Voices of Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania Table of Contents 1 Foreword 2 Acknowledgements 3 Introduction: Listening to the Voices of Tanzanian Women Entrepreneurs 6 Chapter 1: Starting a Business and Managing Priorities 10 Chapter 2: Access to Property Rights, Land and Finance 15 Chapter 3: Navigating Business Regulations 17 Chapter 4: Accessing Opportunities for International Trade 20 Chapter 5: Working Together to Make Change Happen 22 Sources 23 Appendix 1: Tanzania Gender and Growth Assessment Matrix of Recommendations 29 Appendix 2: List of Women Interviewed 30 Appendix 3: List of Associations and Networks for Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania 32 Appendix 4: Useful Resources and Tools for Women Copyright © 2007 International Finance Corporation 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA www.ifc.org Foreword Women entrepreneurs are increasingly recognized across the world for the success of their businesses and for their important contributions to their countries' economic well-being. A growing body of research indicates that women's economic empowerment is positively correlated with improved family welfare and nutrition, higher education levels for girls, and improved economic growth for the society as a whole. Tanzania has been in many respects at the forefront in strengthening the role of women both in the economy and in politics. Supportive legislation has sought to protect and enhance women's rights in areas such as land ownership and customary law. We boast a powerful women's movement, and women constitute 21 percent of parliamentarians and six Ministers. Tanzanian women entrepreneurs are powerful role models, too, demonstrating that despite still being at a disadvantage compared to their male counterparts, business success is attainable. Women often shoulder the double burden of both work and family responsibilities and still face particular challenges in accessing credit to expand their businesses. Tanzania is committed to ensuring that our positive legislative reforms promoting gender equality translate into meaningful shared growth. The Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing’s “Small and Medium Enterprise Policy” recognizes that women have less access to productive resources such as land, credit and education, and welcomes research that further analyzes the underlying causes for these disparities. Recognizing the need to ensure equality for women in business, the Ministry has commissioned from the International Finance Corporation Voices of Women Entrepreneurs report that documents the challenges that women face, but also highlights the successes of Tanzanian businesswomen. Key recommendations include reducing bureacratic barriers by introducing streamlined best practice models for company formation and operation, and increasing women's access to land by strengthening the enforcement of land laws and dissemination of knowledge about women’s property rights. One crucial recommendation is to improve women's access to finance by encouraging existing commercial banks to establish gender-sensitive programs and lines of credit for women entrepreneurs. To improve women's access to trade, the report recommends implementing gender analysis in the formulation of trade and economic growth policies, and providing training for women entrepreneurs on international buyer requirements and other relevant information, to facilitate their exports to international markets. The Ministry welcomes the report's recommendations on steps that the Ministry, other government bodies, and the private sector, as well as civil society, business associations and donors can undertake to ensure that women can fully engage in productive activities to the benefit of their businesses and our society as a whole. The Ministry is committed to ensuring that the recommendations are fully acted upon, and that the voices of Tanzanian women entrepreneurs are heard and applauded. Honorable Basil Pesambili Mramba Minister of Industry, Trade and Marketing United Republic of Tanzania Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Jozefina Cutura. Helpful inputs were received from Mary Agboli, Mark Blackden, Fiona MacCulloch, and Zahia Lolila Ramin, and overall guidance from Amanda Ellis. The report is the result of a collaborative effort of the IFC’s Gender Entrepreneurship Markets unit and the IFC Investment Climate Team for Africa. We thank the IFC office in Tanzania for logistical support and advice. In particular, we wish to thank Elizabeth Massanja and Moyo Violet Ndonde for their support. Layout and formatting were prepared by Vanessa Manuel and support with interviews was provided by Regina Ingabire, Elizabeth Massanja, Leons Mtana, and Happie Mchomvu. We extend our thanks to the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing for commissioning this study and for its continued support to women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. Generous support for the preparation of this document has been provided by the Bank Netherlands Partnership Program, and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). A number of women's organizations have facilitated access to their members and provided useful input, including the Tanzania Women's Chamber of Commerce, the Tanzania Women Miners Association, the Tanzania Food Processors Association, the Tanzania Gender Networking Program, and the Tanzania Media Women's Association. Finally, we wish to thank the wonderful and inspiring women entrepreneurs who volunteered their time to be interviewed and whose views this report reflects. Listening to the Voices of Tanzanian Women Entrepreneurs The Government of Tanzania is woman in manufacturing being 3.5 times smaller than a 3 committed to supporting women man's wage. Even though they make up about 43 percent of micro and small enterprises, female-owned businesses are entrepreneurs with both policy and smaller, have fewer employees and bleaker growth practical support 4 prospects. The Government of Tanzania has made impressive strides in supporting women entrepreneurs, and its policies reflect a International research suggests that gender inequality is commitment to advancing women. The Tanzania National costly for economic growth. Research from neighboring Strategy for Growth and Reduction of Poverty (MKUKUTA) Uganda indicates that the country could gain up to 2 includes actions for addressing gender inequalities, and percentage points of GDP growth per year by eliminating Development Vision 2025 sets the goal of redressing gender 5 gender inequality. The corresponding figure for Kenya is 2 imbalances by 2025. The Ministry of Industry, Trade and 6 to 3.5 percentage points of yearly GDP growth. While Marketing, which commissioned this report, has established Tanzania’s leadership in gender means that it fares special initiatives to reach out to women, and government- somewhat better in this respect than its neighbors, the supported organizations such as the Small Industries Gender and Economic Growth Assessment in Tanzania still Development Organization (SIDO) have been working to finds that, while the country's economic growth has been empower women entrepreneurs through training and access strong in recent years, averaging 6 percent in the 2000-2005 to credit. period, addressing gender barriers could result in important economic gains. If Tanzania were to bring secondary But more can be done to ensure a level education and total years of schooling for women to the playing field for women same level as currently enjoyed by men, this alone could Women entrepreneurs still remain disadvantaged compared produce up to an additional percentage point of growth, to their male counterparts. At 80.7 percent, the labor force making a valuable contribution to achieving the 6-8 percent participation rate for women in Tanzania is slightly higher than growth targets of the MKUKUTA. 1 for men, which is 79.6 percent. Yet, more than twice as many men than women are in paid jobs, with only 4 percent of Certain barriers still prevent women women, compared to 10 percent of men in formal from reaching their full potential employment. Women tend to predominate in agriculture and While barriers in the investment climate are a burden for all trade while men predominate in manufacturing, construction, 2 businesses, evidence indicates that certain barriers pose transport and finance. They are also in lower-skilled disproportionate obstacles for women. Nineteen percent of positions and earn less, with the average monthly wage for a Tanzanian women report land ownership or customary rights 7 to land. This figure is much higher than in neighboring Kenya where women's land ownership is between 1 and 6 percent. Nonetheless, in a collateral-based banking system, Figure 1: Women’s Participation in Tanzania’s Economy only 5 percent of women reported having access to bank 90 Percentage 80 finance in a 2006 Finscope survey, leaving them with fewer 8 70 resources to invest into their businesses (Figure 2). 60 50 40 “It is very difficult here in Tanzania to get access to capital. 30 20 My business is not yet big because of capital.” 10 0 - Shamsa Divani, Gemstyles Company Labor force part. Entrepreneurs Land ow ners Banked Source: ILFS (2001); ILO (2005); IFAD (2005); FSDT (2007). 3 Figure 2: Banking Profile in Tanzania 14 12 10 Currently % 8 Currently banked banked (2006) 6 Previously Previously banked banked 4 2 0 Total Men Women Source: Financial Source: FinancialSector SectorDeepening DeepeningTrust. 2007. Trust. 2007. Source: FSDT. 2007. “Finscope Survey 2006: Demand for Financial Services and Barriers to Access.” Dar es Salaam. Taxation as well as time-consuming and costly registration and This report is based on in-depth interviews and group licensing procedures are further obstacles: discussions, carried out with women across Tanzania. Women's personal experiences captured in this report “Getting a business license takes a long time. It is expensive.” illustrate some of the obstacles they face, but also the - Sarah Kessy, food processor wonderful successes that they've achieved in their companies and communities. Listening to their voices, The government recognizes in its Small and Medium Enterprise (SME) celebrating their successes with them, and also policy that women have less access to productive resources, such as engaging supportive men to work together, would go a land, credit, and education, and it outlines specific measures to long way to ensure that both women and men in promote women's entrepreneurship. Tanzanian women welcome this, Tanzania are full contributors to their country's growth. yet say that their acknowledgement and positive policies have yet to be fully translated into action. What it will take to bring about change Voices of Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania is an advocacy tool, designed to complement the Gender and Economic Growth Assessment in Tanzania by presenting women's perspectives on legal and regulatory obstacles facing their businesses. The matrix of recommendations prepared for the Gender and Economic Growth Assessment provides an excellent roadmap for addressing these issues (see Appendix 1). The recommendations presented in the matrix are a result of a consultative process and have been agreed upon and committed to by the organizations listed. The matrix makes clear that a concerted effort by government, financial institutions, business service providers, civil society, donors, and women entrepreneurs is needed to ensure that the full potential of Tanzanian women is leveraged for the benefit of their families as well as Tanzania's economic growth. 4 Dina Flowers Company Ltd.: Dina Bina A talented networker who frequently appears in the local media, Dina Bina has been running and effectively promoting her flower business for ten years. Dina Flowers provides flower arrangements, decorations, landscaping, and produces tropical flowers on its farm. The company caters to private individuals, offices, diplomatic missions, hotels, and Minister's homes, and it regularly receives orders from the US, Europe, and South Africa. For six years Dina did landscaping for the Dar es Salaam International Airport. “When I started a lot of TV people were coming. They wanted to promote women in business,” Dina says. “A TV show gave me the contract for the airport.” Dina is interviewed by media frequently during holidays. “I've been the key person promoting Valentine's Day. I was on TV talking about how that day can contribute to marriage.” Dina's resume includes membership in various organizations, including the African Women in Agribusiness Network and the Tanzania Women's Chamber of Commerce. She is in the process of registering the Tanzania Flower Association. “It is good to be part of an association, and I am encouraging young women to do it,” she says. When her husband saw how successful the business was becoming, he left his job and joined the company where he is now the Chief Financial Officer. According to Dina, “I could not be where I am if it was not for his support.” Dina Flowers Company Ltd.: Mwita Bina Mr. Mwita Bina was a university lecturer for twelve years and worked as Director of Finance for World Vision before he joined his wife at Dina Flowers five years after the company was started. He serves now as Chief Financial Officer and chairs the board of the company. “We went into the flower business because of Dina,” he says. “We noticed an opportunity because there were hardly any florists in town.” The couple used his salary to provide the start-up capital for Dina Flowers, allowing Dina not to seek formal employment. He acknowledges the role that his wife plays as the public face of the company, “Her ability to project Dina Flowers in public has helped us a great deal. It has had a telling effect on the growth of the company. The first time she got on TV, we got our first big contract.” With regard to his wife's success, he says, “I suspect there are a lot of men who would be threatened. But I am not one of those. For us it's worked well in that we really complement each other.” Efam Ltd.: Fatma Rweyemamu Growing up in Moshi, walking long distances to fetch water was part of Fatma Rweyemamu's daily village life. In a country in which only 45 percent of the rural population and 68 percent of the urban population have access to clean water, Fatma decided to take action in 2002 when she founded Efam Ltd. Since then the company has been working with government, rural, and urban water authorities to fullfil its vision of ensuring access to clean water for people in Tanzania. Efam Ltd. constructs water infrastructure, and conducts borehole drilling by supplying water pumps, as well as solar and generator-powered equipment and accessories. According to Fatma, "many women in Africa think that certain businesses, particularly where huge capital and assets are involved, should only be done by men." Yet this perception has not hindered Fatma. Her business has experienced phenomenal growth since its inception, with an annual turnover of $1,200,000 in 2006. Fatma has been fortunate to receive financing from IFC partner EXIM Bank under the Women Entrepreneurs Finance (WEF) Program, and has big plans for further expansion. 5 Chapter 1: Starting a Business and Managing Priorities This chapter discusses how women's education and skills affect catering, as well as less traditional ones such as consulting or their business success, as well as the all-too-prevalent problem mining where there are few women, and their employees are of managing family and business roles. Tanzanian women make men: up 51.2 percent of the population, and about 43 percent of the micro and small enterprise sector. Over 75 percent of female “In my company I am the only lady. The rest are men. employment in the sector is in the trade, restaurant, and hotel And I employ them.” 9 categories. Despite Tanzania's socialist legacy during which - Focus Group Discussion, Dar es Salaam private enterprise was discouraged, Tanzanian women have shown strong performance since the transition to a market-led “I went into this business because I liked it. It was a challenge, it economy. Estimates indicate that they made up 65 percent of was a man's job.” those who started small businesses between 1982 and 1987. 10 - Leila Jumbe, Lahamat Offer 2003 Ltd. While recent statistics are hard to come by, available data indicates that almost 43 percent of micro and small enterprises Those interviewed express confidence and a strong desire to are owned by women, with the total number of women grow and improve their business prospects: 11 entrepreneurs estimated at between 730,000 and 1.2 million. An Informal Sector Survey carried out in Zanzibar found that 51 “I started with very small capital. I said I could do it, and now I am percent of informal sector operators surveyed were women. 12 doing it.” - Consolata Rwegasira, Mining entrepreneur Women tend to turn to entrepreneurship out of necessity, and have formed Inadequate education is a key businesses that predominate in the inhibiting factor informal sector and in low-growth services While women's enrolment in primary and secondary education A 2006 Global Entrepreneurship Monitor survey of 42 high and has increased over the past decade, Tanzanian women still lag middle-income countries found that individuals with a higher behind at the secondary level, and are much less likely to attend household income are more likely to be starting entrepreneurial university or vocational training courses (Table 1.1): 13 activities than those of lower income groups. In developing countries, the trend is quite different: with formal employment “Education here in Tanzania is low for women.” hard to come by, the majority of businesses are started out of - Shamsa Divani, Gemstyles Company necessity. Tanzanian businesswomen are no exception. Women gravitate towards businesses that require limited capital With the legal marriage age being 15, many girls are forced to cut investment, and are mainly involved in services and activities short their education and marry instead. The cultural norms and they can engage in around the home, such as operating hair the expectation that a girl will leave a home early to marry leaves salons, small-scale retail businesses, animal husbandry, families more willing to invest funds into educating their sons. textiles, or tailoring. Even when they are engaged in paid employment, women receive lower wages then men, and tend Women are not only less educated, but even when they do attend to start businesses in addition to their jobs, since this is often university, they are less likely to pursue fields that will equip them the only option that guarantees livelihoods for their families. 14 with the skills needed to manage their businesses. But increasingly, women entrepreneurs in Tanzania are breaking “The biggest challenge for me is the lack of management out of this mold. Women interviewed for this report own training.” businesses in traditional sectors, such as horticulture and - Focus Group Discussion, Zanzibar 6 The University of Dar es Salaam has instituted a gender Table 1.1: Female Enrolment, as Percentage of policy and initiated a “Transformation Program” to help boost Total Enrolment in Secondary Education15 female enrolment and improve opportunities for women. Yet at the tertiary level, women still enroll overwhelmingly in Education Level 1992 2003 2006 social welfare and journalism courses, while they only make Form I 45.6 48.2 48.0 up 11 percent of students at the Dar es Salaam Institute of Form IV 42.8 44.5 42.5 Technology and 36 percent of students at the College of Form V 27.3 35.3 41.4 Business Education (Table 1.2). Out of a total of 16,230 Form VI 24.3 33.5 38.0 graduates from courses of the Vocational Education and Training Authority (VETA), only 3,940, or 22 percent, were Source: United Republic of Tanzania. 2006. "Basic Education Statistics female. The resulting lack of technical and managerial skills in Tanzania 2002-2006. National Data." Ministry of Education and Vocational Training, Dar es Salaam. makes women less well prepared to manage their businesses than their male counterparts (Box 1.1): “Women do not have the entrepreneurship skills to enable them to effectively run their business. Women need skills development.” - Focus Group Discussion, Dar es Salaam Asjel Enterprises Ltd.: Agnes Mwakitalu, Managing Director As the managing director of Asjel Enterprises Ltd., Agnes Mwakitalu is involved in a variety of businesses, including a stationery store, a bookshop, a laboratory equipment shop and construction in the Mwanza region. She has been in business for 12 years and currently employs 6 people. She started by selling snacks to hotels, kiosks, and canteens, and changed her business line over time. Finding and keeping good employees has been one of her biggest challenges. “I need to employ professionals who are expensive [and] I cannot afford,” she says. “Hence I [end up] employing cheap laborers who might be contributing to my low income.” Agnes has big plans for her businesses. She plans to open a wholesale shop for stationery and lab equipment and buy a printing press unit. Box 1.1: Education as a Constraint to Business Growth As a distributor for Bonite Bottlers Ltd, a Coca-Cola bottling company, Benedicta Justi Kimario owns a small store in Moshi, where she spends her working days serving customers behind a counter, surrounded by cases of Coca-Cola, Sprite, and Fanta. In business for six years, Hills Store now has five employees and sells about twenty cases of Coke products per day. “I started this business because it's the easiest business for me to do,” she says. “This business is manageable for me.” Benedicta has completed Form 4, a standard amount of education in that area of the country. Her main challenge is inadequate capital to expand her operations. She has not tried to get bank financing, and is not aware of the potential of obtaining loans through microfinance institutions, even though several are active in that region. She would welcome training in business and financial management, but emphasizes the need for sessions to be conducted in the evenings, when she has completed her work and household duties. 7 Professional Cleaners Ltd: Odilia Martin Odilia Martin started Professional Cleaners in 1998 after working for 15 years in the hotel industry. “I decided to start this job because I found that cleaning services were in demand,” she says. Securing start-up capital was a challenge. “When I started, I did not have money to buy {cleaning} machines. I have been getting all my equipment and machines from revenues.” Nonetheless, today her company has 260 employees, with branches in Arusha, Dar es Salaam and Mwanza and with clients such as UNHCR, Tanzania Breweries, and Coca-Cola. The poor education and skills of her employees are her main issues. “For the UN agencies, I have to get staff that can communicate, so it's a bit difficult in terms of communication.” She notes that cleaning companies are dominated by women. Sixty percent of her staff is female, with men mainly employed to operate machinery and clean high rise windows. To improve staff skills, she has a training program for employees. In the future, Odilia plans to focus on securing more big contracts, expanding to hotel cleaning and ensuring that her cleaning service remains of the highest quality. Employee skills are also an inhibiting Table 1.2: Percentage of Female Enrolment in Tertiary Level Institutions factor Year Dar Es College of Tanzania National The low education levels are reflected in problems many Salaam Business School of Social Institute of Education Journalism Welfare women report with managing employees. Low production due to Technology Institute unreliable labor caused by illness, such as HIV/AIDS, low 2002/03 11% 36% 48% 68% education levels, and the lack of skilled workers are frequently cited problems: Source: United Republic of Tanzania. 2004. Higher Education Statistics 1999-2003. Ministry of Education and Culture, Dar es Salaam. “My biggest issue is employee skills. There's no school I can send my workers to, especially in floral design.” - Dina Bina, Dina Flowers HIV/AIDS rates for women are outstripping those for men, and the disease has had a devastating effect on both female and male workers. To address the problem, several businesswomen have started their own education programs that aim to equip their staff with English speaking skills, and provide education on issues such as HIV/AIDS. Turashashe Pharmacy Ltd: Rose Mayani A nurse by training, Rose Mayani owns Turashashe Pharmacy in the Kigoma area, which she runs with the help of her family. When she started the business, she had some difficulty in finding a pharmacist. The unreliable power supply has also been causing problems for her medicine supplies, which need to be kept in a cool place. She now uses an expensive generator. Her family has always been a big support system. Rose's husband assists her in stock-taking and cross-checking expired medicine and helps purchase medicine from Dar es Salaam. Her younger sister is employed as a cashier in the pharmacy. Rose plans to open a hospital and a pharmacy factory, and already has a plot of two acres in a prime area set aside for this development. She is also looking for an international medicine producer to supply her with medicine that she can sell on the local market. 8 Juggling business with family priorities Figure 1.1 can be a challenge Starting their own business often helps women by providing Tanzania: Transport Tasks more flexibility than formal employment, and allows them to 18% better manage work and family obligations. Research from 47% the United States indicates that women are much more likely 37% to turn to business ownership than man to accommodate 16 family responsibilities. While this bears out for some women in Tanzania, other interviewees find that the Domestic Domestic Travel Time (%) responsibilities associated with their business have left them Agriculture Women Men Other Services & Social strapped for time: 80 6 14 1.89 hours per adult female per day “As an entrepreneur you don't have a work schedule. Your Source: Christina Malmberg-Calvo. 1994, Women in Rural Transport … SSTP Working Paper No. 11. World Bank and ECA. time is for the business. At home you really have to have strong help, otherwise the family suffers. Balancing work and family becomes difficult for women to do.” - Martha Mvungi, Esacs Schools Women's greater time constraints due to childrearing activities and household duties may be partly to blame. Data from village transport surveys in the Makete Region show that women spend a much greater share of their time on 17 transport tasks (Figure 1.1). According to estimates, in some parts of Tanzania women have only 2 hours of leisure 18 time, compared to 4.5 hours for men. Efforts by the Millennium Challenge Corporation to ensure that its planned US$885 million project alleviates the time burden facing Tanzanian women in water and firewood collection is therefore highly welcome and encouraging. 9 Chapter 2: Access to Property Rights, Land and Finance Few women have been able to use land as the land economically valuable and allow it to be mortgaged collateral to access financial resources for investment. With over 80 percent of land in Tanzania untitled, few people, and even fewer women, are able to use land as collateral. 19 But despite these positive legal The 2005 Poverty and Human Development Report notes provisions, customary norms still that 19 percent of females report land ownership or dominate decisions over land ownership 20 customary rights to land. When women do own land, In Tanzania customary law protects against alienation of available data indicates that their plots are less than half the land outside the clan, and it can prevent women from size of men's (0.21-.3 ha compared to 0.61-.70 ha) 21 inheriting land if there are male heirs, due to the fear that (Figure 2.1). they could transfer land outside the clan through marriage. If widowed, women can also be denied the right of residence “If you look at women, most of them do not have title deeds.” on family land. As a result, customary laws of inheritance - Victoria Kisyombe, Sero Lease & Finance, Ltd. and cultural norms have meant that few women in practice have inherited land. Various constitutional and legal “When I needed land, my brothers refused to give it to me provisions seek to ensure equality for because I was married. In my culture a woman has to be a women vessel, and respect her wifely, motherly and grandmotherly Women's rights to own land and property are enshrined in duties. Women are not expected to own property and in the constitution (Article 23), and embodied in the Law of most cases husbands are very jealous of their wives doing Marriage Act and the Land Acts. The legal system provides business.” - Khadija Simba (Kay), Kay's Hygiene Products formal protection against discriminatory customary laws. The Village Land Act invalidates customary laws that discriminate The lack of awareness of the rights against women, and recognizes a wife's rights to land on the death of her spouse or on divorce. Moreover, since 2002 women have prevents many from seeking Land Tribunals are required to include at least 43 percent justice 22 women. The 1999 Land Act was amended in 2004, to make One reason that the positive legislative changes have made little practical difference in women's lives is that few women, Esacs Schools: Martha Mvungi “I have been in the school business all my life, starting as lecturer and teacher. I had always in my mind to set up a quality school,” says Martha Mvungi, the director of Esacs Schools. Starting in 1995 with 35 students, Esacs today is situated at a sprawling green campus at the outskirts of Dar es Salaam. The school has 680 students at the primary and secondary level, and employs 80 staff. According to Martha, “The first huddle we faced was access to land. We had no buildings. I rented houses and used the living rooms as classrooms. But the students were multiplying and the small building was not enough.” Martha eventually received a plot of land from the government to be used for educational purposes. Yet the process of obtaining the land took three years, and involved repeated and frustrating dealings with government officials. After more than two decades of formal employment, Martha enjoys being an entrepreneur, “You do what you want to do in your own setup. You have autonomy and satisfaction.” She believes that young people should learn about entrepreneurship from an early age, and plans for her school to increase its focus on students' computer skills and publishing. 10 especially in rural areas, are aware about their rights and are Figure 2.1 unsure of how to enforce them: “There is a lot of ignorance around. Even if there is legislation in place, how do we make our rural women aware of it?” - Focus Group Discussion, Arusha Due to inadequate case reporting, many judges, especially in rural areas, remain unaware of legislative changes to the benefit of women. The Ministry of Community Development, Gender, and Children has conducted training for magistrates and disseminated copies of the Village Land Act in rural areas, and the National Gender Policy includes actions on awareness-raising. Yet the Ministry, as well as women's advocacy groups, such as the Tanzania Gender Networking Source: United Republic of Tanzania. “Agricultural Sample Survey of Program and the Tanzania Women Lawyers Association, still Tanzania Mainland, 1989/90.” Bureau of Statistics. indicate the need for greater knowledge-sharing about women's property rights and campaigns to educate women, magistrates, and customary leaders on laws establishing navigate. For businesses to purchase land and a building in women's entitlement to property and support upon divorce. the area of Dar es Salaam, the law requires 12 procedures costing 61 days in processing time and 12.6 of the Formalizing property rights has also property's value. For many women, this time and effort may been difficult be too prohibitive: While the registration system presents an opportunity for “Our family owns land but the area is not surveyed and the women to assert their land rights, in practice only a very small property will not be accepted as collateral. We do not have percentage of land is registered. In Mainland Tanzania 94.3 a title deed. {Getting a title deed} takes a long time and it's percent of rural land used by private owners is extra-legal, as expensive.” - Benedicta Justi Kimario, Hills Store well as 100 percent of land used by private owners in 23 Zanzibar. Even if registration occurs, cultural norms prevent The World Bank-supported Tanzania Private Sector many women from including their interest on title deeds. Competitiveness Project will seek to address these issues by providing technical assistance and capacity building to The system for registering land is costly and difficult to improve land administration and registration services, and it Emmy Mwanri: Poultry Business Emmy Mwanri started her Dodoma-based poultry business about a year ago because she was looking for better income and realized that this could be a good source of earnings. She took out loans from a non- governmental organization and SIDO as start-up capital and is now running the poultry business on a full-time basis. Her family has been supportive, providing moral support and assisting with marketing efforts. Chicken sickness and high operating costs have posed challenges for her. Access to land has been another problem, as well as city regulations for keeping poultry in a residential area. “I am working in an area that city authorities are not in favor of. They want me to shift my poultry to another place.” She is optimistic about her firm's future and is looking to expand the business and buy a high capacity feed-milling machine. 11 presents an opportunity to ensure women's names are Figure 2: Banking Profile in Tanzania noted on title deeds. 14 As a result of their limited land 12 ownership, few women are able to 10 provide the collateral needed to access Currently % 8 Currently banked bank loans banked (2006) Previously 6 Previously A recent study by IFC GEM and the Kauffman Foundation banked banked 4 finds that access to finance is often the biggest obstacle for women entrepreneurs worldwide. Women in Tanzania are 2 no exception. Though they own 43 percent of micro and 0 small enterprises, only 5 percent of women reported having Total Men Women access to bank finance in a 2006 Finscope survey (Figure Source: Financial Sector Deepening Trust. 2007. Source: FSDT. 2007. 24 “Finscope Survey 2006: Demand for Financial Services 2.2). Moreover, only 0.53 percent of female-headed and Barriers to Access.” Dar es Salaam. 25 smallholder households access credit. A 2003 ILO survey of female-owned businesses found that two-thirds of women entrepreneurs used their own savings to start their business, followed by assistance from the spouse, credit The government established a Women's Development Fund in from family and friends, and bank credit. Only half of the 26 1994, and a similar fund that operates in Zanzibar, to help women who applied for a bank loan were successful. women entrepreneurs at the grassroots level access financing. In addition, SIDO, the government arm for the promotion of “For all the three years that I've been in business, I've had to small-scale industries that provides financial and non-financial rely on my customers' checks. Every time I went to the bank services to micro and small enterprises, and the United Nations I was denied a loan.” Industrial Development Organization have been implementing - Focus Group Discussion, Dar es Salaam the Women Entrepreneurship Development Program since 28 1993. Women make up 56 percent of SIDO clients. Yet both The National Microfinance Policy recognizes that “access to the Women's Development Fund and SIDO have been financial services should be made available to both men constrained by low capacity and the structure of their guarantee and women,” and that in order to ensure gender equity, “it scheme, and they have not been able meet the demands of may be necessary to make special efforts to incorporate 27 female-owned businesses that require larger loans. features that make the services accessible to all.” Tanzanian women have been able to benefit from microfinance, and institutions such as FINCA, PRIDE, SELF, Banks can be biased towards women and the Gatsby Trust. Innovative institutions such as the Gender bias by bankers who do not perceive a female Faraja Trust have been able to use microfinance not only as entrepreneur as a viable or serious customer is a common an income generating opportunity, but also to address problem reported by the women interviewed: issues such as HIV/AIDS (Box 2.1). “To get a bank loan is difficult for women. The banking process But microfinance still does not address the needs of those does not favor women. Even if you have collateral, banks can women who want to grow their businesses beyond the make problems.” Shamsa Divani, Gemstyles Company micro level, leaving many female-owned businesses smaller and weaker. Unable to access the needed funds, many Women also cite interest rates as an obstacle: women have had to pass up on potentially lucrative contracts: “I think I am just working for the interest for the bank. The interest rate is killing us. If we had a longer-term loan with lower I had {an} order from South Africa to {produce) royal palms interest, {our business} could have a lot of development.” - Dina but I had financial constraints so could not get the order.” Bina, Dina Flowers - Dina Bina, Dina Flowers 12 Box 2.1: Microfinance Transforming Lives- the Example of the Faraja Trust The Faraja Microfinance Project was created in the 1990s when Faraja (“to comfort” in Swahili) Trust started to rehabilitate sex workers in Morogoro with a high incidence of HIV/AIDS. Dr Lucy Nkya begun to help 450 women in a local brothel who were mostly widows, abandoned wives or girls rejected by their families due to early pregnancies. Dr Nkya soon realized that the main problem the women faced in trying to escape prostitution was having no other means to earn a living: “Culturally here women are not welcome at home once their husbands have died or abandoned them, so many turn to prostitution as the only option to escape poverty.” Dr Nkya established the microfinance project to help support women in the brothel in establishing small-scale income generating activities, such as food and charcoal selling, chicken breeding and tailoring. Initially, the loans were interest free, drawing on a fund provided by the Danish aid agency, DANIDA. Now a small interest rate is charged. The project now has over 3,000 beneficiaries and has created 16 savings and credit societies (SACCOs) in all six districts of the Morogoro region. Some of the women beneficiaries have even managed to purchase land with their profits. “We have found Faraja's loans have not only helped to rehabilitate women who previously had no other economic choice than prostitution, but the chance of HIV infections is lowered and children are now more likely to go to school,” Dr. Nkya says. Products such as leasing and a reliable Business and financial management credit registry can help increase women's training for women should complement access to credit loans Because women are good credit risks, reliable credit International experience suggests that implementing information that shows their creditworthiness could be of programs through commercial banks that on-lend to women significant value. While this is lacking in Tanzania, ongoing is working well in increasing women's access to finance. efforts by the Bank of Tanzania and the Business Environment Experience also indicates that loans alone are not sufficient, Strengthening Program (BEST) could bring about positive and that training in financial and business management is change. enormously beneficial for women who previously may not have been able to acquire these skills, as well as being a Leasing is another option that can allow new businesses with risk mitigant for the bank: limited start-up capital and limited cash flow to start operating immediately. Organizations such as Sero Lease are “Younger women need to learn skills to be entrepreneurs, demonstrating the potential benefits of leasing. Sero Lease preparing business plans, budgeting, and financial skills.” has used leasing to reach out to over 3,000 female clients who - Martha Mvungi, Esacs Schools boast a repayment rate of 99 percent (Box 2.2). The Tanzanian government recognizes the potential benefits of Positive change on this front is possible, as IFC GEM's leasing in its SME Development Policy. But the provision and collaboration with commercial institutions to make loans use of leasing has been constrained in Tanzania due to difficult available to women entrepreneurs in Nigeria and Uganda lease legislation and the lack of public awareness about illustrates. In February 2007 the IFC replicated this leasing. Since 2005 the IFC, through the Swiss State successful model with EXIM Bank in Tanzania, providing Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO)-IFC Leasing Project, financing and advice on reaching out to the women’s market. has been also promoting favorable legal and economic conditions for leasing development. Its efforts to enact new leasing legislation are highly welcome and could have significant benefits for women (Box 2.3). 13 Box 2.2: Sero Lease and Finance Ltd. - Empowering Female Entrepreneurs Through Microleasing A veterinarian by profession, Victoria founded Sero Lease and Finance, Ltd. in response to the problems facing women micro-entrepreneurs in rural areas. “We went into this because most women lack collateral. We decided to look at leasing as our main product,” Victoria says. Sero Lease offers financial leasing products, loaning funds for equipment purchase that becomes the property of the client once all payments are made. Incorporated in 2002 as a limited liability company, Sero Lease has 28 employees and over 3,000 exclusively female clients with an average loan amount of 500,000 Tsh (around US$500) and a 99 percent payback rate. “Before we lease out anything, we sit down with the women. We give them the opportunity and make sure they understand what credit is all about,” says Victoria. Sero Lease also runs a not-for-profit training center through the Sero Businesswomen Association (SEBA) that provides basic business and book- keeping skills, as well as sensitization programs on HIV/AIDS and legal issues facing women entrepreneurs. Initially supported by various donors, Sero Lease has been able to get financing from a bank. Finance still has been a key issue for the organization. “It has not been easy. We had a long road to travel until we were trusted and were able to borrow.” In February 2007 Victoria became the first female client of EXIM Bank’s new WEF program with a $1 million loan which will be on-lent to as many as 30,000 microentrepreneurs. Victoria's current priorities including lobbying for the passage of a new leasing law, opening additional branches in rural areas, and leasing agricultural implements. Aropi Enterprises: Severin Keppa “I started this business to improve my standard [of living],” says Severin Keppa, who begun her wine processing business in 2003 and now employs five staff in the Mbeya region. She is facing stiff competition, and notes that access to “technology, wine processing machines, and packaging materials” has been a challenge for her. Severin has used family funds and a business loan from a bank to finance her activities, but thinks that the procedures to get credit are complicated. She has participated in training sessions in the past, particularly through groups such as FAWETA and TGNP, which she is a member of. To more effectively run her business Severin would appreciate training on financial management skills. In terms of the future of her business, she is envisaging expansion and would like to improve product quality to meet the required standards. Martin Humbo: Retail Shop Box 2.3: Main Activities of the SECO-IFC Martin Humbo started her retail Leasing Project in Tanzania shop in sundry goods in 1998, and » Legislative Review through drafting a leasing law and sells a variety of goods from a proposing certain amendments on taxes small premise in Sumbwanga. » Capacity Building through training sessions for key She has one employee, and runs stakeholders the business on which her family » Business Development by promoting linkages between SMEs, depends for their living on her equipment manufacturers, and financial institutions own. Her main obstacle has been » Public Education through information campaigns access to finance. She uses profits from the business to expand her » Micro Leasing development working capital, but does not have enough for the expansion she » Establishment of the Tanzania Leasing Association envisages. “I am not able to access [loans from] commercial banks due to high interest rates and collateral,” Martin says. She would Source: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/tanzalep.nsf particularly welcome training in business management to help her better run her operation. 14 Chapter 3: Navigating Business Regulations Even though the World Bank's Doing Business in 2007 “Getting a master dealer license was very expensive.” report ranks Tanzania among the top ten reformers in - Shamsa Divani, Gemstyles Company reducing bureaucratic barriers, certain business regulations still pose burdens, especially for micro and small businesses Moreover, women report that they find it difficult to cope with where most women are: harassment from officials, or with giving bribes that are sometimes necessary for approvals and winning of contacts. “Most of our policies and legislation were meant for big business, not for small businesses where women are.” “There is a problem with corruption, especially with - Focus Group Discussion, Arusha government. A lot of contracts are given out to people without qualification.” - Odilia Martin, Professional Cleaners Business registration and licensing can pose early stumbling blocks Taxation burdens may be keeping Despite progress in recent years in simplifying business women from formalizing procedures, Tanzania still ranked 142 out of 175 countries, The World Bank's 2003 Investment Climate Assessment far behind the neighboring Kenya and Uganda, on the ease found that more than half of all firms rated tax administration of doing business (with Kenya at 80 and Uganda at 103) in as a major or very severe obstacle, and 92 percent reported Doing Business in 2007. Business registration is one area they had required meetings with tax inspectors. Many where women interviewed cite frequent problems: women are unsure about necessary procedures, do not deal well with corrupt officials, and report a heavy burden from “It was very difficult. It took me one year to register {the} high tax fees: school. For six months papers were lost. They were put away by somebody until one day I said I am going to involve “We are registered with Tanzanian Revenue Authority. {the} police. There had to be a lot of pushing.” Taxation is a grey area. It is high.” - Martha Mvungi, Escacs School - Victoria Kisyombe, Sero Lease and Finance Ltd. Business licenses can pose further obstacles. Out of the 175 “Women try to follow the law. Men try to evade taxes.” economies surveyed, Doing Business in 2007 ranks - Odilia Martin, Professional Cleaners Tanzania the lowly 172 on the ease of dealing with licenses (Figure 3.1). The government is taking steps to improve tax administration and efficiency in Tanzania through the Tax The time and effort involved in navigating the complex Modernization Program. The Better Regulation Unit of the system with confusing lines of authority can be prohibitive at worst, and frustrating at best for those who persist: Figure 3.1: Doing Business 2007 “To get licenses, we did face problems. It took us a long time. in Tanzania - Licenses It's not clear who has the mandate to give out the licenses. We eventually got it from the Ministry of Trade.” - Dealing with licenses (rank) 172 Victoria Kisyombe, Sero Lease and Finance Ltd. Procedures (number) 26 The time-cost of complying with trade licensing and Time (days) 313 municipal licensing amounts to nearly 25 percent of the Cost (% of income per capita) 3796.6 turnover of micro and small enterprises, a significant cost for 29 women whose businesses tend to be smaller than men's. Source: Doing Business in 2007. 15 Box 3.1: Customs Still Pose Barriers for Women Khadija (Kay) Simba started Kay's Hygiene Products in the early 1980s in a warehouse. Today the company employs 30 full time workers, and distributes women's hygiene products mainly on the local market and in Zambia. The customs procedures have been one of the main obstacles to her business. She has experienced harassment from port officials expecting a bribe, causing goods to get lost in the process as well as considerable time delays. “Government officials harass local people. This is worse for women because they are seen to be the 'under-belly' and easy to harass,” she says. One year, port delays set back her production by about two months, and led to millions of shillings in losses. Kay runs a credit scheme for women, and supports a local community organization in packing and distributing condoms. She credits the encouragement and support of her husband, a former member of Parliament in Tanzania and a Minister, as important to her success, and is now training her daughter in running the business as Managing Director on a full-time basis. Business Environment Strengthening (BEST) program has also Challenges in the justice system been representing private sector interests in the on-going Inefficient and inaccessible courts and a poor dispute resolution reform of tax administration and is initiating further reforms, system make it difficult for female-owned businesses to enforce especially in local government taxation. contracts. Being smaller and less able to pay the necessary fees, female-owned businesses have had little luck when Customs procedures are improving, but resorting to courts: still pose problems There have been significant improvements in customs “We told clients to court. It was a waste of time. The court was administration, with Doing Business in 2007 citing Tanzania as not responsive to us. They would just say to come another day. the top reformer in this respect. Yet for women looking to export, At the moment we try as much as possible to recover money some barriers still remain, including potential harassment and ourselves.” - Victoria Kisyombe, Sero Lease and Finance Ltd. demands for extra payments by clearing agents (Box 3.1): Women interviewed also emphasized the need to disseminate “There is corruption. You can't get your wares through just like information about the rights women have in rural areas. that. There is a guy you have to pay.” - Sarah Kessy, food exporter Janeth Nyakonji: Food Processing and Seed Growing The desire to become financially independent was Janeth Nyakonji's main reason for starting her Singida-based business. She became involved in food processing and seed growing with a loan from SIDO, which was of great help during a period when she lacked start-up capital. In business for three years now, her products include jars of mixed fruits and tropical banana wine. She is a member of the Asijan Group, which has been useful for sharing experiences and even providing financial support. Getting the required certification from the Bureau of Standards and the Tanzania Food Authority has been one of her main difficulties, and she would appreciate assistance with navigating the difficult procedures. Yet she has found few competitors in her local market and is confident of her continued success. 16 Chapter 4: Accessing Opportunities for International Trade With greater regional integration and positive reforms aimed TAWOMA: Representing Women's Voices at increasing private investment, trade opportunities are in Mining expanding in Tanzania. Newly established export-based Membership: 300 industries are providing new opportunities for women. According to the 2000/2001 Labor Force Survey, trade- Activities: Advocacy, market research/campaigns, and fund raising/linkages for its members who own private mining related employment is the third largest in the country after companies. Social initiatives include education for youth on agriculture and personal services, employing about 5 HIV/AIDS, environmental protection, and child labor. percent of females and 5 percent of males. However, Key Issues: Lack of data, uncoordinated business concerns remain about the ability of women to take full development services, and lack of tailored financial services advantage of these changes, as the examples in mining and which limit ability to produce in volume and meet the increasing tourism below illustrate. international market demand. Small-scale mining has opened opportunities for women entrepreneurs But women are determined to have their voices heard in the industry. Organizations such as the Tanzanian Women “Everybody believes that mining is for men.” Miners Association (TAWOMA) and the Female Mining - Consolata Rwegasira, Mining entrepreneur Association of Tanzania have lobbied for quotas of mining land to be allocated to small-scale women miners. With Mining is one of the leading foreign exchange earners in streamlined licensing procedures, TAWOMA recently Tanzania with an average annual growth rate of 15.2 percent acquired legal title to their individual and group mining lands 30 and its members now have foreign investors as partners. in the 2000-2005 period. While few women are involved in Their success is encouraging in an industry which accounts large-scale mining, they are well represented in small-scale for an increasing share of employment in Tanzania. mining, making up about 26 percent of its workforce, and a 31 growing number of mine owners. However, lack of investment capital in an industry that requires high upfront The tourism industry presents investment has been a serious problem for women running opportunities, but has yet to benefit mining operations: women entrepreneurs With its combination of lush beaches and mountains perfect “Mining is a very expensive thing. You need a lot of for dedicated climbers, Tanzania has seen an influx of machines which are very expensive.” tourism, and the industry has become the number two - Leilla Jumbe, Lahamat Offer 2003 Ltd. foreign exchange earner in the country after agriculture. The sector has been growing by an average of 6.7 percent per 32 Despite women's large role in the sector and support from year over the past four years. Zanzibar has been more programs such as BEST, DANIDA, and the Foundation for aggressive in trying to attract tourism, and it entered in 2004 Civil Society, women have had difficulty securing upfront into an agreement with the European Union to rehabilitate its capital and competing with large mining companies: Malindi Port to increase its safety and efficiency, and help 33 reintegrate the island into international trade networks. In “There is big competition with big companies which have tourist-favored regions, such as Zanzibar or Arusha, women equipment that we don't have.” thrive in micro and small enterprises and predominate in - Leilla Jumbe, Lahamat Offer 2003 Ltd handicrafts, textiles, sea weeding, soap making, and spices: “Women are more likely to work with spices because women know the use of spices better than men.” - Fatma Moh'd Fadhil, Kidichi Spices 17 Miners Trust: Mama Ruby A venture co-owned by a group of five women, Miners Trust focuses on enterprise development and creating awareness of Tanzania's mineral potential. As one of its members, Mama Ruby owns mines in Morogoro and in the Mwaizi village. She currently specializes in rubies which she buys for re-selling to the brokers as rough stones. Her main problem has been the marketing of minerals and the difficulty to establish its quality. Moreover, according to Mama Ruby, “there is no legal framework to support indigenous Tanzanian miners so that they benefit from the sale of their gemstones.” She has found the Miners Trust useful for networking and marketing. The members were recently invited to South Africa for a trade expo, and they provide social amenities to their mining communities. Mama Ruby buys medicines for women in the mining community and distributes them to those that cannot afford to get their own supplies. She has also formed youth groups and is training them to mine on the piece of land that she owns, with the proceeds to be distributed equally. Mama Ruby's future plans include mechanizing her mines and doing a geological feasibility study that will coast about US$10,000. But women are not well linked into the booming tourism industry the protection of intellectual property rights, interviews with and have found it difficult to secure contracts as suppliers to women lawyers in Tanzania indicate that few women focused large hotels and other tourist outlets due to unreliable product on exporting and competing at the international stage are likely quality and their difficulty in supplying sufficient quantities to be aware of it, and even fewer would know how to register a (Box 4.1). In some cases, even if they have managed to link up copyright: with businesses, the results have not been positive (Box 4.2). However, innovative examples (Box 4.3) such as the Agape “We lack awareness of current laws on these regulations. We Women Group in Arusha illustrate how women's groups can could increase public awareness through associations.” both benefit from tourist industry while doing good for their - Focus Group Discussion communities. The cost and time involved are another issue. Data from Poorly enforced intellectual property rights Zanzibar indicate that it takes 107 days to register a trademark. hinder women focused on exporting Intellectual property rights are another example of good policy that has yet to translate into practice and deliver real benefits to women entrepreneurs. While Tanzania's legislation provides for Box 4.1: Fight for Freedom Farm, Zanzibar: Aziza Omar Tujikombowe Aziza started the Fight for Freedom Farm, a dairy farming business in 1998, when she bought two cows from her personal savings to support her family. Today she owns four cows and sells milk to local hotels and shops in Zanzibar. A dentist by profession, Aziza runs her business after work and on weekends, and employs her two brothers for the company's day-to-day operations. Though she would like to expand her business by buying more cows and a freezer to store milk, Aziza does not have enough resources and is skeptical of banks and microfinance organizations. “Banks here don't assist small entrepreneurs” she says, explaining why she has not considered going to a bank for a loan. Moreover, hotels and shops in the area prefer buying milk in large quantities, and she's found it hard to supply such large amounts. 18 Box 4.2: Linking up with Private Investors Does Not Always Improve Women's Economic Status - The Case of Kiwengwa Seaweed Farmers in Zanzibar When the company ZANEA came to the Kiwengwa village in Zanzibar and introduced its seaweed product, getting involved in the business seemed like a good idea to the locals. ZANEA assured the community of a ready market for the product and provided initial inputs such as ropes, sticks and seeds as grants to women's groups who volunteered to become partners. ZANEA, like other companies involved in the seaweed business in Zanzibar, operated as a cartel and agreed to buy seaweed from the women for a price of Tsh135 per kilogram of dry product. But seaweed planting and harvesting is physical and painstaking work that involves carrying heavy loads of seaweed up the beach for little return - not an ideal job for the Zanzibari women. Moreover, lack of market competition has undermined women's profit margins and has made them angry and resentful in the absence of viable alternatives. Box 4.3: Women Can Benefit from the Tourism Industry, Too - the Example of the Agape Women Group Located at the base of Mount Meru at the house of Mama Ana, the Agape Women Group started small with Mama Ana selling milk from cows donated by an international non-governmental organization. But with business losing money, Mama Ana welcomed the advice of Faida, a Dutch organization that introduced her in 1997 to the notion that cheese can be made out of milk. Mama Ana attended cheese-making classes at a local college, and soon afterwards was selling her product on the local market. The cheese, a novelty in the region at the time, has been a huge success that led Mama Ana to found the Agape Women Group. The group today has 60 female members who work together to produce tasty cheese and locally grown coffee. Their main constraint has been unreliable infrastructure. “There is a lot of demand for the cheese but we cannot meet it because there is no electricity here,” Mama Ana says. Taking advantage of the booming tourism industry in the Arusha region, the Agape Women Group recently linked up with a local tourist agency. For a small fee, visitors from around the world can visit the group, watch a demonstration of the cheese making process, and taste the delicious cheese and coffee underneath the shade of palm trees at Mama Ana's house. The women are using their proceeds for the good of their community - they have helped renovate six classrooms and a teacher's office in their village and have bought bricks for a hospital dispensary. They are now linking up with women in other villages, and teaching them how to replicate their model. Government and donors can work to entrepreneurs who have had the chance to exhibit their create opportunities for women products at trade fairs often cite prominent persons such as the former president's wife who have publicly supported this A number of donor-funded programs have sprung up to work. Though there has been much support in this area, support women in trade, in collaboration with the Ministry of women entrepreneurs interviewed still note that they would Industry, Trade and Marketing, the Board of External Trade appreciate practical training on accessing international and SIDO's Women Entrepreneurship Development Unit markets through in-depth product reviews and providing links (WED). Working with the Ministry of Industry, Trade and with international buyers. Marketing, the ILO started to implement in 2003 a Women's Entrepreneurship and Gender Equality Program that has focused on research, training, and trade fair promotion. Several other programs, such as ACCESS for African Businesswomen in International Trade, have supported initiatives that expose women to trade fairs and provided networking opportunities for export-oriented women. Women 19 Chapter 5: Working Together to Make Change Happen Networking as a source of business capital key focus areas of the “National Strategy for Gender Development.” Social networks are important for accessing business capital, mentoring, and advice. For many businesses, it is through these The Tanzanian parliament has enacted laws to support networks that business information is shared and contracts are women's economic and social well-being, and has made efforts secured. Nonetheless, as in many other countries, women in to include women in decision-making by passing a bill to Tanzania have tended to find few networking opportunities, and increase the number of women's special seats in local have perceived networking as a burden, given their family government councils to 33 percent and to 20 percent in the responsibilities: Union parliament. Women today constitute 21 percent of parliamentarians. “We do not have the contacts. Men go to dinner together, they give each other support, and women, after work, they think As the preceding pages illustrate, a conducive enabling about home, so they don't have time for networking.” environment for small businesses to thrive in will be crucial for - Martha Mvungi, Esacs Schools nurturing and encouraging women entrepreneurs in Tanzania. However, inadequate enforcement of positive legislation and Often disadvantaged in cultivating business relationships, policies and a lack of resources have meant that, in practice, Tanzanian women are increasingly organizing themselves and many women continue to face obstacles in their day-to-day are finding networking with other women particularly useful in business management. A greater focus on enforcing the model strengthening their businesses. Through organizations such as policies and supportive legislation that are in place in Tanzania, the Tanzania Women's Chamber of Commerce, TAWOMA, and as well as increasing women's awareness of their existence Tanzania Food Processors Association women are supporting would go a long way to ensure that women's voices and each other, exchanging information, and engaging in advocacy. concerns are heeded and result in positive economic outcomes for all Tanzanians. Government and civil society can be allies The Tanzanian government has been a leader in many respects on gender equality, and has crafted legislation that is a model for others to follow. It has particularly focused on women's role in the economy, with economic empowerment being one of the Gemstyles Company Ltd.: Shamsa Divani Shamsa was working in the airline industry when she got the idea for her business during a seminar. “I decided to quit my job because I was working hard and at the end of the month earning very little,” Shamsa says. Since 1999 she has been the executive director of Gemstyles Company Ltd, a company that trades in both rough and faceted gemstones, semiprecious and precious minerals that are ultimately transformed into rings, necklaces and other beautiful jewelry. A joint venture of four women, Gemstyles has mining concessions in the south and north of Tanzania, and sells its products mainly to Hong Kong and Europe. When she started the company, Shamsa joined the Tanzania Women Miners Association, and is now secretary general of the 350-member group. She is also one of the founders of the Women's Chamber of Commerce. “We try to work with rural women and women in mining areas. But our association needs to be strengthened,” she says. Her vision for the future of her business is to have a lapidary center which can cut, polish, and sort the stones: “In Tanzania we have a wide range of minerals and I believe I could do well, if I get knowledge, equipment and materials.” 20 Mwamini Khamis: Zombe Enterprises Ltd. Mwamini became an entrepreneur in 1990, and now owns Zombe Enterprises Ltd, which comprises two textile shops in the Kogoma market area. After her redundancy from the Regional Trading Company where she worked as a secretary, Mwamini became involved in trading and selling of local jewelry, khanga, soap, and lotions between various regions of Tanzania. The business was profitable, and in 1992 she started trading in shirts from Zanzibar to Kigoma and employed three people. She later turned to the international market. She now travels to Dubai, Thailand, and Hong Kong to source shirts, trousers, perfume, and other products to sell on the local market. Though her business has been quite a success and she would like to share experiences with other women entrepreneurs, Mwamini does not belong to any women's groups or networks. Mwamini is not aware of any such groups in her region. She appreciated the interviewer's visit for this report, and noted that this was the first time an external organization came to the Kigoma region to consult with women entrepreneurs. Mwamini has ambitious plans for her business and is looking to construct a hotel, establish a soap factory, mills, and start traveling to Nigeria for fabric prints. Sarah William Kessy: Afri-Youth Development Services A vibrant woman of imposing stature, Sarah Kessy steers her pick-up truck through the traffic and dusty streets of Arusha, on her way to visit the female members of the Tanzania Food Processors Association (TAFOPA) at their work sites. She is the coordinator of TAFOPA's activities in the region, a job she fits into her busy schedule as the owner of a food processing company. “People liked my food and invited me to do more. I realized I should quit my job and start my own business,” she says. Her company now has 15 employees and a small store at the marketplace that sells flour, drinks, tea, massala, and spices. The business has been good, and she has trouble meeting demand, “We have a lot of orders, but we can't fill them.” Kessy loves networking, and notes that TAFOPA has helped its members prepare for exhibitions and attend educational seminars. She also finds the association useful for advocacy. “We can make a big sound when we're together. The government will hear you then, and help you with what you are shouting about.” 21 Sources: 1 United Republic of Tanzania. Integrated Labor Force Survey 2000/2001, Analytical Report. National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam. 2 United Republic of Tanzania. Integrated Labor Force Survey 2000/2001, Analytical Report. National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam. 3 United Republic of Tanzania. Integrated Labor Force Survey 2000/2001, Analytical Report. National Bureau of Statistics, Dar es Salaam. 4 IFAD. 2005. Inventory Study of the Micro and Small Enterprise Sector (SME) in Tanzania, mimeo. 5 Ellis, Amanda, Clare Manuel and Mark Blackden. 2006. Gender and Economic Growth in Uganda: Unleashing the Power of Women. Directions in Development. World Bank, Washington, DC. 6 World Bank. 2007. Gender and Economic Growth in Kenya: Unleashing the Power of Women, Directions in Development. World Bank, Washington, DC. 7 Government of Tanzania. 2005. “Poverty and Human Development Report 2005.” Mkuki na Njota Publishers, Dar es Salaam. 8 World Bank. 2005. Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth. World Bank, IFC and Oxford University Press, Washington, DC. 9 United Republic of Tanzania. 1991. National Informal Sector Survey. Planning Commission and Ministry of Labor, Dar es Salaam. 10 Tripp, A.M. 1990. “The Urban Informal Economy and the State in Tanzania.” PhD Thesis. Illinois Northwestern University. 11 Stevenson, Loise and Annette St. Onge. 2005. “Support for Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania.” International Labor Organization, Geneva. 12 Stevenson, Loise and Annette St. Onge. 2005. “Support for Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania.” International Labor Organization, Geneva. 13 Harding, Rebecca and Niels Bosma. 2006. “Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2006 Results.” Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, London. 14 Kinunda-Rutashobya, Lettice. 2000. “Female Entrepreneurship in Tanzania: Entry and Performance Barriers.” Business Management Series. University of Dar es Salaam, Dar es Salaam. 15 United Republic of Tanzania. 2006. Ministry of Education and Vocational Training. Basic Education Statistics in Tanzania 2002- 2006. National Data. The secondary school education system consists of two cycles: a four year Ordinary (O) level and a two year Advanced (A) level. The O level begins with Form I and ends with Form IV. 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(http://www.fao.org/docrep/V8192e/v8192e06.htm). 22 United Republic of Tanzania. “Country Report on Implementation of the Beijing Platform for Action and the Outcome Document of the 23rd Special Session of the General Assembly – Beijing + 10.” Ministry of Community Development, Gender and Children, Dar es Salaam. 23 Institute for Liberty and Democracy. 2005. “Programme to Formalize the Assets of the Poor of Tanzania and Strengthen the Rule of Law (Mkurabita )Final Diagnosis Report.” Institute for Liberty and Democracy, Lima. 24 Stevenson, Loise and Annette St. Onge. 2005. “Support for Growth-Oriented Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania.” International Labor Organization, Geneva. 25 United Republic of Tanzania. 2005. Poverty and Human Development Report 2005. The Research and Analysis Working Group. 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Washington, DC. 33 Zanzibar Port Corporation: http://seaport.homestead.com/files/zanzibar.html. 22 Annex 1: Gender and Growth Assessment in Tanzania Matrix of Recommendations Issue Recommendation Impact/ Responsibility Timing Starting and Closing a Business Starting a Business TLS/BEST / MoJCA Tanzania’s formerly time-consuming and complex business Consider the introduction of best practice models for company formation and operation which High/ TAMWA/TCC/BREL registration, incorporation and licensing practices had provide simplified, low cost procedures and reporting requirements applicable to small companies; medium term A disproportionately adverse effects on women entrepreneurs, creating barriers to formalisation and growth. Conduct targeted information campaigns for women which focus on the benefits of and processes associated with company incorporation; BEST/MoTTM/TWC Recent changes have substantially improved the situation, C/ sectoral Moderate/ but the benefits have yet to be felt by many SMEs. Some Design and implement of a policy on sector licensing which (i) limits regulation strictly to areas ministries medium term new licenses are being introduced at local level, and a where there is a clear necessity to preserve national security, key economic and strategic complex sector licensing regime remains in place. interests, public health, safety, the environment and natural resources; (ii) de-links the revenue and regulatory functions of licensing (iii) harmonizes licensing with other aspects of the start up While the government recently introduced a new process; (iv) repeals the Industrial Licensing Act; and (v) removes the requirement for firms Companies Act, company incorporation and compliance licensed under sector laws, to also have a general business license. BEST/ with the Act is still a complex, time-consuming process, and BRELA/TWCC/Local continuous improvement is needed. Establish business registry system which is accessible at local level, and which features (i) links to High/ Government other registries involved in business start-up; (ii) provision of information to businesses on relevant medium term Authorities fees, levies, regulations, compliance standards and contact points in sectoral ministries; (iii) provides relevant application forms; and (iv) provides notice to the relevant district administration BEST / and sectoral agencies on the business. BRELA/ MoTTM/ MOJCA sectoral Establish time limits for the granting of administrative approvals, standardize and simplify forms, Moderate/ ministries provide wide-spread information in Kiswahili on business entry procedures and any changes. medium term Access to Land and Site Development TAWLA/ Strengthen enforcement of land laws and the dissemination of knowledge about women’s property High/ MKURABITA, Access to land, workspace and productive resources is rights. Disseminate training manuals aimed at magistrates and customary leaders and information Ministries critical to unlocking the economic potential of Tanzanian leaflets aimed at the community, that records statute and case law establishing women’s immediate responsible for land woman, but land tenure in Tanzania discriminates against entitlement to property and support upon the death of and divorce from a spouse - to reduce and ongoing in Mainland and women because of the traditional practices and customary cultural inhibitions and traditional attitudes preventing women from accessing justice. Zanzibar laws that govern it, particularly in relation to inheritance and Support widespread dissemination of simplified versions of the Land laws in circumstances of the death of, or divorce from, a spouse. Property rights during marriage 23 Consideration could be given to amending s.60 Law of Marriage Act (Mainland) to provide that TAWLA/TLS/MoJ property acquired during the marriage in the name of either the husband or the wife, belongs to High/ TWJA both spouses unless the contrary is established. This would be in conformity with s. 161 of the immediate Land Act, 1999, would prevent husband’s from dealing separately with matrimonial property, but might also discourage women from acquiring separate property during the marriage. Views could be canvassed regarding this issue. Property laws on the death of a spouse TAWLA/ TWJA/ Tanzania’s (Mainland) laws on inheritance should be reviewed and repealed as appropriate, to High/ MoJCA/ create a uniform law of inheritance, and bring the law into line with the Constitution, CEDAW and medium to MCDGC CRC. Consideration could be given to the concept of giving a widow a life interest in the longer term matrimonial home, protecting the ability of a widow to stay in the matrimonial home during her lifetime while allowing the land to revert to the husband’s clan on her death. Property rights on divorce Review the requirement in Section 114 (2) Law of Marriage Act (Mainland) which obliges a Court TAWLA/ TLS/ to have regard to the customs of the community to which the parties belong. The law could provide High / TWJA/ MoJCA/ that a Court should have regard to the customs of the community to which the parties belong, so immediate MCDGC long as they are not inconsistent with the Constitution. In addition, instead of having regard to the extent of the contributions made by each party in money, property or work towards acquiring matrimonial assets, the Court could be required to have regard to extent of the contributions made by each party to the marriage, (including acquisition of matrimonial assets), and to the care of the Mkurabita/Ministries family. responsible for land in Mainland and Site Development Zanzibar/World Review town planning legislation to ensure provision of a compulsory requirement that serviced High/ Bank workspace for micro and small-scale enterprises be ear-marked and set aside in urban medium term Competitiveness development plans. Project Access to Finance Reforming the Chattels Transfer Act and some parts of the Companies Act High/immedi BEST/ The practice of demanding titled land as collateral for loans Consider reforming the law relating to secured transactions, using the UNCITRAL model, and ate BRELA/TLS/TAW is a particular problem for women due to their limited land instituting a computer based system of registration. Widespread information dissemination on the LA/MoJ/TCC ownership. An efficient, secure and reliable system for law and procedures relating to secured transactions would need to accompany this reform. IFC/local registering non-land assets as collateral would encourage Given the costly and time consuming nature of establishing a new institution to lend to women, High/immedi commercial bank financiers to loan against non-land assets. encourage existing commercial banks to establish gender sensitive programs, and/or lines of ate credit for women entrepreneurs. Access to Lease Finance BOT/ MoF/ The provision and use of asset leasing is constrained IFC leasing because of problems associated with the judicial Enact appropriate enabling leasing legislation which clarifies the rights and responsibilities of the High / parties and provides simplified mechanisms for enforcing a lease agreement and repossessing immediate project/BEST interpretation of rights and obligations under lease 24 contracts, enforcing lease contracts, and repossession of leased assets; leased assets. Given women’s difficulties in accessing traditional sources of lending, the importance of removing Review the Hire Purchase Act to ensure that domestic consumer protection controls are not BoT/ /IFC leasing obstacles to the growth of the leasing industry in Tanzania imposed on leasing transactions that involve capital equipment as opposed to personal property. Moderate/ project/TRA cannot be understated. medium term Ensure the activities of non deposit taking leasing institutions are not constrained by heavy handed central bank regulation in the areas of capital adequacy, licensing and reporting; Review the tax treatment of leasing to encourage new entrants to the sector. Review the VAT treatment of leasing so that the application of VAT does not operate to discourage the use and provision of leasing; Production of a ‘model agreement’ and explanatory handbook would be helpful in assisting lessors and lessees in framing and understanding their rights and obligations; An experienced judge and/or leasing lawyer could be sponsored to conduct workshops, give training and explain precedents to judges, lawyers, tribunal officers and arbitrators who will be involved in leasing matters; Provide training and capacity building that will enable micro-leasing companies to engage in provision of lease financing. Dealing with Taxation Introduce special tax clinics for women to help them better understand the advantages of keeping High/ TGNP/ Women, who tend to be less well educated than men and records, the disadvantages of staying outside the VAT net, VAT and tax compliance issues, and immediate TRA/ TWCC who are “time poor,” find it difficult to comply with complex the advantages of formalisation. tax compliance procedures, and may be more subject to harassment and intimidation and demands for bribes. Collect gender disaggregated data on all taxes, and the annual TRA tax payer perceptions survey should collect and analyse gender disaggregated data. TRA could support a study on tax constraints faced by women, including its relationship with women taxpayers, and support training for women to help them overcome constraints identified. It could also consider establishing a women’s desk dedicated to the provision of advice and guidance to woman entrepreneurs. Local Level Taxes Local Level Taxes BEST/ LGRP/ At the local level, multiple and duplicative taxes (including Continue reform and streamlining of the local government tax system, monitor revenue collection Moderate/ PMO-RALG/ fees and charges) make business entry difficult and vis-à-vis service delivery, incentivise adoption of customer service culture and client charters ongoing TPSF expensive. Levies are perceived as exorbitant, often charged up-front irrespective of the size and type of within local governments and encourage the introduction of penalties for use of unduly harsh and business. Harsh and coercive enforcement practices are unlawful enforcement practices. particularly problematic for women. 25 Tax Appeals – upfront deposit Tax Appeals – upfront deposit TRA/BEST/ Moderate/ TPSF/CTI An upfront deposit of 1/3rd of the disputed amount, or the Consideration could be given to changing this provision such that payment is based on the tax amount of tax not in dispute, whichever is the greater, payer’s calculation of what they owe, with heavy penalties if this leads to underpayment. medium- discourages tax appeals. longer term Millennium Reliability of Infrastructure Challenge Moderate/ Lack of adequate infrastructure for water, energy and Energy policy should focus on alternative energy sources to address the domestic energy needs of Corporation/Foun households, especially with regard to cooking fuels, and transport interventions should focus on medium to dation for Civil transport imposes greater work burdens and lengthens the longer term time it takes women to perform activities related to improving women’s access to transport services to reduce women’s time burdens. Society/Ministries household survival, reducing the time for participating in of Energy and other economic or income-generating activities. Transport Access to Day Care High/ TAWLA/MCDGC Prescriptive and costly requirements in the Day Care Reform the Day Care Centres Act on the Mainland so that registration requirements are practical medium term in Mainland and Centres Act mean that professional day care is very and affordable, to encourage more entrants to the sector and allow more women to take Zanzibar expensive, and beyond the means of most working women. advantage of the services offered by day care centres. Promulgate a low compliance cost Day Care Act for Zanzibar. Labour Laws Ministries of A critical issue is to ensure that the right balance is struck Raise awareness about rights and obligations under the laws through information campaigns, Labour for particularly on the radio; High/ between labour protection and job security, and flexibility for immediate Mainland and employers, especially in the context of Tanzania’s relatively Regulatory impact assessment analysis should be applied to all proposed new labour policies and Zanzibar/ BEST/ low labour productivity figures compared with its regional laws to ensure that they are effective and affordable to employers, and to ensure that distributional MPEE/ LRCT and international neighbours, and the importance of relative impacts are fair and even. Consider alternatives to regulation as well as other regulatory options unit labour costs. before the proposed measures are introduced. Track the impact of newly introduced labour laws, and incorporate indicators in the BEST Programme’s monitoring and evaluation framework that go beyond the current ease of hiring and firing, to encompass labour unrest, cost and coverage of workers compensation, costs of complying with OSH, dispute resolution costs, and maternity leave compliance rates and formal labour force participation rates. Access to Commercial Justice Access to Commercial Justice High/ BEST/MoJCA/TG Tanzanian women are particularly disadvantaged when Prioritize the conduct of a gender-disaggregated baseline survey on the delivery of commercial immediate NP accessing justice, due to their poverty, lack of awareness of justice in Tanzania to identify challenges in access to and dispensation of commercial justice. TWJA/ judiciary/ their rights, discrimination by court officials based on traditional attitudes, and the high costs involved. Capture statistics on the numbers of female and male plaintiffs coming before the courts, the Moderate/ subject area of the dispute, and in whose favor the judgment was made, to identify whether medium term perceptions about unfair access to the courts and inequitable dispensation of justice are justified 26 by evidence. Support reform of the Civil Procedure Code and introduce small claims divisions within Magistrates BEST/ Courts which deal with commercial cases under a certain value and are presided over by Moderate/m MoJCA specialized judges with training in commercial law. edium term Establish and expand existing women’s clinics (possibly annexed to the primary courts) through which women could receive ongoing education on commercial laws, legal rights, court procedures, TAWLA/Judiciary/ and guidance on preparing claims and pleadings. High/ BEST medium term Support the routine dissemination of up-to-date case law to judicial officers across the country. Ensure translations of decisions into Swahili, and establish information centres in courts for High/ provision of information to the public on the law and legal rights. medium- term Access to International Trade Access to International Trade High/immedi IFC/MoTTM Women entrepreneurs lack information on international Conduct workshops and provide practical training for women entrepreneurs on international buyer ate buyer requirements and on accessing the global requirements and other relevant information, to facilitate their exports to international markets. marketplace, thereby limiting their ability to export. Export Processing Zones (EPZs) EPZs Promotion of export-oriented production in EPZs can MoTTM/ ZIPA provide unprecendeted job opportunities for women, but Conduct a survey on working conditions for women in EPZs High/ can also lead women to being over represented in low-paid, Women should be represented on the EPZ Council, on EPZ management boards and on the medium- TNGP/NDC/ low skilled export-oriented sectors where they face business forums. A key focus of these forums must be ensuring that regulations, especially labour term employment insecurity, unhealthy conditions, lack of and health and safety regulations, are properly and fairly implemented; protection, gender stereotypes and sexual harassment. Dealing with Customs Key concerns are the potential for abuse of wide Dealing with Customs discretionary powers which women are less equipped to High/ Specify in the Customs & Excise Management Act the limits of authority and responsibility of all deal with than their male counterparts. Women also lack medium term officers in the customs process and institute procedural guidelines which govern the handling and NDC/MCDGC/TR clear information on rights and obligations which make them disposal of goods; A/ industry vulnerable to poor enforcement behaviour and poor service attitudes by tax officials. associations Improve access by women to information about the rights and duties of exporters and importers, High/ short customs procedures, valuation processes for duty purposes, the limits of authority of customs term officers and appeals processes; Representation on the Customs and Excise stakeholders’ forum from women in the trading community should be mandated; consultations should be regularized, formalized, and focused on High/ short receiving input from the private sector on constraints and proposed actions. term Enforcement of Intellectual Property (IP)Rights 27 Costly registration, the lack of information on accessing Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights intellectual property right protection and time-consuming Embark on a widespread information campaign to help entrepreneurs understand the importance RULU procedures can discourage ‘time poor’ women from High/ short of intellectual property protection and the applicable procedures; term Arts/TWCC/COS protecting their innovations. Serious resource and OTA manpower constraints within COSOTA prevent it from Streamline and simplify registration procedures and ensure they are as low-cost as possible. BRELA/MoTTM carrying out its mandate effectively. Conduct needs assessment study of COSOTA to identify gaps in capacity and resources for Reg of carrying out its mandate Trademarks (Z) Support sustained lobbying of politicians and the Executive on the importance to Tanzania of Moderate/ building the COSOTA’s manpower and institutional capacity to the level that will enable it to medium term RULU Arts/BEST become self-sustaining; High/ AC/ Lobby for provision of funds to implement Hakigram project immediate COSOTA Trade policy development MoTTM/ Inclusion of women in policy formulation and gender Trade policy development analysis in the formulation of trade and economic growth TGNP policies and programs would enable policy makers to Implementing gender analysis in the formulation of trade and economic growth policies and mitigate adverse effects and develop compensatory programmes, and providing technical capacity-building in gender analysis for public, private and measures of trade issues on women entrepreneurs. civil society representatives, will help ensure that the costs and benefits of trade reforms and agreements are spread evenly across society. The Mining Sub-sector Women play a central role in small-scale mining operations, but their efforts are constrained by lack of finance for capital TAWOMA/ equipment, lack of capacity to conduct feasibility studies, The Mining Sub-sector Ministry of Energy construct business plans and financial forecasts, and Consideration should be given to significantly extending the period of a small miners prospecting TAWOMA/Ministr understand tax and accounting requirements. The licence. y of Energy prospecting licence period under the Mining Act is too short. Rural women miners are subject to serious exploitation. Government would signal its support for small-scale mining by announcing a national small-scale miners’ day to raise the profile of the industry, enable miners to get together to trade skills, and help to bring media and other attention to the exploitative conditions under which women miners are working. Strengthen women’s advocacy Provide training on media and advocacy skills, to enable women to effectively make their case to High/ IFC/BEST While a variety of organizations conduct gender advocacy, policy makers and bring about change, and provide financial and advisory support to increase immediate women’s views and advocacy have not been well women’s capacity in advocacy. represented in on-going business-related reform processes. 28 Appendix 2: List of Women Interviewed Name Company Mama Ana Agape Women Group Dina Bina Dina Flowers Company, Ltd. Shamsa Divani Gemstyles Company Fatma Moh’d Fadhil Kidichi Spices Martin Humbo Sundry goods retail shop Leilla Jumbe Lahamat Offer 2003, Ltd. Severin Keppa Aropi Enterprises Sarah William Kessy Afri-Youth Development Services Mwamini Khamis Zombe Enterprises Ltd. Benedicta Justi Kimario Hills Store Victoria Kisyombe Sero Lease and Finance Ltd. Odilia Martin Professional Cleaners Ltd. Rose Mayani Turashashe Pharmacy Ltd. Agnes Mwakitalu Asjel Enterprises Ltd. Emmy Mwanri Poultry business Martha Mvungi Esacs Schools Fatma Rweyemamu Efam Ltd. 29 Appendix 3: List of Associations and Networks for Women Entrepreneurs in Tanzania Association Name Contact Information Tanzania Gender Networking P.O Box 8921 Dar es Salaam Programme (TGNP) Phone: +255-22-2443205/244345 Fax: +255-22-2443244 E-mail: tgnp@tgnp.tz Website : http://www.tgnp.co.tz Tanzania Media Women’s Association P. O Box 8981 , Dar es Salaam (TAMWA) Tel/ Fax: +255-22-2115278 Email: tamwa@raha.com Catalyst Organization for Women P.O Box 955, Zanzibar Progress in Tanzania Federation of Associations of Women P.O. Box 11522, Dar es Salaam Entrepreneurs Tanzania ( FAWETA) Phone:+255 22 2124738/ 2125348 Fax:+255 22 2125235 Email: faceta@yahoo.co.uk Tanzania Women Development PO Box 2650/713008, Dar es Salaam Foundation Tanzania Chamber of Commerce, Second Floor, Twiga House, Samora Avenue Industry & Agriculture (TCCIA) P.O Box 9713, Dar es Salaam Phone: +255-22-2119436 / 255-22-2128136 Fax: +255-22-2119437 Email: pedí@tccia.com , info@tccia.com Tanzania Women Lawyers P.O Box 9460, Dar es Salaam Association (TAWLA) Phone: +255-22-110758 Email: tawla@raha.com 30 Women Advancement Trust (WAT) P.O Box 5914, Dar es Salaam Phone: +255-22-2667091 Fax: +255-22-2667536 Email: wat@ud.co.tz Women Research and Documentation P.O Box 35108, Dar es Salaam Project (WRDP) Phone: 255-22-2443500-8, ext. 2460 Email: wrdp@udsm.ac.tz Women Legal Aid Centre (WLAC) P.O. Box 868, Dar es Salaam Phone: +255-22-2183769 Fax: +255-22-2183028 Email: wlac@intafrica.com Tanzania Women Leaders in P.O. Box 76498, Dar es Salaam Agriculture and Environment Phone: +255-22-2113177 / 2117767, 2118353 (TAWLAE) Fax: +255-22-2113177 Email: lhrctz@raha.com Small Industries Development P.O Box 2476, Dar es Salaam Organization (SIDO) Phone:+255 22 2151945/47 Fax:+255 22 2152070 Email: sido-dg@africaonline.co.tz Website: www.sido.co.tz Tanzania Food Processors C/O P.O Box 9182, Matsalamat Mansion, Association (TAFOPA) First Floor, Zanaki Street Samora Avenue, Dar es Salaam Phone: +255 222112527 Fax: +255 222118114 Email: office.tanzania@unido.org Artisans Development Agency Shekilango rd, Tanzania (ADAT) Somo contractors building, Sinza area. P.O. Box 77817 Dar es Salaam, TEL/FAX : + 255- 22- 2700969 e-mail: adat@ud.co.tz Website : http://www.adat-tz.org/ 31 Appendix 4: Useful Resources and Tools for Women World Bank Group Resources International Finance Corporation Gender Entrepreneurship Markets (IFC GEM) The GEM website provides a series of useful tools, links, a quarterly newsletter, and a searchable global database of women’s business associations (www.ifc.org/gem). IFC SME Toolkit Free business management information and training for small to medium enterprises, from writing a business plan to how to apply for a trademark, with a range of regionally customized versions (http://www.smetoolkit.org/). World Bank Gender and Development Website This website provides useful analytical tools, and information about how gender issues are integrated into World Bank operations (www.worldbank.org/gender). Other Organizations The African Centre for Gender and Development This Centre services national, regional and sub-regional bodies involved in development issues related to gender and the advancement of women. The website offers information regarding programs and activities as well as access to recent publications, including the recently developed Africa Gender and development Index (http://www.uneca.org/acgd/). Association for Women's Rights in Development This is an international membership organization connecting, informing and mobilizing people and organizations committed to achieving gender equality, sustainable development and women's human rights. Global job listings (http://www.awid.org/). ILO Women’s Entrepreneurship Development and Gender Equality This ILO program focuses on mainstreaming gender issues into small enterprise development. The website offers numerous tools, links, and access to research on women’s entrepreneurship (http://www.ilo.org/dyn/empent.Portal?p_prog=S&p_subprog=WE&p_category=HOME). ILO GET Ahead for Women in Enterprise Training Package and Resource Kit The training package focuses on developing women’s confidence, creating a business mind, managing people and risks, and grasping opportunities in the business environment. The packet includes modules on basic self-development and business mapping, business ideas, opportunities and challenges, marketing, production, services and technology, finance, and management (http://www.ilo.org/public/english/region/asro/bangkok/library/pub4c.htm). SIDO WED Working under the Ministry of Industry, Trade and Marketing, SIDO WED was established to promote gender equality and employment in the food processing sector. The program works in 21 regions of Tanzania and provides education, consultancy, information sharing, trade fair organization, and it facilitates food processing and networking (http://sido.go.tz/). Tanzania – ACCESS! ACCESS is a regional program that seeks to increase women’s capacity to engage in international trade. It targets African women entrepreneurs who are emerging or potential exporters and provides training, mentoring, and information sharing (www.womenexporters.com). 32 Newsletters/Online Forums Eldis ELDIS is a gateway to information on development issues, with its Gender Resource Guide providing free and easy access to a wide range of online resources related to women, development, trade and business (http://www.eldis.org/gender/). GlobeWomen News Bi-monthly email newsletter, which aims to link businesswomen worldwide and collects international news on the status of women in business and entrepreneurship (http://www.globewomen.com/). BRIDGE BRIDGE supports gender advocacy and mainstreaming efforts by bridging the gaps between theory, policy and practice with accessible and diverse gender information in print and online (http://www.bridge.ids.ac.uk/index.html). Prowess: Promoting Women's Enterprise Support Prowess, the UK association of organizations supporting women in business, offers useful publications on the needs of women entrepreneurs (http://www.prowess.org.uk/publications.htm). 33 2121 Pennsylvania Avenue, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20433 U.S.A. Telephone: 202 473-1000 Facsimile: 202 974-4384 www.ifc.org