RP174 V. 2 October 2002 World Bank Financed Naji Shipping Pivot Project For Youjiang River Shipping Construction in Guangxi Social Appraisal Report (Draft) China Cross-cultural Consulting Center, Zhongshan University Guangzhou, China 7 H Oct. 2002 LK 3 L ' !: World Bank Financed Naji Shipping Pivot Project For Youjiang River Shipping Construction in Guangxi Social Appraisal Report (Draft) China Cross-cultural Consulting Center, Zhongshan University Guangzhou, China Oct. 2002 FOREWORD Entrusted by Guangxi Xijiang River Shipping Construction & Development Ltd, CCCC at ZSU has made a social appraisal for the "Naji Shipping Pivot Project for Youjiang River Shipping Construction in Guangxi" ("NSPP" hereinafter). In this social appraisal, Nabi Administrative Village (AV) and Natuo AV under Napo Town in Tianyang County, Baifeng AV and Nayin AV under Baifeng Township; Fulu AV under Nabi Township, Guiming AV under Sitang Town and Donghe AV under Baise Town in Baise City as points of investigation (POI). The 10 experts of the Social Appraisal (SA) Team conducted a 14-day social investigation at the 7 POIs out of 2 counties (cities) and 5 townships (towns) from Sep.17-Sep.30, 2002. The social influence appraisal under the Naji Shipping Pivot Project aims at: a) Identify all minority groups affected by this Project; b) Determine whether they are the aboriginal residents referred to in the World Bank's OP4.20 Policy on "Aboriginal Residents"; c) Learn their current social, economic and cultural situations, to determine whether it is necessary to work out a special minority development plan therefor; d) Learn social and economic aspects of the Affected Areas (areas affected by the Project) and the Project's influences on the locality, also pay concern to the public's attitudes and expectations, to ensure the Project scheme and target can obtain their recognition; e) Seek the possibility to avoid or reduce this Project's potential negative influences and minimize its social costs; f) Give publicity to information related to the Project within the Affected Areas; g) Pay concern to differences in expectations, attitudes and viewpoints resulting possibly from gender role; h) Be aware of advantages and problems in the social/economic development within the Affected Areas. For the purpose of the social appraisal, a method combining PRA, anthropologic fieldwork and questionnaire survey was employed by the SA Team to collect data about ecological environment, geography, infrastructure, society and economy, minorities, women problem, disparity in wealth, land resources, industrial structure, education, medince and sanitation, national cultures, the public's awareness and expectations of this Project at the Affected Areas and POls. This social appraisal received great support and cooperation from Guangxi Xijiang River Shipping Construction & Development Ltd, all levels of government within the Affected Areas, as well as warm help from villagers at POIs. During the whole investigation, leaders and teachers at the Guangxi National College offerred us meticulous care in life and work. All these parties are hereby sincerely acknowledged! CONTENTS Chapter 1 Background of Project and Social Appraisal 1.1 Project Overview 1.2 Work Flow of Social Appraisal 1.2.1Significance and Purpose of Social Appraisal 1.2.2 Methodology of Social Appraisal 1.2.3 How Was Social Appraisal Operated? 1.2.4 Agenda of Appraisal Operated Chapter 2 Overview of the Affected Areas 2.1 Tianyang County 2.1.1 Napo Town 2.1.2 Baifeng Township 2.2 Baise City 2.2.1 Nabi Township 2.2.2 Sitang Town 2.2.3 Baise Town Chapter 3 General Survey of Points of Investigation 3.1 Selection of POIs 3.2 Economic Survey and Industrial Structure Analysis of POIs 3.2.1 Nabi Administrative Village 3.2.2 Natuo Administrative Village 3.2.3 Baifeng Township 3.2.4 Nayin Administrative Village 3.2.5 Fulu Administrative Village 3.2.6 Guiming Administrative Village 3.2.7 Donghe Administrative Village 3.3 Social Analysis of POIs 3.3.1 Population and Nationalities at POIs 3.3.2 Grassroots Political Power Establishment and Functionality at POIs 3.3.3 Folk Organizations at POIs 3.3.4 Medicine and Sanitation at POIs 3.3.5 Education at POIs 3.3.6 Women at POIs Chapter 4 Nationalities within Affected Areas 4.1 Composition of Nationalities within Affected Areas 4.1.1 Composition of Nationalities at Tianyang County 4.1.2 Composition of Nationalities at Baise City 4.2 Han and Chuang Villages within Affected Areas 4.3 History of Nationality Migration within Affected Areas 4.4 Ethnolinguistics within Affected Areas Chapter 5 Chuang Nationality within Affected Areas 5.1 Chuang Nationality's Self-identification within Affected Areas 5.1.1 Identification of Chuang Nationality after Foundation of PRC 5.1.2 Chuang Nationality's Cultures and Customs within Affected Areas 5.1.3 Marriage and Family 5.1.4 Clan 5.1.5 Miscellaneous 5.2 Chuang Nationality's Economic Life within Affected Areas Chapter 6 Chuang and Han Nationalities Share Equal Development Opportunities within Affected Areas 6.1 Opportunities of Economic Development 6.1.1 Economic Life of Chuang and Han Nationalities within Affected Areas 6.1.2 Chuang and Han Nationalities' Title to Means of Production (Land Mainly) within Affected Areas 6.1.3 Family Income and Expenses of Chuang and Han Nationalities within Affected Areas 6.1.4 Agrotechnical Training and Marketing of Farn Products 6.2 Opportunities of Political Participation 6.2.1 Ethnic Policies and Regulations 6.2.2 Formal and Informal Organizations 6.2.3 Villager Election 6.3 Han-Chuang Cultural Fusion and Opportunity of Education Receiving 6.4 Chuang-Han Relationship within Affected Areas 6.5 Chuang Villagers' Attitudes towards Project 6.6 Conclusion Chapter 7 Key Existing Problems at POIs 7.1 Traffic 7.1.1 Land-focused Traffic 7.1.2 About Road Condition 7.1.3 About Flood and Highway 7.1.4 About Improvement of Land Traffic 7.2 Water Conservancy and Drinking Water 7.2.1 About Water Conservancy and Irigation 7.2.2 About Drinking Water 7.3 About Power Utilization 7.4 Culture and Education 7.4.1 Educational Expenses Too High 7.4.2 Educational Attainment 7.5 About Coalpits 7.6 About Land 7.6.1 Local villagers are strongly dependent on land 7.6.2 Flood land is a vital source of income for POIs villagers 7.7 Productive Investment 7.7.1 Insuficient Productive Investment 7.7.2 Source of Productive Investment 7.8 Market 7.9 Flood Disaster 7.10 Medical Service and Sanitation 7.10.1 Relatively Lagging Medical Equipment 7.10.2 Inconvenient to Take Medical Treatments 7.10.3 Peasants' sense of medical care needs reinforcement, daily sanitary knowledge needs further popularization Chapter 8 Land Requisition and Migration within Project's Reservoir Region 8.1 Existing Plan for Land Requisition and Migration within Project's Reservoir Region 8.1.1 Overview of Land Requisition 8.1.2 Planning for Resettlement of Reservoir Region Migrants and Land Requisition 8.2 Evaluation of the Plan 8.2.1 Villagers' Attitudes towards the Plan 8.2.2 SA Team's Evaluation of the Plan Chapter 9 Predicted Influences of Project on Affected Areas 9.1 Planners' Prediction of Project Influences 9.1.1 Planners' Prediction of Positive Project Influences 9.1.2 Planners' Prediction of Negative Project Influences 9.2 Prediction of Project Influences by Villagers (Including Village Cadres) at POIs 9.2.1 Awareness of Project by Villagers (Including Village Cadres) at POIs and SA Team's Publicity for Project 9.2.2 Prediction of Project Influences by Villagers (by POIs) 9.3 SA Team's Analysis Chapter 10 Sequencing of Project-related Issues 10.1 Significance and Operating Method of Issue Sequencing 10.2 Wealth-related Sequencing 10.2.1 Sequencing of Causes for Richness 10.2.1 Sequencing of Causes for Poverty 10.3 Sequencing of Project's Influences 10.3.1 Sequencing of Project's Positive Influences 10.3.2 Sequencing of Project's Negative Influences 10.4 Sequencing of Labor Productivity Chapter 11 Conclusions 11.1 Improving the Youjiang River's shipping conditions, power generation and irrigation will be the Project's 3 major functions 11.2 Support from local villagers and village cadres will be key to the Project's success 11.3 Villagers are indirect beneficiaries 11.4 Women will also be benefited 11.5 Local Chuang and Han nationalities share equal development opportunities 11.6 Land compensation will be an important source of production investment for villagers 11.7 The Project will drive the local infrastructure construction 11.8 The Project will optimize the local industrial structure 11.9The Project will be a chance of economic lift-off for affected counties and cities Chapter 12 Suggestions 12.1 Villagers' Suggestions 12.1.1 Project vs. Traffic 12.1.2 Land Requisition and Migration 12.1.3 Compensation and Resettlement 12.1.4 Offering of Settlement Allowance 12.1.5 Irrigation Facilities 12.1.6 Power Utilization 12.1.7 Public Security 12.1.8 Small Coalpits 12.1.9 Date of Project Commencement 12.2 SA Team's Suggestions 12.2.1 More Publicity for the Project 12.2.2 Exerting Project's Secondary Effects for More Benefits to the Public Affected 12.2.3 Tailoring Resettlement Measures 12.2.4 Contributing Local Human and Material Resources to the Project 12.2.5 Rational, Public, Transparent Resettlement and Compensation 12.2.6 Giving Special Concern to Compensation and Resettlement for Flood Lands 12.2.7 Ensuring Smooth Project Execution by Giving Play to Village Cadres 12.2.8 Coordinating Project's Damage to Existing Facilities at Affected Areas 12.2.9 Providing Intellectual Support to Affected Villagers, Reducing Their Future Risks in Life 12.2.10 Suggestions on Minority Problem Annexes 1. Computation Sheet of Submersed Land and Population of Productive Resettlement in Naji Pivot's Reservoir Region at 115m Normal Baffling Level 2. Social Appraisal Survey Questionnaire of NSPP 3. Outline for Interview with Village Cadres 4. Outline of Personal Interview 5. Partial Graphic Data Collected in Field Chapter 1 Background of Project and Social Appraisal 1.1 Project Overview The Naji Shipping Pivot is the 4h stage in the staged arrangement under the Yujiang River Integrated Utilization Planning and a multi-purpose project designed for shipping, power generation and other benefits. The key objective of this Project is to reduce shipping costs from West Guangxi and adjacent provinces to East Guangxi and neighboring Guangdong and Hong Kong by improving the shipping conditions in the Baise-Nanning reach (approx. 360km long) of the Youjiang River. The Naji Shipping Pivot is located at upper reaches of the Yujiang River-the Youjiang River Reach. After its completion, the Pivot will deliver the water-holding capacity that ensures a channel depth sufficient for 500t lighters to pass through the Nanning-Baise Reach all the year round. This Project covers a 2m high dam (at Naji NV, 22.5km upstream Tianyang County under Baise District), a ship lock sufficient to accommodate 3 fleets of 500t lighters, a 25OGWh hydraulic power station, the outgoing highway from both banks of the Youjiang River and a river bridge near the site of the dam. After its completion, this Pivot will be placed under joint operation with the Bicheng River Reservoir and Baise Reservoir to relieve the extreme shortage of power at Baise District, increase the operating stability of the local power network and promote the industrial and agricultural development of old revolutionary areas. In shipping, this will canalize 54.7km navigation channel and raise the Youjiang River's navigable capacity from 120t to 500t in conjunction with certain dredging works. 1.2 Work Flow of Social Appraisal 1.2.1 Significance and Purpose of Social Appraisal Significance of social appraisal: Social appraisal is a form of feasibility study and a basic condition for project design and execution, as well as a supplement to the economic, fiscal, technical and environmental analysis. Nothing can replace social appraisal. Target of social appraisal: ensure the social benefit on investment, including social, cultural influences and potential issues within the investment coverage; eliminate or at least reduce negative social influences; help define the project target, show concern to the poor people within the Affected Areas, support disadvantaged groups, especially minorities and women; help establish an organization and system that provide participation opportunities, enhance the Project investor's exchange, mutual understanding with those interested for information sharing; help establish a foundation of social supervision and appraisal. The social influence appraisal under NSPP aims at: a) Identify all minority groups affected by this Project; b) Identify whether they are the aboriginal residents referred to in World Bank's OP4.20 Policy about "Aboriginal Residents"; c) Understand their social, economic and cultural situations to determine whether or not necessary to prepare a special minority development plan therefor; d) Understand the Affected Areas' social, economic aspects and the Project's influences on the locality, also be concerned about peasants' expectations and attitudes to ensure the Project plan and objectives can get their recognition; e) Seek the possibility to avoid or lessen this Project's possible negative influences and minimize its social costs; f) Popularize information on this Project within the Affected Areas; g) Be concerned about possible differences in expectation, attitude and viewpoint due to gender role; h) Get certain awareness of advantages and problems of social/economic development in the Affected Areas. 1.2.2 Methodology of Social Appraisal A SA Team consisting of experts from CCCC at ZSU applied the methods of participative rural appraisal (PRA), fieldwork in anthropology and questionnaire survey to the social appraisal for the World Bank Financed Guangxi Naji Shipping Pivot Project. PRA is a method in which residents at rural communities within the affected areas participate and the data concerning and serving them is collected. This is also a community development method that relies completely on local knowledge, leadership, organizations and resources to promote the rural development. Members of the panel may suggest or request local residents to provide community maps, social maps, resource transition maps, seasonal charts, as well as data related to the local historical evolution or current social, economic situations, etc. Fieldwork is a basic research method in anthropology, in which researchers shall visit the community concerned, live along with natives for a period and directly participate in and observe the local life, production and ceremonies, etc. It is a method combining emic/etic study organically that is good to understanding the practical living conditions and real ideas of study objects. Meanwhile, the method of questionnaire survey was also employed in this social appraisal. The SA Team designed the "Survey Questionnaire for Social Appraisal under World Bank Financed Guangxi Naji Shipping Pivot Project" aforehand. The questionnaire analysis may help supplement the data collected using PRA and fieldwork. 1.2.3 How Was Social Appraisal Operated? CCCC first designed the "Outline for Interview with Township (Village) Cadres for Social Appraisal under NSPP", the "Outline of Personal Interview for Social Appraisal under NSPP", the "Survey Questionnaire for Social Appraisal under NSPP" and the operating procedure of social appraisal according to the World Bank's requirements and the Project's actual situations. Before investigation, there was already a detailed mastery of literatures in relation to the POIs selected. The SA Team conducted the appraisal in strict accordance with the flow of forum with township/village cadres4drawing maps (community map, traffic map, seasonal activity chart, daily life and production chart in busy and slack seasons, resource distribution map, resource transition map, outgoing frequency chart, etc.)-)forum with male/female villagers -sequencing (including sequencing of NSPP's positive influences and negative influences on the locality, sequencing of factors affecting the local economic development, wealth-related sequencing, labor productivity sequencing, etc.)4filling in questionnaire-)in-depth interview. Work Flow of Social Appraisa r Fixing POls, designing Qr, interview outline, Planning, data outline County government \ preparation office, statistical bureau, national & religion bureau, poverty-relief of fice County-level Basic information forum collection government office agricultural office, Township-level Basic information overty-relief office Torum collection Village background, community maps, Village-level resource maps, ( Village cadres 9 Village-level peasant classification forum Wealth sequencing, Project's influences sequencing, sequencing Villager of advantages/ representatives, Villager forum disadvantages of representatives, Villager forum economic development, v7 ~~~~~~~~issues of concern Cultural Door-to-door Investigation of investigation into interview, village natural village questionnaire features communities Finding problems, Summary of experiences and investigation lessons, arranging teams next day's work This investigation was made with close focus on 2 principles when applying PRA, one is to integrate the investigation at the 4 levels of county/city, township/town administrative village (AV) and natural village (NV) organically with a view to obtain the most and full information within the shortest period; the other is to regulate the guideline and questions of investigation based on the locals' lifestyle and centering on their immediate interests. In the villages investigated, some plant cabbage, sugarcane and fruits, some make a living by loading and transporting coal. They are concerned about different matters, some are afraid of flood and some of water shortage, some hate small coalpits and some depend thereupon, some hope the State to construct a reservoir but worry that they couldn't get compensated reasonably for land submergence and relocation, etc. All these have been investigated and analyzed in depth. During investigation, all levels of government within the Affected Areas and the public at the POIs offered great support and help, facilitating the its smooth completion on schedule. In this investigation, altogether 130 peasants have been interviewed, 88 cases of in-depth interview, 124 effective questionnaires and 45 maps/charts (7 community maps, 6 resource distribution maps, 4 traffic maps, 14 seasonal activity charts, 14 daily activity charts) were collected and 56 items of sequencing (21 items on the Project's influences, 14 items on wealth, 7 items on factors affecting the local economic development and 14 items on labor productivity). 1.2.3.1 Questionnaire Survey As an important integral part of social appraisal, the semi-structured questionnaire survey aims to learn the local public's evaluation of and attitudes towards the Project's influences on the local social development and make in-depth sociological, anthropological analysis thereof by means of a large-scale questionnaire survey. This is to ensure the World Bank's investment project may help support low-income groups, disadvantaged groups, guarantee the equal opportunity of social participation between men and women, also to establish a social supervision and appraisal mechanism for the above purposes. The SA Team designed the "Survey Questionnaire for Social Appraisal under NSPP" in advance, which covers 6 parts-peasants' background, economic and social overview, the public's participation, migration, minority and poverty-support. This serves as a reference to learn the general situations of the POIs with a questionnaire for both structural and semi-structural interview. Research objects were selected through sectional sampling in this investigation, 7 villages were selected as the POIs from the 2 counties (cities) and 5 townships (towns) affected by the NSPP Reservoir Region, each assigned with 30 questionnaires (Baise Town was given less copies since it is less affected). These villages are Nabi AV and Natuo AV under Napo Town, Baifeng AV and Nayin AV under Baifeng Township in Tianyang County; Fulu AV under Nabi Township, Guiming AV under Sitang Town, Donghe AV under Baise Town in Baise City. In investigation, the SA Team investigated 124 sample units (family) under the principle of diversity, covering different degrees of wealth, ages, nationalities, sexes. This appraisal involves 7 villagers' committees under 5 townships/towns out of 2 counties (cities) within the Affected Areas and collected 124 effective questionnaires therefrom, of which 116 copies were identified, including 86 male respondents (74%) and 30 female ones (26%), 77 people of the Chuang nationality (66%) and 39 ones of the Han nationality (34%). After investigation, the team members made an analysis of the questionnaires using the SPSS software, the results from which will be described, quoted and demonstrated hereinafter. 1.2.3.2 Forum Forum is an extremely effective way to realize PRA by gathering the most extensive public comments within the shortest period. It is also a good opportunity to popularize the Project and learn local information. In the social appraisal under this Project, the SA Team held forums attended by villagers and cadres at the county (city), township (town) and village levels in strict conformity with the World Bank's requirements. During the whole course of appraisal, 2 county-level cadre forums, 5 township (town) level cadre forums, 7 village-level cadre forums and 14 villager forums were held in total. A. Considering differences in attitude, expectation and worry due to gender role and nationality, the SA Team held villager forums of minority village, forums of male and female villagers separately to listen to the voice of the affected from different groups. B. When holding a villager forum, the Team had a team member preside the meeting not attended by any village cadre, so that villagers can talk freely. C. Any villager forum was attended by at least 10 persons, involving men and women, people of the Chuang and Han nationalities, the poor and the rich, the married and the unmarried, the elderly and the young. D. When holding a villager forum, the team members would prepare snacks for villagers to make the forum a relaxing tea party. E. At forums of different levels, the Team employed different workflows. On a county (city) or township (town) level cadre forum, the key business is to introduce the Naji Shipping Pivot, the Team's specific objective, learn the background of that county (city) or township (town), collect relevant written materials and make sequencing on "the Project's local influences" and "factors affecting the local economic development (advantages and disadvantages). On a village-level cadre forum, the key matters are to brief the Naji Shipping Pivot, explain the Team's specific objective, learn the village's background, collect relevant written materials, make sequencing about "the Project's influences on the village" and "factors affecting the village's economic development (advantages/disadvantages) and draw maps (community, resource distribution, traffic). On a villager forum, the Team would brief the Naji Shipping Pivot, explain its specific purpose, have villagers make sequencing on "the Project's influences on the village and oneself', "causes for richness and poverty" and "labor productivity", draw maps (seasonal activity chart, daily life chart). F. While holding a villager forum, the SA Team also found some representative families and villagers of that village as a reference for in-depth interview. G. The Team found out that women at the 7 POIs were more active for forums and more willing to express their own ideas than men did. H. Data collected and problems found out from all levels of forums will be described, quoted, analyzed and evaluated herein. 1.2.3.3 In-depth Interview Personal in-depth interview is an interaction between the interviewer and respondent. An trained interviewer is able to select a typical interviewee and also find out his/her special experiences, background, special requirements, ideas and viewpoints to be either expressed or concealed. These are likely to be neglected by the questionnaire survey and group forum. In-depth interview is also the intensive embodiment of the fieldwork method's application in social appraisal. In this social appraisal, the SA Team designed the outlines for interview with villagers and village cadres respectively. The outline for interview with village cadres covers an affected village's basic information, land requisition and migration vs. Project execution, minority vs. Project execution. The personal interview outline covers a villager and his/her family's background, the Project's personal influences, his/her attitudes towards and suggestions for the Project, minority villagers, etc. The team members selected typical local people as the object of door-to-door interview, in which village cadres evaded. Cases collected by this means will also be described herein. 1.2.3.4 Data source This report uses the following 6 types of data: A. Official statistics: such as "Chinese Statistical Yearbook", "Rural Statistical Yearbook of China", statistical statements of investigated counties, towns and villages. B. Relevant policies and plans formulated by the local government, e.g., governmental work reports, annual work summary of each department, etc. C. Local annals: such as "Tianyang County Annals", "Annals of Baise City". D. Fieldwork data: In this investigation, altogether 130 peasants have been interviewed, 88 cases of in-depth interview, 124 effective questionnaires and 45 maps/charts (7 community maps, 6 resource distribution maps, 4 traffic maps, 14 seasonal activity charts, 14 daily activity charts) were collected and 56 items of sequencing (21 items on the Project's influences, 14 items on wealth, 7 items on factors affecting the local economic development and 14 items on labor productivity). E. Relevant papers and books: The Project's influences on the minorities in the Affected Areas are a focus of this social appraisal. For this purpose, the SA Team consulted the relevant ethnic policies, laws and regulations of the State, Autonomous Region and Baise District, papers on the Chuang nationality's identification, society, cultures and ethnographies. F. Plans and reports already in place at the initial stage of the Project: "Feasibility Study Report for Naji Shipping Pivot Project for Youjiang River Shipping Construction" and "Special Report on Compensation for Reservoir Inundation and Migrant Resettlement Planning (Feasibility Study Report for Naji Shipping Pivot Project for Youjiang River Shipping Construction)". When applying the above references, the SA Team followed 3 principles strictly: 1) try to use the latest statistics; 2) where village-level statistics data is involved, try to use firsthand data from fieldwork, which would be more objective and accurate; and 3) incorporate the ideas and opinions of peasants and all levels of local organizations into the discussion and analysis of any issue to avoid any fallacy of composition. 1.2.4 Agenda of Social Appraisal Sep.16-17 SATeam arrived in Nanning from Guangzhou Sep.17 SATeam arrived at Tianyang from Nanning Sep. 18-20 SA Team investigated at Nabi AV under Napo Town Sep.21 SA Team investigated at Natuo AV, Napo Town Sep.22 SA Team investigated at Baifeng AV, Baifeng Township Sep.23 SA Team investigated at Nayin AV under Baifeng Township Sep.24-26 SA Team arrived at Baise City, investigated at Fulu AV under Nabi Township Sep.27-28 SA Team investigated at Guiming AV under Sitang Town Sep.29 SA Team investigated at Donghe AV under Baise Town Sep.30 SA Team finished investigation and returned to Nanning City Chapter 2 General Survey of Affected Areas Baise District is located in West Guangxi, East Longitude 104°28'-107°54', North Latitude 22051'-25°07', upstream the Youjiang River in the Yujiang River System in the Pearl River Basin. It connects Yunan to the west, neighbor on Guizhou to the north, adjoins Nanning to the east and Vietnam to the south, being the traffic pivot of Yunan, Guizhou and Guangxi, also a key materials distributing center of East Yunan, Southwest Guizhou, West Guangxi and Southwest China. Headquartered in Baise City, the district now governs 12 counties (cities), with a total area of 36,000km2 and a total population of 3.6068 million people, of which the Chuang, Miao and other minorities account for 3.12 million. The Youjiang River is the biggest river inside, now already provided with the Dongping Hydro, Chengbi Lake Hydro and Lada Hydro. On this river, a state key project-the Baise Hydro Junction is currently under construction, whose installed capacity is 400MW, annual generating capacity 1.6 billion kW and total investment 6 billion. In 1999, Baise District's GDP was RMB1l.28 billion, 2.88 times more than 1990, at the annual average growth of 12.4%. The proportions of the primary, secondary and tertiary industries in the GDD changed from 52:18:30 in 1990 to 43:26:31 in 1999. Baise District is the mango production base of Baise and the biggest one of China, situated at the Youjiang River Valley at the middle of Baise, Tianyang, Tiandong, in the hinterland of the West Guangxi Mountainous Areas. The accumulative planting area in 1998 was 390,000 mu, yielding 58,000t mango, which is usually harvested from late June through late August. Baise's mangos are good in quality and diversified in variety, including Tianyang scented mango, green-peeled mango, purple-flowered mango, red ivory, sweet-scented mango, serial mango, golden-spiked mango, etc., altogether more than 30 varieties. The 3 counties (cities) of Tianyang, Baise and Tiandong were titled the "Town of Mango" by the competent state authority in 1996. The Naji Shipping Pivot is located at the Youjiang River section upstream the Yujiang River, East Longitude 106046', North Latitude 23°47'. The dam site is beside Naji NV at 22.5km upstream the Tianyang county seat. Its reservoir region covers 5 townships (towns), 19 villagers' committees and 64 NVs under Baise City and Tianyang County in Baise District. In detail, the coverage includes 13 villagers' committees and 40 NVs under Baise Town, Sitang Town and Nabi Township in Baise City, 6 villagers' committees and 24 NVs under Baifeng Township and Napo Town in Tianyang County. 2.1 Tianyang County Tianyang County is in the west part of Guangxi Chuang Autonomous Region, at middle reaches of the Youjiang River, neighboring on Tiandong County to the east, Debao County to the south, Baise City to the west and Bama Yao Autonomous Region to the north. Its maximum latitudinal distance is 43km and maximum longitudinal distance 117km, with a total area of 2,393.82km2. In 2001, the county totally governed 15 townships and towns, 5 neighborhood committees and 151 villagers' committees, including the Chuang, Han, Yao nationalities. In 2000, its total population was 298,563 people, including 268,415 minority people (89.9%), who were mainly Chuang people. The county seat-Tianzhou Town-is 228km away from the Autonomous Region capital-Nanning City-by highway, 330km away by water and 195km away by railway. In Tianyang County, there are 3 landforms-tableland, hill and upland, forming the feature of being low in the middle, high at the north and south, narrow latitudinally and extensive longitudinally. The county has 12 rivers, of which the Youjiang River is the trunk one that flows across 6 townships/towns. The drainage density is 0.13km/km2, annual runoff 998.7 million m2. Tianyang County is situated at low latitudes, close to the Tropic of Cancer, typical of the South Asian tropical monsoon climate with sufficient sunshine and rich heat. The average air temperature of 18-22C is satisfactory to 3 times of maturity a year. The annual frost-free period is 307-352 days, average rainfall 1,100-1,350mm. In 2001, the county-wide GDP reached RMB1.67890 billion (in prices in 1990), of which the primary, secondary and tertiary industries took RMB777.85 million, RMB450.82 million and RMB450.23 million respectively, accounting for 46.33%, 26.85% and 26.81 %. agriculture is the mainstay of the county's economy. In 2001, the county's cultivated area was 335,505 mu, of which paddy field was 153,948 'fu, dry land 181,557 mu. Its key food crops include rough rice, corn, beans, wheat, potato; cash crops include sugarcane, mango, cassava, vegetables, etc. In 2001, its gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery attained RMB773.94 million (in fixed prices in 1990) with cabbage, sugar and mango being its economic pillar. In 2001, the whole county's sugarcane planting area was 126,706 mu, accounting for 37.8% of its cultivated area. The mango planting area was 145,623 mu, yielding 32,540t mango. In 1995, as the largest mango production base of China, it was named as the "Town of Mango" by the State Ministry of Agriculture. In the same year, the vegetable planting area reached 236,522 mu with a total output of 500,000t. The county is frost-free all year, warm in winter. Represented by cabbage, it plants a wide range of vegetables, such as ruby tomato, haricot bean, cucumber, pepper, cabbage, lotus root, mushroom, garlic, which have been sold to above 100 major cities in 28 provinces. Table 2.1: GDP of Tianyang County in 2001 Unit: RMB10,000 Growth than last year In prices of that year In comparable prices (%) GDP 167,890 164,653 8.4 Primary industry 77,785 76,410 5.1 Secondary industry 45,082 43,754 5.9 Industry 38,044 36,987 3.6 Building industry 7,038 6,767 20.1 Tertiary industry 45,023 44,489 17.6 Of which: transport 6,565 6,262 10.8 industry and post/telecom industry I I Of which: wholesale/ 16,322 16,689 8.5 retail trade, catering (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.2: Tianyang County 2001total agricultural output value Unit: RMB1O,000 In comparable prices In prices of that year 2001 2000 2001 2000 Total 77,394 72,324 123,941 115,620 I. Agriculture 57,733 54,212 92,470 86,903 Of which: 51,457 47,721 85,039 79,257 cultivation Other agricultural 6,276 6,491 7,431 7,646 II: Forestry 2,550 2,542 3,116 2,956 III: Stockbreeding 14,970 13,611 24,722 22,443 IV: Fishery 2,141 1,959 3,633 3,318 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.3: Extract of the 5th Population Census's Results of Tianyang County, 2000 Index Unit Qty Basic information 1. Total population People 298,563 Of Male People 153,269 which Female People 145,294 _ Of which: women of 15-49 years People 81,585 2. Population of 0-14 years People 55,316 3. Population of 15-64 years People 218,985 4. Population above 65 years People 24,262 5. Minority population People 268,415 Educational attainment 1. Illiteracy People 21,236 2. Primary school People 133,895 3. Junior high school People 92,808 4. Senior high school People 17,017 5. Technical secondary school People 8,176 6. College and above People 4,031 Housing 2 Per capita dwelling space m2 24 Notes: The total population in the census is registered within the specified scope and is inconsistent with the total population in household register. (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Basic Information of Affected Townships/Towns under Tianyang County in 2001 Table 2.4: Village-level organizations Neighborhood Villagers' Villager teams NVs committee committee County-wide total 5 151 2,261 1,415 Napo Town 1 13 215 135 Baifeng 7 95 59 Township (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.5: Yearend Actual Cultivated Area Unit: mu Total Of which, Total__ ____ ___ ______Paddy field Dry land County-wide total 335,505 153,948 181,557 Napo Town 31,104 13,855 17,249 Baifeng Township 14,732 5,699 9,033 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.6: Cultivation Area and Yeild of Grain Unit: mu, ton I ~~~~~~~~~~~Absolute fluctuation Planting area Gross output +. - County-wide total 416529 118145 -4694 Napo Town 30946 11444 1393 Baifeng Township 16028 5259 440 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.7: Per unit area yield of sugarcane Unit: mu, ton Sugarcane Fruit sugarcane Planting Per mu Yield Planting Per mu Yield area yield area yield de total 126,461 3.3 41,3736 245 3.6 887 TNaon 3,222 3.8 12,117 128 3.5 404 Baifeng 8,784 3.6 32,229 17 5 83 Township (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.8: Per Unit Area Yield of Cassava and Vegetables Unit: mu, ton Cassava Vegetables Planting area Yield Planting area Yield County-wide 18,221 9,698 236,522 503,913 total__ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Napo Town 1,290 1,290 25,467 57,414 Baifeng 380 311 5,303 13,188 Township (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) Table 2.9: Fruit Planting area, Yield Unit: mu, ton Yearend area Year-round fruit yield Total Of which: Of which: Banana Mango Total Banana mango County-wi 166,005 30,642 114,981 71,160 27,139 32,540 de total TNaon 22,403 2,130 17,260 6,757 2,050 3,801 Baifeng 21,820 1,050 20,753 8,224 1,500 4,190 Township I. (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Yangtian County, 2001", Yangtian County Statistical Bureau) 2.1.1 Napo Town Napo Town is situated in a hilly terrain, on the south bank of the Youjiang River and the middle of Tianyang County, 9km away from the county seat, bordering on Tianzhou Town and Naman Town to the east, connected with Baise City and Baifeng Township to the west, Qinhua Township and Pohong Town to the south, adjacent to Toutang Town to the north. This was once the old site of Tianyang county seat, one of the political, economic, cultural centers of the county. The town enjoys advantaged geographical and traffic conditions, run through by the Tianyang-Jingxi Class-III Highway and the Tianyang-Gonglou (Coal Mine) Class-IV Highway. The Nan-Bai Class-II Highway is close to this town. Common means of transportation include tractor, bicycle, carromata, etc. The key waterway is the Youjiang River passing through it. This town's climate is mild, with air temperature 22C and annual rainfall of 1200mm in average. This town would encounter flood, spring drought, autumn drought, abnormal cold in spring, cold dew, etc., affecting its agricultural production to some extent. The town has 132.8km2 land, governs a neighborhood committee, 13 villagers' committees, 215 villager teams, 135 NVs, with a total population of 29,373 people (population census in 2000), mainly in the Chuang, Han nationalities, of which the Chuang population takes about 54%. By the end of 2001, there was 31,303 mu cultivated area (1.07 mu per capita), accounting for 15.6% of its land area, of which was 13,855 mu paddy field, 17,448 mu dry land and less arable land. The degree of land reclamation is relatively how, but reclaimable reserve resources are limited. Main crops include paddy rice, corn, sugarcane, peanut, etc. Its arable land is mainly distributed alongside the Youjiang River and its water sources for irrigation include the Nayin Reservoir. Local residents' domestic water comes mainly from the Nayin Reservoir, rivers and wells, more than half residents are using tap water. In 2001, Napo Town's gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery was RMB81.12 million (in fixed prices in 1990), of which the peasant per capita grain possession was 442kg and the peasant net income RMB1,425. In 2001, the town's Industrial gross output value was RMB236.66 million, where township enterprises mainly include brickyards, fruit farms and tree farms. The town's integrated economic strength is ranking top in Tianyang County. The NSPP Reservoir Region involve 4 villagers' committees of Napo Town, which are Naji NV under Nabi AV; Laiwang AV; Bahuai and Jibu under Natuo AV; Weidong and Nongpo under Nongpo AV. Table 2.10: Gross Agricultural Output Value of Napo Town in 2001 Unit: RMB 10,000 In fixed prices in 1990 In fixed prices in 1997 Total agricultural output value 8,112 12,241 1. Agricultural output value 5,670 9,019 Of which: (1) Crop cultivation 4,090 6,120 (2) Other agricultural items 1,580 2,899 II. Forestry output value 360 451 III. Stockbreeding output value 1,801 2,261 Of which: (1) Livestock 1,140 1,608 (2) Domestic animals 570 586 (3) Live livestock and 91 67 poultry products IV. Fishery output value 281 510 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.11: Back Information of Township Enterprises in Napo Town, 2001 Unit: RMB10,000 1 7 2001 l 2000 l 1999 umber of Township | 2,082 2,087 N.A. (Not enterprises Available) Gross output value 53,812 49,480 43,768 kdded value 11,802 11,182 6,443 Gross industrial output 23,666 28,599 31,599 alue _ ndustrial added value 5,170 5,148 4,000 Gross revenue 72,057 72,013 63,140 Paid-in tax 1,564 1,403 1,254 Net profit 3,179 2,660 2,196 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.12: Napo Town's Fiscal Revenue and Expenditure in Past Years Item Fiscal revenue (RMB10,000) Fiscal expenditure Year (RMB 10,000) 1995 380.7 300.8 1996 324.5 286.1 1997 370.1 341.3 1998 380.4 359 1999 398.98 2000 465.6 416.1 2001 577 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Basic Information of Affected Villagers' Committees under Napo Town in 2001 Table 2.13: Village-level Organizations and NVs Villagers' Number of villager Number of NVs committee teams Town-wide total 14 215 135 Laiwang 1 18 9 Nabi 1 10 6 Natuo 1 10 5 Nongpo 1 11 9 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.14: Total Families and Total Population Total number of Total population families Total_po_pulation Owhc:Of which: Of which: Actual Total | Farming Total Ofemale agricultural laborers Town-wide______ ta , |6 62families population Town-wide total 6,913 6,426 127,243 13,753 25,879 1,4 Laiwang 800 800 3,048 1,760 3,048 1,786 Nabi 435 435 1,645 818 1,645 986 Natuo 452 452 1,701 896 1,696 936 Nongpo 233 233 1,065 505 1,065 544 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.15: Cultivated Area Unit: mu Total Paddy field Dry farmland Town-wide total 31,303 13,855 17,448 Laiwang 3,526 2,318 1,208 Nabi 1,700 1,393 307 Natuo 2,654 1,977 677 Nongpo 1,484 300 1,184 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.16: Gross Grain Output Unit: mu, ton Villagers' committee Gross grain output Of which, First half year Later half year Town-wide total 11444 3317 8217 Laiwang 1175 607 1169 Nabi 1234 422 813 Natuo 1551 426 1125 Nongpo 354 113 241 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.17: Sugarcane Production Unit: mu, ton Sugarcane Planting area Per mu yield Yield Town-wide total 3,222 2.5 12,117 Laiwang Nabi Natuo 171 3.4 592 Nongpo 681 3.4 2,322 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.18: Per Capita Grain Possession by Peasants Unit: kg Per capita grain Per capita grain Relative fluctuation possession by possession by peasants in 2001 peasants in 2000 Town-wide average 442 369 -120 Laiwang 582 420 162 Nabi 750 550 200 Natuo 914 650 260 Nongpo 332 321 11 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) Table 2.19: Per Capita Peasant Net Income in Past Years Unit: RMB 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 Town-wide average 1,425 1,332 2,683 2,496 2,275 1,820 Laiwang 1,643 1,340 2,985 2,647 2,470 2,184 Nabi 1,323 1,309 2,907 2,716 2,465 1,855 Natuo 1,319 1,320 2,994 2,562 2,466 2,002 Nongpo 1,278 1,280 2,466 2,300 2,262 1,676 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town, 2001", by Napo Town Statistical Station) 2.1.2 Baifeng Township Baifeng Township is situated northwest of Tianyang County, along the Youjiang River, in a hilly terrain, featuring mild temperatures, sufficient sunshine, annual rainfall of 1,100mm, and average air temperature of 220C, frost-free period of 350 days. Natural disasters here may include flood, spring drought, autumn drought, abnormal cold in spring, cold dew, etc., affecting its agricultural production to some extent. By the end of 2001, the township's land area was 121.5km2, cultivated area 14,732 mu, of which there was 5,699 mu paddy field, 9,033 mu dry land at the per capita cultivated area of 1.32 mu, mainly growing paddy rice, com, sugarcane, cassava. Dry land there is heavily planted, mainly with sugarcane, attaining the area of 8,801 mu in 2001. Fruits here include mango, longan and almond, mostly mango, the planting area of which was already 20,753 mu in 2001. In 2001, the township's gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery attained RMB44.839 million (in fixed prices in 1990), driving the per capita peasant net income to RMB1,418. Township enterprises mainly include brickyards, township farms, tree farms. In 2001, the total revenue of all township enterprises reached RMB54.19 million (current prices), showing its top-ranking economic level in Tianyang. In 2001, the township had a total population of 11,148 people, mostly Chuang people. The township's land traffic is composed of Class-IV county-township sandstone roads and rural earth roads, on which hand tractors, bicycles and carromatas are travelling. The Youjiang River serves as its waterway, accommodating 120t ships. Local villagers' drinking water comes from the Nayin Reservoir, rivers and wells. Every village there is using electricity. The NSPP Reservoir Region involves 4 villagers' committees and 20 NVs under Baifeng Township, including Badong, Sidong, Laikui, Chongkou, Qiaotou, Xianshui, Nayin, Neipo, Poluo under Nayin AV; Suwu, Wantang, Liufeng, Natang, Nalai under Wantang AV; Jiulai, Donghong, Nasu, Shewang under Donghong AV; Dukou, Pingjiang under Baifeng AV. Table 2.20: Rural Statistical Indicators of Baifeng Township in 2001 Unit Qty. Unit Qty. Gross output value Number of villagers' 7 of farming, forestry, RMB 5,863.5 committees stockbreeding, 10,000 sideline and fishery Villages accessible 7 total agricultural RMB 4,660.7 to electricity output value 10,000 , Villages accessible 7 Gross forestry output RMB 163.6 to postal service value 10,000 Villages accessible 6 Gross stockbreeding RMB 795.2 to telephone output value 10,000 Villages accessible Gross fishery output RMB 244 to highway value 10,000 Villages accessible 0 Gross grain output ton 5,259 to tap water Total rural families 2,589 Gross sugarcane ton 41,229 output Total rural People 11,148 Gross fruit output ton 8,074 population Yearend rural People 6,995 Gross vegetables ton 12,505 laborers output Rural practitioners People 6,875 Township enterprises 360 Practitioners of farming, forestry, People 5,783 Township enterprise People 1,227 stockbreeding, practitioners sideline and fishery Practitioners of People 85 Township enterprise RMB 5,419 building industry revenue 10,000 Yearend cultivated Ha 982 Local fiscal revenue R1MB 146 area __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 10,000 Paddy field area Ha 379.9 Local fiscal RMB 178.9 Paddy___ field_ area Ha 379.9 expenditure 10,000 Total crop area Ha 2,174.4 Schools 16 Grain area Ha 1,068.5 Teachers People 93 Total power of farm KW 5,863 Hospitals, health I machinery centers Effective irrigated Ha 342 Sickbeds People 4 area _ _ _ _ _ Fertilizer Ton 2,325 Gross rural income 1R0M,B 3,044 consumption 1,00 Rural power 10,OOOkWh 7,923 Per capita peasant RMB 1,418 consumption net income (Data source: "Annual Agricultural Statistical Statement of Baifeng Township", 2001) 2.2 Baise City Baise City is located west of Guangxi Chuang Autonomous Region, upstream the Youjiang River in the Xijiang River System inside the Pearl River Basin. The city abuts on Tianyang County to the southeast and east, interface with Jingxi, Debao Counties to the southwest, borders on Yunan Province to the west, on Tianlin and Lingyun Counties to the northwest, connects to Bama County to the northeast. The Nan-Kun Railway and National Highways 323/324 pass through the city. With a total area of 3,713km2, the city governed 8 townships, 4 towns, 116 villagers' committees, 7 sub-district offices and 1,276 villager teams in 2001, where 326,193 people of the Chuang, Han, Yao, Hui nationalities were living, of which the Chuang population was 239,277 people, accounting for 77.35%. Baise City belongs to the southeast edge of the Yun-Gui Plateau, run through in the middle by the Youjiang River from west to east, upstream the Youjiang River Basin. Baise City is located at low latitudes, typical of the South Asian tropical monsoon climate that features strong solar radiation, warm climate, sufficient rainfall, long summers, short winters, long frost-free period, where spring and autumn droughts, cold waves, cold dews and floods are frequent. In 2001, Baise City's GDP was RMB2.77924 billion (in prices of that year), of which the primary, secondary and tertiary industries contributed RMB572.7 million (in prices of that year), RMB840.5 million (in prices of that year) and RMB1.366 billion (in prices of that year) respectively, accounting for 20.6%, 30.2% and 49.2%. Agriculture is a pillar industry of Baise City. In 2001, there was 378,331 mu cultivated area, including 107,888 mu paddy field, 270,443 mu dry land. Main food crops include paddy rice, corn, millet, beans, potato; cash crops include sugarcane, cassava, peanut, sesame, hemp; fruits include mango, litchi, longan, musa, etc. Rural residents' per capita annual net income was RMB 1,425. Baise is a revolutionary base with remarkable revolutionary traditions, where the famous 1929 Baise Insurgency led by Mr. Deng Xiaoping occurred. The NSPP Reservoir Region covers Nabi Township, Sitang Town and Baise Town of Baise City. Table 2.21: Baise City's GDP Composition in 2001 Unit: RMB 10,000 Absolute amount Composition % 2001 2002 2001 2002 GDP 277,924 250,012 100.0 100.0 Primary industry 57,265 54,603 20.6 21.8 Secondary industry 84,048 72,889 30.6 29.2 Tertiary industry 136,611 122,520 49.2 49.0 Annual average population (10,000 people) 32.67 33.49 Per capita GDP (RMB) 8,507 7,465 Notes: The data herein is based on prices of that year. (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.22: Baise City Gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery (2001) Unit: RMB Output Output value in value in prices of prices of that year that year Gross output value of farming, (II) Other agricultural items 9,194 forestry, stockbreeding, sideline Of which: Peasant families' and fishery 88,077 other commercial operations 3,883 I. Agricultural output value 60,755 Forestry output value 9,863 (I) Crop cultivation 51,561 Stockbreeding output value 13,706 1. Output value of staple products 48,410 (III) Fishery 3,753 (1) Total of cereal crops 7,940 (2) Byproducts of cash crops 12,393 Of which: sugarcane 10,269 (3) vegetables, melons, edible mushrooms 17,344 Of which: vegetables 14,968 Melon as fruit 2,169 (4) Tea, mulberry, fruits 9,873 Of which: fruits 9,515 (5) other crop cultivation 860 2. Output value of byproducts 3,151 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Basic Information on Affected Townships/Towns under Baise City in 2001 Table 2.23: Basic Information of Villagers' Committees Affected Villagers' Villager Township Cadres of area committees teams cadres villagers' Affected villagers' comrmittees committee Nabi 50 Dahe, Fulu, Dawan, Jiangfeng, Township 16 181 46 Nabi, Qitang, Dawang Sitang 7 96 33 27 Fulian, Guiming T ow n __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Town 34 49 18 Donghe (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.24: Infrastructure Affected Tap water Tap water Villages I Families I Villages I Villages area benefited benefited accessible tolaccessible tol accessible to I accessible to villages families electricity electricity telephone highway Nabi Townshi 15 5,341 16 7,970 16 16 Sitang 3 1,730 7 4,182 7 7 Town I__ __ _ Baise 5 2,014 5 2,014 5 5 Town _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.25: Population Affected area Nabi Township Sitang Town Baise Town Total famijlies Total 13,519 4,734 28,037 Total _ familiesOf which: Farming families 8,001 3,664 1,902 Total 47,870 17,972 106,070 Male 24,508 8,963 53,623 Female 23,362 9,009 52,447 Of which: agricultural 33,715 14,525 6,793 Total population population Chuang 26,967 12,875 58,633 Han 20,653 5,067 44,978 Yao 127 23 1,168 Miao 0 22 297 Outgoing laborers 2,053 478 143 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.26: Land Affected area Land area (km2) Paddy field (mu) Dry land (mu) Total (mu) Nabi Township 314 17,577 37,760 55,337 Sitang Town 153 13,223 19,394 32,617 Baise Town 51 1,305 5,850 7,155 City-wide total 3,713 107,888 270,443 378,331 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.27: Township Sources of Income Unit: RMB10,000 City-wide total Nabi Township Sitang Town Baise Town Gross income 87,180 17,429 15,826 2,830 Agricultural 40,681 8,897 8,750 1,137 income _ Forestry income 6,410 600 261 18 Stockbreeding 13,063 4,053 1,730 234 income 4__ __ _ _ _053__ _ __ _ _ 1__730__234 _ Fishery income 1,815 1,022 145 122 Industrial income 12,448 747 2,238 84 Income from 1,608 300 754 70 building industry Income from transport industry 4,851 1,550 984 312 Income from 2,876 100 150 271 catering Income from 1,782 30 754 31 service industry Other income 1,646 130 60 553 Per capita peasant 1,425 1,736 1,728 2,204 net income (RMB) (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.28: Grain Production Area: mu, Per mu yield: kg, Output: ton Planting Total of food crops Gross Gross output Gross output area of in summer in autumn ara crops Planting Per mu spring havs hret area yield gross output harvest harvest harvest Townbship 122,739 42,591 382 16,269.522 143.7 8,045.590 8,080.232 Sitang 71,838 32,115 264 8,490.239 0 3,845.752 4,644.487 Town__ _ _ _ TOain 13,463 2,091 314 655.800 35.400 274.100 346.300 City-wide 765,269 306,410 277 84,728 342 48,523 35,863 to ta l I__ _ _ _ _ _I_ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ I__ _ _ I__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.29: Sugarcane Production Planting area of Of which: sugarcane Affected area cash crops (mu) Planting area Per mu yield gross output ______ ______ __ ___ ______ _____(m u) (kg) (ton) Nabi Township 36,339 13,950 3,606 50,300 Sitang Town 24,362 20,920 4,640 97,068 Baise Town 3,997 978 3,070 3,002 City-wide total 239,212 153,350 3,525 540,494 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.30: Vegetable Production Affected area Yearend vegetable planting I Vegetable per Gross vegetable area (mu) mu yield (kg) output (ton) Nabi Township 37,154 2,227 82,741 Sitang Town 13,501 828 11,175 Baise Town 7,004 4,703 32,938 City-wide total 148,292 1,402 207,887 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) Table 2.31: Fruit Production Area: mu, Output: ton Affected area Nabi Township Sitang Town Baise Town Yearend area 60,890 59,545 10,795 Total of fruits Planted in that year 11,131 7,000 10,970 Gross yield 10,795 501 4,094 Yearend area 3,094 4,265 199 Banana Planted in that year 1,250 N.A. N.A. Gross yield 3,609 4,530 395 Yearend area 7,865 45 1,738 Orange Planted in that year 2,500 N.A. 381 Gross yield 1,481 20 2,157 Yearend area 6,792 8,080 396 Longan Planted in that year 2,789 2,300 N.A. Gross yield 531 643 75 Yearend area 4,785 17,780 534 Litchi Planted in that year 580 3,700 N.A. Gross yield 415 860 258 Yearend area 28,357 25,500 499 Mango Planted in that year N.A. N.A. N.A. Gross yield 3,230 4,650 310 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2002) 2.2.1 Nabi Township Nabi Township is central to Baise and Tianyang County, alongside the Youjiang River. The township's climate is characterized by hot weather, sufficient sunshine, annual average air temperature of 220C, average rainfall of 1,360mm and frost-free period of around 350 days. This township is largely in a hilly terrain of red earth, suitable for the growth of a variety of subtropical and tropical fruits. The township governs 16 villagers' committees, 182 villager teams and 110 NVs. Its total population is 34,161 people, of which the agricultural population is 33,165 people. There are 18,956 residents of the Chuang nationality, accounting for 55.49% of its population. By the end of 2001, the township had 55,336mu cultivated area, including 17,576mu paddy field, 37,760mu dry land. Main crops include paddy rice, corn, sugarcane, peanut; main fruits include mango, longan and almond, of which mango is the pillar of local residents' income. In 2001, there was 28,357 mu planting area, the township's gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding and fishery reached RMB129.75 million (in fixed prices in 1990), the total output value of all township enterprises was RMB533.2 million (current prices), showing its leading economic level in Baise City. The township has convenient water and land traffic. Residents along the banks of Youjiang River can obtain drinking water conveniently, but those in remote mountainous areas have difficulty in drinking water. The NSPP Reservoir Region covers 7 villagers' committees and 25 NVs of Nabi Township, which are Baigu, Jiexiang, Lalie, Jiula, Nashi under Dahe AV; Jiubu, Fulu, Dongxian, Cile, Langxing, Pingfu, Dafa, Jiusuo, Zhuangdong under Fulu AV; Dawan, Shazhou in Dawan; Jiangba, Dongnong, Nayuan, Namo in Jiangfeng; Shangtun, Zhongtun, Xiatun under Nabi AV; Zhuzhou under Qitang AV; and Podou under Dawang AV. Basic Information on Affected Villagers' Committees under Napo Town (2001) Table 2.32: Rural Grassroots Organizations under Nabi Township Per capita Total families Total population (people) Split by nation lity Affected peasant fafrecae net Total Farming Total M F Agricultural Chuang Han Yao income families population __ _ _ (RM B) _ _ _ _ _ Nabi 2,264 448 448 1,603 739 864 1,603 1,547 47 7 Dawan 1,644 687 1 687 2,822 1,304 1,518 2,822 86 2,736 Jiangfeng 1,516 508 508 1,987 967 1,020 1,987 1,075 912 Dahe 1,648 483 483 2,211 1,064 1,147 2,211 1,981 221 9 ulu 1,349 664 664 2,982 1,419 1,563 2,982 1,878 1,104 Qitang 2,552 884 884 3,504 1,622 1,882 3,504 1,517 1,987 Dawang 1,759 610 610 2,414 1,170 1,244 2,414 1,218 1,193 3 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.33: Cultivated Area of Nabi Township Unit: mu Yearend actual cultivated area Of which: Affected Actual arable land in possession Sugarcane area Total Paddy field Dry land Paddy paddy field Total Dry land pad. il field in possession Nabi 1,112 585 527 895 585 310 Dawan 3,006 1,682 1,324 1,982 1,682 300 Jiangfeng 2,476 1,103 1,373 1,673 1,103 570 250 Dahe 5,300 1,555 3,745 1,481 1,179 302 376 Fulu 3,555.5 1,497 2,059 2,197 1,497 700 Qitang 2,098.9 1,039 1,060 1,208 1,038 170 Dawang 2,612.4 1,160 1,452 1,859 1,033 826 90 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.34: Effective Irrigated Farmland Area of Nabi Township Unit: mu Effective irrigated area (farmland area) Affected Electromechanical Total Eca Irrigation by gravity area im gation Subtotal Irrigated that year Subtotal Irrigated that year Subtotal Irrigated that year Nabi 1,270 1,270 70 70 1,200 1,200 Dawan 1,495 1,495 90 90 1,405 1,405 Jiangfeng 1,140 1,140 0 0 1,140 1,140 Dahe 1,469 1,469 1,469 1,469 0 0 Fulu 2,510 2,510 0 0 2,510 2,510 Qitang 1,038 1,038 1,038 1,038 0 0 Dawang 1,840 1,840 1,840 1,840 0 0 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 235: Grain production Villagers' Crop Food crop Gross grain output (ton) Annual per committee planting planting Tot Spring Summer Autumn capita grain area (mu) area (mu) ota harvest harvest harvest output (kg) Nabi 4,301 2,000 749.8 6.0 425.0 318.8 468 Dawan 7,238 2,710 1,242.6 24.0 581.0 637.6 440 Jiangfeng 6,560 2,506 1,001.3 26.1 474.3 500.9 504 Dahe 6,726 2,892 1,223.3 N.A. 565.3 658.0 553 Fulu 7,167 36,082 1,212.9 14.0 553.2 645.7 407 Qitang 6,350 2,300 1,107.8 7.0 581.5 519.3 316 Dawang 9,117 3,883 1,325.994 13.5 683.660 628.834 549 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 236: Sugarcane Production Villagers' Cash crop -Of which: sugarcan committee planting area (mu) Planting area (mu) Per mu yield (kg) Gross output (ton) Nabi 408 40 3,000 5.09 Dawan 90 N.A. N.A. N.A. Jiangfeng 1,118 1,056 3,835 3,870.1 Dahe 3,236 2,821 4,077 21,113.9 Fulu 990 820 3,049 2,598.1 Qitang 155 N.A. N.A. N.A. Dawang 2,158 1,700 4,235 9,440.23 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.37: Fruit Production Area: mu, Output: ton Total of fuits Litchi Mango Villagers' Year-e Of which: Year-e Of which: Year- Of which: committee nd Planted in Gross nd Planted in Gross end Planted in Gross actual that year output actual that year output actual that year output ~~~area area area labi 5,244 0 422 392 0 22 3,000 N.A. 100 )awan 3,365 195 843 427 100 18 2,400 N.A. 402 iangfeng 5,324 229 856 350 10 38 4,400 N.A. 510 )ahe 11,412 3,099 1,142 924 170 85 6,613 N.A. 750 ulu 4,698 20 1,102 783 0 109 2,889 N.A. 320 itang 1,637 427 297 270 40 35 875 N.A. 101 awang 2,172 60 579 41 N.A. 6 11,622 N.A._ 328 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.38: Vegetables Production Villagers' committee Yearend vegetable Vegetable per mu Gross vegetable planting area (mu) yield (kg) output (ton) Nabi 1,480 2,453 3,630 Dawan 4,351 2,257 9,898 Jiangfeng 2,626 2,063 5,417 Dahe 580 1,659 962 Fulu 2,299 1,977 4,546 Qitang 3,853 2,300 8,861.5 Dawang 2,873 2,163 6,216.2 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Nabi Township Statistical Station, 2002) 2.2.2 Sitang Town Sitang Town is situated central to the Youjiang River Valley, 15km southeast of Baise City. As the east gate of Baise City, it borders on Toutang Town and Baifeng Township under Tianyang County to the southest, on Nabi Township to the west, Yongle, Bailan Township to the north. The town's average air temperature is 22'C, with long sunshine time (1,900hr a year), annual rainfall of 1,360mm and frost-free period of above 350 days. The town governs 7 villagers' committees, 46 NVs and 96 villager teams within total area of 153km2. In 2001, there was 31,770 mu arable land, per capita cultivated of area 1.77 mu, population of 17,972 people, made up of Chuang, Han and Yao residents, of which there were 12,875 Chuang people (72.2%). In 2001, the gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery was RMB82.40 million (in fixed prices in 1990), the per capita peasant net income was RMB11,750. Agriculturally, crops mainly include paddy rice, corn, sugarcane, peanut, etc. This town's economy relies heavily upon mango, litchi, longan and vegetables. In 2001, the sugarcane planting area was 20,920 mu, fruit planting area 59,545 mu and vegetable planting area 13,501 mu. The 46 NVs of Sitang Town are connected by highways, including National Highways 323 and 324, the Nan-Kun Railway Artery and Youjiang River Channel. The town's peasants own 98 automobiles, 80 tractors and 167 hand tractors. Sitang Town was set up in 1994 and listed as an experimental town under the Autonomous Region's Second Round of Small Town Integrated Reform in 1999. Now every NV here is accessible to highway, telephone, broadcast and TV. The town owns a junior high school, 8 primary schools. Its primary school enrollment ratio is 99.9% and gross junior high school enrollment ratio 97.2%. The NSPP Reservoir Region involves 2 villagers' committees and 7 NVs of Sitang Town, which are Laice, Coudong, Shuibu, Qiaorui under Fulian AV; Damei, Xiaomei and Fujiang under Guiming AV. Basic Information on Affected Villagers' Committees under Sitang Town in 2001 Table 2.39: Basic Information on Rural Grassroots Organizations Guimir~ng AV Fulian AV Villagers' committees I I Grassroots Villager teams 13 19 organs NVs 6 9 Township Total 4_______4___ and viage Township cadres 4 0 Cadres Cadres of villagers' 4 4 committee Tap water benefited villages 0 0 tap water benefited families 0 0 Villages accessible to electricity 1 1 Families accessible to electricity 612 735 Villages accessible to telephone 1 1 Villages accessible to highway 1 I Per capita peasant net income (RMB 1,642 1,400 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.40: Population Total families Total population (people) | Split by nationality Affected area Total Farming Total M F Agricultural Chuang Han families population Yao Guimi ng AV 612 612 2283 1153 1130 2283 2056 227 Fulian AV 737 737 3382 1645 1737 3382 894 2488 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.41: Statistics of Cultivated Area Unit: mu Yearend actual cultivated area Of which: l Affected Actual arable land in possession Sugarcane area Total Paddy field Dry land Total Paddy field Dry land paddy field 4 _ _ __ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~in possession Guiming AV, 5,793 2,516 3,277 1,379 770 609 270 Fulian AV 4,979 2,112 2,867 2,250 1,600 650 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.42: Statistical Table of Effective Irrigated Farmland Area Unit: mu Effec ive irrigated area (farmland area) Affected Electromechanical area ~~~Total Irrigatio rgton by gravity area mg~~ riation IiiiiY Subtotal Irrigated that year Subtotal Irrigated that year Subtotal lIrrigated that year Guiming AV 770 770 770 770 0 0 Fulian AW 1,600 1,600 1,600 1,600 0 0 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.43: Grain Production Villagers' Crop Food crop Gross grain output (ton) Annual per committee planting planting Total Spring Summer Autumn capita grain _o__inuttee area (mu) area (mu) harvest harvest harvest output (kg) Guiming 9,455 5,746 1,432.1 681.7 750.4 627 Fulian 14,029 5,449 1,868.9 822.3 1,046.7 553 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.44: Sugarcane Production Villagers' Cash crop Of which: sugarcane committee planting area (rrnu) Planting area (mu) Per mu yield (ton) Gross output (ton) Guiming 2,853 2,400 4.2 10,125 Fulian 930 400 4 1,600 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.45: Fruit Production Area: mu, Output: ton I Villagers'| Total of fruits litchi mango committee Year-en Of which: Year-en Of which: Year-e Of which: d actual Planted in Gross d actual Planted in Gross nd Planted in Gross area that year output area that year output actual that year output _________ _ ._____ _________ ______ area Guiming 9,318 956 1,123 6,757 490 537 4,100 682 Fulian 6,690 930 1,620 1,818 500 77 2,800 583 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) Table 2.46: Vegetables Production |Villagers'committee |Yearend vegetable Vegetable per mu yield Gross vegetable output Villgers COThThtee planting area (mu) (kg) (ton) Guiming 618 228 141.2 Fulian 7569 787 5953.85 (Data source: "Annual Rural Statistical Statement of Baise City, 2001", Sitang Town Statistical Station, 2002) 2.2.3 Baise Town Baise Town is located central to Baise City, at the edge of the Baise Basin and the Naji Reservoir, with flat landform, hot weather, sufficient sunshine, annual average temperature of 22°C, annual average rainfall of 1,300mm. Baise Town is the location of Baise District's Administrative Office and units directly thereunder as the economic, cultural and political center of Baise District. With land area of 51km2, the town now governs 5 villagers' committees, 11 neighborhood committees. In 2001, the town's population was 106,070 people, of which the agricultural population was 6,793 people (6.4%). The residents included Chuang, Han, Yao and Miao people, of which there were 58,633 Chuang people, accounting for 55.28% of the total. In 2001, there was 7,155 mu cultivated area, including 1,305 mu paddy field, 5,850 mu dry land. The per capita cultivated area was 0.07 mu and that of the agricultural population 1.05mu. Main crops include paddy rice, corn, vegetables, peanut, etc, of which the planting area of vegetables was the greatest at 7,004 mu. In 2001, this town's gross output value of farming, forestry, stockbreeding, sideline and fishery achieved RMB40.80 million (in fixed prices in 1990) and per capita peasant net income RMB2,210. The Yong-Bai Class-II Highway and Nan-Kun Railway pass through this town, turning the town into the materials distributing center for Yunan and Guizhou. Most town residents are already using tap water. The NSPP Reservoir Region involves a villagers' committee and a NV of Baise Town, i.e., Zhongtun under Donghe AV. Chapter 3 General Survey of Points of Investigation 3.1 Selection of POIs To ensure a just, fair, comprehensive and focused investigation, the SA Team followed the 4 principles below in the selection of points: A. Rationality in space, i.e., the upper, middle and lower reaches of the reservoir region. In the 7 investigated villages, Nabi AV and Natuo AV under Napo Town in Tianyang County are at the lower reaches, the location of the dam; Baifeng AV under Baifeng Township and Fulu AV under Nabi Township in Tianyang County, Guiming AV under Sitang Town in Baise City are at the middle reaches as the main reservoir basin; while Donghe AV under Baise Town in Baise City is at the upper reaches and less affected. B. Functional importance, namely villages with unique functions in the reservoir region's structure. In the 14 investigated NVs, Naji NV in Nabi AV is the location of the dam area, a major construction site and living area, about 691 mu (involving Siwei NV, Laiwang AV, where the Investigation Team once made door-to-door interview). The Damei river mouth at Damei NV under Guiming AV is the guard dam's location, for 722 mu cultivated area. Xiandong and Jiubu NVs under Fulu AV are the site for land lifting and filling, where totally 933 mu land area is lifted, filled and protected (Source: "NSPP Special Report on Compensation for Reservoir Inundation and Migrant Resettlement Planning", P50-5 1; "NSPP Feasibility Report", P458). C. All extends of submergence, damage and different types. At the 14 investigated NVs, assume the Pivot's normal baffling level is 115m, the submerged arable land and the population to be resettled are great, for example, at Chongkou and Poluo NVs under Nayin AV in Baifeng Township, 176 people are to be resettled (Data source: "NSPP Special Report on Compensation for Reservoir Inundation and Migrant Resettlement Planning", P109). Less affected Donghe AV under Baise Town lies at the suburb of Baise City and is a typical urban-suburban junction where the level of urbanization is relatively high. D. Different means of livelihood, national composition and cultural styles. At the 14 NVs investigated, there are different means of livelihood and concerns. For example, Naji NV under Nabi AV is an agricultural village concerned about compensation for land occupation and traffic; Bahuai NV under Natuo AV, suffering from "small coalpits", is concerned about how to suppress "small coalpits"; Siwei NV under Laiwang AV is a Han NV, in contrast to Naji Chuang NV; Cile NV under Fulu AV is a vegetable base; Damei NV under Guiming AV mainly grows sugarcane and fruits. E. In the selection of POIs, the distribution of national population was noted. Except that Nabi AV is a Chuang village, the others selected are all Han-Chuang cross-inhabited villages. This is to learn inter-nationality relations and their respective development. 3.2 Economic Survey and Industrial Structure Analysis of POIs 3.2.1 Nabi AV Nabi AV is 4.5km from the town government, beside which is Naji NV-the dam site of the Naji Shipping Pivot. There are 10 villager teams, 1,780 people, 436 families, 1,884 mu arable land, over 1,300mu paddy field and over 600mu dry land at Nabi AV. Since the land reform at early 1980s, a major regulation was made in 1998 to extend the period of land contract from 15 years to 30 years; besides, there would be some flexible tunings yearly. The pillar industries are paddy seeding and cabbage, under the cropping pattern of "rice-rice-vegetable", namely seeding for 2 seasons of a year and growing vegetables in winter. In 1994, this village became the seeding base of Baise District's seeds company. In 2000, nearly 1,000 mu paddy field of this village was used for seeding, gaining the per mu yield of 600-700 catty. Nabi AV would enter into a contract with the seeds company every year, under which the company shall purchase all seeds yielded by Nabi AV at the market price (protective price in 2002: RMB2.8/catty) and provide parent strains and technical guidance. The company shall pay up the seed cost within 3 months after warehousing. Cabbages here include haricot bean, marrow squash, tomato, cucumber and balsam pear, which are mainly sold on the town bazaar by the planter. Sometimes, retailers from Beijing, Hunan and Shanghai would come for purchase. Since 1999-2001, the annual average income from per mu cabbage could be RMB1,500-2,000. The village's per capita net income is RMB 1,200. Except that Naji NV has tap water, drinking water for human and livestock at other NVs comes mainly from wells. Process water is mainly from the Nayin Reservoir and the per mu irrigation cost is RMB53.5. Nabi AV's industrial structure may be described as seeding and cabbage planting enabled under "rice-rice-vegetable" pattern. Nabi AV women's seasonal activities: Jan.: planting cabbage; Feb.: seeding; Mar.: harrowing seedlings, rice planting; Apr.: field management; May: reaping rough rice; Jun.: preparations for the next tillage; Jul.: field management; Aug.: reaping; Sep.: growing cabbage (haricot bean, etc.); Oct.: growing marrow squash, small tomato, etc.; Nov.: managing cabbage; Dec.: managing cabbage. Nabi AV women's daily life: Slack seasons: 8:00-11:00, farming; 11:00-16:00, rest; 16:00-18:00, irrigating vegetable gardens; 18:00-22:00, supper, watching TV, chat; after 22:00, sleep. Busy seasons: 3:00-7:00, harrowing seedlings; 7:00-8:00, breakfast, raising pig, housework; 8:00-12:00, rice planting, farming; 12:00-13:00, lunch; 13:00-18:00, farming; 18:00-22:00, supper, watching TV; after 22:00, sleep. 3.2.2 Natuo AV Natuo AV governs 5 NVs, 10 villager teams, By the end of 2001, its population was 1,701 people, including agricultural population of 1,696 people. There was 2,654 mu cultivated land, including 1,977 mu paddy field, 677 mu dry land. Villagers' income is mainly from growing paddy rice, vegetables, fruits, labor export (excavating coal), farm truck transport and breeding. Within Natuo AV, there are more than 10 small coalpits as the workplace of many villagers in spare time. For local villagers, working on a coal mine is an important source of income apart from agricultural production. The peasant per capita in 2001 was RMBI1,319. In the whole village, only one NV is not accessible to tap water yet. Water for agricultural purposes is mainly from the Nayin Reservoir. Natuo AV's industrial structure is parallel development of agriculture and labor export. Natuo AV women's seasonal activities: Jan.: seeding, growing peanut, corn, sugarcane; Feb.: seeding; Mar.: field management; Apr.: field management; May: reaping corn, peanut; Jun.: reaping rough rice; Nov., Dec.: growing cabbage; May, Jun., Jul.: most busy, Aug., Sep.: relatively leisured. Women's daily life at Natuo AV: Busy seasons: 4:00-6:30, laundering, cooking, raising pig, housework; 6:30-7:00, breakfast; 7:00-12:00, farming; 12:00-12:30, lunch (field); 12:30-20:00, farming in field; 20:00-22:00, raising pig, cooking; 22:00-23:00 dining, watching TV; after 23:00, sleep. Slack seasons: 6:00-7:00, raising pig, housework; 7:00-12:00, field management, weeding; 12:00-16:00, dining, rest, chat; 16:00-18:00, vegetable garden management; 18:00-19:00, cooking; 19:00-20:00, supper; 20:00-23:00, watching TV, amusement; after 23:00, sleep. 3.2.3 Baifeng AV The SA Team investigated Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV in Baifeng Township, which is located alongside the Youjiang River, run through by the Class-IV highway from Tianzhou Town to the Gonglou Coal Mine. There are 510 people and 3 teams in the village. Since it is close to the Youjiang River, water carriage is dominant. Villagers would reclaim flood land and grow cabbage at the river shoal of the Youjiang River from September to May of the next year. Flood land is exploited by villagers not as a part of the responsibility field. In general, villagers sell vegetables to the Gonglou Coal Mine. There are 3 small coalpits at Baifeng AV, some collective, some private and some externally invested, employing 20 workers typically. Coal is carried to the outside through the Youjiang River. Many villagers load coal at a mine at the pay of RMB15 a cart. There are 10 farm trucks dedicated for coal carriage, 30-40 villagers take part in loading. The village's per capita net income is about RMB1,100 (provided by village cadres). Land is collectively owned, under the contract system with remuneration linked to output. The contract period was extended by 30 years at the end of 1998. There is almost no land laid idle. Peasants' burdens include 35 catty grain/mu-year (0.48 yuan/catty) and additional education charge of RMB 15/person-year. The NV's tap water is introduced from Dongjing Township, the cost of which is RMBO.9/t. The agricultural irrigation relies on the Youjiang River, costing RMB20 per mu. The power rate for agriculture is RMBO.22-0.25/kWh and that for life is RMBO.55-0.6/kWh. Pingjiang's industrial structure is focused on sugarcane planted, supported by labor export. 3.2.4 Nayin AV Nayin AV under Baifeng Township is 4km from the township government and 12km from Napo Town. The Class-IV highway from Tianzhou Town to the Gonglou Coal Mine runs through the AV. In 2001, there was 3,351 mu arable land, including 1,133 mu paddy field, 2,218 mu dry land. The per capita net income of villagers then was RMB1,500. Main crops include paddy rice, sugarcane, cabbage and fruit, of which sugarcane and cabbage are the main source of income. Sugarcane is purchased by the Tianyang sugar refinery, vegetables are sold to the Gonglou Coal Mine and Baifeng Township. Land is collective-owned under the contract system with remuneration linked to output. 30% families of the village own a telephone, most villagers may receive Guangxi TV and Baise TV-Il. The close-circuit TV is too expensive for peasants. Last year, floods flooded 70 mu arable land here and destroyed 11 houses, the government compensated sufferers RMB6,000 for reconstruction. Now the new houses stand along the highway from Tianzhou Town to the Gonglou Coal Mine. Agricultural water of the village comes from the Nayin Reservoir. To reconstruct the above highway into a tarred road, the Autonomous Region Government granted RMBIOO,000/km, leaving the remaining funds to the local government and the coal mine. Nayin AV's industrial structure is focused on cabbage and sugarcane planting. 3.2.5 Fulu AV Fulu AV under Napo Township governs 10 NVs, 22 villager teams and a total population of 2,982 people in 2001. Main crops here include paddy rice, corn, peanut, sugarcane, vegetables. Vegetables and fruits form the economic pillar of Fulu NV. Since 1999, bases of vegetables has taken form at Dongxian, Pingfu, Jiusuo, Dafa, Cile and Zhuangdong NVs. Vegetables are mainly purchased by individual retailers or sold to Baise City by villagers. In 2001, 165 villagers worked outside, mostly in Baise City and Guangdong, bringing back RMB320,000 a year. In 1992, the Municipal Forestry Bureau invested in 5000 mu pine forest here, which is expected to profit since 2005. Fulu AV's agricultural irrigation depends upon the Fulu River. In 1996, the village and the Municipal Vegetable Office jointed invested RMB173,000 for reconstruction of the Fulu River Canal. Villagers' drinking water is from the Fulu River (4 NVs), well water (3 NVs), the Dawang Mountain springs (3 NVs) and tap water (5 NVs). It can be seen that Fulu AV's industrial structure is focused on vegetables and fruits. 3.2.6 Guiming AV Guiming AV under Sitang Town governs 6 NVs, 13 villager teams and 2,283 people, who are all agricultural population. By the end of 2001, there was 5,793mu cultivated area, of which the grain area planted in that year was 1,379mu, accounting for 23.8%. Main crops include paddy rice, corn, peanut, sugarcane, vegetables, of which sugarcane is Guiming AV's pillar industry. Fruit planting is another important industry of Guiming AV. The agricultural irrigation relies completely on the Xiaomei electric pumping station. Guiming AV's economy is focused on sugarcane and fruit (litchi and mango) planting. Male villagers' seasonal activities at Damei NV under Guiming AV: Jan., Feb.: felling sugarcane; Mar., Apr.: litchi forest management; May, Jun., Jul.: picking up litchi, sugarcane field management; Aug., Sep., Oct.: peeling sugarcane leaf, paddy rice field management, fruit tree mothproofing; Nov., Dec.: felling sugarcane. Male villagers' daily life at Damei NV under Guiming AV: Busy seasons: 6:00-6:30, breakfast; 6:30-14:00, farming; 14:00-14:30, dining in the field; 14:30-19:00, cow herding; 19:00-20:00, supper; 20:00-22:00, watching TV, chat, washing; after 22:00, sleep. Slack seasons: 7:00-7:30, breakfast; 7:30-14:00, cow herding, watching fields; 14:00-16:00, dining rest; 16:00-20:00, playing cards and chess, chat; 20:00-20:30, supper; after 20:30, watching TV, sleep. 3.2.7 Donghe AV Donghe AV under Baise Town is west to Baise City, governing 7 NVs, 11 villager teams and 3,093 people. The villagers mainly deal with transport, business, selling vegetable and pig, house leasing and tertiary industry. In 2001, the per capita net income was RMB2,245. With Baise City's urbanization, Donghe AV's cultivated area has reduced from formerly 3,000mu to presently 550mu, 0.18mu per capita, all planted with vegetables. In addition, there are some hirst vegetable plots collectively owned or reclaimed by villagers for tilling from September each year to next May. Almost every family here would grow vegetables on flood land for sale on food markets at Baise City as an important source of income for some villagers. Except that some villagers grow vegetables seasonally, there are also a few private sand pits run by people from other villages. These sand pits rent flood lands in the village and pay rent at RMB2,000-3,000 per mu. Donghe AV's industrial structure relies on tertiary industry, gradually transiting towards urbanization. 3.3 Social Analysis of POIs 3.3.1 Population and Nationalities at POIs A. Nabi AV: 6 NVs, 10 villager teams, 1,645 people, completely agricultural population, including 818 females, all of the Chuang nationality. B. Natuo AV: 5 NVs, 10 villager teams and 1,701 people (896 female), of which 1,696 people belong to agricultural population; a Han-Chuang cross-inhabited village. C. Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV: 3 villager teams, 510 people (300 male), people of the Han nationality account for 70%; a Han-Chuang cross-inhabited village. D. Nayin AV: 2,243 villagers, mostly of the Chuang nationality (>70%). Among village cadres, village Party branch secretary is of the Han nationality, the village director, clerk and women cadres are all of the Chuang nationality. E. Fulu AV: 10 NVs, 22 villager teams, 2,982 people (1,419 male, 1,563 female), all of agricultural population, 1,878 Chuang people (accounting for 63%), a Han-Chuang cross-inhabited village. F. Guiming AV: 6 NVs, 13 villager teams, 2,283 people (1,153 male, 1,130 female), all of agricultural population, 2,056 Chuang people, accounting for 90.1 %. G. Donghe AV: 7 NVs, 11 villager teams and 3,093 people, mostly Han people, only 2 Chuang NVs, a Han-Chuang cross-inhabited village. 3.3.2 Grassroots Political Power Establishment and Functionality at POIs In the prevailing countryside administrative mechanism of China, under a township/town is an administrative village, namely a production brigade under the former mechanism of commune. AV-level cadres are not national public servants, whose wage and welfare are not covered by the national finance or township finance. Village-level organizations consist of village Party branches and villagers' committees, of which, a villagers' committee is the legal autonomous organization of a village led by the Party branch. As a grassroots organization of the party in power, a village Party branch is the core of leadership of village-level organizations. From the "1987 P.R.China Villagers' Comrnittee Organic Act (Trial)" to the formal version released in 1998, the building of the rural democracy and legal system has become mature through long-term explorations. In the course of villager autonomy, the most significant thing is villagers elect member of the villagers' committee directly for direct grassroots democracy, which is an important form of villagers' political participation. The villagers' committees at all the POIs have just been refreshed this year. As learnt from investigation, villagers consider the following during election: 1) candidates' qualification, justice and leadership; 2) whether candidates would truly serve villagers. Questionnaire statistics: Question: What do you think is the most important factor for serving as a village cadre? Most important factors for being a village cadre Oinul at i ve Fr.nij.rrv Perrent Val i rd Perrpnt Ppr.ernt Vi r1-oltlcaI oacidgroun1 .8 .8 5.0 Financial strength 9S 7i. 6 7S. S R3. S Strong leadership Strongclan power 2 1.6 1.7 85. 1 Support 18 14.5 14.9 100.0 Others 121 97.6 100. 0 M sqi rn Tnt l 3 2.4 Tot al Svqt Pm 124 100.0 Key factors for being a iillage cadre ,nn anl Per cent n Politcal backgrcund Strong leadership Others Financial strength Powerful clan Village-level organizations are the key rurai grassroots that connect the government and peasants. The work of village-level organizations and cadres is essential to understanding the interaction between the rural public and the government, the rural society, economy and people's life and vicissitude. 3.3.2.1 Composition of village organizations at POIs: a village organization is usually staffed with 4-5 members, including director/deputy-director of villagers' committee, secretary of village Party branch and clerk, women's director. Under a village are NVs, and then villager teams. 3.3.2.2 Key functions of villagers' committee at POIs: (1) assign specific tasks ordered by the superiority; (2) carry out planned parenthood policy; (3) mediate civil disputes; (4) mediate land disputes among villager teams; (5) water resource allocation; and (6) collect public grain and relevant charges. 3.3.2.3 Village-level organizations' role at POIs: (1) Village organizations can provide villagers with productive services unaffordable by individual peasants using various resources in possession, mainly appearing as the utilization of irrigation works; (2) administratively, village organizations master many rights closely related to villagers' life, such as allocation of quotas, certification for labor export, planned parenthood, marriage certification, etc.; (3) approval of house sites-one of villagers' basic means of livelihood; and (4) reconciliation of civil disputes. 3.3.2.4 Village-level organizations' status at POIs: The questionnaire survey indicates that, village cadres are the most influential group in a village. Questionnaire statistics Question: Who do you think is influential on the decision-making of major village affairs? (3 choices at most) People influential on village affairs FrPni pnrv Pprcpnt Val i rI PPrrcnt nflil at i vp Percent Val i d Cadres 2 1. 6 1.7 93.2 Elder clansmen 4 3. 2 3.4 96.6 M ajor cultivators 2 1. 6 1. 7 98. 3 The rich 1 . R qq. 1 Good talkers 1 .8 1 nn. 0 7 117 94.4 100.0 M ssi ria Total 7 5.6 Tot al Svstem 124 inn. n People influential on village affairs 1 nn Qn Per cent Cadres Majorcultivaiors Good udkers The elderly The rich 3.3.3 Folk Organizations at POIs There are clan organizations at the POIs, 4 pedigrees have been collected. Clan is united by unilateral relatives living close to each other. A clan is provided with all the organizational and social principles of consanguinity, geographical relation and interest group. In china before 1949, powerful clans functioned by sacrificing ancestors, offering mutual-aids in day-to-day life, restricting behavioral modes of family members and co-defense, etc. When integrating clansmen's order of life, a clan group also maintains the geographical relation inside a village. After new China's foundation, clan organizations' functions were replaced by grassroots political organizations. The rural contract system with remuneration linked to output practiced since early 1980s established families as basic economic units, so that clans could revive and subsist. Villagers at the POIs would sacrifice ancestors every year and at some villages, pedigrees, ancestral graves have been renewed and ancestral temples erected. The renaissance of clan activities is more a formal renaissance, promoting the association and cooperation among members of a same clan. A clan is not yet decisive in local affairs, village organizations are still the leading force of village political and economic life. Questionnaire statistics Ql: Does your family have a pedigree? Whether there is a pedigree? Fr Pniierv Pprnrnt VaI i d PprrPnt fem,i ati vP Percent Val i d Yes S9 47.6 48.4 RR. S INb 14 11.3 11.S 1nn 0 O K 122 98.4 100.0 M ssi rn Tntal 2 1.6 Tntal Svct Pm 124 1 00. 0 Whether there is pedigree? n. Per I n cent Yes i D. Kf Whether there is pedigree? Q2: Are you aware of your family's history? Whether aware of famifly history? FrPni spnrv PPrrPnt Val i di PPrrcPnt fliruil ati vp __________ _____________ Percent Val id Yes 61 49.6 CA. 2 Nh 1 .R .R 1on.0 3 123 99.2 100.0 M ssi na Tnt al 1 .8 Total !;vqtJPm 124 10.0n Whether aware of family's history? cn in Per n. cent Yes Nb 3 Whether aware Q3: Do you contact often with your clan members? Whether contact dan members often Frepnzienv Per ernt Val i d Perrcnt c e VRl i id Ca tn 19 15.3 15.7 95.0 rcraqsi na 6 4.8 5.0 100.0 n K 121 97. 6 100.0 Mssi no Tot al 3 2.4 Total Svstem 124 100.0 Whether contact clan members often? ,nn an Per cent Cften cxasi mal CL K 3.3.4 Medicine and Sanitation at POIs Through in-depth interview with 8 doctors and some villagers at the 7 POIs, the SA Team think the medical and health conditions at the Affected Areas is good, largely satisfactory to the demand of medical care and epidemic prevention of local residents. 3.3.4.1 Rural grassroots medical institutions are complete and rationally set up, convenient for local residents to take medical treatments. A. In Tianyang County, the Napo Town health center has opened up 6 sub-clinics at each village, where doctors and nurses would be on duty at a sub-clinic in turn. Such action has both served the local public and streamlined the town health center. B. Nabi Township under Baise City is practicing the rural cooperative medical system by setting up village cooperative clinics at village health centers and placing them under integrative management and double leadership under the Nabi Township health center and each villagers' committee. Such system has greatly saved medical expenses for villagers by giving them various preferential policies. As proven through practice, the rural cooperative medicine is a useful form of the peasant medical security system. C. At present, there are 255 rural doctors in Baise City, ensuring the basic medical care for local residents. Almost each villager team is provided with 1-2 rural doctors, who mostly have received 1-2 years' training at a county health school and are financially independent. When suffering from a common disease, villagers may either go to see a doctor or ask the doctor to provide door-to-door service by telephone. 3.3.4.2 Medical Expenses Prevalently Low A. Pricing of medical service Table 3.1: Comparison of Key Charging Items at Health Centers of Napo Town with Hospitals in Guangzhou (2000) (Unit: RMB) Napo Town Guangzhou City Registry fee (ordinary) 0.60 3.00 Intravenous injection 0.50 4.70 Routine blood test 6.00 19.30 Fluoroscopy 4.00 8.40 Filming 25.00 52.00 The table shows the pricing of local medical services is relatively affordable. B. Medicine pricing. Drugs of rural clinics are mainly purchased by the county medicine company and subject to 1-2 quality examinations yearly by the county board of health and supervisory bureau. For example, the water-dissolved cold medicine for children is purchased at RMB1.20 and sold at RMB2.00-2.50, profiting by 67-108%. C. Medical expenses. A villagers generally spends RMB15 on drugs per treatment (paid in cash). Deferred payment of medical expenses is very prevalent. At Nayin AV under Baifeng Township, we saw the register of accounts on credit of rural doctor LZQ and found that most defaulters are those poor in family, suffering from multiple dieseases for a long period. 3.3.4.3 Common and Frequently-occurring Diseases No local disease was found within the Affected Areas, where common diseases are cold, fever, diarrhea, bronchial asthma, gastric ulcer, nephrolith, sciatica, rheumatism, hepatitis B, among which nephrolith and gastric diseases are frequently occurring. Doctor LJY at Fulu AV under Nabi Township estimates that about 60% of the villagers are suffering from gastric diseases, mostly gastric ulcer and chronic gastritis, for the following reasons: 1) Irregular dinner. Most villagers have conjee at 6:00-7:00am, then work in field, return at 14:00-15:00pm and have supper at 19:00-20:00pm. In busy seasons, they usually work carrying conjee and dishes, have a cold meal at noon in fields. Sometimes they even eat two meals a day only, combining the lunch with supper. 2) Low living standard. At Jibu NV under Natuo AV, a majority of residents can barely eat their fill without any deposit at home, eating rice and corn supplemented by green stuff at ordinary times. 3) Drinking heavily. The nationality of Chuang has hot the habit of drinking, which has become more frequent with the improvement of living conditions. 4) Low medical level. A headache medicine is forbidden for children aged below 8 years due to its strong gastrointestinal side reaction. However, someone is still taking it due to limited medical knowledge and economic level. 3.3.5 Education at POIs There are primary schools at all the 7 POIs, but no junior or senior high school, so children have to study at junior high schools at the township (town) seat and senior high schools at the county (city) seat. The SA Team mainly investigated the primary schools at Nabi AV, Nayin AV and Fulu AV: A. Nabi Primary School, located at the center of 6 NVs under Nabi AV in the Youjiang River Valley, founded in late 1930s, rebuilt into a single story building in 1960s and a teaching building in early 1990s. The school now occupies 6,703m2 land, of which the building area is 1,035m2. With the improvement of peasants' life, the desire of learning is increasing and parents are active in sending their children to school. During the past 4 years, the enrollment ratio of school-age children went beyond 99.5%. The school's teaching conditions is being improved, gradually making it a self-contained village primary school provided with an office, instrument room, gymnasium, activity room (28m2) and two reading rooms (64m2). B. Nayin AV Primary School. This school was founded in 1984 and now has more than 100 students from pre-school class to grade-6. The educational expense for a child is over RMB 100 a semester, including textbook cost and insurance. C. Fulu AV Primary School. Sited in Fulu NV, this school was founded in 2000 based on the merger of 3 primary schools at Fulu AV. Now its campus covers 5,301 m2. The Fulu primary school is the central school of the Fulu school district, where high-grade students from Jiangfeng, Dahe, Donghuai and Liuju Villages are lodged. Recently, the Fulu Primary School has been improving its conditions by multi-channel financing. Presently, its total building area is 1,544.6m2 (7.1m2 per student in average). The school's teaching equipment has attained the requirements under the "nine-year compulsory education". 3.3.6 Women at POIs This investigation involves more than NVs in 7 major villages. The SA Team has selected women of different ages, educational attainments and means of livelihood to participate in forums. We've also made in-depth understanding of some women and their families via Qr. survey and door-to-door interview. Except Donghe AV under Baise Town, all the villages at the POIs are agricultural communities, where women deal mainly with agriculture. 3.3.6.1 Locally, women need to deal with heavy labor as men do, so the local division of labor by gender is indistinctive, women's family status is high and they share basically equal rights Within the Affected Areas, the division of labor between women and men is not significant, they would bear heavy farm work just the same and housework. But relatively, some light physical labors, like raising pig, felling firewood, are assumed by women. In small coalpits at Natuo AV, men excavate coal, women load coal on vehicles, but at Baifeng Township, men also deal with loading. In view of women's crucial role in production, women's labor accounts for a large proportion in the household income and they enjoying higher status at home financially. Questionnaire statistics Question: Who decides your family's major affairs? Who decides major family affairs? Cnul at i ve Fre nimpnrv Pprr.pnt Val i d Percent Percent Val i d Wf e 45 36.3 37. 5 39. 2 ern at 2 1. 6 1.7 4n. R 66 53. 2 SS. 0 9S. R Whole famil 5 4R 4. 2 100. 0 Cthers 12im 1 0.n M ni Total 4 3. 2 Tot al Svstem 124 100.0 Who decides major family affairs? Per in cent Wife Husband Fatherin law WholefaTmly Other Who decides rrjor finily affairs? 3.3.6.2 Women POTs would also participate in public affairs, including some women village cadres, but they are less active for their own reasons When asked whether dare to compete for village cadres, some local women said they dare. Though less capable and interested, they would also cast a vote. Heavy labor makes them unable to spare much time in public affairs, but some women are rather active. Except for the women's director of a village, some women have even won the post of village director. At Fulu AV, Party Branch Secretary HFX was just elected this year. She once served as a people's teacher for 8 years and worked outside as a constructor for 4 years along with her husband afterwards, later she retumed home and became elected. Since she took office, she has been dedicated to village affairs, though she also wants to develop family cultivation. 3.3.6.3 Engaged in multiple operations, women at POIs are very toilsome, without rest all the year round, even if they fall ill Villagers at the POIs grow cabbage, fruit, sugarcane and many other cash crops in addition to paddy rice, busy all the year round, particularly in busy seasons. Should one's husband is working outside, a woman has to make a living for the family independently. At Jibu NV under Natuo AV, HYR assumes all the housework alone since her husband is selling pork outside every day. She is so busy that she has no time to see a doctor even when suffering from serious gastric ulcer. 3.3.6.4 In product sales, local women enjoy a more important position than men do and are considerably active in receiving external information, including farming techniques At the POIs, most farm products are sold by women based on their belief that women are bolder and better at bargaining than men do. For this reason, local women are particularly concemed about traffic, that's why they consistently think traffic inconvenience is the most restrictive factor against local development. Since women have to do things outside often, their eagemess for information is self-evident, because only informed women is plucky to go out of family. However, many women would rather farm at home than working outside by thinking it toilsome, comfortless and badly paid. Those farming at home are dissatisfied with traditional modes of planting and hope to take part in agrotechnical training wherever possible. 3.3.6.5 Local women have the sense of bearing health care, but they have not paid full attention to this restricted by conditions and hard labor Many women at the POIs are suffering from different gynecopathies. For example, at Naji NV, 80% women suffer from annexitis, urinary tract infection and kidney stone. Local women are aware of the importance of genital care for themselves, but can do nothing for this because of hard work. During menses, they have also to work in the field and contact cold water without rest. Although villages organize women to take physical examinations at low expenses, not every women receives such examinations because it takes a long way to the hospital and they have to wait for a long time. So that most women have themselves examined only when they feel any discomfort. Chapter 4 Nationalities within Affected Areas 4.1 Composition of Nationalities within Affected Areas The NSPP's major affected areas include Napo Town and Baifeng Township in Tianyang County, Sitang Town, Nabi Township and Baise Town in Baise City, where the residents are almost Chuang and Han people. 4.1.1 Composition of Nationalities at Tianyang County In Tianyang County, the dominant nationalities are Chuang, Han and Yao, other minorities include Mongolian, Miao, Hui, Yi, Maonan, Manchu, Tong, Shui, Tujia, Yaolao, Gelao, Li and Korean. In the national population census in 1990, the county's Han population was 33,296 people, accounting for 10.26% of its total population, most Han people live along the Youjiang River. The minority population was 291,060 people, accounting for 89.74% of the total, of which the Chuang population was 289,875 people, accounting for 89.37% of the total, distributed at 124 villages out of 15 townships/towns; the Yao population was 1,047 people, accounting for 0.32% of the total population, inhabiting 5 villages with other nationalities; there were 138 people of the other minorities, mostly cadres, teachers, workers and their offspring working here after liberation (referring to the foundation of the P. R. China), accounting for 0.04% of the total. In 2001, the county's total population was 329,000 people, including 296,000 Chuang people, 31,375 Han people, 949 Yao people and 152 people of the other minorities. The minority population accounts for 90.4%, so this is a county with Chuang as the dominant nationality. Table 4.1: National Population Statistics of Napo Town and Baifeng Township under Tianyang County in 1990' National Population Census Unit: people Town Han Chuang Mongolian Hui Miao Manchu Yao Mulam Total Napo_ 8,809 22,063 1 2 13 4 30,892 Baifeng 1,939 11,635 1 1 2 84 3 13,665 (Data source: "Tianyang County Annals", Guangxi People's Press, 1999) 4.1.2 Composition of Nationalities at Baise City Baise City governs 12 townships/towns and 116 AVs, with its total population of 325,000 people composed of the Chuang, Han, Yao and Hui nationalities, in which the minority population is 248,000 people, accounting for 76.5% of the total. Chuang people are found at every township/town thereunder. Han people mainly live in towns, some are distributed at other townships, such as Longchuan Township. Yao people live at Longchuan Township, Wangdian Township and Daleng Township in a centralized way. Hui people live at Baise Town, while the other minorities are scattered at Baise Town. In the two towns and one township involved in the Naji Project, the total population is 172,300 people, mostly Han and Chuang, including the minority population of 101,000 people, accounting for 58.7%. Table 4.2: National Population Statistics of Baise Town, Sitang Town and Nabi Township under Baise City in 2001 Unit: people Town Chuang Han Yao Miao Total population Baise Town 58,633 44,978 1,168 297 106,070 Sitang Town 12,875 5,067 23 17,972 Nabi Township 26,967 20,653 127 22 13,519 (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, Aug. 2001) From the above 2 tables, it can be seen that the Chuang and Han nationalities are dominant within the Affected Areas. 4.2 Han and Chuang Villages within Affected Areas The villages within the Naji Shipping Pivot's affected areas may be classified as Chuang villages, Han villages and Chuang-Han cross-inhabited villages by nationality composition, detailed as follows: Fulu AV under Nabi Township, Baise City: Han villages: Xiandong NV, Cile NV, Pingfu NV, Zhuangdong NV Chuang villages: Jiubu NV, Fulu NV, Langxing NV, Dafa NV, Jiusuo NV Guiming AV, Baise City: Chuang villages: Damei NV Donghe AV, Baise City: Donghe AV has totally 5 NVs, including 2 Chuang NVs. The SV investigated is a Han village. Baifeng Township under Tianyang County: Nayin AV: Han villages: Badong NV, Sidong NV, Chongkou NV Chuang villages: Qiaotou NV, Xiangshui NV, Nayin NV, Neipo NV, Poluo NV Chuang-Han cross-inhabited: Laikui NV Wantang AV: Han villages: Suwu NV Chuang villages: Wantang NV, Liufeng NV, Natang NV, Nalai NV Donghong AV: Chuang villages: Jiulai NV, Donghong NV, Nasu NV, Shewang NV Baifeng AV: Han villages: Pingjiang NV Chuang vitlages: Dukou NV Napo Town under Tianyang County: Nabi AV: Chuang villages: Naji NV, Naceshang NV Laiwang AV: NVs here are all Han villages Natuo AV: Chuang villages: Jibu NV Han villages: Bahuai NV 4.3 History of Nationality Migration within Affected Areas The Chuang nationality is the earliest settling aboriginal one in Tianyang County, boasting a long history of more than 1,000 years. Most of Tianyang's Chuang people settled here at this time from Jiangxi, Guangdong, Fujian, North China and Central China. The Chuang people in Baise City are similar, where a lot of Chuang villages became set up hundreds of years ago. Within the Affected Areas, there exist a large number of villages and townships /towns named with "Na", which means "farmland" in the Chuang language. After the Qin and Han dynasties, people in the central plains moved southwards. Most Han people within Tianyang County have moved in from Guangdong and Shandong, of which the Han people at Zheyuan mainly deal with agricultural production and are distributed at villages in the Youjiang River Valley. The Han people in Baise City may fall into 3 parts due to residence and dialect differences: 1) Zheyuan people, living at Nabi Township, Sitang Town and Yongle Township, mostly migrants from Shandong and Henan dated back to the Song dynasty and Qing dynasty by reason of heavy tax and deserted farmland; 2) migrants from several neighboring provinces by reason of joining the army, fleeing from famine and doing business, etc. and 3) migrants from Guizhou, Sichuan and Lingyun County in Guangxi by reason of dodging a creditor or seeking for land. The Zheyuan Han people live at Nabi Township and Sitang Town within the Affected Areas, whose spoken language is similar to that of Xixiangtang in Nanning. 4.4 Ethnolinguistics within Affected Areas Within the Affected Areas, owing to the frequent economic, trading and marital intercourse between the Han and Chuang nationalities, many residents can speak several languages. The popular languages include the Chuang language, the Zheyuan language, Cantonese, the Guiliu dialect and Mandarin. Compared to Mandarin, the Chuang language at Tianyang County differs in pronunciation and grammar (partial inversion). The Chuang language at Baise City is more complex. At the suburb, especially Nabi Township, Sitang Town and the east areas, the phonic features are almost the same as that at Tianyang and Tiandong, typical of the Youjiang River's local dialect: simplified initials. The Zheyuan language is spoken by Han people within the Affected Areas and originally spoken by sugarcane cultivators. The Zheyuan language at Tianyang County has been kept highly consistent, making it possible for villages to talk each other freely. This language is time-honored and stable with a complete internal system. It was less affected by minority languages, giving it the unique dialect features. The Zheyuan language at Baise City is also very consistent and less differential. Cantonese is popular among Han people and some Chuang people at Napo Town within the Affected Areas, somewhat similar to the dialect of Guangdong. Compared to Mandarin, Cantonese is similar in grammar but much different in designations. The Guiliu dialect refers to Mandarin spoken at Guilin and Liuzhou in Guangxi, also called the "official language" because it was frequently used to deal with the government before. In view of the diversity of national languages within the Affected Areas, most people there would use the Guiliu dialect. With the commissioning of the Nan-Kun Railway and the frequency of social intercourse, Mandarin has become popular, many residents at the Affected Areas can converse with the outside using Mandarin. Mandarin was used in our villager forum, questionnaire survey and door-to-door in-depth interview for conversation with local residents. Chapter 5 Chuang Nationality within Affected Areas 5.1 Chuang Nationality's Self-identification within Affected Areas The Chuang people within the Affected Areas live in the plains around the Youjiang River Valley, enjoying much better economic conditions than those living at mountainous areas. At Tianyang County, for example, the Han people are developing agriculture fast based on advantaged production conditions and thereby very rich in life, earning around RMB1,500 in average. The Chuang people living in the plains around the Valley are similar. However, the Chuang people at mountainous areas earn much less and are more traditional culturally due to restrictions in production conditions. Compared to these people, those within the Affected Areas display a stronger inter-nationality fusion in society, economy, culture and customs, with little difference from the Han people there. However, national features have two aspects, one is superficial features, such as residence, clothing and diet, the other is deeper features, such as ethnopsychology, national spirit and national sentiment, appearing as national appellation. Although the Chuang people within the Affected Areas are much identical with the Han people, the unique sense of national identification is kept along in their deeper features, detailed as follows: 5.1.1 Identification of Chuang Nationality after Foundation of PRC To learn the situations of nationalities nationwide, some "central visiting groups" visited minorities from 1950 through 1952 in every administrative region. Apart from publicizing the basic policies on national equality, the mission of the group was to visit the minorities personally and make clear their names, population, languages, simple history and cultural features (including customs). From 1953 to 1957, all levels of national affairs committees from the Central Government to the locality organized social and historical investigation teams for a large-scaled national investigation and identification. The social and historical investigation for the Chuang people in Guangxi was launched ever since. The task force of Guangxi went everywhere for national investigation and identification on the nationality's social history, language and culture. On March 5, 1958, With the State Council's approval, Guangxi Chuang Autonomous Region was founded, establishing the status of the regional national autonomy with the Chuang nationality as the leader. 5.1.2 Chuang Nationality's Cultures and Customs within Affected Areas 5.1.2.1 Language The Chuang language is the national language of the Chuang people within the Affected Areas, which belongs to the north dialect of the Chuang language (North Chuang). At each township therein, the initials and vowels of the Chuang dialects are roughly the same, only that tone pitches are somewhat different, but this doesn't affect their inter-talk. Attachment: Northern Chuang language: Table 5.1: Tone Category and Tone Pitch Tonecategory I 2 |3 |4 I5 |6 7 Tone pitch 24 31 55 55 35 33 55 22 Table 5.2: Initial consonant Vowel Sample Pronunciation Vowel Sample Pronunciation Vowel Sample Pronunciation character in Chuang character in Chuang character in Chuang language language p . | pai k , ka3 yw afi na3ywuai4 m 4 mi2 E Z! i h a ha kw i kwa5 w 7kJ<,4 wa:i2 jw S jwa 7b tt 7ban3 d fA 7do:k7 w wa6n5 F )k Fi2 j ju2 mj R mj2 T iJ Ta6 y H yon2 d ; dwy N Na2 t tcan3 Table 5.3: Vowel Vowel Sample Pronunciation Vowel Sample Pronunciation Vowel Sample Pronunciation character in Chuang character in Chuang character in Chuang language language . ffi2 E q on k E n5 uan t muan2 iai ?h tiai4 E k fl- II E :m8 ua Lua2 im : kim o:i #t 7o:i4 um )I I lum2 in in e de un people nun2 iy E diy em k Le:m5 un 1; Gu ri5 ip & kip7 ey X4 de:y up IT tup5 it J1\ jit ek 1 ke:k7 o:m -$ to:m6 ik b kik7 m 9 t c m7 o:n T Ko:n5 ian jlXj jian5 ia i8if- cia2 o: n *b to: '11 jd Y1 jay2 iau X kiau5 o:p MI Ko:p7 iap 7diap5 iam a jiam2 o:t 4k 7do:t idt tI kdt6 au La:u o In No5 iak t jiak7 am ± na:m6 om aiJ hom2 d 7da5 an F{ ha:n5 o n1 o n l a:i 7. wa:i2 a !ft 7da: rq op 0 e op7 eu uL he:u6 ap8 n ha:p8 ot JE Lot7 e:n he:n3 a:t ; pa:t u Mu e:p A ke:p8 a:k >f ma:p7 ak Tak e:t w ke:t uai 0 uai7 wT I mwrl wen5 uam luam3 wI "I pwtl o:k jt mo:k _____ kep8 anr 4I4 nar6 wn 3 pwn2 e t ; 0 e t7 ap lap7 wk 4 (3J) twk7 ai ' nai7 at P kat7 Ut 1 kut7 au tau3 uak M 0 uak7 Uk JJfi 7uk7 am 7k lam4 uan M lua n 2 W I i- lhw I an I * I pan |uat | I rl uat8 (Data source: "Tianyang County Annals", Guangxi People's Press, 1999) 5.1.2.2 Festivals The Chuang nationality's festivals are very colorful, without exception for those within the Affected Areas. Except the festivals shared with the Han nationality, they have their unique festivals. Like Han people, on Jan. 1 in the lunar calendar, the Chuang people in the Affected Areas celebrate the Spring Festival, which is the most important one for them. Different from the local Han people, the Chuang people celebrate for a shorter period. On Jan. 1, they may not labor or cook, otherwise they would be tired for the whole year or meet with some bad omen. The following day is for visiting relatives and friends. Jan. 15 is the Lantern Festival. Feb. 2 is the Land's God Festival, on which day the Chuang people are used to sacrificing new tombs for their relative that has just died. Mar. 3 is equivalent to the Tomb-sweeping Day. During the period from this day through the Tomb-sweeping Day, every Chunag family would sacrifice and sweep tomb for their ancestors on a suitable day. After that, they would take the sacrifice home to eat, as if they are having a reunion dinner with their ancestors. On Apr. 8, the local Chuang people are used to having a special dinner for celebration. May 5, namely the Dragon Boat Festival, is a festival in honor of Qu Yuan. Now the local Chuang also celebrate this festival by wrapping glutinous rice dumplings and conducting a dragon boat match along the Youjiang River. Jun. 6 is the former Cattle Soul Festival, when Chuang families would sacrifice rice paste at the gate of cattle pens in return for cattle's labor for the past year and sacrifice food and drink to seedlings of cereal crops, praying for a grain harvest. Nevertheless, with the social development and agrotechnical advance, these customs have vanished. On Aug. 15, the Mid-autumn Festival, every family makes rice noodles, sugar cakes and delicacies. At night, a family would gather to worship the moon with grapefruit and moon cakes, children make a grapefruit lamp or play lantern games. The day we investigated at Natuo AV and Jibu NV was just this festival, when some children were making a grapefruit lamp in preparation for a show in the river. At the Land's God temple in the village, many families were already sacrificing for the Land's God. At the Tianyang county town at night, a lot of Chuang people were singing songs on a square. Sep. 9 is the Double Ninth Festival or Respecting-the-elderly Festival. On this day, Chuang people would make rice paste, while some old people at Napo Town would climb hills at the suburb to avoid disasters. Oct. 10 is the traditional Harvest Festival of the Chuang nationality but doesn't make any sense for the Chuang people at the Affected Areas today, who merely make a good meal for celebration. Festivals in December include the New Year's Eve and the Day to Send off the Kitchen God. Since this day, some activities and special purchases for the Spring Festival should be prepared. 5.1.2.3 Folk Faiths The Chuang people within the Affected Areas has no special religion but have kept some folk faiths of their own. The Chuang nationality attaches much importance to the consanguinity by thinking that the ancestors have a high prestige and can dominate everything of the family. On every Feb. 2, Mar. 3, Jul. 14, the Winter Solstice and New Year's Eve in the lunar calendar, they would worship ancestors to express their grief. They also believe that through such sacrifice, the ancestors will bless safety to the offspring. For this reason, many Chuang tombs within the Affected Areas are very grand. In addition, on the front room of every Chuang family there are memorial tablets for ancestors for sacrifice. On every festival, the ancestors are invited to dinner before the family has it. Worship of the Land's God. Among the affected Chuang people, land worship is prevalent, almost every village has a temple for the Land's God. Under the cotton tree at the entrance of Naceshang NV (Nabi AV, Napo Town) is a stone that is regarded as the lodging of the Land's God, who may bless safety and good weather for the whole family. On some minor festivals, such worship is done at home; on some major festivals (the Spring Festival, Jul. 14), this must be done at a temple. Sacrifices for the Land's God may include a variety of foods available that time without any special provision. 5.1.3 Marriage and Family In the Affected Areas, marriage within a same nationality is quite common in consideration of the lingual convenience. Today, the intermarriage between the Han and Chuang people is more frequent. Before marriage, a boy and a girl may love freely and get married upon the consent of their parents. Upon marriage, the groom will pay a sum to the bride as his betrothal gift, usually within RMB6,000-8,000. If other expenses (entertaining others and buying furniture, household appliances, etc.) are included, marrying a girl would typically cost a boy RMB15,000-20,000. The betrothal gift is generally returned to the new family in the form of dowry, which is determined by the bride based on the amount of betrothal gift and her financial standing. The Chuang people are more open than the Han people, because as long as a boy and a girl love each other, they may live together and get married when the girl become pregnant. Among the affected Chuang people, a man being married into his wife's family is also very common. Generally, this occurs under 2 situations: 1) the wife's family has no man; and 2) the wife's parents are elderly or the family's boy (s) is young, short of labor force. In this case, a born child may have either the mother's surname or the father's. A man married into his wife's family won't be discriminated; on the contrary, he share the same rights as other villagers and may participate in whatever family or village affairs equally. The Chuang families within the Affected Areas are not so big, mostly nuclear families and trunk families with a household population of 4-5 people, typically a couple lives with the children. In the 1995' population census, Napo Town's average household population was 4.08 people, that of Baifeng Township was 4.78 people. Table 5.4: Composition of household population at Naji NV (Total: 61 families) 1-member 2-member 3-member 4-member 5-member 6-member 7-member Number 6 2 13 22 15 2 1 Percent 9.8% 3.3% 21.3% 36.1% 24.6% 3.3% 1.6% Table 5.5: Composition of Family Categories at Naji NV (Total: 61 families) Nuclear family Trunk family Single-member Number 39 16 6 Percent 64% 26.2% 9.8% (Data source: "Community Maps of Naji NV", Sep. 2002) There exists the case of double registered permanent residence in such Chuang families, as one side of a couple is working outside as a teacher or soilder and that his/her registered permanent residence is already a non-farming one. There are 6-7 such families at Naji NV. Inside a family, women's status is relatively higher than other places. The division of labor by sex is not remarkable, men may cook and wash clothes, women may also do farm work. However, relatively, more housework is done by women and felling firewood, field labor by men. Major matters of a family is negotiated mutually and the family's money is jointly mastered by the couple. The support to the elderly relies upon the family, because the social security is very weak. The Chuang people have the tradition of respecting the elderly, the sons would discuss how to support the old man. If an old man has one child only, this child will assume the responsibility of support. 5.1.4 Clan Among the affected Chuang people, a lot live with those of the same surname, usually those living together are the offspring of an ancestor. For example, there are altogether 6 surnames at the 10 NVs (10 production brigades) under Nabi AV in Napo Town. Huang: 3rd, 4"b, 6h Brigades Meng: 5" Brigade Tan: Ith Brigade Tan: 2nd Brigade E: 7", 8", 9' Brigades Zhang: 10" Brigade There are totally 3 Huang-sumamed NVs, where the villagers think they are relatives each other. Those born before 1970s are still ranking their position in the whole Huang's family, adding a fixed number in the name. However, such strict provisions do not apply today. Over 270 years, 2 ancestors came to this wasteland and began to reclaim it. By multiplying generation after generation, the family has above 200 members today. When the members of a same family live together, they could take care of each other for anything. 5.1.5 Miscellaneous The affected Chuang people still keep some traditional habits of their own nationality. For instance, on the 12h day after a baby was born, the grandmother's family would come for congratulations carrying new clothes, kitchen and meat. On the 30Ih day, the baby would be brought to the grandmother's family as a return visit. At some areas, women don't eat beef or dog's meat. The Chuang people are fond of drinking. Usually, when a guest comes, both the host and guest will drink and play games, enjoying the banquet for several hours. The Chuang people have the tradition of singing folk songs when they go downtown or during worship. When we were conducting an interview on the forum of women villagers at Nabi Town, the women encouraged an old lady to sing for us and had a male villager sing the antiphonal rhythm. Their folk songs are improvisational but the melody is to some extent regular. Except cultural differences, many Chuang people have also felt some difference in national character. HLX, of the Chuang nationality, at Jibu NV (Natuo AV), said that she disliked the Han people, because she thought they were less forthright and didn't speak the Chuang language. In the eye of Mr. HRH at Naji NV thought that the Han people are bolder than the Chuang people, particularly when bargaining on the market; whole the Chuang people attach more importance to education. 5.2 Chuang Nationality's Economic Life within Affected Areas Within the Affected Areas, Napo and Baifeng in Tianyang County, Nabi, Sitang and Baise Towns in Baise City are situated along the Youjiang River, where the Chuang people are trying to attain the relatively comfortable standard of living and the economic life in these Chuang villages display their own characteristics: In Tianyang County, the Chuang people at Nabi AV under Napo Town basically follow the mode of "rice-rice-vegetable", mainly engaged in paddy rice seeding and cabbage planting. They have contracted with Baise District's seeds company, which shall provide technical guidance and purchase seeds of paddy rice at the agreed price. Natuo AV's Chuang people earn money mainly by planting fruits, vegetables, labor export and coal loading. There are rich coal resources here with many small coalpits around that are digged deep into the earth, rendering much farmland unusable for tilling. Man are paid RMB300-400 a month for excavation, women earn RMB100 a month by coal loading. Baifeng Township stretches along the Youjiang River till the Gonglou Coal Mine, with a large number of plots that grow sugarcane, banana, mangoand and vegetables. The Chuang people at Baifeng Township also rely on the sugarcane planting. Labor export acts as their auxiliary income. In Baise City, Fulu AV under Nabi Township has the tradition of growing vegetables for a long history and is now turned into a vegetable base. The Chuang people at Fulu AV also make a living by growing vegetables and fruits mainly. For the Chuang people at Guiming AV under Sitang Town, the key source of income is that from sugarcane, litchi and ther fruits. Their sugarcane is largely sold to Baise City's sugar refinery. Donghe AV under Baise Town is located at the edge of urbanization. The land there has been requisitioned repeated and little is kept along. The 2 Chuang NVs under Donghe AV are also villagers under based on the tertiary industry, dealing with house leasing, transport, retailing vegetables and doing small business. Chapter 6 Chuang and Han Nationalities Share Equal Development Opportunities within Affected Areas 6.1 Opportunities of Economic Development 6.1.1 Economic Life of Chuang and Han Nationalities within Affected Areas Within the Affected Areas, save that villagers at Donghe AV in Baise Town have already lost their land due to urbanization and mainly deal with tertiary industry, the other villages, whether Han or Chuang, the agricultural income is a key source of their household income. Table 6.1: Average Annual Peasant Net Income at Napo and Baifeng, Tianyang County in 2001 Unit: RMB Village Nabi AV Natuo AV Baifeng AV Nayin AV Per capita net 1,323 1,319 1,100 1,500 income (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Napo Town", Napo Town Statistical Station, 2001; Baifeng villager forum) Table 6.2: Average Annual Peasant Net Income at Sitang, Nabi and Baise Towns, Baise City in 2001 Unit: RMB Village FuluAV GuimingAV DongheAV Per capita net 1349 1642 2245 income (Data source: "Statistics on National Economy and Social Development of Baise City, 2001", Baise Municipal Statistical Bureau, 2002) However, in the view of elderly HRH at Naceshang NV under Nabi AV in Napo Town, the greatest difference between the local Han and Chuang people is their economic activities. Nabi AV is a Chuang village relies mainly on paddy rice seeding and cabbage planting, and the Han people around live mainly on fruit trees and vegetables. The paddy rice seeding and cabbage planting have greatly improved the economic level of Chuang villages beyond surrounding Han villages. 6.1.2 Chuang and Han Nationalities' Title to Means of Production (Land Mainly) within Affected Areas The economic development depends on the possession of means of production. Especially in an agricultural society, land is an important means of production for growing crops. The fair allocation of land determines the equal right in agricultural production. Like elsewhere, the land in the Affected Areas is state owned under the contract system with remuneration linked to output for all nationalities, who are financially independent and pay agricultural taxes as the state stipulates. Such contract system was put into practice in early 1980s and slightly adjusted in 1998, extending the contract period to 30 years. Children of school age are still entitled to the regulated land, except those working outside. No collective field has been kept, but there are some collective fishponds and hills, contracted to the private sector to generate proceeds for public construction. 6.1.3 Family Income and Expenses of Chuang and Han Nationalities within Affected Areas Within the Affected Areas, whether Han or Chuang families, the household income comes largely from agriculture, including crop cultivation, stockbreeding. The labor export takes a certain part of income at some villages, but most of such laborers are working at nearby coal pits. There are also some Chuang and Han dealing with the tertiary industry, such as doing business and transport, but they're not yet completely separated from farming. Household expenditures mainly include children's tuition and living expenses, productive investment and expenses for human relations. Since the rural social security mechanism is unsound, medical expenses are also very important for rural families. In the case of a major illness, a family's annual income would be paid out. Many families express that the basic livelihood is not a problem, the question is that fund is insufficient for children's tuition and productive investment. 6.1.4 Agrotechnical training and Marketing of Farm Products Within the Affected Areas, both Chuang and Han people can receive agrotechnical training just the same. In the paddy rice seeding at Nabi AV, Baise District's seeds company offer them timely technical guidance. In face of a productive problem, villagers at Baifeng AV may also call the township agrotechnical station for support. There is a vegetable planting base at Fulu AV, for which the Municipal Vegetable Office not only offer technical support, but has also helped built irrigation works. In our questionnaire interview and in-depth investigation, both Chuang and Han people have expressed their willingness to take part in agrotechnical training whenever possible. At the villages affected, whether Han or Chuang villages, most farm products are sold on the market. At Nabi AV, rough rice seeds are sold to seeds companies under a contract and sometimes, the grain consumed by villagers are purchased from the market. At Baifeng AV, vegetables and fruits are mostly sold to the Gonglou Coal Mine, sugarcane is transported via the Youjiang River for sale at the Tianyang sugar refinery. Except that rough rice seeds and sugarcane are purchased by companies and sugar refineries at relatively stable prices, most other fruits and vegetables are sold by individuals at greatly fluctuating prices. Most peasants within the Affected Areas have felt that inconvenient traffic and poor information have greatly restricted the marketing and market launch of their farm products. Meanwhile, they think the high rate of local taxes makes external merchants unwilling to come here for purchase and renders their product prices unable to be increased. 6.2 Opportunities of Political Participation 6.2.1 Ethnic Policies and Regulations The Affected Areas are not national autonomy areas, but enjoy the same policies and laws of regional national autonomy as other places of Guangxi Chuang Autonomous Region. Founded in 1958, the Autonomous Region began to practice regional national autonomy as early as 1950s. The "Law of Regional National Autonomy", "Ordinance of Administrative Work at National Townships" and "Urban National Working Ordinance" enacted in 1984 also apply to the Affected Areas. The Tianyang Bureau of National Affairs and Baise Municipal Bureau of National Affairs assume the specific responsibility for national affairs to drive the development of the local Chuang people's educational, cultural, athletic and sanitary undertakings and the execution of ethnic policies at the grassroots. The Chuang nationality's ability of participation in and dealing with social affairs is also seen from the increasing proportion of Chuang people to all levels of cadres. The whole Affected Areas have been active in training Chuang cadres and their ability of participation in political affairs. During 1985-1991, 10 sessions of short-term training courses were held at Tianyang County, training totally 600 minority cadres at the township and village levels. In 1991, 13 minority cadres were recommended to the regional minority cadre school for continued study. The People's Congress is China's regime and a material channel of people's participation in political affairs. At all levels of People's Congress of Tianyang County and Baise City, Chuang people account for the majority. At all levels of political organizations at the Affected Areas, Chuang people also hold the balance: Table 6.3: Distribution of County Party Committee Secretaries of Tianyang County during 1950-1998 by Nationality Unit: people Han Chuang Manchu Total Number 37 33 1 71 Percent 52.1% 46.5% 1.4% 100% Table 6.4: Distribution of People's Congress Directors of Tianyang County from 7th to llh Session by Nationality Unit: people Han Chuang Total Number 8 21 29 Percent 27.6% 72.4% 100% Table 6.5: Distribution of County Heads at Tianyang County after Liberation by Nationality Unit: people Han Chuang Total Number 33 54 87 Percent 37.9% 62.1% 100% (Data source: "Tianyang County Annals", Guangxi People's Press, 1999) Table 6.6: Distribution of Past County Party Committee Secretaries of Baise City by Nationality Unit: people Han Chuang_ Yao Manchu Total Number 32 19 1 1 53 Percent 60.3% 35.9% 1.9% 1.9% 100% Table 6.7: Distribution of County Heads at Baise City after Liberation by Nationality Unit: people Han Chuang Manchu Yao Total Number 22 26 1 3 52 Percent 42.3% 50% 1.9% 5.8% 100% (Data source: "Annals of Baise City", Guangxi People's Press, 1993) At the village level within the Affected Areas, Chuang cadres' proportion would be greater than the above, so that Chuang people are very important in the political life. Mastering the power means mastering the rights. Through their own cadres, the Chuang people may more clearly express their wills and be more active in the political life. At Chuang villages, all cadres are Chuang people. In Han-Chuang cross-inhabited villages, Chuang cadres account for a considerable part. At Nabi AV (a Chuang village) under Napo Town, for example, the members of the Villagers' Committee are all Chuang people, from the village Party branch secretary, director, clerks to women's director. These Chuang cadres would handle affairs from the perspective of their own nationality based on their understanding thereof. Among the 124 questionnaires, 107 respondents have selected "village cadre" when asked who is more influential in the decision-making on major village affairs. This demonstrates village cadres' decisive significance in grassroots organizations of China. For Chuang people, they act as village cadres themselves ensures their full participation in public affairs. 6.2.2 Formal and Informal Organizations In the Affected Areas, formal organizations mainly include villagers' committees, village Party branches and villager congresses, informal ones may include clans. Major affairs of a village are decided by the villagers' committee, village Party branch or a dedicated villager congress in general. The functions of a clan are embodied in compiling the pedigree and its internal worship, but a clan is less influential on public affairs. 6.2.3 Villager Election Villagers within the Affected Areas perform election in the direct manner. A villager aged 18 years or above, whether Han or Chuang in nationality, has the suffrage. 6.3 Han-Chuang Cultural Fusion and Opportunity of Education Receiving Within the Affected Areas, the Chuang and Han nationalities are highly fused culturally. It should be said as the cross assimilation between them. Many cultural factors are no longer of the Han or Chuang nationality, e.g., for festivals in a year, the origin is not distinguished and people of the 2 nationalities celebrate many festivals mutually. An important indication of such cultural fusing is the more frequent intermarriage between the 2 nationalities. With the inter-nationality intercourse becomes more frequent, many Chuang women are married in to Han families, vice versa. In these combined families, languages of both nationalities are spoken. Educationally, the 2 nationalities share the same rights, the number of Chuang students is almost the same as that of Han students under the 9-year compulsory education. Children of the local Chuang people begin to contact Chinese since they were born and may speak Chinese in daily life, so there is no lingual barrier in the school education. A lot of Chuang students have been enrolled by institutions of higher learning. In particular, they enjoy the preference for minority examinees in the entrance examination for college. Nevertheless, high educational expenses have been a difficulty for families of both nationalities. In many families, educational expenses are a substantial expenditure, but parents have realized the importance of education and are willing to support children's learning by tightening their belt. At Naceshang NV (a Chuang village) under Nabi AV, attending school is the first choice of the young. Although this is expensive and has even brought some families to ruin, and that a student cannot necessarily find a job after graduation, every pair of parents are willing to support their child (ren)'s learning. Although relatives of a same clan would give support, educational expenses are largely borne by a family. At present, the tuition per semester is RMB 120 for primary school, RMB 1,300 for junior high school and RMB1,500-1,600 for senior high school, much higher for university. Many families, unable to afford this, have to pay the small-grant credit granted by the government for productive investment as the tuition for their children. Nevertheless, these Chuang parents are still trying best to enable their children to attend school. At the village today, most children can finish the nine-year compulsory education, but few can study at a senior high school. 6.4 Chuang-Han Relationship within Affected Areas Within the Affected Areas, the relationship between the Chuang and Han nationalities is quite harmonious without any major conflict. Questionnaire statistics: Question: How do you think your nationality's relationship with others around? Inter-nationality relationship Oiriimil ati V Freauencv Percent Val id Percent Percent Val i d Very good 20 16.1 2S. fi6 66.7 cDow 23 18.5 29. 5 96. 2 So so 3 2.4 3.R 1n0. n n1 K. 7R 62.9 1nn. n M ssi rm Tnt al 46 37.1 Total Svct m 124 10n. n Inte r-nationality Relationship An Per cent Very goDd Clod So so D. K Fulu AV is a Chuang-Han cross-inhabited village, where there are several surnames, like Huang, Cen, Li, Wu, etc. Last year, the villagers built a temple called "Cen-Huang" temple. WZH, one of the organizers of the temple says that, the temple is not so big for fear of the government's intervention. When talking about the temple's role in promoting the national fusing, Village Director HLB of agrees that it can make people of different surnames and nationalities get along better. Although this temple is called "Cen-Huang", brothers WZH and WQH have contributed the most to it, because the temple is in fact a symbol common to all the villagers here. The brothers contribute the most because their economic condition is better and they think they should do something for the village. The temple is visited by women the most often at ordinary times and may receive some men upon great festivals only. When talking about the inter-nationality relationship, HRH at Naceshang NV in Nabi AV says that when the ancestors of both nationalities first settled here, Chuang villagers rushed for the hilltop, Han villagers for the river valley. Before liberation, Han and Chuang people lived at separated places and there was a great alienation between them. They didn't speak to each other, to say nothing of their intermarriage. After liberation, such alienation has gradually disappeared. In Teacher H's opinion, this attributes to the joint construction of roads and irrigation works in 1960s, which gave them the chance of intercourse. Presently, although the 2 nationalities still live separately and in daily life, Han people speak Chinese and Chuang people speak the Chuang language, they can talk to and intermarry with each other, showing a good relationshp. As seen by Han people, there is neither difference nor alienation between Chuang and Han people. Huang x, at Siwei NV under Laiwang AV in Napo Town, agrees with this. He says, there is only a road between the Siwei NV (Han village) and Naji NV (Chuang village) and there is much intercourse between the two villages. For example, when building a house, a Siwei villager may call Naji villagers for help without paying them. In busy seasons, Naji villager may also engage Siwei villagers at the pay of RMB20 a day. The intermarriage has also become more and.more often. Generally, for a woman married to Naji, her child will be of the Chuang nationality. A very small number of people think there are some conflicts between the 2 nationalities but not so prevalent, mainly appearing as mutual suspicion. A Han undergraduate says that a problem for Han children at Nayin AV is being bullied by local Chuang children, so that some Han children are unable to finish their junior high school study. However, the Chuang-Han relationship is good within the Affected Areas in general. There is no great conflict or discrimination, they intermarry each other and offer mutual aids. 6.5 Chuang Villagers' Attitudes towards Project Within the Project's Affected Areas, the Chuang villagers' attitudes towards the Project is divergent: at Naji NV, the Naji Dam is nearby, then the Chuang villagers think it beneficial to both the state and themselves and are willing to support it. At Damei NV under Guiming AV, however, the villagers live on fruit planting and a lot of their land will be requisitioned for the Project. They show that the Project will benefit the state other than themselves, but they will still support it when necessary. For the receivable Project compensation, most Chuang villagers would like to use it as the productive investment, because many of them do not have enough productive investment and can hardly obtain bank loans. For example, at Naceshang NV under Nabi AV, a lot of villagers have applied for small-grant loans, which have been used to pay their children's tuition mostly. It can be said that such bank loans are equivalent to their circulating funds. For this reason, like Han villagers, Chuang villagers within the Affected Areas plan to use the compensation from the Project as the productive investment and also hope to serve for the Project. 6.6 Conclusion In sum, within the Affected Areas, the dominant nationalities include Chuang and Han, of which the Chuang nationality accounts for the majority of the population as the aboriginal nationality. The Han and Chuang people typically live separately, but some live together over a long time. For historical and social reasons, the Chuang people within the Affected Areas are much similar to the Han people in daily life. However, we have found that the Chuang people are still preserving their uniqueness in language, culture, ethnopsychology and custom. They have got a strong sense of national identification as the local aboriginal nationality, most of the local Chuang people also think they have hardly been affected by the Han people but on the contrary, they have affected the Han people. The local Chuang people living at the flat terrain have broken away from the self-sufficient natural economy and enjoy a higher standard of production and living that is equivalent to the Han people there. Whether politically, economically or culturally, like the local Han people, the local Chuang people share the same development opportunity. For this reason, it is unnecessary to formulate a special development plan for minorities under the Project. Chapter 7 Key Existing Problems at POIs 7.1 Traffic Except at Donghe AV under Baise Town where the urbanization level is higher, villagers at the other 6 villages investigated are dissatisfied with their current traffic situations. Questionnaire statistics: Question: Do you think it easy for farm products to launch the market? Is market launch easy? fl imi *1 atiVP. Freauencv Percent Val i d Percent Percent Val i d Easy 21 16 9 17.4 32.2 Somewhat ea y 82 66f1 67. 8 100.0 Not easy 121 97.6 100.0 M ssi na Tnt al 3 2.4 Tot;al RvtPm 124 100.0 Is market launch easy? An Per rn cent Easy Som.what easy Not easy 7.1.1 Land-focused Traffic At the 6 villages, only villagers at Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV in Tianyang County have mentioned the transport of sugarcane by water. This relates to the special industrial structure. Specifically, all the 6 villages are typical of agriculture. Although they may grow different crops, but such farm products are demanding for keeping fresh, for which the land traffic is more suitable. 7.1.2 About Road Condition The 6 villages are connected to the outside by sandstone highways with rugged surface and sharp turns, which might become muddy in rainy days and difficult for traffic. Villagers think the awful road conditions have caused great losses to farm products while transport. The high cost of transport directly prevents external merchants from purchasing farm products here and the selling to the outside x by villagers themselves, hindering the local economic level from being improved. 7.1.3 About Flood and Highway Fulu AV's Road to outSide The 6 villages' highways are vulnerable to the weather. Except at Nabi AV, some sections of the highways at the other 5 villages have once been flooded due to low altitudes. Fulu AV even has the record of being an "isolated island" since the highways are flooded. 7.1.4 About Improvement of Land Traffic Villagers have also expressed the strong will to improve the traffic while expressing their dissatisfaction. Some villages have already endeavored to improve their traffic conditions. In 1998, Fulu AV rebuilt the lkm highway to the county seat into cement surface with the government investment, compensation for land requisition for the Fulu Class-V Power Station and a sum of loan from the villagers' committee, RMB190,00 in total. Ever year, Guiming AV would level up the collapsing highway with sand dug from a sandbar in the Youjiang River. However, all villagers think the road reconstruction is costly and a village's strength alone won't make any difference, so they hope external investments, especially from the government, could help. 7.2 Water Conservancy and Drinking Water 7.2.1 About Water Conservancy and Irrigation Except Donghe AV, all the other 6 villages have their unique modes of irrigation. Villagers have different opinions about irrigation: A. Nabi AV and Natuo AV under Napo Town irrigates with the Nayin Reservoir's water, but this is as expensive as RMB53.5/mu and the water flow is unstable, particularly in summer. B. The water source for irrigation at Fulu AV comes from the Fulu River through canal, but the desolated canal are seriously leaking, which especially true at the vegetable base there. In 1996, Baise City and Fulu AV jointly invested RMB 173,000 to rebuild the Fulu River Canal but didn't result in a radical cure. LGH is a villager at Zhuangdong NV under Fulu AV. When we met with him, he was back from the vegetable plot after irrigation. Zhuangdong NV is the vegetable base of the village. Since the canal is leaking, the river water can hardly meet the need of irrigation, LGH had to irrigate by shouldering water with a bucket. He said, this was a hard labor, it took him 2-3 hours to water lmu vegetable plot. He had also heard of the government grant of RMB170,00 to help the village _ improve irrigation works. However, the difficulty was not removed till -4 then, so he doubted about this. 7.2.2 About Drinking Water The sources of drinking water at the 6 Fulu AV's Fruits villages include tap water, well water and river water, meeting the daily demand of human and livestock. There is some problem at 2 villages. A. The SA Team has met with many kidney stone sufferers in investigation, which might be with relation to the drinking habit of local residents. Tap water is not popularized at the POIs, where most villagers drink water from the Youjiang River. B. The exploitation of small coal pits at Bahuai and Jibu NV under Natuo AV has caused loss to underground water. Villagers at Bahuai NV have to introduce tap water from a nearby petroleum company but have to pay for it. This is also an important evidence of villagers' objection against local small coal pits. 7.3 About Power Utilization At Nabi AV and Natuo AV under Napo Town, power utilization is poorly guaranteed and the power rate is alleged to be too high. 7.4 Culture and Education 7.4.1 Educational Expenses Too High At all the villages, villagers think supporting children's school study is a heavy burden for a family, some children have to terminate their study and some families even become poor for this reason. At Naceshang NV under Nabi AV, the Huang clan's pedigree records that since 1996, there have been 13 persons enrolled by technical secondary school, 8 persons college or above and more than 10 persons studying at junior and senior high school. 7.4.2 Educational Attainment The nine-year compulsory education is basically popular at the POIs, but few can receive senior high school or above education. 7.5 About Coal Pits The small coal pit problem is prominent at Natuo AV. Team leader LDX at Bahuai NV under Natuo AV has repeatedly emphasized that small coal pit is the greatest barrier to the village's development and insisted in clamping down small coal pits mercilessly. There are 7 coal pits near Natuo NV, the first one of which was opened 6 years ago. Typically a pit employs 40-50 workers mainly to excavate coal in the colliery and load coal. goo`,* No villager work at coal pits, most of the workers are from Sichuan, Yunan and Guizhou. A medium-size coal pit outputs Bahuai SV's Small Coal Pit around 20t coal a day, which can be sold at RMB100 per ton. Such a pit may be mined for at least 6-7 years, or as long as more than 10 years. Coal produced is mainly transported to Guangdong by land and water. There is a special coal dock at Bahuai NV. A coal pit's boss may earn more than I million dollars a year illegally. The exploitation of coal pits has brought great impacts to Bahuai NV. Coal pits' encroaching upon the underground coal bed destroys the soil layer's water retention and makes surface soil even dryer. At whole Natuo AV, nearly 400 mu fertile farmiand has been affected by this; meanwhile, wells have become dry due to the loss of underground water. The undercutting into the strata has also greatly reduced the bearing capability of the ground surface, many land and houses are sinking for this. Noises are intolerable for villagers. The coal pits are close to the Youjiang River, within 500m somewhere, directly threatening the safety of the dike. Furthermore, coal pits do not occupy any land of Bahuai NV, so the mine owners do not have to pay the village. Villagers cannot get the least benefit therefrom but have to bear whatever disadvantage that it House Crack Caused by Coal Pit generates. In the team leader's words, "they won't let our offspring live on". Villagers and village cadres are in strained relations with mine owners and workers, there has been the event of fight with weapon among them due do land destruction. Even though, the problem is not radically solved, villagers are even unwilling to associate with workers. These coal pits have been repeatedly opened and closed, which, in villagers' opinion, has something to with the corrupt officials of the county and town. This is also a factor that contributes to the antagonism between villagers and county/town-level cadres. 7.6 About Land 7.6.1 Local villagers are strongly dependent on land Except at Donghe AV where the degree of urbanization is higher, villagers at the other 6 POIs have expressed the strong dependency on land and the high concern about the range of land requisition, means of compensation, means of resettlement of the NSPP Reservoir Region, because no land, no life, most villagers have never thought of separation from land for other businesses. 7.6.2 Flood land is a vital source of income for POIs villagers All the 7 investigated villages practice the household contract system with remuneration linked to output with a contract period of 30 years. The 7 villages are located in the Youjiang River Valley, villagers are used to farming on the flood land from Sep. to next May. The flood land is self-reclaimed by villagers, not counted in the village's tilled area. As the case may be, villagers turn over certain charges or none to the village collective. Crops on the flood land are a key source of income for villagers. Natuo AV's Banana Field on Flood Land Owing to the urban construction and land requisition, the per capita land area of Donghe AV (Baise Town) is 0.2mu only. In addition, there are collective owned hirst vegetable plots reclaimed by villagers not counted in the statistics of land area. These plots are ready for cultivation only from Sep. to x~ next May. The flood land is still collective owned, so villagers farming on it will pay a certain sum to the village collective at RMB2-3 per mu. Growing vegetables is still an important source of income for the Sandpit on River Shoal at Donghe AV village's residents, accounting for 1/3-1/2 of the annual income for some villagers. Except for villagers' seasonal vegetable planting on the river shoal, there are also several private sandpits, the bosses of which are from the outside, employing workers who are not villagers here. These sandpits rent the village's flood land at the price of RMB2,000-3,000/mu (20% to the village collective, 80% to the villagers who have reclaimed the river shoal). 7.7 Productive Investment 7.7.1 Insuficient Productive Investment No fund as investment in production is a prevalent problem reflected by local villagers. Questionnaire statistics: Question: In which aspects is your family difficult? Base: 124 Option Eating, Medical Child's Others, specify funds input dressing service education (including buying means of production) N 5 13 34 58 Percent 4.0% 10.5% 27.4% 46.8% 7.7.2 Source of Productive Investment In addition to self-financing, the sources of productive investment of villagers at the POIs mainly include: 7.7.2.1 Borrow from Friends/Relatives This is the first choice. The centralized inhabitation of a homo-surnamed family makes this very successful as an important channel of mutual-aid within a family. 7.7.2.2 Small-amount Loan This is an important measure that the government helps villagers increase their productive investment. However, at the villages investigated, such small-grant credits fail to exert the expected effect. A family may borrow RMB2,000 small-grant credit per year, which is to be paid off in that year. The margin of RMB 120 is needed for such loan and may be withheld if the borrower fails to pay off the loan on schedule. Team leader L at Bahuai NV under Natuo AV is now preparing to make his family rich by first developing characteristic planting and then the tertiary industry. At present, he is seeking for suitable crops and techniques from TV and magazine, preferring almond tree. The necessary productive investment is to be borrowed from relatives and friends other than the govemment, mainly because the small-grant credit is limited and short-term, difficult for him to pay off soon. 7.8 Market At the POIs, the marketing channels of farm products include purchase by company, by private business and selling by villagers. The market launch of farm products is restricted by the local traffic conditions. Villagers usually sell products at the nearest bazaar. Questionnaire analysis Q1: What is the key marketing channel of your family's farm products? Key Marketing Channels Ormul ati IVP Fre.nunrcv Per rent VaI i d Per rPnt Ppr rent Vrl i d Gov. purchase 46 37.1 38.0 41. 3 Company purchas 27 21.R 22. 3 636 Private purchase 36 29. n 29. R 93. 4 Slef-sold 8 6.5 6.6 100.0 No product for s 121 97.6 imnn o M ssi no Total 3 2.4 Tot al Svst em 124 100.0 Bar Chart Key Marketing Channels cn An Per cent A*. ' . kJnvse Gov. purchase Corrpany purchase No produa firsale purchase SelWsold Q2: Do you think it easy for farm products to enter into the market? Is launch easy? Freauencv Percent Val i d Percent Percent Vali d Easv 21 16.9 17.4 32.2 Sonrtrhat R2 66.1 67.8 100.0 Lheasv 121 97. 6 100.0 M ssina Tntal 3 2.4 Tot al 5v'ctpm 124 1on.n Is launch easy? An' Per ,n cent Easy Sonewha lneasy Q3: How is price information available to you? Frequency Table Channels of Market Info \hli Ir1 n irnl ;ti vp bss nedi a reauenqr Per cft2 Val i d Pergn Perceq. q Cther Deople 5 4.0 4.2 52.1 Gti I d r; 46n 47.9 1i(.n Cthers 119 96i.n 1nn. M ssi na Tntal 5 4.0 Total SVqt Pm 124 inn. n Bar Chart Channels of Narket Info rn cn- in Per In' cent Fbss mdi a Otherpeople Gui Id Ct her s 7.9 Flood Disaster Every villager at the POIs has a memory of flood disaster, which has once brought great losses to them, flooding field, roads and houses, depressing their income in that year. At some villages, such as Chongkou NV under Nayin AV, Xiandong NV under Fulu AV, some residents have even reestablished their livelihood after migration upon a flood. 7.10 Medical Service and Sanitation 7.10.1 Relatively Lagging Medical Equipment Without examination apparatus, the current medical level still rests on doctors' personal experiences of diagnosis. The treatment of many serious diseases has to rely upon the next higher level of hospital. 7.10.2 Inconvenient to Take Medical Treatments At Cile NV under Nabi Township, it takes peasants one hour's walk to see a doctor at the cooperative clinic and 1.5 hours' drive to the township health center, the traffic conditions need urgent improvement. 7.10.3 Peasants' sense of medical care needs reinforcement, daily sanitary knowledge needs further popularization Chapter 8 Land Requisition and Migration within Project's Reservoir Region 8.1 Existing Plan for Land Requisition and Migration within Project's Reservoir Region 8.1.1 Overview of Land Requisition The NSPP Reservoir Region's land requisition is composed of 2 parts: land submergence at reservoir region and Project's permanent land occupation. 8.1.1.1 Overview of Land Submersion The specialized works for submergence in the NSPP Reservoir Region can resist decennial floods. The normal impounded level applies to forests or orchards, which is proposed at 115m in the proposal, equivalent to a storage capacity of 102.9 million m2, a water surface area of 17.27km2, a dead water level of 114 and a dead storage capacity of 87.4 million m2. The Naji Shipping Pivot involves 5 townships/towns, 19 villagers' committees, 64 NVs at Baise City and Tianyang County under Baise District, of which under Baise City, 3 towns (Baise Town, Sitang Town and Nabi Township), 13 villagers' committees and 40 NVs are involved; in Tianyang County, 6 villagers' committees and 24 NVs at Baifeng Township and Napo Town are involved. At the normal baffling level of 115m, the submerged arable land is 4,086.58mu, including 1,472.26mu paddy field, 2,614.32mu dry land; 3.9mu fish pond; 1,029.96mu flood land, 20 mu garden plot. Baise City's submerged arable land is 3,056.35mu, accounting for 59.64% of the reservoir region; Tianyang's submerged land is 2,084.09mu, accounting for 40.54%. At the normal baffling level of 115m, in the whole reservoir region, the affected building area will be 13,221.77m2 and the population 369 people (out of 73 families), of which the agricultural population will be 174 people. Within the submerged building area, Tianyang County takes 4,444.34m2 (34%) and Baise City 8,777.43m2 (66%). In addition, there will be 436.9 1m2 fencing and 1,066.88m2 drying yard submerged within the reservoir region. The reservoir will submerge some special facilities, including a hydro, 19 electric pumping stations, 1.28-10.25km Class-IV highway, 1.4-15.0km rural trunk road, 13-14 bridges and culverts, 9.41-15.86km communication line, 2.17-2.91km power line and 6 freight yards. (See the Appendix "Computation Sheet of Submersed Land and Population of Productive Resettlement in Naji Pivot's Reservoir Region at 115m Normal Baffling Level" for details of land submergence) (Data source: "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P13-14) 8.1.1.2 Overview of Permanent Land Occupation This Project's permanent land occupation falls into 3 parts, namely land for Baise base, land for Naji dam region and land for pivot's extemnal traffic. The land for Baise base is proposed at the East Development District of Baise City within a planned land area of about 13.2mu. The permanent land occupation within the Naji dam region includes building, power plant, escape sluice, riverside revetment, internal traffic and the land occupation by the Youjiang River Bridge, totally about 691mnu. In addition, the land area to be permanently occupied in order to drain the gulch of the left-bank lock chamber and navigable channel from the rear source to the downstream gutter is about 35mu. During the construction, for the benefit of construction management, it is planned to set up a management and living area on the right bank at lkm away from the power plant, for which 55mu hilly land needs to be occupied permanently. The total land requisition within the Naji dam region is totally 781mnu, mainly at Nabi AV and Laiwang AV. For the transport and circulation of machinery, equipment, materials during construction, also for easy traffic and management after the pivot's completion, external highways will be built on both banks to link the pivot to National Highway 324 on the left and Provincial Highway 20312 on the right. For this reason, about 319mu land will be requisitioned (Data source: "NSPP Feasibility Report ", P458). 8.1.2 Planning for Resettlement of Reservoir Region Migrants and Land requisition 8.1.2.1 Principles of Migrant Resettlement Planning (1) Utilize resources within the reservoir region rationally and practically according to relevant state and local laws, regulations, as well as the local national economy and social development plan, integrated agricultural zoning; (2) Provided the environmental capacity is met, the migrant settlement will be conducted under the principle of nearby backward movement in the original villagers' committee or township wherever possible. In cased of submerged arable land other than houses, no movement shall be made in principle, for which a production emplacement will be made. (3) To reduce resources waste and difficulty in resettlement, try to build protective works within reservoir region. (4) Multi-channel, multiform resettlement with focus on agricultural resettlement. Based on land, improve the self-sufficiency capability of grain, enhance the local economic strength and living standard by developing township enterprises and tertiary industry using local resources. (5) The relocation shall be beneficial to production, life and easy to manage while saving land. (6) The migrant settlement planning shall be coordinated with the development of the soil retention and ecological environment, beneficial both economically and ecologically by well settling migrant and protecting the ecological environment. (7) The relocation design of specialized works shall be under the principle of recovery of the original scale, standard or function. (8) The restoration and support of the reservoir' peripheral infrastructure shall be planned based on the existing infrastructure within the receiving area around the reservoir, to be convenient to the public and applicable economically. (Source: "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P36). 8.1.2.2 Planning for Means of Migrant Resettlement The Naji reservoir region is provided with sufficient sunshine, rich hilly land resources, deep soil layers and climate suitable for agriculture and forestry. According to the features of land requisition within the reservoir region, the planned means of migrant resettlement include: (1) Local backward settlement The Naji Shipping Pivot's characteristic of submergence is land requisition scattered along the river. At the normal water level of 115m, the rural losses from submergence include: 13 -20 families to be submerged of both land and house, 10-15 affected families to be moved, at towns, 38 families are affected. The total number of migrants within reservoir region is 316-377 people, including 115-176 people as the agricultural population, all distributed at Poluo and Chongkou NVs under Nayin AV in Baifeng Township, Tianyang County. The planning deems it feasible to apply local backward resettlement to this part of agricultural population. The town population to be migrated is concentrated within Baise's urban area and there is no need of production emplacement. (2) Local settlement The Naji Shipping Pivot's submergence involves 5 towns, 16 villagers' committees and 57 NVs of Tianyang County and Baise City. Since the submergence is scattered and affecting land mostly. For production emplacement, the planning suggests local settlement. (Data source: "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P43-44). As the case may be, different resettlement measures shall be applied to different towns: a. Napo Town: reclaim partial wasteland, modify dry land as paddy field, reform low-yield field, plant mango and develop township enterprises (brickyard), supported with irrigation measures to improve the unit grain output. b. Baifeng Township: greatly affected by submergence. Aiming at its features of many slopes and suitable climate, develop mango production and modify dry land as paddy field, reform low-yield field, reclaim wasteland, develop fish culture. For residents at Chongkou and Poluo NVs under Nayin AV to be moved, the point of movement will be near the Napo-Gonglou Coal Mine Class-IV Highway. c. Nabi Township: modify dry land as paddy field, develop fruit cultivation with focus on mango; build a brickyard at Fulu AV, a feed mill at Nabi AV; develop fish culture at Jiubu and Xiandong NVs under Fulu AV, Shazhou NV under Dawan AV. d. Sitang Town: improve irrigation works, modify dry land as paddy field, develop fruit cultivation with focus on mango; build a brickyard at Fulian AV; develop fish culture at Fujiang NV under Guiming AV. e. Baise Town: limited arable land submerged, no production emplacement for migrants here. Residents to be moved by reason of land requisition shall be moved around the Baise Development District. (Data source: "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P82-99). 8.1.2.3 Planning of Compensation for Land Requisition The planning provides 2 means of compensation for land requisition in the reservoir region: 1) skilled migrants may obtain a one-off compensation to give play to their strong suits; 2) share the benefit of the pivot by purchasing a share with the compensation. (Data source: "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P44-45). 8.2 Evaluation of the Plan 8.2.1 Villagers' Attitudes towards the Plan A. Villagers think the planning of land requisition compensation and migrant settlement shall be definite and public under a legal framework. Villagers have the right to leam the planning in detail. B. Most villagers think the Project is a business of the state and they will act on the state planning. A majority of villagers is willing to be requisitioned of land or moved. Questionnaire statistics: Question: Are you willing to be requisitioned of land or moved? Whether willing to be uequisitimed of land or moved? inii ati ve Frnti pnrv Perrpnt Val i i Perrent Perrent Val i d YPs 22 17. 7 24.7 84. 3 Nh. 9 7.3 n. 1 94.4 Arwmv 4 3. 2 4. S 9R. 9 D. K 1 .8 1.1 100.0 5 R9 71. R inn. n M cqi M Total 35 2R. 2 Tot al Svst em 124 100.0 Whether willing to be requisitioned of land or moved? 7n Per cent 'A Yes No Anyv-y a K C. At present, most villagers are not aware of the government's mode of compensation. They are eager to know whether their household land will be occupied? How much? Whether to move? Where? How to be compensated? How much? etc. They show less concern about the production emplacement planning in the planning of compensation for land requisition and migration. Questionnaire statistics: Question: Are you aware of the government's mode of compensation? Whether aware of government compensation? Fremnirrv Pern.e.nt VaI i d PPrnent Perrent ml iid YPe 11 8.9 13.1 15.5 SnnC.what 71 57. 3 84.5 100.0 IkhI eAr R4 67. 7 1nn. n M ssi na Tot al 40 32. 3 Tot al Svst em 124 100.0 Whether aware of government compensation? Qn Per cent Yes SoneMh LM Ihclear D. Villagers can accept the 2 means of compensation in the planning of compensation for land requisition. In addition, they have proposed the alternatives of job arrangement and providing a new house. Some villagers suggest that a portion of the compensation be given at a time and the remaining as shares. Questionnaire statistics Question: How do you hope to get compensated? Desired Mode of Compensation Freauencv Percent Val i d Percent Percent Val i d 1 R f.S 9.3 SR. 1 Nkw hi ip 1R 14.5 20.9 79.1 Job 5 4.0 5.8 84.9 (I hpr 7 1. 2.8 R7.2 Anv\Wv 11 R. 9 17. R 1nn. n D vidend 86 69.4 100.0 M ssi na Tntal 38 30.6 Tot al Svct em 124 1 Of. n Desired Mode of Compensation cat L Job Ardvev aw hlse Qh el vi ded E. Some villagers doubt about the proposal of buying shares with compensation to share the pivot's benefit, mainly because they: a) worry that the pivot might fail like a state-owned enterprise and generate no dividend; b) are afraid of being cheated; c) worry the profit sharing is unfair. F. On the usage of compensation, villagers have different ideas, but have mostly shown the worry about the future life. G. Villagers' greatest worry is the compensation could be unreasonable and the system of compensation unsound. They hope the compensation can be granted directly under an effectively organizational and legal framework for supervision. H. Villagers with the experience of migration for land requisition hope the compensation not to be lower than the past level. 8.2.2 SA Team's Evaluation of the Plan A. Neither the migrant settlement planning nor the planning of compensation for land requisition involves any villager within the Youjiang River Valley. Flood land is an important source of income, self-reclaimed by villagers and not counted in cultivated area. With the completion of the reservoir region, all this flood land will be submerged, accordingly most villagers' income will be impacted. It is necessary to make clear the owners of the flood land and the area owned by each villager and take corresponding measures of compensation and resettlement. B. It was found in investigation that some villages have got the experience of migration and land requisition. The resettlement and compensation planning may use these past practices as a reference and take into account the existing influences of migration and land requisition activities. Case 1: HQ at Natuo AV says that upon land requisition for constructing the Nan-Kun Railway, the government stipulated the compensation of RMB90 for each fruit tree, but actually the peasants got RMB40. Accordingly, land requisition now revolt against peasants, who are afraid that the government compensation might be exploited and the government might grant no compensation. Case 2: Party Branch Secretary H at Fulu AV showed the SA Team a "land requisition agreement" for the Fulu River Class-5 Power Station entered into in 1998 between the Baise Municipal Land Administration and villagers of the 4"' team. The compensation therein includes the compensation for land occupation, resettlement, young crops and ground annexes, actually paid at RMB163,172.30 (resettlement compensation: RMB 166,702.4; compensation for young crops & ground annexes: RMB980). Accordingly, villagers hope that there will be a reasonable standard for the compensation under this Project, at least not less than the last compensation. Case 3: At Chongkou NV under Nayin AV in Baifeng Township, old man Q says that there was a flood here, flooding 70mu land, breaking down 11 houses, which are to be rebuilt. Considering the original dwelling place is flooded every year, the government let the villagers to move upward. Though not flooded last year, his family moved with others into a new spacious, convenient and clean house. The only disadvantage is that his living standard decreased and his family has to build a house by borrowing. Investigators' postscript At least 2 points must be noted about migration: 1) the house compensation must be fully paid. The government grants RMB6,000 for a flooded house, but a greater portion will be borne on villagers themselves before being able to build a new house. In case of migration for the reservoir, the public won't agree with any small amount of compensation, because both their farmland and houses have been occupied. This issue must be properly handled, otherwise the Project's progress might be affected and migrants' living standard reduced. The other point is the conflict among new and old migrants. C. Each POI has its unique industrial structure and needs a special means of production emplacement. For villages relying mainly on paddy rice seeding, modifying dry land as paddy field and reforming low-yield field is applicable, of which Nabi AV with the leading industry of cabbage seeding enabled by the mode of "rice-rice-vegetable" is typical. Some villages live mainly on dry land crops, like vegetables, sugarcane, fruits, etc., where villagers expect for good irrigation facilities, such as canal, water pump, and would probably object to the scheme of modifying dry land as paddy field, such as Baifeng AV, Fulu AV and Guiming AV. D. Since the Affected Areas are the largest mango production base of China, making the planning of fruit production development with focus on mango is practical. However, in the masterplan for the fruit production within the greater region, practical situations of each village must be fully considered. While developing the mango production, the problems of marketing, traffic and market must also be resolved. E. In the SA Team's opinion, the local villagers have a strong sense of self-development, but is not certain about their life after migration for land requisition. In addition to the intellectual development planning aiming to improve the agrotechnical level, technical guidance for nonagricultural industries, such as knowledge on the market, must also be covered. F. Aiming at villagers' less concern with the productive planning after the compensation for land occupation, it's necessary to publicize such planning to villagers actively and take their comments into account. G. Considering villagers are concerned about whether or not the compensation could be in place, measures assuring the timely granting of compensation should be proposed. H. The land requisition, migration, compensation and settlement are major events closely related to peasants' vital interests within the Affected Areas, who have the right to get aware of the relevant planning in detail. The planning shall cover effective measures to guarantee their right to learn the truth. Chapter 9 Predicted Influences of Project on Affected Areas 9.1 Planners' Prediction of Project Influences 9.1.1 Planners' Prediction of Positive Project Influences A. After the Naji Pivot's completion, it shall deliver 248.4GWh power to the power grid of Baise District in an average year, of which the power during low flow period will be 100.61GWh (Dec.-Apr.), accounting for 40.6%. This will relieve the power stress in Baise District and promote the local economy. B. After the Naji Pivot's completion, 54.7km navigable channel of the Youjiang River will be canalized, improving the shipping conditions of the Naji-Baise section and the operating conditions of the Baise Port. With certain dredging, the Youjiang River will be available to 500t fleets all the year round. In addition, as the counter-regulator of the Baise Reservoir, the Naji Shipping Pivot improves navigable channel downstream the Baise Reservoir, ensuring the shipping of materials from Yunnan and Guizhou to Guangdong and Guangxi. C. Drought is the major natural disaster within the reservoir region. With the Naji Pivot's completion, the water level during the low flow period will be basically unchanged at 115m or so, reducing the irrigation lift of water and saving costs. D. For the Naji Pivot, except that the compensation for submergence will be provided to the reservoir region, a certain proportion of the power grid's proceeds will be drawn as the productive development and maintenance fund for the reservoir region. There will also be a number of preferential policies given by the government in the reservoir region. The migrants will surely be able to reconstruct their home, develop production and become rich. E. After the Naji Pivot's completion, with the further perfection of irrigation works, the drought along the Youjiang River will be eliminated, promoting the development of mango production by taking advantage the superior natural condtions in the Youjiang River Basin. 9.1.2 Planners' Prediction of Negative Project Influences A. When the reservoir is formed, at the normal baffling level of 114m, 2,789.49mu arable land (including 1,O1O.59mu paddy field, 1,778.90 mu dry land, 830.53mu flood land, 4.45mnu fish pond) will be submerged, at 115m, 4,086.58mu arable land and partial houses and special facilities will be submerged, depriving the agricultural population in the reservoir region of partial arable land. The resettlement of their production and life, the reconstruction of houses, the recovery of traffic and other facilities within the reservoir region will need time. B. When the reservoir begins to store water, the lift of local underground water level will possible render partial arable land submerged and grain output reduced. There may be bank collapse with local river sections. C. When the reservoir is formed, with the reduction of land resources and the change in migrants' conditions of production and living, there might be negative influences on their social psychology if not well handled. (The data in Section 9.1 is from the "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement", P33-34). 9.2 Prediction of Project Influences by Villagers (Including Village Cadres) at POIs 9.2.1 Awareness of Project by Villagers (Including Village Cadres) at POIs and SA Team's Publicity for Project In general, villagers at the POIs are less aware of the Project. For those aware, they are far from thorough understanding, because they have mostly got aware indirectly by watching TV, reading newspaper or being told by others. Only a small number of villages have held a meeting to release some information on the Project. The information with relation to the villagers' vital interests, such as the range of land submergence, compensation, means of resettlement and migration, are not known by villagers. Questionnaire statistics: Q 1: Are you aware of the NSPP? Whether aware of Project r) nil at i VPZ Val i d Yes FrPniPnnr Pp.rrt2 Vl i ri Pprrqnn Pwnrrpq q Nht. 11 Rl. 9 9. 1 1nn. n lhcl ear 121 97. 6 100.0 M ssi no Tnt al 3 2.4 Total .Svqtpm 124 10m.n Whether aware of project Inn an en Per cent Yes yb Uncl ear Q2: From which channel did you know? From which channel inrnI at i vp Freauencv Percent Val id Percent Percent val i d Nbss nedia 1 12.1 12.6 s. 4 Covernnp.nt 7 5.6 5.9 56.3 Rel ati ve 52 41.9 4.3. 7 im .0 (I hpr 19 9f.n inn.o M ssi na Tnt i 5 4. 0 Tntal Svctem 124 100. 0 From which channel cn An Per cent Iss nedia GovErnrent Rel ative OhEr Accordingly, during the investigation, there were often doubtful villagers asking the team about the Project, bringing certain difficulties to the team's investigation and publicity, so that villagers could hardly participate and cooperate actively. This is also disadvantageous to the future land requisition and migration. Aiming at villagers' current awareness and their common concern-the range of farmland submergence, compensation, mode of resettlement and migration, etc., the team publicized the composition of NSPP, objective of construction, the Project's functions, requisition of land and houses, mode of migration, means of compensation and resettlement, promoting the success of appraisal. 9.2.2 Prediction of Project Influences by Villagers (by POIs) Since the 7 POIs have different geographical location, economic structure, social, cultural features, it's necessary to describe the prediction of NSPP's influences in detail village by village. By means of village forum, questionnaire interview and door-to-door investigation, the SA Team have collected such information, summarized as follows: 9.2.2.1 Prediction by Villagers at Nabi AV A. Positive influences: (1) convenient traffic; (2) cheap power rate; (3) sufficient, cheap water for irrigation; (4) more external population, easier for villagers to do business; (5) forming a scenic spot to develop tourism; (6) villagers may serve for the reservoir construction; (7) getting more knowledge after the Project's completion; (8) effective defense against flood. B. Negative influences: (1) the Project needs land requisition, peasants cannot lose their land, because land is the pledge of survival for the next generation; (2) compensation for requisition is unreasonable; (3) migration is troublesome; (4) inward movement of external migrants may aggravate the local contradiction of less land for many people; (5) more external population may worsen the public security; (6) construction would be noisy. 9.2.2.2 Prediction by Villagers at Natuo AV A. Positive influences: (1) cost-saving power utilization; (2) improved traffic conditions, easier for marketing of farm products: (3) the youth may serve for the reservoir; (4) when the reservoir is completed, products may be sold to external population at higher prices on the spot, saving the travelling expenses; (5) convenient and cheap irrigation; (6) develop tourism by taking advantage of beautiful scenery of the reservoir region; (7) absorbing external investments; (8) promoting the shutdown of small coal pits. B. Negative influences: (1) arable land and flood land to be submerged; (2) unreasonable compensation; (3) reduced living standard; (4) some highways to be submerged when reservoir is completed, inconveniencing villagers' outgoing; (5) toll to be collected on roads; (5) construction noisy; (6) water level to be increased, adverse to flood control. 9.2.2.3 Prediction by Villagers at Baifeng AV A. Positive influences: (1) developing tourism by virtue of the reservoir; (2) developing fish culture on flat reservoir water surfaces; (3) convenient power utilization; (4) there will be more enterprises and farm products will be better sold; (5) convenient traffic for doing business; (6) villagers may work for the reservoir. B. Negative influences: (1) flooding fields, reducing villagers' income; (2) unreasonable compensation; (3) after completion, villagers' houses will be close to the reservoir, 2-3m higher than the water level at most, which might damage the foundation; (3) after completion, water level will raise, houses out of the range of movement are exposed to flood. 9.2.2.4 Prediction by Villagers at Nayin AV A. Positive influences: (1) convenient power utilization; (2) developing fish culture; (3) benefiting the state; (4) easy to irrigate by pumping; (5) villagers may work for the reservoir. B. Negative influences: (1) submerging land, villagers have no field to farm; (2) moving is troublesome and worrying; (3) too little compensation for resettlement; (4) villagers have to pass the river for farming or meeting; (5) reducing living standard; (6) without land, the offspring can't survive; (7) roads submerged, inconvenient traffic. 9.2.2.5 Prediction by Villagers at Fulu AV A. Positive influences: (1) the compensation may act as villagers' productive investment; (2) improvement of traffic conditions; (3) improvement of irrigation works; (4) urging the government to give the village more care; (5) easier to use power; (6) possible to develop fishery. B. Negative influences: (1) submerging land, endangering the survival of offspring; (2) compensation unreasonable or not in place; (3) submerging some roads and bridges, affecting traffic; (4) destroying existing irrigation works; (5) fishing will be banned after completion. 9.2.2.6 Prediction by Villagers at Guiniing AV A. Positive influences: (1) the compensation may be used as productive investment; (2) improving traffic conditions; (3) preference in power rate. B. Negative influences: (1) submerging land, villagers lose an income source; (2) without land, the offspring can hardly survive; (3) unreasonable compensation; (4) villagers' income reduced; (5) local traffic affected. 9.2.2.7 Prediction by Villagers at Donghe AV A. Positive influences: villagers think the Project is beneficial to the state other than their village or themselves. B. Negative influences: vegetables and sandpits on the river shoal will be flooded, their income will be lower. 9.3 SA Team's Analysis By the above analysis, the SA Team thinks such predictions are related to the geographical location, industrial structure, agricultural production, social and cultural environments and orientation of villagers' values at each POI, and have reflected the existing problems in a centralized way. Such predictions are also combined with their suggestions for the Project (to be discussed later on). This shows: A. Roughly, villagers at different POls have three types of attitudes towards the Project: supportive, basically supportive and non-supportive. B. Except Donghe AV where the urbanization level is higher, villagers at the other POls have higher expectations for the improvement of local traffic conditions as a result of the Project, which is closely related with the traffic problem omnipresent within the Affected Areas. C. While putting the hope on such improvement, villagers at most of the POIs also worry about any damage to the existing traffic facilities. D. Land requisition and compensation are the common concerns of villagers at the POIs. Almost every villager has proposed them as negative influences of the Project without exception. E. The land requisition under the Project is not yet a threat to villagers' basic livelihood, their key concern is the reduction in income resulting therefrom. F. For the livelihood after land requisition, these villagers have different opinions: some think land's being submerged means losing their jobs and doing anything else is risky; some think the compensation therefor will be a useful productive investment and an opportunity of development. G. Villagers have high expectations for the Project's improvement of local power supply. This is already a benefit to the Affected Areas already predicted by the Planners. H. Most villagers at the POls think the Project would improve local irrigation conditions, which is a purpose to construct the Naji Reservoir. 1. The positive influence that the Shipping Pivot will improve the navigable channel and navigable tonnage pointed out by the Planners has not been considered by villagers at POls. This shows such improvement is less influential on them. J. The Planners predict that when completed, the Project will effectively relieve drought on both banks of the Youjiang River, which has not been mentioned by villagers. In appraisal, villagers' focus is that there is flood every year and they (particularly those at Natuo AV, Baifeng AV, Nayin AV) worry that raised water levels after completion of the reservoir may bring stress to the local flood control by suspecting the Project's flood control capacity. Chapter 10 Sequencing of Project-related Issues 10.1 Significance and Operating Method of Issue Sequencing Have been laboring and living on this land over a long period, peasants have acquired a deep and comprehensive understanding with regard to local communities. It is of great reference value for formulating an effective project execution plan to fully understand and utilize local peasants' knowledge. Issue sequencing is a method of social appraisal that effectively utilizes the regional knowledge of local peasants. In detail, this is a course that rapidly integrates the opinions of all direct and indirect beneficiaries through sequencing and scoring, thereby arranging the studied objects in priority. Subjects of sequencing may include causes of poverty and becoming rich, positive and negative factors of the Project on the location, factors restricting the local economic development and labor productivity, etc. The premise for sequencing is that people are making choices as a result of comprehensive cross-comparison other than based on a single index or target orientation. People involved: during sequencing, we encouraged as more peasants as possible (8-10 at least) to participate, including the rich, the middle class, the poor, village cadres, women, specialized persons, etc. from different strata and fields. Under the principle of describing indicators acceptable and identifiable by peasants in their own language, we used the straightest and simplest method to make sequencing with handy tools, uch as stone block, small branch, peanut, soybean, etc. At first we prompted the participants to raise relevant issues, then allowed them to make sequencing with the above tools based on their own understanding and opinions with the number of units (peanut, etc.) placed under the relevant item in proportion to the importance of that issue. During placement, we urged all the participants and standers-by to get involved in discussion and asked every participant to justify his/her sequencing. In this way, we obtained integrated, complicated information irreplaceable by any other technical means, though not quite precise. However, it should be emphasized that, this method aims not to reflect any precise and exact result but to represent the knowledge and values of local peasants that are the closest to the objective facts. 10.2 Wealth-related Sequencing 10.2.1 Sequencing of Causes for Richness Most villagers at POIs regard "solid family financial strength" as the principal factor for becoming rich. The rich who are able to make productive investments may give better play to their ability. HQ is a smart and capable peasant at Bahuai NV under Natuo AV, Napo Town. His family, specialized in fruit tree planting, is relatively rich in the village. His family grows above 1,000 mango trees and above 100 litchi trees in total, bearing 20-40 catty fruits in average. In 1996, he attempted to borrow from the Agricultural Bank but failed. Later, he wrote to the county head, describing his ideas and troubles. After half month, the town government told him to borrow at the Agricultural Bank; as a result, he borrowed above RMB 10,000 at that time. Then he began to employ others to grow trees, while he himself learnt techniques on orchard and forest. His orchard has been operated for 6 years at the cost of RMB40,000 and is now already profiting by over RMB30,000 a year. "High literacy, flexible and economic mind" is also an important factor for becoming rich in villagers' eyes. These smart villagers are also considering more and bolder than others. ZLH at Naji NV under Nabi AV, a specialized pig raiser, is an example. His family raises 5 backup (not adult yet) Longbao pigs (origin: Guigang), all bred from a sow. A sow bears 2 broods of piglets, 10 heads or so per brood. ZLH has raised Longbao pigs for over 2 years. He says "Longbao" pork pigs are better, more expensive than local ones and are marked up today from formerly RMB3.2/catty to presently RMB3.8/catty (local pig: RMB3/catty). He profits mainly by selling piglet, a small piglet heavier than 10 catty is sold at RMB130, of which the gross margin is RMB80. The sow cost him RMB780, which was provided by the Guigang Branch of Beijing Deling Group. A pack of forage (38kg) costs about RMB120, available in the market, a pig would consume 20 packs a year. Pigs are purchased by others on the spot without advertising. In villagers' opinion, "multiple operation" is also a cause for becoming rich. Today, rough rice and other farm products are low in price, unable to guarantee their basic livelihood. It is rather difficult to become rich by farming only. Those engaged in multiple operation are much better than other villagers financially because they have many sources of income. LYZ, 53 years, is a storekeeper at Poluo NV under Nayin AV, Baifeng Township. He once served as an electrician at the Nayin Reservoir but has retired. His family is top ranking at the village in terms of wealth, which depends on his multiple operation. He once studied at Guiling for techniques on pig breeding, fish culture and fruit tree planting. Now his family has 2 sows, 4 fat hogs, 12 piglets and 400 mango trees. His household income is mainly from selling pigs (around RMB6,000 a year), the store (opened in 1991, RMB2,000 a year), his little son's decoration business at Tianyang County and his elder son's farming with his wife. The family's gross income was RMB40,000 last year, RMB30,000 as expenditure. Villagers also deem "diligence", "good luck", "more laborer", "more field", etc., as causes of becoming rich. Diligence is a virtue in their eyes because diligent ones may have a more successful career anyone. The Affected Areas are an agricultural committee, where human and field are the 2 important factors of production and have been listed as causes. Another feature of agricultural committee is the agricultural output is greatly affected by nature and farm products' prices change with the market. Accordingly, good luck is also regarded as a factor. Table 10.1: Sequencing of Causes for Richness by Villagers at Affected Areas Flexible Solid Skilled Good Multiple Well-info More mind fistrenncitahl Diligence rate luck operation rmed field Nabi AV ***** **** *** Natuo AV **** ***** ***** Nayin AV ***** **** ** Fulu AV ***** ** **** *** Guiming * * *** * AV 10.2.2 Sequencing of Causes for Poverty In opposition to "solid family financial strength", "lack of fund" is deemed as the principal cause of poverty. Many villagers have their own ideas and have also considered some new means of livelihood, but are suffering from the shortage of fund. A lot of ideas are thereby unable to be put into practice. At Jibu NV under Natuo AV, villager LWC's 4-member family is poor, living in a 2-room brick house. His son, 17 years, has just been enrolled by senior high school. Considering the family's financial condition, the couple has to settle the formality for one semester's suspension of school for him. When speaking of his family's poverty, LWC thinks the key factor is the weak accumulated property. There are 8 brothers in the family and LWC is the eldest. Before the Reform and Opening, the whole family relied upon the parents' income and loans. Such circumstance was not improved until LWC began to act as a civil teacher in 1978, but this could merely make both ends meet. Accordingly, after LWC's marriage, there has been little deposit and any scanty surplus has been used to support his 7 brothers without any more money for productive investment. LWC once thought of borrowing from the credit cooperative to purchase means of production using his tractor as pledge but was refused because the cooperative suspected his solvency. He says angrily the policy today is "supporting the rich", rich men are easier to obtain poverty-support loans. He expects the government can take measures to make it easy for peasants to borrow money with due care for the poor. He also hopes the government can provide more opportunities of employment in the construction of the Naji Pivot to help them in accumulation of capital for productive purposes. For him, he plans to raise livestock and grow more vegetables taking this chance for wholesale to the construction team. "Inconvenient traffic" is another important cause of poverty. For this reason, farm products cannot be sold to the outside, and bumping due to bad road conditions may cause serious losses to many farm products, such as tomato. All this has made villagers less enthusiastic for production and restricted the local development, particuarly at Fulu AV and Guiming AV where the pillar industry is planting. "Illiteracy, inflexible mind" is another cause of poverty. An undergraduate at Pingjiang AV says, poor peasants in the village are not innovative in mind, they cultivate a lot but harvest a little. For example, a poor family at Poluo NV consists of 5 members, the 3 children have grown into adults and 2 of them are working in Guangdong, but the family remains poor. As seen by other villagers, the key reason is the host is conservative in mind and unwilling to plant vegetables without trust in productive new techniques. All economic activities rely on laborers, especially at rural areas, the importance of a solid labor force in production is self-evident. Therefore, "fewer laborers, family member being ill or disabled" is also deemed as an important cause of poverty. In addition, "high taxes", "less land", "children attending school", "laziness", "cheap farm products" are also deemed accountable for poverty. LXL, a villager at Damei NV under Guiming AV, thinks high taxes account heavily for her family's poverty. Her family grows litchi, on which taxes are imposed at the rate of 12% when sold at Sitang Town. She says, such high taxes are hardly affordable and reasonable for her. LDX, at Bahuai NV under Natuo AV, points out that, taxes at Tianyang County are by far higher than at Baise City. At present, a typical villager is burdened with: agricultural tax at 43 catty rough rice per annum, extra educational charge at RMB18 per year, for any second child bom, whether or not the specified period is met, RMB500 is compulsory. An external merchant visiting the village has to pay RMB500 as tax for every trunk of mango, so that merchants dare not to purchase mango here. Farmland is a productive resource that peasants live on, less farmland naturally means relative poverty. To attend a primary school, high school or university, the spending on tuition and living is very huge, therefore many families are not so well-off when a child is studying at school. Often, most of a year's income is used on the child but is not necessarily enough. Table 10.2: Sequencing of Causes for Poverty by Villagers at Affected Areas Illiterate Cheap Children Few aziness inflexible farm attend High laborers, Inconvenient Less mind of fund products school tax rate disease, traffic field mind roducts school ~~disability______ Nabi * **** ***** * ** atuo **** ***** **** *** ayin ** ***** **** *** ***** **** ulu AV uimin .* * 10.3 Sequencing of Project's Influences 10.3.1 Sequencing of Project's Positive Influences "Convenience in power utilization and cheap power rate" is the most favorable influence of the Project. All the Affected Areas are accessible to electric supply that is sufficient at ordinary times. However, there are always some accidental factors to destabilize the power supply. At Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV, for example, there may be outage when wire poles fall in rainy days or in busy seasons. Too high power rate is a comnmon complaint of villagers, power for living is worth RMBO.5-0.6/kWh, resulting in a considerable monthly electric cost since all families have electric appliances. One of the 3 major functions of the Naji Project is power generation, so all of them think the electric cost may be reduced upon completion of the Project. Some villagers have even heard that electric power will be free of charge after that. Nevertheless, villagers believe there will be certain preferences in the electricity price then. "Improved traffic conditions" is also a favorable influence perceived by villagers. Within the Affected Areas, most villages are poor in road conditions, described as "being dusty in sunny days and muddy in rainy days", inconveniencing villagers' daily life and transport of farm products. Having suffered a lot from earth roads, villagers have a very strong thirst for the traffic improvement under the Project. On the forum at Naji NV, villagers say that, "We have heard that the Naji Project also covers the rural highway construction. Presently, our village's economy relies heavily on paddy rice seeding and cabbage planting. However, since the roads to Nalong Town and Tianyang County is bad, as you have seen, it is rather difficult for our farm products to be carried outwards. When the Project is completed, we'll be able to access Baise and Nanning by both land and water, our farm products will then be transported faster and sold at higher prices". Irrigation is another function of the Project, so villagers within the Affected Areas think the improvement in local irrigation is also an important positive influence of the Project. At Nabi AV and Natuo AV, the present irrigation depends on the Nayin Reservoir. The cost is naturally high and since the reservoir answers for the irrigation of several nearby towns, there is even no water for irrigation in cold and dry days. Fulu AV is a vegetable base, the villagers there are more demanding on irrigation, but the irrigation facilities are aged and leaking, unable to meet the further development of vegetable production. So many existing problems with irrigation render villagers eager for improvement under the Naji Project. With the Naji Project's construction, positive influences also include "attracting external capitals, developing local economy", "developing tourism", "facilitating doing business", "offering opportunities of employment", "land compensation for productive investment and developing multiple operation", etc. In villagers' opinion, with the launch of the Naji Project, both during and after its construction, there will be more funds and people here to develop the tertiary industry and do small business. Selling farm products to the Project's constructors and incoming developers will be more profitable. It's also possible to develop tourist attractions, like a waterbome amusement park, just as the Bicheng River Reservoir. The commencement of the Project will also bring along many employment opportunities, where local villagers desire to serve for the Project to earn money and after its completion, have priority in arranging local educated children to work at the reservoir. Shortage of fund is a key factor restricting many villagers' development. Accordingly, a lot of villagers have planned to use the land compensation as productive investment to realize their own ideas and develop household economy. Table 10.3: Sequencing of Project's Positive Local Influences by Villagers Absorbing l Low onvenient Flood external Developin Easy to Opportunity Multiple Compensation power _ovmn control, investment, I do of M as productive rate traffic irrigation developing |business employment operation investment local l economy Nabi AV **** ***** ** ***** * *** ** atuo * * **** ***** ** ayin * ** Fulu AV ** **** **** ** ulming * * * 10.3.2 Sequencing of Project's Negative Influences "Submergence of land and houses" is thought to be the biggest negative influence of NSPP. Large numbers of land and houses will be submerged under the Project, when the normal baffling level is 115m, the submerged land area will be 5140.44mu, mostly arable land and flood land (paddy field 1,472.26mu, dry land 2,614.32mu and flood land 1,029.96mu). The POIs selected are mostly seriously submerged villages (Fulu AV: 755.24mu, Guiming AV: 1,255.80mu, Donghe AV: 10mu, Nayin AV: 916.49mu, Baifeng AV: 324.04mu, Natuo AV: 56.33mu). Farmland is an important means of production and a means of livelihood for the local peasants. With farmland being submerged, they also think this might cause "reduced household income and living standard" and threat "the subsistence of the offspring", etc. In the Affected Areas, villagers live mainly on agriculture based on farmland. The reduction in land area causes lower agricultural income, affecting their living standard directly. The sudden loss of land makes many people unable to think their future ways in time. Though some have known there is compensation for them to develop other means of livelihood, yet they are at a loss about specific actions. Without land, the current generation may live upon the compensation, but what to do with the offspring? Even if for Donghe AV villagers who already don't living on land, losing the remaining land will also affect their income. Except that some villagers grow vegetables seasonally, there are also a few private sandpits run by people from other villages. These sandpits rent flood lands in the village and pay rent at RMB2,000-3,000 per mu (20% to the village collective and 80% to the villagers who have reclaimed the river shoal). The submergence of such land will reduce the income of both the village collective and peasant. "Land compensation unclear, compensation may be unfair" is another negative influence perceived by local villagers, who know very little about the Project and its compensation for land requisition. Except the worry about the amount of land compensation and whether the compensation can be in place, some also worry about whether or not the measurement and calculation of submerged land are logical. Fulu AV was once flooded and impressed with submergence. Women there worry that the values of land area measured and actually submerged are not identical, could the unpredicted land be compensated? Secretary Li at Donghe AV, thinks the disadvantage of the Naji Project is the limited hirst vegetable plots and several sandpits have to be submerged, and the submerged area will be far greater than 10mu described in the "NSPP Special Report on The Planning of Compensation for Reservoir Submergence and Migrant Resettlement". The Project construction may damage existing roads and bridges, resulting in inconvenient traffic, which is also a negative influence. Public security, noise and destruction to irrigation works are also negative influences from the Project, which is in the vicinity of the villages and may produce noises as an impact to the quietness in the village during construction. The construction will attract a large team of civilian workers here, tuming public security a problem. Young villagers, losing their farmland and having nothing to do, will be forced to gamble, rob and steal, also making the public security here unstable. Table 10.4: Sequencing of Project's Negative Local Influences by Villagers Land and Noise Affecting Compensation Living Construction Threat to Destroying Charged house during public might be standard affects the life of istin for submerged onstruction security unreasonable reduced traffic offspring irrigation roads Nabi AV ***** **** ** Natuo ~*** ** ** Nayin *** ***** *** ** ** AV _ Fulu AV ** Guiming * **** ***** ** AV 10.4 Sequencing of Labor Productivity Labor productivity reflects the position of various productive activities in local economy, it may help us learn about the locality and help facilitate the Naji Project. The following is the sequencing of labor productivity at each village: Table 10.5: Sequencing of Labor Productivity by Local Villagers Labor intensity Profitability Investment Transport ** ***** Working outside *** **** Paddy rice planting ***** Planting vegetables **** Planting fruit L **** ** Cultivation ** Doing business ** ***** Planting paddy rice ***** * Planting sugarcane ***** **** As seen by villagers within the Affected Areas, transport and doing business are relatively profitable. Indeed, richer families in a village are specialized transporters and businessmen, who earn more and relatively stable. However, one has to buy a truck before being able to deal with transport, which is not affordable for many people affordable. To do business, a large investment is needed and it is risky, so that not every villager dare try. In agricultural production, the traditional paddy rice planting is both painstaking and unprofitable, so that many villagers are unwilling to grow paddy rice but cash crops instead, such as rough rice, fruits and vegetables. These means of livelihood are dominant within the Affected Areas and also what villagers pleased and able to deal with. Stockbreeding, like pig breeding, fish culture, is not as profitable as planting cash crops within the Affected Areas, so villagers generally raise pigs as a household sideline. Table 10.6: Sequencing of Labor Productivity by Women's at Nayin AV Labor intensity Profitability Investment Working outside ** ** Raising pig *** * ** Cattle raising * ** ** Planting paddy rice Planting vegetables ** *** Raising hen * ** * Planting strawberry *** **** Planting banana * * * Planting sugarcane e* *** When asked what to do when the land compensation is honored, the sequencing is: Table 10.7: Sequencing of Usage of Land Compensation by Women at Nayin AV Raising hen | Raising cattle | Raising pig | Working outside | Doing business l ***** l ** l **** l * l ** l In this sequencing, no one has selected planting of paddy rice, sugarcane or strawberry that they deem profitable, mainly because there will be no land for farrning after submergence, the only choice for them is livestock breeding. Chapter 11 Conclusions 11.11mproving the Youjiang River's shipping conditions, power generation and irrigation will be the Project's 3 major functions After the Naji Pivot's completion, 54.7km navigable channel of the Youjiang River will be canalized, i.e., the most dangerous section from Naji to the end of the Qixing Beach. By then, the yearround navigability of the Youjiang River will be 500t. With the Naji Project's completion, the Naji Shipping Pivot, as the counter-regulator of the Baise Reservoir, will provide power to Baise District's power grid and relive the power stress of Baise District. The stability of water level and assurance of power supply will also improve the Affected Areas' irrigation conditions, saving irrigation costs. 11.2Support from local villagers and village cadres will be key to the Project's success The Naji Shipping Pivot's reservoir region involves 5 townships/towns under Baise City and Tianyang County-Baise Town, Nabi Township, Sitang Town, Napo Town, Baifeng Township. During the Project, large quantities of local land will be requisitioned, directly affected the local living environment. Land is still the vital means of production that local villagers live on at present. The large-scale land requisition under the Naji Project make many villagers opposite to its construction; besides, the Naji Dam's site is beside Naji NV. Accordingly, winning understanding and support from local villagers and village cadres is crucial to the Project's successful execution. Local cadres, elected by villagers directly, are decisive in major village events, so their cooperation will also promote the Project. During the Project's construction, large numbers of laborers will be necessary, who will mainly be local villagers. The Naji Project will be interacting with local residents in interdependent relations. 11.3Villagers are indirect beneficiaries The key objective of NSPP is to canalize the Youjiang River's navigable channel, improve the Youjiang River's navigability, promote the outward transport of materials from Yunnan and Guizhou and provide 248.4GWh power to Baise District's power grid, which is to say, the state will be a direct beneficiary of the Naji Project. However, the Naji Project and its supporting works will also bring certain positive influences to local villagers. The Affected Areas are an agricultural community relying mainly on vegetables, fruits and other crops. However, the inconvenient traffic makes it rather difficult for farm products to be carried outwards, the traffic problem has become the "bottleneck" against the further improvement of local villagers' economic level. As the supporting works of the Naji Project, a highway will be constructed to improve the local traffic conditions. Though electric power has been available all over the Affected Areas, the supply is not stable and may become unsecured in rainy days or busy seasons. Moreover, the current electric cost is as high as RMBO.5-0.6 /kWh, difficult for peasants to afford. The Project will abate the power utilization problem for local villagers. The local areas are focused on agricultural production, where irrigation is very essential, but the current irrigation conditions are not so ideal, restricting the local agricultural development. After the Naji Project's completion, the water level during the low flow period will be at 115m or so, reducing costs by shortening the pumping lift for irrigation. The Project's development will also attract a number of people from the outside, who will not only bring in new information but also act as a potential market of local farm products. For the Naji Pivot, except land compensation, a certain proportion of the power grid's proceeds will be drawn as the productive development and maintenance fund for the. There will also be a range of preferential policies offered by the government to make local villagers indirect beneficiaries. 11.4Women will also be benefited Local women play a key role in the local production, society and family. From the Project, women will not only enjoy the same benefits as male villagers but also some mitigation in the burden of labor. Marsh gas tanks are not popular yet at Natuo AV, where most families still cook and boil water by burning firewood, which is felled by women from nearby hills from October to next March. It typically takes a woman the whole daytime to fell 2 loads of firewood that are barely enough to use. After the Naji Project's completion, the electric cost will be reduced, electric cooking will be desirable, then women don't have to work so hard. Most local farm products are sold by women. Pushed by the poor road conditions, it is very hard for them to go to the market. The Project, when completed, will improve road conditions partially, making it easy for them to sell farm products on the market. Irrigation by manual lifting is mainly assumed by women for now, which is a labor intensive job to be mitigated by the Project. 11.5 Local Chuang and Han nationalities share equal development opportunities Within the Affected Areas, there is the largest minority-Chuang-of China, accounting for the majority of the population. The local Chuang people belong to a local aboriginal nationality that still preserves some cultural characteristics, ethnopsychology and the sense of national identification. They have developed the Affected Areas. The local Chuang and Han people here are affecting and promoting each other, highly fused culturally through long-term coexistence and interaction. Economically, they take on almost the same means of livelihood (agriculture) and equivalent economic level. In daily production and life, they interact each other, sharing local resources equally. 11.6Land compensation will be an important source of productive investment for villagers When asked what to do with the land compensation, many villagers have chosen to use it as the productive investment coincidently. Many villagers have their own ideas to develop household economy but are unable to put these into practice due to the shortage of money. Provided with this compensation, they may realize their own dreams. After land requisition, villagers will lose the means of production they live on and will have to find new means of livelihood. This land compensation will be the initial fund for new means of livelihood. 11.7The Project will drive the local infrastructure construction Within the Affected Areas, some agricultural infrastructure, such as road traffic, irrigation, rural power grid, has taken shape, but is still defective. The imperfection of infrastructure restricts further development of the local agricultural economy and has become a problem in urgent need of solution. The Project's completion will objectively drive the construction of local infrastructure, raise the road grade, improve the traffic and irrigation conditions, stabilize the rural power grid and regulate rural electric costs. This will certainly promote the development of the local agriculture. 11.8The Project will optimize the local industrial structure The present local industrial structure is still agriculture-oriented. Although local villagers are earning more from agriculture by growing cash crops than from traditional modes, the limited land resources limits the local economic development. Peasants' household income depends mainly on agriculture, with few other points of growth, restricting the increase in household living standard. The Naji Project will also optimize the local industrial structure and drive the local tertiary industry. 11.9The Project will be a chance of economic lift-off for affected counties and cities NSPP will also be a good development opportunity for Baise City and Tianyang County. The Project's investment will become a focus, increasing the awareness of Baise City and Tianyang County. The improvement of the Youjiang River channel will increase the river's navigability and turn it into an artery from West China to the coastal area. At Baise City and Tianyang, there are rich natural resources and characteristic products, the export and outward transport of which will be promoted by the Naji Shipping Pivot. The Project will greatly relieve the drought along the Youjiang River. It is also possible to develop a mango base by virtue of the advantaged conditions in the Youjiang River Basin. The Project will also be promotional to the planning of the Youjiang River Civilized Valley and Civilized Corridor underway at Baise District. Chapter 12 Suggestions 12.1 Villagers' Suggestions 12.1.1 Project vs. Traffic The traffic problem is prevalent at the 7 POIs, focused on the inconvenient land traffic. At almost every POI, there are villagers suggesting the Project help the village reconstruct the road to the outside. Many villagers also think that the Project will occupy or submerge the existing roads and inconvenience them. Villagers at Fulu AV say that when the Reservoir is completed, the 2 bridges and some highways connecting the village to the outside will get submerged, so their outgoing in the future must be taken into account. 12.1.2 Land Requisition and Migration A. Villagers suggest that they should be informed of the land requisition and migration in detail, such as: Which families will be requisitioned of land? How much? How to get compensation? How much? Which families will have to move? Where? Only in this way can they make timely preparations. B. Some villagers at Fulu AV doubt about the land area to be submerged measured by the Project's survey team by thinking that the area must be greater when the reservoir is completed and suggest a re-survey that considers their experiences in coping with a flood. 12.1.3 Compensation and Resettlement A. All villagers are concerned about the compensation. When the SA Team has suggested the options of one-off compensation and dividend, villagers further suggest granting a part of the settlement allowance at a time and the remaining as dividend. B. All the villages have suggested arranging jobs for villagers. At Nabi AV and Guiming AV, villagers suggest the unemployed intellectual at the village work at the reservoir. Villagers at Fulu AV suggest the government arrange jobs after farmland submergence and should at least guarantee farmland for villagers. C. Villagers mostly hope they can be employed to build the Project. Particularly, women at Fulu AV hope the reservoir may help them find a job. D. Villagers point out that when the land to be submerged and residents to be moved are determined, the problem of increased risk of flood for some land and houses must be fully considered. A certain compensation and protective measures must be provided to land and houses that have become vulnerable to flood due to increased water level. E. Villagers think the preferred location of resettlement is somewhere nearby, someone also proposes the provision of water supply, power supply and traffic facilities at the location of resettlement. Some villagers at Nabi AV are unwilling to accept migrants elsewhere on the ground that their own land will be occupied. F. Nayin AV and Fulu AV are villages with the former experience of land requisition and migration. Villagers here think the compensation level for migration and requisition of land shall not be lower than that used before. G. Villagers have also raised a lot of suggestions on how to develop the local economy after land requisition. For instance, Nabi AV's women suggest setting up a market for farm products, enabling local villagers to sell vegetables and fruits to employees and constructors of the reservoir. Villagers at Nabi AV, Natuo AV and Baifeng AV propose developing tourism within the reservoir region to increase peasants' income. Villagers at Guiming AV and Nabi AV propose setting up food processing plants in the village. H. Many villagers expect the government to give guidance on their future livelihood. For example, villagers at Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV expect the government to teach them techniques on mesh cage fish culture, those at Guiming AV hope the government can provide information on supply and marketing of fruits. 12.1.4 Offering of Settlement Allowance A. Villagers worry that the compensation and settlement allowance might be out of place or unreasonable prevalently, proposing direct allocation of the compensation to every villager. B. Villagers require the publication of criteria for various compensations, then everyone will be able to supervise the granting of compensations and guarantee their interests. C. Villagers ask for setting up a supervisory organ over the annual dividend of villagers as shareholders. 12.1.5 Irrigation Facilities Villagers hope the Project will be able to improve the local irrigation conditions, reduce irrigation costs and irrigation labor intensity. For example, villagers at Fulu AV's vegetable base expect the reservoir may help relieve the leakage of local irrigation canals. Villagers at Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV hope this would abate their labor intensity of irrigation. 12.1.6 Power Utilization Villagers mostly think they should be entitled to lower electric costs, preferably the special offer of free charge and no outage. Villagers at Natuo AV have also given the example that residents within the Bicheng River's Reservoir Region are using power free of charge. 12.1.7 Public Security Villagers at Nabi AV suggest strengthening the management on public security when the reservoir is under construction. 12.1.8 Small Coal pits Villagers at Bahuai NV under Natuo AV think coal pits not only damage fertile farmlands, but may also bring negative influences to the reservoir's construction and the improvement of the navigable channel. 12.1.9 Date of Project Commencement Villagers at Nabi AV, Natuo AV and Fulu AV this Project very beneficial to the village and expect its earlier commencement. Those at Baifeng AV and Nayin AV also expect earlier commencement and the fulfillment of land requisition and migration resettlement, so that they can better plan their future livelihood. However, villagers at Guiming AV and Donghe AV do not hope the Project to be commenced. 12.2 SA Team's Suggestions 12.2.1 More Publicity for the Project During investigation, it is found that most villagers within the Affected Areas know little or nothing about the Project. For those aware thereof, they are far from full understanding, much of their sectional information comes from the survey team's survey or investigation at the village. Only very few villages have held a meeting to communicate information on the Project. This shows the Project's management neglects villagers' right to leam the truth or has paid little attention to this. This may easily cause misunderstandings of the Project among villagers. During investigation, the SA Team was often inquired after by villagers that after the reservoir's completion, the water level will be even higher, won't it flood the whole village? Villagers at Pingjiang NV under Baifeng AV even dare not to perform any construction, because they are not yet aware of the whole Project's functions and operating principles. It is suggested that the relevant professionals prepare straightforward publicity materials for the Project and when necessary, village cadres be trained into the propagators of this Project to eliminate villagers' misunderstandings. 12.2.2 Exerting Project's Secondary Effects for More Benefits to the Public Affected This Project's key objective is to reduce the freight from West Guangxi and neighboring provinces to East Guangxi, Guangdong and Hong Kong by improving shipping conditions of the Baise-Nanning section (navigable channel: about 360km long) of the Youjiang River. After the Project's completion, the pivot's water holding capacity will guarantee sufficient water depth of navigable channel for 500t lighters to pass this section all the year round. This will be a great convenience for the transport of bulk goods and half-fished goods (coal, cement and sugarcane dregs for papermaking) from west of Baise to the east. The findings of investigation show that the Affected Areas are largely agricultural communities focused on crop cultivation, where the local public can hardly benefit from the improved shipping conditions. It is suggested to give full play to the possible incidental benefits for the public within the Affected Areas and increase their degree of being benefited. A. Land traffic. The Project's auxiliary works include the outward highways on the banks for transport and circulation of construction machinery, equipment and materials, this is to make convenience for the traffic and management after the pivot's completion. The investigation shows that highway traffic is the dominant means of traffic for the Affected Areas. Such disadvantages as undeveloped land traffic network, poor road conditions, highways vulnerable to natural conditions, especially to rainy weather, etc., are prevalent within the Affected Areas. The unchanged land traffic has become the principal factor restricting the economic development there. Most local villagers also have the strong desire to improve the current traffic situations. However, the highway investment is huge and the strength of the county, township and village government or villagers can hardly bring any radical cure. B. It is suggested that in addition to the highways necessary for the Project's construction, operation and maintenance, a certain portion may be drawn from the pivot's proceeds after its completion for joint investment with all levels of government and villagers to gradually alter the inconvenient traffic within the Affected Areas. C. Irrigation works. The SA Team finds that within the Affected Areas, irrigation costs are high, labor intensity of irrigation great, irrigation works out of repair, water source for irrigation unstable. After the Naji Reservoir's completion, the water level during the low flow period of the Youjiang River will be stabilized at about 115m, making it possible to provide sufficient water for irrigation and convenient irrigation facilities, so the united irrigation system for villagers along the river is proposed with a view to reduce irrigation costs and increase the security of irrigation. D. Power utilization. Under this Project, a 25OGWh (annually) hydro will be constructed to meet Baise District's increasing power demand. It's suggested to reduce the electric cost within the Affected Areas or provide a certain amount of free power and increase the security of power utilization. 12.2.3 Tailoring Resettlement Measures A. Settlement measures shall be tailored to the degree of being benefited of each village, because it is found through investigation that there is the possibility of unbalance in being benefited among different villages. B. Naji NV under Nabi AV is the location of the Naji Dam power station's site. Nabi AV and Laiwang AV nearby will be the location of the dam area's management and living area. The area upstream is relatively less benefited due to higher water level and land submergence. Accordingly, it is suggested to develop the service industry and set up a market of farm products at Nabi AV and Laiwang AV. This will make convenience for employees at the reservoir region, expand peasants' sources of income and guarantee the marketing of local vegetables and fruit. C. Tailor settlement measure to the industrial structure of each affected village. As found from investigation, each village has different dominant crops. For example, some are focused on paddy rice, where it is advisable to modify dry land as paddy field, reform low-yield field. For villages whose key source of income is dry land crops (vegetables, sugarcane, fruits), villagers may not support the above scheme, such as Baifeng AV, Nayin AV, Fulu AV, Guiming AV. At some villages where labor export is a key source of income, it is advisable to arrange villagers to work at the reservoir, such as Baifeng AV and Natuo AV. 12.2.4 Contributing Local Human and Material Resources to the Project The SA Team also finds that villagers within the Affected Areas have high expectations for participation in the construction and management of the Project. It is suggested to absorb local people to work at the construction site during the Project's construction period. After the Project's completion, the young intellectual will be given priority to in being employed by the reservoir. In addition, existing local materials may be used to increase the degree of local villagers' being benefited. 12.2.5 Rational, Public, Transparent Resettlement and Compensation In investigation, the SA Team finds that the compensation issue is the focus of villagers' concern, thinking this is the key to the Project's success and assurance for villagers. To this end, the Team suggests: A. Make public land requisition areas and migration objects soon for villagers to make planning earlier; B. Make public systems, finance, compensation criteria, measurements, appraisal ratings, etc., which will be good to villagers' participation and supervision; C. For villagers whose livelihood is affected, appropriately regulate the state land policy that is unchanged for 30 years, reallocate land to them to secure their life; D. Organize villager representatives through democratic election into team to participate in the formulation of compensation criteria and granting of compensation. A team will consist of 7-9 persons, with 1 leader and 1-2 deputy-leaders. The team members must be extensively representative and shall include at least 50% minority members and 1/3 women members or so. A third party, such as a bank, may also be employed to grant compensation directly to villagers; E. Establish channels for complaint and feedback, such as complaint hotline, suggestion box, etc.; F. Concern informal information channels and guide villagers with formal channels to minimize possible negative influences, such as rumor, misrepresentation; G. Except for one-off compensation and buying shares with compensation and settlement allowance, many other means of compensation may be considered, such as arranging jobs. H. Explain to villagers the means of compensation by buying shares with compensation and settlement allowance, establish a standing and open third-party supervisory organ, which shall consist of shareholder representatives elected by villagers and members of NSPP's management. It shall release the operations of the Naji Shipping Pivot at each yearend to villagers and convene a general meeting of shareholders to discuss specific measures of profit sharing. I. For villages with the experience of land requisition and migration, consider the past measures and their influences, coordinate the relationship between these villagers and those to be migrated under this Project; J. For residents in need of migration, settle them nearby and coordinate their relationship with old villagers. The compensation for migration shall not be lower than the cost of a migrant's original house. 12.2.6 Giving Special Concern to Compensation and Resettlement for Flood Lands As found in investigation, villagers within the Youjiang River Valley are used to growing fruits and vegetables on the Youjiang River's flood land in dry seasons. Such flood land is reclaimed by villagers and not counted in the village's cultivated area. As the case may be, villagers either turn over a certain sum to the village's collective or none. Crops on flood land are an important source of income for villagers, related even to their livelihood. The SA Team suggests that, in any specific compensation and settlement plan, special care must be paid to flood land by defining its cultivators and measuring its area accurately. For those living on flood land, necessary care and concern should be paid. 12.2.7 Ensuring Smooth Project Execution by Giving Play to VUllage Cadres The investigation indicates that, most villages within the Affected Areas have just finished the election at expiration of office terms of the villagers' committee. The newly appointed village cadres are highly prestigious among villagers. The Team suggests extending village cadres' scope of power during the Project, allowing them to serve as villagers' spokesmen and deliverers of relevant policies in affairs related to the Project. 12.2.8 Coordinating Project's Damage to Existing Facilities at Affected Areas The investigation shows, damages to existing facilities arising from the Project are mainly concentrated on land traffic and irrigation works. It is suggested to fully estimate various inconveniences for villagers due to such damages and to take measures as the case may be. 12.2.9 Providing Intellectual Support to Affected Villagers, Reducing Their Future Risks in Life The investigation indicates, the Affected Areas are agriculture communities based on crop cultivation. The Project's land requisition will undoubtedly affect local villagers' daily life. It is found that most villagers are strongly dependent on land, wondering what to do when their farmland is flooded. The SA Team thereby suggests providing them with multiform intellectual support to reduce their future living risks. A. Provide practical techniques that make full use of the reservoir region's advantages to the Affected Areas, help peasants develop production, such as mesh cage fish culture. B. Provide villagers with nonagricultural guidance, expand their sources of income and reduce the stress resulting from the reduction of land, such as set up mango processing plants locally and providing guidance on techniques and marketing. C. Villagers within the Affected Areas shall be easier and preferential in obtaining new techniques or dealing with nonagricultural industries. 12.2.10 Suggestions on Minority Problem As the target group of special concern under World Bank's OP4.20 Policy on "Aboriginal Residents", minorities should be especially concerned and supported in project design and execution. Within the Affected Areas, the dominant minority-the Chuang nationality-is the "aboriginal residents" defined in the above policy. Through investigation, the SA Team found that the Chuang and Han people here are affecting and promoting each other, highly fused culturally undergoing long-term coexistence and interaction. Economically, they take on almost the same means of livelihood and equivalent economic level. The 2 nationalities interact frequently and relate closely each other, sharing equal development opportunities. Accordingly, the Team thinks any national difference between the 2 nationalities under the Project will not result in the unbalance in the degree of being affected. It is suggested to take uniform actions and measures for 2 nationalities during the Project's execution.