Ancient Town. Although the designers selected the alternatives carefully the proposed alignment has to pass through the Western City Wall, and pass the ruins the East Gat, Tongguan Ancient Town. As a result, the project will interfere the scenery of the restored East Gate. The protection measures of the East Gate, Tongguan Ancient Town will be studied and made a statement by the cultural Relies Protection Department. The cultural relics protection agency will unearth the historical sites along the proposed highway before the highway construction. The cost for the historical sites investigation has been considered in the project budget. 5.5 Prediction And Assessment of Influence on Surface Water Quality greatly. 5.5.1 Influence of The Constructing on River Runoff There are 18 streams risen from northern slope of Qiiiling mountain cross the highway. Drainage areas of the stream are smaller. The lengths are short and the flows are small. 3 large bridges, 12 medium bridges and 8 small bridges will be built cross the rivers. Some adverse influence on the river runoff will probably bring out during constructing period. Backed silt perhaps chokes the waterway if the base pits will not carefully planed. Theref or, method of changing waterway during erecting bridge piers period is recommended. The waterway will Ex narrow if the constructing site occupies too large rirver bed , especially for small rivers. Theref or, it is required to avoid constructing the bridges during flood period . 5.5.2 Assessment of Influence on Surface Water 5.5.2.1 Hydrological Features of Streams along the Highway Hydrological features of the streams are stated in table 5-5-1. 77 Table 5-5-1 Hydrological features of the streams ------------------------------------------------------------- streams drainage area length of streams yearly flow ki2 km m3/s Chishui 247.67 41.1 1.621 Yuxian 158.14 41.47 0.834 Shiti 188.38 36.76 0.872 Tanyu 17.92 10.5 0.10 Lewei 151.92 32.75 0.565 Gouyu 32.08 17.61 0.146 Fangshan 21.2 17.6 0.111 Congyu 98 12.8 0.40 Lefu 190 45.6 1.25 Wengyu 41 16 0.25 Xianyu 47 18.6 0.28 Huashanyu 13 6.3 0.08 Changjian 48.1 15.5 0.28 Duoyu 64 11.4 0.10 Bailuengan 12.5 0.38 Liexiegou 34 0.08 Tongle 17.5 0.40 Wangyuangou 6 0.10 =.____________________________________________________________ 5.5.2.2 Source Intensity of Pollutants Lead pollution is the major problem of stream. Lead sources are mainly from: (1) lead particles deposition; (2) flowed lead particles with rain; Because lead deposition is limited. the flowed lead with rain is the major source. Source intensity of pollutant lead see table 5-5-2. Table 5-5-2 Source intensity of pollutant lead (mg/c) ------------------------------------------------------------- stake No. length(m) streams 2000 2010 2018 ------------------------------------------------------------- k59+720-k64+420 4700 Chishui 0.800 1.793 3.564 k64+420-k69+110 4690 Yuxian 0.799 1.789 3.557 k69+110-k73+660 4550 Shiti 0.775 1.736 3.451 k76+400-k78+100 1700 Tanyu 0.290 0.649 1.289 k78+100-k78+910 810 Lewei 0.138 0.309 0.614 k83+320-k84+950 1630 Gouyu 0.278 0.622 1.236 k87+930-k96+640 8710 Lefu 1.483 3.323 6.606 k96+640-k99+180 2540 Wongyu 0.433 0.969 1.926 k99+180-klO2+340 3160 Xianyu 0.538 1.206 2.397 k1O2+340-k104+900 2560 Changjian 0.436 0.977 1.942 klO4+900-klO6+400 1500 Douyu 0.103 0.234 0.476 k112+840-kl13+800 960 Balongjan 0.066 0.150 0.305 k120+300-k121+140 840 Liexiegou 0.052 0.131 0.267 k126+460 96 Tonglchan 0.007 0.015 0.030 k128+300-k129+040 740 Wangyuan 0.051 0.116 0.235 ----------------------------------------------------------7-- 78 5.5.2.3 Prediction Model Mixed model is applied in prediction of water pollution. i. e. CoQ+ (c/q,) q C' Q+qj Where: C : lead content of mixed water, mgll; CO : lead content before mixed , mg/i; C1: source intensity of ground lead deposition , mg/s Q : flow of stream, 1/s; q: runoff intensity of the surface rain, l/s. 5.5.2.4 Prediction Results And Assessment Prediction results based on the model above are shown in following table. Table 5-5-3 Prediction values of lead in the streams(mg/l) No. streams 2000 2010 2018 1 Cache 0.0055 0.0061 0.0072 2 Yuxian 0.0060 0.0072 0.0093 3 Shiti 0.0109 0.0120 0.0139 4 Tanyu 0.0070 0.0106 0.0169 5 Lewei 0.0062 0.0065 0.0071 6 Goayu 0.0040 0.0063 0.0105 7 Lefu 0.0121 0.0136 0.0162 8 Wongyu 0.0126 0.0148 0.0186 9 Xianyu 0.0108 0.0132 0.0174 10 Changjian 0.0024 0.0044 0.0078 11 Douyu 0.0030 0.0043 0.0067 12 Bailongji 0.0032 0.0034 0.0038 13 Liexiegou 0.0027 0.0036 0.0053 14 Tonglecha 0.0042 0.0042 0.0043 15 Wangyuangg 0.0025 0.0031 0.0043 From the table above we know stream pollution from the traffic is limited . Lead content of the streams will be 79 under the class 2 of" standards of surface water environmen- tal quality" in 2018. 5.5.3 Risk Analysis of Traffic Accidents on The Water Pall ution Risks of traffic accidents on the water pollution are caused by loaded hazardous chemicals. If this kind of accidents would have happened and not have been treated immediately, streams nearby would be polluted seriously. Dead of aquatic living things in streams, poisoning of people and livestock would occur. So, the executives and drivers concerned muBt pay specially attentions to it 5.5.4 Influence of Effluent Sewage from Constructing Sites And Service Facility Pollutants of effluent sewage are mainly COD, BOD Because effluent sewage are limited . Influence of COD,BOD on the waters nearby is not obvious. However the sewage contained suspended solids and oil must be treated proporly. At each construction site, the sewage should pass a sedimentation process to remove suspended solids, and then pass through a sand grill to capture oil. The oil contaminated sand must be covered up with earth where is away from the trinking water source. Of course, water-oil seperator is the best device for the above purpose. 5.5.5 Influence of Bridges on Streams Influence of bridges on streams is that the streams will be choked partly and the capability of flood drainage will be reduced. This has been considered in designing. For large bridges, the biggest flood in 100 years can not reaches them. For medium bridges , the biggest flood in 300 years can not reach. In this way , influence of bridges on streams is limited. 80 6 ANALYSIS OF THE ALTERNATIVES Weinan-Diaoqiao section of the highway is located in plain or light hill area geographically. And Diaoqiao-the boundary section lies in heavy hill area. There are three schemes in the former section and two-schemes in the later section. 6.1 -Direction of The highway …---Weinan-Diaoqiao section: Scheme a: The highway is close to the oLd Xian-Tongguan highway and Luonghai railway ; Scheme 2: The highway runs between the railway and the old Xian-Tongguan highway; Scheme 3: The highway is close to old Xian-Tongguan highway. -----Diaoqiao-boundary of Shaanxi: Scheme 1: The highway is located in Tongguan platform; Scheme 2: the highway runs in foot of the north platform, running along terrace of Wei river and Yellow river valleys. 6.2 Comparison And-Selection of The Alternatives 6.2.1 Weinan-Diaoqiao section Scheme 1 (k57+200-k120+360): Advantages: -The location is higher and the roadbase will not be affected by backwater from Sanmenxia reservoir. Stability of the highway is good. -The highway passes flooded fan in front of mountain. Where the ground is slight slope and drainage engineering are easy to be built. disadvantages: -----The highway will cross Luonghai railway three times and the old Xian-Tongguan highway five times. construction of the highway will frequently be interrupted by the traffic. -Removal quantity is great for too many villages and factors nearby. And street or semi-street highway is as long as 7.5km. 81 -----lOkm of the old Xian-Tongguan highway ueed by the highway needs a supplementary road. The highway will be longer than other schemes and far away from the controlling points. -----More population will be affected by noise for dense villages. Scheme 2 (k57+200-k120+360): Advantages : -The roadbase will not be affected by backwater from Sanmenxia for higher terrain. …----Drainage engineering are convenient for slight slope. …----Removals are limited for less villages and factories. -----The line is short, fluent, and close to the control- ling points. Besides, the less crosses reduce interrupts from the railway and the old Xian-Tongguan highway. Disadvantages: 3km of soft earth roadbase needs treating specially. ------km of the highway is situated at the height where the biggest flood in a century can reach. Average covered depth of the flood is 3.36m. The maxi. covered depth is 5.5m. Scheme 3 (k57+200-kllB+330): advantages: -----The route is shorter and high-grade. -----Less interruption and removals. -----less populations and less noise influence. Disadvantages: -----About 50km of section is located in the covered area of backwater. Average height of the section is lower 3.5m than the biggest flood level in 100 years. Refilling and protection engineering are great. … Drainaae is difficulty because the surface of some sections is lower than river bed. …----3.0 km of soft roadbase needs special treatments. -----4.5 km of the line runs through military restriction. ---Stability of most roadbase is poor for higher groundwater table. 82 …Autos have to make a long detour at Hua, 8uayin interchanges for a long distance to the planed industrial areas. 6.2.2 Diaoqiao-the Boundary Scheme 1: (k105+590-k145+360) Advantages: -----The route is close to some important economic areas and gold mining. -----The roadbase will not be affected by backwater from Sarnuenxia reservoir. The stability is good and drainage is convenient. Disadvantages: -----The route is located in gully area. 14 extra large bridges and 4 extra medium bridges nieed building. More investment and engineering are required. * ----One highway-railway cross and five highway-highway crosses make it difficult to build. -----The route is longer and more passages are needed. Schemes 2 : (klO5+.000-k141+657) Advantages: -----The route is shorter, fluent and high-grade. Less investment and engineering are needed. -----It is convenient to join Shanxi highway at Qili village. --The route connects national highway No. 310 straigh- tly. Disadvantages: …Soft earth layers at some sections need special treatment. -----10 km of another highway (grade 2) is needed to reach Tongguan town. …Great mount of removals at Xiqiandian. From the comparisons of the schemes above(details see table 6-1), we know that the scheme 2 has many advantages over the others. In view of environmental protection. it is feasible too. 83 Table 6-1 Comparison of alternatives ------------------------------_---------------_-------------- Weinan- Huayin- recommended sch. Huayin Tongguan total items ---------------------------------- sch.1 sch.2 sch.3 sch.1 sch.2 _____________________________________________________________ length(km) 64.74 63.16 61.13 39.77 36.66 78.15 roadbase 7795.3 7607.8 9834.3 4558.6 3282.5 8386.4 earthwork(km3 ) drainage engin. mortar rubble(m3) 130452 127227 238823 78295 87250 164927 concrete(m3) 16185 15790 18339 29828 27493 34713 surface(km2) 1364 1332 1299 725 254 1640 large 330/2 477/2 51012 4980/14 206/2 583/3 bridges (m/set) medium 747/17 530/11 392/8 260/4 223/5 626/12 small 90.8/8 88.4/7 100/6 96/7 39.8/5 102.4/8 culverts. 176 159 158 116 96 198 occupied 299.8 405.5 345.9 187.3 197.8 413.3 land (ha) interchange 5 5 5 2 3 6 (set) grade 17 13 9 7 8 16 separation(set) passage 79 103 75 52 33 103 overpass 37 28 37 14 18 30 (set) investment 1155.58 1116.62 1211.02 869.56 619.22 1345.32 (mill.yuan) aver. cost 17849.6 17679.2 19810.7 21864.7 16892.4 17214.6 (thou.yuan/km) recommend recommend 84 7 COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMY Integrated methods of quantity and quality are applied to analyze economic, environmental and social benefits. 7.1 Analysis of Economic Benefit 7.1.1 Economic Benefit Economic benefit of the project means the benefit obtained by all users. It include: direct economic benefit, benefit of shorted distance, benefit of saving travel time, benefit of increased traffic volume, reduced cost of traffic accidents and so on. direct economic benefit see table 7-1. Table 7-1 Economic benefit of the proposed highway _____________________________________________________________ items total from 1999 to 2018 (thou. yuan) _____________________________________________________________ benefit of rising in grade 4375759.7 benefit of shorting distance 1123634.8 benefit of reducing crowded 207467.9 benefit of saving good trans. time 41291.6 benefit of saving travei time 414755.3 benefit of reducing traffic accidents 40313.3 benefit of reducing good loss 27797.7 total 6631026.6 7.1.2 National Economic Assessment of The Regional If social rate of discount(SRD) is 12% and internal rate of return(IRR) is 16.94%, rate of the benefit to the cost (RBC) is 1.54 . When the cost is increased by 20% or the benefit is reduced by 20%, IRR is 14.71% and 14.23% respectively. Even if the both factors act at the same time. IRR is still 12.24, higher than SRD (12%). 7.1.3 Financial Evaluation of Project Estimation total investment of the project is 1,345,318,500 yuan RNB . Wold bank loan is 64,000,000 U.S.dollars. The loan interest is 5.6% and the validity is five years. The exchange rate of U.S.Dollar to RMB is 1:8.7. Therefor financial comprehensive rate of discount is 2.4 and 2.5 respectively. Detail financial indicators are stated following: IRR 3.98% 85 BCR 1.19 NPV 235.6 mill. yuan RPI 21 years Capability analysis of pay-back: The total pay-back capital is 556.80 mill. yuan RMB and average pay-back period is 15 years. Total interest is 361.70 mill. yuan . Because of good economic benefit, the final balance is 717.37 mill. 7.2 Analysis of Environment Eenefit The environment will mainly be impacted by noise and air pollution. 7.2.1 Traffic Noise Prediction and assessment of the influence have been analyzed in chapter 5. The measures to control noise at different sites are stated in following: (1) Sensitive Sites To supply the hospitals and schools with a quiet sound environment in the concerned area, applying some effective anti-noise measures is very necessary. The details are presented in Table 10-3, 10-4 and 10-5. (2) Villages Except for removed villages, the affected population is less than 1500. There are 11 villages located within 20m away from the highway, 6 villages 20-40m away from the highway and 4 villages 40-60m away from the highway. The population density is much small than urban area. 4th class noise standard was applied to the assessment. The results shown that a few of Ld were above the standars. The sound difference between indoor and out-door noise was 3-6 dB. Boweve, in 2000, Ln exceedance will occur at some villages, the affected villages and population are listed in Table 7-2. 86 Table 7-2 villages which noise levels exceed the standard heavily villages distance to the highway (m) population QiarLj iayao 20 90 Fuzhong 20 65 Qanhu 20 100 Jiaonigou 20 120 total 375 7.2.2 Air Pollution 583758.75t oil will be saved from 1999 to 2018. Which means that 54105.48t CO, 10522.59t NOX,, 20485t lead and 6018.26t TBC will be reduced during the period. 7.2.3 Save Land Farmland reducing is very serious problem in the region The line will occupied land 429.9 ha. Because we have considered the problem and will take measures of reclaiming, refilling measures. The actual occupied land area is 387.8ha. Besides. 70000m3 coal ash is used to pave the roadbase. Which, one hand, mitigates the pollution, in another hand, about 1 ha of coal ash field will be saved 7.3 Analysis of Social Benefit For details, see the paragraph 1.1.3 "Necessity". 87 8 RISK ANALYSIS Risk of highway is mainly from traffic accidents and leak of hazardous chemicals. 8.2 Factors of Risk -----bad weather, e. g. rain, snow, frog, strong wind, the surface freezing, etc; -----driver violence, e. g. drunk, exceed the speed limit, slan the brakes on, etc; -----too short distance between two cars; -----poor management and capability of accident treatment; ---questionable traffic signs; -----loaded hazardous chemicals. 8.2 Measures of Traffic Accident Control -----during bad weather: speeding up, braking, turning suddenly and other dangerous operations should be avoided. reasonable distance between cars and tyre chain are recom- mended; ----…training and examining of drivers are required; …----enhancing supervision and accidents treatment duty; …----fair signs and signals; -----alarming telephones and supervision facilities; ---treating hazardous chemicals accidents soon and carefully, 8S 9 THE PUBLIC PARTICIPATION 9.1 Investigation of The public Opinions Everything have two sides . Benefit and influence of the highway construction exist at the same time. It is necessary to ask the public opinions. 9.1.1 Methods And Aims Investigation of question forms are main method. For special section , we visit the public for opinions and hold discussion meetings. Aims of the public participation are to absorb the public opinions widely in environmental decision-making. 9.1.2 Participants Consist of participants see table 9-1. Table 9-1 Consist of participants participant percentage (%) representatives of people's congress 23.7 representatives of C.P.P.C.C. 28.0 representatives of urban construction 5.3 representatives of the village commission 11.0 representatives of the removals 22.0 student representatives 10.0 9.1.3 Contents of Investigation Contents of investigation see table 9-2. 9.2 Investigation Results 9.2.1 Statistic Analysis 100 investigation forms were issued and received 92 papers. Four discussionl meetings were hold. Table 9-3 is statistic results including visited populations. 9.2.2 Opinions of The Public The public offer many good advice about the project. Generally speaking, they are: …---The construction is necessary to meet the needs of 89 the regional economic development; -----The residents will heavily be affected by traffic noise. Effective measures to reduce noise to allowable levels are required; …---The removals should be subsidized reasonably; -----It is better to settle the removals as close to as they were; -All governors concerned should pay special attention to settlements; Table 9-2 Investigation form of the public opinions ----- ~------- --- --T----T----~~~~~-~~~~ name . sex age- occupatio . service institu. T title. address _________________ - - - - L ___ What's your opinions about A. agree B. disagree C. the the highway construction? highway will benefit economic development D the highway will improve social environment E. living will be convenient F. improving living conditions ---------------------------------------------------------__-- Which factor will affect A. noise B. auto exhaust C. ash the residents heavily? ----------------------------------------------------------__- Do you agree with the A. agree B. disagree occupation of land X Do you agree with the A. agree B. disagree removals -----------------------------------------------------------__ Do you satisfy the A. satisfy B. dissatisfy settlement Do you think which crop A. grains B. vegetables C. will be affected ? fruit trees D. economic crops please make marks on your choices. 90 Table 9-3 Investigation form of the public opinion (t%) ------------------------------------------------------------- contents participants A B C D E F _____________________________________________________________ What's your opinions P1 100 56 22 about the highway P2 100 63 50 38 construction ? P3 100 100 100 56 50 P4 100 100 100 100 100 P5 100 63 100 38 P6 82 1.5 77 46 100 38 ------------------------------------------------------------- Do you think which P1 100 44 56 -- -- -- factor will affect P2 100 50 100 -- -- -- the residents heavily? P3 100 -- -- -- P4 100 -- -- -- P5 __ _ __ P6 -- -- -- ------------------------------------------------------------- Do you agree with the P1 100 -- -- -- -- occupation of land? P2 100 -- -- -- -- P3 1oo -- __ __ __ P4 100 -- -- __ __ P5 100 -- -_ __ __ P6 86 12.3 -- -- -- -- Do you agree with the P1 100 __ __ __ removals ? P2 100 -- -- -- P3 100 -_ __ __ P4 100 __ __ __ P5 100 -_ __ __ P6 77 14 9 -- -- -- Do you satisfy the P1 100 settlement? P2 100 -- -- -- -- P3 _- __ __ __ P4 100 -- -_ __ __ P5 90 -- -_ __ __ P6 -- -- -- -- Which crop will be P1 44 78 33 22 -- -- affected? P2 63 63 50 38 -- -- P3 50 100 100 -- -- P4 100 100 100 100 -- -- P5 50 25 38 38 -- -- P6 -- -- Note: P1 stands for representative of people's congress, P2 stands for representative of C.P.P.C.C., P3 stands for representative of urban construction, P4 stands for representative of village commission, Ps stands for representative of the removals, P6 stands for stuident representative. 91 10 PLANING OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND POLLUTION CONTROL 20.1 Targets of the Planing Targets of the planing are that construction of the project iB in line with system of "three at the same time". Unity of economic, social and environmental benefits are carried out. Preventing eco-environment near the highway from being destroyed. 10.2 Basis of Environmental Management (1) Environmental Protection Law of The P. R. of China; (2) Air Pollution Prevention And Control Law of The P. R. of China; (3) NEPA Document No. 3: Management Measures for Environmental Protection of Construction Project; (4) Regulations of The P.R.of China on Prevention And Control of Environmental Noise Pollution; (5) TM, Management Measures for Environmental Protection of Highway Construction Project; (6) NEPA, Opinions on EIA Outline of Weinan-Tongguan; (7) Management Guideline of World Bank, Management Instruction 4 ; 10.3 Management Institution of Environmental Protection 20.3.1 Construction stage (1) The Engineer's Office will be established within SPID with the chief supervision engineer and three Assistant Engineers One of the three Assistant Engineers will have clear assignment to deal with environmental issues related to Shaanxi 2 Highway Project. (2) Under the Engineer's Office at the Headquarters (HQ) in addition to three divisions and one central supervision laboratory an Environmental Supervision Unit will be established One senior environmental officer and one environmental expert will be assigned in this Unit as full time basis to develop appropriate environmental policies for the highway construction to guide environmental staff at district offices and environmental supervisors at contract lots where necessary, and to liaise the Provincial Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB) and the World Bank. 92 (3) At each district office, one well trained full time environmental stall will be assigned to guide environmental supervisors at contract lots to review environmental monitoring data of the project, to report the results of environmental supervision to the HQ and to liaise local EPBs on environmental protection regarding the project(s). (4) At each contract lot, one environmental supervisor will be assigned to carry out the environmental supervision of the construction activities, to make sure that all protection measures stated in the construction bid documents or addressed in the Environmental Action Plan (EAP) will be carried out to undertake noise and fugitive dust monitoring- and to periodically report the results of the environmental supervision to the district environmental staff. (5) In the Central Supervision Laboratory an environmental monitoring group comprising 5 to 10 monitoring specialists will be formed to carry out the environmental monitoring of all projects under Shaanxi 2 Highway Project. 10.3.2 Operation stage (1) Environmental Protection Of fice of SPID composing 3 environmental stall will be responsible for overall environmental management of the Shaanxi Highway Project. (2) Shaanxi High-Class Highway Administration Bureau (SHEAB) will be responsible for environmental management of Weinan-Tongguan Expressway. At HQ/SHEAB one Deputy Director will be responsible for the environmental issues related to the highways under Shaanxi 2 Highway Project. One staff at deputy chief level in Administration Division of HQ/SHHAB will be assigned for environmental issues. At weinan-Tongguan Expressway one environmental staff at deputy chief level will be responsible for environmental protection of the Highway. (3) Environmental monitoring during the operation period will be carried out by the Environmental Monitoring Office of SPTD being established with 10 staff. .20.4 Environment Training A special 10-day training course will be opened to relevant 93 people who work at the areas of highway design, construction and administration. The training course will be conducted by Shaanxi EPA. A total cost for this purposes has been es- tablished at M50,000 Yuan (RMB). 10.5 Mitigation Actions A summary of the primary mitigating and environmental protection measures in both the construction and operational phases of the Xiaoshangyuan-Lantian highway project are presented in Table 10-1. 94 Table 10-1 Mitigation Actions A. Plan and Design Stage (1995) Potenitial negative mitigation action Executive or- Responsible or- supervising impact .___. ganization ganization organization I.Loss of land Alignment to minimize the Design unit, Shaaxi PCD and Shaanxi PCD resources loss of farmland tocal Government Local Government and and shaanxi PBHA Shaanxi SPA 2.Resettlement of Reasonable resettlement plan residents and compensation 3.Damage to water- Proper design to avoid dis- courae turbing watercourse B. Construclion Stage (1996-1999) Potential negative Mitigation action Executive Responsible or- supervising impact organization ganization organization I.DUst and noise Watering of roads and use Shaanxi Provin- Shaanxi PCD due to construc- of mufflers on equipment cial Bureau of sHaanxi EPA tion Highway Adminis- Local EPA tration 2.Air pollution Use and maintenance of caused by asphalt proper equipment, suitable contractors mixing stations site selection and concrete mixing stations ......... 3.Increa3ed Proper disposed and protec- residue in rivers tion of soils due to litter and erosion 95 4.Erosion of soil Proper paving of drainage ways witlh stone or concrete wlhere necessary. Res- toration of ex- cavating/filling sites and replanting as soon as pos- sible 5.Debris Good construction practices and suitable site specific control methods 6.Temporary oc- Good construction practices cupation of land to avoid disturbing and rivercourses farmland and water courses 7.Destruction to Design in harmony with tree and landscape. Vegetation cover vegetation should be preserved for as long as possible. Planting of tree and grasses. O.Improper waste Use of suitable toilets and disposal from strengtlhened environmental construction camps management 9.Disruption of Traffic management in current transport congested areas. net-works 96 C. Operational Stage (1999) potential negative Mitigation action Executive Responsible or- supervising impact organization ganization organization I.Air pollution Reduce air pollution caused by vehicles through emissions testing and good traffic management Highly emission vehicles must be not allowable to o operate on the expressway 2.Traffic noise Good traffic management and shaanxi provin- shaanxi PCD installation of noises bar- cial Bureau of Shaanxi EPA riers (2005-2010) Highway SPBHA Local EPA 3.soil erosion and Proper maintenance and Administration Police Station Pb pollution landscaping use of no-lead (SPBHA) and gas (1997) Fire fighting -1 _ .... _.Department 4.Dangers related Establishemergency to transport of management organization pay hazardous move attention to oil-tank materials to prevent the oil leaking 97 10.6 Measures and Proposals of Environmental Protection 10.6.1 Measures of Environmental Protection During Construction Period 10.6.1.1 Construction Noise Table 5-1-1 indicated that construction noise level at 50O from the jobsite during night will exceed the standard. The construction should be stopped at night in order not to interrupt the residents sleeping. 10.6.1.2 Reduction of Particle Deposition Watering cars will spring on the surface of constructing sections. Reduction res-ults see table 10-2. The building material, such as earth, stone and lime, should be stored with cover cloth or watering on them. Reasonably arrange the work schedule to shorten the storing time. In addition, to minimize the impact from asphalt mixing sites, all the asphalt mixing sites should be equipped with dust collector and located at downwind side 500m away from residential area. Table 10-2 reduction of T.S.P.by watering --------------------------------------------------------__--- distance to the highway (m) 0 20 50 100 no watering 11.03 2.89 1.15 0.86 watering 2.11 1.40 0.68 0.60- rate of reduction (%) 80.9 51.6 40.9 30.2 -------------------------------------------…-------------- 20.6.1.3 Treatment of Sewage And Garbage To avoid surface water pollution, the sewage, garbage and human waste, from the construction site and temporary living area, must be collected and then treated, or transported to disposal site. But never discharge the waste directly into the streams. 10.6.1.4 Passageway and Culvert The proposed highway either obstructs exchanges between the two sides villages or hinders runoff. The designers paid 98 attentions to resolve these problem. 98 culverts, 107 passageways and 31 overpasses are going to be built along the highway. These facilities will be hot only beneficial for coming and going of the two sides residents, but also runoff follow. 10.6.1.5 Construction of Bridges Occupation of rivercourse should be limited during bridge construction. To ensure the rivers capacity of flood dis- charge, flood-relief channel or rivercourse changing are necessary. 10.6.1.6 Water Conservancy Facilities To avoid disturbing irrigation system, any water conservancy facilities interrupted by the construction activities should be repaired immediately. 10.6.1.7 Cultural relics Establish a unearthing and action plan for the cultural relics depending on the classification. The action must be taken prior to the highway construction. If any cultural relic is found in the construction field, the cultural relic should be well protected and reported to relative agency as soon as possible. Although the highway will disturb the East Gate of Tongguan Ancient town, 14 million yuan (RMB) will be saved due to the short cut. Moreover, the reconstruction of the East Gate will be promoted by the proposed project. After reconstruction, the East Gate will become a sign of Shaanxi exits and entrances. Experiences shown that the reconstruction will not impact the cultural relic, but develop tourism resources. See also Cultural Relics Protection Report for detailed action plan. 20.6.1.8 Mitigative measures for Soil Erosion All the topsoil associated to the construction activities should be stored for reusing in restoration. a).keep slopes gently in earth sites to avoid soil erosion; b).restoration and afforestation should be taken as soon as possible; 99 c).adequately design to reduce earth/stone work amount; d).reasonably arrange work schedule to avoid construction in rainy season; e).use drainage and ditches to draw mud flow away from farmland. 10.6.1.8.1 Engineering Measures To protect the side slopes of roadbase, the followings engineering measures will be adopted: Slop protection used for sections of gradient is less than 2:2.0, slop surface make up of cobbles, cob- bles/clay or bricks. --- Retatining wall used for section of loess hill with a gradient is greater than 1:0.75. The retatining wall can prevent the hills from landslide. ---- Protection wall used for the section with very steep slop and easy be damaged by weathering,as well as for protection of the embankment slop. 20.6.1.8.2 Vegetational Measures Chosen suitable native bushes and grass to plant along the roadside and on protection slop. In conclusion, suitable , effective measures or the combination of control methods and management should be taken according to the specific conditions and cases to prevent soil from erosion. 10.6.2 Mitigative Measures During Operational phase 10.6.2.1 Air Pollution Control (2) asphalt mixing site should be located at downwind side 500m away from residential area to prevent people from Bap pollution. (2) Highly emission vehicles will not allow to run on the highway. (3) Planting trees and grass along the roadside to clean ambient air. 10.6.2.2 Afforestation Afforestation should function environmental aest hetics and resisting pollution. (1) Afforestation of Central Segregation belt 100 Chinese ilex will be major af forestation plant in the separation belt. Besides, pomegranate, yew podocarpus and oleander will be mixed. space between Chinese ilexes is 3.Om. Space between the mixed plants is G.Om . Grass will be planted in the remainder place. Functions of central afforestation not only act as aesthetic feelings but mitigate psychological risk of face to face driving and light interruption at night. Therefor designed height of the plants should be 1.2m. (2) Afforestation of Roadside The slope protection will be covered by grass. Chinese scholar, glossy privet, plane tree will be interplanted in embankments. Space between two tress is Om. Metasequoia, pine, cypress and other decorated plants e.g. peony, rose will be planted around the interchanges. 70.6.2.3 Measures of Noise Control (1) No horning and driving at high speed during night (2) Measures at Sensitive Sites Measures at the sensitive sites see table 10-3, 10-4 and 10-5. The noise standars for village are: Ld-70 dB, Ln=55 dB. And the standards for hospital and school are: Ld=60 dB, Ln=50 dB. 20.6.3 Countermeasures And Proposals -----New resident buildings will not be permitted insides 60m of the highway; ----New sensitive buildings to noise should be avoided insides lOOm of the highway; ----Departments of urban planing should consider the distribution of noise at the highway nearby in planing urban development; 10.6.4 Monitoring Plan Monitoring actions and targets are established for the phases of the project as follows. The monitoring stations are illustrated in Attached Map 3 (See table 10-6 and 10-7). 101 Table 10-8 Mitigation Measures (19) l_coeded noise leovl atitied lengt slang C lV.,'l do) N mlelas Villag populalio, Ml tlt tloo 'tone c lat r te ti hlvsYs 200 2005 MIR mesuae bauiildlnp) , - - J 5243U00 Olsfhll Middle Poo 1oo 0.7 2.7 2.2 4811 fi51i 10.4 For01l IlmliA JlIXO.amu) Soh. prqoer weusuirc will be uncartuhekon in 2018 dqeitd oh mmitoring reoultsI. 2 1734000 Xingiin primary 30o J1o 2.5 4.7 4,0 0.5 7,1 1222 Forost bhlt .IOXG.Onu) Sob. * 3 K706550 Lianhuautii 1030 210 1.4 8.9 7.8 10.7 10.7 IG.I llrick wall* 2JOX3.0(ril) middle Sch proper mesure will be undertaken in 2005 depndI an mmnitorins results. 4 1804710 Ieyl mIddle Sch 6.0 8. J 0.G 0.3 9.9 15,3 No measura will be unlertsken for ih play greeni 5 [013.0 XilopnoJlahe* 3i s0 0 5.8 0 7.1 1.4 12.5 Rorest beltA OOXI.Oca* proper masture wLIl be tndortaken In 2018 depnd an monitoring results. 6 KBE+850 Lianhumst 320 70 3.6 6.0 5.4 7,7 3.5 13.3 irek wallS 70X2,5Ima primary Sch. 7 182+350 MuZhichang Sch I0 IGO 6.7 9.8 7.4 11.6 10.6 10.4 Brick wallS 16OX3.0DC2) proper measure will bc UnderLeken In 2005 deparen ain snitorlins results. 8 182+90 Q)ianjiayo * 90 160 0 7.9 1.0 9.6 3.8 15.0 Brick wall5170+lOOlX2.5 CehtIprqemr easure will be undcrtaken In 2018 depend on monitoring results. 9 K3133+0 Fuzbongeun * 65 200 0 7.9 1.0 9.6 3.8 15.0 Brick wall* Z00X2.Scu2 proper mcasure will bc undcrtaken In 2018 depend en monitorng resultt. 20 K84+300 c.mztcun 101 400 2.8 10.8 4.6 12,7 7.1 17.5 Nlolse birrierE 421oX3 11 1844570 Fcn6liuan 205 3B 12.2 25.2 13.4 17.0 16.0 22.0 The clawroans nemr the primary Sch, highway will be used us warchouse. Ad the sanc area of classroom will bo bullt In the other side of schol yard. 102 Table 10-8 (continued) Ikeended nales level aftclu lenqlih elena Iq',, urn rl mlulse Ylluue pepulelIo - - - _M11lastlan ltene list rw tin hium2 2000 2005 201E aures tiuildinul) I _ _ _ ss ~~~~~~~~~~4 NO IV Lb IVhI 12 lOt4150 Xln1l 75 11o 0 hl 3 0 124 2,1 32?7 Nise burrierUlSOXt211 tSl 13 XK024700 PumIsut hospital 23 00 5,1 10.7 0,4 12.1 12.2 17,8 Nalle betifrtu *OXI111' 14 W3.40190 Fushul prlnvy 521 120 11.0 10.0 17.3 21.4 23 0 20.3 nls slarew. neir the Seh. highny will be used as wrohusuwc And thl ms area of c lnroan wI I be built In tbo ether side of _eeel yard. 16 15000 Thotia middle 00C 140 2.1 4.0 309 5.4 7.3 12.2 loreal belt. 90XS.Otm'i Sch. prwov seasure will be iulerlaken In 2015 deend a _n mi tcrirg resul to. 1G 19&1200 ToWsa Tos 100 130 0 5.5 0 7.2 1.0 12.1 Posemt belth. 34DX.Otet) praer masure will be tmdortaken In 2018 depend an iniiinrlg results. 17 lUl6600 XLquandLn 200 400 0 6,2 25G 11.2 5.2 10.3 Brick wallS 45X2.5(PI prqur uuasure will be wuiertaken In 2018 derend n monitoring esTults. le K1154500 Xlquwdimn 100 100 8.4 11.2 10,0 1t? 13.5 13,1 Brick wailS 10X2.&Rm'i prieury Sch. prqer masure will be undertaken in 2005 deprnd an oenitering results. 19 X125+300 Jisaniscm * 120 320 0 6.5 0 .s 2.3 13.5 Brick wullCx+200)X2. ti)proper mesurm sill be urortaken In 20]8 depend en menitoring results. 20 1274300 Dimejqao priray 215 S0 1.9 4.2 B.5 5.9 0.8 11.5 Forest beltt SOXO.OC*)A Sch. prqtr measure will be undertaken In 2018 duprnd on rmiterlng results. * Partially rasettlament due to the occupation of RX; * The sehbol is closed during nLght A The tress rc mainly arbor trees, such as locusts and Chinese prasol trees. The trees sbumid br planted near to buildingc with a distance of Am bctween cach other. * The nil will be brickqconcret structure mid will be built between the highway and concerned buildinp. * Noise barrier will be hollow brickloroncrot structure snd will be bpuilt at roadside slop 103 Table :10-4 Mitigation Mcasurcs(2005) Excecdcd noisc lcvcI aftected length along (LA,: dB) Yr mIcasc Villaso population .itigatlon stone (1st row the highway 2000 2005 2018 measutes boulidings) - _ ___ - (In) La Ln Ld Ln La Lr, I K7f,+900 Shaohua Town 80 180 0 2.2 0 3.9 0 9.5 Forest beltA 190X6.0mu)_ 2 K81+600 Gaojiahe 30 60 0 2.2 0 3.9 0 9.5 Forest beltA 70X6.Q0(m) 3 I K100+000 Wufang 100 30 0 3.8 0 5.5 0.2 10.6 Forest beitt 40XG60(.o) proper measure will be , ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~undcrtaken irn 2018 depand on monitoring results. 4 KlI8t500 Uongzhuang * 106 420 0 4.1 0 7.3 0.9 11.1 Forest beltA 200X6.0omC) Brick wallO 210X2.6(m') proper measure will be undertaken in 2005 depand 3 o~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~n monitoring results. 5 K120+200 Diaoqiao ' 260 540 0 4.0 0 5.6 0 10.5 Forest beltA 400X6.OCM*) Brick wall@(150+150)X2.6 Partially resettlement duo to the occupation of ROWI A The ttess are mainly arbor trees, such as locusts and Chinese parasol trees. The ttces should bo planted near to buildings with a dixtance of 4m between each other. * The wall will be brick/concret sttucture and will be built between the highway and concerned buildings. ;104 Table 10-5 Mitigation Measures (2013) Exceaded tosc leval ftimcted length alaog d L. ,IB) | ml nlat VI I lop populat1 -n Mitiption stiem qlt ras Ihe highwy. 2000 2006 20Je reamures bou Win) - - - - - 1 15740O0 ShiIlpu 15 30 0 0 0 0 0 5.4 Forert beltA J0X t.01t0) 2 1574900 Za'buj[aCt 50 110 0 a 0 1.4 O 5.4 rarest bcit& i2ax0e.0n'i) 3 K614900 Yaoctcun 60 190 0 0.0 0 2.7 0 6.3 Forert belt- 200Xrt.sk 4 1[614250 Jlefangeun 60 110 0 0 0 Co. 0 5.6 Foret bcJtA J20X6.O(nzl 6 [I74940 ZhmA 70 110 0 0 0 0 5.3 S.S F belt& 120XG.0tl2) 6 7300 Nlcim * 150 110 0 0.4 0 2.0 0 7.0 Forest b'lth. 190X6.0c.e 7 [79750 lmji.1 31 i5 0 0 0 0 0 5.4 Foreot beltA 2OX6.0[02) 8 r82*100 Bnjlethua 7S ISO 0 1.2 0 2.4 0 L.2 Forest beltA 160X6.0tm7) 9 192600 RAbulzbc 80 0 0.3 0 2.1 0 7.8 Forcst beltA 90X6.(kO2) 10 193+000 Kvbeezi 65 320 0 1.0 0 2.7 0 8.2 Forest beltA 330X6.0t2) 11 I97+900 Xiwva 75 220 0 0 O 0.5 0 6.S Forest beltA 230X6.Ots2) 12 [106400 Bcidrgc 125 J _ 0 o 0 0 1.4 0 7.3 Forest bcltA 280X6.09mr 1.: [130800 BDdiWhvdL 360 0 0 0 0 0 1.9 Tres plantiug 14 .1114800 Mhaoptn 100 450 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 Trees planting IS [1184000 xiyazi 10 170 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 Trces planting 16 [119+000 lenyib * 145 90 0 0 0 1.7 0 7.1 Fare5t beltk IO0XG.'1m') 17 X1244950 Gangkailirmn S0 270 0 D 0 0.1 0 5.9 Tones planting 18 1130+300 QIll Iw 12 270 0 0.2 0 1.9 6.9 Frest britA 2BOX6.0ckz P Partially resettlment due to the occpution of 113 A ITe ttess are mainly arbor trees, sudc as locnsts aw Chiine parasol trees. Ibc trecs should bc plantcd near to bildins with a distanre of 4s betwan each ethcr. 105 Table 10-6 Monitoring Plan -- Construction Phase Item Monitoring Place Parameter Frequency Executive or- Supervising ganization organization Air constructioni site and TSP Four times par year monitoring SPBEA interfered villages Dust for 5-day period station Shaanxi EPA each time. Four times per year for 3-days period each time.e Noise construction site and Ld once every week 20 Monitoring SPBEA sensitive spots Ln min. each time station shaanxi EPA random as required _ surface construction site and Ss, BOD5, oil three times per year Monitoring SPBHA water quarters at pH, DO, for 2-days period station shaanxi EPA LUofu,Chishui Temperature each time. 106 Table 10-7 Monltoring Plan -- Operatlional Phase Item Monitoring Parameter Frequency Executive Supervising Place or ganization organization Air Shilipu NOx Two times per year SPBHA Shaohuazhen co for 5-day period each Yongjiawan TSP time. Nox1cO: six shaanxi EPA xiwucun TUC times per day i.e Monitoring Wufangcun Pb 07,09,13,15,18,20 TSP Stations Local EPA zhaoping and Pb: two times per Gangkouzhen day L.e Morning and Qil icun afternoon. THC: One times a day, 09. Record weather data. Noise Banji;ehan Ld Four times per year Monitoring SPaRA Qianjiayao Ln At random base each stations shaanxi EPA Fuzhongcun time Local EPA Quanhucun xinbuzi Xiquandian iiaonigou Primary school at: Lianhuasi Fushui Xinglin DLaoqiao Middle school at: chishui Lianhuasi Taoxia, and serrice area at Gangkou I . 107 Pb in soil Weinan,HuaK Pb one time per Monitoring SPBHA and crops ianHuaying, year, stations Local EPA Xiquandian, Sampling method Gangkou see 4.3.1.2 Traffic noise Control Traffic Random check Road segment SPBHA and vehicle points at noise Administration tailing gas Gangkouzhen Tailing and Hua gas county's Intechange Surface water Gangkou SS, Three times per Monitoring SPBHA Local section of BOD51011t year for 2-days station of EPA Tongluo Pb, pH and period each time SPBHA stream DO 108 10.6.5 Budget for Environmental Monitoring The instrument and equipment that will be used for the highway environmental monitoring are presented in Table 10-8. If the budget for annually operation is RMB yuan 100,000, then the discount value(12%) will be RMB yuan 746,900 after 20 years operation. Table 10-8 Environment Monitoring Instrument and Equipment No Item Type Quantity Unit sub- ...____ ________ Price total 1 Air sampler DC-2 7 1900 13300 2 Air Sampler Pump D3-120A 7 3800 26600 3 spectrophotometer 754 1 12700 12700 4 Analytical Balance TG328A 1 1900 1900 5 Gas chrcrnatography SP-3410 1 63700 63700 6 CO Analyser GXE-904A 1 49000 49000 7 sound Meter ES5670 2 22700 45400 8 Atomic Absorption spectro photometer 350OG 1 59000 59000 9 Monitoring vehicle I 100000 100000 20 Computer AST486 1 22000 22000 11 Glass ware Chemicals 500000 500000 i2 other 56400 Total 500000 10.6.6 Cost of Environmental Engineering To minimize the project's environmental negative impact, a series of environment protection measures has been presented in this statement. The estimated cost of the measure are as followings, Table 10-9. Table 10-9 Cost of Environmental Protection Item Cost(thousand yuan) histroical relic protection 3257.14 afforestation 4000.00 noise barrier, brick wall and forest belt 3000.00 soil erosion measures 300.00 resettlement 24927.50 wastewater treatment 500.00 facilities for dealing with traffic accidents 300.00 environmental monitoring equipment 500.00 sprinklers 300.00 training of professionals 50.00 Total 37134.64 109 11 CONCLUSIONS 11.1 Ambient Environmental Quality …---Acoustic environment is good. Soil and vegetables have not been-polluted; -----Air quality is good comparing with the standard. 11.2 Prediction of Environmental Quality (1) Traffic Noise Levels -----Noise levels at schools and hospitals have exceeded the standards entirely; The proper mitigative measures should be applied to maintaina a quiet environment for the schools and residents. -----Day time noise levels insides 40m of the highway will exceed the standards 2.5 dB in 2018. But populations living in the area only take small part of populations living in the alignment; (2) Ambient air quality will be lowed during running period. But air quality along the existing highway will be improved. (3) Soil erosion will heavily occur during constructing period; (4) Tuber vegetables can be planted within 40m from the highway. (5) Sensitive buildings insides lOom of the highway will not be permitted; (6) From the view of enviromnental protection , the recommended route is reasonable and feasible; (7] If measures in the report would be adopted influence of the construction on environment would be mitigated to allowable levels. 110 i.: * ;/ / 1ri ~~~~~~~Pins f Weinan-Tongguan Expressway E~~~~~~Lgn Nob MDr-.9ing p9 SA 1:UM ;0000 II$J,I 7." -5 .1 -. L   sjd7rk I. * jr-4I  ., * ; g" f *  ,* ., 4'. - 4, . -'--I: :7fi1t - .I','- Li--i -  N - A -*--.J** I  '# -  ..I- II * -? N. rJQanhIeR4ertsL zI 5' i ,.. I I.. A, . -. * L ' * 1 /II , r *' . 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