Kerala Gender Kerala stands out from the rest of India for its achievements on gender. The state has a high child sex ratio and the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country. Kerala’s women are also among the better educated in India. Moreover, unlike other states, both boys and girls are almost at par in educational attainment. But, surprisingly, fewer women work in Kerala than men. What’s more, female labor force participation in the state is declining. While rural men and women do similar kinds of jobs, women living in cities tend to have more salaried jobs than men. Kerala’s child sex ratio is higher than in most other states Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969 964 962 957 957 956 948 948 950 943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918 909 902 900 894 890 890 888 871 862 850 846 834 800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK PJ HR Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Child sex ratio has been gradually increasing in Kerala Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 960 964 958 950 900 850 800 1991 2001 2011 1 June 20, 2017 Kerala Gender There has been a steady decline in maternal mortality in Kerala Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200 110 100 81 61 0 2003 2009 2013 Kerala has the lowest incidence of maternal deaths in the country Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300 300 285 285 244 221 221 222 208 208 200 167 141 127 133 112 113 100 92 79 68 61 0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India. 2 June 20, 2017 Kerala Gender Secondary school attainment among Kerala’s women is higher than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60 57 52 50 46 43 41 40 38 38 35 34 34 33 31 30 30 28 28 26 26 26 26 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 16 16 16 15 14 10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Similar education outcomes for men and women in Kerala, urban women more educated than rural Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 43 43 Rural Females 40 32 10 23 28 40 30 27 21 21 20 Urban Females 6 17 26 50 9 10 4 0 Males Females 0 20 40 60 80 100 ■ Illiterate ■ Literate or primary school completed ■ Middle school completed ■ Secondary school or higher completed 3 June 20, 2017 Kerala Gender There are hardly any gender gaps in schooling for the young in Kerala Enrolled in education institutes, (%) 2005 21-23 Female 11 15 4 Male 18-20 45 42 -3 15-17 86 81 -5 Age 12-14 99 96 -3 9-11 100 98 -2 6-8 96 95 -1 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Enrolled in education institutes, (%) 2012 21-23 Female 23 21 -2 Male 18-20 57 64 7 15-17 95 92 -3 Age 12-14 99 99 0 9-11 99 100 1 6-8 95 95 0 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 4 June 20, 2017 Kerala Gender Female labor force participation in Kerala is close to the national average Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63 63 60 55 55 49 50 47 43 41 40 40 38 38 37 37 36 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 27 25 25 25 24 20 19 17 15 10 9 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ PJ JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Female labor force participation has dropped in Kerala after 2005 Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 83 81 77 80 81 79 75 Rural Male 60 Urban Male 42 Rural Female 40 36 Urban Female 33 39 33 28 20 0 1993-94 2004-05 2011-12 5 June 20, 2017 Kerala Gender Similar kinds of jobs for men and women in rural Kerala Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males Rural Females 23 28 33 39 23 24 15 15 ■ Farm - All ■ Non-farm Self Employed ■ Non-farm Salaried ■ Non-farm Casual Wage When urban women work in Kerala they tend to have more salaried jobs than urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males Urban Females 8 10 16 28 32 28 32 46 ■ Farm - All ■ Non-farm Self Employed ■ Non-farm Salaried ■ Non-farm Casual Wage 6 June 20, 2017