THE 79317 WorldBank IN INDIA VOL 11 / NO 3 NOVEMBER 2012 INSIDE Protecting India’s coastline 1-7 India needs to protect its vulnerable ecosystem from Development Dialogue: Reducing trade barriers in South Asia 8-10 ICR Update: The First Bihar Development Policy Loan/ Credit 11-13 rapid degradation Recent Project Approvals & Signings 14-19 I ndia’s coastal zone is endowed with abundant coastal and marine ecosystems that include a wide range of mangroves, coral reefs, sea grasses, salt marshes, mud flats, estuaries, lagoons, and unique marine New Additions to the Public Information Center 20-27 and coastal flora and fauna. India has major stocks of corals, fish, marine Contact Information 28 mammals, reptiles and turtles, sea grass meadows, and abundant sea weeds. Coastal fishing employs a million people full time, and the post- harvest fisheries employ another 1.2 million. About the photograph: Flamingoes, Khijadiya Bird However, in spite of their ecological richness and contribution to the Sanctuary, Gujarat national economy, India’s coastal and marine areas have not received Photo by Arijit Banerjee adequate protection and are under stress. About 34 percent of India’s mangroves were destroyed during 1950- and in three states: Gujarat, Odisha, and 2000 (although substantial restoration and West Bengal. conservation has taken place over the past 10 years); almost all coral areas are West Bengal threatened; marine fish stocks are declining; The Sundarbans – shared by India and and several species of ornamental fish Bangladesh – are home to the largest and sea cucumbers are fast disappearing. mangrove forests in the world. The area is Such rapid depletion and degradation, unless crisscrossed by a labyrinth of rivers, canals arrested, will impact the livelihood, health and and creeks, creating a dense patchwork well being of the coastal population, affecting of small islands on the huge Ganges- in turn prospects for India’s sustained Brahmaputra delta. While the mangroves’ economic growth. aerial roots act as natural fish nurseries, the region sustains a large variety of flora and To reverse this trend, India began implementing fauna, including many endangered species World Bank a number of measures in 2005. The most such as the Royal Bengal Tiger and the financed important of these initiatives is the World Integrated Gangetic dolphin.   Bank-financed Integrated Coastal Zone Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) Project ($286 million, The Sundarbans have been declared a Management Project is aimed to directly benefit 1.1 million people). UNESCO World Heritage Natural Site in working at the The Project – a part of the National Coastal recognition of their unique biodiversity. national level Zone Management Program – seeks to While large parts of the Sundarbans remain and in states balance the diverse needs of development uninhabited, over 4 million of India’s poorest of Gujarat, Odisha & with the protection of vulnerable ecosystems. people live in two of its districts to fish and West Bengal The Project is working at the national level farm. 12 2 The World Bank in India • November 2012 More than The region’s natural environmental balance, In addition, a large volume of sewage flows 5,000 sq km flora, and fauna are facing a serious threat into the Sundarbans from the major city of of mangrove from the reclamation of land for agriculture Kolkata, flowing through the East Kolkata forests in the Indian part of and settlement, cutting down of mangroves Wetland, which provides some natural Sundarbans for timber and fire wood, setting up of ecological treatment. Industrial pollution in have been fisheries in the rivers, canals, and creeks, the Hoogly river is rampant and there is an reclaimed over excessive fishing throughout the year, alarming amount of mercury in the Saptamukhi the past 200 years indiscriminate collection of prawn seedlings, river as well as arsenic pollution in the Matla and the poaching of animals of commercial and Bidya rivers. Most of the effluents and importance. The natural environmental solid waste from polluting industries in Haldia balance has also been disturbed by the port end up in the coastal waters. raising of embankments along the major In the Digha area, the quality of land, water river systems to prevent the ingress of sea and air has been impacted by the number of water and the construction of irrigation and diesel-driven fishing boats and the growth of drainage canals over centuries that has fishing harbor activities. And the growth of interfered with the land’s natural gradients. tourism, a major economic activity, has led to More than 5,000 square km of mangrove a rise in hotel-building, road transportation, forests in the Indian part of Sundarbans have and illegal encroachment by small traders. been reclaimed over the past 200 years, The coastal tract near Digha is being eroded reducing the land’s resistance to the ravages by seawater, resulting in the lowering of the of cyclones and soil erosion, and several beach and recession of the bank. The rate important fish and prawn species have been of erosion has been found to be about 17 declining. meters per year in some parts. Moreover, The World Bank in India • November 2012 12 3 brought to Sagar Island to reduce pollution from diesel generation.   The livelihoods of coastal communities on Sagar Island are being improved through the generation of new afforestation-based livelihoods and the promotion of small- scale tourism and ecotourism activities. Eco-sensitive tourism infrastructure is being developed – including at Ganga Sagar, an important pilgrimage site at the confluence of the river Ganga and the sea. The Project is also working to develop Calcutta University’s capacity to study the area’s rich microbial diversity. Already, more than 300 new In Odisha, the quality of surface and ground water bacteria have already been found. the Project is changing due to incursion of salt water, is seeking to plant especially in the Digha area – an indirect effect Odisha mangroves, of shore line shift in this region. Odisha’s Chilka Lake is one of India’s protect the Olive Ridley Project activities hotspots of biodiversity and one of the largest sea turtles and In West Bengal, the ICZM is working in two brackish water lakes in the world. The lake other aquatic is home to the rare Irrawady dolphin. The pilot stretches, the Digha-Shankarpur coast life Bhitarkanika wetlands contain the second- and Sagar Island on the Indian side of the Sundarbans. Sagar Island is the largest island largest mangrove ecosystem in Asia. Both in the Bay of Bengal. these areas are also home to large vulnerable populations dependent on coastal resources. Pilot investments include protecting A range of port development activities are hazard-prone areas of the coastline from also under way. erosion by planting mangroves as a bio- shield. Regeneration of mangroves has Every year, hundreds of thousands of endangered Olive Ridley sea turtles come started on 1,000 hectares. All fishing around to nest on some of Odisha’s beaches. The Digha is to be certified by the Marine turtles are, however, at risk from uncontrolled Stewardship Council. mechanized fishing in prohibited areas, To control pollution, existing sewerage works the non-use of turtle excluder devices, and at Digha are being renovated to cater for insensitive tourism. In addition, their mass projected population growth and the rise in nesting site on the Gahirmatha coast has tourist traffic till 2025.  Grid electricity is being been gradually shifting northward over the 12 4 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Odisha’s Chilika lake is one of India’s hotspots of biodiversity and one of the largest brackish water lakes in the world last 20 years due to coastal erosion. coastal settlements and effluents from fertilizer plants and industries at Paradip port Parts of the mangroves have been reclaimed need to be checked. for cultivation, fuelwood, and timber, as well as for large-scale shrimp farming. And Project activities Bhitarkanika’s delicate ecosystem is facing a The Project is working on two stretches major threat from the alteration of freshwater of coastline: Gopalpur-Chilka and Paradip- inflows due to construction of hydrological Dhamra. In these areas, the project is seeking structures upstream. to plant mangroves and other shelterbelt species, protect the Olive Ridley sea turtles Odisha’s coast is subject to extreme tidal and other aquatic life, and pilot shoreline variations. Sea levels have been known to protection in the village of Pentha.  rise by about 4 meters in certain stretches, Communities are being trained to plant inundating up to 3 km of coastal land. In mangrove nurseries and given incentives addition, frequent cyclones cause heavy to protect them. A gene bank of mangrove losses to agriculture and fisheries, while species has been established and some 200 dislocating life for a large number of poor hectares have already been planted. farmers and fishermen. The coast is also subject to a strong littoral drift, causing an To conserve the turtles, awareness is being estimated 1.5 million tons of sand to move raised among local people, and tourists are from the southwest to the northeast in a year. being sensitized.  Community members are being trained and armed to function as While the area faces little industrial pollution, boatmen and guards to prevent poaching the untreated/semi-treated sewage from of these vulnerable creatures, especially The World Bank in India • November 2012 12 5 during the Olive Ridley breeding season. Carefully planned, small-scale community- based tourism is being developed. Local communities are being trained to get jobs as boatmen, guides, and dolphin spotters. About 400,000 people from 235 coastal villages are expected to benefit through these measures.   To protect endangered species, motor boat traffic around the Chilka Lake is being regulated. The region’s 3000-plus fishing and tourist boats are being converted into eco-friendly vessels that no longer rely on diesel or other fossil fuels to run them. For the first time in Asia, real-time monitoring and management of lake waters is being The Project undertaken. All fishing around the area is is restoring select coral to be certified by the Marine Stewardship and mangrove Council. Moreover, a wetlands research species in center is being established to expand the coastal knowledge about the area’s fish species, the districts of Kachchh and Irrawady dolphin, and migratory bird habitats. Jamnagar The ICZM project is further augmenting conservation efforts under the world’s first program to protect the estuarine crocodile. The already successful program has increased crocodile numbers in the area from during their nesting season. To protect turtle eight in 1975 to more than 1,600 today. nesting habitats, the project is also seeking to complete the solid waste management Gujarat system for the coastal town of Paradip. Gujarat has the longest coastline in India, On the periphery of Chilka Lake and the with a diversity of habitats, especially Gahirmatha Wildlife Sanctuary, the Project mangroves, salt marshes, coral reefs, is seeking to improve the livelihoods of wetlands, and sea grasses. The Gulf of resource-dependent communities, including Kachchh is home to coral reefs and India’s fisherfolk impacted by the ban on fishing first marine national park. 12 6 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Gujarat’s coasts are, however, facing an and are being scaled up. About 5,200 onslaught of rapid urban and industrial hectares of mangroves have been planted. development. Around 70 percent of India’s Public awareness about environmental crude oil is imported through two major ports issues is being raised and turtle habitat and several smaller facilities in the Gulf of mapping is ongoing. Kachchh. The region also has two of the The project is also establishing a national world’s largest refineries, several booming center for marine biodiversity in Dwarka to towns and industrial centers, as well as build baseline ecological information and India’s largest salt industry. carry out higher order research in marine and However, while large patches of mangrove deep sea biodiversity.  An economic valuation forests remain along the Gulf of Kachchh, the of coral species has been carried out for the region presents a range of pollution-related first time, and a coral atlas for the state has challenges stemming from rapid industrial been developed.  and urban development, and the growth Efforts are under way to complete the sewage of fisheries. Moreover, the region’s arid system for Jamnagar city to prevent further climate leads to very little freshwater inflows degradation of the coral reefs in the Gulf of which, coupled with coastal erosion, have Kachchh. As Gujarat enjoys a prime maritime reduced the mangroves’ natural process of (Change background colour as needed) location on India’s western coast with a large regeneration. number of existing ports and many new ones Although it is difficult to assess the loss of on the anvil, a plan to prevent oil spills is coastal habitats due to the inadequacy of being developed. records, the region’s marine ecosystems have In Gujarat All photographs by Arijit Banerjee endured a lot of damage from destructive public awareness fishing practices that use chemicals and about pesticides. The region’s flora and fauna are environmental also at risk from potential oil spills from the issues is being large number of tankers that ply these waters. raised and turtle habitat Gujarat’s coast is also prone to frequent mapping is cyclones, earthquakes, storms, and floods. ongoing Project activities The ICZM Project activities are being piloted in the coastal districts of Kachchh and Jamnagar. Select coral and mangroves species are being restored. Coral transplantation pilots have proved successful The World Bank in India • November 2012 12 7 Development Dialogue What if trade barriers were reduced in South Asia? Reducing regional trade barriers could result in a 17 percent increase in GDP for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, a 15 percent increase for India, and a 5 percent increase for Pakistan by 2020, says Isabel Guerrero, Vice President, South Asia Region, World Bank I t is 2020. Vasu – a trucker operating between India and Bangladesh – is both contributing to and benefiting from an house in Kolkata’s metropolitan area. At the start of business, life was not easy. economic boom. Every morning, he loads up Back in 2012, Vasu wasn’t allowed to operate his truck with fabrics, drives the 80 kilometers his truck within Bangladesh. He had to to Bangladesh, is quickly waved through offload his cargo into a Bangladeshi-owned the border, offloads his cargo at destination, truck – a 10-hour affair, on average – which takes on a load of low-cost clothes, drives took the cargo to the factory. Bangladeshi back to India, and offloads the goods into and Indian officials subjected his truck to, on container ships awaiting at Kolkata’s port. average, 78 hours of queuing and customs. 80 percent of each trip was spent idling his Indian transport infrastructure logistics truck near the Bangladesh border. As a result, combined with Bangladeshi apparel expertise his truck was only able to make 1/5th as make Bangladeshi garments some of the many trips in 2012 as in 2020. world’s most competitive in the world. Low transportation costs also benefit Bangladeshi Vasu is not the only beneficiary. Delhi native import consumption, both as inputs to its Lakshmi, an IT system designer, had previously growing manufacturing sector and as final been shut out of South Asian markets because goods. And Vasu is now part of India’s of low Internet penetration and expensive growing middle class, with a comfortable intra-regional calls. Connectivity also means 8 The World Bank in India • November 2012 that clean energy from Central and South costs must be factored into all cross-border Asia is lighting the homes of Azin in Herat shipping. and most South Asians. A decade ago, 40 India and Pakistan have attempted to percent of the population was in the dark and most with grid connection suffered daily decrease wait times at their borders by power cuts. implementing customs reform and system modernization. These promising initiatives Presently, regional borders are hurting need to be complemented with broader South Asia’s economic growth by penalizing system changes – infrastructure, capacity efficient trade routes. Only two borders building, and autonomous monitoring and – Afghanistan/Pakistan and India/Nepal – evaluation – to fully realize the efficiency are open to trucks. And then there is the potential. plethora of paperwork. Complying with trade restrictions in South Asia takes an Energy deficits take a heavy toll on South average of 30 days, compared to 20 days Asian economies. Power grid regional in Latin America and only 11 days in OECD integration provides a unique opportunity countries. Container shipment within South to alleviate these deficits. Nepal, Bhutan, Asia costs 25 percent more than within and Central Asia have ample hydropower Latin America and 50 percent more than resources. Developing this energy potential within OECD. These border issues result is only profitable if cross-border trading in circuitous routes: Trade from India to occurs. Coal and natural gas resources Pakistan goes via Dubai rather than making of Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan can the short crossing over land borders or from complement hydropower potential of their Karachi to Mumbai. neighbors and optimize both energy security and resource utilization. Improvement These barriers may have arisen out of in connectivity, cross-border corridor security concerns. But poor infrastructure, development, and energy trading could logistics, and management systems have increase electricity, reliability, create jobs, compounded their costs and lowered trade lower emissions, and build confidence. competitiveness. For instance, the rail network is largely inward-facing in South The region’s telecommunications and Asian countries with few links between electronic infrastructure also needs countries. Track gauge differences mean integration. It costs more than twice as much that trains from one country cannot run to call from Bangladesh to India as it does to on another. High logistics and regulatory the United States. The region has exorbitant Regional borders are hurting South Asia’s economic growth by penalizing efficient trade routes The World Bank in India • November 2012 9 If regional trade is facilitated, it will reduce production costs and expand jobs roaming rates. A Bhutanese in India pays trade is facilitated, cheaper transport costs, for 10 million over $1 per minute to make a roaming call, wider markets, and broader supply chains young South Asians entering 56 times the cost with an Indian SIM card. will reduce production costs and expand the labour jobs for the 10 million young South Asians market each With some effort, South Asia can reap the entering the labor market each year. By 2020, year regional integration benefits. If intra-regional reducing regional trade barriers could result in a 17 percent increase in GDP for Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, a 15 percent increase for India, and a 5 percent increase for Pakistan. This effort could increase connectivity, rationalize transport cross-border regulations, simplify customs procedures, and facilitate higher- (Change background colour as need tech and efficient border control systems, potentially energizing South Asia’s growth and allowing a million Vasus to realize the true meaning of their names – wealth. This article was originally published in the Economic Times on 13 October 2012 10 The World Bank in India • November 2012 ICR Update T his is a short summary of the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) of a recently- closed World Bank project. The full text of the ICR is available on the Bank’s website. To access this document, go to www.worldbank.org/reference/ and then opt for the Documents & Reports section. The First Bihar Development Policy Loan/Credit (BDPL-I) Context The First Bihar Development Policy The First Bihar Development Policy Loan Loan/Credit (BDPL-I) (BDPL-I) to Bihar provided budget support Approval Date: 20 December 2007 over 2008 and 2009 for a wide-ranging Closing Date: 31 December 2009 reform program of the Government of Bihar, India’s poorest state, and in many ways its Total Project Cost: US$M 227.4 most lagging state. Bank Financing: US$M 227.4 The World Bank had begun an engagement Implementing Government of Bihar with Bihar through its 2005 report “Bihar: Agency: Towards a Development Strategy,” one of Outcome: Satisfactory the first comprehensive analyses of Bihar’s Risk to Development Moderate developmental challenges and potential. Outcome: During the two years leading up to this loan Overall Bank Moderately there were palpable signs of a turnaround, Performance: satisfactory the result of wide-ranging reform that the Overall Borrower Satisfactory new Government was implementing. Three Performance: areas seemed particularly notable. First, the law and order situation was improving with a declining incidence of violent crime and markedly increasing the utilization of central higher conviction rates. Second, Bihar was funds, particularly on capital expenditure, and 12 The World Bank in India • November 2012 11 Original policy areas supported by the program The policy areas agreed under the BDPL-I were: fiscal policy, public financial m improving management, and governance; economic growth through m accelerating reforms in agriculture, investment climate, and basic infrastructure, particularly roads; and m improvingpublic service delivery in education and in social protection, through Bihar’s anti-poverty programs. taking steps to increase their effectiveness Achievements under a new Fiscal Responsibility and Budget Bihar has made steady progress in fiscal Management Act passed in 2006. Third, consolidation. The fiscal deficit declined early evidence suggested that sector- and sharply from 4.7 percent of GSDP in 2005-06 agency-specific reforms and the promotion to 1.5 percent in 2007-08, increasing to 1.9 of elected, local government, panchayati raj percent in 2008-09, still well within the 3.5 institutions (PRIs) was slowly beginning to percent target set. Bihar sought to improve improve service delivery. its own revenue performance by improving The DPL offered the opportunity of a tax administration. Bihar’s tax to GSDP comprehensive policy dialogue anchored in has increased from 4.4 percent of GSDP in Bihar’s 11th Five-year Plan. 2005-06 to an estimated 5.4 percent in 2009- 10. Bihar has adjusted VAT rates, reduced Project Development Objectives property registration and stamp duty rates The overarching objective of the operation to 8 percent in urban and 6 percent in rural was to support the implementation of critical areas, weeded out sales tax concessions, structural reforms to attain sustainable and and aligned motor vehicle taxes with those inclusive development over the medium term, in neighboring states. Expenditure on the while improving the delivery of key public social sectors (education, health, water services. supply and sanitation) increased nearly 12 The World Bank in India • November 2012 40 percent in 2007-08 and 60 percent in attendance is lagging behind substantially. 2008-09 (preliminary estimates). Agriculture, The gross elementary enrolment rate in Bihar irrigation and flood control, energy and roads has increased from 88 percent in 2006-07 to now account for more than 60 percent of 95 percent in 2008-09 and is likely to have expenditure on economic services. risen further. Out-of-school 6 to 14-year children declined substantially between 2005 The Government has sought to discourage and 2009 from 17 to 7 percent. corruption by implementing the Right to Information (RTI) Act. It has started a call Lessons learnt center called Jaankaari to assist callers with BDPL-I reaffirms the importance of the processing requests for information under RTI, an important action under BDPL-I. comprehensive, multi-sector policy dialogue Overall, almost 17,700 appeals were filed with the highest levels of government that a with the State Information Commission DPL provides. The three pillars of the DPL on between October 2006 and March 2009, of fiscal management and governance, growth, and service delivery, provided convening power because they mapped closely into the Government’s 11th Five Year plan and endorsed its core ideas. ● Gauging the political economy of reforms is vital for a DPL. A key lesson that BDPL-I reminds us of is the vital importance of gauging the domestic politics within which the state needs to function and assessing how their reform ownership might evolve. This is important everywhere, but doubly so where administrative capacity is low, governance has been poor, and the track record thin. ● A DPL should strengthen the role of M&E which almost 10,700 cases were resolved in government and promote evidence- during this period. Jaankaari has won national based policymaking. It can do so by recognition in the form of the national identifying a good results framework that e-governance award for 2008-09. is measureable and consistent with the capacities of the client. The DPL made the The Government has enacted the Bihar tactical choice early on of mirroring the Special Courts Bill 2009, which mandates entire set of development priorities that the the confiscation of property of those found to Government felt it had to move on rather have accumulated assets greater than their than focusing on a subset deemed vital for known sources of income. GoB plans to set a solid foundation for the three pillars of up approximately nine new Special Courts the DPL. under this law to deal exclusively with cases involving graft in order to ensure speedy ● A DPL should synchronize technical prosecution of such offences. assistance with realistic capacity building objectives. From the perspective of The Government has revived 245 seed individual Bihar Government departments production farms and begun to distribute or entities other than the Finance foundation seed to two farmers in each of Department, technical assistance and (Change background co Bihar’s 45,000 villages at the start of every economic and sector work were the two cropping season. tangible elements associated with the DPL The Rural Works Department (RWD) has that they could see and benefit from. outsourced the engineering design of almost 18,000 kilometers of rural roads, of which 13,000 kilometers are ready. School enrolment has improved dramatically, but 12 The World Bank in India • November 2012 13 Recent Project Approvals Karnataka Health System Development and Reform Project. The original Project and Reform Project has made progress in a number of health indicators – the proportion of births delivered T he World Bank Board has approved a $70 million additional credit to the Karnataka Health System Development in a health facility has risen from 65 percent in 2005-06 to 86 percent in 2009; the proportion of children fully immunized has increased and Reform Project to further support from 55 percent in 2005-06 to 78 percent in development of the state’s health system, 2009 (against a target of 80 percent); and 96 particularly in underserved areas and among mobile health clinics are operational (against vulnerable groups. a target of 97). According to a 2011 health This Project builds on the successful facility survey done by the Project, 83 percent experience of the original $141.83 million of public health centers (PHCs) had a doctor Karnataka Health System Development present at the time of the survey, compared to only 35 percent in 2004; in 2011, 89 percent of PHCs had a functional labor room, compared to 67 percent in 2004. Today over a 1000 PHCs across the state function 24 hours a day. This additional financing will continue to support the state government’s strategy to improve health services in the areas of primary and maternal health care, quality assurance, public-private contracting, and (Change background colour as needed) purchasing of hospital services for the poor. The Project will also support new strategies for non-communicable disease control and road safety. Bihar Panchayat Strengthening Project better local governance at the village level. T he World Bank has approved a $84 The Project will support the state million credit for the Bihar Panchayat government’s gradual decentralization Strengthening Project to support the agenda and improve capacities of gram government of Bihar’s efforts at creating panchayats (village councils) to plan and implement development schemes. It will build panchayats’ administrative, planning and financial management capacity; mobilize communities to increase people’s knowledge of their rights and responsibilities vis-à-vis Panchayati Raj Institutions (PRIs); raise awareness among local leaders and communities on the need for local action that can improve health and livelihood; and also facilitate their access to government program resources to finance the community’s priorities. This Project will focus on bringing about visible changes in the Project villages of 14 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Bihar, particularly in the areas of village (MGNREGS), Total Sanitation Campaign sanitation, quality of drinking water, nutrition (TSC), National Rural Drinking Water Program and management of natural resources. This (NRDWP), Integrated Child Development will be done primarily through helping gram Services (ICDS) and discretionary grants (Change background colour as needed) panchayats access and effectively use the from the 13th Finance Commission and the funding provided by a few large government Backward Region Grant Fund. The Project schemes like the Mahatma Gandhi National will cover six districts across 1,300 gram Rural Employment Guarantee Act scheme panchayats. Additional Financing for Himachal Pradesh have reached some 100,000 families. The Mid-Himalayan Watershed Development ongoing Project has converted about 9,000 Project ha of rainfed area into irrigated land through watershed management techniques. T he World Bank has approved an additional financing of $37 million for the ongoing Himachal Pradesh Mid-Himalayan The additional funding will consolidate some of the gains made in the original Project Watershed Development Project to support by adding another 102 contiguous gram the government of Himachal Pradesh build panchayats (village councils) to the existing sustainable watershed treatment models. 704 panchayats that fall within the same micro-catchment area where the Project The original $60 million Mid Himalayan is operational, but are not included in the Watershed Development Project was aimed on-going Project; consolidate drainage line at reversing the process of degradation of the treatment in areas that fall within the same natural resource base, improve productivity, drainage line that are already being treated; and raise rural household incomes. So far consolidate some of the agri-businesses around 6,151 water harvesting tanks, 1,093 which can be replicated by other projects; ponds/tanks, 287 dams, 263 lift/gravity and increase the financial allocation to support irrigation schemes, 43 small underground cost overruns, due to price escalation. Such (Change background c tanks used for irrigation – also known as additional watershed treatment for panchayats makowal structures – and 203 km of irrigation that fall in the same river basins is expected channels have been developed under the to maximize impact and ensure the long term Project. The benefits from these structures hydrological sustainability of the region. The World Bank in India • November 2012 15 Recent Project Signings Right: ICDS Systems Strengthening and Nutrition Prabodh Improvement Project Saxena, Joint T Secretary, he government of India and the World DEA and Onno Bank signed a $106 million credit Ruhl, World Bank Country agreement to support the government’s Director in efforts at improving the nutritional outcomes India at the for children less than six years of age, with a signing for particular focus on 0-3 year-old children. This the Assam represents the first part of a two phase Loan. State Roads Project and the Today, India has one of the highest malnutrition ICDS Systems utilization of health services, poor sanitation, Strengthening rates in the world. One-third of the children and Nutrition are born with low birth-weight, 43 percent and inappropriate child feeding/caring Project of children under five are underweight, 48 practices, especially during pregnancy and in percent are stunted, 20 percent are wasted, the first two years of life, are among the key 70 percent are anemic, and 57 percent are contributors to malnutrition. vitamin A deficient. ICDS Systems Strengthening and Nutrition While malnutrition is not restricted to the Improvement Project (ISSNIP) will focus on poor in India, there are significant regional improving services for pregnant/lactating disparities in nutritional indicators with 60 women as well as for children less than percent of the burden of malnutrition found three years of age. The first phase of the in the low-income states (Bihar, Chhattisgarh, Project will be implemented over a three-year Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan, and period, to be followed, upon the successful Uttar Pradesh) and an additional 8-10 percent achievement of its results, by a four-year of the burden concentrated in specific second phase. Policy and institutional geographical areas in the states of Andhra reforms as well as innovative pilots and Pradesh and Maharashtra. programs will be tested in eight high-burden states , with a special focus on 162 high Over the years, despite being guided by malnutrition-burden districts in these states. a comprehensive and forward-looking framework, India’s flagship Integrated Child The agreement for the Project was signed by (Change background colour as needed) Development Services (ICDS) program on Prabodh Saxena, Joint Secretary, Department malnutrition has largely focused on food- of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance on based interventions and on children 3-6 behalf of the government of India and Onno years of age. However, research shows that Ruhl, World Bank Country Director. exposure to repeated infections, inadequate 16 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Assam State Roads Project State’s high potential in the areas of agriculture, hydropower, tourism, and forestry sectors T he Government of India, the Government of Assam and the World Bank signed a $320 million loan agreement for the remains largely untapped due to its inadequate road infrastructure and market access. Assam State Roads Project to improve and The focus of this Project is on improving effectively manage its state road network. 500 km of priority sections of the state highways; modernizing the Public Works Assam is one of the lower income states of Roads Department (PWRD) and enhancing India, situated in the North East region.Its per its performance; and on road safety capita income at $604 is about 40 percent management. New technologies for promoting below the national average of $1033. The cost effective, modern, climate resilient, and environment friendly road construction works will be demonstrated under the Project. More than 4.5 million small and marginal farmers are expected to benefit from the Project. The agreements for the Assam State Roads Project were signed by Prabodh Saxena, Joint Secretary, Department of Economic Affairs, Ministry of Finance, on behalf of the Government of India; M. C. Boro, (Change background colour as needed) Commissioner, Public Works Department, on behalf of the Government of Assam; and Onno Ruhl, Country Director, World Bank (India) on behalf of the World Bank. Promote Inclusive Green Growth and This Development Policy Loan (DPL) to Sustainable Development in Himachal Promote Inclusive Green Growth and Pradesh Sustainable Development will support GoHP as it launches transformative actions across T he World Bank signed a $100 million loan agreement with the government of India and the government of Himachal Pradesh its key engines of economic growth – energy, watershed management, industry and (Change background colour as needed) tourism. With this Program, HP will make a (GoHP) to support the mountain state in its tangible contribution to the Government of move towards an environmentally sustainable India’s objective of reducing the intensity of model of economic growth.  greenhouse gas emissions. The World Bank in India • November 2012 17 Secondary Education Project Abhiyan (RMSA) program, the flagship government of India program for gradual T he World Bank signed a $500 million credit agreement with the government of India to support the government’s efforts universalization of secondary education. The government has made great strides in at making good quality education available, the area of elementary education over the accessible and affordable to all young persons past ten years. Net elementary enrollment at the secondary level (grades IX and X). rate stands at 96 percent and girls are almost equally represented in elementary The Secondary Education Project will education as boys. Attention is now needed support all activities as envisioned in the for secondary education where the gross $12.9 billion Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha enrollment rate stands at about 60 percent and quality of education is very low. Access is also unequal and many poor households cannot afford the costs of secondary education, particularly in rural areas. This project is designed to help expand secondary education in such a way that quality and equity are enhanced at the same time; to develop and evaluate innovative (Change background colour as needed) approaches to secondary education; and, to leverage World Bank resources to help the government address systemic issues in the sector. World Bank Announces New Country Director for India O nno Ruhl has joined the World Bank India office as its new country director, replacing N. Roberto Zagha. World Bank Vice President for the South Asia region. Ruhl joined the Bank in 1993 as country Ruhl, a Dutch officer for Moldova and Armenia. He has national, was since held various positions within the Bank previously the in East and Central Asia as well as Africa. director for He was the country director for Nigeria and operations prior to that the country manager for the services and Democratic Republic of Congo. He has quality in the also held the position of lead private and South Asia financial sector development specialist in Region of the the Africa and Europe and Central Asia World Bank. regions. During that period, he provided leadership in creating and financing the “I’m very pleased to announce Onno Ruhl  African Trade Insurance Agency (ATI). as the new Country Director for India. His strong experience on finance and Prior to working in the Bank, Ruhl was operations, and his leadership skills, will with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the ensure that the Bank’s strategy for India Netherlands and was also the alternate (Change background colour as needed) is formulated and implemented in order director on the Board of the Multilateral to support the development objectives of Investment Guarantee Agency. He started one of our most important clients in these his career teaching economics in Alkmaar, challenging times,” said Isabel Guerrero, the Netherlands. 18 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty wins the prestigious UN grant on mobile technology T he Society for Elimination of Rural Poverty (SERP), supported by the World Bank and Government of Andhra programs; the centers are community- owned and community managed. After an initial pilot in few villages, NDCCs were Pradesh, has bagged the esteemed scaled up to 17 districts. Since 2007, 4,200 UN grant for finding creative mobile NDCCs have been established and 283,000 technology solutions to improve child and families have been reached. women health. Mobile-NDCCs (m-NDCCs) is a real SERP is the first Indian organization to time Decision Support System to ensure win the grant of $200,000. SERP won the consistency and quality of services grant for the mobile initiative of its Nutrition provided through the NDCCs and to gain cum-Day Care Centers (NDCCs), which a realistic picture of field-level realities at were introduced by SERP to improve the the interaction site. m-NDCCs help health health of rural women and children. The activists manage the health requirements grant will assist the scale up of the mobile of their clients, the sustainability of the initiative (m-NDCCs), started in partnership center, and report the progress of their with Blue Frog Technologies, to all 38,000 work. It also connects health activists and villages in Andhra Pradesh (AP), a state in they are aware of the larger priorities of the Southern India. program. Nutrition cum-Day Care Centers (NDCCs) The application also acts as a case were one of the health related initiatives management tool, ensuring a streamlined piloted by SERP to comprehensively process in NDCCs. address the health of rural women and Since 2000, SERP has been facilitating children. The NDCC aims to provide (Change background colour as needed) mobilization of women’s self-help groups complete nutrition for pregnant and lactating and their federations. Currently 11.2 million women and their children from poor families. women are members of 998,000 groups in NDCCs are a departure from the top-down rural Andhra Pradesh. Integrated Child Development Scheme model followed by other government The World Bank in India • November 2012 19 New Additions to the Public Information Center T his is a select listing of recent World Bank publications, working papers, operational documents and other information resources that are now available at the New Delhi Office Public Information Center. Policy Research Working Papers, Project Appraisal Documents, Proj- ect Information Documents and other reports can be downloaded in pdf format from ‘Documents and Reports’ at www.worldbank.org India Publications Publications may be consulted and copies of unpriced items obtained from: Government-Sponsored Health Insurance in India: The World Bank PIC Are You Covered? The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Gerard La Forgia and 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg Somil Nagpal New Delhi – 110 001, India Price: $39.95 Tel: +91-11-4294 7000, Ext. 753 Available: Hard Copy Fax: +91-11-2461 9393 Directions in Development – Website: www.worldbank.org Human Development Facebook: www.facebook.com/WorldBankIndia English; Paperback; Email: smalhotra@worldbank.org 442 pages Published September, 2012 by World Bank PRINCIPAL DISTRIBUTOR ISBN: 978-0-8213-9618-6 Viva Books Pvt Ltd SKU: 19618 4737/23 Ansari Road, Daryaganj New Delhi – 110 002 Tel: +91-11-4224 2200 This book presents research findings on India’s major Fax: +91-11-4224 2240 central and state government-sponsored health Email: vivadelhi@vivagroupindia.net insurance schemes (GSHISs). The analysis centers on the GSHISs launched since 2007. These schemes targeted poor populations, aiming to provide financial Other Preferred Stockist in India protection against catastrophic health shocks, defined in Anand Associates terms of inpatient care. 1219 Stock Exchange Tower Focus is on two lines of inquiry. 12th Floor, Dalal Street Mumbai – 400 023 ● The first involves institutional and ‘operational’ Tel: +91-22-2272 3065/66 opportunities and challenges regarding schemes’ Email: thrupti@vsnl.com design features, governance arrangements, financial Website: www.myown.org flows, cost-containment mechanisms, underlying Fax: +91-11-2610 0573 (New Delhi) stakeholder incentives, information asymmetries, Fax: +91-80-4128 7582 (Bangalore) and potential for impact on financial protection and on access to care and use by targeted beneficiaries. Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd ● The second entails “big picture” questions on the Tel: +91-22-2261 7926/27 future configuration of India’s health financing and Email: mumbai.books@alliedpublishers.com delivery systems that have surfaced, due in part to Website: www.alliedpublishers.com the appearance of a new wave of GSHISs. Bookwell Government-Sponsored Health Insurance in India: Are You Covered? outlines a ‘pragmatic pathway’ toward 24/4800 Ansari Road, achieving universal coverage that takes as a starting Daryaganj New Delhi – 110 002 point the current configuration of health financing and delivery arrangements in India, recent trends in Tel: +91-11-2326 8786; 2325 7264 Email: bookwell@vsnl.net government health financing as well as innovations and lessons from the recent GSHISs analyzed in this book. 20 The World Bank in India • November 2012 India Economic Update One of the key environmental problems facing India is that of particle pollution from the combustion of fossil Available: on-line fuels. This has serious health consequences and with English the rapid growth in the economy these impacts are Report No:73093 increasing. At the same time, economic growth is an Published September, 2012 by World Bank imperative and policy makers are concerned about Real gross domestic product (GDP) growth has slowed the possibility that pollution reduction measures could to a nine year low of 6.5 percent for FY2011-12, from reduce growth significantly. 8.4 percent in the two previous years. The slowdown This paper addresses the tradeoffs involved in was most pronounced in the industrial sector, and controlling local pollutants such as particles. The main more specifically in manufacturing and mining. In the findings are as follows: quarter ending in June 2012, industrial output growth as measured by the Index of Industrial Production (IIP) has ●0 A 10 percent particulate emission reduction results been negative. in a lower gross domestic product but the size of the reduction is modest; Real GDP growth is forecast to reach around 6.0 percent in FY2012-13, after 5.3 percent growth Q4 of ●0 losses in gross domestic product from the tax are FY2011-12 and 5.5 percent growth in Q1 of FY2012-13. partly offset by the health gains from lower particle The slowdown is at least partly caused by structural emissions; problems. These include power shortages, which are ●0 the taxes reduce emissions of carbon dioxide by partly caused by the financial difficulties facing the about 590 million tons in 2030 in the case of the 10 electricity sector, the corruption scandals that have hit percent reduction and 830 million tons in the case of the mining and telecom sectors, investor uncertainty the 30 percent reduction; and because of pending changes in legislation (mining, ●0 taken together, the carbon dioxide reduction and taxes, land acquisition), and the tightening constraints the health benefits are greater than the loss of gross of land and infrastructure. domestic product in both cases. This update looks closely at two important topics for medium- and long-term growth, namely India’s Right to Education (RTE) Act, which aims to shape elementary WPS 6219 education, and the financial difficulties in the Indian An analysis of physical and monetary losses of power sector. environmental health and natural resources in India By Muthukumara Mani, Anil Markandya, Aarsi Sagar and Elena Strukova India: Policy Research Working Papers This study provides estimates of social and financial costs of environmental damage in India from three WPS 6198 pollution damage categories: What makes cities more competitive? Spatial ●0 urban air pollution; determinants of entrepreneurship in India ●0 inadequate water supply, poor sanitation, and By Ejaz Ghani, William R Kerr and Stephen D.O’Connell hygiene; and ●0 indoor air pollution. It also provides estimates based Policy makers in both developed and developing countries want to make cities more competitive, on three natural resource damage categories: attract entrepreneurs, boost economic growth, and m0 agricultural damage from soil salinity, water promote job creation. The authors examine the spatial logging, and soil erosion; location of entrepreneurs in India in manufacturing and m0 rangeland degradation; and services sectors, as well as in the formal and informal m0 deforestation. sectors, in 630 districts spread across 35 states and The estimates are based on a combination of Indian union territories. They quantify entrepreneurship as data from secondary sources and on the transfer of young firms that are less than three years old, and unit costs of pollution from a range of national and define entry measures through employment in these international studies. new establishments. India’s footprints in structural transformation, urbanization, and manufacturing sector The study estimates the total cost of environmental are still at an early stage. At such an early point and with degradation in India at about 3.75 trillion rupees (US$80 industrial structures not yet entrenched, local policies billion) annually, equivalent to 5.7 percent of gross and traits can have profound and lasting impacts by domestic product in 2009, which is the reference year shaping where industries plant their roots. for most of the damage estimates. Of this total, outdoor air pollution accounts for 1.1 trillion rupees, followed by the cost of indoor air pollution at 0.9 trillion rupees, WPS 6208 croplands degradation cost at 0.7 trillion rupees, India’s Economic growth and Environmental inadequate water supply and sanitation cost at around sustainability: What are the tradeoffs? at 0.5 trillion rupees, pasture degradation cost at 0.4 trillion rupees, and forest degradation cost at 0.1 trillion By Muthukumara Mani, Anil Markandya, Aarsi Sagar and rupees. Sebnem Sahin The World Bank in India • November 2012 21 WPS 6223 Global Financial Development Report 2013: Making up people – the effect of identity on Rethinking the Role of the State in Finance preferences and performance in a modernizing By World Bank society Price: $35.00 By Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey English; Paperback; It is typically assumed that being hard-working or clever 216 pages is a trait of the person, in the sense that it is always Published September, 2012 there, in a fixed manner. However, in an experiment by World Bank with almost 600 boys in India, cues to one’s place in ISBN: 978-0-8213-9503-5 the traditional caste order turn out to influence the SKU: 19503 expression of these traits. It turned out that making The global financial crisis caste salient can reduce output by about 25 percent, has challenged conventional which is equivalent to twice the effect on output of being thinking on financial sector one year younger. policies. Launched on the fourth anniversary of the This paper provides a measure of the impact that Lehman Brothers collapse – a turning point in the crisis ascriptive, hierarchized identities can have on – this book re-examines a basic question: what is the preferences and performance after a society – in its proper role of the state in financial development? To public pronouncements and legislation – has adopted address the question, it synthesizes new and existing norms of equality in a formal sense. evidence on the state’s performance as financial sector regulator, overseer, promoter, and owner. It calls on state agencies to provide strong regulation and supervision Other Publications and ensure healthy competition in the sector, and to support financial infrastructure, such as the quality and availability of credit information. It also warns that direct World Development Report 2013: Jobs interventions – such as lending by state-owned banks, Price: $35.00 used in many countries to counteract the crisis may end World Development Report up being harmful. English; Paperback; 420 pages Published October, 2012 Eurasian Cities: New Realities along the Silk Road by World Bank By Souleymane Coulibaly, Uwe Deichmann, William R. ISBN: 978-0-8213-9575-2 Dillinger, Marcel Ionescu-Heroiu, Ioannis N. Kessides, SKU: 19575 Charles Kunaka and Daniel Saslavsky Jobs provide higher Price: $29.95 earnings and better benefits Eastern Europe and Central as countries grow, but they Asia Reports are also a driver of development. Poverty falls as people English; Paperback; work their way out of hardship and as jobs empowering 370 pages women lead to greater investments in children. Published September, 2012 Efficiency increases as workers get better at what they by World Bank do, as more productive jobs appear, and less productive ISBN: 978-0-8213-9581-3 ones disappear. Societies flourish as jobs bring together SKU: 19581 people from different ethnic and social backgrounds and provide alternatives to conflict. Faced with changing economic circumstances Jobs are thus more than a byproduct of economic and a reorientation of growth. They are transformational – they are what we trade toward Europe and Asia, will Eurasia’s cities be earn, what we do, and even who we are. able to adjust? Will some cities be granted the flexible regulations and supportive policies necessary for growth? High unemployment and unmet job expectations among And will some be permitted to shrink and their people youth are the most immediate concerns. The World assisted in finding prosperity elsewhere in the region? Development Report 2013: Jobs provides a framework that cuts across sectors and shows that the best policy This report responds to these pressing questions for responses vary across countries, depending on their policymakers in Eurasian cities and national governments. levels of development, endowments, demography, and Even as Eurasian cities diverge, they face shared institutions. Policy fundamentals matter in all cases, challenges. Policymakers have a key role in assisting as they enable a vibrant private sector, the source of spatial restructuring, particularly in addressing imperfect most jobs in the world. Labor policies can help as well, information and coordination failures. They can do so by even if they are less critical than is often assumed. rethinking cities, better planning them, better connecting Development policies, from making smallholder farming them, greening them and finding new ways to finance viable to fostering functional cities to engaging in global these changes. Eurasian cities will also have to find markets, hold the key to success. the right balance between markets and institutions to become sustainable. 22 The World Bank in India • November 2012 Information and Communications for Development ISBN: 978-0-8213-8714-6 2012: Maximizing Mobile SKU: 18714 By World Bank This book takes an in- Price: $45.00 depth look at the types of Information and market and government Communications for failures that can result in Development underinvestment in training English; Paperback; or the supply of skills that 238 pages are not immediately relevant Published August, 2012 to the labor market. Second, by World Bank building on the analysis ISBN: 978-0-8213-8991-1 of the limitations of both SKU: 18991 markets and governments and the results of case studies and recent impact evaluations, the book develops new This 2012 edition of the World Bank’s Information and ideas to improve the design and performance of current Communication for Development Report analyzes the training programs, which often involve interventions growth and evolution of mobile telephony, and the rise outside the education and training systems. of data-based services delivered to handheld devices, including ‘apps’ or smartphone applications. The report explores the consequences for development New Century, Old Disparities: Gender and Ethnic of the emerging ‘app economy’. It summarizes current Earnings Gaps in Latin America and the Caribbean thinking and seeks to inform the debate on the use By Hugo Nopo of mobile phones for development. This report looks, in particular, at key ecosystem-based applications in Price: $30.00 agriculture, health, financial services, employment and Latin American government, with chapters devoted to each. Development Forum English; Paperback; 352 pages Quantifying the Effects, Identifying the Adaptation Published September, 2012 Strategies by World Bank ISBN: 978-0-8213-8686-6 By Emmanuel Skoufias SKU: 18686 Price: $25.95 This book is about gender Available; printed on and ethnic differences in demand labor markets earnings. Directions in Development: It revolves around the question: to what extent the DID – Poverty gender (ethnic) differences in earnings are a result of English; Paperback; gender (ethnic) differences in observable individuals’ 184 pages; characteristics that the labor markets reward? Such Published August, 2012 question is answered with a novel methodological by World Bank approach based on matching comparisons. The novelty ISBN: 978-0-8213-9611-7 of the methodology introduced in this book is that it SKU: 19611 allows us to create fictional labor markets where these Over the past century, the counterfactuals are true. world has seen a sustained decline in the proportion of people living in poverty, but climate change could challenge poverty reduction efforts. This book surveys Toward a Green, Clean, and Resilient World for All: A the relevant research on how climate change may World Bank Group Environment Strategy 2012-2022 affect global poverty rates and presents country- Available: On-line specific studies with implications for low-income rural English; Paperback; 116 pages populations as well as governments’ risk management Published 2012 by World Bank programs. The World Bank Group’s Environment Strategy 2012- 2022 lays out an ambitious agenda to support ‘green, The Right Skills for the Job? Rethinking Training clean, resilient’ paths for developing countries, as Policies for Workers they pursue poverty reduction and development in an increasingly fragile environment. The Environment Edited by Rita Almeida, Jere Behrman, David Robalino Strategy, which covers the World Bank, International Price: $25.00 Finance Corporation (IFC), and Multilateral Investment Available; printed on demand Guarantee Agency (MIGA), recognizes that while there English; Paperback; has been notable progress in reducing global poverty, 184 pages there has been significantly less progress in managing Published July, 2012 by World Bank the environment sustainably. The World Bank in India • November 2012 23 Latest from the Blog World ● Progress in the Corridors at the Convention on ● No more blackouts? India’s states show the way Biological Diversity Submitted by Ashish Khanna Submitted by Rachel Kyte Co-authors: Jyoti Shukla S ometimes, international convention meetings can be heart-breakingly slow-moving. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) – one of the three conventions T he underlying problems behind the blackout are clear: in generation, insufficient capacity and persistent fuel shortages; in transmission, network born after Rio in 1992 to drive sustainable development overloading, outdated planning criteria, and lack of grid – which has been meeting in Hyderabad in India this discipline; and in distribution, poor customer service, week, is no exception. I’ve seen tough negotiators from high transmission and distribution losses, and overly all corners of the Earth emerge from conference rooms low tariffs. At their heart, the blackouts boil down to wearing pained expressions. two issues: underutilized capacity and insufficient capacity. Underutilized capacity is due to inadequate It’s outside the negotiating rooms – where the major maintenance of old plants and persistent domestic coal topic of the moment is how to mobilize the financial shortages. While underutilization could be addressed resources needed to meet the CBD’s ambitious Aichi through imported coal, imported coal is significantly Targets – where things are a lot brighter. more expensive than domestic coal. Read more: Read more: http://tinyurl.com/bhssz7x http://tinyurl.com/b45ckh8 ● The Poor Half Billion – What is holding back lagging regions in South Asia? Submitted by Ejaj Ghani S outh Asia presents a depressing paradox. It is among the fastest growing regions in the world. But it is also home to the largest concentration of people living in poverty. While South Asia is at a far more advanced stage of development than Sub-Saharan Africa, it has many more poor people than Sub-Saharan Africa. Increasing Number of Poor People: Even though economic growth has reduced the poverty rate, the poverty rate has not fallen fast enough to reduce the total number of poor people. The number of poor living on less than $1.25 a day increased from 549 million in 1981 to 595 million in 2005. In India, where almost three fourth of these poor reside, the numbers have increased from 420 million in 1981 to 455 million in 2005. Read more: http://tinyurl.com/9jjv3p3 24 The World Bank in India • November 2012 India Project Documents Tamil Nadu Road Sector Project Project ID P124041 Date 25 September 2012 Report No. 72357 (Summary of Discussion) Project ID P050649 National Vector Borne Disease Control Report No. ICR2505 (Implementation Completion and Polio Eradication Support Project: and Results Report) Procurement plan for the year 2012-2013 Bihar Integrated Social Protection Date 1 September 2012 Strengthening Project: Indigenous peoples Project ID P094360 plan: Social assessment and social Report No. 72382(Procurement Plan) management framework Date 14 September 2012 Informal Settlements Improvement Project Project ID P118826 Date 30 August 2012 Report No. IPP589 (Indigenous Peoples Plan Project ID P125928 ISDSA885 (Integrated Safeguards Data Report No. PIDC426 (Project Information Sheet - Appraisal Stage) Document – Concept Stage) Partial Risk Sharing Facility in Energy Punjab State Road Sector Project Efficiency Date 30 August 2012 Date 13 September 2012 Project ID P090585 Project ID P128921 Report No. 71699 (restructuring- Vol 1 and 2 Report No. ISDSC1277 (Integrated Safeguards AC6784 (Integrated Safeguards Data Data Sheet – Concept Stage) Sheet) India Second Kerala State Transport Project Additional Financing for the Karnataka Health Date 12 September 2012 Systems Development and Reform Project Project ID P130339 Date 27 August 2012 Report No. PIDC467 (Project Information Project ID P130395 Document – Concept Stage) Report No. 71883 (Project Paper) ISDSC710 (Integrated Safeguards Data Sheet) Financing Energy Efficiency at Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Project Development Policy Loan to Support Inclusive Green Growth and Sustainable Development in Date 28 August 2012 Himachal Pradesh Project Project ID P100530 Date 6 September 2012 Report No. 72960 (Procurement Plan) World Bank Policy Research Working Papers WPS 6224 WPS 6221 Facilitating international production networks: The role Demystifying China’s fiscal stimulus of trade logistics By Shahrokh Fardoust, Justin Yifu Lin and Xubei Luo By Daniel Saslavsky and Ben Shepherd WPS 6220 WPS 6223 Weathering the storm: Responses by Cambodian firms Making up people – the effect of identity on to the global financial crisis preferences and performance in a modernizing society By Stephane Guimbert and Remco Oostendorp By Karla Hoff and Priyanka Pandey WPS 6219 WPS 6222 An analysis of physical and monetary losses of Export superstars environmental health and natural resources in India By Caroline Freund and Martha Denisse Pierola By Muthukumara Mani, Anil Markandya, Aarsi Sagar and Elena Strukova The World Bank in India • November 2012 25 WPS 6218 Sub-Saharan Africa Sovereign defaults and expropriations: Empirical By Kym Anderson and Markus Bruckner regularities WPS 6205 By Maya Eden, Aart Kraay and Rong Qian Benchmarking global poverty reduction WPS 6217 By Martin Ravallion Poverty in Mozambique: New evidence from recent WPS 6204 household surveys Grameen bank lending: Does group liability matter? By Federica Alfani, Carlo Azzarri, Marco d’Errico and By Shahidur R.Khandker Vasco Molini WPS 6203 WPS 6216 Health costs and benefits of DDT use in malaria An exploration of the link between development, control and prevention economic growth, and natural risk By Brian Blankespoor, Susmita Dasgupta, Abdelaziz By Stephane Hallegatte Lagnaoui and Subhendu Roy WPS 6215 WPS 6202 Conditional cash transfers, political participation, and What are we learning from business training and voting behavior entrepreneurship evaluations around the developing By Javier E.Baez, Adriana Camacho, Emily Conover and world? Roman A. Zarate By David McKenzie and Christopher Woodruff WPS 6214 WPS 6201 Weather and child health in rural Nigeria Self-employment in the developing world By Mariano Rabassa, Emmanuel Skoufias and Hanan G. By T. H Gindling and David Newhouse Jacoby WPS 6200 WPS 6213 Migration and the transition to adulthood in Demand-side financing for sexual and reproductive contemporary Malawi health services in low and middle-income countries: A By Kathleen Beegle and Michelle Poulin review of the evidence WPS 6199 By Sophie Witter and Aparnaa Somanathan What is behind the decline in poverty since 2000? WPS 6212 Evidence from Bangladesh, Peru and Thailand Vyaghranomics in space and time: Estimating By Gabriela Inchauste, Sergio Olivieri, Jaime Saavedra habitat threats for Bengal, Indochinese, Malayan and and Hernan Winkler Sumatran tigers WPS 6198 By Susmita Dasgupta, Dan Hammer, Robin Kraft and What makes cities more competitive? Spatial David Wheeler determinants of entrepreneurship in India WPS 6211 By Ejaz Ghani, William R.Kerr and Stephen D.O’Connell Assessing the investment climate for climate WPS 6197 investments: A comparative framework for clean Antidumping and market competition: Implications for energy investments in South Asia in a global context emerging economies By Muthukumara S.Mani By Chad P Bown and Rachel McCulloch WPS 6210 WPS 6196 Middle-income growth traps Bancassurance – a valuable tool for developing By Pierre-Richard Agenor and Otaviano Canuto insurance in emerging markets WPS 6209 By Serap O Gonulal, Nick Goulder and Rodney Lester How firms use domestic and international corporate WPS 6195 bond markets Bank ownership and lending patterns during the 2008- By Juan Carlos Gozzi, Ross Levine, Maria Soledad 2009 financial crisis: Evidence from Latin America and Martinez Peria and Sergio L. Schmukler Eastern Europe WPS 6208 By Robert Cull and Maria Soledad Martinez Peria India’s economic growth and environmental WPS 6194 sustainability: What are the tradeoffs? Trade policy and wage inequality: A structural analysis By Muthukumara Mani, Anil Markandya, Aarsi Sagar and with occupational and sectoral mobility Sebnem Sahin By Erhan Artuc and John McLaren WPS 6207 WPS 6193 Handwashing behavior change at scale: Evidence from Investment decision making under deep uncertainty – a randomized evaluation in Vietnam application to climate change By Claire Chas and Quy-Toan Do By Stephane Hallegatte, Ankur Shah, Robert Lempert, WPS 6206 Casey Brown and Stuart Gill Distortions to agriculture and economic growth in 26 The World Bank in India • November 2012 WPS 6192 WPS 6180 Sri Lanka: From peace dividend to sustained growth Equity in tertiary education in Central America: An acceleration overview By Daminda Fonseka, Brian Pinto, Mona Prasad and By Sajitha Bashir and Javier Luque Francis Rowe WPS 6179 WPS 6191 Why follow the leader? Collective action, credible What’s new in the new industrial policy in Latin America? commitment and conflict By Robert Devlin and Graciela Moguillansky By Philip Keefer WPS 6190 WPS 6178 Should African rural development strategies depend Protection in good and bad times: The Turkish green on smallholder farms? An exploration of the inverse card health program productivity hypothesis By Meltem A Aran and Jesko S.Hentschel, By Donald F. Larson, Keijiro Otsuka, Tomoya Matsumoto WPS 6177 and Talip Kilic Are international food price spikes the source of WPS 6189 Egypt’s high inflation? Effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving By Sherine Al-Shawarby and Hoda Selim women’s employability and quality of work: A critical WPS 6176 review The doing business indicators, economic growth and By Petra E.Todd regulatory reform WPS 6188 By Marek Hanusch Climate change, agriculture and food security in Tanzania WPS 6175 By Channing Arndt, William Farmer, Kenneth Strzepek Benchmarking financial systems around the world and James Thurlow By Martin Cihak, Asli Demirguc-Kunt, Erik Feyen and WPS 6187 Ross Levine The persistence of (subnational) fortune: Geography, WPS 6174 agglomeration, and institutions in the new world Making public sector reforms work: Political and By William F Maloney and Felipe Valencia Caicedo economic contexts, incentives, and strategies WPS 6186 By Simone Bunse and Verena Fritz MTEFs and fiscal performance: panel data evidence WPS 6173 By Francesco Grigoli, Zachary Mills, Marijn Verhoeven Shelter from the storm – but disconnected from jobs: and Razvan Vlaicu Lessons from urban South Africa on the importance of WPS 6185 coordinating housing and transport policies Drivers of convergence in eleven eastern European By Somik V. Lall, Rogier van den Brink, Basab Dasgupta countries and Kay Muir Leresche By Jesus Crespo Cuaresma, Harald Oberhofer, Karlis WPS 6172 Smits and Gallina A Vincelette Distance to market and search costs in an African WPS 6184 maize market Household enterprises in Sub-Saharan Africa: Why By Shireen Mahdi they matter for growth, jobs, and livelihoods WPS 6171 By Louise Fox and Thomas Pave Sohnesen Quality contingent contracts: Evidence from Tanzania’s WPS 6183 coffee market Tourism sector in Panama: Regional economic impacts By Shireen Mahdi and the potential to benefit the poor WPS 6170 By Irina Klytchnikova and Paul Dorosh Heterogeneous returns to education in the labor market WPS 6182 By Tazeen Fasih, Geeta Kingdon, Harry Anthony Evidence-based implementation efficiency analysis Patrinos, Chris Sakellariou and Mans Soderbom of the HIV/AIDS national response in Colombia WPS 6169 By Antonio Moreno, Arturo Alvarez-Rosete, Ricardo The benefits of India’s rural roads program in the Luque Nunez, Teresa del Carmen Moreno Chavez, spheres of goods, education and health: Joint Rosalia Rodriguez-Garcia, Fernando Montenegro, estimation and decomposition Luis Angel Moreno, Alejandra Suarez Lissi, Pedro Magne By Clive Bell Concardo and Michel Eric Gaillard WPS 6168 WPS 6181 Estimating the social profitability of India’s rural roads Sovereign bailouts and senior loans program: A bumpy ride By Christophe Chamley and Brian Pinto By Clive Bell The World Bank in India • November 2012 27 The World Bank in India VOL 11 / NO 3 • November 2012 Public Information Center World Bank Depository The Hindustan Times House (Press Block) Libraries in India 18-20, Kasturba Gandhi Marg ◆ Annamalai University New Delhi - 110 001, India Annamalainagar Tel: +91-11- 4294 7000, Ext. 753 ◆ Centre for Studies in Social Contact: Sunita Malhotra Sciences Kolkata Email: smalhotra@worldbank.org ◆ Giri Institute of Development Studies Lucknow ◆ Gokhale Institute of Politics and Economics Pune ◆ Guru Nanak Dev University Media Inquiries Amritsar The World Bank ◆ Indian Institute of 70, Lodi Estate Management New Delhi - 110 003 Ahmedabad Contact: Sudip Mozumder ◆ Indian Institute of Public Email: smozumder@worldbank.org Administration New Delhi Tel: +91-11-2461 7241 (Ext. 210) Fax: +91-11- 2461 9393 ◆ Institute of Development (Change background colour as needed) Studies Jaipur ◆ Institute of Economic The World Bank Websites Growth New Delhi Main: www.worldbank.org ◆ Institute of Financial India: www.worldbank.org.in Management and Research Chennai Facebook: www.facebook.com/ WorldBankIndia ◆ Institute of Social and Economic Change Bangalore ◆ Karnataka University Dharwad ◆ Kerala University Library Thiruvananthapuram ◆ Centre for Economic and Social Studies Hyderabad ◆ Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University Raipur ◆ Punjabi University Patiala Rights and Permissions: The material in this work is copyrighted. ◆ University of Bombay No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form Mumbai or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, ◆ Uttaranchal Academy of recording, or inclusion in any information storage and retrieval system, Administration Nainital without the prior written permission of the World Bank. The World Bank encourages dissemination of its work and will normally grant permission promptly. Designed by Thoughtscape Design Studio, Delhi and printed by Sona Printers Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, November 2012