INFRASTRUCTURE FOR GROWTH INITIATIVE ANNUAL REPORT 2013 South Asia region Copyright © 2014 The International Bank for Recontstruction and Development / The World Bank Group 1818 H street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved Photo credits: World Bank Front cover images: Imal Hashemi / TAIMANI FILMS / Simone D. McCourtie / Vladimir Herrera / Curt Carnemark Page 10: Curt Carnemark Page 16 and 19: Simone D. McCourtie Page 17: Graham Crouch The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this report are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board or executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. 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Table of Content Acronyms and Abbreviations ................................................................ 4 Chapter 1 – Program Overview ............................................................. 5 Background ........................................................................................... 5 Overall Fit Within Regional and Country Strategies .............................. 6 AusAID’s Strategy and IFGI’s Value-Added .......................................... 6 Financial Overview ................................................................................ 7 Chapter 2 – IFGI Impact and Key Results ............................................ 9 Summary of Key Results and Impacts .................................................. 9 Support for Low-Capacity Environments .............................................. 12 Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) ...................................................... 12 Regional Integration and Infrastructure ................................................. 13 Sectoral Impacts ................................................................................... 15 Transport ........................................................................................... 15 Energy ............................................................................................... 17 Water and Sanitation ......................................................................... 19 Appendix: The Complete List of IFGI Projects, 2009-2013 ................. 21 Acronyms and Abbreviations AusAID Australian Aid CBO Community-based organization CDD Community-driven development CSO Civil Society Organization FY Fiscal year GHG Greenhouse gas GDP Gross domestic product IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development IDA International Development Association IFG Infrastructure for Growth IFGI Infrastructure for Growth Initiative IMF International Monetary Fund M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NGO Non-governmental organization PPP Private-public partnership SAR South Asia Region TF Trust Fund WB World Bank 4 Chapter 1 – Program Overview Background The South Asia Infrastructure for Growth Initiative The South Asia region is characterized by rich (IFGI) is a partnership between AusAID and the South diversity and unique socio-cultural assets. This Asia Region of the World Bank. It has been conceived abundant diversity is paired with profound exclusion and structured against a backdrop of the severe based on caste, gender and ethnicity. Exclusion of infrastructure deficit faced by the South Asia region. different groups in societies – from markets, services The main objective of the trust fund (TF), which initiated and spaces – is a root cause of poverty, and has operations in 2008 and closed all activities in December contributed to mistrust among social groups and vis- 2013, was both, to foster an enabling environment for à-vis Governments. Exclusion of specific groups in infrastructure delivery and to facilitate infrastructure South Asian societies has intractable intergenerational service delivery. The TF had an overarching, higher- effects and has been a driver of conflict and fragility in level goal of contributing to the reduction of poverty and the region. That dichotomy is most apparent in access promoting sustainable development in the countries of to infrastructure. South Asia lags significantly behind the South Asia region. The Partnership endeavored to both East Asia and South and Central America when enhance cooperation between AusAID and the World it comes to access to infrastructure services -- being Bank to help improve aid effectiveness in South Asia. at times on par with Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite many historical and cultural aspects of cohesion, The Infrastructure for Growth Initiative laid the SAR remains the least integrated region in the world. foundation for the creation of the Australia-World Bank Economically, the region has a huge potential domestic Partnership for South Asia, or PFSA, launched in market of over 1.6 billion people, yet inter-country trade 2011. In the 2009-2013 period, infrastructure-related is less than 1% of GDP, in contrast with more than 20% activities were funded by AusAID in Afghanistan, in East Asia. Bangladesh, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka (including all the countries in the region The region is also one of the most vulnerable to the with the exception of Bhutan). The sectors funded impacts of climate change. It is subject to extreme included energy, transport, urban development, water climate events including, floods and drought, extreme and sanitation, environment and rural development. heat, sea-level rise and catastrophic cyclones. And while the region has not yet been the source of rising The trust fund supported infrastructure delivery which global temperatures, it is projected to experience this remains crucial to the inclusive and sustainable in the future. India is already the world’s third largest growth necessary to raise standards of living and to emitter of greenhouse gases and Pakistan, which is lift disadvantaged segments of the population out of still at a low level of industrialization, is already the poverty. With an economic growth rate of around 6% world’s 33rd highest emitter. But even with these many in the last two decades, South Asia remains home to challenges, the region has tremendous potential. It about 1/4 of the world’s population and to as many as will see one of the world’s largest movements of 43% (596 million) of its poor. Growth in urban areas population from rural to urban settings over the next and increasing urbanization in the region strains 25 years. This will present new opportunities to make existing infrastructure and creates pressure for faster major inroads on poverty reduction. It will also allow infrastructure development. The low quality and for a more sustainable approach to infrastructure unreliability of the available infrastructure is a serious development with nearly 75% of urban infrastructure constraint on growth (Box 1). yet to be built. 5 Box 1. Some of the challenges faced by the Overall Fit Within Regional and countries of South Asia Country Strategies In spite of an economic growth rate of around 6% The World Bank’s regional strategy recognizes in the last two decades, the South Asia region the importance of improving infrastructure in (SAR) remains home to about 1/4 of the world’s sustaining and sharing growth and achieving human population and to as many as 43% (596 million) development outcomes. The infrastructure deficit of its poor. The low quality and unreliability of the stems not just from inadequate investment, but also available infrastructure is a constraint on economic poor service-delivery performance arising from policy growth and poverty reduction. and governance deficiencies in the infrastructure sectors. Infrastructure deficiencies are amongst the Transport infrastructure in South Asia suffers from most important issues raised by governments in India, poor conditions, lack of intraregional connectivity, Pakistan and elsewhere in the region, and figure unreliability and costly services. The quality of prominently in SAR Country Assistance Strategies. roads is inconsistent: only 10% of Bangladesh’s These same strategies recognize the role that the roads are paved; India and Nepal fare better with World Bank can play in improving infrastructure 47 and 54%, respectively. Sri Lanka and Maldives services, through “demonstration projects” and lead the region in paved roads with 81% and 100%, analytical and advisory services given the small size respectively. Travel from Delhi to Islamabad, a of the World Bank lending relative to total investments distance similar to that between Washington and in infrastructure in the region. New York City, requires connecting flights through the Gulf States, Istanbul or Bangkok. In addition, IFGI is aligned both with the regional and country South Asia has unrealized potential for rail and strategies of the World Bank through the emphasis inland water freight transport relying on excessive given to infrastructure, as well as to the need to use of road transport. Inadequate road and rail introduce and sustain sector governance and connectivity of its ports with hinterlands further performance changes. IFGI is also used strategically inhibits the region’s potential for growth and by the World Bank South Asia Region to ensure development. substantial incremental impacts from the work program, with initial areas identified concentrating In addition to improving network efficiency, on the following: (i) infrastructure development transport is the key to providing basic services through public-private partnerships; (ii) transport like schools, health facilities, electricity, and water corridor activities in Pakistan and Bangladesh; and and sanitation, which are important for increasing (iii) mega-city management. In addition, the program people’s welfare. Infrastructure in South Asia is activities supported efforts related to improvement in largely funded and delivered by the public sector; infrastructure sector governance in Bangladesh, and the inefficiency of public provision of infrastructure regional knowledge management in infrastructure. has led to poor cost recovery and weak operations and insufficient maintenance of the infrastructure assets. As the demand for infrastructure has increased due to growth and urbanization, public AusAID’s Strategy and IFGI’s finances are no longer sufficient to finance Value-added infrastructure. The private sector is now being encouraged not only to finance but also to build, The basis for the Infrastructure for Growth Initiative operate and maintain infrastructure assets. (IFGI) was derived from a Government of Australia White Paper that provided an analysis of the Conflicts are also hampering the development development in Asia and Pacific regions, emphasizing of the infrastructure in the region. Besides the role of infrastructure in shared growth. AusAID much needed resources being spent to rebuild identified the following as the main development infrastructure that has been damaged in conflict- objectives of the IFGI: (i) fostering an enabling stricken areas, connectivity and integration both environment for infrastructure development and within countries and across borders remain limited service delivery; and (ii) improving aid effectiveness (areas of conflict are invariably in lagging regions). by enhancing cooperation between AusAID and the World Bank. 6 IFGI was planned to be used across the infrastructure scale of the needs and/or pose high transactions sectors, given the need for improved service delivery costs. Technical assistance loans and credits in all areas. In line with the overall objectives of can be utilized but require a minimum scale as AusAID’s Infrastructure for Growth Initiative, individual well as substantial upfront work; in addition, their activities financed under the TF included a clear disbursement performance is not strong. IFGI growth focus. Areas of joint priority were identified as effectively provides the region with a different follows: model to assist counterparts, by being able to commit larger blocks of funding for advisory and • Infrastructure planning and management other support for a multi-year period. • Urbanization and decentralization • Energy efficiency and clean energy • Public-private partnerships • Water and sanitation Financial Overview • Telecommunications • Irrigation, and Since 2008 a total of AUD$19,500,000 was • Regional coordination and development of energy received as contributions from Australia, equivalent markets at the time of receipt of US$18,064,150. When the trust fund was closed in December 2013, a total In terms of the nature of engagement with client of US$18,189,707 had disbursed, in part, through countries, the trust fund has filled a gap in the World re-allocation of investment income that covered a Bank’s ability to engage in coordinated and sustained large part of the administrative costs ensuring that advisory work. At present, aside from limited funds the maximum amount provided by Australia was available from the World Bank budget, the resources allocated to grants. This amount was allocated to for supporting counterparts with advice on policy and 80 activities throughout the five year-span of the governance changes are either limited relative to the trust fund (Figure 1). Figure 1. Activities funded in the 2008-2013 period, by nature of disburse- ments (in US$) Administrative costs, $812,933, 5% Economic and Sector Work, $1,301,847, 7% 1 7 Lending related, 24 $8,808,075, 48% Non-lending 48 Technical Assistance, $7,266,852, 40% Inner circle: Number of Activities Outer circle: Total Disbursements 7 Lending-related activities represented 48 out of 80 both of which lagged a bit behind in funding levels. activities funded and received about half of funds, while Regional activities, while few in numbers, received 17 technical assistance and analytical studies constituted percent of funding. In general, regional grants were the balance. Administrative costs (excluding the central larger than individual country grants (US$420,000 on services fee) were kept low, around five percent. Non- average compared to US$220,000 across all other lending technical assistance with 24 activities received countries) which is due to their complex reach and 40 percent of funding. Lending-related activities usually implementation working with multiple counterparts. required lower amounts per activity (US$180,000, on average, versus US$300,000 for technical assistance) In terms of sector-focused disbursements, as due to the fact that they benefited from project- illustrated in Figure 3, urban development and access related funding. Conversely, technical assistance was to water and sanitation led the way with 28% of use of often provided for regional activities with complex funds, followed by energy with 25% use of funds, and implementation within a variety of sectors. transport at 21%. When combined with infrastructure- specific work across several sectors (9%), allocations When it comes to allocation by country (Figure 2), to core infrastructure sectors covered 83% of the all countries in the region were part of IFGI, with the budget while allocations to less infrastructure- exception of Bhutan. Logically, allocations to India led intensive sectors (e.g., social, environment, and the way, with 32 activities and one third of funding, but natural resources) accounted for the remaining 17%. the remainder was fairly well spread among countries with the exception of Afghanistan and Maldives, Figure 2. Disbursements by Country (in US$) Figure 3. Allocation by Sector (in US$) Maldives, Water resources, Afghanistan, $504,553, 3% $768,953, 4% $626,824, 4% Environment, $1,130,043, 6% Nepal, $1,447,602, 8% Social Development, $1,277,591, 7% Urban development 52 Sri Lanka, India, and access to water $1,477,177, 9% $5,773,158, 33% 6 and sanitation, 8 General 7 $5,123,870, 28% Infrastructure, 3 $1,504,389, 9% 27 8 32 6 Pakistan, 6 $1,957,411, 11% 11 19 12 Transport, $3,851,315, 21% Bangladesh, South Asia, $2,672,962, 15% $2,917,087, 17% Energy, $4,533,547, 25% Inner circle: Number of Activities Inner circle: Number of Activities Outer circle: Total Disbursements Outer circle: Total Disbursements 8 Chapter 2 – IFGI Impact and Key Results In this chapter, a summary of key results and Through an iterative process of discussions the impacts will be provided. In addition, a few key proposals identified were strengthened to see that areas of activities – the support for low-capacity they met the strategic objectives of IFGI and provided environments and public-private partnerships, as well high value outcomes. as projects contributing to regional integration – are featured, along with a summary of sectoral activities. An appendix to this report offers the comprehensive list of IFGI projects. Summary of Key Results and Impacts The AusAID funds leveraged infrastructure-related investments from the World Bank, other development The impact of IFGI Trust Fund is prominent in a partners and client countries. By providing much number of sectors where the countries of South Asia needed financing for identification, due diligence were looking for meaningful support. The trust fund and supervision of the World Bank projects, the IFGI aided, among others, sub-national governments grants leveraged the World Bank projects and had in fragile, post-conflict areas. It has enabled the a disproportionate impact given their relative size introduction of public-private partnerships for better of US$230,000, on average. This includes the non- service delivery and innovation. financial aspects that are often undervalued and overlooked. For example, the trust fund benefited IFGI has supported projects which were large, from the World Bank’s long-standing relationships complex, and transformational in nature requiring and worldwide network. It has also supported policy sizeable financial investment and complicated design dialogue with client countries and other development and implementation processes across multiple partners. sectors. The World Bank also contributed its expertise to the Additionally, technical assistance was provided on key partnership with AusAID, using the advantage of issues pertinent to the development and sustainable generating its regional and world-wide knowledge growth of South Asian countries and the region as a through analytical studies and workshops. whole. Activity-specific capacity building activities in- country and across the region were also conducted in Strategic program management ensured that the most cases. IGRI activities were strongly embedded in the World Bank’s work program and strategic priorities in the By the same token, an important IFGI contribution region. to SAR development was in providing just-in-time, flexible solutions in the form of technical assistance, Oversight from the office of the Director of the the analysis of spatial disparities in Pakistan is one Sustainable Development Department ensured that example of technical assistance provided with IFGI only tasks that had significant impacts were funded. support (Box 2). Communication by the program administration with Sector Managers, the Operations Manager and task teams helped identify high value activities and develop a potential pipeline of activities for funding. 9 Box 2. Addressing spatial disparities in Pakistan civil society organizations meetings; roundtable Key findings discussions; and workshops. The report identified social and poverty priority issues associated • In Pakistan, trade and transport reforms must be with trade and transport reforms including social targeted to promote investments associated with conflicts, HIV/AIDS, and women and youth industrial development. employment. • Spatial transformation through connectivity in freight transport infrastructure is essential as a linkage The report findings and recommendations deeply between industries and domestic and international informed Pakistan’s development strategy markets. and served to enhance Pakistan’s export • The success of trade and transport reforms is competitiveness and industrialization while dependent on addressing potential risk issues that addressing the poverty and social impacts on will impact vulnerable groups in areas such as social vulnerable groups. The report also proposed conflict, youth and female employment, HIV-AIDS, activities that identify policy reforms, investment and involuntary resettlement and displacement. and technical assistance needed to alleviate poverty and ensure environmentally and socially IFGI supported a study envisaged as a key input sustainable trade and transport reforms. to the National Spatial Strategy, and therefore to potential future infrastructure investments in Pakistan. The National Spatial Strategy explored a number of key issues in infrastructural development: The trust fund has stepped in to support work in concentration of urbanization and infrastructure; the management of land acquisition, resettlement location of business and public services; transport and rehabilitation in South Asia. Newly-established logistics; water resource management; and green National Centres of Excellence for Management of areas. Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation in South Asia support local capacity-building and Pakistan had done limited work in these areas knowledge dissemination in infrastructure projects (mentioned above) lacking a view of an integrated (Box 3). IFGI funding supported training and capacity strategy; therefore, the government recognized the building assistance to both public and private need to carry out independent surveys, background sectors in the implementation of an intensive training studies, and bring to bear international experience program for identified key infrastructure institutions in relevant to the country in order to prepare the Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Afghanistan to improve strategy. A series of consultations were conducted the performance of a group of mega investment during the study, including interviews with key projects in the region. informants; focus group interviews; community and Rural Road, Khunjerab Province, Pakistan 10 Box 3. Management of land acquisition, The management of land acquisition, resettlement resettlement and rehabilitation in South Asia and rehabilitation program started in Bangladesh and was expanded to a regional initiative due It has been found that weak regional capacity in to popular demand from clients. At closing, the the management of land acquisition, resettlement program has: established five national Centers and rehabilitation has led to poor performance of Excellence in the region; helped develop in resettlement planning and implementation, university-level management of land acquisition, causing bottlenecks in infrastructure development. resettlement and rehabilitation coursework in eight The management of land acquisition, resettlement universities and; organized 14 regional training and rehabilitation program aimed to strengthen events for practitioners. Global south-south capacity in South Asian countries through: (1) knowledge sharing events totaling 18 days were creating a regional network of national centers held in different countries. of excellence in management of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation; (2) conducting The events featured prestigious speakers and management of land acquisition, resettlement resulted in high attendance, with over 200 and rehabilitation training for agencies of mega participants. Regional knowledge exchange and infrastructure projects; and (3) facilitating regional partnerships were strengthened. This was the sharing of experiences and learning in benefit- first time South Asian countries were brought sharing. together on this issue, and the National Centers of Excellence have started to collaborate. A regional The unique operating environment in South Asia network of specialists has developed as a result. created a need for such a program. Due to the colonial legacy in several key countries, the region shares similar land tenure systems, acquisition The Australian funds were essential for the World policies and management setups. South Asian Bank to scale up its work in areas such as PPPs, countries have been struggling with parallel urban water and sanitation, and transport and cross- challenges in land acquisition and involuntary border energy trade. They substantially strengthened resettlement, yielding similar lessons and and diversified the World Bank portfolio of activities in experiences. Despite the commonalities and due to the region in a wide range of infrastructure projects. geopolitical tensions, South Asia is one of the least This has increased the flexibility and effectiveness of integrated regions in the world. Consequently, the the World Bank’s response to requests for assistance region has benefited little from sharing and learning from the countries in the region. among its countries. In response to a public request, a multi-year program was developed to Through its partnership with AusAID, the World facilitate faster and more sustainable infrastructure Bank has been able to expand its engagement in development through in-country capacity building infrastructure in South Asia and raise the quality of and cross-regional learning on management of preparation, supervision and monitoring of projects. land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation This partnership has also enabled the World Bank and benefit-sharing for affected populations. to help strengthen the supervision capacity of client countries. The program had four key components which include: Finally, IFGI has served to build a closer long-term partnership between the World Bank and AusAID. 1. establishing national and regional Centers of All the activities funded met the objective of the trust Excellence; fund to either support the enabling environment for 2. promoting regional knowledge exchange on infrastructure delivery and/or facilitate infrastructure management of land acquisition, resettlement delivery. The IFGI impact can be felt in client countries and rehabilitation and benefit-sharing; in the form of support for policy and institutional 3. exploring benefit-sharing mechanisms in reforms, better designed projects, innovations in infrastructure investment, and infrastructure delivery and greater flexibility in the 4. building regional capacity to implement support provided. effective management of land acquisition, resettlement and rehabilitation practices. 11 Support for Low - Capacity and social effects of the program on participating communities for the information of the Government of Environments Afghanistan, donor agencies, and NGOs. The severe capacity deficit in fragile states and sub- Aside from the funding for Afghanistan, IFGI national governments in the region remains a significant also supported capacity-building of sub-national constraint on development. Thus, IFGI funds are governments in low-capacity environments. This allocated to fragile states, primarily Afghanistan, and in included, among others, reinforcing the capacity of local countries with weak local governments. governments for integrated solid waste management and water and sanitation reforms. An assessment All the work that is funded in Afghanistan was directed of Secondary Cities in Sri Lanka in the Eastern and to support capacity building in this fragile state. This Northern Provinces recommended actions to boost the included building the capacity of the government to development of four cities. The Urban development construct energy infrastructure. The Afghanistan strategy for the analyzed cities included: National Development Strategy prepared in 2006 set out ambitious three to five year goals for increasing • capitalizing on economic growth drivers; access to electricity throughout the country. The • improving the connectivity; Strategy’s specific goals aimed for the electricity • ensuring strategic planning and affordable housing supply to reach at least 65 percent of households and systems; 90 percent of non-residential establishments in major • bolstering infrastructure services and better urban areas and at least 25 percent of households disaster preparedness; and in rural areas. This would have represented a • strengthening the operations, financing, and considerable increase over the rate of electrification accountability of the urban authorities. from an estimated six percent nationwide in 2003. The IFGI-supported activity focused on: While these elements are common across the analyzed cities, the approach to addressing each one differs • reviewing models for electricity service delivery in according to the unique characteristics of every city. peri-urban areas to deliver electricity efficiently and economically to the household and commercial consumers located close to the planned grid; • determining the best models for implementation Public Private Partnerships in Afghanistan; • identifying barriers to implementation and (PPPs) addressing specific policy and regulatory needs The trust fund allowed for scaling up the World Bank for implementation; and work on public-private partnerships (PPPs) in all • conducting training activities. countries of the region and in multiple sectors. Funds provided for PPP support represented a significant Another project in Afghanistan supported the portion of total allocations with 42 out of the total 80 National Solidarity Program enhanced supervision. grants supporting PPPs in infrastructure in some form The National Program involved simultaneous or another. implementation of over 20,000 infrastructure projects throughout the country and required substantial PPP-related activities were conducted in India, Nepal, technical assistance and supervision. The IFGI grant Pakistan and Bangladesh. One activity provided enhanced quality and sustainability of infrastructure technical assistance for the PPP framework and subprojects by evaluating and improving technical a Viability Gap Fund in Pakistan. In India, the PPP assistance to the complex subprojects related to water options study was conducted for the first Dedicated resource use and management, such as irrigation, Freight Corridor of the Indian railways. In Nepal, the water supply and sanitation, and micro hydropower. PPP work funded the evaluation of contractors (and their capacity building) for renovation and construction Also, impact evaluation for national emergency rural of bridges that had been neglected during long years access (NERAP) was conducted with the IFGI support. of conflict as part of the Nepal Bridges Project. In The lack of rural access to infrastructure in Afghanistan Bangladesh, a similar study looked at the availability has been considered to be one of the sources of rural of qualified contractors for providing multi-village poverty and a constraint that hampers the transition from piped water in rural areas as well as steps to be taken opium cultivation to licit rural livelihoods in Afghanistan. for strengthening contractors’ capacity. The NERAP evaluation identified the economic, political, 12 Among the vast array of projects focusing on public- The toolkits also include explanatory notes delineating private partnership, the project Experience of the rationale and steps involved in PPP project Infrastructure PPPs in India - Lessons for Institutional preparation and specific sector context. In addition, Policy, provided advice, technical assistance and other checklists, financial models, a user guide and a variety support on PPPs in India, particularly, in the specific of other resource material are included in each toolkit. sectors selected by the study. The study highlighted The feedback received during the dissemination numerous issues for government action and provided workshops was uniformly positive. Nearly 600 users observations that will inform sectoral and broad policy had registered themselves on the toolkit web site dialogue. PPPs in India were analyzed in public and, it was observed that the site had received 100- sector domains such as water supply management, 150 visits on a typical weekday. Of these visits nearly solid waste management, power distribution and 30% were from outside of India and from nearly 40 state highways, where the central government has countries. This confirms the usefulness and relevance a more circumscribed role, and where the role of of these toolkits. A consulting consortium was engaged state and local authorities is dominant. The technical for developing the content and curriculum for the basic assistance work on PPPs in India was accompanied and advanced PPP courses as well as for a course for by capacity building for public sector teams (Box 4). senior policymakers. In addition, selected personnel from various government institutions were prepared Box 4. Infrastructure PPP capacity building in India to be the trainers for delivery of this curriculum. A PPP Communication Manual was developed to The objective of the technical assistance activity assist public sector staff engaged in developing and was to help various levels of government to implementing PPP projects to more effectively identify harness private sector efficiencies in improving and address the communication-related challenges the level and quality of infrastructure services, in their respective PPP projects and programs. The and thereby, contributing to long-term growth and project included a five-day PPP training program for development. IFGI supported improving the level about 40 participants including senior public sector and quality of infrastructure services, and thereby professionals from the central and state governments contributed to overall growth in the long run by and potential trainers. Building upon the project, assisting several ministries (e.g., Ministries of the World Bank has received a proposal from the Infrastructure and Finance) in implementing key Department of Economic Affairs for a follow-on activity recommendations from a recent review of both which intends to further strengthen the World Bank’s institutions and processes for PPPs. This was done knowledge and capacity-building partnership with the by developing tools and methodologies to improve Government of India. The proposed follow-up activity the identification, procurement and management of will assist the PPP Cell of the Department of Economic PPPs at the national and state government level, as Affairs in the Ministry of Finance, in addressing critical well as improved methodologies for due diligence, areas, including dissemination of decision-making risk assessment and the evaluation and reporting tools and best practice guidance to address emerging of the fiscal costs of PPPs. Capacity-building challenges. The engagement will also help the PPPCell activities of trainers enhanced skills necessary for in the preparation of a business plan for a proposed better management of PPPs among staff in various institution aimed at catalyzing PPPs. functional areas and levels of government. As a result, the PPP online toolkits, along with case studies, were developed for five sectors Regional Integration and and disseminated through workshops. They were Infrastructure developed to assist public sector functionaries engaged in identifying and structuring PPPs in the The cross border energy sector work supported by selected sectors. Organized in a sequential, easy- IFGI resulted in the first energy trade deal between India to-use and interactive manner, they provide step- and Nepal. The first project supporting building and by-step assistance in: maintenance of bridges in Nepal helped to rehabilitate bridges and connect communities of the mountainous • choosing a mode of PPP that best suits their country emerging from ten years of armed conflict. requirements; In Pakistan, community infrastructure interventions • effective allocation of key risks; were analyzed to understand the processes which • analysis of the financial aspects of the proposed facilitate leveraging of public funds by community and PPP from the private as well as public sector village-based organizations. The impact of community- perspective. 13 managed infrastructure interventions on local communities was measured, especially that of women, a lack of electricity is the biggest barrier to their children, marginalized groups and minorities. growth. South Asia is the region with the highest incidence of open defecation in the world—with Key analytical studies undertaken include a flagship 680 million people (41 percent of the population) study on closing the infrastructure gap in South Asia, having no other option in 2011. In terms of telecom as well as the Sri Lanka infrastructure assessment access (measured as fixed and mobile lines per and the study of spatial disparities in Pakistan. The 100 people), South Asia and Sub-Saharan Africa study of the infrastructure gap in South Asia has set rank at the bottom (72 and 54, respectively) with the foundations for efficient and effective infrastructure less than half the access found in Europe and development choices (Box 5). It benchmarked South Central Asia and Latin America and the Caribbean Asia against other regions of the world in terms of (157 and 125, respectively). According to the access and quality of infrastructure services. The report, this situation is of great concern given infrastructure gap flagship was modeled after other South Asia’s low level of urbanization, with most regions, specifically, Latin America and Africa. people living in rural areas .Transport infrastructure Technical models were developed for estimates of suffers from a lack of intraregional links among the physical and financial investment needs in the power, national road networks, unrealized potential for rail transport, water and sanitation, solid waste and and inland water freight transport, and inadequate irrigation sectors across the region. road and rail connectivity of ports with other areas. These limitations turn transport infrastructure into a IFGI has supported not only physical infrastructure, but barrier for regional and international trade. also telecom and information infrastructure. In Nepal, support was provided to inform the development of The only indicator where the region is about the telecommunications infrastructure sector strategy even with the rest of the world and East Asia is for the ongoing Nepal Telecom Sector Reform. on improved water access: 90 percent of the population in the region has access to potable water. However, most of this access is through Box 5. Reducing poverty by closing South Asia’s public stands; only 25 percent of the population infrastructure gap has access to piped water and a 24-hour water supply is a rare exception in South Asian cities. The report, Reducing Poverty by Closing South Asia’s Infrastructure Gap, is the first analysis of the To close the infrastructure gap, South Asia needs region’s infrastructure needs prepared by the World to invest between 6.6 and 9.9 percent of 2010 Bank. It affirms that the region, which includes GDP each year — an increase of as much as three Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, percentage points over the current 6.9 percent Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, could address its invested by the region in 2009. Governments in the infrastructure needs by tapping private and public region need to ensure that infrastructure access is sector funds as well as by introducing reforms. If extended to people who need it the most: women, the region hopes to meet its development goals the poor and marginalized social groups. without the risk of slowing down —or even halting— growth, poverty alleviation, and shared prosperity, According to the report, South Asian policymakers it is essential to that the South Asia region begin should invest in rehabilitating and maintaining to close its huge infrastructure gap(defined in the infrastructure assets to deliver services efficiently report as the gap between where South Asia’s and sustainably, moving away from the “build, infrastructure is today and where it currently should neglect, and rebuild” mindset. They could introduce be). The task would be difficult but not impossible reforms for various sectors ensuring financial and with a concerted effort by governments in the operational sustainability so that they can be able South Asia region, where access to infrastructure to plan and implement sound investment strategies compares with Sub-Saharan Africa. and improve operational performance for the long-term. Governments could establish solid and For instance, in South Asia only 71 percent of the transparent legal, policy and regulatory frameworks population has access to electricity, ahead of Sub- in order to attract private investment. They could Saharan Africa at 35 percent, but well behind the also decentralize service provision in an appropriate rest of the developing world at above 90 percent. manner. According to businesses surveyed in South Asia, 14 Sectoral Impacts will be urban dwellers by 2050– together with the rapid increase in motorized transport leads to serious In 2013, the World Bank had a portfolio of 96 active congestion and poor air quality in urban areas. This, infrastructure projects in the region across all sectors, in turn, will continue to have a significant negative with total commitments of $19.8 billion. impact on health and, potentially, on climate change. This creates new demands for transport infrastructure and services, over and above the already considerable Transport backlog. (India Sustainable Urban Transport Project and Mumbai Urban Transport Project II are addressing South Asia’s transport gap is one of the main some of these issues). constraints to economic growth and to attracting foreign investments in the region. Investment climate surveys The road safety problem in the region is increasingly have pinpointed transport as a particular problem alarming. While India has the highest number of road for regional and international trade in South Asia. deaths in the world after China with over 114,000 road Bottlenecks are encountered in all modes of transport fatalities each year (WRS, 2009). Bangladesh, with infrastructure and services: poor condition of roads, relatively low motorization, has the worst fatality rate lack of intraregional connectivity between the national in the region with 85.6 fatalities per 10,000 vehicles. road networks, unreliable and costly road transport It is followed by Nepal (24.3), India (20.3), Pakistan services, unrealized high potential for rail and inland (18.7) and Sri Lanka (15.5). It is projected that, out of water freight transport (which has led to the excessive all world regions, South Asia might face the greatest use of road transport), and inadequate road and rail percentage increase – 144 percent - in traffic deaths connectivity of ports with the hinterland, among others. between 2000 and 2020. South Asia lacks cross-border infrastructure; it has Making transport safer and cleaner remains one lagged behind other regions in creating a regional of the SAR priorities for the sector. The transport trade grouping and developing the supporting regional team at the World Bank is working to mainstream transport infrastructure and services. Developing road safety in all our projects, and implementing cross-border infrastructure investment, in particular, road safety corridor pilots (Sri Lanka Road Sector cross-border transport projects, allows not only Assistance Project-II). The team is also working along exploiting economies of scale, but also easing the with the urban and the Climate Change and Disaster movement of goods and services among countries, Management teams to provide cleaner transportation, and strengthening the regional integration process. particularly, in urban areas. The main projects include: Today, intra-regional trade in South Asia accounts for Sustainable Urban Transport Program in India with a mere 5% of total trade as compared with 40% in GEF support, Karnataka road transport sector with East Asia. There is an increasing dialogue among the Carbon Finance support, and air quality and urban countries to be more connected. transport management in Bangladesh. South Asia also lacks adequate access to basic Many activities funded by IFGI were aimed at the social and economic services in rural areas. Poor improvement of the transport sector in South Asia. transport infrastructure and services leaves hundreds As a result, significant impacts were identified in of millions of people in South Asian countries without the sector in most of SAR countries. PPPs were access to basic social and economic services. Poor introduced in the previously monopolistic railway accessibility in rural areas (only 57%) contributes to system of India. A study on Ports in India led to a sense of isolation from the economic mainstream, a request from the government to support the leading to a greater incidence of poverty among the development of inland waterways on two segments region’s large rural populations. This also hampers of rivers that lead into Bangladesh (Box 6). The Nepal the achievement of the Millennium Development Bridges Project, the Karnataka State Highways Goals (MDGs). Project and a Bus Rapid Transit system in three cities of India are other examples of large-scale projects The region has been rapidly urbanizing with undertaken by IFGI. The privatization of the airport significant impact on congestion and pollution. Rapid in Maldives was also supported by IFGI. The impact urbanization –the region already has five cities with assessment study of metros in India enabled cities a population of over 12 million (i.e., Mumbai, Delhi, considering the development of a metro system to Kolkata, Dhaka, and Karachi) and approximately half make better informed decisions. A similar impact of the population of Pakistan, India and Bangladesh assessment was conducted in Nepal as well. 15 Different modes of transport -- including waterways, roads, railways, metros, and aviation --were The report, “Reforming the Indian Ports Sector”, analyzed in the region generating an IFGI report that was published in June 2013.It included an in-depth contributed to the Bank’s supported National Trade review of the current situation and future outlook Corridor Improvement Program in Pakistan. The TA of the Indian ports sector, identifying constraints helped improve safety of the civil aviation sector, for meeting future growth and making a set of reduce accidents and improve quality of services recommendations on: through improved compliance with the International Civil Aviation Organization’s safety regulation. As part • sector governance, of the assistance, the ports’ railways and civil aviation • corporate governance, business plan was prepared with an objective to • developing a port business model, build a coherent vision for the development of ports, • private sector participation, railways and civil aviation transport sector in Pakistan. • economic regulation, and • hinterland connectivity. Box 6. Reforming the Indian ports sector This report has made timely contributions in the changing policy environment for India’s Ports Maritime transport carries more than nine-tenths of Sector and will further help crystalize the ongoing world international trade. Ports in India, as in many initiatives in improving the policy and regulatory. countries, face continued pressure to improve productivity, adapt to larger vessels and adopt new The report recommends that to facilitate trade technologies. and economic growth, India needs to develop additional port capacity and invest in large-vessel IFGI supported the preparation of a report capability while continuing to seek improvements on India’s port sector development and the in the efficiency and competitiveness of the port possibilities for accelerating its growth. The report and terminal operations and their connectivity highlights the key issues in India’s port sector and with hinterlands. In addition to the set of outlines a set of recommendations to improve the recommendations listed above, additional the key port sector and remove bottlenecks which currently recommendations to stakeholders include: impede increased trade and growth. Following the preparation of the report, a set of policy briefs • encouraging competition among ports and, where were prepared to engage the Government of feasible, among terminals within the same port; India’s policymakers as well as other important • the corporatization of the existing port authorities stakeholders in reforming the port sector. The policy within a legal framework; briefs looked into international good practices • the adaptation by the port authorities of a in regulatory frameworks for ports that would landlord model which suits their own priorities adequately facilitate private sector participation and development plans; in the port sector. In addition, policy advice and • the establishment of an independent regulatory further dialogue is planned and is expected to lead body to promote and protect fair competition; and to investment support for the government as part of • an improved hinterland connectivity with the PPP transactions for the port sector in India. guidelines set out in the maritime Agenda 2020 for Major Ports. Train station, Mumbai, India 16 Energy The twin challenges of high demand for access and greater reliability of energy services, coupled with an Energy access remains a major challenge in South almost endemic lack of appetite for sector governance Asia with 418 million people still without access reforms poses a significant challenge for our energy (second only to Africa in number), and some 1 billion strategy in the region. For some time, the World Bank people using traditional fuels for cooking and heating. had largely disengaged from energy investments in the Although India and Bangladesh alone account for region because of the lack of sector reform and financial the majority of the access deficit in absolute terms, unsustainability. The strategy of disengagement, with an access rate of 75% and 55%, respectively, however, did not yield any benefits or reform efforts. the access rate is much lower in countries such as Instead, the financial situation in many countries has Afghanistan (41%). Access to energy is largely a deteriorated and the absence of investment in well rural issue, as 94% of the urban areas are electrified. planned, least cost large infrastructure has led to a The overall installed capacity of the region is 250 proliferation of poorly planned projects leading to even GW, of which India accounts for 205 GW. Installed higher costs of supplied electricity, further exacerbating capacity is only 1,076 MW in Afghanistan, and even the issues in the sector. less - 718 MW - in Nepal. Although there has been a significant increase in capacity (e.g., India added IFGI has been meeting the challenge by supporting some 55,000 MW between 2007-12), energy deficits large-scale projects in the energy sector, such as cross- continue to rise and even those with access suffer border energy trade deals between India and neighboring from intermittent and erratic service. Twelve to Nepal and Bangladesh. Another cross-border energy fourteen hour rolling black outs are common in Nepal program focused on energy transfer across Pakistan, and Pakistan, reaching up to eighteen to twenty hours Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic (Box 7). during peak season. Business surveys highlight the lack of reliable electricity as a key constraint to IFGI also supported reform and improvements in productive activities and job creation. the performance of the state-owned transmission and distribution companies in several countries. This Large technical losses, partial-cost tariff recovery and included the development of key performance indicators a culture of non-payments have led to a financially and benchmarking of the power sector in Bangladesh bankrupt sector in virtually every country. Indian and the organizational reform of the Haryana power power utilities lost roughly US$11b in FY2012 with sector in the state of Haryana in India. Haryana’s power accumulated losses as high as 2 percent of GDP. The sector is grappling with the twin challenges of serving a financial deficit in Pakistan in FY2013 is estimated growing and commercially vibrant urban and industrial to be over US$6b. The accumulation of such large customer base while also managing the supply of (and growing) losses is clearly unsustainable from scarce electricity to the state’s traditional economic a macroeconomic perspective. Large unmet peak communities in rural areas. The critical challenges facing demand and limited cooperation across borders has Haryana’s power sector include shortages, below cost- also led to a sub-optimal fuel mix. Coal accounts for recovery tariffs, and limited capacity of service providers about 60% of India’s generation mix even though and other key stakeholders. The trust fund supported the coal sector in India is plagued by bottlenecks in developing Haryana’s power sector in a sustainable mining, processing, and transport of coal. At the same manner contributing to the state’s economic growth by time, the region has significant but largely unexploited alleviating power supply bottlenecks, ensuring provision hydro potential in Nepal, Pakistan as well as in India. of reliable supply, and meeting consumer demand in an affordable and sustainable manner. Emergency Power Rehabilitation Project, Afghanistan 17 Box 7. Central Asia-South Asia cross border security concerns dominate relations between energy program neighbors. The project’s success can pave the way for greater economic cooperation, contributing to IFGI supported a transformational project for South growth, the elimination of extreme poverty and the Asia and Central Asia which helps address issues boosting of shared prosperity. in the energy sectors of four countries: Pakistan, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic. By investing in the CASA-1000 project, the exporting countries are expected to be able to bring The Central Asia-South Asia Electricity as table export revenue stream, for a number of Transmission and Trade Project (CASA-1000) years, from the export of electricity. This is critically is aimed at facilitating electricity trade between important in both exporting countries which have hydropower-surplus countries in Central Asia and experienced chronic, large trade deficits and low electricity-deficient countries in South Asia by levels of foreign reserves. For Afghanistan, the putting in place the commercial and institutional project is a demonstration of the country’s ability arrangements and the transmission infrastructure to facilitate safe transit of trade through its territory required for this trade. that could spur future investments within the country. The four countries participating in the project are of considerable geostrategic importance by A key principle of the sustainability of the project virtue of their location at the crossroads of China, was creating the mechanisms for the four countries India, Russia and the Middle East. Sustained to not only relieve acute shortages of electricity, efforts to promote institutional development and which is debilitating economic activities, but also socioeconomic prosperity in the CASA-1000 support long-term planning through generating countries were therefore a very high priority, not additional revenues in Central Asia. only for the countries themselves, but also for the stability of the Central and South Asia regions The project aimed at generating savings for the more broadly. sector and, consequently, for the finances of the respective country, by displacing more expensive The CASA-1000 project, by establishing an (and more polluting) power in Pakistan and “open access” regime, enabled other suppliers Afghanistan. In addition, allowing open access to (for example in neighboring countries) to avail the CASA-1000 system as agreed to by the four of unutilized transmission capacity to access countries creates the incentive for them to benefit electricity markets in the CASA-1000 countries. from the possible future engagement of additional The project was envisaged to: power producers in inter-regional energy trade as the market grows and matures. 1. alleviate summer electricity shortages in Pakistan and Afghanistan and/or reduce their The benefit-sharing scheme was supported with a dependence on costly and polluting oil-based plan that ensured its positive social impact and buy- generation; in from the local communities. The benefit-sharing 2. establish an additional, steady source of scheme is an important element of the security risk revenues to Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic; mitigation measures that all four countries need. 3. help strengthen Afghanistan’s role as a viable Pakistan is facing a serious energy crisis and transit country, leveraging a key comparative Afghanistan needs to improve its energy imports; advantage and enhancing its growth prospects; Tajikistan and Kyrgyz Republic are planning to and generate revenues from export of their surplus 4. set the stage for expanded energy trade power which will strengthen the financial situation between Central Asia and South Asia. of their energy sector. The program was completed with the preparation of key studies, including, on The CASA-1000 project contributed to key the benefit-sharing scheme. Under partial funding strategic outcomes outlined in the Country from IFGI, some critical legal, commercial and Partnership Strategy (CAS) of each of the four technical expertise and advisory services were participating countries (and an Interim Strategy provided. The activity also helped shape the Note for Afghanistan). It also served in expanding legal and commercial structure of agreements for economic cooperation in a sub-region where negotiation among the four countries. 18 In the energy sector, IFGI also supported the of strengthening governments’ the organizational development of hydropower. It included the analysis capacity to effectively address environmental of impacts of large-scale hydropower development on sustainability issues in their economic development the Alaknanda River in India. The study contributed policies, plans and programs using analytical work to efforts to ensure the long-term economic, social and investment instruments. and environmental sustainability of the significant investments being made in hydropower generation IFGI facilitated new areas of business in the water in the Alaknanda Basin. Given the critical role of sector, either directly or indirectly. These included water resources in the state, the activity sought to urban water and sanitation services and solid waste support the efforts of the Government of Uttarakhand management in cities. A series of Urban Water Sector to integrate hydropower development into an overall Policy Reform workshops were organized in India. The long-term sustainable vision for development of the Urban Water Sector Policy Reform workshops enabled state’s economy. The assessment was disseminated the development of an advisory note on a business in Uttarakhand within the State Government and plan for the Ministry of Urban Development. This note among civil society organizations. It was also shared served as an advisory to all the Indian states. Another with the national Ministry of Power and the Ministry of project improved local government capacity on solid Environment and Forests and it has contributed to the waste management in India through joint research, development of the terms of reference for a study on consultation, training, and dissemination of research cumulative impacts of hydropower development that findings, international knowledge, and experiences. is currently being carried out by Government of India. Technical assistance was provided regarding sites, facilities, operations, and other aspects of the solid Water and Sanitation waste systems. The work has served to generate action on the part of Kerala State authorities to plan South Asia’s rich and diverse land and water resources a solid waste management investment, and guided play a critical role in accelerating economic growth discussions with State of Uttar Pradesh. and poverty alleviation. However, rapid economic growth in South Asia continues to have unintended Sector studies in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Maldives and adverse impacts, including rapid deterioration of Nepal were conducted. They resulted in governments’ environmental quality mainly because of air, land requests for rural water and sanitation services and water pollution, which puts public health at risk. projects in both Nepal and Sri Lanka. In Sri Lanka, It is also putting at risk the long-term sustainability of IFGI supported the government efforts to achieve natural resources that support economic growth and full coverage of water supply and sanitation in cities, livelihoods. The cost of environmental degradation towns, and rural areas by the year 2020. In Sri Lanka, and unsustainable use of natural resources is high, the sector study helped the World Bank and its estimated at about 5-10 percent of the GDP in India, development partners in their dialogue and direction Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. of assistance strategy in the water and sanitation sector. In addition, a technical audit and beneficiary With IFGI support, the World Bank has been assisting assessment of the quality of water and sanitation countries in South Asia to adopt analytical tools, green infrastructure was conducted in Sri Lanka (Box 8). growth models and innovative management practices and technologies. This is being done with the aim Wegala Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project, Sri Lanka 19 Box 8. Sri Lanka: technical audit and beneficiary Water quality was the leading cause of complaints assessment of the water and sanitation infrastructure about CBO-delivered services. The study highlighted that a number of different models have The objectives of the IFGI-funded audit were: (1) been used to deliver services. The different models to obtain an independent professional assessment used a variety of approaches in securing up-front of the quality of water and sanitation infrastructure contributions towards the costs of constructing built under the Second Community Water Supply the new schemes. The results from the study and Sanitation Project in Sri Lanka, and (2) to are inconclusive as to whether one model is analyze the reasons for observed variations in asset predominantly any better than another. The study quality. The findings from regional assessments, showed high levels of female participation in such as one of the Indian health sector, identified the CBOs. This is a beneficial outcome as it is a significant disparity in the quality of the physical expected that women will have a positive influence assets financed. The potential causes of inferior on the functioning of the CBO given that it is asset quality are manifold, with low-quality materials usually women in the household that suffer the and poor workmanship being obvious reasons that consequences of poor water supply and sanitation. are, however, often linked to more systemic issues The study also recommended that greater attention such as lack of capacity, inadequate supply chains, be given to water resource issues of quality and and corrupt practices, among others. The Second quantity in the design of future schemes. Community Water Supply and Sanitation Project has decentralized procurement responsibilities fully to provincial governments (that procure NGOs as community facilitators and technical advisors) and community-based organizations (CBOs) that procure labor and materials. The audit provided a variety of insights into the development of the rural water and sanitation sector in Sri Lanka. The analysis, using a demand responsive/ participatory approach to scheme design, implementation and operation, provided many key observations for policymakers in Sri Lanka working on the development of the rural water and sanitation sector and . The study has demonstrated the benefits that accrue to rural residents from having access to improved rural water supply and sanitation. Average time savings as a result of gaining access to improved supplies varied from 37 minutes to 71 minutes per household per day. That amounts to between 225 and 432 hours per year, or the equivalent of 5-10 productive weeks, annually. These improvements in the delivery of Rural Water Supply and Sanitation (RWSS) services came about from the successful implementation of the demand responsive/participatory approach institutionalized through the creation of village- level CBOs supported by a range of partner organizations. This was a major achievement for the country. Also, financial sustainability of the systems was found critical in the long-term delivery of services. The results from the study highlighted issues related to water quality, quantity and availability. 20 Appendix: The Complete List of IFGI Projects, 2009-2013 Grant Number Grant Name Country Grant Amount US$ TF010769 Enhancing Bank’s Involvement in the Feasibility Study of Afghanistan Not Activated Salang Tunnel TF092874 Impact Evaluation for National Emergency Rural Access Afghanistan 253,959 Project TF093031 Enhanced Supervision of NSP 2 Through Focused Afghanistan 114,926 Technical Assistancein Afghanistan TF093072 Afghanistan Energy Infrastructure Work Afghanistan 176,517 TF094718 Access to Drinking Water in Fragile States Afghanistan 81,423 TF010766 Strategic Assistance to Comprehensive Engagement on Bangladesh 170,668 Rural Water Supply Challenges in Bangladesh TF010880 Bangladesh: Strategic Assistance to Comprehensive Bangladesh 281,234 Engagement on Wastewater Management, Sanitation, Drainage and Service Provision in Chittagong TF010973 Strategic Assistance to Comprehensive Engagement Bangladesh 305,936 on Wastewater Management, Sanitation, Drainage and Service Provision in Dhaka, Bangladesh TF012654 Knowledge, Learning And Communication in Water and Bangladesh 49,930 Sanitation Sector TF013789 Dhaka BRT Workshop Bangladesh 59,124 TF010770 Bangladesh Secondary Cities Development TA Bangladesh 347,549 TF011437 BD: Institutional Arrangements for WSS In Secondary Bangladesh 165,449 Towns TF092216 Power Sector Governance Bangladesh 498,715 TF092882 Programmatic Approach to Land Acquisition and Bangladesh 204,058 Resettlement for Fairer and Faster Infrastructure Development TF093446 Water Quality Management in Metropolitan Dhaka Bangladesh 288,847 TF094602 Development of Padma Bridge and South West Region Bangladesh 301,453 TF010768 Support for Transport Infrastructure Development Policy India 143,505 21 Grant Number Grant Name Country Grant Amount US$ TF014460 Impact Assessment Study of Metros In India India 110,693 TF010879 Eastern Dedicated Freight Corridor Project, PPP Option India 200,000 Study TF014464 Scoping Study For PPP Options of Bangalore Metro India 48,834 Phase II TF010881 Experience of Infrastructure PPPs In India - Lessons For India 349,528 Institutional Policy TF011175 Indian Power Sector Financial Review India 149,901 TF011438 Regional Conference on Rural Water Supply and India 162,034 Sanitation TF011495 A Strategic Assessment on Supervising Signature India 36,226 Projects TF010626 Implementation Support for India Sustainable Urban India 72,721 Transport Program TF092267 Haryana Power System Improvement India 764,506 TF092268 Infrastructure PPP Capacity Building India 642,124 TF092846 Technical Assistance for Preparation And Implementation India 447,333 of India Sustainable Urban Transport Program TF092894 IFC- irrigation projects in the state of Maharashtra India 10,282 TF093030 India: Analysis Of Cumulative Impacts Of Large-Scale India 232,500 Development of Alaknanda River For Hydropower Generation TF093222 Access, Affordability, and Tariff Design for Electricity and India 94,899 Water TF093223 Study on Sustainable Development of Water Users India 154,669 Associations TF093224 Study on Sustainable Water Resources and Irrigation India 161,491 Management TF093605 Institutional Development and Investment Program for India 21,757 Urban Basic Services in Haryana, India TF093660 Urban Water Sector Reform Policy Workshops India 89,034 22 Grant Number Grant Name Country Grant Amount US$ TF094390 Sustainable Infrastructure For Economic Growth And India 285,445 Social Development in the India Sunderbans TF094394 Support to Development Of Incentive-Based Reform For India 111,447 Urban WSS in Maharastra TF094603 Improving Local Government Capacity on Solid Waste India 133,024 Management in India TF094611 Organizational Transformation and PPPs in Maha India 235,800 Transco – India TF094707 South Asia Megacities Improvement Program India 206,225 TF094708 TNUDP-III Urban Service Measurements Project AAA India 135,443 TF094772 AusAID Maldives PPP India 293,885 TF099064 Support for Transport Infrastructure Development Policy India 149,910 TF099065 Preparation of First National Highways Interconnectivity India 81,604 Improvement Project TF099068 India: Enhancing the Supervision of the Irrigation India 145,998 Infrastructure Investments Portfolio TF099069 Enhanced Implementation Support For the PMGSY India 90,587 Rural Roads Project TF099070 Technical Guidance on Improving Performance of Indian India 106,013 WSS Service Providers TF099156 Leveraging A Proposed IBRD Loan with Private Sector India 81,531 Financing through PPP Concessions and Domestic Borrowing TF099388 India Port Study India 118,138 TF013699 Water Security In Maldives Maldives 210,669 TF014461 Nepal Transport Management Reform Strategy Nepal 156,410 TF010633 Facilitating the Infrastructure Delivery of aResult-Based Nepal 133,683 Bridge Project in Nepal TF010634 Kathmandu Valley's Urban Competitiveness Nepal 319,264 Assessment Technical Assistance 23 Grant Number Grant Name Country Grant Amount US$ TF011439 Coping Costs And Willingness To Pay For Improved Nepal Not Activated Water Services in Kathmandu TF011231 Nepal: Comparative Assessment of Rural Water Supply Nepal 462,645 and Sanitation Sector TF014273 Nepal Small Town Water Supply and Sanitation Nepal 31,533 TF092204 Nepal: Telecom And Information Infrastructure For Nepal 145,129 Growth TF094612 Technical Assistance For Emerging Towns And Water Nepal 198,937 Supply And Sanitation Sector TF011186 Pakistan: Urban And Rural WSS Sector Review Pakistan 251,673 TF092125 National Trade Corridor Improvement Program Pakistan 354,136 TF092854 Support To Development Of PPP Framework Pakistan 541,742 TF092877 Establishing Integrated Solid Waste Management In The Pakistan 378,540 Large Cities Of Pakistan TF093603 Community Infrastructure Implementation Review: A Pakistan 181,587 Case Of Pakistan TF093652 Addressing Spatial Disparities in Pakistan Pakistan 249,733 TF010630 Assessment Of Secondary Cities In Sri Lanka: The Sri Lanka 127,394 Eastern and Northern Provinces TF010883 Support To Metro Colombo Urban Development Project Sri Lanka 309,591 TF010884 Sector Study For Water Supply and Sanitation In Sri Sri Lanka 357,386 Lanka TF013179 Sri Lanka - Socio-Economic Impact Assessment of Sri Lanka 46,459 WASH Service Delivery In Conflict Affected Areas TF014410 Compilation Of AusAID Funded Water Supply and Sri Lanka 79,694 Sanitation Sector Work in SAR Countries TF093001 Sri Lanka: Colombo WSSP -- Technical Audit And Sri Lanka 226,127 Beneficiary Assessment TF093604 Sri Lanka Infrastructure Assessment Sri Lanka 295,008 TF094599 Strategic Development Framework For The Eastern Sri Lanka 35,519 Province Of Sri Lanka 24 Grant Number Grant Name Country Grant Amount US$ TF010882 Establishing National Centres of Excellence For South Asia 299,432 Management Of Land Acquisition, Resettlement And Rehabilitation (MLARR) South Asia TF013626 Establishing National Centres of Excellence For South Asia 774,100 Management Of Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation (MLARR) South Asia (Phase II) TF011174 Central Asia South Asia Cross Border Energy Program South Asia 299,950 (Casa- 1000) TF092215 Program Management South Asia 812,933 TF010728 SAR Infrastructure Gap - Phase 2 South Asia 688,583 TF093594 Infrastructure Gap in South Asia World 212,756 TF094709 South Asia Cross Border Energy Program South Asia 242,271 TF099389 Casa-1000 Regional Power Transmission Project South Asia 399,996 TF093594 Infrastructure Gap In South Asia World 212,756 25 The South Asia Infrastructure for Growth Initiative (IFGI) is a partnership between AusAID and the South Asia Region of the World Bank. It has been conceived and structured against a backdrop of the severe infrastructure deficit faced by the South Asia Region. The main objective of the trust fund (TF), which initiated operations in 2008 and closed all activities in December 2013, was to foster an enabling environment for infrastructure delivery and to facilitate infrastructure service delivery. The Infrastructure for Growth Initiative laid the foundation for the creation of the Australia-World Bank Partnership for South Asia, or PFSA, launched in 2011.