The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Towns Pest Management Plan Entrusted by: The Loan Project Office of the World Bank of Gansu Provincial Development and Reform Commission Formulated by: The Plant Protection Research Institute of Gansu Provincial Academy of Agricultural Science Dec. 17, 2011 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table of Contents 1. Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………5 1.1 Project overview…………………………………………………………………………..5 1.2 Overview on the natural conditions in the project regions……………………………….6 1.3 Social and economic overview in the project regions…………………………………….8 1.4 Planting patterns of main crops involved in the project regions………………………….10 1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management………………………………………………….12 1.6 Objective of implementing pest management in the project regions……………………..13 2. Current status of the pest management in the project regions………………….…………..14 2.1 Current status of the occurrence of main pests and disease in the project regions……… 14 2.2 Prevention and treatment measures of pests and diseases used currently in the project regions…………………………………………………………………………………… 19 2.3 Peasant interview………………………………………………………………………… 21 2.4 Evaluation on current situation of the management of pests and diseases in project area…………………………………………………………………………………….… 25 3. Foreseeable trend of the agricultural pest occurrence after the implementation of the project……………………………………………………………………….…………….. 26 3.1 Variation trend of the pests and diseases of wheat, corn and potato, etc. wheat, corn, potato………………………………………………………………………..…………….. 26 3.2 Variation trend of vegetable pests and diseases vegetables ……………..……………… 27 3.3 Variation trend of pests and diseases in cotton and Chinese medicinal plants…….…… 28 3.4 Variation trend of the pests and diseases of oil plant crops……………………..………. 28 3.5 Variation trend of pests and disease in orchard (apple, walnut and grape)……..………. 29 4. Policies, regulatory framework and organization duties…………………..……………... 33 4.1 Policies on the plant protection and integrated pest treatment in Gansu province of China…………………………………………………………………………..………… 33 4.2 Supervision framework and organization duties……………………………..…………. 34 4.3 Description and evaluation of management capability of pests and diseases…..……… 37 4.4 Pesticide management and distribution systems and the use of pesticides……………… 38 2 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 5. Overall objective and tasks of the pest treatment plant in the project regions…………… 41 5.1 Overall objectives……………………………………………………………………….. 41 5.2 Basic principals and major tasks of the pest treatment plan in the project regions….….. 41 6. Recommended method of Pest Management Plan in the project regions………………… 42 6.1 Objective of the recommended method………………………………………………….. 42 6.2 Main method recommended in the Pest Management Plan…………………………...… 42 6.3 Integrated Pest Management strategy of staple crops in the project regions……………. 44 7. Application and management of pesticide in the project regions…………………………. 50 7.1 Pesticide varieties and applying instruments recommended in the project regions…….. 50 7.2 Pesticide applying instruments recommended in the project regions…………………… 52 7.3 The use and treatment ability of users for pesticides……………………………….…… 53 7.4 Environmental, professional/health risks………………………………………….…….. 53 8. Strengthening of the pest management ability in the project regions……………………. 54 8.1 Policy related matters……………………………………………………………………. 54 8.2 Management objective…………………………………………………………………… 55 8.3 Management ability, organization arrangement and mutual cooperation………………. 56 8.4 Training and human resource development ……………………………………………. 57 8.5 Trainings for the peasants……………………………………………………………….. 57 8.6 Training plan…………………………………………………………………………….. 58 9. Monitoring and evaluation of the project………………………………………………… 61 9.1 Content of project monitoring…………………………………………………………… 61 9.2 Project supervision management content…………………………………………….…. 61 9.3 Monitoring and supervision plan………………………………………………………… 61 10. Appropriation budget…………………………………………………………………….. 67 Appendix 1: List of recommended non-pollution pesticides Appendix 2: Questionnaire on the pesticide use status 3 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Abbreviations, acronyms and units ATESC: Agro-Tech Extension & Service Center FAO: Food and Agriculture Organization GB: Chinese standard IPM: Integrated Pest Management PMO: Project Management Office PMP: Pest Management Plan PPMO: Provincial Project Management Office CPMO: City/County Project Management Office Cm: County level project managements Ct: County level technicians Tt: Town level technicians Fm: Project peasant household union or backbone peasant household representatives 4 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 1. Introduction 1.1 Project overview Gansu is a less-developed agricultural province in Western China. In order to raise the developmental level of the small towns of Gansu province, cultivate its rural leading industry, boost its comprehensive development rural economy, the Ministry of Finance of China incorporated into the 2009-2011 candidate project planning the Project of Constructing the Integrated Development Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with loans provided by the World Bank. This Project covers an area of 7264km2 in 12 townships (Dongwan Township of Jingyuan County, Hongshui Township of Jingtai County, Ganquan Township of Maiji District, Zaojiao Township of Qinzhou District, Meichuan Township of Minxian County, Wenfeng Township of Longxi County, Shizi Township of Lingtai County, Dongzhi Township of Xifeng District, Dangzhai Township of Ganzhou District, Hongwansi Township of Sunan County, Huahai Township of Yumen City, Qili Township of Dunhuang City) under 7 prefecture-level cities, i.e. Baiyin, Tianshui, Dingxi, Pingliang, Qingyang, Zhangye and Jiuquan. as well as 12 townships (Project activitiesfocus on the development and boost of local pillar industry or extended pillar industry, mainly including road construction, water conservancy works, trading market of various agricultural products, production bases of forage, apple, walnut and Chinese medicinal plants and nursery stocks and seedling propagation. The implementation of this project is designated to develop and boost the township leading industries and the pillar industries, promote the construction of the related facilities in the demonstration industry park area, raise the capability of translocation of rural surplus labor, create the employment opportunities for local peasants and expand the channels to increase their incomes, thus effectively accelerating the progress of city and countryside integration, enhancing urbanization, pushing forward the economic and environmental sustainable development in all the demonstration towns and their surrounding areas. Although the project activities at all demonstration towns in this project all focus on the construction and improvement of basic conditions, e.g. some infrastructures, conditional facilities and farmland consolidation undertaken in the economic development of all regions, they are closely correlated with the agricultural leading industries and characteristic agricultural products in all villages and towns. In order to ensure the successful implementation of the project, we sent separate teams to all regions to conduct investigations and interviews, and after the collection of large amount of data and information, we formulated the “Plan on the Pest Prevention and Management� of the project in accordance with the Environmental evaluation on the Pest Management of the World Bank. With the plant protection guidelines of “Prevention first, practicing integrated prevention and treatment� as basis, this project is designated to implement and practice the concept of “Communal plant protection� and “Green plant protection�, summarize and put forward the prevention and treatment methods of commonly emerging pests and diseases of the staple 5 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan crops, fruit trees and Chinese medicinal plants, etc. This prevention and treatment plan under the premise of protecting ecological environment, emphasizes the effect of natural control, popularizes the agricultural, physical and biological prevention methods, so as to control pests and diseases, coordinate and use appropriate chemical prevention measures, reduce the dependence on agricultural pesticides, keep the pests and weeds under economically allowable level and attain optimum economic, social and ecological benefits. 1.2 Overview of natural conditions in the project regions 1.2.1 Geographic location of the project regions in Gansu Province Gansu Province neighbors the Loess Plateau, the Inner Mongolia Plateau and the Tibet Plateau in China, long and narrow from the west to the east and narrow from the north to the south. It has complex topography and greatly varied sea level elevation including high mountains, basins, rivers, upland plains, deserts and gobi. The province has complicate climate, dry and rainless, and it has great temperature difference. The province has the annual average temperature of 4.8 and annual average precipitation of 300 mm with uneven space- time distribution and mainly concentrated in three months, i.e. July, August and September. There are many meteorological disasters, e.g. droughts, gales, sand storms, rainstorms, hailstones, frosts and dry hot winds. The harsh and changeable natural conditions and relatively backward production basis bring about not only many restrictions to the agricultural development of Gansu Province, but also many problems in the prevention of various pests and diseases. Table 1-2-1 Distribution of the project regions in Gansu Province Township, Township, County No. City No City County (District) (District), Dongwan, Pingliang 1 7 Shizi, Lingtai Jingyuan City Baiyin City Qingyan 2 Hongshui, Jingtai 8 Dongahi, Xifeng City 3 Ganquan, Maiji 9 Dangzhai, Gangzhou Tianshui Zhangye City City 4 Zaojian, Taizhou 10 Hongwansi, Sunan Meichuan, 5 11 Huahai, Yumen Minxian Jiuquan Dingxi City City 6 Wenfeng, Longxi 12 Qili,Dunhuang 6 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Fig. 1-1 Geographic location of the project regions in Gansu province 1.2.2 Overview of the hydro meterology in the project regions Table 1-2-2 Hydro meteorology overview of project regions Name of Altitude Average Average Effective Frost-free Average project (m) temperatu percipitation accumulated period (d) evaporation region re ( ) (mm) temperature (mm) (≥10 ) Dongwan 1360 8.8 244 2700 168 1563 Township Hongshui 1682 8.9 180 2700 150 2361 Township Ganquan 1300 9.5 600 3800 179 1600 Township Zaojian 1600-2059 9 639 2063 168 1600 Township Meichuan 2040 6.7 571.2 1500-2100 115 1061.5 Township Wenfeng 1721 7.7 445.8 1700-2400 155 1440 Township 7 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Shizi 1102 8.4 661.2 2539-3336 150 1384 Township Dongzi 1410 10 500 3000 170 541.1 Township Dangzhai 1518.6 7 137.2 1611-3078 147 2047 Township Hongwansi 2311.8 4.8 267.1 2201.8 123 1770.2 Township Huahai 1160-1400 8 79 3417.6 150 2918.3 Township Qili 1148 9.5 39.9 3709.1 158 2480 Township 1.3 Social and economic overview in the project regions The project regions cover an area of 7264 km2 in 12 townships under 7 prefecture-level cities, distributed from the west to the east of Gansu Province. The total population is 500,300 (including 376,700 agricultural population, accounting for 75.3% of the total population in the project regions). The farmland accounts for 968,200 mu with total grain output being 172,300 tons in 2010. The GDP in 2010 was 5,283,000,000 yuan (including 1.882 billion yuan, 2.265 billion yuan and 1.527 billion yuan for the primary, secondary and tertiary industries respectively). The peasants’ annual per-capita income is 4576 yuan (Refer to Table 1-3-1). According to Table 1-3-1, there exists distinctive gap in the agricultural and social development status between the rural areas of Gansu Province and the Central and Eastern China. Of the 12 project regions, the 4 townships, i.e. Dangzhai, Hongwansi, Huahai and Qili, situated at the oasis irrigation area of Hexi corridor in Gansu Province have relatively fast social and economic development, and their secondary and tertiary industries account for a large portion in the GDP. The peasants’ per-capita annual income above has represented the highest level of Gansu Province. The 2 townships, i.e. Dongwan and Hongshui, along the Yellow River irrigation area come next, while Meichuan Township situated at the high-cold and damp regions of Taomin has the peasant annual per capita income of only 2258 yuan due to its harsh natural conditions, backward production and sluggish social and economic development. The implementation of the project is of great importance to the social and economic development of Gansu rural areas. 8 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 1-3-1 Social and economic overview of project regions (2010) Total Total output value (100 million Total Agricultural Annual Name of Total Agricultural Per capita grain yuan) population population per capita project area area area (10, arable output The The The (10, 000 (10, 000 income (town) (km2) 000 mu) land (mu) (10, 000 primary secondary tertiary persons) persons) (yuan) tons) industry industry industry Dongwan town 229 4.46 4.5 4.2 1.02 0.14 3.5 3.5 0.5 4400 Hongshui 320 7.94 2.51 1.89 3 2.57 0.93 0.54 0.20 3865 town Ganquan town 240 8.7 4.29 2.98 3.2 1.48 0.98 0.04 0.06 2469 Zaojian town 260 10.24 3.78 3.75 2.67 2.2 1.44 0.51 0.54 2810 Meichuan 184 5.55 4.35 4.37 1.25 0.0059 0.014 0.006 0.0001 2258 town Wenfeng town 257 10.8 8.01 5.69 1.4 0.1673 1.39 3.696 4.994 3800 Shizi town 176 10.9 4.1 2.92 3.1 2.7478 2.1 1.65 0.965 3454 Dongzi town 222 14.1 6.3 5.8 2.63 3.7 1.7 3.56 0.89 3980 Dangzhai town 76 8.5 3.1 3.07 2.7 3.85 2.4508 3.0337 3.5811 5771 Hongwansi 1233 1.4 1.46 0.49 0.96 0.034 0.75 1.2 0.61 5607 town Huahai town 4011 11.43 1.33 1.21 9.2 0.5282 1.968 3.05 1.46 7959 Qili town 56 2.8 6.3 1.3 1.8 0.0037 1.5964 1.87 1.47 8539 Total 7264 96.82 50.03 37.67 2.75 17.2269 18.8192 22.6557 15.2702 4576 9 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 1.4 Planting patterns of main crops involved in the project regions 1.4.1 Pattern of the staple crops planted in the project regions The crops planted in the project regions fall into two categories, the first being grain crops, e.g. wheat, corn and potato, to meet the basic needs of people’s life and to feed livestock or poultry;, the second being fruit trees and various economic crops of local advantage and characteristics (Table 1-4-1), i.e. related industry developed and boosted in this project. According to Table 1-4-1, the social and economic development of all project regions are closely correlated to the peasant’s income and the management level of crop and plant cultivation. The regions in the project have different industries due to their different natural conditions and ecological environment. For example, the vegetables are mainly planted in Dongwan town and Dangzhai town, apple in Ganquan town, Zaojiao town and Shizi town, Chinese medicinal plants in Meichuan town. According to the situations in Huahai town and Qili town, their characteristic and advantageous crops are varied, including not only grape, vegetables and cotton, but also Chinese medicinal plants (medlar and liquorice) and pasture grass, which are well operated and managed, so their rural social and economic development and construction are rapid and the peasant’s income level sees drastic increase. Wheat Potatoes Apple Grape Vegetables Cotton Flax Oil plants Chinese medicinal plants Pasture grass Corn Fig. 1-4-1 Graph of the cultivated area of staple crops in the project regions (unit: mu) 10 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 1-4-1 Staple crops and their distribution in project regions (2010; land area in mu) Project region Grain crops Fruit trees Economic crops Feed (town) Chinese medicinal Pasture Name Wheat Corn Potato Apple Grape Vegetables Cotton Flax Rape plants grass Dongwan town 2000 5000 1500 200 / 19500 / 1000 1000 / / Hongshui town 8600 43200 9700 / / 2580 / 480 / 10930 2000 Ganquan town 41266 27895 2650 19565 / 3492 / 1022 5600 / / Zaojian town 38500 24500 8400 9650 / 1680 3000 6600 / / Meichuan town 240 / 1300 / / / / / / 41650 / Weifeng town 43210 49350 13200 30 / 6200 / 2600 7800 1820 / Shizi town 38600 28030 6150 12000 / 5800 16000 920 Dongzi town 68000 25350 800 26396 / 10800 28000 5000 Dangzhai town 11695 46769 6002 1231 234 15209 180 320 900 Hongwansi 1656 / 648 / / 43 102 468 409 town Huahai town 5678 1516 / / 4610 23554 40518 / / 31266 1632 Qili town 107 499 / 39 19485 4151 10136 / / / / Total 259552 252109 50350 69111 24329 93009 50654 24384 50708 85666 9941 11 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 1.4.2 Cultivation measures of staple crops cultivated in the project regions For the agricultural cultivation measures, it can be said that each project region represents the advanced level in their local regions. In Gansu Province 70% of the agricultural land uses dry farming, and except for the Hexi corridor and the irrigation area along Yellow River in Baiyin, all other areas are rain irrigated, so the agricultural cultivation technical measures used in all regions are the agricultural cultivation technique of dry farming with the core of drought resisting, seedling protecting, increasing usage ratio of natural precipitation. Local farmers mainly use the measures of mechanical sowing and sowing in line for the wheat, the technique of ditch sowing corn in double ridges mulched with plastic film for corn, the film- covering and ridge-forming method for the cultivation of potato, the mechanical sowing and film-covering methods for cotton. For the vegetable planting, the seedling transplant and open cultivation are used in summer and autumn, and the cultivation with facilities, e.g. solar heat greenhouse and plastic shed, is applied in winter and spring. At present except for vegetables and cottons, there lack irrigation conditions for other field crops, and because the production mode is based on peasant household, and there lacks agricultural lands and there is prominent phenomenon of continuous cropping and succession cropping and film covering, the occurrence of soil-borne diseases and subterranean pests became increasingly severe. In addition, the lack of farmyard manure, the prominent use of chemical fertilizers lead to the soil hardening and the decrease of organic matter content and land fertility year by year. In pest management, as most adult peasants leave their hometown to seek job elsewhere, the labor is inadequate, resulting in inadequacy of field management, careless disposal of various crop straws and diseased plants. Meanwhile lacking of IPM related knowledge and totally relying on chemical pesticides in prevention and treatment of pests and diseases and frequently occurred improper mixing of agricultural chemicals at random will not only reduce the prevention effect but also easily lead to the drug resistance of the pests and diseases. In addition, there is frequent occurrence of phytotoxicity caused by the use of chemicals not complying with prescriptions and willful increase of the dosage. 1.5 Concept of Integrated Pest Management The Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is the strategy for integrated pest management, that is, from the comprehensive perspective of agriculture ecological system, based on the interrelations between the pests and environment, coordinately applying various prevention measures of agricultural, physical and chemical nature, bringing into full play the effect of natural control factors in agriculture ecological system, and keep the agricultural pests under the economically allowable level. The prevention is only taken when the pest harm may lead to economic loss, that is, a certain number of bacteria and pests are permitted as long as their population has not been big enough to cause economic loss. In IPM, extraordinary attention is paid to the application of integrated prevention techniques, such as resistant cultivars, cultivation measures, natural enemy organisms, chemical agents, especially the use of natural enemy factors in the control of pests and diseases, and the adoption of caution attitude in use of agricultural chemicals. 12 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan IPM is also a systematic management method, valuing the participation of the croppers, the quality and decision-making ability of the croppers as well as the support of related policies. In practice, it advocates the healthy cultivation and natural enemy protection, adheres to regular field ecological investigation and analysis and observes the crop growing status as well as its pests and diseases, natural enemies, population dynamics of other insects. It replaces the traditional experience threshold with the field ecological analytic results to finally make its own decision. Its guiding ideology has been transformed from simple pursuit of high production to the target of developing sustainable agriculture, with the core of income increase, rational use of limited resources, and improvement of the producer’s comprehensive quality. The implementing steps of this strategy are divided into three closely connected stages: prevention, supervision and intervention. The prevention is put at the first place by reducing as far as possible the use of or not using agricultural chemicals at all, with the purpose of reducing the pollution to the natural ecological environment, creating an environment to the disadvantage of the occurrence of pests and beneficial to the growth and propagation of useful insects. This project is in favor of the Integrated Pest Management (IPM). It covers the following aspects: (1) Treating the pests and diseases and keeping them under the economically allowable level, not trying to root out the pests and diseases; (2) Bringing into full play the effect of natural control factors, using as far as possible non-chemical measures to keep the total amount of pests and disease at a low level; (3) When an agricultural chemical must be used, selecting a kind and the use method that reduce its adverse impact on beneficial organisms, human and ecological environment to the least. 1.6 Objective of implementing pest management in the project regions The implementation of the project may change the input amount and application method of agricultural chemicals (fertilizers and pesticides) used at present. This project will pay attention to the potential adverse effects incurred by the changes of the dosage and application method of agricultural chemicals, and alleviate these effects by introducing to the peasants more effective agricultural chemicals and application techniques. Meanwhile, by introducing, demonstrating and popularizing more environment-friendly integrated prevention and treatment techniques of pests and diseases, the planting area of green agricultural products and pollution-free agricultural products are expanded in the project regions so as to increase the output and quality of agricultural products and increase the peasants' income. The Pest Management Plan for the project of constructing integrated development and demonstration town of rural economy in Gansu province will be firstly implemented in 12 demonstration towns in the project regions, which will radiate to their surrounding areas on the basis of continuous perfection and acquirement of experiences, so as to vigorously push forward the pest control by agricultural, physical and biological measures, reduce the dependence of agricultural production on agricultural chemicals and realize the sustainable development of 13 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan agriculture in a step-by-step manner. Therefore the formulation of Pest Management Plan in this project is very necessary. 2. Current status of the pest management in the project regions 2.1 Current status of the occurrence of main pests and disease in the project regions 2.1.1 Main categories of pests and diseases Gansu Province boasts a vast territory as well as complex and varied terrains and landforms, extending over 1500 km from the west to east. Its varied ecological types and unique climate conditions generate all kinds of pest species, so it is one of the provinces with prominent pest occurrence, characterized by increased types of recurrent pests and diseases and increased biological risks of invasive species, especially with the vigorous development of plateau summer vegetables, characteristic advantageous industries, such as potatoes, apples and genuine Chinese medicinal plants. The existing pest prevention and control techniques obviously lag behind, causing increasingly severe harm incurred by pests and diseases. By the investigation and survey on the project regions, presently the varieties of diseases and pests of staple crops are as follows. 2-1-1 Common pest varieties and conventional prevention pesticides in project regions Common pest Commonly used prevention Crops Common pests diseases pesticides stripe rust Subterranean pests, disease, Phoxim, chlorpyrifos, aphid (Aphididae spp.), powdery acetamiprid; triadimefon, Wheat Mythimna separate, red mildew, full rot tebuconazole, spider (Tetranychus), disease, viral propiconazole, etc midge diseases Subterranean pests, European corn borer Maize head Phoxim, chlorpyrifos, (Ostrinia furnacalis), smut, gall smut, acetamiprid, cyhalothrin, cotton bollworm ear rot disease, thiacloprid; propiconazole, Corn (Heliothis armigera) stalk rot tebuconazole seed coating, (Heliothis armigera), disease, carbofuran- diniconazole aphid (Aphididae spp.), bacterial wilt seed coating agent red spider (Tetranychus) Cotton aphid Cotton Phoxim, profenofos, Cotton (Tetranychus verticillium avermectins, pyridaben, cinnabarinus) wilt, fusarium chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, 14 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan (Aphididae spp.), wilt etc cotton red spider (Tetranychusurticae spp.), cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera), cutworm (Agrotis segetum) Late blight, early blight, Phoxim, chlorpyrifos, ring rot disease, acetamiprid, black shank imidacloprid copper Subterranean pests, disease, scab hydroxide, cymoxanil aphid (Aphididae spp.), Potato disease, stem mancozeb, hymexazol leaf beetle base rot mancozeb, mancozeb, (Chrysomelidae spp.) diseases triflumizole propamocarb, (tarspot, metalaxyl mancozeb, damping off), tebuconazole viral disease Phoxim, chlorpyrifos, Downy mildew, avermectins, spinosad, Subterranean pests, grey mold decamethrin, thiophanate diamond back moth disease, methyl, carbendazim, (Plutella xylostella), anthracnose, chlorothalonil, mancozeb, Cabbage worm (Pieris blight, powdery cymoxanil mancozeb, rapae), aphid Vegetables mildew, viral propamocarb, (Aphididae spp.), diseaseS, dimethomorph, fosetyl-Al, leafminer (Liriomyza greensickness, polysulfide suspending sativae), greenhouse wilt disease, agent, alkene moroxydine, whitefly (Trialeurodes root knot streptomycin, copper vaporariorum) nematode hydroxide, pyrimethanil, iprodione, etc Anthracnose, Imidacloprid, kushenin, Chin Lycium Aphid (Aphididae spp.) black fruit fenvalerate , mancozeb , ese barbaru and phylloxera disease and chlorothalonil and medi m root rot disease carbendazim cinal 15 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan cinal Rust disease, Pirimicarb, imidacloprid, Aphid (Aphididae powdery decamethrin, fenvalerate, plant Glycyrr spp.), leaf beetle mildew and difenoconazole , carboxin, s hiza (Chrysomelidae spp.) brown spot triadimefon, chlorothalonil and leaf hopper disease and carbendazim Aphid (Aphididae Ma-mouth Pirimicarb, imidacloprid, Angelic spp.), agrotis ypsilon , disease, brown phoxim, beauveria bassiana, a wireworm (Elateridae spot disease and carbendazim, thiophanate sinensis spp.) and grup root rot disease methyl and fenaminosulf Aphid (Aphididae spp.), red spider Pirimicarb, imidacloprid, Odonop (Tetranychus), powdery avermectin , phoxim, sis cutworm (Agrotis mildew and root agricultural antibiotic 120 , pilosula segetum), wireworm rot disease mancozeb , carbendazim (Elateridae spp.) and and fenaminosulf grup Apple fruit borer, red Chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid , spider (Tetranychus), Rot disease, avermectin , fenvalerate , Aphid (Aphididae powdery propargite, thiophanate spp.), psylla chinensis, mildew, rust Apple methyl , lime sulfur mixture scale insect (Coccoidea disease and , carbendazim, mancozeb , spp.), leaf roller Alternaria mali pine taroil, tebuconazole (Tortricidae spp.) and Roberts and propiconazole, etc Carpocapsa pomonella Chlorpyrifos, acetamiprid , Powdery avermectin , fenvalerate , Aphid (Aphididae mildew, rust thiophanate methyl , lime spp.), psylla chinensis, disease, pear sulfur mixture , Pear scale insect (Coccoidea scab, pear stem carbendazim, mancozeb , spp.) and leaf roller spot disease and tebuconazole , (Tortricidae spp.) dry rot disease propiconazole and asomate, etc Chlorpyrifos, phoxim, Powdery avermectin , fenvalerate , Colomerus vitis and mildew, gray Grape thiophanate methyl , grape leaf beetle mold, downy mancozeb , triadimefon and mildew propiconazole, etc Striped flea beetle Sclerotinia rot Imidacloprid, thiacloprid, Oil plants (Phyllotretacruciferae of colza, acetamiprid, chlorpyrifos, 16 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan spp.), Entomoscelis powdery triadimefon, polysulfide suturalis weise, mildew, flax suspending agent, tolclofos- Ceuthorrhynchus wilt disease, methyl, carbendazim, etc asper, aphid flax blight (Aphididae spp.), disease, flax leafminer (Liriomyza anthracnose, sativae) sunflower downy mildew, etc Alfalfa rust Imidacloprid,avermectin disease, downy ,chlorpyrifos,mancozeb Aphid (Aphididae Pasture grass mildew, ,triadimefon,thiram spp.), Thripidae spp., (alfalfa) powdery ,thiophanate methyl and Miridae spp., etc mildew, brown ,chlorothalonil and spot disease procymidone 2.1.2 Endangering area by main pests and diseases and the loss incurred As shown in Table 2-1-2 and Fig. 2-1-2, despite of the great efforts invested in the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in the project regions year by year, there are still large yield loss for all kinds of crops. The yield loss for various crops is sequenced from high to low as follows: cotton >oil plants >potato >wheat >vegetables >Chinese medicinal plants >fruit trees>corn. Meanwhile as shown in the table, due to different natural conditions and ecological environment in all project regions, the extent of harm incurred by pests and diseases for various crops also varies, so even for the same variety of crop, the loss varies largely from one project region to another. For example, the loss of wheat, corn, potato and fruit trees (Grape) in Huahai town is less than that in other project regions, while the loss of cotton in Huahai town is more severe than that of other crops, as does Qili town. Fig. 1-4-2 Occurrence area of pests and diseases and related loss status in the project regions Planting area (kmu) Occurrence area (kmu) 17 Loss rate (%) The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 18 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 2-1-2 Occurrence area of pests and diseases and related loss status in the project regions (mu. %) Chinese Wheat Corn Potato Fruit trees Vegetables Oil plants medicinal Cotton plants Town Hazard Hazard Hazard Hazard Hazard Hazard Affecte Affecte Affecte Affecte Affected Affecte Hazard Affecte Affecte Hazard loss loss loss loss loss loss(% d area d area d area d area area d area loss(%) d area d area loss(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) ) Dongwa 200 10 100 2 110 7.3 50 7 710 6 / / / / / / n Hongshu 2838 20 8640 8 4850 20 / / 545 8 120 6 5465 12 / / i Ganquan 17700 12.0 15480 9.7 1850 11.4 8730 12.9 1440 7.6 2630 12.5 Zaojiao 15400 11.4 14700 11 7320 12.5 4360 11.6 620 9.4 3990 14.3 / / / / Meichua 20 8.3 / / 104 8 / / / / / / 3748 9 n / Weifeng 2200 8.2 300 3 300 2.1 8 5.5 3060 7 3500 9 30 3 Shizi 6200 10 3100 9 321 5 223 2.2 1253 11.5 4710 18.8 / / / / Dongzhi 3500 10.3 8200 8.4 320 15.3 10500 11.2 4700 9.1 9750 16.2 / / / / Dangzha 9500 7.48 28300 7.93 600 16.7 140 10.7 4882 5.4 130 15.8 / / / / i Hongwa 533 13 / / 227 30 / / 17 / 163 34 / / / / nsi Huahai 2658 3.5 1516 4.1 / / 4610 2.7 22367 11 / / 30510 2.3 25820 26 19 The Project of China Integrated Economic Development of Small Twons in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Qili / / / / / / 974 5 / / / / / / 2534 25 Total 60749 10.38 80336 7.01 16002 12.83 29595 7.64 39594 8.33 24993 15.83 39753 6.58 28354 25.5 20 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2.2 Prevention and treatment measures of pests and diseases used currently in the project regions 2.2.1 Prevention and treatment measures of pests and diseases of staple crops in the project regions Despite of the varied natural conditions and different crops planted, the prevention and treatment measures and approaches are the same on the whole, which can be classified into agricultural measures, physical and mechanical, biological, ecological and chemical prevention and treatment. In above prevention and treatment measures, chemical prevention and treatment are still the mainstay in the effective control of pests and diseases, accounting for over 80%, and the agricultural measures accounts for about 10%, physical and mechanical methods account for 5% each. Table 2-2-1 Prevention and treatment measures of pests and diseases mainly used currently in the project regions Prevention and treatment measures Suitable crops Selecting pest resistant varieties and seedlings Suitable for all kinds of crops Plastic film mulching Corn, potato, vegetables, cotton Agricultural Crop rotation and succession Suitable for all kinds of crops measures Cleaning the orchard and field Fruit trees, vegetables Seed potato de-virus Potato Planting corn lure strip around the cotton field Cotton Setting moth-killing lamp, sweet lure and Fruit trees, vegetables Physical hanging yellow insect trap prevention High-temperature seed soaking for and sterilization and insects killing, using high- treatment Vegetables temperature tightly greenhouse with natural light in summer Ecological prevention Regulating shed and room temperature and Facility vegetable cultivation and humidity treatment Biological Protecting and making use of natural Suitable for all kinds of crops prevention enemy and Preventing and treating pests and diseases Vegetables, fruit trees, Chinese treatment with biological agents medicinal plants Seed dressing and coating Wheat, corn, oil plants, cotton Applying chemicals in sowing furrow Corn, potato, vegetables, rape, Chemical (hole) spreading pesticide-clay mixture Chinese medicinal plants prevention Trapping pests with all kinds of poison and baits Suitable for all kinds of crops treatment Fumigation with smoke agent Facility vegetables Over ground mist spraying and Suitable for all kinds of crops underground root drenching 21 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2.2.2 Application of agricultural chemicals in the project regions at present In order to make good use of and manage well the pest treatment by agricultural chemicals, especially the pesticides in the next step of the work in the project regions, we investigated the use of agricultural chemicals in part of the project towns (see table 2-2-2). Table 2-2-2 Usage of agricultural chemicals in the project regions in 2010 Chemical Chemical dosage Chemical consumption in 2010 applying (g/mu·time) Name of times for the project Chemical Biopesticides each Biopesticides town Bactericide Pesticide pesticides Percentage season (ton) (ton) (%) (times) Dongwan 3-4 100-120 40-50 5.9 0.3 4.84 town Hongshui 2-3 80-100 30-40 5.6 0.2 3.45 town Meichuan 2-3 80-100 40-50 3.4 0.1 2.86 town Wenfeng 2-3 40-50 30-40 4.2 0.1 2.33 town Ganquan 3-4 100-120 40-50 11.1 0.5 4.31 town Zaojiao 3-4 100-120 40-50 12.3 0.6 4.65 town Shizi town 2-3 80-100 40-50 8.0 0.35 4.19 Dongzhi 2-3 80-100 40-50 10.3 0.5 4.63 town Hongwansi 2-3 80-100 30-40 1.0 0.02 1.96 town Dangzhai 3-4 100-120 40-50 8.9 0.4 4.3 town Huahai 2-3 80-100 40-50 8.7 0.4 4.4 town Qili town 3-4 100-120 40-50 3.7 0.18 4.64 Several description points for the data in the above table: (1) The chemical applying times for the crops in each season in the table is the mean value. The actual situation is that the grain crops such as wheat and corn all received chemical coating, seed dressing and spreading pesticide-clay mixture, 1-2 times for the field growth period, 4-5 times for economic crops such as vegetables and fruit trees, 5-6 times for some varieties and even more for some varieties. 22 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan (2) The chemical dosage varies significantly among villages and townships due to the difference in their agricultural area and crop varieties planted. In particular, the annual agricultural chemical consumption is significantly larger in the project towns which grow vegetables and fruit trees as their mainstay. (3) Chemical pesticides prevail in prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in the project regions, and the use of bio-pesticidespesticides accounts for less than 5% only. 2.3 Peasant interview In investigation and survey period of the project, we had interviews with 51 peasant households at random in the project regions, and collected questionnaires from them to learn their views on the use of agricultural pesticides. The content of the questionnaire includes the educational level of the peasants, land they owned, crop varieties they planted, main pest varieties occurred as well as how they selects the type of pesticides? How to determine the use dosage and the applying time? What are the precautions in the use of pesticides? How to preserve pesticides? How to dispose of the used chemical bottles and packaging bags? What are the trainings you expect to take? All surveyed peasant households wish to take training concerning the knowledge on the identification of pests and diseases, related prevention and treatment measures, proper use of pesticides and cultivation management. It can be said that what acquired from the interviews with the peasants indicated the true situations of the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in the project regions at present (see Table 2-2- 3). From the interviews with the peasants, we learned that apart from the instructions acquired from agro-technical departments, the peasants rely on their experiences more for the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases, while on the purchase and selection of pesticides they rely on the recommendation of the seller in the local pesticide stores or the dealers. With regard to the use times and dosage, they mostly rely on their experiences and the labels and instructions of the pesticides. Furthermore, we also learned that the peasants lack some knowledge and usually use two types of pesticides or mix several types, and most peasants paid less attention to the pollution of pesticides to agricultural products and the environment and they had limited awareness of safe use intervals. In the field investigation, we can see discarded pesticide bottles and packaging bags everywhere. Nevertheless, in our investigation we also deeply perceived that all surveyed peasants expected that more trainings and on-the-spot meetings are held, latest technical materials and agricultural pesticides are distributed and recommended to solve various practical problems they encountered in their production. They also required the display of new technologies and the effect of new products in the form of demonstration field so as to spread and disseminate them to larger areas. 23 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 2-2-3 Table of the peasant interview content in the project regions Questions designed and the number of people for each option Interview No. Peopl Peopl content Option 1 Option 2 People Option 3 People Option 4 e e Use period 1 2-5 2 6-10 11 11-20 34 21-30 4 (years) Do you know about the “three Yes A little 2 9 42 / / certificates of the pesticides� Where do you Pesticide store Factory direct sales Peddlers 3 purchase the 51 4 1 / pesticides By reading Agricultural Dealer By experiences (or How to select the label (or 4 technician 22 recommendation 18 neighbor 17 7 pesticide advertisemen recommendation recommendation) t) By reading How to decide By experiences (or Instructions from the Fixed time for the label of 5 the pesticide use notice) 23 agro-tech 20 pesticide use 13 5 the pesticide time department Instructions from How to decide By reading pesticide Asking the By experiences the agricultural 6 the pesticide use 9 label 32 16 former users 6 machinery dosage department Using small By scale or By rough How to measure By bottle cap 7 30 packages 11 container of known 13 estimation 3 the pesticide volume Actual use Within the scope of Higher than label Lower than label 8 dosage of the label dosage 39 dosage 12 2 / dosage pesticide 24 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Questions designed and the number of people for each option Interview No. Peopl Peopl content Option 1 Option 2 People Option 3 People Option 4 e e How to calculate g/mu 9 the applying 41 By dilution times 22 / / amount By instructions By Whenever How to decide By experiences from the 10 16 recommendations 19 20 having time 2 the use times agriculture technicians Applying times 1-2 times 15 3-4 times 5-6 times 11 27 9 / for each crop Interval for each Over 8 days 6-7 days 4-5 days 12 30 18 2 / applying As complying Do not know how Safe applying No complying 13 reference 16 11 to comply with the 14 Not clear 10 interval safe use interval Mixing One pesticide for Mixing two types of Mixing several multiple How to use 14 each time 21 pesticides 10 types of pesticides 19 types of 2 pesticides pesticides Impact of Blowing strongly High temperature 15 weather on Rainy 46 27 11 / pesticide effect Whether Washing hands Wearing mouth No protective Wearing mouth and changing muffle and protections 16 measures are muffle 21 28 clothes after 24 3 protective clothing needed taken in applying applying pesticides pesticides 17 What to do Sending him/her to 22 Sending him/her to 29 Handling 2 / 25 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Questions designed and the number of people for each option Interview No. Peopl Peopl content Option 1 Option 2 People Option 3 People Option 4 e e when someone hospitals for hospital for according to the were poisoned emergency emergency treatment prescriptions on by pesticides treatment carrying the the pesticide label pesticide labels Preservation of Casually storing Classified storage Discarding them 18 remaining 31 them 19 5 / pesticides Disposal of Discarding them in Burning or burying Having not thought 19 empty pesticide the field 14 them 33 about it 2 / containers Local trainings More than 5 None 1-2 times 3-5 times 20 on pesticide 7 25 9 times 6 knowledge Note: In order to learn about the actual situations of the peasants in using pesticides in the project regions, we used a questionnaire with 20 questions in total and 3-4 options for each question, which was filled by the peasants according to their actual situations. A total of 51 questionnaires were randomly released to 12 project regions, and all 51 filled questionnaires were retrieved. This table is the summarized results of the 51 questionnaires. 26 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2.4 Evaluation of current situation of the management of pests and diseases in project area By the on-the-spot investigation, survey and peasant household interview in the project regions, we noticed that the key agricultural cultivation using pest control in the project regions focused on various vegetables, melons and fruits, Chinese medicinal plants, mainly relying on chemical pesticide control, seldom using some traditional effective agricultural planting measures, physical measures and biological prevention measure. While in chemical preventions, except for relying on the instructions from agro-tech departments, most peasants solved the pest problems they encountered more with their experiences and with the help of pesticide dealers. Due to the perennial use of large amount of chemical pesticides and the lack of knowledge of pesticide, environment and health, the peasants caused high risks in the use of pesticide with low effective use of pesticides, and often caused phytotoxicity to all kinds of crops. By investigation and survey, we also witnessed great importance attached by the government departments on the agricultural social and economic development in the regions, and great concern and support on pest control of all kinds of staple crops. In addition, the pest forecast and prevention techniques are improving year by year, but there are still problems concerning the use of chemical pesticides, which are summarized as follows: (1) Being highly dependent on agricultural chemicals, especially prominent on vegetables with high commodity value and economic benefits, e.g. melons, fruits and other commercial crops; (2) The use dosage of agricultural chemicals, especially pesticides sees a rising trend year by year; (3) There lacks correct utilization and management on agricultural chemicals (bactericides, pesticides and herbicides) and other chemicals; (4) There exist potential risks of pollution and toxicity concerning the random disposal of residue agricultural chemicals and discarded packages; (5) Poor enforcement of policies and regulations and poor supervision on agricultural chemicals; (6) The extension organizations, agricultural chemical dealers and peasants lack awareness on the integrated treatment of pests and diseases; (7) The traditional training mechanisms can not solve the specific production problems and some newly emerged difficulties of individual peasant households; (8) There lacks timely and sufficient information on agricultural pesticides. 3. Foreseeable trend of the agricultural pest occurrence after the implementation of the project 27 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Because the construction content of this project all centered on the construction and improvement of the basic conditions, e.g. some agricultural infrastructures, conditional equipments and farmland consolidation undertaken in the economic development in all regions, the farmland in the project regions will be more standardized, the land will be more leveled off and the canal system will be more supportive. The proceeding of the project for the improvements and scientific treatments of various pests and diseases in the farmland ecological environment will inevitably lead to the evolvement of the existing agriculture and forestry pests and diseases. It is expected that after the implementation of the project the fruit tree pests and diseases will have the following changes: the frequently reoccurring pests and diseases will be under effective control due to the implementation of supporting technical measures; part of air-borne diseases (rust disease and powdery mildew) and soil-borne diseases (wilt, blight and nematode disease) will continuously occur and exert harm due to unique climate conditions and continuous cropping obstacles, but the harm will decrease to an extent; with the introduction of new cultivars (or seedlings) and transportation and distribution of vegetables, the risks for the invasion of alien species increased, new pests and diseases, e.g. codling moth (Cydia pomonella), woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum), western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis), bemisia tabaci, Miridae spp., potato gangrenosis, etc will continuously intrude and expand to cause harm. 3.1 Variation trend of the pests and diseases of wheat, corn and potato, etc. The high quality and standard farmland construction, good water and fertilization management as well as the integrated prevention and treatment of pests and diseases are expected to take place. The occurrence of wheat subterranean pests, aphid (Aphididae spp.), red spider (Tetranychus), midge and wheat root disease and wheat viral diseases will reduce and their damage extent will decrease. As for the wheat stripe rust disease, because the wheat area with altitude above 1500 m in Tianshui of Gansu Province (Maiji District and Qinzhou District) and Taomin (Minxian County) is not only the base for wheat stripe rust disease to live through the summer but also the primary infection source for the winter wheat in its surrounding Chuanshui District of low altitude to catch disease in autumn, and the diseases to spread to the wheat area in all regions of Ganshu Province and Eastern China. Therefore the stripe rust disease is still at the dominant position of wheat diseases occurred. Besides, the improvement of farmland irrigation conditions will cause change to the wheat field microclimate, thus may increase the occurrence areas of the wheat powdery mildew. As for corn, the corn viral diseases spread by various aphid (Aphididae spp.) and plant hopper (Laodelphax striatellus) (mainly dwarf mosaic disease and red leaf disease), corn northern leaf blight and southern leaf blight as well as the corn head smut and the gall smut in corn seed field carried around by all kinds of aphid (Aphididae spp.) and plant hopper (Laodelphax striatellus) will decrease to an extent. The expansion of plastic film corn leads to good under-film soil moisture content and the high temperature increase rate of the soil, but also leads to the severe spread of subterranean pests, mainly wireworm (Elateridae spp.) and cutworm (Agrotis segetum), and the prevention becomes difficult due to the filmed soil. In addition, there has newly emerged corn top rot disease and corn twisted heart leaf in recent two years in Gansu Province (including the project practice area), and 28 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan because most peasants and grass-root agricultural technicians do not know their causes, they can not take effective solutions, and the occurrence area may further increase. At present, the potato industry has become a feature industry with advantages. Due to the popularization of de-virus sweet potatoes, especially that of quality varieties, the occurrence of all kinds of viral diseases will sharply decrease. But because the reproductive stage of potatoes coincides with the rainy and hot climate conditions (three months of raining: July, August and September) in Gansu Province, the late blight is still the important constraint factor for potato production. In addition, the potato ring rot disease, black shank disease, tar spot disease and dry rot disease are on the rise, especially the occasionally outburst of dry rot disease in storage period will cause the rot incidents of large amount of cellar stored seed potato, which shall attract our great concern. 3.2 Variation trend of vegetable pests and diseases There are two categories of vegetables in the project regions. One is the plateau summer vegetables, mainly the vegetables planted in the open of the plateau regions with altitude of 1000-2500 m, annual average air temperature of 4-12 , average air temperature ﹤25 in July, which come into season in July-September to supply the vegetables in the off-market period in Southeast China coastal regions, the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River and North China as well as the vegetable market in countries of Southeast Asian and Central Asian. These include cabbages, cauliflowers, celeries, young garlic shoots, pumpkins, carrots and daylilies. The other is the vegetables planted in solar heat green house and plastic shed facilities, which are mainly supplied to the spring and winter market in Gansu, and Xinjiang, Qinghai and Ningxia provinces in Northwestern China. These include cucumbers, tomatoes, peppers, eggplants and pumpkins. With the implementation of the project, especially by the technical training provided to peasants and with the increase of their awareness of safe production, and also the good natural heat and light resources in Gansu province, the main recurrent pests and diseases of various vegetables (e.g. lepidoptera Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), cabbage army worm (Mamestra brassicae), tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta); sucking insects aphid (Aphididae spp.), leaf mite (Tetranyehidea spp.); fungus diseases gray mold, powdery mildew and downy mildew, etc) will be under effective control and the quality and quantity of vegetable products will be also significantly improved and increased. However, due to continuous introduction of various new vegetable cultivars and consecutive-year planting of vegetables in all regions, some alien pests may invade the project implementation areas and some diseases mainly borne by soil, e.g. all kinds of root rot diseases, blight and wilt diseases will be more severe in cruciferae vegetables due to pathogenic accumulation. The early blight and late blight in solanaceae vegetables as well as the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum), wilt disease and parasitic nematode, etc of melon or cucurbitaceae vegetables will continue occurring and causing damage. Particular attention shall be drawn that the vegetable continuous cropping obstacles under facility conditions have increasingly become the problem concerned widely in vegetable production. Meanwhile, due to changes of climate conditions in recent years, the cold injury caused by 29 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan low temperature in early spring and the occurrence of physiological obstacles resulted from various factors will be increasing. 3.3 Variation trend of pests and diseases in cotton and Chinese medicinal plants The cotton is mainly planted in Huahai Township of Yumen City and Qili Township of Dunhuang City within the project regions. The cotton aphid (Tetranychus cinnabarinus), cotton leaf mite and cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera) will be well controlled due to the implementation of the project, while the cotton wilt disease and cyanosis, for their difficulty in prevention and treatment, will still cause harm. In addition, the cotton miridae is on the rise in part of the cotton planting areas in China, which shall be closely monitored. The Chinese medicinal plants have a long planting history in Gansu Province. In particular, Minxian County and Longxi County in the project regions have been named by the Special Product Committee of Chinese Association of Agricultural Science Societies as “Land of Angelica sinensis in China� and “Land of Mikvetch root in China� respectively. The pests and diseases in Chinese medicinal plants have their own characteristics of occurrence. Firstly, due to long-term natural selection, the adaptation to local environmental conditions and the disease source of host plant and the yearly accumulation of pest source, the genuine medicinal materials are severely affected. Secondly, due to special chemical composition of the medicinal plant itself, there are relatively many monophagy and oligophagy pests feeding, laying eggs on these special plants preferably, so there forms complicate varied pest systems in the production area of different Chinese medicinal plants. Thirdly, because most Chinese medicinal plants are biennial and perennial, there exist prominent problems of under-ground root and stem diseases and subterranean pests. After the implementation of the project, thanks to improvement of peasants’ scientific and technological level and the implementation of the good agriculture practice of Chinese medicinal plants, the Ma-mouth disease in Angelica sinensis, brown blotch in Gengelica sinensis, downy mildew in Mikvetch root, powdery mildew in Leguminosae spp. and Codonopsis pilosula, rust disease in Leguminosae spp. will be reduced to an extent. But because there are a great variety of pests and diseases in Chinese medicinal plants with great difficulty in prevention and treatment, the root rot disease in Angelica sinensis and Codonopsis pilosula, subterranean pests, Brachophagus spp. will continue being the focus of prevention and treatment. In addition, what needs our special attention and concern is that after the distribution of the seedling of Chinese medicinal plants and the transformation of medicinal crops from wild type to cultivated type, there may be the occurrence and evolvement of new diseases and pests because the change in environment breaks the former ecological balance. 3.4 Variation trend of the pests and diseases of oil plant crops The oil plants mainly include flax and rape, and their distribution in the project regions is as follows: Chinese cabbage type spring rape (Brassica campestris) in high-altitude regions, flax and winter rape in low-altitude regions. After the implementation of the project, the flax wilt disease and flax wilt disease and falseuncaria kaszabi razowski (also called flax phaloniid), which were severe in the past, will be alleviated. The Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 30 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan and rapepowdery mildew will also be well controlled. However, the flax root rot disease and the rape flea beetle and subterranean pests in seedling stage in spring rape areas will continue. 3.5 Development trend of pests and disease in (apple, walnut and grape) orchards In the project implementation regions, the apple trees are mainly distributed in three towns, namely Ganquan, Zaojiao and Shizi. Old orchards are distributed in Ganquan and Zaojiao townships and new three-year old orchards are in Shizi township. The pests in old orchids are mainly scale insect (Coccoidea spp.) and red spider (Tetranychus). Diseases include apple scar skin disease (ASSD) and mould core disease, which are leaf diseases, Fruit diseases include apple scar skin disease and mould core disease. Limb disease includes apple cranker. New orchards generally suffer scale insect (Coccoidea spp.), red spider (Tetranychus) and leaf roller (Tortricidae spp.). After the implementation of the project, due to the implementation of the Pest Management Plan, all above pests and diseases will be alleviated, but the scale insect (Coccoidea spp.) and rot diseases will continue to cause harm because of the difficulty in prevention and treatment, accumulation of disease pathogens and the large insect population. Meanwhile due to environmental changes, especially increase of nursery gardens, great concern shall be given to the disease in seedling stage and the growth and decline trends of leaf-eating lepidoptera, and in particular special attention shall be paid to the alien invasive species, e.g. the hazardous pests woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) and codling moth (Cydia pomonella). Walnut involved in this project is the planned 5000-mu high-quality walnut base at Ganquan Township. Walnut is mainly distributed in the Longnan area at upper reaches of the Jialing River (the Yangtze River valley of the Southeastern Gansu province), and features large planting area and a long history. According to our knowledge, the frequently occurring pests in the walnut planting regions include the Atrijuglans hetaohei that harms the fruits, the defoliators such as the Culcula panterinaria, Cnidocampa flavescens, Nola distributa walker as well as the Batocera horsfieldi that bores the limbs. The commonly seen diseases include the leaf disease powdery mildew, the fruit diseases black spot disease and anthracnose as well as the limb disease walnut branch blight. For the pests and diseases commonly seen at walnut, mature prevention and treatment methods have been in place for the fruit grower in the planting regions. However since the project region at Ganquan town is the newly constructed walnut introduction base, close attention and supervision shall be given to these frequently occurring pests and diseases after the implementation of the project. The grape is the advantageous special products in Dunhuang and Yumen, where the climates of driness, limited rainfall, plenty of sunlight, large day-night temperature gap and high effective accumulated temperature make them the superior production places for high- quality fresh wine grape. At present, the main problems with the grape are the grape powdery mildew and grape gray and occasionally occurring grape downy mildew and grey mould. In fact, the powdery mildew and gray mold are two manageable diseases, but lack of disease prevention awareness of fruit growers makes it the main disease in grape production at present. By trainings provided to peasants in the project, the occurrence of these two diseases will be effectively kept under control. Attention shall be paid in the spread of the above two diseases, and also the possible occurrence of viral diseases in the transportation of nursery- grown plants. In summary, through the analysis on the possible changes of the agriculture ecological environment in the project regions after the implementation of the project, we clarified the 31 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan focus of our pest management work, and at the same time put forward our work direction and work target. 32 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 3 Possible changes of pests and diseases in the project regions after the implementation of the project Possibly alleviated or controlled Pests and diseases that Pests and diseases that Corresponding prevention Crops pests and diseases continue to exist and may occur and treatment measures cause losses Subterranean pests, aphid (Aphididae spp.), red spider Stripe rust disease, Preventing and treating the viral wheat Viral diseases diseases by killing the transmitting (Tetranychus), midge; full rot powdery mildew vector aphid (Aphididae spp.) disease, loose kernel smut Corn borer, aphid (Aphididae Screening new prevention and Subterranean pests, red Corn top rot disease, corn treatment chemicals; eliminating spp.) corn leaf blight(southern corn the diseases leaves, popularizing the leaf blight), head smut, gall smut, spider (Tetranychus) twisted heart leaf prevention and treatment techniques viral disease on site Aphid (Aphididae spp.), leaf Ring rot disease, black Popularizing the de-virus seed beetle (Chrysomelidae shank disease, tar spot potatoes, using small seed potatoes; potato Late blight, early blight screening new prevention and disease, dry rot disease, spp.) viral disease treatment chemicals potato gangrenosis Greenhouse greenhouse whitefly Aphid (Aphididae spp.), (Trialeurodes Alien invasive species, liriomyza; downy mildew, gray e.g. western flower thrip Facilities vaporariorum) wilt Strengthening the quarantine mold, powdery mildew, (Frankliniella disease, measures; realizing crop rotation anthracnose occidentalis), bemisia of different vegetables; blight nematode vegetables tabaci; continuous strengthening cultivation disease management; scientifically cropping problem, low- Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), applying fertilizers and Aphid (Aphididae temperature damage and formulating fertilization cabbage army worm (Mamestra spp.), subterranean other physiological Open brassicae), tobacco budworm diseases field pests root disease, (Helicoverpa assulta), diamond blight back moth (Plutella xylostella) 33 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Aphid (Aphididae spp.), leaf mite Screening new prevention and cotton (Tetranyehidea spp.), cotton Cyanosis, wilt disease, Cotton miridae treatment chemicals bollworm (Heliothis armigera) Ma-mouth Disease in Angelica Subterranean pests, New pests and diseases sinensis, brown blotch downy Realizing seedling quarantine, Brachophagus spp. ; brought about in seedling practicing quarantine cultivation Chinese medicinal mildew in Radix astragali, root rot disease of transportation and management for the wild species, plants powdery mildew, rust monitoring possible new emerging Angelica sinensis and application of wild disease Codonopsis pilosula pests and diseases Codonopsis pilosula species powdery mildew Flax oil leaking insect; flaxwilt Flax Root rot disease disease oil plants Leaf miner; sclerotinia Subterranean pests, flea Rape sclerotiorum, powdery mildew beetle (Halticidae spp.) Aphid (Aphididae spp.), red Alien invasive species, e.g. apple woolly aphid, Strictly practicing quarantine spider (Tetranychus), borer pest, inspection in production place for leaf roller (Tortricidae codling moth (Cydia the introduced seedlings and the scale insect (Coccoidea fruit trees Apple pomonella) and newly graft when being introduced, and spp.) brown blotch, mould core spp.); rot disease practicing quarantine observation emerged pests and disease, scar skin disease and and monitoring after being diseases in the nursery introduced mould core disease garden Atrijuglans hetaohei , Culcula panterinaria , Practicing prevention and control batocera horsfieldi, fruit with reference to the successful Walnut / / prevention and treatment measures anthracnose, black rot in the producing place disease , branch rot disease 34 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Breeding and cultivating virus-free Powdery mildew, gray mold and Downy mildew and seedlings, strengthening Grape viral diseases management, preventing virus grey mould anthracnose transmitting and spreading Aphid (Aphididae spp.), Strengthening seed management, Downy mildew and selecting the disease and pest Forage grass( (alfalfa)) Thripidae spp., Miridae spp., rust Alfalfa Ascochyta disease resistant varieties, screening new brown spot disease and powdery midew prevention and treatment chemicals 35 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 4. Policies, regulatory framework and organization duties 4.1 Policies on the plant protection and integrated pest treatment in Gansu province of China As early as in 1950s, China put forward the concept of pest integrated prevention and treatment, and formulated on the national plant protection conference in 1975, the plant protection guidelines of “prevention first and practicing integrated prevention and treatment�. With the experience accumulated and lessons learned in the past several decades, we re- recognized and reevaluated the effect of agricultural chemicals, emphasized on the importance of keeping environment ecological balance, and conclude that chemical prevention and treatment shall be the last option in the integrated pest treatment, and efforts shall be made to use multiple measures in integrated implementation, and make the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in line with the requirements of “economic, social and ecological� benefits. The state and localities have successively issued and brought into effect a series of laws, regulations, standards, methods, procedures and codes, and by the enforcement of the laws and regulations, the Integrated Pest Management gained further popularization and application. (1) Agricultural Product Quality Security Law of the People’s Republic of China (by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress in April 2006); (2) Pesticide Regulations of the People’s Republic of China (by the State Council in January 2001); (3) Measures for the Implementation of Pesticide Regulation (revised in the No. 9 decree of 2007 by the Ministry of Agriculture on 8th Dec. 2007); (4) Measures on Management of Pollution-free Agricultural Products (by the Ministry of Agriculture and Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine in April 2002); (5) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides (GB4285-1989) (by the State Administration of Environmental Protection in September 1986); (6) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides (GB8321.2-1987) (by the State Administration of Environmental Protection in September 1986) (7) Pesticide Application Guideline for Green Food Production (NY/T393-2000) (by the Ministry of Agriculture in March 2000) (8) Maximum Residue Limits for Pesticides in Food (GB2763-2005); (9) Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Foods (GB/T 5009.20- 2003); (10) Guideline for Safety Application of Pesticides (1-8) (GB/TB8321.1 8321.8) (by the Ministry of Agriculture)﹤ 36 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan (11) Regulations on Plant Quarantine (by the State Council, issuedin reviosn on 13th May 1992)﹤ (12) Implementting Regulations on Plant Quarantine (Agricultural part) (by the Ministry of Agriculture in May 1995); (13) Antitoxic Regulations for Storage-transportation, Marketing and Use of Pesticides (GB 12475-2006) (by the Ministry of Agriculture); (14) Ganshu Provincial Agricultural Product Quality Safety Regulations (by the Standing Committee of the Gansu Provincial People's Congress in November 2008). 4.2 Supervision framework and organization duties 4.2.1 Pesticide supervision and management organization Provincial Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Department Husbandry Provincial Industrial and Provincial Quality Commercial Bureau Supervision Bureau Industrial and Commercial Bureau at City,, Provincial Institute for Quality Supervision Bureau at the City, County and District Level Pesticide Control County and District Level Agricultural Bureau at City, Team for Agrocultural Law County and District Level Enforcement Agricultural Comprehensive Technical Detachment for Agricultural Service Center for the Law Enforcement of the City, Village and Town County and Area Level Fig. 4-2-1 Schematic diagram of agricultural supervision and management organizations Duties of each organization: Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: Being responsible for the agricultural development planning and related agricultural affairs. Industrial and Commercial Bureau: being responsible for the management of pesticides in trading. Quality Supervision Bureau: being responsible for the management of pesticides in production. Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals: being responsible for the application, use, supervision and management of pesticides as well as the formulation or participating in the formulation of pesticide safe use and the industry standard of the pesticide quality and pesticide residue and related affairs. 37 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Institute of Law Enforcement: being responsible for the market supervision and management of agricultural chemicals. Township Integrated Agro-tech Service Center: coordinate and assist in related law enforcement and the technical departments in the publicity, training and instruction on pesticide management and comprehensive pest management techniques. 4.2.2 Management organizations for the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases Provincial Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Provincial Station for Provincial Station for the Work on Provincial Station for Publicizing Agricultural Economic Crops Plant Protection and Techniques Quarantine Municipal Center for Agricultrual Technique Municipal Station for Plant Protection and Extension Quarantine County and District Center for County and Area Station for Plant Agricutural Technique Extension Protection and Qarantine Township Agrotechnical Station Agricultural Cooperatives Peasant Association Fig. 4-2-2 Schematic diagram of the management organizations for the prevetion and treatment of peasts and diseases Duties of each organization: Provincial Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry: being in charge of the agricultural and animal husbandry work of the province, being responsible for the agricultural competent department at various levels in the province, organizing the prevention and treatment work of the crop pests and diseases. Provincial Station for Plant Protection and Quarantine: conducting plant quarantine, regularly issuing long-term, mid-term and short-term forecast of crop pests and diseases, carrying on emergency prevention and treatment of major crop pests and diseases and the lasting control, publicity of instruments and the safe use of new pesticides; publicizing the pest management technique to peasants and providing related trainings to them. Provincial Agro-tech Extension General Station: assisting in conducting related management work with the Department of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry, and being responsible for disseminating techniques. Provincial Station of Economic Crops: being responsible for planting planning, technique popularizing and management of pests and diseases of the economic crops, e.g. vegetables, fruit trees, Chinese medicinal plants of the province. 38 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan City and County (District) Agro-tech Extension Center: being responsible for publicizing agricultural technique in its jurisdiction, being responsible for the organization, planning, coordination, supervision, decision-making and the formulation of work management system of the prevention and treatment of crop pests and diseases. City and County (District) Plant Protection Station: being responsible for the organization and management, direction and supervision of the prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in its jurisdiction; coordinating, assisting in the technical publicizing, training and direction of the comprehensive management of pests and diseases and pesticide control in local regions with related law enforcement and technical departments. Township Agricultural Technique Station: being responsible for supervision and forecasts of major pests and diseases in its jurisdiction and directing the prevention and treatment in a timely manner. Agricultural cooperatives and peasant association: organizing and conducting prevention and treatment of pests and diseases in local regions. 4.2.3 Organization and institutions of pesticide residue detection Provincial Center for Quality Safety Detection of Agricultural Products Monitoring Station for Quality Detection Station for Quality Detection Point for the Agricultural Product Quality Agricultural Product Wholesale Agricultural Product Quality of Safety of City, County and Market and Supermarket Agricultural Production Base Area Levels Agricultural Products Fig. 4-2-3 Schematic diagram of organization and institutions of pesticide residue detection Provincial Detection Centers for Agricultural Product Quality Safety: being responsible for the supervision and management of agricultural product quality safety of the province, and directing the supervision work of agricultural product quality safety of all cities, counties (districts). Monotoring Centers (stations ) of Agricultural Product Quality of the City, County and District: being responsible for the supervision and management work of local agricultural product quality safety. Quality detection station for wholesale market and supermarket agricultural products: being responsible for the quality detection of agricultural product admittance to the market (supermarket). 39 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Agricultural Product Quality Detection Point for Agricultural Product Production Base: being responsible for the quality detection of agricultural product admittance to agricultural product produciton base. 4.3 Description and evaluation of the management capability of pests and diseases Gansu is an agricultural province. In order to advance the development pace of pollution- free agricultural products and green food, it has started to vigorously extend the application of integrated prevetion and treatment techniques of pests and diseases, so as to graudally reduce the consumption of agricultural chemicals. However, due to limited technical force and insufficient investment of the extension departments at various levels, the popularizing of the non-chemical techniques, e.g. the physical and biological prevention and treatment, are rather sluggish, necessitating further enhancement of propagation trainings and extension application. 4.3.1 Main problems with the management of pests and diseases (1) Backward prevention concept. The concept of healthy crop cultivation has not been implemented thoroughly in the prevention practice of crop pests, and there lack effective measures of conducting pest management and strengthening crop adversity resistance compliant to the ecological system concept. (2) Poor supervision of pesticide market. There are too many pesticide dealing entities of small scale. With irregular restock channels, the pesticide market is orderless. The professionalism of the pesticide dealers is relative low. There is occasional occurrence of safety accidents of agricultural product resulted from improper use of pesticides and pesticide residue. (3) Imperfect capability construction systems. The technical training work on integrated control techniques of crop pests is backward. At present, the peasants mainly rely on the instructions from the pesticide dealers for the prevention of pests, the introduction of advanced supervision and prevention techniques. The measures of the demonstration and extension and the corresponding organized training are still imperfect. It is still insufficient in the recognition on the peril of agricultural pests. The real-time supervision and early warning of agricultural pests are hard to attain in the regions. 4.3.2 Measures that shall be taken in the management of pests and diseases in the project regions Due to limited technical force of and insufficient investment by agricultural extension department at various levels, sluggish extension of non-chemical prevention and treatment techniques, such as the physical and biological prevention and treatment, the prevention and treatment methods are rather simplex, and the prevention and treatment effects are not as expected. In addition, the non-chemical prevention and treatment only accounts for a small portion in the management of agricultural pests, so there needs further and broader extension training and application publicizing. The following work shall be strengthened in the implementation of the project: 1) Standardizing the pesticide market in the project regions with multiple measures. A mechanism to guarantee the agricultural production and the quality safety of agricultural products from the source, the pesticide business license system is planed to establish in the scope of the project regions. The pesticide entering the project regions will be 40 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan managed with archives and dealers’ personnel will be regularly trained every year. The overall legal knowledge and professional qualities of the pesticide business persons will be improved. The comprehensive supervision in the whole process of pesticide purchase, sales and storage is strengthened, and the standing book and sales archives are established to supervise the pesticide business units. The real-name registration system for the purchaser will be established to ensure that the pesticide sale information can be queried and that the pesticide flow can be tracked. The joint law enforcement by industry & commerce, tax administration and agricultural administrative authorities will be strengthened to conduct the supervision and random inspection of the pesticide quality and ensure the safety of pesticide market; 2) The treatment level of harmful organism will be improved by providing trainings to the agro-tech extension personnel at the county and village levels; 3) The basic knowledge trainings on the identification, prevention and treatment of the harmful organisms will be carried out according to local practices and the peasants’ needs; 4) The practical teaching materials will be compiled, assisted with necessary audio and video equipments; 5) The efforts will be increased to support the comprehensive prevention and treatment research and the demonstration and extension of major agricultural pests and diseases. 4.3.3 Construction on the prevention and treatment system of pests and diseases in the project regions All cities, counties (districts) where the project towns are located have established the county level Agro-Tech Extension Centers. Some counties have even set up stations for plant protection and quarantine and in charge of the management and implementation of the prevention and management of agricultural pests in local regions. At present, a sound monitoring and early warning system has been established. At the same time, each forecast point has set up the monitoring points of varied numbers so as to provide timely monitoring of the dynamics of pest occurrence as well as the data support for the integrated prevention and treatment, and there are also professional technicians engaged in the integrated prevention and treatment of pests. 4.4 Pesticide management and distribution systems and the use of pesticides 4.4.1 Pesticide management According to the Administrative Regulations of the People's Republic of China on Pesticides, the provincial agricultural administrative competent department shall assist the agricultural administrative competent department of the State Council to manage the pesticide registration in its jurisdiction, and be in charge of the pesticide supervision and management in its administrative areas. The corresponding agricultural administrative competent department of the city, county (district) level in its jurisdiction shall also be responsible the supervision of the pesticide production, sales and safe use in its administrative areas. 4.4.2 Pesticide distribution system The pesticide production, sales in the project regions shall be managed by the corresponding competent department of local government according to the State and local 41 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan regulations, and the use of pesticide is in the form of self-purchasing from the market by the peasants; The pesticide producer must register its products complying with the “Regulations on pesticide management�, in accordance with the safety, quality control conditions and the environment and pollution control conditions; All pesticide dealers must obtain the business license to sell the pesticides, and they can only sell the pesticide type with all “three certificates�, and shall not sell the pesticide type explicitly forbidden on the market; The package of the pesticide product must be labeled or provided with instruction book, with pesticide name marked, also the enterprise name (post code, address, contact number), product factory lot, the “three certificates�(registration number, production permission number and product standard number) of the pesticide as well as the pesticide effective components, contents, weight, formulation, product property, toxicity, application, instruction for users, production date, period of validity, signs for inflammability and toxicity, rescue measures and precautions for poisoning. Before delivery, the pesticide products shall pass the quality inspection and provided with the quality conformance inspection certificate for the product. 4.4.3 Proper use method of the pesticide The proper use of pesticide shall be based on full understanding and scientific analysis on the pesticide properties, formulation characteristics, the biological properties of the protected subject as well as the environmental conditions. Proper type, formulation, use dosage, proper use method and applying time shall be determined accordingly. Table 4-4-3 Proper pesticide use method in the project regions No. Method Content Based on accurate identification of the variety of the pests, the most economical, effective and safe pesticide type in line with the prevention and treatment target will be selected. In other words, the choice shall be rational and suitable to the case. For example, in the prevention and treatment of the pests of piercing and sucking type, e.g. aphid (Aphididae spp.), leaf mite (Tetranyehidea spp.), plant Proper hopper (Laodelphax striatellus) and scale insect (Coccoidea spp.), the 1 selection of systemic and contact pesticides are the best choice; for the pests of dosage chewing type, the stomach poison and contact types are most suitable; the smoke agent and fumigant will attain the best effect for the shed or well closed conditions. Even for the same type of pesticide, different dosage can achieve distinctively varied prevention and treatment effects. In general, the missible oil types are the best, wettable powders come next, and the powders are the last. In pivotal prevention and treatment period, applying pesticides according to prevention and treatment indexes to keep the harm Proper incurred by pests under control before any economic loss emerges. In 2 applying time general, the prevention and treatment of pests shall be at young larva stage; the principle of “protecting crops first, treating pest next� shall be followed in prevention and treatment of pests. 3 Applying Under the precondition of ensured prevention and treatment effect, 42 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan proper and within the effective dosage scope of the pesticide, trying to select amount the low doage for prevention and treatment so as to achieve the results of not only effectively keeping the pests under control, but also producing no pesticide harm or environment pollution. Firstly, using different pesticide applying methods according to the formulation of the pesticide. In general, the spraying and sprinkling methods are usually used for the emulsion types and wettable powders; Proper powder injection is always used for powders; spread and furrow 4 applying application are for granular formulation; the types with strong systemic method properties are suitable for powder injection, spraying, sprinkling, stem applying. Secondly, the pesticide applying methods can also be selected according to the diseased part, behavior of pests and pesticide formulation. Some pests can become resistant to pesticides under continuous and repetitive application of the pesticides with the same reaction mechanism, so the prevention and treatment effect may be compromised. Therefore, the alternative use of pesticides can delay or Applying overcome the generation of pesticide resistance and increase the 5 pesticide useful life of pesticides. The systemic pesticides can easily generate alternatively pesticide resistance, so it shall be applied alternatively with the protective pesticides. For the pesticides, the organophosphorus, pyrethroid, carbamate and organic nitrogen all have different reaction mechanisms, the alternative use of them can achieve good killing effect. Several types of crop pests sometimes occur successively all at once in the same reproductive stage. Proper mixing of pesticides can generate the synergistic effects for all the types of pests. But the Applying random mixing of pesticides shall be avoided. In general, the 6 mixed pesticides that tend to decompose under alkaline conditions can not be pesticide mixed with alkaline substances. When chemical reactions such as flocculation, precipitation and layering occur after mixing, the mixing shall be avoided. The pesticides are generally applied in windless or breeze circumstances, and not suitable for windy, cloudy, rainy or to be raining weather. The latter can cause the pesticide blew away by the Applying wind or drained away by the rain, thus reduce the effect. In a certain complying 7 temperature scope, the pesticide effect will increase with the rise of with the temperature, so regardless of open planting or facility planting, the climate applying time shall be at 10 o’clock in the morning or 4 o'clock in the afternoon. Applying under intense sunlight or high temperature tends to cause pesticide harm. According to the national pesticide management regulations, strictly controlling the application scope of high risk pesticide, forbidding the Applying use of high residue level and “mutagenesis, carcinogenesis or 8 teratogenesis� pesticides, earnestly implementing the regulations on safely the pesticide safe use and crop safety interval so as to avoid environment pollution and people and livestock poisoning. 43 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 5. Overall objective and tasks of the pest treatment plant in the project regions 5.1 Overall objectives (1) Integrating, demonstrating and publicizing the pest non-pollution prevention and treatment techniques, gradually decreasing the expenditures on agricultural chemicals; (2) Prohibiting the use of agricultural chemicals forbidden by the State, increasing the peasants ‘scientific level of pesticide applying; (3) Increasing peasants’ knowledge and applying ability of the Integrated Pest Management as well as their integrated prevention level; (4) Gradually standardizing the pesticide production, sales and promoting the safe production and sales of agricultural chemicals. (5) Ensuring no severe loss incurred by major crop pests in the project regions. 5.2 Basic principals and major tasks of the pest treatment plan in the project regions 5.2.1 Basic principles Directed by scientific development perspective, thoroughly implementing the concept of “Communal plant protection� and “Green plant protection�, adhering to the work guidelines of “Prevention first, practicing integrated prevention and treatment�; sticking to local management, each department performing its own functions, intensifying the efforts on the specialized prevention and treatment of major pests of the crops and green prevention and control, pushing forward sustainable control of pests and diseases; adhering to prevention and treatment according to the law, standardized management, increasing scientific prevention and treatment level; ensuring agricultural production safety, further increasing the quality safe level of the agricultural products. 5.2.2 Major tasks (1) Gansu Province will construct demonstration towns of integrated development rural economy, and at the same time strengthen the capability building of the peasants, peasant group, cooperative partners and related organizations in the project regions, and strengthen IPM concept, and increase the ability of implementing IPM; (2) Including the non-pollution management of pests and diseases into the training scope of the project regions, and increasing the peasant’s knowledge and operation skills. Establishing institutional contacts among the peasants, IPM instructors and outsourced experts so as to ensure IPM long-term training and the implementation quality; (3) Propelled by the project, expanding the production scale of non-pollution agricultural products, green food and organic food and broadening the IPM application scope. At the same time, with the characteristic and advantageous industry as subject, establishing the demonstration of non-pollution prevention and treatment techniques, using unified sustainable agricultural production measures, publicizing the application of IPM technical procedures, 44 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan standardizing the pesticide safe application method, realizing the improvement of ecological environment and raising the peasants’ living standard. 6. Recommended method of Pest Management Plan in the project regions 6.1 Objective of the recommended methods The objective of the Pest Management Plan is to demonstrate and publicize the agricultural pest prevention and treatment, and the non-chemical prevention and treatment techniques, such as physical and biological prevention and treatment to the maximum in all project regions, minimize the expenditures on chemical pesticides, alleviate the environmental pollution, promote the quality of the characteristic and advantageous agricultural products, and boost the harmony between human and nature. 6.2 Main methods recommended in the Pest Management Plan 6.2.1 Agricultural prevention and treatment method (1) Selecting fine pest-tolerant and resistant varieties; publicizing formulated fertilization techniques and rational irrigation, increasing use of organic fertilizer, practicing healthy cultivation techniques and increasing the pest tolerance of the crops. (2) Conducting the rotation and succession of crops, field and orchid cleaning and conduct autumn sowing and winter irrigation so as to prevent the propagation of soil-borne diseases, control the habitat of pests and reduce the population base number of the pests living through winters and summers. (3) Trimming fruit trees in appropriate ways to eliminate excessive buds and sprouts, and improving the ventilation among trees and light penetration through the crown by cutting off lower leaves; (4) Timely cleaning up weeds in the growth period, creating the environmental conditions to the disadvantage of the breeding of pests and diseases. 6.2.2 Physical prevention and treatment method The physical prevention and treatment method is to use the taxis of pests to light, color, odor and the special response to physical factors such as heat, radiation, high-frequency current, ultrasound, etc in the prevention and treatment of pests. It mainly includes the following measures: (1) Using the photoaxis of pests to kill them. Using the lamp of frequency vibration and black light lamp to kill the agrotis ypsilon, cabbage army worm (Mamestra brassicae), cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera), diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), corn borer, cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera), etc; (2) Using the color taxis of pests to kill pests. Using yellow trap plate to kill the aphid (Aphididae spp.), white fly, liriomyza; using blue trap blue to kill the Bemisia tabaci, Thripidae spp. and leafhopper, etc. 45 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan (3) Using the taxis of pests and the sweet lure to kill the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), cabbage army worm (Mamestra brassicae), etc. (4) Using the heat energy, such as hot water treatment of seeds to kill the pathogenic bacteria in the seed; using high-temperature close shed to control the downy mildew, gray mold and leaf mold, etc. (5) Cutting off and burning the diseased branches and leaves, erasing the pest eggs and the under part old leaves from the plants. 6.2.3 Biological prevention and treatment method The biological prevention and treatment method is to use beneficial insects and bacteria to prohibit the pests, for example to use the parasites, predators and pathogenic microorganisms in prevention and treatment of pests. It mainly includes: (1) Natural enemy. It is a method of pest control with predator insects, for example to use predator enemy ladybug (Coccinellidae, spp.), lacewing (Chrysopidae, spp.), syrphids (Syrphidae, spp.) and assassin bug (Reduviidae, spp.), etc in control of the aphid (Aphididae spp.), leaf mite (Tetranyehidea spp.), white fly, Thripidae spp.; to use Typhlodromus occidentalis and phytoseiidea, spp. in control of the Eotetranychus pruni and Panonychus citri; to use parasite natural enemy, e.g. trichogramma, Encarsia formosa, Aphidiidae spp. and Apanteles glomeratus in control of cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera) and diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella). (2) Biological agents and products. At present the mostly used bacterial products include Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt); fungi products, e.g. Beauveria bassiana, Trichoderma spp. and entomophthoralean fungi (Erynia montana), etc; viral products, e.g. N14, NPV; antibiotics, e.g. streptomycin, neomycin, agricultural antibiotic 120, validamycin and avermectins, etc. The sex pheromone bait is composed of set attractant and botanic pesticides, e.g. 10﹤ lvdi (ginkgetin), 2.5﹤ Flos daturae alkaloid aqueous solution, 0.2﹤ Matrine aqueous solution, 0.5﹤ vertrine alcoholic solution, 0.5﹤ toosedarin emulsion and 2.5﹤ rotenone emulsion, etc. (3) Create the environment suitable for the natural enemy, increase the number of natural enemy. 6.2.4 Chemical prevention and treatment method Chemical prevention and treatment method is to use chemical pesticides in prevention and treatment of diseases, pests and weeds and other harmful organisms. The chemical pesticide has the advantage of being easy to use, wide range of pests in prevention and treatment, being rapid and effective in the prevention and treatment effect, being able to rapidly control the spread of pests, especially for the outburst pests, so it can be used as an emergency measure to attain effect instantly. However, simply using large amount of chemical pesticide will not only kill the natural enemy of pests, but also damage the field ecosystem, which will lead to the outburst of secondary pests, bring environment pollution and generate a series of side effects of poisoning and pesticide harm to human and livestock. In addition, using one type of pesticide in long-term will generate the pesticide resistance of the target pest. Therefore, how 46 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan to control the use of pesticides in chemical prevention and treatment so as to reduce its impact on environment pollution and human health is a key point in this project. The following principles shall be adopted in the chemical prevention and treatment in the project regions: 1) By demonstration, the peasants in the project regions are convinced that to rationally use agricultural, physical and biological prevention and treatment, assisted with necessary chemical prevention and treatment can also achieve ideal pest prevention and treatment effect; 2) When the pest prevention and treatment index is reached, timely using efficient, low toxic pesticide to bring into play its best effect and keep the pests and diseases in an economically allowable scope; 3) When a major pest disaster occurs, a plant protection professional team for prevention and treatment is formed and dispatched to undertake joint prevention and treatment; 4) Non-pollution techniques of prevention and treatment shall be disseminated and used: (1) Efficient, low toxic and low residual pesticide shall be used. See List 7.1 and Appendix 1 for the list of non-pollution pesticide recommended in this project; (2) For the pest source area and the occurrence center with large pest population, low dosage pesticide with high efficiency shall be used in the young larva stage of pests to ensure each use of pesticide can attain the optimum effect, and the pesticide with killing effect to the natural enemy of pests is strictly prohibited at the late stage of the rampancy of pests; (3) The pesticide applying interval shall be observed; (4) Continuous use of one single pesticide for long-term is prohibited. The pesticides shall be used alternatively with different types; (5) The safe pesticide applying instruments and methods shall be used to increase the pest usage efficiency and the pest prevention and treatment effect; (6) The dissemination, education and training on safe and proper use of pesticide shall be strengthened, the pesticide use prescriptions shall be followed, cautions shall be take to keep safe, including properly wearing protective clothes, mastering the general knowledge on emergency treatment of pesticide poisoning, etc; (7) Safe storage shall be ensured for the agricultural chemicals (e.g. away form children access and food, etc). (8) Properly handle discarded pesticide bottles and packing, do not clean pesticide applying instruments in natural waters. 6.3 Integrated Pest Management strategy of staple crops in the project regions With the improvement of the basic conditions, e.g. agricultural infrastructure, and farmland consolidation and with the evolvement of pests and diseases, we shall make adjustment to previous methods and strategies in the prevention and treatment of pests and 47 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan diseases to adapt them to environment and enable more sustainable rural social and economic development. 6.3.1 Wheat integrated management strategy With the wheat stripe rust disease, powdery mildew, full rot disease, aphid (Aphididae spp.) as control targets, the pest resistant and tolerant varieties are introduced and used. In sowing, the triazole type pesticides are selected (e.g, tebuconazole, hexaconazole ,triticonazol and carboxin etc) for seeds dressing to effectively reduce the harm incurred by wheat stripe rust disease, powdery mildew, loose kernel smut and full rot disease. In wheat growing period, the neonicotinoid type pesticides, e.g. acetamiprid, imidacloprid, nitenpyra﹤thiamethoxam﹤Bt buprofezin chlorpyrifos methyl and other efficient and low toxic pesticides are selected in prevention and treatment of wheat aphid and armyworm, which approach can not only reduce and control the direct harm to the wheat incurred by aphid (Aphididae spp.), but also effectively prevent the occurrence of the wheat viral diseases spread by aphid (Aphididae spp.). The high toxic organophosphorus pesticides are prohibited to protect and make use of the natural enemies. The balanced fertilizing and healthy cultivation techniques are used to reduce the occurrence and epidemic of pests and diseases. 6.3.2 Corn integrated management strategy With the maize ear rot, gall smut, stem rot diseases, subterranean pests, tetranychus urticae as main control targets, the healthy cultivation techniques are taken for the prevention and treatment of pests, namely using pest disease resistant (tolerant) fine varieties, using seeds dressing method, crop rotation and succession, adding potash fertilizers, etc. As for heading stage pests, the natural control effect of natural enemies shall be brought into full play in the strategy making of prevention and treatment, meanwhile the Bt type and avermectins type bio- chemicals are used for the integrated treatment of various pests. As for the corn top rot disease and the phenomenon of interior leaf twist that have already occurred in some corn planting area, we have screened out the chemicals that can effectively prevent and treat them - the agricultural streptomycin and Junduqing, meanwhile the agricultural prevention and treatment measures are taken, e.g. cutting open the connected leaf blades and interior leaves with a knife and leaving them to dry in dry environment so as to prohibit further spread of the diseases and ensure normal tasseling and pollination. The problems at present are that because the two diseases have seldom occurred in the past, the peasants and the agricultural technicians at the basic level have no clear knowledge of the two diseases. Therefore we need to hold on-site meetings and training classes to strengthen the knowledge and recognition of the two corn diseases to enable mastering of the prevention and treatment measures and prevent them from occurring. 6.3.3 Potato integrated management strategy Potato late blight, early blight, viral disease and aphidas are taken as control targets while cautions shall be paid to possibly new emergence of ring rot disease, black shank disease and gangrenosis, etc. De-virus potato is popularized in particular to reduce the harm incurred by viral diseases. Making reference to the forecast and prediction of major occurring pests and diseases, the efficient and low-toxic pesticides are selected (cymoxanil-mancozeb, metalaxyl- 48 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan mancozeb, oxadixyl-mancozeb, enoyl–mancozeb, etc) for joint prevention and treatment of potato early and late blight by applying them strictly following prescriptions for several times alternatively to reduce and delay the generation of the pesticide resistance by the diseases. Close attention and supervision shall be given to the possibly new emerging potato pests and diseases and the in-door chemical screening work shall be conducted in advance so that effective measures and approaches can be taken once these diseases occur. 6.3.4 Strategy on pest treatment for vegetables The vegetables are high value-added crops, and they are more closely connected with domestic and international markets. The fact that the vegetables have varied cultivation modes (e.g. sheltered field cultivation and open field cultivation), the occurrence of pests and diseases takes more complicated forms. So, the pest management of vegetables shall be conducted from the perspective of the whole ecosystem, comprehensively applying various prevention and treatment methods, e.g. agricultural, ecological, physical and chemical method. In this way we can create the environmental conditions adverse to the occurrence of pests and diseases and beneficial to proliferation of natural enemies, while maintaining the balance of agricultural ecosystem and biodiversity, reduce the loss incurred by various pests and diseases. 1) Using pest resistant (tolerant) varieties. The vegetable grower shall purchase vegetable seeds from the specialized dealers, using the fine and high-yield varieties that are adaptable to local cultivation and are pest resistant. 2) Crop rotation and succession. The methods such as rational rotation of crops, intercropping, relay intercropping and variety alteration, covering field with borrowed soil and shed building at different places are used to reduce accumulation of pathogenic bacteria and pest source so as to prevent and control the problems incurred by continuous cropping for several years. In crop rotation, the crops of the same family and genus are avoided. The pest endangering peak period shall be avoided by adjusting vegetable sowing period and transplantation period, so as to reduce the harm incurred by pests and diseases. The viral diseases of tomato and Chinese cabbage can be alleviated by evading high temperature in seedling stage. 3) Vigorous seedling cultivation. The seedlings are cultivated in other places, and the nutrition pot, plug seedling and the root-protecting raising covered by nutrient soil are used; the seedling period management is strengthened to raise the pest resistant ability of seedlings, and the weak and diseased seedlings are weeded out in transplantation to ensure strong transplanted seedlings. 4) Healthy cultivation management, cultivating vigorous seedlings. Various integrated measures are taken to strengthen the temperature, light, water, fertilizer and air management, so as to create good growth environment for the vegetables. For example the scientific formulated fertilizers are used, the organic fertilizers are increased, and the microelement fertilizer are complemented, so as to timely meet the growth needs of vegetables; the special environment of sheltered field is used to realize the ventilation and close cultivation measures to regulate the temperature and humidity; plastic film mulching and increased ventilation are used to increase soil humidity and decrease atmospheric humidity; the light regulation is 49 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan conducted by uncovering the shed according to different growth period of crops, so as to prevent and reduce the occurrence of various physiological diseases and increase their capability to resist low temperature and cold damage. 5) Implementing disease control by grafting. The seedling cultivation by grafting can effectively prevent soil-borne diseases and pests, increase the growth vigor of plants, boost their endurance to cold and dry conditions. For example, grafting cucumber with pumpkin as root stock can effectively prevent the occurrence of melon wilt diseases. 6) Applying physical prevention and treatment measures. (a) Setting insect proof net. Setting insect proof net in protective field can prevent fly insects from entering the shed, which can effectively control the harm brought by the aphid (Aphididae spp.), flea beetle (Halticidae spp.), Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), Spodoptera exigua, Liriomyza sativae and Spodoptera litura, etc, thus effectively reduce the use of agricultural chemicals; (b) Seed treatment. Soaking seed with warm water and chemicals as well as seed dressing can kill most pathogenic bacteria and pest eggs; (c) Soil disinfection. Before planting vegetables in protected field, the soil is exposed under strong sunlight to kill part of pathogenic bacteria and pests in soil; before sowing and transplantation, the soil is treated by methods of spraying, irrigation, applying pesticide-clay mixture and fumigation, etc, which can effectively control the soil-borne diseases and subterranean pests; (d) Applying the light, color and odor taxis of pests. The light lamp and frequency trembler lamp are hung in the field or shed to lure or kill lepidoptera; the blue (yellow) trap plates are set to lure the white fly, liriomyza, aphid (Aphididae spp.) and Thripidae spp., etc. 7) The priority shall be given to biological agents in the application of various pesticides, for exampele the Bt, botanical pesticides, toosendanin, osthole and avermectins can be used in the prevention and treatment of the lepidotera pests, e.g. diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae), tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta) and cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera), etc. 8) The quarantine measures shall be strengthened for the vegetable seeds and seedlings in the project regions, so as to prevent the invasive organisms such as frankliniella occidentalis and bemisia tabaci, etc in the introduction and transport of seeds and seedlings. 6.3.5 Pest treatment strategy of fruit trees In the fruit tree integrated prevention, the first emphasis shall be on the plant quarantine, and the quarantine inspection shall be conducted for the introduced nursery-grown plants. For the existing orchards, the following measure shall be taken: 1) Strengthening the position of agricultural measures. (a) Strengthening fertilizer and water management, increasing the pest resistant ability of fruit trees. In particular increasing applying organic fertilizers and phosphatic fertilizers can markedly decrease the occurrence of the rot disease, ring spot, alternaria mali and powdery mildew, etc and worsen the nutrient conditions of sucking pests, e.g. leaf mite (Tetranyehidea spp.), aphid (Aphididae spp.) and scale pests, etc. (b) Meticulously pruning, flower thinning, fruit thinning, reasonable burdening and strengthening tree vigor. (c) Practicing fruit bagging. Increasing fruit quality, 50 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan preventing the harm of various pests, e.g. the ring spot, borer pest and leaf folder, etc. (d) Cleaning the orchid. Eliminating the diseased and pest branches by pruning, burning or deeply burying the branches in a concentrated manner, so as to reduce the pest base number. (e) Eliminating the alternative hosts of apple trees (e.g. juniper) 5km away from the apple orchid, or cutting off the mycocecidium on the branches of juniper for concentrated burning to reduce or alleviate the harm of apple rust disease. 2) Actively taking biological prevention and treatment techniques. (a) Protecting and using natural enemies. There are abundant natural enemy resource in apple orchids, in particular the population of the lacewing (Chrysopidae, spp.), ladybug (Coccinellidae, spp.), predatory bugs and predatory mites are large and numerous, having noticeable pest control effect, so they shall be actively protected and used. There are three measures in this regard: one is to reduce the use of agricultural chemicals with broad spectrums, extend the use of biological agent, e.g. the Bacillus thuringiensis, etc in prevention and treatment of lepidopter pests, e.g. Lithocolletis ringoniella and Carposina niponensis, etc, the use of avermectins in prevention and treatment of apple leaf mite; the second is to advocate planting leguminous forage and green manure in orchid to provide good proliferation place for natural enemies, and bring into play their pest control effect. The third is to release natural enemies by manpower to increase the number of natural enemies in orchids. For example, releasing Trichogramma (trichogrammatid) in prevention and treatment of Adoxophyes orana and Grapholitha molesta, releasing predatory mites in prevention and treatment of fruit tree harmful mites. (b) Applying sex pheromones in killing pest. For example, applying sex pheromones in luring and killing peach, apple and pear adoxophyes oranas and lithocolletis ringoniella. 3) Properly using agricultural chemicals. (a) Applying pesticides according to economical threshold. On the basis of accurate pest monitoring, conducting prevention and treatment according to economical threshold, avoiding applying pesticides blindly, and reducing the amount and times of pesticide applying. (b) Scientifically using agricultural chemicals. One is to rationally selecting pesticide by trying to select the variety exerting no harm to human, livestock and natural enemy and no pollution to environment and highly effective on target pests. The pesticide varieties commonly used in orchid include growth regulators, e.g. diflubenzuron and flufenoxuron, etc; bio-chemicals, e.g. insecticidal bacteria, Bacillus thuringiensis, polyoxin and avermectins; selective miticides, e.g. clofentezine and hexythiazox, etc; selective aphicides and scalecides, e.g. imidacloprid, buprofezin, etc. The second is to properly use agricultural chemicals. Before the burgeoning of fruit trees in spring and before the hibernant of insects, spraying pesticides of broad spectrum to kill the overwintering aphid (Aphididae spp.) eggs, harmful mite eggs and adults in the trees; spraying high concentration root-out bactericides to kill the overwintering rot disease, ring spot and alternaria mali. In the growth period, placing emphasis on selecting pesticides and miticides, e.g. the diflubenzuron in prevention and treatment of the leaf moth, the imidacloprid and buprofezin for the aphid (Aphididae spp.), the avermectinsand propargite for the leaf mine, etc. In addition, cautions shall be paid in the improvement of pesticide applying method according to the behavior of pests, e.g. ground applying and stem applying, etc, decrease the harm to non-target organisms; alternatively using pesticides, rationally mixing pesticides for the purpose of delaying generation of pesticide resistance of the pests. 51 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan For the 5000-mu high-quality walnut base and the 150-mu seedling breeding base to be built in the Ganquan project region, since walnut is the newly introduced variety in this project region, close attention and monitoring shall be given to the occurrence of main pests and diseases in the walnut planting area. According to investigation, the main pests in the walnut planting regions include atrijuglans hetaohei, culcula panterinaria and batocera horsfieldi; the main diseases include anthracnose, black spot disease and branch blight, etc. Because there are successful prevention and treatment methods for these diseases in the walnut planting regions, we shall in the introduction of walnut, learn and know about the identification and the prevention and treatment measures of these main pests and diseases, borrow the successful prevention and treatment measures of the original planting regions to carry out effective prevention and control. 6.3.6 Pest treatment strategy of cotton and oil plants Cotton is an strategic product concerning the national economy and people’s livelihood. Its high and stable yield exerts direct influence to the development of national economy. Therefore the research on the occurrence patterns of cotton pests and diseases and related prevention and treatment techniques has always been the important subject of China’s agricultural scientific research, and fruitful results have been achieved on the forecast and prediction of major pests and diseases, prevention and treatment indexes and strategies, chemical prevention and treatment and pesticide resistant treatment, biological prevention and treatment techniques, variety breeding and application, establishment of Integrated Pest Management (IPM) technical systems, etc. This project by borrowing existing research results, with the cotton aphid (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) (Aphis gossypii), cotton leaf mite, wilt disease and cyanosis as main control targets and the possibly new occurrence of cotton miridae as focus, will coordinate several prevention and treatment measures for non-pollution treatment. The use of new pesticides, e.g. biological pesticides, plant pesticides and sex pheromones will be the priority in pesticide selection. The flax wilt disease is mainly dealt with by popularizing the use of disease resistant variety. The flea beetle (Halticidae spp.) and subterranean pests on rape seedlings in the spring rape regions are mainly prevented and treated by seed dressing and furrow application of pesticide-clay mixture with biological pesticides. Due to the shortage of prevention and treatment techniques of rape and flax in the project regions, we will emphasize the technique introduction and demonstration of flax wilt disease, rape flea beetle and subterranean pests. 6.3.7 Pest treatment strategy of Chinese medicinal plants Chinese medicinal plants are the characteristic crops in the project regions. Their treatment strategy has always been the integrated prevention and treatment measures of “Prevention first, practicing integration of prevention and treatment�. It includes: 1)1) Agricultural measures: (a) Rational application of crop rotation and succession, intercropping; (b) deep ploughing and intensive cultivation, orchid cleaning; (c) rational application of fertilizers and water, healthy cultivation. 52 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2)2) Physical and mechanical prevention and treatment measures: (a) Man-power killing﹤ (b) Light trapping and killing﹤ (c) Warm water seed soaking. 3)3)Chemical prevention and treatment: (a) Rational, scientific and less pesticide applying, (b) Using efficient and low toxic, less residue pesticide, learning the key pesticide applying period according to the pest forecast; (c) Protecting the natural enemies. For the possible occurrence of pests and diseases incurred by seedling transport and wild species utilization, we plan to take strict seedling quarantine systems. Quarantine cultivation management will be conducted for the wild Chinese medicinal plants to be developed and used, so as to observe possible emergence of new pests and diseases and carry out active prevention work. 6.3.8 Strategy for the treatment on the pests and diseases of pasture grass The pasture grass in this project is mainly the cultivated alfalfa. According to the existing research results, the strategy for the treatment of its pests and disease is as follows. 1) Selecting pest and disease resistant (tolerant) varieties. At present, in domestic researches on the pest and disease resistant varieties of alfalfa, there have successfully bred and selected the varieties that resist alfalfa weevil, therioaphis trifolii and megachile rotundata and we will introduce and plant them experimentally after the implementation of the project. 2) Advocating ecological prevention and treatment. Scientifically applying fertilizer, proportionately and quantificationally applying phosphorus and potash fertilizers, so as to increase the pest and disease resistance of alfalfa; practicing rational close plating to increase ventilation and light transmission and avoid lodging; carrying out farmland management, e.g. cleaning the farmland in time after each cropping for the base reduction of pests and diseases. 3) Protecting and making use of natural enemies. As a leguminous pasture grass, alfalfa has large populations of varied insects in its ecological environment, also various kinds of predatory and parasite natural enemies of large quantities, which can effectively control the alfalfa weevil, therioaphis trifolii and megachile rotundata. Therefore before applying pesticides, cautions shall be taken to select the low toxic and residue pesticides that are most effective in killing pests and safest to natural enemies, so as to protect and make use of natural enemies to the largest extent. 4) According to research, cropping before the thriving of pests and diseases of alfalfa can effectively reduce the occurrence of the pests and diseases. Practice has proved that after alfalfa cropping the disease and pest base of the alfalfa is significantly decreased, and the amount of natural enemy rapidly recovered. We will popularize and apply this research result after the implementation of the project. 5) Necessary chemical prevention and treatment shall be carried out by using low toxic and effective pesticides and bactericides such as imidacloprid, buprofezin , abamectin, 53 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan tebuconazole carbendazim chlorothaloniland thiophanate methyl, etc according to pest and disease monitoring. 7. Application and management of pesticide in the project regions 7.1 Pesticide varieties and applying instruments recommended in the project regions 7.1.1 Pesticide types recommended In the process of project implementation, the use of pesticides and agricultural measures, physical measures and biological measures shall be integrated to make the use complying with the economical, safe and effective principles. According to related laws and regulations of China, the IPM methods and the principles of integrated treatment, the list on the pesticides recommended in the project is as follows: � Pesticides and miticides (1) Biological agents and natural substance: Bacillus thuringiensis, Spodoptera exigua nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Plusia agnate nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Plutella xylostella granulosis virus (GV), Ectropis obligua polyhedrosis virus (NPV), Heliothis armigera nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV), matrine, azadirachtin, nicotine, rotenone, celangulin , avermectins, spinosad, liuyangmycin, beauveria bassiana, pyrethrin and sulphur suspensions. (2) Synthesized agents: buprofezin, chinomethionat, chlorpyrifos methyl, clofentezine, cyromazine, fenbutatin oxide, fluvalinate, green tebufenozide, tebufenozide, malathion, propargite, bioresmethrin, tetrachlorvinphos, temephos, pleocidin, spinetoram, hexythiazox, teflubenzuron, tetradifon, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, thiacloprid, acetamiprid. � Bactericides (1) Inorganic bactericides: basic copper sulfate, copper oxychloride, copper hydroxide, cuprous oxide and lime sulfur mixture. (2) Synthesized bactericides: carbendazim﹤benalaxyl﹤methyrimol ﹤iprodione﹤probenazole ﹤triticonazole﹤benomyl ﹤bitertanol﹤captan ﹤carbendazim ﹤chlorothalonil﹤euparen ﹤diethofencarb﹤dimethomorph﹤fenpiclonil ﹤fludioxonil ﹤propineb﹤mancozeb﹤mepanipyrim﹤ propamocarb﹤quintozene ﹤mildothane﹤tolelofosmethyl ﹤vinclozolin (3) Biological agents: validamycin, agricultural antibiotic 120, fungus polysaccharide, kasugamycin, polyoxin, ningnanmycin, Trichoderma spp. and streptomycin. Base on the crop planting conditions in the project regions, we after screening, will recommend the information in the from of table for the reference of the peasants, on the trade name, formulation, content, prevention target, dosage, applying method, maximum times applied for crop and safe interval of various pesticide types (See Appendix 1). 7.1.2 Pesticide types prohibited in China 54 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan As given in the attached list, 23 pesticidesare prohibited from production, sales and use in the Notice on Cracking Down Illegal Production, Sales of Restricted Highly Toxic Pesticides and Standardizing Pesticide Use (Nongnong Fa ﹤2010﹤No. 2) jointly issued on 15th April 2010 by the Ministry of Agriculture, the Supreme People's Court, the Supreme People's Procuratorate, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, the Ministry of Supervision, the Ministry of Transport, the State Administration for Industry and Commerce, the General Administration of Quality Supervision, the Inspection and Quarantine of the PRC, All-China Federation of Supply and Marketing Cooperatives. � List of the pesticide prohibited in production, sales and use (23 types) Benzene hexachloride (BHC), dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT), toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercury compounds, arsenic compounds, lead compounds, Bis-A-TDA, fluoroacetamide, gliftor, tetramine, sodium fluoroacetate, silatrane, methamidophos, parathion-methyl, parathion, moncrotophos, phosphamidon. � List of pesticides prohibited in vegetables, fruit trees, tea tress and Chinese medicinal plants, etc (19 types) Phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, posfolan-methyl, sulfotep, demeton, carbofuran, aldicarb, ethoprophos, phosfolan, coumaphos, fonofos, isazofos and fenamiphos are prohibited for use on vegetables, fruit trees, tea tress and Chinese medicinal plants. Omethoate is prohibited for use on cabbages. Dicofol and fenvalerate are prohibited for use on tea trees. Daminozide (alar-85) is prohibited for use on peanut plant. Terbufos is prohibited for use on sugarcane. Fipronil is prohibited for use on purposes other than cleaning and coatings of corn and part of dry farmland seeds. All pesticide products can only be used in the scope approved in the pesticide registration, and the use out of the scope is prohibited. 7.2 Technical requirements for the pesticide-applying instruments used in the project regions Pesticide is an indispensable means of agricultural production, and there must be good pesticide-applying instruments to enable scientific, rational and safe pesticide applying. Generally, the following aspects shall be taken into consideration in the selection of pesticide applying instruments or for the technical requirements. 1) The types of the pesticide-applying instruments are determined by comprehensively considering the prevention and treatment targets and sites, crop varieties and growth status, pesticide formulations, applying methods and prevention and treatment scale. For fruit trees, it shall also consider the fruit tree size, height, tree-to-tree inter-space as well as the adaptation of the instrument to be operated in the field and the tree-to-tree pass-through. Hand sprayer shall be used for pesticide spraying in a small area﹤ Backpack motorized sprayer shall be used for pesticide spraying in large area, and the air-assisted mist sprayer shall be used in orchards; Lever sprayer shall be used in pesticide spraying in large area. 55 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2) Proper spray-head shall be selected according to the prevention and treatment requirements of pests, diseases, weeds and other harmful organisms and the type of the pesticide applying instruments, the worn spray-head shall be replaced regularly. The fan-shaped sprayer shall be used in spraying herbicides and plant growth regulators, which is characterized by the fan-shaped plane of the mist sprayed, large mist drop of less drifting; The hollow conic spray-head shall be used in spraying pesticides and bactericides, which is characterized by thin mist drop that drifts easily and contacts the leaf blades from different directions; Different types of spray-heads shall not be used on the same spray lever. 3) The pesticide-applying instruments that are manufactured by formal producers and have quality certificates shall be used. In purchasing, the completeness of the packing conditions and the completeness of the random technical documents and accessories and fittings shall be checked according to the packing list. 4) The pesticide-applying instruments shall not be applied to multiple uses. Generally, the sprayer used for spraying pesticides or bactericides shall be cleaned first before being applied for spraying other pesticides or bactericides; the sprayer used for spraying herbicides generally shall not be used in applying other kinds of agricultural pesticides. 7.3 Ability of users to use and dispose pesticides According to the evaluation on measures currently used in the project regions, it indicates that at present the pesticide dealers and peasants varied in the pesticide product treatment ability in the acceptable risk scope (e.g. safe storage, using safe instruments, possessing protective clothes, safe treatment of discarded pesticides and their packages). The trainings plan is recommended for the peasants and chemical dealers to resolve this problem. Nevertheless, the local supervision and evaluation plan will regularly supervise the chemical safe use and treatment ability of the peasants and chemical dealers. Further trainings will be provided in the regions of unsafe chemical operation measures. 7.4 Environmental, professional/health risks 7.4.1 Environmental risks 1) Main environmental risks in the use of pesticide in the project regions: (1) The pesticide residue causes the deterioration of water quality, the potential risks reduce the number of aquatic organisms (e.g. fishes and aquatic insects); (2) spraying pesticide and chemical spilling around drinking water source cause the pollution of water supply; (3) the use of highly toxic pesticides impacts the non-target species (especially bees, birds, livestock and natural enemy of pests); (4) long-term over-amount use of certain pesticide causes the pesticide resistance of pests, diseases and rats; 56 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan (5) soil pesticide residue causes pollution of soil; 2) Measures reducing the above risks include: (1) providing trainings to the peasants and chemical retailers concerning the possible impact of specific pesticides on environment, recommending better spraying instruments and methods; (2) Cooperating with the area town government and agricultural technical department, standardizing , supervising and monitoring the spraying operation to ensure the clean of water source; (3) Recommending the safe spraying instruments with national certification in the project regions; (4) Using efficient, low toxic and low residue pesticides; (5) Publicizing and applying biological prevention and treatment measures, reducing the usage amount of chemical pesticides as far as possible (6) Using a series of non-pollution prevention and treatment measures (agricultural, physical, biological and low toxic pesticides) to ensure the pest resistance not to increase. 7.4.2 Professional/health risks 1) The professional/health risks generated in pesticide application mainly include: (1) The gas emitted in pesticide formulation and spraying with no protective measures causes harm to human body; (2) When not wearing protective clothes, the pesticides sprayed and spilled cause skin burn injury; (3) The location for pesticide spraying is close to the drinking water source, causing pollution to drinking water, or there occurred chemical spilling near the drinking water source. 2) Measures reducing the above risks include: (1) Provide trainings on the knowledge of pesticide safe use, delivery, storage and waste handling to the peasants and pesticide dealers. The main training contents include: the professional/health impact possibly incurred by certain pesticides; recommended operation and spray methods; approved spray instruments and use method; wearing safe clothes (long sleeve clothes, muffles, caps, gloves, length pants and shoes ); what weathers to spray pesticides; how to safely store agricultural chemicals; how to safely dispose pesticide wastes and packages, etc. (2) Supervise and investigate into the implementation of above measures; when the measures are poorly implemented, publicizing and trainings shall be strengthened; 8. Strengthening of the pest management ability in the project regions 8.1 Policy related matters 8.1.1 Objective of policy-making and issuance of goverment documents 57 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 1) State level: Adjusting the list of pesticides prohibited in China according to international standards; formulating related laws and regulations to strictly restrict the production and sales of highly toxic pesticides; supporting and promoting IMP extension by project implementation. 2) Local government level(project implementation area): Making the list of prohibited pesticides, and strengthening supervision, law enforcement and management; assisting peasants in registration of safe food, non-pollution food, green food, enable their access to the market with relatively high market price. 3) Peasant level (project implementation area): Implementing the standard of IPM technique and non-pollution production technique of the advantageous and characteristic industry in the project practicing area; helping the peasants mastering IPM technique by training and demonstration, raising their environment protection and non-pollution awareness. 8.1.2 Strictly abiding by the following regulations 1) FAO code of conduct on the distribution and use of pesticides; 2) FAO code of conduct on the packaging and storage of pesticides; 3) FAO code of conduct on the norms of outer packing of pesticides; 4) FAO code of conduct on the disposal of site residue pesticides, pesticide packing containers; 5) Standard on the discharge of pesticide pollutant formulated by the State Environmental Protection Administration of China (SEPA); 6) Regulations on pesticide control issued by the Ministry of Agriculture (MOA); 7) The loan originator department shall strictly stipulate that the loans can only be used on the effective, low toxic and low residue pesticide registered and recommended by the project. 8.2 Management objective 8.2.1 Raise the awareness of policy implementation The awareness of implementing Integrated Pest Management is strengthened by the implementation of this project. It is indicated in the following aspects: 1) The daily use amount and frequency of the chemical pesticides in the project regions decreased; 2) The unregistered pesticides are prohibited in the project regions; 3) The highly toxic pesticides are replaced by low toxic pesticides in the project regions (WTO I pesticides); 4) The FAO regulations ((or equivalent laws in China)) on pesticide restriction, distribution and application are followed ; 58 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 5) The FAO guidelines ((or equivalent laws in China)) on pesticide packaging and storage are followed; 6) The FAO guidelines ((or equivalent laws in China)) on pesticide labels and application are followed; 7) The FAO guidelines ((or equivalent laws in China)) on the discarded pesticides and packins are followed; 8) The corresponding FAO guidelines are followed when there are no equivalent guidelines in China; 9) The Pest Management Plan of constructing the integrated development demonstration town project of rural economy using load of the World Bank is implemented. In addition, encouraging the city, county (area) and town government to advance and support the IPM method by discussing and implementing the project (especially the long-term benefit). 8.2.2 Strenghtening the construction of plant protection ability at the basic level The plant protection ability at the basic level was strengthened by the implementation of the project. It is indicated in the following aspects: 1) Providing trainings to the plant protection specialists at the county, city and district level;, the agricultural technical extension personnel at the town level and the peasant technicians and science and technology demonstration household at the basic level; 2) In the process of project implementation, the plant protection personnel has learned and mastered the IMP method and the peasants has also acquainted themselves to the IMP method. 3) Through the implementation of the project, the relations of the plant protection among the area, town and village are strengthened, and the implementation of the Pest Management Plan is strengthened. 8.3 Management ability, organization arrangement and mutual cooperation By establishing specialized organizations, designating specialized personnel and close cooperating with the quarantine department of pest prevention and treatment at various levels, the implementation of the project will strengthen the management ability of plant protection, and control the sales and use of pesticides. The project will be implemented through following approaches: 1) The project management office appoints designated personnel to supervise the implementation process of the Pest Management Plan; 2) Making the pest supervision, monitoring and evaluation methods to monitor and evaluate the pest management technique used in the project; 3) The project office will establish the cooperative relations with the quarantine department of crop pest prevention and treatment and the pest research institute, so as to 59 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan update and enrich the pest prevention and treatment knowledge and increase the pest integrated management ability; 4) The plant protection specialists at the province, city and county (area) levels will strengthen the implementation of technical trainings for the agro-tech extension personnel and peasants of the town (area) and village (town); 5) Strengthening the exchange of the pest prevention and treatment experiences and the prevention and treatment techniques among the city, county (district)() and village (township) of the project regions, sharing the achievements. 8.4 Training and human resource development The training and human resource development is an important work to strengthen the construction of pest management ability, the following suggestions are provided according to the duties of different departments involved in this work and the personnel levels. 1) The business administrative departments of the county (district) and village (town), the plant protection and agro-tech extension personnel are regularly provided with trainings, so as to ensure effective implementation and supervision of various regulations on pesticide business, management and sales. 2) The plant protection and agro-tech personnel at the county (district) and village (town) levels provides trainings on the pest management method to the peasants in the form of field school; 3) The knowledge on the newly emerged pests and diseases and their non-pollution prevention and treatment techniques can be acquired by inquiring and consulting the plant protection specialists of various levels, and related special task project can be arranged by relevant research institutes; 4) According to the practical conditions of the ecological characteristics and the occurrence of the staple crop pests and diseases in the project implementation region, formulating related training materials as early as possible, supplemented with necessary audiovisuals. 8.5 Trainings for the peasants The peasants are the main project implementers. Providing trainings to the peasants is the main content of the pest and disease prevention and treatment work, the trainings will increase the IPM knowledge of the peasants, plant protection skills, and increase their mission consciousness of protecting the environment and participating in the IPM activities. 8.5.1 Training forms The trainings for the peasants can be arranged in the participative and flowing forms: 1) Participative training: the peasant field school shall be established in the project implementing area, the instructors are mainly composed of the agriculture extension personnel at the village (town) level and peasant technicians who have received special trainings and 60 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan have plentiful experience of pest management; according to the field practical conditions of different stages of the pests and diseases of local agriculture and forestry crops, the peasants are pertinently instructed and trained on how to well identify, prevent and treat the pests and diseases by the field instructors, so that the peasant students are trained of the technical knowledge and the organizing, communicating and management skills. 2) Flowing training: the project group periodically or aperiodically organize the flowing training team composed of the specialists from the agricultural research institutes, universities and colleges as well as the agricultural management and extension organizations, to all the field schools of the project implementing region or the village (town) and countryside, so as to provide trainings and pass on the latest IPM concepts, latest pest prevention and treatment techniques and related policies and regulations on pesticide safe use techniques and pesticide sales and marketing to local agro-tech publicity personnel, peasant technicians, peasants and pesticide dealers. 8.5.2 Training content 1) Training target: Agro-tech personnel, plant protection special cadre, peasant technicians, peasants, pesticide dealer of the county (district), village (town) will be given the following training: 2) Training content: Morphological characteristics and identification of pests and diseases; Harm characteristics and loss incurred by different pests and diseases; Occurrence regularity of main pests and diseases; Identification of natural enemies; Field sampling of pests and diseases and estimation method of occurrence density; Control threshold of pests and diseases; Control measures of pests and diseases, including: agricultural, physical, biological and chemical prevention and treatment methods; Pesticide selection and safe use techniques; Safe storage and disposal of agricultural chemicals and their packing wastes. 8.6 Training plan The training work plan shall include two parts, namely the training plan for the instructors and the work plan for the peasant field school. The specific plan is as given in Table 8-6-1: 61 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 8-6-1 Schedule of annual training work plan (2012-2017) Trainer Training Annual training Training Implementing Training content Training target Project regions number type times forms organizations each time The agro-tech Jingyuan Latest IPM concept, Baiyin City County 9 extension Jingtai County Project Pest Management personnel and Longxi County Plan, latest technique on Dingxi City Minxian 9 plant the pest non-pollution County Instructor protection Tianshui City Maiji Area 9 2 centralized prevention and treatment Flowing Training special cadres, Qinzhou Area training each PMO of related crops, pesticide Pingliang City Lingtai County 6 training plan etc at the city, year. safe use technique and Qingyang City Xifeng Area 6 county related policies and Ganzhou Area 9 (district) and Zhangye City regulations on pesticide Sunan County village (town) Yumen County marketing and sales. Jiuquan City 9 levels Dunhuang County Peasant Identification of main The peasant Jingyuan Once every Participative PMO Dongwan town 60 County filed pests and diseases, technicians, month in crop training Jingtai County Hongshui town 50 school prevention and control peasants, growth period Longxi Wenfeng 40 measures; pesticide safe peasants, County County form April to use technique and pesticide Minxian Meichuan 40 September County town disposal of discarded dealers in the Maiji District Ganquan town 60 times every pesticides and packings village (town) year 62 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Trainer Training Annual training Training Implementing Training content Training target Project regions number type times forms organizations each time pesticides and packings village (town) Qinzhou 60 year Zaojiao town District of project Lingtai 60 Shizi town regions County Xifeng 60 Dongzhi town District Ganzhou Dangzhai town 60 District Hongwansi 50 Sunan County town Yumen 60 Huahai town County Dunhuang 60 Qili town County Remarks: 1) The requirement of the instructor training plan: 2 peasant technicians are arranged to participate in the training from each city, county (district) of the project regions, the training is conducted 2 times every year, 3 days for each training, 57 persons in each training, 114 persons trained every year , 570 persons trained for 5 years; 2) The requirement of the peasant field schook training plan: 6 rounds of training every year, 40-60 persons in each training, 660 persons trained in 12 project regions every year, 3300 persons trained for 5 years. 63 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 9. Monitoring and evaluation of the project 9.1 Content of project monitoring During the project implementation process, the implementation of the pest integrated management plan in the project regions, the pesticide use mode, the crop quality and yield, the dynamics of main pests and diseases and the natural enemy population as well as the impact of the project implementation on environment shall be supervised on site. The specific monitoring content is as follows: Supervision Pesticide Ecosystem Agricultur Preventio Safe Pesticide Agricultur Pesticide Pesiticid Pesticide e waste applying H C P a r e r o s Publicizing m p t Self- -urged purchasing purchasing Fig. 9-1-1 Schematic diagram of project monitoring content 9.2 Project supervision management content During the supervision and inspection period of the World Bank supervision team, the on- site monitoring shall be performed in the proceeding to the following work: • Pesticide registration; • Use of Class-I pesticides; • Issuance of policies; • Performance of local monitoring procedure and result analysis aid. 9.3 Monitoring and supervision plan 9.3.1 Pest management monitoring plan 9.3.1.1 Implementation of the monitoring plan The monitoring work shall be jointly carried out by the agricultural publicity & service center of the city, district (county) level, the project office and the owner in each town of the 64 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan project implementing region. Once the pests and diseases are detected, it shall be reported and dealt with immediately. The World Bank dispatched personnel shall assist in the contraction of the appropriate monitoring system and sampling procedure as early as possible, and provide trainings in the implementation and analysis of monitoring system. 9.3.1.2 Setting up monitoring points and monitoring crops According to the crop planting pattern and the characteristic crop planting conditions in the project demonstration town, the project shall at least set up the following monitoring points: 1) 1)The intensive monitoring crops in Dongwan Township of Jingyuan County of Baiyin City are the vegetables; 2) The intensive monitoring crops in Ganquan Township of Maiji District are the fruit trees; 3) The intensive monitoring crop in Zaojiao Township of Qinzhou District is the potato; 4) The intensive monitoring crops in Meichuan Township of Minxian County are Chinese medicinal plants. 5) The Shizi Township of Lingtai County are the oil plants; 6) The intensive monitoring crop in Dongzhi Township of Xifeng District is wheat﹤ 7) The intensive monitoring crop in Dangzhai Township of Ganzhou District is the corn﹤ 8) The intensive monitoring crop in Qili Township of Dunhuang County is the cotton. 9.3.1.3 Data collection and sampling method See Table 9-3-1-3 for the monitoring content, data collection of key monitoring and the sampling method. 65 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 9-3-1-2 Staple crop planting area (in mu) in townships involved in the monitoring point Chinese Crop Wheat Corn Potato Fruit trees Vegetables Cotton Oil plants medicinal plants Dongwan town 2000 5000 1500 200 19500 / 2000 / Ganquan town 41266 27895 2650 19565 3492 / 1562 / Zaojiao town 38500 24500 8400 9650 1680 / 9600 / Meichuan town 240 / 1300 / / / / 41650 Shizi town 38600 28030 6150 6500 5800 / 16920 / Dongzhi town 68000 25350 800 36396 10800 / 28000 / Dangzhai town 11695 46769 6002 1231 15209 / 500 / Qili town 107 499 / 19485 4151 10136 / / Table 9-3-1-3 List on monitoring evaluation for the pests and disease of staple crops in the project regions Key Pesticide using status Ecosystem status of farmlands Production and quality status Monitori Name of Crop ng monitorin of Using Monitor Natural Monit Type Time Incidence Monitorin Production Pesticide expenses g point monit amount ing Pest number enemy Production oring (10'000 s s of disease g time value residue oring (kg) times number times yuan) Dongwan Vegetable 1 4 2 3.0 town s Ganquan 1 4 2 3.0 town Fruit trees Zaojiao Potato 1 4 2 3.0 town 66 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Key Pesticide using status Ecosystem status of farmlands Production and quality status Monitori Name of Crop ng monitorin of Using Monitor Natural Monit Type Time Incidence Monitorin Production Pesticide expenses g point monit amount ing Pest number enemy Production oring (10'000 s s of disease g time value residue oring (kg) times number times yuan) Chinese Meichuan medici 1 4 2 3.0 town nal plants Shizi Oil plants 1 4 2 3.0 town Dongzhi 1 4 2 3.0 town Wheat Dangzahi Corn 1 4 2 3.0 town Qili town Cotton 1 4 2 3.0 Remarks： 1. Monitoring method on “Pesticide using status�: 2 villages were selected for each monitoring point. In the harvest period of the supervised crop, collecting the information on the pesticide types, using amount and frequency and the disposal status of unused pesticides and packing by means of questionnaires and investigations, and conducting statistics and summarizations; 2. Monitoring method on “Ecosystem status of farmland�: 1 demonstration village was selected for each monitoring point. An investigation on the types of pests and diseases, occurrence status of each pest and disease as well as the types and number of natural enemies was conducted for the seedling, adult plant, fruiting and harvesting stages of the supervised crop respectively. 4 investigations were conducted for each crop every year; 3. Monitoring method on “Production and quality status�: 1 representative village was selected for each monitoring point. In the harvest period of the supervised crop, production was measured for 3 representative farmlands, and the crop production value and quality were investigated; at the same time the soil and agricultural product were sampled for pesticide residue determination. 67 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 9.3.1.4 Monitoring evaluation system 1) Degree of using the integrated management and control measures of pests and diseases. The number of peasant household participating in the use of integrated management and control measures of pests and diseases; The crop area where the integrated management and control measures of pests and diseases are used; The number of peasants who can identify main pests and diseases/natural enemies; The number of peasants who participated in the pest integrated management plan training; The main pest control effect after using the pest integrated management and control measures. 2) Degree of pesticide safe use The use times of pesticides on staple crops or fruit trees every year; The type and amount of pesticides used on staple crops per mu every year; The expenses of pesticide used on staple crops per mu every year due to pest prevention and treatment; The number of peasants who implemented pesticide safe use and disposal (safe storage, using labor protection appliances); The times of agricultural products refused due to high pesticide residue; The human and livestock poisoning accidents caused by the use of pesticides. 3) Agricultural product yield and quality status The yield of the staple crops after the implementation of the pest integrated management plan of the project; The quality status of the staple crops (including quality and pesticide residue) after the implementation of the pest integrated management plan of the project; The yield and profit status of the staple crops after the implementation of the pest integrated management plan of the project. 4) Degree of the impact on the agricultural ecosystem The occurrence area and harm degree of main pests and diseases of the staple crops in different demonstration regions; 68 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan The species and number changes of the beneficial creatures (including predatory insects and parasite insects, etc) per unit quadrat on the crops implemented with the pest integrated management plan; Degree of impact on wild creatures, bees, waters and soil, etc after using the Pest Integrated Management and control measures. 5) Other indexes Times of visits paid by agricultural chemical product salesman to the project regions; Times of agricultural chemical products advertised on the media (TV, broadcasting station and newspaper); Times of pesticide product brand appearing in the project regions by retail channels; Times of the acceptable pesticide product exhibited. 9.3.2 Supervision plan 9.3.2.1 Implementation of supervision plan The project office of various levels shall be responsible for ensuring the conduct of regular supervision activities. The project office of various levels and the agro-tech extension service center shall supervise and inspect the implementation of the Pest Management Plan during the pest occurring peak period, and cooperate with the World Bank supervision team in the supervision and inspection work on the project. The World Bank team shall be composed of experienced pest specialists, the supervision and inspection can be conducted 1-2 times every year, generally better in the pest occurring peak period every year. 9.3.2.2 Specific content of supervision and inspection 1) Pesticide use status Inspecting whether the pesticides sold by the dealers or used by the peasants in the project demonstration regions are registered and the pesticides recommended in the Pest Management Plant; Inspecting the Class-I pesticides are sold/used in the project regions; Inspecting the pesticide registration list to check the registration status of new pesticides; Inspecting whether the peasants have taken protective measures in the pesticide use; Inspecting the disposal status of the peasants on the discarded pesticides and packing. 2) Policy aspects The subsidy by the government (if any) in the use of pesticides; The implementation of policies and regulations on the pesticide use and the extension of the pest integrated management technique by local government. 69 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 3) Implementation of on-site monitoring plan Conducting evaluation on the implementation of the on-site monitoring plan of various counties undergoing inspection by the World Bank supervision team; Assisting related personnel in the project county to solve any problems generated in the implementation of on-site monitoring plan; Providing timely trainings to related personnel in the project regions concerning the on- site monitoring, data analysis and result interpretation and making adjustment in time where improvements shall be made in the pest treatment. 9.3.3 Duties The Agro-Tech Extension & Service Center at various levels shall be responsible for providing the pest integrated management techniques, and also the duties of related direction, supervision, monitoring and trainings. The project office at various levels and the interest and risk sharers are obligated to detect and report the occurrence of pests and diseases, implement the requirements under the Pest Management Plan. 9.3.4 Special technology requirement The Agro-Tech Extension & Service Center shall provide the technology and method of pest integrated management. 10. Appropriation budget The Pest Management Plan is an important constituent part of the project of constructing the integrated development demonstration town of rural economy with loans provided by the World Bank in Gansu Province. The main tasks and objectives of this plan and its technical path of implementation have its special characteristics, which shall be integrated into the daily work of the project office as an independent unit of the overall project. Meanwhile, in order to ensure the effective implementation of the plan, 1-2 special-subject projects shall be established to carry out special-task research on major pests and diseases existed in the characteristic industry in the project regions, so as to resolve the prominent problems in the non-pollution agricultural product production. The appropriation budget includes the total management expenses of the project office and the agricultural departments, covering technical training, publicizing, pesticide safe and rational use, pest monitoring and early warning, supervision and monitoring, special-subject research and management. The total budget appropriation is 6 million yuan, in which 4.8 million (80%) is from the Project of Constructing the Integrated Development Demonstration Township of Rural Economy with Loans Provided by the World Bank in Gansu Province of China, the rest 1.2 million yuan (20%) is from the agricultural project of each project region by overall planning. The detailed expense budget is as follows: 70 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Table 10-1-1 Training expense budge of the Pest Management Plan in the project regions (2012-2017) Total Training Training Training Training expense Training Training Training Implementing Project regions persons period form and expenses (10, level target year organization (person/time) (d) times (yuan/day·time) 000 yuan) Jingyuan Baiyin County 9 City Jingtai County Longxi Dingxi County 9 City Minxian County The plant Maiji protection Tianshui District 9 research 2 Trainings City Qinzhou 5 years and centralized for District from extension 3 trainings 200.0 34.2 PMO instructors Pingliang Lingtai 6 2011 to personel in regularly City County 2017 the city, every year Qingyang Xifeng 6 county (area) City District Ganzhou Zhangye District 9 City Sunan County Yumen Jiuquan County 9 City Dunhuang County 71 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Dongwan town of 60 Jingyuan County Hongshui town of 50 Once each Jingtai County Wenfeng County of 40 month during Longxi County the crop Meichuan town of Min 40 County growth Peasant Ganquan town of Maiji 60 period from technicians, District peasants, April to Zaojiao town of 60 5 years Peasant pesticide Qinzhou District 1 September, 6 form 297.0 field dealers in 150.0 PMO Shizi town of Lingtai 60 2011 to training the village times every County 2017 (town) of the project Dongzhi town of 60 year. Local regions Xifeng District Dangzhai town of participative 60 Ganzhou Area training Hongwansi town of 50 Sunan County Huahai town of Yumen 60 County Qili town of Dunhuang 60 County Total 717 4 8 5 331.2 Remark: Table 10-1-2 Expense budget for the research, specialist training, training material, supervision, monitoring and management (2012-2017) Budget subject Target Time/place/times/ Expenses Total Implementing Supervision 72 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan conference session/persons (10, 000 yuan) (10, 000 organization organization yuan) Symposium The World Bank Held in the project regions when 4.0 4.0 sponsored in the commissioner, the the project starts, 1 day each project project office of the session, 70 participants. The World Provincial province, city, county Bank project office and town, the organizations specialists, related agricultural department personnel The pest The project office of 1 summary communication 35, 000 17.5 integrated the city, county conference will be held in all yuan×5 years treatment (district) and village project regions at the end of the strategy and (town), the plant year, 1 day for each session, 60 action plan protection participants. summary department communication personnel, the conference peasant technicians and the demonstration household representatives and the pesticide dealer representatives, etc. 73 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Training Agricultural research The compilation of 8 series of Teaching 63.1 materials, CD, institutes and training materials of material: 8 wall map universities, the characteristic industry pest sets×3585 (prevention specialists and integrated management shall be pieces×yuan; calendar) and professors from the completed before the CD, Wall map: equipment plant protection, implementation of the project, 2.868 consumptions agro-tech extension and the burn fo CDs, design of pieces×2×6 departments and wall map shall be carried out yuan other special successively. departments The Pest Special research According to the major plant 1-2 special 96.0 Management universities protection problems existed in funds are Plan special possessing research the agricultural production of recommended research basis and technical the project regions, conducting in the project (vegetables, fruit reserve to a certainty the “main characteristic regions, 0.8-1 trees, etc) industry pest integrated million yuan, treatment techniques period 3-5 integration and demonstration years extension� special-subject research, summarizing and proposing method to solve the problems, and conducting demonstration extension Specialist Renowned plant 3-4 related specialists are invited 2 times×30, 30.0 technical protection, pesticide, twice every year to all project 000 yuan consultation ecological specialists regions during the crop growth /time×5 years service and professors from period, to provide on-site tour domestic and abroad instructions and flowing agricultural research trainings. 7-10 times each time institutes and universities 74 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Instructor The instructors for According to the training plan, 57 persons×6 34.2 service fee the peasant 57 persons are trained in each times×1 day×5 technicians, peasants project region, 6 trainings every years×200 and pesticide dealers year, 1 day every training, 30 yuan/day times participating in the times altogether every year, 200 training in the project yuan subsidies per person/time regions Pest monitoring The designated 2 persons per village (town) are 8×2 24.0 County The World and inspection monitor appointed by appointed for 8 villages (towns). persons×200 (District) Bank and evaluation and agricultural technical 7 investigations are conducted yuan/person Project Provincial pesticide and plant protection every year, 200 yuan per person time×5 years; Office Project supervision departments time; 16 samples (soil and 16×1600 management agricultural products) for residue yuan/sample×5 determineation every year, 1600 years yean for each sample. Total 268.8 75 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Appendix 1 The project of “Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy with Loans Provided by the World Bank List of non-pollution pesticides recommended for use Appendix 1-1 Insecticides/miticides Pesticides Maximum times Applicable Prevention and Applying amount per Applying Safe Formulation applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or dilution ratio method interval and content on each crop Fruit trees Red spider (Tetranychus) 20-30mL 2 7 Cotton Red spider (Tetranychus) 30-40mL 2 21 1.8% Leafy Diamond back moth Avermectins 33-50mL Spray 1 7 emulsifiable oil vegetable (Plutella xylostella) Cucumber 2 liriomyza sativae 20-30ml 3 Cowpea 5 Cucumber 3 2 Chinese 20% Acetamiprid medicinal Aphid (Aphididae spp.) 2000-2500 diluent Spray 1 14 emulsifiable oil plants apple 1 30 Cotton bollworm Cotton 25-35mL Spray 3 15 (Heliothis armigera) Effective 2.5% Cabbage worm (Pieris cyfluthrin emulsifiable oil Leafy rapae), aphid (Aphididae 26.7-33.3mL 2 7 vegetable spp.) 2.5% Wheat aphid, Mythimna Cyhalothrin Wheat 12-20mL 2 15 emulsifiable oil separate Cotton bollworm Cotton 20-60mL 2 30 (Heliothis armigera) 76 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum times Applicable Prevention and Applying amount per Applying Safe Formulation applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or dilution ratio method interval and content on each crop Diamond back moth Leafy (Plutella xylostella), 25-50mL 3 7 vegetable aphidCabbage worm (Pieris rapae) Aphid (Aphididae spp.), Fruit trees 4000-5000 diluent 2 21 borer pest soybean Borer pest 12~20mL 2 30 Diamond back moth (Plutella xylostella), Leafy aphid (Aphididae spp.), 25~50mL 3 7 vegetable Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae) Peach Carposina niponensis 2000~4000 diluent 3 7 Brassica Cabbage worm (Pieris Leafy chinensis 2 rapae), diamond back 3 10% vegetable Chinese Cypermethrin moth (Plutella xylostella) Spray emulsifiable oil 25~35mL cabbage 5 Aphid (Aphididae spp.), Tomato cotton bollworm 2 1 (Heliothis armigera) Wheat Mythimna separate 6-20g 2 21 25% wettable diflubenzuron Inchworm, moth, borer Spray powder Apple 1000~2000 diluent 3 7 pest Imidacloprid 20% solvents Cabbage Vegetable aphid 75~150mL Spray 2 7 77 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum times Applicable Prevention and Applying amount per Applying Safe Formulation applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or dilution ratio method interval and content on each crop Tomato White fly 225~450mL 3 Suspension Red spider﹤Panonychus 5000-6000 diluent Clofentezine Apple ﹤83-100mg/L﹤ Spray 2 30 concentrate 50% ulmi koch﹤ Diamond back Suspension Diflufenican Cabbage moth﹤Plutella 16.7-33.3mL Spray 3 3 concentrate 5% xylostella﹤ Wettable power Fenbutatin oxide Tomato Red spider 20-40g Spray 2 7 50% Cotton bollworm Cotton 100ml~175ml 3 30 Chlorpyrifos Emusifiable ﹤Helicoverpa armigera﹤ Spray methyl concentrate40% Cabbage Pieris Cabbage 60ml~80ml 3 7 rapae﹤Pieris rapae﹤ Cabbage worm﹤Pieris Emusifiable rapae﹤,Diamond back Teflubenzuron Leaf vegetables 45-60mL Spray 2 10 concentrate 5% moth﹤Plutella xylostella﹤ Cotton Red spider﹤Tetranychus 50-66ml 2 30 Emusifiable Hexythiazox urticae Koch,Panonychus 1500-2000diluent Spray concentrate5% Apple 2 30 ulmi koch﹤ (25-33mg/L) 78 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum times Applicable Prevention and Applying amount per Applying Safe Formulation applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or dilution ratio method interval and content on each crop Cotton bollworm﹤Helicoverpa armigera﹤,Pink Contton bollworm﹤Pectinophora 3 14 Emusifiable gossypiella﹤, tau-Fluvalinate 25-50ml Spray concentrate 10% Tetranychus urticae Koch,aphid Cabbage worm﹤Pieris Leaf vegetables 3 7 rapae﹤ Corn 80-100mL 3 30 73% Propargite Cotton Mites 50-70 mL Spray 3 21 emulsifiable oil Apple 2000~3000 diluent 3 30 Appendix 1-2 Bactericides/nematicides Pesticides Maximum Applying times Applicable Prevention and amount per Applying Safe Formulation and applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or method interval content on each dilution ratio crop 79 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum Applying times Applicable Prevention and amount per Applying Safe Formulation and applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or method interval content on each dilution ratio crop 110~180g 45% fumicants Cucumber Downy mildew (applied in shed Fumigation 4 3 or greenhouse) Leaf blight and Chlorothalonil 75% wettable Corn southern leaf blight, 111~133g 3 14 Spray powder rust disease Tomato Early blight 145~270g 3 7 40% colloidal Chinese Leaf spot 1125~2250mL Spray 3 30 suspension agent medicinal plants venturia inaequalis 1000~1500 Apple ﹤Anthracnose Spray 3 14 6% wettable diluent Fenarimol ﹤Powdery mildew powder 1000~1500 Pear venturia inaequalis Spray 3 14 diluent 15% wettable Pear venturia 3000~3500 Imibenconazole Pear Spray 3 28 powder inaequalis diluent 50% wettable Zonate spot, 1000~1500 Apple Spray 3 7 powder brown blotch diluent Iprodione 25% suspension Leafy vegetable Sclerotiniose 140~200mL Spray 2 50 agent Alternaria mali, Apple 800 diluent 10 80% wettable ring spot Mancozeb Spray 3 powder Tomato Early blight 167g 15 Water melon Anthracnose 2490~3750g 21 80 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum Applying times Applicable Prevention and amount per Applying Safe Formulation and applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or method interval content on each dilution ratio crop Gray mold, Cucumber 45~50g 3 1 50% wettable Sclerotiniose Procymidone Spray powder Grape gray mold 75~150g 2 14 Rape Sclerotiniose 30~60g 2 25 ring spot, Apple 400~600 diluent Spray 3 14 anthracnose Powdery mildew, 1000~1500 Vegetables anthracnose, gray Spray 2 14 diluent mold, Sclerotiniose 50%wettable Peach Brown rot 600~800 diluent Spray 2 14 Thiophanate methyl powder Brown blotch, Grape anthracnose, 600~800 diluent Spray 2 21 gray mold Smut, Wheat Fusarium 100~150g Spray 2 30 head blight 200~400mg/kg Fugal disease, Sawdust 60% wettable evenly mixing in the Mixing Thiabendazole Mushroom (Sawdust bad 1 65 powder sawdust before bag application cultivation packing method) 81 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum Applying times Applicable Prevention and amount per Applying Safe Formulation and applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or method interval content on each dilution ratio crop Fugal disease, spraying on 400~667 diluent basswood section (Basswood plane in hypha section plane Spray 3 55 growth period cultivation (applying interval: method) 30 days) 30% wettable Triflumizole Cucumber Powdery mildew 15~20g Spray 2 2 powder 50% wettable Vinclozolin Cucumber Gray mold 75~100g Spray 2 4 powder oxadixyl + 64% wettable Cucumber Downy mildew 170~200g Spray 3 3 mancozeb powder Early blight﹤leaf 937.5~1406.25 Tomato Spray - - 50% wettable mold g/hm2 Captan powder 937.5~1406.25 Cucumber Anthracnose Spray g/hm2 937.5~1406.25 Hot pepper Anthracnose Spray - - g/hm2 Apple Ring spot 625~1250mg/kg Spray 6 15 Grape Downy mildew 833~1250 mg/kg Spray - - 450g/l exposurer 67.5~78.5g/100kg Seed Maize Seedling blight 1 - suspended seeds pelleting 82 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Maximum Applying times Applicable Prevention and amount per Applying Safe Formulation and applied Common name crops treatment target mu·time or method interval content on each dilution ratio crop 90%water dispersible Rape Sclerotiniose 1125~1500g/hm2 Spray - - granules 80%water dispersible Tomato Early blight 750~960 g/hm2 Spray - - granules Carbendazim Rape Sclerotiniose 900~1200 g/hm2 Spray - - 25% wettable Fusarium 2 wheat 750~1125 g/hm Spray - - powder graminearum Rape Sclerotiniose 1125~1500 g/hm2 Spray - - 500g/l suspending Apple Ring spot 625~833.3g/kg Spray - - agent Cucumber Downy mildew 150~214g Spray 3 5 70% wettable Early blight﹤late Propineb powder Tomato blight﹤Downy 125~214g Spray 3 7 mildew 2.5%suspending 600~800g/100kg Seed Fludioxonil Cotton damping off 1 - agent seeds dressing Chunleimeisu 2%water aqua Tomato Leaf mold 140~175ml Spray 3 4 40%suspending Cucumber Gray mold 62.5~93.8g Spray 2 3 Pyrimethanil agent Appendix 1-3 Herbicides/ plant growth regulators 83 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Applying amount Maximum Prevention and Applying Formulation andApplicable crops per mu·time or times applied Safe interval Common name treatment target method content dilution ratio on each crop Annual grass Spraying after sowing and Soybean 58~72g Spray 1 (Gramineae before emergence 90% emulsifiable Acetochlor spp.) and part of Spraying once after corn oil Corn broad leaf 900~1500mL Soil spray 1 sowing and before weeds emergence Corn 200~400mL Soil spraying after seed Annual grass Cotton 150~250mL sowing and before (Gramineae 48% emulsifiable sprouting, avoiding the Alachlor spp.) and part of Soil spray 1 oil use in rainy, sandy soil Soybean broad leaf 300~467mL and high ground level weeds regions Chickweed, malachium 50% emulsifiable aquaticum, Spraying 7 days after rape Benazolin Rape 27~30ml Spray 1 oil stellaria alsine transplantation and latifoliate weeds Annual grass Spraying during the period (Gramineae 70% wettable from rape initial turning Phenamide Rape spp.) and 200~270g Spray 1 powder green to early leaf latifoliate spreading of early spring weeds, etc Wild oats, barn Spraying in the 3-5 leaf Wheat 130~185mL 36% emulsifiable yard grass, crab stage of wild oats Diclofop-methyl Spray 1 oil grass and other Spraying in the 2-4 leaf Beet 130~185mL weeds stage of weeds 84 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Applying amount Maximum Prevention and Applying Formulation andApplicable crops per mu·time or times applied Safe interval Common name treatment target method content dilution ratio on each crop Corn Spraying after emergence 80% water Latifoliate Penoxsulam 3.75~5g Spray 1 Soil spraying before dispersible granule Soybean weeds emergence of soybean Annual grass 80% wettable (Gramineae Spraying after sowing and Fluometuron Cotton 130~150g Soil spray 1 powder spp.) and before emergence latifoliate weeds Spraying in returning 20% emulsifiable Latifoliate green stage of winter Fluroxypyr Wheat 50~70mL Spray 1 oil weeds wheat and 2-4 leaf stage of spring stage Spraying 3-5 leaf stage of Rape Annual weeds 20~30ml Haloxyfop-R- 10.8% emulsifiable rape (Gramineae Spray 1 methyl oil Spraying in seedling stage Soybean spp.) 28~32ml of soybean Corn Annual grass 90~180mL Spray Spraying in seedling stage (Gramineae 72% emulsifiable Metolachlor spp.), 1 oil cyperaceae and latifoliate weeds Spraying before sprouting, Soil avoiding the use in rainy, Soybean 100~180mL treatment sandy soil and high under ground water regions 85 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Applying amount Maximum Prevention and Applying Formulation andApplicable crops per mu·time or times applied Safe interval Common name treatment target method content dilution ratio on each crop Spraying in seedling stage Corn Thifensulfuron- 75% dry Latifoliate of corn 2~3g Spray 1 methyl suspension agent weeds Spraying in jointing stage Wheat of wheat Soil 40% emulsifiable Spraying 5-7 days before Avadex BW Wheat Wild oats 150~200mL treatment 1 oil sowing of spring wheat Spray 75% dry Latifoliate Spraying in jointing stage Tribenuron Wheat 0.9~1.7g Spray 1 suspensions weeds of wheat Corn Annual grass 75~100mL Soil 48% emulsifiable (Gramineae Spraying before sowing Trifluralin treatment 1 oil Soybean spp.) and 125~175mL and rake the soil smooth Spray latifoliate weeds Cotton 85~100mL Peanut 70~100mL Soybean 100~200mL 20% missible oil Rape 65~120mL Annual grass Beet 100mL Spraying in the seedling (Gramineae Sethoxydim Fiberflax 66~85mL Spray 1 stage of plant and 3-5 leaf spp.) cotyledon Cotton stage of weeds weeds Peanut 12.5%oil emulsion Soybean 66~100mL Rape Beet 86 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Pesticides Applying amount Maximum Prevention and Applying Formulation andApplicable crops per mu·time or times applied Safe interval Common name treatment target method content dilution ratio on each crop Florasulam+2, 4 45.9%suspending Spraying in the seedling drops of Michael Wheat latifoliate weeds 30~40mL Spray 1 agent stage of wheat essien ester vision Florasulam+flumetsu 17.5%suspending Spraying in the seedling Wheat latifoliate weeds 3~4.5mL Spray 1 lam agent stage of wheat 50%wettable Cotton to take Spraying in 70% cracking Thidiazuron Cotton 20~40g Spray powde off the leaves of cotton boll Corn Annual grass 75~100mL Soil 48% emulsifiable (Gramineae Spraying before sowing Trifluralin treatment 1 oil Soybean spp.) and 125~175mL and rake the soil smooth Spray latifoliate weeds 87 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Appendix 2 Questionaire on pesticide use status Essential information of the interviewee: Name: Sex: Age: Level of education: Number of family members: Farmland area (mu)： _ Address: Province City/county District Village Investigation date: day month year Investigation on pesticide use status 1. Please list 1-5 crops you planted this year in discending order according to their planting area. Crops Area((mu)) 2. Planting area of last year . 3. Please fill in the table the area of each land you own and the crop name planted each season. Crops planted each season Spring Summer Autumn Winter Land No. 1 (mu) 2 (mu) 3 (mu) 4 (mu) 5 (mu) Please mark “√� for your choice 4. Have you ever used pesticides？ Yes ( ) No ( ) 5. How many years have you been using pesticides？ Less than 1 year ( ) 2-5 years ( ) 6-10 years ( ) 11-20 years ( ) 21-30 years ( ) Over 30 years ( ) 88 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 6. Do you know about the “three certificates of pesticides�? Which of the following are the “three certificates of pesticides�? 1) Pesticide registration ( ) 2) Certificate of quality ( ) 3) Production license ( ) 4) Pesticide transport license ( ) 5) Business license ( ) 6) Product standard ( ) 7. How do you usually purchase your pesticides？ 1) From pesticide store ( ) 2) Through factory direct sales ( ) 3) From the vendor ( ) 4) Other channels (please specify) 8. How do you select your pesticides？ 1) By agricultural technician’s recommendations ( ) 2) By dealer’s recommendations ( ) 3) Previous using experiences ( ) 4) Having a try after reading the label ( ) 5) Recommendations from relatives and neighbors ( ) 6) Reading books, periodicals, newspapers and advertisements ( ) 9. How do you decide the pesticide using time？ 1) By own experience ( ) 2) From the notice issued by the village ( ) 3) By instructions of the agriculture technical department ( ) 4) There are relatively fixed using time ( ) 5) According to the using time on the pesticide label ( ) 6) Other (please specify) 10. How do you usually decide the pesticide using amount？ 1) By own experiences and estimations ( ) 2) According to the prescription on the pesticide label and the user’s instructions ( ) 3) The amount instructed by the agriculture technical department ( ) 4) Asking previous users 11. How do you measure the pesticide when preparing the pesticide solution? 1) Using containers of unknown volume ( ) 89 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 2) Using scale or container of known volume ( ) 3) By small packages of medicament ( ) 4) Measuring with the pesticide cap ( ) 5) Pouring into the sprayer directly according to experiences ( ) 6) Other (please specify) 12. What is your usual using dosage of pesticides？ 1) Lower than the dosage on the label ( ) 2) Within the dosage scope on the label ( ) 3) Slightly higher than the dosage on the label ( ) 4) More than 2 times higher than the dosage on the label ( ) 13. How do you calculate the applying amount of pesticide？ 1) According to the preparation amount of “g/mu� ( ) 2) According to the “times� ( ) 3) According to the preparation amount of “g/mu� for the wheat and rice, etc. ( ) 4) According to the “times� for the fruit trees and vegetables, etc. ( ) 5) According to the preparation amount of “g/mu� for the wheat, rice and vegetables, etc.( ) 6) According to the “times� for the wheat, rice, fruit trees and vegetables, etc.( ) 7) Other (please specify) 14. How do you decide the pesticide using times？ 1) By own experiences ( ) 2) According to the prescriptions on the pesticide label( ) 3) By the instructions of the agriculture technical department( ) 4) To ensure effect, applying every 2-3 times or whenever having time( ) 5) Other (please specify) 15. How many times to apply pesticide for the growth period of each crop？ 1) 1-2 times ( ) 2) 3-4 times ( ) 3) 5-6 times ( ) 4) More than 7-8 times ( ) 16. What is the time interval for each pesticide applying? 90 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 1) 2-3 days ( ) 2) 4-5 days ( ) 3) 6-7 days ( ) 4) More than 8 days ( ) 17. Do you know about the concept of safe interval of pesticide applying? 1) Yes, I know about the concept, and implement it as reference ( ) 2) Yes, I know the concept, but have not implemented it ( ) 3) I know the concept, but do not know how to implement it specifically ( ) 4) Not clear ( ) 18. How do you use the pesticides？ 1) Using one type of pesticide each time ( ) 2) Using two types of pesticides together ( ) 3) Using several types of pesticides ( ) 4) One or several types of pesticides in combination with a bactericide ( ) 5) One or several types of pesticides or bactericides in combination with a herbicide ( ) 6) Other (please specify) 19. Will you take the weather into consideration in applying pesticides? 1) Never ( ) 2) Occasionally ( ) 3) Sometimes( ) 4) Yes ( ) 20 What following weathers will affect pesticide applying? 1) Rainy ( ) 2) Windy ( ) 3) High temperature ( ) 4) Other (please specify) 21. How do you prevent and treat the subterranean pests, powdery mildew and rust disease, etc of the wheat？ 1) Seed dressing with pesticide and bactericide ( ) 2) Pesticide spreading, root drenching or bactericide spraying ( ) 3) Pesticide and bactericide spraying ( ) 4) Other (please specify) 22. What pesticide do you use in prevention and treatment of the subterranean pests, powdery mildew and rust disease, etc of the wheat? 1) Seed dressing with isofenphos methyl+triadimefon ( ) 2) Seed dressing with triadimefon ( ) 3) Triadimefon spraying ( ) 4) Phoxim seed dressing ( ) 91 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 5) Other (please specify) 23. Have the wheat ever had phytotoxicity in seed dressing with isofenphos methyl+triadimefon or triadimefon? 1) Yes ( ) 2) No ( ) 3) There occurred seedling emerging delay of the wheat ( ) 4) The rate of emergence decreased ( ) 5) Other (please specify) 24. Have there occurred any phytotoxicity in other pesticide applying? 1) Yes ( ) 2) No ( ) 25. If there occurs crop phytotoxicity, what do you think are the main causes? 1) Pesticide quality problems ( ) 2) Improper instruction on the pesticide label or lacking of information ( ) 3) Insufficient instructions of the agricultural department ( ) 4) Weather causes ( ) 5) Own using problems ( ) { Overdosage ( )Wrong using time ( ) Applying to wrong crops ( ) Mixing of multiple pesticides ( )} 26. Have there held any trainings on pesticides in your local places in recent three years？ 1) No ( ) 2)1-2 times ( ) 3) 3-5 times ( ) 4) More than 5 times ( ) 5) I don’t know ( ) 27. How many times do you attend the training on pesticides in average every year？ 1) Never ( ) 2) 1-2 times ( ) 3) 3-5 times ( ) 4) More than 5 times ( ) 28. What following type of training have you attended？ 1) Agricultural training class( ) 2) Area, village and group training( ) 3) Field on-site instructions( ) 4) Peasant field school ( ) 5) Evening school( ) 6) Agricultural broadcasting and television school ( ) 7) Other (please specify) 29. What is your attitude toward the peasant field school for the trainings on safe and scientific using of pesticides？ 1) Very willing to attend ( ) 2) Will attend if other people do ( ) 3) I don’t care much whether to attend or not ( ) 4) Not necessary to attend ( ) 92 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 30. What is your attitude towards the safety protection measures in the process of applying pesticides? 1) Not necessary( ) 2) Having not considered it( ) 3) Mouth-muffle shall be worn( ) 4) Mouth-muffle and protective clothes shall be worn( ) 5) After pesticide applying, hand washing and clothes changing and washing shall be conducted immediately( ) 31. What should you do if person poisoning accident occurred in pesticide applying? 1) Handling according to the instruction on the label( ) 2) Consulting the pesticide manufacturer through telephone( ) 3) Consulting relevant specialists through telephone( ) 4)Sending her/him to hospital for emergency treatment ( ) 5) Sending her/him to hospital for emergency treatment carrying the pesticide label( ) 32. What do you usually do when the prevention and treatment effects are not so good after applying one type of pesticide？ 1) Increasing the dosage( ) 2) Purchasing other pesticide according to the recommendation from pesticide dealers( ) 3) Purchasing other pesticide by looking up relevant materials by myself( ) 4) Consulting plant protection technicians( ) 5) No good options( ) 33. How do you dispose your unspent pesticides？ 1) Storing them by classification( ) 2) Disposing them ( ) 3) Storing them casually for future use( ) 4) Giving them to other peasant for use( ) 34. What is your opinion towards the shelf life marked on the pesticide label? 1) Having not noticed it( ) 2) The overdue pesticide can be used all the same( ) 3) Paying attention to the valid period when buying the pesticide, and do not buy overdue ones( ) 35 How do you dispose the used packing of pesticides？ 1) Discarding them directly in the field( ) 2) Having not considered it( ) 3) Collecting them and disposing them to trash can( )4) Collecting them and burning them off( ) 5) Collecting them and burying them deeply underground( ) ﹤ Recycling them to the pesticide dealers or their distribution department( ) 93 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 36. Have you ever received the unified prevention and treatment of pests organized by the government？ 1) Yes( ) 2) No( ) 37 What is your attitude towards the unified prevention and treatment of pests and diseases organized by the government？ 1) Very supportive of it( ) 2) Having not considered it( ) 3) Not supportive of it( ) 38. If the government organized unified prevention and treatment of pests and diseases, how much is the pesticide cost per mu acceptable to you? 1) below 100 yuan( ) 2) 100-150 yuan( ) 3) 150-200 yuan( ) 4) 200-250 yuan( ) 5) More than 250 yuan( ) 39. What is your attitude towards the unified purchase of certain pesticides to distribute them to peasants? 1) Very supportive of it( ) 2) Having not considered it( ) 3) Not supportive of it( ) ATESC Agro-Tech Extension & Service Center FAO Food and Agriculture Organization GB Guobiao Chinese standard IPM Integrated Pest Management PMO Project Management Office PMP Pest Management Plan PPMO Provincial Project Management Office CPMO City/County Project Management Office Cm County level project managements Ct County level technicians Tt Town level technicians Fm Project peasant household union or backbone peasant 94 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan household representatives Forage Chinese medicinal crops Chinese medicinal plants Nursery-grown seedling Nursery stock pillar industry surplus labor power surplus labor city and countryside integration sustainable development farmland consolidation Evaluation on the Pest Environmental Management Environment evaluation on the Pest Management Average percipitation Effective accumulated temperature Frost-free period Average evaporation Average evaporation capacity Agricultural acreage Agricultural population Per capita area of per capita arable cultivated farmland land Total grain output Total output value Annual per capita income livestock or poultry feeds Economic crops Staple crops whole covering on double Ditch sowing corn in ridges and planting in double ridges catchment furrows mulched with plastic film film-covering and ridge- forming method Subterranean pests midge Red spider red spider (Tetranychus) armyworm Mythimna separate Aphid (Aphididae Aphid spp.) European corn borer European corn borer (Ostrinia furnacalis) 95 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan cotton bollworm cotton bollworm (Heliothis armigera) cutworm (Agrotis cutworm segetum) Cotton aphid (Aphis Cotton aphid gossypii) cotton red spider cotton red spider (Tetranychusurticae spp.) leaf beetle leaf beetle (Chrysomelidae spp.) diamond back moth plutella xylostella (Plutella xylostella), leafminer (Liriomyza leafminer sativae) Greenhouse whitefly whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) Grub cutworm wireworm wireworm (Elateridae spp.) psylla pyrisuga forster psylla pyrisuga scale insect scale insect (Coccoidea spp.) leaf roller leaf roller (Tortricidae spp.) Carpocapsa carpocapsa pomonella pomonella Borer pests Striped flea beetle Striped flea beetle (Phyllotretacruciferae spp.) entomoscelis suturalis Entomoscelis suturalis weise weise Ceuthorrhynchus ceuthorrhynchus asper asper leafminer leafminer (Agromyzidae spp.) stripe rust disease powdery mildew Full rot disease viral diseases 96 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Maize head smut gall smut Ear rot disease stalk rot disease bacterial wilt Cotton verticillium wilt fusarium wilt stem base rot stem base rot diseases (tarspot, diseases(pigmented damping off) naevus, seedling blight) Late blight early blight Ring rot disease black shank disease scab disease Downy mildew Grey mold disease anthracnose epidemic disease blight greensickness wilt disease root knot nematode rust disease liquorice brown patch brown patch disease of Glycyrrhiza uralensis disease odonopsis pilosula Odonopsis pilosula Milkvetch root Leguminosae spp. root rot disease Linen mouth Ma-mouth Disease in Disease in Angelica Angelica sinensis sinensis, Apple rot disease Apple cranker, pear scab disease dry rot disease 97 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan brown blotch Alternaria mali roberts peach bleeding disease grape downy mildew grape powdery mildew flax droop disease flax blight disease sunflower downy mildew Sclerotinia rot of colza flax wilt disease flax anthracnose Phoxim chlorpyrifos acetamiprid triadimefon tebuconazole propiconazole Carbofuran- · enamine seed dressing diniconazole seed coating agent seed coating cyhalothrin thiacloprid profenofos avermectins pyridaben cypermethrin metalaxyl mancozeb copper hydroxide imidacloprid hymexazol mancozeb mancozeb triflumizole propamocarb spinosad decamethrin thiophanate methyl carbendazim 98 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan chlorothalonil cymoxanil mancozeb propamocarb dimethomorph fosetyl-Al polysulfide suspending agent . . alkene moroxydine streptomycin pyrimethanil metalaxyl 120 agricultural antibiotic 120 methomyl fenvalerate thiophanate methyl lime sulfur mixture pine taroil asomate tolclofos-methyl Crop rotation and succession Seed potato de-virus High-temperature seed High-temperature soaking for de-virus and seed soaking for insecticide sterilization and insects killing natural light high- high-temperature temperature close shed tightly greenhouse with natural light Applying chemicals in sowing furrow (hole) spreading pesticide-clay mixture Smoking pests Fumigation underground root drenching Over ground mist spraying soil-borne diseases Wilt nematode disease 99 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan woolly apple aphid woolly apple aphid (Eriosoma lanigerum) western flower thrip western flower thrip (Frankliniella occidentalis) bemisia tabaci Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) miridae Miridae spp. potato gangrenosis wheat root disease wheat viral disease dwarf mosaic disease red leaf disease plant hopper plant hopper (Laodelphax striatellus) corn leaf blight corn northern leaf blight Corn southern leaf blight potato ring rot disease the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River cabbage caterpillar Cabbage worm (Pieris rapae) cabbage army worm cabbage army worm (Mamestra brassicae) tobacco budworm tobacco budworm (Helicoverpa assulta) lepidoptera pests lepidoptera sucking insects leaf mite leaf mite (Tetranyehidea spp.) fungous diseases Fungus diseases parasitic nematode cotton aphid cotton aphid (Tetranychus cinnabarinus) angelica sinensis Angelica sinensis Monophagy oligophagy brachophagus huonche Brachophagus spp. Liao et Fan Chinese cabbage type Chinese cabbage spring rape type spring rape 100 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan spring rape type spring rape (Brassica campestris) falseuncaria kaszabi flax wilt disease and razowski falseuncaria kaszabi razowski apple brown blotch apple scar skin disease (ASSD) rosette disease mould core disease walnut sun moth walnut sun moth (Heliodinidae, spp.) batocera horsfieldi Batocera horsfieldi white rot disease Grey mould loose kernel smut branch rot disease Law of the People's Agricultural Product Republic of China on Quality Security Law Agricultural Product of People’s Republic Quality Safety of China Regulations on the Pesticide Control of Agricultural Regulations of the Chemicals of the People's People's Republic of Republic of China China Measures for Measures for the Implementing the Implementation of Regulation on Pesticide Pesticide Regulation Administration Measures on Management of Pollution- free Agricultural Products Standards for Safety Application of Pesticides Green food — Pesticide Pesticide application guideline Application Guideline for Green Food Production Maximum residue limits for pesticides in food Determination of Organophosphorus Pesticide Residues in Foods Guideline for Safety Application of Pesticides Regulations on Plant Quarantine Antitoxic Regulations for Storage-transportation, 101 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Marketing and Use of Pesticides Ganshu Provincial Ganshu Provincial Agricultural Product Agricultural Product Quality Safety Quality Safety Regulations Office of Agriculture and Department of Animal Husbandry Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Industrial and Commercial Bureau Quality Control Bureau Quality Supervision Bureau Institute for drug control Institute for the Control of Agrochemicals Provincial Agro-tech Extension General Station Provincial Work Station of Economic Crops Agricultural cooperatives and peasant association Organization and institutions of pesticide residue detection Quality detection station Quality detection for gricultural product station for wholesale wholesale market and market and supermarket agricultural supermarket product agricultural products Agricultural product Agricultural product quality detection point for quality detection agricultural product point in agricultural production base product production base plant hopper systemic pesticides contact pesticides young larval stage young larva stage Applying pesticide alternatively andorganic nitrogen types organic nitrogen organophosphorus types Organophosphorus pyrethroid types pyrethroid carbamic acid ester types carbamate mutagenesis, carcinogenesis or 102 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan teratogenesis ladybug ladybug (Coccinellidae, spp.) Lacewing lacewing (Chrysopidae, spp.) Syrphidae syrphids (syrphidae, spp.) assassin bug Assassin bug (Reduviidae, spp.) thrips Thripidae spp. typhlodromus occidentalis Typhlodromus occidentalis phytoseiid mites phytoseiidea, spp. eotetranychus pruni Eotetranychus pruni oudemans citrus red mite Panonychus citri trichogramma Trichogramma (trichogrammatid) encarsia formosa Encarsia formosa aphidius sp. Aphidiidae spp. yellow braeonid wasp Apanteles glomeratus thuringiensis Bacillus thuringiensis beauveria bassiana Beauveria bassiana trichoderma Trichoderma spp. entomophthoralean fungi entomophthoralean fungi (Erynia montana) neomycin jinggangmycin validamycin sex pheromone bait lvdi (ginkgetin) flos daturae alkaloid Flos daturae reagent (flos daturae) alkaloid aqueous solution alkaloids of sophora Matrine aqueous flavescens solution chenopodium alcohol- vertrine alcoholic alkali solution solution azadirachtin emulsion toosedarin emulsion rotenone emulsion hexaconazole nitenpyram thiamethoxam cymoxanil-mancozeb 103 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan metalaxyl-mancozeb oxadixyl-mancozeb enoyl–mancozeb disease control by grafting spodoptera exigua Spodoptera exigua liriomyza sativae Liriomyza sativae flea beetle Flea beetle (Halticidae spp.) spodoptera litura light trapping light trapping and killing spodoptera exiguanuclear Spodoptera exigua polyhedrosis virus nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) nuclear polyhedrosis virus Plusia agnate of plusia agnata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) granulosis virus diamond Plutella xylostella of back moth granulosis virus (GV) nuclear polyhedrosis virus Ectropis obligua of ectropis obliqua polyhedrosis virus (NPV) cotton bollwormnuclear Heliothis armigera polyhedrosis virus nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) matrine azadirachtin nicotine rotenone celangulin liuyangmycin pyrethrin sulphur suspensions cyfluthrin , cyhalothrin bifenthrin fenpropathrin acrinathrin thiodicarb carbosulfan pirimicarb mobucin tsumacide dipterex 104 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan Dichlorphos DDVP) carbofos acephate dimethoate triazophos sumithion fenthion Diazinon phosmet Chlorbenzuron chlorfluazuron hexaflumuron flufenoxuron diflubenzuron buprofezin RH5849 tebufenozide pyridaben clofentezine fenpyroximate azocyclotin propargite hexythiazox fenbutation oxide Fenbutatin oxide monoformamidine semiamitraz amitraz monosultap dimehypo cartap methylaminoavermectin cyromazine fipronil chlorfenapyr diafenthiuron alkali copper sulfate Basic copper sulfate cuprous oxide copper oxychloride copper hydroxide zineb thiram phosethyl-Al thiabendazole 105 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan triadimenol diniconazole myclobutanil · diethofencarb-thiophanate procymidone iprodione · dimethomorph-mancozeb · cymoxanil -mancozeb o-allylphenol flumorph moroxydine hydrochloride hymexazol thiodiazole-copper prochloraz prochloraz-manganese chloride complex imazalil amino-oligosaccharin imibenconazole · Kasumin-Bordeaux · oxazolidon -mancozeb copper fatty acid Fatty acid copper copper resinate azoxystrobin fungus polysaccharide kasugamycin polyoxin ningnanmycin Benzene hexachloride (BHC) dichlorodiphenyl trichloroethane (DDT) toxaphene dibromochloropropane chlordimeform dibromoethane nitrofen aldrin dieldrin mercury compounds arsenic compounds lead compounds Bis-A-TDA 106 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan fluoroacetamide gliftor tetramine sodium fluoroacetate silatrane methamidophos parathion-methyl parathion moncrotophos phosphamidon phorate isofenphos-methyl terbufos Posfolan-methyl, sulfotep demeton carbofuran aldicarb ethoprophos phosfolan coumaphos fonofos isazofos fenamiphos dicofol Annual growth gramineae Annual grass (Gramineae spp.) broadleaf weeds latifoliate weeds Returning green Early tillering stage Leveling even with harrow Rake the soil smooth Jointing stage 107 The Project of Constructing the Integrated Demonstration Town of Rural Economy in Gansu Province with Loans Provided by the World Bank - Pest Management Plan 108