NwPS I6 LG POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER 1604 Costs of Infrastructure The private costs of infrastructure deficiences are Deficiencies in substantial - and the Manufacturing in Indonesia, burdens are much greater on small firms than onilarge firms Nigeria, and Thailand in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Thailand. Kyu Sik Lee Alex Anas Gi-Taik Oh The World Bank Operations Evaluation Department Infrastructure and Energy Division May 1996 POLI`Y RFSFARCH WORKING PAPER 1604 Summary findings This paper, the first in a series of project reports, briefly The extent of public infrastructure deficiencies and describes the background of this research project, which private provision of infrastructure services varies across was conducted as a sequel to an earlier study on Nigeria. countries and by firm size. For example, 92 percent of Using the fresh results from a sample survey of Nigerian firms had their own generators to supplement manufacturing establishments in Indonesia (290 the inadequate public supply; only 66 percent of firms establishments) and Thailand (300), the authors contrast did in Indonesia, and only 6 percent in Thailand. But the and compare the findings from these new data with data quality of electric power in Thailand was not much from an earlier study of Nigeria. They compare different from that in Indonesia. especially: The total share of capital investment in private * 'The extent and incidence of public infrastructure infrastructure was 16 percent of all capital in Indonesian deficienicies. firms, about the same as in Nigerian firms (14 percent), * T'he extent of manufacturers' private provision of which was twice that in Thai firms. infrastructure in responise to such deficiencies. The private costs of infrastructure deficiences are * The capital shares of various private infrastructure substantial and the burdens are much greater on small investments, inciliding electric power, water, firms than on large firms. telecommunications, transport, and waste disposal. * The firms' costs for producing their own electricity and water. This paper - a product of the Infrastructire and Energy Division, Operations Evaluation Department - was prepared as part of a World Bank research project on "Infrastructure Bottlenecks, Private Provisions, and Industrial Productivity: A Study of Indonesian and Thai Cities" (RPO 676-71). It was jointly funded by USAID, Jakarta. Copies of this paper are available free from the World Bank, 1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433-0001. Please contact Stacy Ward, room G6-132, telephone 202-473-1707, fax 202-522-3 125, Internet address sward(aworldbank.org. May 1996. (35 pages plus 75 pages of tables) The Policy Research Working Paper Series disseminates the findings of work in progress to encourage the exchange of ideas about development issues. An objective of the series is lo get the findings out quickly, even ifihe presentations are less than fully polished. The papers carry the names of the authors and should be used and cited accordingly. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions are the authors' oun and should not be attributed to the World Bank, its Executive Board of Directors, or any of its member counfrnes. Produced by the Policy Research Dissemination Center Costs of Infrastructure Deficiencies in Manufacturing in Indonesia, Nigeria, and Thailand Kyu Sik Lee Alex Anas Gi-Taik Oh Operations Evaluation Department Infrastructure and Energy Division Prepared as part of the World Bank research project on infrastructure and productivity (RPO 676-71). I PREFACE This report is part of a series of project reports (see the list below) produced within the research project, "Infrastructure Bottlenecks, Private Provisions, and Industrial Productivity: A Study of Indonesian and Thai Cities," which was jointly funded by the World Bank Research Committee (RPO 676-71) and USAID, Jakarta. Under the overall direction of Kyu Sik Lee, the study was jointly conducted with a research team headed by Chalongphob Sussangkarn at Thailand Development Research Institute, Bangkok, and a team headed by B.S. Kusbiantoro at Institute of Technology Bandung. The following persons made contributions during the data collection phase of the project: Helen Garcia and Nachrowi of the World Bank; Suwandhi Sastrotaruno, and Sukmadi Bolo of the Indonesian Central Bureau of Statistics; Robert Rerimassie, Wawan and Dien Sanjoto of Hasfarm Consultants in Jakarta; Yongyuth Chalamwong, Suriya Wattanalee, Thaneit Khantigaroon, Dusit Jesdapipat of TDRI. The data work on Indonesia and Thailand was conducted by Gi-Taik Oh of the World Bank and the earlier work on Nigeria by Haeduck Lee of the World Bank. Louis Pouliquen, Michael cohen, Arturo Israel, Patricia Annez, and Yves Albouy provided encouragement and support throughout this research project. The preparation of the research project was supported by Danny Leipziger, Praful Patel, Jeffrey Gutman, Philippe Annez, Lars Jeurling, Jun Zhang, Anupam Khanna, Frida Johansen, John Herbert, Ben Fisher, Per Ljung, and Gregory Ingram of the World Bank; Soegijanto Soegijoko, Budhy Soegijoko, Sugeng Rahardjo, B.S. Kusbiantoro, Ibrahim Hasan in Indonesia; and Chalongphob Sussangkarn and Yongyuth Chalamwong in Thailand; and Peter Gajewski, Lee Ann Ross, Michael Lee, and William Frej of USAID/Jakarta. The authors of this report are Kyu Sik Lee, Operations Evaluation Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C.; Alex Anas, Professor of Economics, State University of New York at Buffalo; Gi-Taik Oh, a World Bank consultant. The authors would like to thank Michael Murray and Mike Garn for their comments on an earlier draft. - INDONESIA. THAILAND. AND NIGERIA Table of Contents PageNo I. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PR T................ II. THE EXTENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIENCIES AND PRIVATE PROVSIONS ............. ................... 5 A. The Data ........................................ 5 B. Incidence of Deficiencies by Firm Size and Region .............. 6 IM. COSTS OF PRIVATE PROVISIONS .. 10 A. Manufacturers' Responses to Infrastructure Deficiencies .... ....... 10 B. Capital Costs and Their Incidence ........................ 14 C. The Private Cost as A Measure of WiLlingness to Pay for Reliable Services .................................. 17 IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS ........ ..... 21 TEXTTABLES ....................................... 22 LIST OF PREYOUSSTuDIS............................. 35 APPENDIX TABLES .................................. 36 TEXT TABL Table 2.1: Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity Table 2.2: Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Private Generators or Boreholes in Each Employment Size Category Table 2.3: Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Own Vehicles for Shipment, Workers, or Garbage Disposal in Each Employment Size Category Table 2.4: Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Own Radio Equipment or Motorcycles in Each Employment Size Category Table 2.5: Extent of Losses from Power Failure Table 3.1: Values of Private Infrastructure Provisions as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment Table 3.2: Proportion of Electric Power Supply from Own Generators by Total Electric Consumption Category for Firms with Own Generators Table 3.3: Average cost of Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production Table 3.4: Proportion of Water Supply from Own Boreholes by Total Water Consumption Category for Firms with Own Boreholes Table 3.5: Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production Table 3.6: Values of Private Generators and Boreholes as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment by State, Nigeria Table 3.7: Values of Private Generators and Boreholes as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment by Region, Indonesia and Thailand Table 3.8: Values of All Private Infrastructures as Percent of Total Value of Capital, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Thailand COSTS OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIENCIES IN MANUFACTURING: INDONESIA. THAILAND. AND NIGERIA I. BACKGROUND OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT In 1992, the World Bank completed a research project, mlmpacts of Infrastructure Deficiencies on Nigerian manufacturing. " This research project produced a systematic empirical study which investigated the relationship between deficient public infrastructure services (as inputs in the production process of manufacturing firms) and the productivity of industry. This issue is important for policy and Bank lending operations because infrastructure affects economic growth and development in all facets of the development process. In the 1980's, the operational staff of the Bank's Africa Region and policy makers in member countries became seriously concemed with the misallocation of resources manifested in duplications of capital investments in infrastructure by public enterprises on the one hand and private individual end-users on the other. In these countries, infrastructure provisions suffered from two extreme aes of inefficiency: (1) The non-performing public sector, which had a high level of capital investment in place but was unable to provide steady and reliable flows of infrastructural services; (2) the users, both firms and households, who found it necessary to provide their own facilities in whole or in part to substitute or complement the deficient public supply by incurring high private costs. The study on Nigeria documented empirically (i) the extent of public service deficiencies in electric power, water supply, transport, telecommunications, and waste disposal; (ii) responses of private manufacturing firms to these deficiencies; and (iii) related costs of various private provisions to substitute or complement inadequate public sector supplies. The empirical findings generated policy implications in: (a) deregulation to create contestable markets for the supply of various infrastructure services; (b) potential efficiency gains from economies of scale and scope through private sector participation in such emerging markets; and (c) socially efficient pricing policies which take into account the presence of 'endogenous' congestion, subsequent system failures, and private provisions by firm size and location. Among a number of publications from the Nigeria study, the key findings can be found in the following: Lee and Anas (1992a); Lee and Anas (1992b); Baumol and Lee (1991); Lee and Anas (1989). During the past several years or so, there have been shifts in the conceptual framework and policy thinking in the infrastructure sector within and outside the Bank, e.g., 1994 World Development Rert on infrastructure. The study on Nigeria contributed to such shifts which include: (a) Infrastructure services are not only final consumptions to meet the 'basic needs' of households but also should be recognized as important 'intermediate inputs' for productive activities of manufacturing and commercial enterprises. (b) The criteria for evaluating the productivity of infrastructure should not only include the efficiency of infrastructure facilities on the supply side, but also the productivity of end-users, i.e., firms, and households on the demand side. - 3- (c) Creating incentives for greater private sector participation in the infrastructure sectors would require a broader definition of institution and a different set of 'rules of the gamne to nurture the emerging markets for various types of service activities resulting from unbundling' of complex and often inefficient systems. The findings from the Nigeria study have drawn a wide attention both within and outside the Bank including the research and the development communities. It has been suggested that a similar study be conducted in some other countries to strengthen the empirical foundations to increase the transferability of the policy conclusions. Subsequently, the Nigeria study was extended to Indonesia and Thailand which have been experiencing serious infrastructure constraints not so much because of the public sector inefficiencies but for catching up with rapidly growing economies. The Bank's Research Committee and USAID/Jakarta jointly funded this study. The purpose of this report is to contrast and compare the key findings from the establishment surveys conducted in Indonesia and Thailand with those from the Nigeria study (reported in the Urban Studies article and the Discussion Paper INU 50 mentioned above). In Section II, we document the extent of infrastructure deficiencies and private provisions undertaken by individual manufacturing firms. In Section III, we analyze the extent of costs incurred to the firms. The cost estimates of own production of electricity and water show economies of scale in own production and indicate the firm's willingness to pay for reliable services. Using the same establishment survey data collected, Report No. 2 presents a formal econometric analysis including the calculation of shadow prices to show the extent of -4- inefficiencies arising from existing distortions in the markets' for infrastructure services such as electric power. Report No. 3 presents the results of policy simulations which calculate efficiency gains from alternative tariff policies incorporating (i) endogenous congestion under capacity constraints in the public sector, and (ii) costly private provisions sustained by private manufacturing firms. Report No. 3 suggest a broad policy direction for more private sector participation to expand the supply capacity and create contestable markets for infrastructure services. II. THE EXTENT OF INFRASTRUCTURE DEFICIENCIES AND pRIVATE PROVSIONS A. T'e Data In the Nigeria study, a stratified random sample of manufacturing establishments was drawn from the Industrial Census as the sample frame which was provided by the Nigerian Federal Office of Statistics. The sample covered five states: Lagos, Anambra, Imo, Kaduna, and Kano. The survey questionnaire designed by the research team consisted of 36 pages and 349 computer readable variables. The field survey, conducted by the staff of Arthur Andersen & Co. in late 1988, was completed for 179 establishments. The sample firms covered all manufacturing industries and a continuum of firm sizes. Infrastructure deficiencies and firms' private provision responses were covered for five subsectors: electricity, water supply, transportation of freight and personnel, telecommunications, and waste disposal. For the study of Indonesia and Thailand, a similar questionnaire was developed. The 31 page long survey covered the same five subsectors with 436 computer readable variables. In Indonesia, the Central Bureau of Statistics and the Hasfarm Consultants in Jakarta completed the survey for 290 establishments in Jakarta (142), three surrounding provinces (106), and Semarang (42). In Thailand, the Thailand Development Research Institute completed the survey for 300 establishments in Bangkok (146), five metropolitan provinces (104), and Chiang Mai (50). The 1991 Industrial Survey listing of the Cental Bureau of Statistics was used as the sample frame -6- in the case of Indonesia, while the 1991 factory registration file at the Ministry of Industry was used for Thailand. In both countries, the field survey took place in the latter half of 1992. The sample composition by location, employment size and the type of industry (two-digit SIC) are shown for all three countries in Appendix Tables Al through A9. B. Incidence of the Deficiencies by Firm Size and Region For the purpose of comparisons, the Nigeria results are reported here with those of Indonesia and Thailand. The data from the three countries reveal that there are large variations in the availability and quality of public infrastructure services and in the firms' private provision responses across firm sizes and regions within each country as well as among the three countries. Such observations imply a need for a fresh look at the government strategy for improving delivery of services in infrastructure subsectors. Table 2.1 shows that although only 7.8 percent of the sample firms in Nigeria did not have generators for the production of their own electricity, the proportion was 34.5 percent in Indonesia and 94 percent in Thailand. This implies that the lack of reliable power supply is much more serious in Nigeria than in Indonesia and more so in Indonesia than in Thailand. Although the availability of public electric power is greater in Thailand than in Nigeria and Indonesia, it does not mean that the quality is trouble free. Table 2.5 indicates that 42 percent of the sample firms in Thailand reported production hours lost which amounted to 5.8 percent of the total production hours lost during the year, comparable to 6.9 percent in Indonesia. Many Thai firms indicated experiencing power interruptions in the form of 'blinking' which often serously disrupt power sensitive production operations. -7 - Table 2.2 shows that a slightly larger proportion, 55.9 percent of Nigerian firms, did not have boreholes (interchangeably used with wartesian wells') for their own water supply compared to 40 percent in Indonesia. The extent of private provision for water supply was also low in Thailand. From Table 2.2, it is clear that in all three countries, smaller firms rely more on the public supply and tend to be "captive" while larger firms can afford to have their own generators or boreholes. Moreover, in the case of electric power, the smaller firms are subject to the bulk of the power failure incidents (Appendix Tables B3, C3, and D3). Some small firms do not have their own generating equipment or water supply facilities, not because the burden of poor electricity or water supplies is less per unit of output for them, but rather because the production cost per unit of electricity or water is higher for them because of economies of scale in electricity generation and water production. This evidence is presented in Section m. But while most of small Nigerian firms are captive without own generators, more of small firms in Indonesia rely on own generators. This may be partly due to the drastically different policy environment as well as small firms' affordability in these two countries. While the Nigerian government kept the policy of strictly protecting the inefficient state monopoly of the public power company (Nigerian Electric Power Authority), the Indonesian government took the opposite policy direction by encouraging the use of private sources of electric power to the extent that in 1991 it lowered the import duties on generators. Of those firms having own generators, on the average, 68 percent of the total electricity consumption by Indonesian manufacturers came from own power generators in 1991 while the proportion was only 37 percent in Nigeria (Table 3.2). - 8 - In the case of Boreholes too, Table 2.2 shows that large size firms can afford to have private water supply facilities in all three countries, but more of small Nigerian firms seem to suffer more from the lack of alternative sources of water supply than those in Indonesia. The extent of private supply of water was much lower in Thailand which implies a better public water supply system in Thailand than in Indonesia and Nigeria. Tables 2.4 show that small firms are those that cannot afford capital investment for radio equipment and for motorcycles for couriers. This is also true for investment in vehicles for shipment of goods and for workers' commuting in Indonesia although the picture is not so clear in the other two countries (Table 2.3). The heavy incidence of infrastructural failures among small firms has an implication for the growth of industries and the generation of employment. According to the 'incubator hypothesis' that was tested in the earlier Bank research on industrial location in Bogota (Lee, 1989) and in Seoul (Lee, 1985), it was observed that small new firms spend their early years near the city center or in an old industrial area with easy access to good utilities and other essential services. They do so because it is prohibitively expensive for small firms to operate in outlying areas where infrastructure services are poor. As they grow and become more independent, they tend to move out of the central area for more space. The findings from our survey imply that large cities with poor infrastructure cannot offer the incubator function for small new firrns. Since small firms cannot afford their own generators and boreholes and other facilities, the burdens of inadequate public infrastructure services are especially severe for the small firms which start and grow in those cities. This has a serious negative implication for the birth and growth of small firms and for the generation of employment and income, hence, on -9 - poverty alleviation. The studies mentioned above (Lee 1985, 1989) showed that small new firms generate between 60 to 80 pent of the new jobs created in large cities in Asia and LAtin America. This implies high returns to slectively improving infrastructure service provisions for particulr users at particular locations, since the observed service reliability problems tend to be location and user specific. A new research component in this research project was to include in the sample those firms located in secondary cities, Semarang in Indonesia and Chiang Mai in Thailand, to compare the quality of the infrastructure environment between the primate city and scdary cities especially in terms of the incubator function available for small firms. In the cae of electric power for example, 19 percent of sampled firms in Semarang used genertors as the main source of electric power while the figure was less than 10 percent in Jakarta (Appendix Table Cl). The incidence of infrastructure deficiencies tends to be greater in secndary cities than in the primate city. The burdens on the small firns in smaller cities must be even higher an small firms in large cities. -10- m. COSTS OF PRIVATE PROVISIONS A. Manufacturers' Responses to Infrastructure Deficiencies There are essentially four ways in which firms might respond to infrastructural deficiencies. These are: (i) relocation; (U) factor substitution; (iii) private provision; and (iv) output reduction. Below we discuss the economic rationale behind each of these responses. Rlcation The firm may relocate to a site with better infrastructure services. Such relocation can occur within a city or from one region to another. Our survey results in all three countries show that firms seldom move to other locations from the initial site. In the case of Nigeria, even though 50 percent of the firms had been at their present location since 1980, only two out of the 179 sample firms indicated that they had relocated from another location. This absence of mobility is striling considering that the average annual moving rate observed in large cities in other developing countries such as Seoul and Bogota is about 5 percent (Lee, 1985 and 1989). The relative immobility of Nigerian firms is consistent with the fact that the capacity, regularity, and quality of infrastructure vary from bad to worse within and across Nigerian cities. This tends to limit the gains in infrastructure quality that can be achieved by moving to new locations. 'he high setup cost with a large amount of initial capital investment for own service provisions - 11 - would make it difficult for the firms to move. Similarly, the data revealed a low relocation rate in Indonesia and Thailand. Another problem with relocation is that it often involves trading one infrastructural deficiency for another. For example, a firm that moves into an area because it is much cheaper to sink boreholes there (since the water table is high), might better its water supply, but the firm may face new problems such as losses in production time due to the commuting delays of employees. Factor Substitution The firm may substitute away from the use of the poorly provided service by adjusting its mode of production in favor of those inputs and raw materials which are less infrastructure intensive. For example, if a firm has a choice between a labor intensive and a capital intensive process and if the labor intensive process relies less on infrastructure than the capital intensive one, the firm's strategy would be to substitute labor for capital thus reducing the quantity of infrastructure inputs. The various private provision activities with large capital expenditures undertaken by the Nigerian and Indonesian firms indicate that their ability to adjust to the relative prices of labor, machines, materials, or various infrastructure service inputs is rather constrained by the current technologies in use. Since such input substitution possibilities are limited, the firms operate inefficiently by providing their own infrastructure services when these are crucial for their operations. In case of a milk processing plant, for example, even if the public power supply were available at proper voltage for as much as 90 percent of the time, the - 12 - firm could not afford to eliminate its own generators with 100 percent capacity because any voltage surges and drops at a critical time would threaten key equipment in the production process and result in much waste. Private Provision As already mentioned, numerous strategies are available for the firms to provide their own infrastructure services. The fact that the vast majority of firms do so even when the publicly provided infrastructure services are extremely inexpensive, indicates the importance of having reliable infrastructural inputs. Private provision as a strategy is not entirely separate from factor substitution. In fact, by providing their own infrastructural services, firms are substituting internal capital in the form of equipment, machinery, as well as labor in the form of maintenance personnel, for the publicly provided infrastructure services which are not forthcoming. As documented in Aeons and Lee (1988), firms are observed to pursue four different private response strategies. These are: (a) Self-sufficiency: The firm provides its own infrastructural services to the point where it does not need any public inputs. (b) Standby private provision: The firm has its own infrastructural facilities in place and switches to these facilities when the quality or reliability of the public services falls below a critical level. - 13 - (c) Public source as standby: The firm relies primarily on its own facilities but switches to the public supply during those times of the day when the public source delivers a high quality service. (d) Captivity: The firm continues to rely on the public source exclusively despite the very low reliability of such a service. Aeons and Lee (1988) argued that there are economic incentives for three additional regimes of private provision which are not observed in Nigeria because of government regulations on the supply and trading of infrastructure services by private entities. These regimes are: (i) joint production; (ii) satellite behavior; and (iii) shared production. These types of arrangements can be observed in Indonesia and Thailand however. "Joint production' refers to the case where a firm, typically a large one, which has already made a substantial investment in infrastructural capital finds it profitable to sell part of its infrastructural output to other firms. With few exceptions, this has not been possible in electricity production in Nigeria, because private producers of electricity are not normally allowed to sell surplus power to other firms or even back to NEPA. Nevertheless, the Thai government is now encouraging such arrangements to be followed. 'Satellite behavior' is the other side of the coin with respect to joint production. A satellite firm is one which purchases infrastructure services from another firm that has surplus infrastructure services to sell. At times of power interruption, for example, a satellite firm would switch from the public source to the generators of a nearby private producer. 'Shared production" refers to the possibility of firms coming together in a club type of arrangement - 14 - called 'utility pool' to share the cost of infrastructural capital inputs by building their own facilities. This can be observed in industrial estates in Indonesia and Thailand. The above typology of private provision alternatives is applicable to all five infrastructure subsectors considered in this study. Outut Reduction This response to infrastructural deficiencies is also common. Firms which are captive or use their own standby equipment are subject to output reduction either on a regular basis or when their own equipment fails to operate properly. However, the chief impact of output reduction necessarily falls on small firms which find it too expensive to pursue another response, or on very large power intensive firms which cannot find appropriate size equipment (e.g. generators) to meet their service needs. It is difficult to observe, but it undoubtedly happens that many small firms in Nigeria and Indonesia have either shut down or have failed to grow to any critical size because of infrastructural deficiencies. Also, births of new firms will be reduced if many nwst shut down soon after birth because of infrastructural inadequacies. B. Capital Costs and Their Incidence The survey results show that the private provision response was by far most dominant among manufacturers in Indonesia as was the case in Nigeria. Private provision response was less in Thailand indicating both the availability and the quality of services are better in Thailand. - 15 - Appendix Tables El through E8, Fl through F8, and GI through G8 show the average current market values of various equipment and facilities used for own service provisions including generators, boreholes, radio equipment, motorcycles for messengers, and vehicles for shipment of goods, workers' commuting, and garbage disposal. Their shares or proportions (in the case of vehicles) with respect to the total value of the firm's machinery and equipment for production are summarized in Table 3.1. We find that the capital value of generators and their accessories such as the switches and transformers is on the average (for those firms having generators) 13 percent of the total value of machinery and equipment in Indonesia which is slightly higher than 10 percent in Nigeria. However, the smaller Nigerian firms (with less than 50 employees) had a greater share (22 percent) of capital for self-generation of electricity than the small Indonesian firms (8 percent). The share of capital for boreholes in Nigeria was 2 percent, which is close to 1.6 percent in Thailand, but almost five times greater than in Indonesia. In all three countries, however, small firms invested about twice the large firms for own supply of water. The capital share for own water supply was highest for the small firms in Thailand at 3.6 percent. Although 66 sample, firms (37 percent) had own radio equipment for communication in Nigeria, this practice was not so common in Indonesia and Thailand (Appendix Tables G6 and F6). However, in all three countries, a substantial number of firms had motorcycles for messenger services indicating the need to supplement inadequate telephone services: 30 percent of sample firms in Nigeria had motorcycles, compared to 22 percent and 21 percent in Indonesia and Thailand, respectively. Table 3.1 shows that the incidence of capital investment for these services by small firms is prohibitively high compared to that of large firms. - 16- The number of sample firms having private vehicles for shipment of goods was highest in Thailand, where 81 percent of the sample firms had such vehicles compared to 69 percent in Indonesia and 62 percent in Nigeria (Appendix Tables E3, F3, and G3). This implies that the Thai firms have a higher propensity to use their own trucks indicating the need to reduce uncertainties associated with traffic conditions in Thai cities. Table 3.1 shows that the burden of having own vehicles for shipment is five times higher for small firms than large firms in both Indonesia and Thailand while it was more than twice in Nigeria. The percent of sample firms having vehicles for workers' commuting was 32 percent in Indonesia, 10 percent in Thailnd, compared to 26 percent in Nigeria (Appendix Tables B6, C6, and D6). Although 13 percent of the sample firms in Nigeria had vehicles for garbage disposal, the proportion was only 4 percent and 1 percent in Indonesia and Thailand, respectively. The bottom line of Table 3.1 summarizes the extent of capital investment for private infrastructure provisions by manufacturers in the three countries. It shows the percent of the value of all private capital investments (including generators, boreholes, radio equipment, vehicles, and motorcycles) with respect to the value of the total capital (including machinery and equipment for production, all vehicles and motorcycles). The capital share of private infrastructure provisions is 15.7 percent in Indonesia, the highest among the three countries, followed by 13.7 percent in Nigeria and 7.8 percent in Thailand. The burden was about three times greater for small firms with 23 percent in Thailand and with 30 percent Nigeria, while in Indonesia small firms had 12. 5 percent, a little less than large firms. Table 3.8 revealed that the capital share of private infrastructure provisions is 21 percent in Botabek (three metropolitan provinces surrounding Jakarta) and 17 percent in Semarang, the - 17 - secondary city included in the study, compared to 9 percent in Jakarta. Similarly, the capital share for the firms in Chiang Mai (the secondary city included in the study) was 22 percent compared 9 percent in Bangkok and 6 percent in the five metropolitan provinces surrounding Bangkok. The share for the small firms in Chiang Mai was as high as 51 percent according to the survey data. Tables 3.6 and 3.7 present more detailed information across regions for generators and boreholes. The opportunity costs foregone by sustaining such a substantial amount of capital investment in private provisions should be very high to the firms and to the society. More formal quantitative analysis is conducted in Report No. 2 and Report No. 3. C. Te Priyate Cost as A Measure of Willingness to Pa for Reliable Services As documented above, manufacturers incur high capital cost in installing own facilities for providing their own services. In the case of electric power generation, the firms with own generators tend to install standby capacity sufficient to run the entire plant during a period of power interruption. We found that in most cases the standby generators can supply 100 percent of the power need for production plant operation. Therefore, the proportion of electricity consumption from own generators with respect to the total consumption including the public supply should be a good approximation of the capacity utilization of own generators during a time period such as one year. Table 3.2 shows the proportion of electric power supply from own generators. For the firms having generators, the proportion was 37 percent in Nigeria while it was 67 percent in Indonesia. The Indonesian manufacturers rely more on self- - 18 - generation of power. Moreover, the data indicate that large Indonesian firms use more electricity from own generators than small firms while the proportion was about the same in Nigeria. Table 3.3 shows the total average cost of producing electricity from own generating facilities. It is striking to find that the average cost declines from 8.19 US dollars per kWh to 8 US cents as the scale of self-generation increases in the case of Nigeria and it goes down from 4.05 US dollars per kWh to 8 US cents in Indonesia, a clear evidence of economies of scale. The average cost incurred by the largest scale of self-generation was the same at 8 US cents in both countries, which is close to the internationally competitive unit cost of 7 US cents per kWh. For the firms using generators as a whole, the average cost was 69 US cents in Nigeria (in 1987 when the survey was conducted), which is 10 times higher than the unit cost of efficient utilities, and 2.14 US dollars in Indonesia, 30 times higher than that of efficient utilities. The underutilized idle capacity of own generators must significantly contribute to this extremely high total average cost of private power generation in addition to the presence of the scale economies. Appendix Tables EIO and FIO show the breakdown of the total average cost into fixed cost and variable cost which included fuel, maintenance and parts and labor. The data for both countries reveal that as the scale of self-generation of electricity increases, the average variable cost becomes larger than the average fixed cost as expected. The high cost of private provision sustained by the firms is the implicit value of service reliability that the firms are willing to pay for. More precise measures of willingness to pay at the margin in terms of shadow prices are presented in Report No. 2. The results in that report show that on average the shadow price of the last unit of electricity was higher than the actual - 19 - average (and marginal) cost for publicly provided electricity. The fact that the cost of the privately produced power is higher than the price of the publicly provided electricity gives the %premium' which manufacturers are willing to incur in order to insure themselves of an uninterrupted power supply at all times. In the case of Nigeria, in 1987 the average NEPA price was 7 kobos per kWh, 1.74 US cents at then exchange rate of 4 nairas to a dollar. This means that the average unit cost of privately generated electricity for the Nigerian sample firms was 40 times higher than the NEPA price, and 260 times more for the small producers (the average of the first three categories in Table 3.3)! In 1989, NEPA price was raised to 32 kobos per kWh. Even so, the privately produced electricity was 9 times more expensive on the average. In the case of Indonesia, with the average price of 100 Rupiah per kWh charged by PLN for industrial use, the privately produced electricity was 43 times more expensive on the average, almost the same as in Nigeria, but only 63 times more for the small producers, much less- than the Nigerian case but still high. The average cost of 165 rupiah per kWh by the largest producer is still higher than the PLN price (Table 3.3). The analysis indicates that the premium paid by firms varies with firm size. Such variation should be a central concern in the design of appropriate policies for both efficiency and equity reasons. Report No. 3 conducted policy simulations to study efficiency gains resulting from alternative tariff structures which take into account the premiums paid by different sizes of firms for obtaining electric power from different sources. It is interesting to find that in both Indonesia and Thailand, firms having their own artesian wells rely almost entirely on their own water supply sources. Table 3.4 shows that Indonesian firms with own boreholes get 98 percent of water supply from their own wells while - 20 - Thai firms 99 percent. In Table 3.5, we find that there is evidence of economies of scale in own production of water as well in all three countries. Since the values for the largest two categories may not be reliable because of the small number of observations in those categonies (see Table 3.4), considering only those values between the second and the fourth size categories, the average cost declined 4 times in Indonesia, 5 times in Thailand and 3 times in Nigeria. Therefore, the above analysis on the premium paid for electricity equally applies to the case of water. - 21 - IV. CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS The main objective of this report was to contrast and compare the results from the previous study on Nigeria with the new results obtained for Indonesia and Thailand using the establishment survey data collected on these two countries. The main elements of comparisons included (a) the extent and incidence of infrastructure deficiencies; (b) the extent of manufacturers' private provision responses to the deficiencies; (c) estimation of the capital shares of various private infrastructure investments; and (d) estimation of the average cost for producing own electricity and water. We have achieved these objectives successfully and feel that the establishment survey data collected in Indonesia and Thailand are of acceptable quality. These findings support the following maintained policy hypotheses which are rigorously modelled and tested in Report No. 2 and Report No. 3. The main policy hypothesis coming out of the analysis of the new data is that greater efficiency gains would accrue from the policy environment where the government 'opened up' the markets for power, water, and other various infrastructure services as in the case of Indonesia and Thailand, in contrast to the case of Nigeria where the government kept the policy of strictly protecting inefficient public enterprise while neglecting the wide spread inefficient private provisions by individual firms and households. In fact, in both Indonesia and Thailand, the three regimes unobserved in Nigeria, namely, 'joint production', 'satellite behavior', and 'shared production" (utility pools) are actively promoted. Encouraging private infrastructure provisions in turn reduces system congestion, hence, improving the reliability of service flows. In Report No. 3, we present the results of simulating altemative pricing policies to show efficiency gains that can be achieved by using public and private resources more efficiently in the supply of infrastructure services. - 22 - Table 2.1. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity Sourc, of Mfg ria Indone ti Thai(and Electricity ~ Percent NF1ber of Percent Numer of Percent NFbr of ____________ ____________ Firms _______ Firm Fi rm Pulic 7.8 14 34.5 100 94.0 282 Only PSubic 78.2 140 50.7 147 5.3 16 Sup~pLy as Mafn _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Generators 11.2 20 10.7 31 0.7 2 as Main _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Generaetors 2.8 5 4.1 12 0.0 0 OnLy__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ALL 100.0 179 100.0 290 100.0 300 NOTE: From Appendix Tables Bi1 C1, and DI. --ource World Sank Nigeria Infrastructure Project Establishment Survey 1988. World bank Research Project (RPO 676-71) EstablIshment Survey for Indoresia and Thailand 1992. - 23 - Table 2.2. Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Private Generators or Boreholes In Each Employment Size Category ExpLoVmant Ni9 rim Indones ia Thellrand Private Private Private Private Private Private GCnerators loraholns GCnerators Artesian GCnerators Artesian ______ _____ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ We t Ls _ _ _ _ _ _ _ W et ls 1 - 19 68.8 100.0 40.0 80.0 100.0 87.9 20 - 49 8.6 85.7 52.1 48.9 97.3 82.4 50 - 99 0.0 63.6 32.1 42.9 98.5 82.4 100 - 199 0.0 31.4 29.0 30.7 98.2 70.4 200 - 499 0.0 34.6 13.6 34.1 83.0 63.8 500 - 9°9 0.0 26.7 31.6 31.6 81.3 56.3 1000 & over 0.0 25.0 10.0 20.0 62.5 50.0 All 7.8 55.9 34.5 40.0 94.0 75.7 NOTE: From Appendix TabLes 12, B4, C2, C4, D2, and D4. Source: World Bank Nigeria infrastructure Project Establishment Survey 1988. World Bank Research Project CRPO 676-71) Estabilshment Survey for Indonesis nd ThaiLand 1992. - 24 - Table 2.3. Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Own Vehicles for Shipment, Workers, or Garbage Disposal In Each Employment Size Category ii hieria |____ _ Indornesia Thailand EmpLaymnt - -- size For For For For For For For For For Ship- Worker Garbage Ship- Workar Garbage Ship- Worker Garbage emnt Disposal mnt - Disposal ment Disposal I - 19 50.0 87.5 100.0 60.0 80.0 100.0 27.8 97.0 100.0 20 - 49 40.0 94.3 100.0 28.7 89.4 98.9 13.5 100.0 100.0 50 - 99 40.9 81.8 88.6 30.4 75.0 100.0 10.3 97.1 98.5 100 - 199 28.6 85.7 68.6 22.6 53.2 95.2 24.1 85.2 98.2 200 - 499 30.8 80.8 a8.5 34.1 47.7 86.4 23.4 83.0 100.0 S00 - 99 26.7 80.0 80.0 42.1 36.8 94.7 18.8 50.0 93.8 1000 & 50.0 87.5 75.0 40.0 50.0 100.0 37.5 75.0 100.0 over All 36.9 85.5 86.6 30.3 67.6 96.2 18.7 90.3 9.0 NOTE: Fro Appendix Ublab 35, 36, 99, CS .C6, C9, D5, D6, and D9. Source: World Bank Nigeria Infrastructure Project EstabLishmnt Survey 1988. World Rank Research ProJect (RPO 676-71) Establishment Survey for Indonesia and Thailand 1°92. - 25 - Table 2.4. Percent of Manufacturing Establishments Without Own Radio Equipment or Motorcycles in Each Employment Size Category Nih ria Indonersia Theiland EpLoyment size Radio Oan Radio Own Radio own Equfpment Motorcycle Equfpment Motorcycle Equipment Notorcycle 1 - 19 100.0 100.0 80.0 80.0 100.0 90.9 20 - 49 94.3 82.9 95.7 76.6 97.3 90.5 50 - 99 77.3 75.0 92.9 75.0 95.6 72.1 100 - 199 45.7 48.6 85.5 77.4 98.2 66.7 200 - 499 42.3 38.5 77.3 68.2 89.4 61.7 500 - 999 6.7 26.7 84.2 79.0 93.8 81.3 1000 & over 25.0 37.5 60.0 60.0 87.5 37.5 AUl 63.1 62.6 87.9 74.8 °95.7 75.7 NOTE: Fron Appendix Tables 87, ea, C7, CB. D7, and D8. Source: World Sank Nigeria Infrastructure Project Establishment Survey 1988. World Bank Research Project (RPO 676-71) Establishment Survey for Indonesisa nd Thailand 1992. - 26 - Table 2.5. Extent of Losses from Power Fallures Extent of Loss.s Nigeria IndoneIsi ThoIlond Percent of 24.6 38.6 19.3 Estabtlshmants Used Overtim Workers Percent of 21.8 65.9 42.3 Estabis himents Reported Produetion Loss or Hours Lost Y Averag Proportion of 10.1 6.9 5.8 Production Loss or Hours Lost (X) W NOTE: Frm Appendix Tables B10C 3li, C0 Clil 010. nd D0l. A/ Production Loss in the cose of Nigeria; production hours Lost In the case of Indoneswi and Thallwnd. Source: World Bank Nigeria Infrastructure Project Estobtlshment Survey 198. World Bank Research Project (RPO 676-71) EstabLishment Survey for Indonsia and Thalland 1992. - 27 - Table 3.1. Values of Private Infrastructure Provision as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment (Percent) Private NIGERIA INDONESIA THAILAND Provision _ _ |SiL Large |Al SmLL Large | ALL SMAll Lsrge ALL Firms | Firm Firm Firms Fires | Firm Generators & 22.10 9.65 9.96 8.14 13.62 13.41 72.73 5.05 5.12 Accessories *oreholes & 2.81 1.91 1.91 0.91 0.41 O." 3.62 1.60 1.61 Accessories I_I Radio , 1.48 0.59 0.59 1.30 0.09 0.10 1.37 0.01 0.01 Equipment I Vehicles for 5.58 2.84 2.86 1.73 2.37 2.34 5.29 5.29 Workers ____ Vehicles for 10.95 4.47 4.62 9.63 1.60 1.82 28.65 5.00 5.68 Shipment of Goods__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Vehicles for 0.15 0.48 0.48 25.0 0.03 0.03 0.86 0.86 Garbage Disposa sotorcycLes 0.49 0.04 0.04 1.93 0.07 0.09 2.95 0 14 0.15 for - essengers _____ AlL Private 30.52 13.27 13.67 12.47 15.90 15.73 23.08 7 32 7.79 Infrastructur NOTE: (1) The vaLues are for the firm in each cell ss a haole (i.e., ratlos of the sm). (2). The values of generators, boreholes, and radio quipment ore included in the total value of macHnery and equipment, but those of vehicles and motorcycles are not included. (3) From Appendix TabLes El - ES, Fl - FS, nd G1 - C8. it/ SmalL firms are estabLishments with less than 50 espLoyees. 12 As percent of the total vaLue of capita. The numerator includes all private infrastructure provisions (generators, borehoLes, radio quipment, vehicles nd motorcycles); the denominator includes machinery and quipment. .U vehicles and motorcycles. SMace: World lank Nigeris Infrastructure Project Establishment Survey 1988. World Bank Research Project tRPO 676-71) Establi shmnt Survey for Irlre sia and ThoIl nd 1992. C:\1"U50CCC\TABLE3S. 1 - 28 - Table 3.2. Proportion of Electric Power Supply from Own Generators by Total Electric Consumption Category For Firms with Own Generators Total Nfgeria Indonesla Thailand Electricity Consumpt I a Nuder of Percent Number of Percent kumber of Percent (1000 kWh) Firm Firm Firms 1- 4- 5 28.6 5S- 9 3 30.4 _ 10 - 19 - 13 20.8 - 20 - 49 9 36.5 21 38.7 . 50 - 9 21 37.8 19 22.9 1 90.0 100 - 19 17 38.5 32 28.7 1 0.0 200 - 499 41 43.5 44 12.0 - 500 - 999 34 36.1 23 45.3 4 0.0 1000 - 1999 20 43.4 15 19.1 3 21.1 2000 A more 23 36.6 15 79.8 9 35.9 AIl 165 37.2 190 66.7 18 35.2 MOTE: Froo Appendix Tables 31, Cl, and Di. jV Total *Iectricity cornumption consists of electric power uppiLy from own generators and pubtic source. Source: IDS/18RD Project Estabilshment Survey for Nigeria 1988. World 8ank Research Project (RPO 676-71) EstabLishment Survey for Irdknesla 1992. - 29 - Table 3.3. Average Cost of Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production (per kWh) Own ELeetricity Nigeria Indonesia Production (1000 kWh) Nair USS RLpiah USS 1 - 4 32.76 a/ 8.190 8091.11 4.046 5 - 9 17.54 a/ 4.385 6339.37 3.170 10 - 19 4.20 1.050 4560.73 2.280 20 - 49 2.22 0.555 1464.47 0.732 50 - 99 2.10 0.525 4377.85 2.189 100 - 199 1.04 0.260 998.83 0.499 200 - 499 0.73 0.183 1088.16 a/ 0.544 500 - 999 0.69 0.173 138.69 0.069 1000 - 1999 0.29 a/ 0.073 114.54 a/ 0.057 2000 & over 0.32 a/ 0.080 165.15 a/ 0.083 ALL 2.75 0.688 4282.57 2.141 Number of 164 182 Observations NOTE: (1) The exchange rates were 4 baira/S in 1987 and 2000 Rupiah/S in 1992. C2) The *amuatized values of generators were catculated at an Interest rate of 10 percent per year. 3) From Appendix Tables EO a*nd F1O. Pi The cell mean my not be representative because of the small nuober of observations in the cell. Source: World Bank Nigeria infrastructure Project Estsblishment Survey 1988. World Sank Research Project CRPO 676-71) Establishment Survey for Indonesia and Thailtnd 1992. - 30 - Table 3.4. Proportion of Water Supply from Own Boreholes by Total Water Consumption Category For Firms with Own Boreholes Total Water Nigoria Total Water Indono Ia Thailand Corsumpti on # Coneuupt ion I (1000 Nuier of Percent |l0uc ur of Percent Nuwber of Percent gall*ra) (1000 cubic MFirm Ffirm 1 -99 4 100.0 1 -9 90 95.5 26 92.5 100 - 499 20 74.0 10 - 49 50 92.8 16 92.1 500 - 9 8a 89.8 S0 - 9 13 9 .2 6 8 .1 1000 - 499 24 75.9 100 - 499 12 90.2 11 67.5 5000 - 999 9 78.7 500-W99 3 100.0 4 96.7 10000 & more 14 71.4 1000 m ore 6 100.0 9 9.9 All | 79 | 72.9 All 174 984 n 99.4 NOTE: From Appendix Tables R4 C4 and D4. A/ Total water corsun ption consists of water supply from own boreholes and public source. Source: NIDE/18 Project Establfshmant Survey for Nigeria 1988. World Bank Research Project (RPO 676-71) Establishment Survey for Indonca 1992. - 31 - Table 3.5. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production Own Water Nigeria Omn Water Indonis That lnd p0tion (per 9 llon) Production (per cublc mater) (per cubi.l _eter) (1000 (1000 Gallons) Naira USS Cibec Rupiah uUSS 0aht US I - 99 2.7024 a/ 0.676 1 - 9 2961.85 1.481 107.455 4.298 100 - 499 0.3245 0.081 10 - 49 452.34 0.226 67.359 2.694 500 - 999 0.3588 0.090 S0 - 99 104.58 0.052 15.506 m 0.620 1000 - 4999 0.1110 0.028 100 - 499 111.24 0.056 12.554 0.502 5000 - 9999 0.0326 ME _A Att |-0.3900 | 0.096S A All21.04 0.861 59.931 2.397 NLub r of Numberof 174 Observ tices Obseorvations NOTE: U') The exchuue rates were 4 Nalra/S In 1987; 2000 Ruplah/t and 25 Sdht/S In 1992. (2) The aurralzed values of borehole (or artesian wells) were calculated at an Interest rate of 10 percent per yer. : (3) From Appendix Table E9, F9, and 09. The cell man m_y not be representative becoaue of the mttl r of observations In the cell. Source: World Sank Nigeria Infrastructure Project Establishaent Survey 1988. World Sank Research Project (RPO 676-71) EstablIshmnt Survey for Indonsr and Thelawnd 1992. - 32 - Table 3.6. Value of Private Generators and Boreholes as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment by State, Nigeria (Percent) state Firm Size Generotors Soreholes Lagos Smtll I 25.6 2.81 Large 11.5 2.08 Atl 11.40 2.09 Anr_bra sma 27.80 21.33 Large 6.35 1.88 _ Alt 7.34 21.33 lino Small 30.75 1.58 Large 4.42 1.57 All 4.49 1.88 KadIua Smll 29.21 Large 12.97 .1.57 ALL 13.36 1.57 Kano Smtt 12.49 Large 7.21 0.49 AtL 7.47 0.49 Five States SmaLL 22.10 2.81 Large 9.65 1.91 _____________ Att 9.96 1.91 NOTE: (1) The values are for the firm in each cell as a uholc (i.e., ratios of the in). (2) The vaLues of genrators, boreholes, and radio quipmnt ore Included in the total vatlu of mchinery and quipmnt, but those of vehicles nd motorcycles are not included. (3) From Appendix Tables El wnd E2. Sall firms are establshmnts uith less than 50 eployees Source: World Bank Nigeria Infrastructure Project EstabLishment Survey 198. World Bank Research Project (RPO 676-71) Establishmnt Survey for Indonwsi end Thalal 1992. - 33 - Table 3.7. Value of Private Generators and Boreholes as Percent of Total Value of Machinery and Equipment by Region, Indonesia and Thailand (Percent) ____________ Ind esk la _ Tha land nsIm Firm Size Generators Boreholes |RIo Firm Size Generators loreholee Jakarta Small W 4.94 0.79 Bangkok Small Large 5.70 0.33 Large 1.84 1.42 All 5.65 0.36 _ All 1.84 1.42 Metropolitan Small 39.90 2.27 MetropoLitan Small 70.83 18.58 Clotabek) CINR) Large 18.27 0.48 Large 4.36 1.77 All 18.38 0.50 _ All 4.41 1.77 Semarang Small 7.25 0.92 Chiang Mal Sonll 75.00 2.87 Large 17.67 0.67 Large 23.90 0.68 AtAll 16.02 0.71 _ ALL 24.29 0.80 Three Sell 8.14 0.91 Three hull 72.73 3.62 Regions Region. Large 13.62 0.41 Large 5.05 1.60 ____________ All 13.41 0.44 " _ All 5.12 1.61 NOTE: (1) The values are for the firm In ech cell as a haole (1.e.. ratios of the sua). s2) The values of generators, borehole, nd radio equipmnt are included in the total vaLue of mchinery nd equipment, but thos of vhicles wnd motorcycles are not Included. C3) From AppendIx Tables Fl, F2, G1, and G2. Small firm are establishments with less than 50 eployees. Source: World Bank Nigeria Infrastructue Project Estabtishmant Survey 1988. World Sank Research Project (RPO 676-71) Establishment Survey for Indonean a-nd Thailand 1992. - 34 - Table 3.8. Values of All Private Infrastructures as Percent of Total Value of Capital by Region, Nigeria, Indonesia, and Thailand h (Percent) Nigeria Indonesia Thailorand Stats Firm Percent Region Firm Percent Reglon Firm Percent Size Size Size Lagos Small t 34.62 Jakarta small 9.32 Bangkok Small 22.43 Large 15.89 Large 8.88 Large 8.35 ALl 16.19 All 8.91 All 8.94 AnoSbra small 42.82 Metropol- small 19.72 Netropol- small 10.11 ft n i tan Large 9.67 |Botabek) Large 20.62 (SMA) Large 6.06 All 11.73 ALL 20.60 Att 6.13 IUo Smell 34.82 Samarang Smalt 12.74 Chiang SmaLL 51.21 Large 12.02 Large 17.39 Large 18.26 I All 12.09 1 All 16.75 All 21.89 Koduna Small 31.83 Large 13.03 _________ All 13.36 _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ Kw- w noSall 16.90 Large ~ 8.24 All 8.61 SmalL 30.52 Small 12.47 Small 23.08 five Three Three State Large 13.27 Regions Large 15.90 Regions Large 7.32 ALL 13.67 Alt 15.73 All 7.79 NOTE: (1) The vaLues are for the firms in each cell as a whole (i.e., ratios of the sus). (2) From Appendix Tables E8, FS, and G8. IV gtll firm are estabLishments with less than 50 employees. hi The imiwrator lncludes all private Infrastructure provisions (generatorsr boreholes, radio eipmant, vehicles and motorcycLes); the dernminator Includes machirnry and equipment, alt vehicies *n motorcycLes. soureos Yorld lan* Nigeria Infrastructure Project Estabilshment Survey 1988. World Bank Research Project tRPO 676-71) EstabLishment Survey for Irdonensa and Thaland 1992. - 35 - LIST OF PREVIOUS STUDIES Anas, A., and K.S. Lee. 1989. "Infrastructure Investment and Productivity: The Case of Nigerian Manufacturing-A Framework for Policy Study," Review of Urban and Regional Development Studies, Vol. 1, Non. 2, July. Baumol, William J. and Kyu Sik Lee. 1991. "Contestable Markets, Trade, and Development," vhM World Bank Research Observer, Vol.6, No.1, January, pp. 1-17. Lee, Kyu Sik. 1985. 'An Evaluation of Decentralization Policies in Light of Changing Location Pattems of Employment in The Seoul Region." Urban Development Discussion Paper, UDD-60. The World Bank. Lee, Kyu Sik. 1989. The Location of Jobs in a Developing Metropolis : Patterns of Growth in Bogota and Cali. Colombia. Oxford University Press. Lee, Kyu Sik and Alex Anas. 1992a. 'Costs of Deficient Infrastructure: The Case of Nigerian Manufacturing," Urban Studies, Vol.29, No.7, October, pp. 1071-1092. Lee, Kyu Sik and Alex Anas. 1992b. 'Impacts of Infrastructure Deficiencies on Nigerian Manufacturing: Private Alternatives and Policy Options," Discussion Paper INU 98, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., February. Lee, Kyu Sik and Alex Anas. 1989. 'Manufacturers' Responses to Infrastructure Deficiencies in Nigeria: Private Alternatives and Policy Options," Discussion Paper INU 50, Infrastructure and Urban Development Department, The World Bank, Washington, D.C., July. (Also available as Worldng Paper PRE WPS 325, December 1989). NOTE: A comprehensive bibliography appears in Lee and Anas (1992b). 10/29/94 Report No. 1: Descriptive Analysis Appendix Tables APPENDIX TABLES Table Al. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by State and Employment Size, Nigeria Table A2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by State and Industry (SIC code) Category, Nigeria Table A3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Nigeria Table A4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Employment Size, Indonesia Table A5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Industry (SIC code) Category, Indonesia Table A6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Indonesia Table A7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Employment Size, Thailand Table A8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Industry (SIC code) Category, Thailand Table A9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Thailand Table Bl. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Nigeria Table B2. Distribution of.Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Nigeria Table B3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Power Outage by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Boreholes by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Motorcycles for Messengers by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Nigeria Table B10. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Nigeria Table Bll. Percent of Total Output Lost due to Power Shutdowns by State and Employment Size, Nigeria Table Cl. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Indonesia Table C2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Indonesia Table C3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Power Outage by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Boreholes by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Motorcycles by Employment Size, Indonesia. Table C8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Indonesia Table C1o. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Indonesia Table Cll. Percent of Production - Hours Lost due to Power Interruption by Region and Employment Size, Indonesia Table Dl. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Thailand Table D2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Thailand Table D3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Power Outage by Employment Size, Thailand Table D4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Boreholes by Employment Size, Thailand Table D5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Thailand Table D6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Thailand Table D7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Motorcycles by Employment Size, Thailand Table D8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Thailand Table D9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Thailand Table D10. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments, Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Thailand Table Dil. Percent of Production Hours Lost due to Power Interruption by Region and Employment Size, Thailand Table El. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Nigeria Table E2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Nigeria Table E3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment for Goods, Nigeria Table E4. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Workers, Nigeria Table E5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Communication, Nigeria Table E6. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equipment), Nigeria Table E7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Nigeria Table E8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Nigeria Table E9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Nigeria Table E10. Average Cost of Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production, Nigeria Table Fl. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Indonesia Table F2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Indonesia Table F3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment, Indonesia Table F4. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Workers, Indonesia Table F5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Communication, Indonesia Table F6. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equipment), Indonesia Table F7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Indonesia Table F8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Indonesia Table F9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Indonesia Table Flo. Average Cost of Own Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production, Indonesia Table Gl. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Thailand Table G2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Thailand Table G3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment, Thailand Table G4. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Wor)ers, Thailand Table G5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Messengers, Thailand Table G6. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equipment), Thailand Table G7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Thailand Table G8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Thailand Table G9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Thailand Table Al. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by State and Employment Size, Nigeria state Firm Size t of EpLoyees) R. Pet Cot Pet 119 120-49 l50-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & r I I I I I lover Totol ...... ........ 4.- 4 - ..........4.- . - ..-..... ... .. . 1. Lao 2 16 229 5.1 14 721 5.5 3 6 2 1.12 S.94 1.21Z 8.38 7.82 5.S9 166 45.81 2 "4 19.51 26.83 Isa29 17.o 07 1220 3 . I -250 I4.1 5.0 42.86 5 s3 :5 1:67 37.50 1 2. Anra 12 I 3 o 1 1 1 11 26 36 4 7 1 .68 0.00 0.56 I 0.56 0.56 1 14.53 U."S 1 307t 11.54 0.00 I 3.85 1 3.85 I 3.85 75.00 22.86 6.82 0.00o 3.85 6.67 12.501 3. ID 2 12 3 1 I I 1o 03.61 0 .oo 0 1.122 1 112 1.68; O6 0 .S6 . s.ss 6.25 ..o0 20 00 20.00 30.00 10.00 I0.00 6.02 o.oo 4 S5 S 71 I 11.54 6.67 12.50 4. Ka o 0 41 9 6 1 4 1 21 3 28 I 0.001 2.23 501 3.35 2.23 1 12 1.68 S5.64 0.00 14.29 32.14 1 21.43 14.29 7.14 I 10.71 1 0.00 I 11.43 1 20.45 1 17.14 15.38 113.33 1 37.50 ................ ............... ........----...... t.------..-----t--.---- 1.o s l 71 aS 2l 41 Is o 33 I O.S 1 3.91 1 4.47 J 6.70 1 2.231 0.56 0.0o 1S."4 3.03 2.21 24.24 1 36.36 12.12 3.03 0.00 6.25 20.00 18.18 1 34.29 i 15.38 1 6.67 0.00o 4.-- -4-t----.- 4---.-4--.-4---..- 4-----.- 4-4.t-+-- Total 16 35 44 35 26 15 a IN 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table A2. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by State and Industry (SIC code) Category, Nigeria State SIC code from let product Frequoncy I Percent now Pct Col Pct 313.Food/j32.Texti 33.Wood 134.Pap.r|35.Ch=lw 36.Non-N137.masic|36.Fab-MN39.oth.rI -le Ite/Lo thl I Ichl/Rubbletal NIlnl-Netal etal El I Total ...... ................. --------- ..... .............................. + 1. Lagos 6 10 31 2 2S 1 2 2 3.35 t5.559 2.253 3.91 12.as 1.68 1.12 I13.97 2 1.12 2 4.81 7.32 12.20 4.8U 8.54 28.05 3.66 2.44 30.49 2.44 30.00 29.41 44.44 36.U4 65.71 20.00 66.67 59. 52 100.00 ........... ........ ....... ----------- ........ ..... +..... ------.--.--..... ........ ....... -.+ 2. Armbra 3 1 2 1 61 4 aI 01 2 0 1 26 1 1.68 1 0.S6 1.2 3.35 2.23 4.47 1 0.00 1.12 0 .001 14.53 1 11.54 3 8 7.691 23.081 15.38 1 30.77 1 0.00 1 7.69 1 0.001 1 15.00 2.94 22.22 31.581 11.431 53.33 1 0.00 4.761 0.001I ------.----...-. ............... ........ ........ --....... --........ ----...... ---- ---- -------- 3. to 1 1 3 0 1.12 1 12 0 0 1 0 1 10 1 0.56 I 1.68 0.00 1.12 I 1.12 Q 0.56 0.00 1 0.56 1 0.00 1 5.59 10.00 30.001 0.00 20.00 20.00t 10.001 0.001 10.00' 000 j I S.001 8.821 0.00 10.53 I 5.711 6.67 0.00 I 2.381 0:001 . . . ..... ..... .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ........+ ........+ 4. Kadur, 4 ' 6 1 21 3 1 3 1 i 0 9 O 28 12.23 3.351 1.12 1.681 1.68" 0.56 1 0.00 5.031 0.00 15.64 14.29 21.43 1 7.14 10.71 1 10.71 3.57 1 0.00 5 32.14 i 0.00 20.00 1 17.65 t 22.22 1 15.79 1 8.57 1 6.67 I 0.00 I 21.43 I 0.00 5. Kow I 6 ! 141 0561 J 3 i 2 6 5 I 0 33 5 3.356 7.82 1 0.56 1.68 12 .6 2.79 1 0.00 IS." a 18.18 1 42.42 I 3.03 1 3.03 I 9.09 I 6.06 1 3.03 I 15.15 I 0 00 i 1 30.00 1 41.181 11.11 5.261 8.571 13.331 33.33w 11.901 0.00 ....... .. .. .... -. . . . ..... . . Total 20 34 9 19 35 15 3 42 2 179 11.17 18.99 5.03 10.61 19.55 8.38 1.68 23.46 1.12 100.00 Table A3. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Nigeria SIC code from lst product Firm Size Cl of Employe ) Frequncry Percent Reo Pct Cel Pct 1-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 S00-999 11000 & I I I I I I favor I Totc( 31.FoodJ8evrg 06 1 1 4 4 O 20 0.56 3.91 223 2.231 2.23 0.001 0.00 11.17 5.00 135.00 20.00 20.00 120.00 0:00 0.00 6.25 20.00 9.09 t11.43 115.38 0.00 0.00 --------- ...- -... -----4.-....----- 4...-.-...... .....--. 32.Textile/Leath 1 1 3 I 7 1 9 I 4 I 4 6 34 0.56 1.68 3.91 5.03 Z.23 2.23 3.35 18.99 2.94 1 8.82 20.59 26.47 11.76 11.76 17.65 6.25 1 8.57 I 15.91 1 25.71 I 15.38 I 26.67 1 75.00 I .. ... ... . ..... ... .. .... ....... ............ . . ........ t 33.Lbod I I I 2 1 1t12 0. O t . O 9 0 .56 1.68 ' .12 ;0. 56 i .2 000 co 0.0 5.03 11.1 1 33.33 22.221 11.11 22.221 0.001 0.001 I 6.251 8.57 4.55 I 2.86 7 7.691 0.00 I 0.00 ..., ........... ... .... ...... +........... ..... ..... ------- ------ 34.Poper 1 5 J 6 3 1 21 1I 2 0 1 19 2 79 3 35 1 68 1 1.12 0 .6 t 1.12 0.00 10.61 26.32 I 31:58 1 15:79 10.53 5.261 10.53 0.00 31.25 17.14 1 6.82 5.71 3.85 f 13.33 1 0.00 I --------- ..... ........... ---- ..... . ....+.... ,...... ........... + 35.ChmicaL/Rubb | O 5 0 4 | 7 4 3 2 35 0.00 1 2.791 7.82 1 3.91 2.23 68 1.12 19.55 0.001 14.29 40.00 20.00 11.43 a 857' 5.7 0 .W 0 14.29 31.U 2 20.00 15.35 20.W 0 25.W0| ....... ............ . .I.+..... .............+.... .............. ............. 36.Non-Metal.Nin 7 1 0 1 3 1 2 1 31 0 1 0 1 15 3.91 0.00 1.66 1 1.12 1.U8 0.00 0 000 8 .36 46.67 0.00 20.00 13.33 20.00 0:001 0.00, 43.75 0.00 6. 82 5.71 11.54 0.00 0.001 --- ------........ ..... ..+...... ................ ..... ........+ 37.Sasic-NetaL 1 0 0 0 2 0 11 01 3 0.00 0.001 0.00 1.12 0.00 0.56 0.001 1.68 0.00 0.00 I 0. W 66.67 0.00 33.33 0.00 0:00! 0.00 0.00 5.71 ! 0:00! 6:671 0:00 ...... .......... . ........- --- .......................... @ ......... ...... 35.Fab-N*trl Elc I 10 10 I a I a 5 1 0 42 .056 5.59 5.591 4.47' 4.47 2.79 0.00 23.46 2:38 I 23.81 23.81 19.05 I 19.05 11.90 0.00 6.25 28.57 22.73 22.J6 30.77 33.33 0.00 39.0ther 0 0 2 0.00 0 0.516 O .56 | 0.00 | 0.00 0 0.00 000 1.12 0.00 50.00 50.00 0.00 0 .00 0.00t 0.001 0:00! 2.86 2.27 I 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 ......... .................. ......-. .-4.-.-.- -.-..4.-.. Total 16 35 44 35 26 1S a 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.4r 100.00 Table A4. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Region and Employment Size, Indonesia Regio Firm Size e of Empopes) Fr.qurncy Percent Raw Pft Col pft 1-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 1looo & I I l I I l Tot I _-- - -- - - - ... .. . . . . .. .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ......... Jakarta I 4 2 8 Z 3 142 0.34 18.62 9.31 'P9.66 I 6.900 3.10 1.03 48.97 0.70 38.03 19.01 19.72 14.08 6.34 2.11 20.00 57.45 49.21 45.16 45.45 47.37 30.00 . . .. . ..... ........ .. ... ..... .. ... 4.------............- .......- .----- gotabok 1 31 301 16 281 1i1 4 106 1 03 10.34 5.52 9.66 6.21 2 41 1 13 36.55 2.83 29.30 151S09 26.U42 16.98 6.60 3.77 0.00 6 31.91 28.57 145.161 40.91 36.84 40.00 S ro Iz 10 413 .6 .6 1.3 1 3 42 0.34 3.45 4 2 I07 2.07 1.03 1.03 14.48 2.38 23 el 30.95 14.29 14 29 7 14 71.1 20.00 10.4 23.21 9.6 13.64 1579 30.00 .. . . . . . . . . Total S 4 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 1S.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table A5. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Region and Industry (SIC code) Category, Indonesia RegIon SIC Code frc mjor product Frequancy Percent Rom Pct Cal Pct 131.FoadI132.TsxtlJ33.Uood 134.Pperl35.Chil 36.Non-N137.BasicI38.Feb-N139.Oth.rI 1lsvro Ile/Leathl lcTl/Rubb1etaL Ninl-Netal lstat Elci I Total ................ . .. ............... .......................... --------.--------. Jakarta| 17 15. 45 4.13 27 . 6 0.11 20 2 722 1 142 5.86 1 15.52 1 4.8 1 3.79 I 9.31 07 0. 7.9 0.34 I 48.97 11.97 |31.69 9.15 I 7.75 19.01 4.23 0 00T 15.49' 0 70 ' 36:96 1 67.16 1 54.17 1 55.00 1 45.76 33.33 0.00 47.83 14:29 ................ ......................... __.___.............. ._..... ........+. ..... ... Botabek 15is 15 9 1 6 1 22 1 11 21 201 6 106 5.17 5.17' 3.10 2.07 t 7.59 3.79 0.69 6.90 2.07 36.55 3 14:15 14:15 3 8:493 5.66 1 20.753 10.381 1.89 18.87 5.663 - 32.61 1 22.39 1 37.50 1 30.00 1 37.29 i 61.11 66.67 1 43.48 1 85.71 ' Serang 1 141 71 21 3 10 1 1 1 4 01 42 4.83 1 2.41 0.69 : 1.03 3.45 1 Q.34 1 0.34 1 1.38 1 0.00 , 14.48 33.33 1667' 4761 7.14 ' 23.81 1 2.38 2.38 1 9.52 0.001 30.43 1 10:45 3 8:33 1 15.00 16.95 7 5.56 1 33.33 I 8.70 1 0.00 ............... .. ....-- .- .- . . . -. . ....... -....-----................. Total 46 67 24 20 59 18 3 46 7 290 15.86 23.10 8.28 6.90 20.34 6.21 1.03 15.86 2.41 100.00 Table A6. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Indonesia SIC Cods frm. mneja product Ffrm Size (I of EapLoyles lowi Pet CoL ftt 11-19 120-49 5S0-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & 1 .I I I I I I lover ITot&L 31Fesd~3wrg I 0.69 7.23 I3.101p 2.411 069 0.01094 4 3S o 00 19 S 15.22 14.3S 4.35 I2.17 32.Textil./LeethI I 211 12 81 9 101 61 67 0 34 7 2 4: 14 2:76 1 310 3:45 2:07 123.10 I20.00 I22.34 I21.43 I12.90 I20.45 152.63 I60.00I 33.Uoo 0.0 a ~ 31 6 1 6j I 0.00, 0.0 2.76 11.03 12.07 1 2.07 0.34 3.0 .28 0 000 33.33112.50125.00 25.001 417' 0.00 0.001 8.51 I5.36 I9.68 I 1.64 5:261 0.00w 34.Paper I 0 71 51 61 2 01 01 20 I 0001 2441' 1721 2.07 0 0691 0.001 0.00 6.90 10.001 35:001 25.001 30.00 110.00 10.00 0.001 ......... ...... .4..... ..... .4..... 4---.-4........... 3S.Chmical/Rubb 1 201 131 7 6 1 20.34 0.0 6.90 4.481 5.186 2.07 0.34 06 03 0.00 I33.90 I22.03 I28.311 10.171 1.69 3 391 0.00: 21.28 123.21 127.42 1 1.64 5.26 20.001 --------- ......................... .... ........... 10.00 1 1.721 1.03 1.03 1 1.72' 0.691 0.001 6.21 I0.00 I 27.78 116.67 16.67 1 27.78 I I 11.11 0.001 I0.00 1 5.321 5.361 4.U'4 11.361 10.531 0.001 ............. .................. .........-. 4. .... 37.Baaic-NotaL 1 0 . II0 01 ( 01 3 10.341 0.001 0341 0.00 0.341 0.00 0 .001 1.03 33 331 0 00 33.331 0 00133 33 0.00 I 0001 120.00 0.001 1.79 0.00 2.271 0.001 0.00 311.Fab-Netal.EIcl 0 1 91I 101 14 1 111 2 1 .0I 0.001 3.101 3 45 4 83 3.79 0.69 0.00115.86 0.00 19.57 121.74 I30.43 123.91 14-351 0.00 10.00 I9.57 117.861 22.581 25.00 1¶0.53 10.001 ....4.. .4.............................4. 4..- . 4... 39.Other I I I11 01 II 2 i I1 I 7 I0.34 0341 0.00, 0.34 0691 0.341 0341 2.41 I/ 1429 J 14.29 I 0.00 i 14.29 1 28.57 i 14.29 J 14.29 120.00 1.061 0.00 1.611 45S 5.261 10.001 -------.... 4.... ............. .....4. 4 4 ..- . 4... Total ~ ~~~~5 94 56 62 44 19 10 29 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table A7. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Region and Employment Size, Thailand Regfon Fire Size (U of Employese) Frequwncy Percent Roi Pet Col Pct 1-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-49 1500-999 11000 & I I I I 1 I lover I Total ---------..... ........_. ________+__...................... %........+_+.._._... ......... +_ __ Bangkok 24 39 1 36 19' 191 3' 6 14 8.00 13.00 1 12.00 6.33 6.33 1.00 2.00 48.67 16.4/. 261 I 24.66 13.01 13.01i 2.05 4.11 g n.n 3 52.70 g 52.94 I 35.19 40.43 18.75 75.00 Netropolitan 3 17 26 22 23 1 11 1 2 104 1.00 I 5.67 ' 8.67 7.33 7.67 1 3.67 0.67 34.67 I 2.881 16.35 I 25.00 21.15 I 22.12 1 10.581 1.921 I 9.09W 22.97 38.24 40.74 ".94 1 68.75 25.00 _ _ ___+__-+---................ ........ ---------....... -.- ......... ....... ------- North 1 6 18 2 0. 0 S1 i2.060 6.100 2.060 433 1.67 067 000 i6.67 12.00 36.00 12.00 26.00 10.00 I 4.00 I 0.0 18.12 24.32 8.82 24.07 10.64 1 12.50 I 0.00 ~~~~~---- ........... ........................ . +_++++. .... __ ... ........ ... Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 a 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table A8. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Region and Industry (SIC code) Category, Thailand Region SIC code from jor product Fr qu ny Percent Row Pct CoL Pet 313.Food/I32.Textlj33.Uood 134.Papqr 35.ChmI_ 136.Non-K137.Bas1c138.Fab-N|39.0therI lBevrg Ile/Leathl 1 IcaL/Rubbletal Ninl-Netal letal ELcl I Total .............................. ..........................+ ++ - ................ Bangkok I 12 68 1 7 22 1 t o.° 29 3 146 4.00 I 22.67 1.33 2.33 7.33 1 0.33 0.00 9.67 1.00 1 48.67 a 8.22 46.51 2.74 4.79 1 507 1 0.68' 0.00 19.86 2.05 T 48.00 1 61.82 16.67 1 50:00 I 66:75 I 5.26 I 0:00 44:62 50:00 , Netropolltan 4 1 35 7 6 1 91 51 5 321 11 104 1.33 11.67 2.331 2.00 6 3.00 1.67 1.67 10.671 0.331 34.67 3:85 33:651 6.731 5:77| 8:65 4.81 4.81 30.77 0.96 1 16.00 1 31.82 29.17 1 42.86 1 28.12 1 26.32 1 100.00 1 49.23 t 16.67 .-+ .-. . ---------. ....-.- --- ------- 4-------. .-t -----.- Worth 1 91 7 13 I 1U 13: 01 4 2 50 3.00 1 2.33 I 4.33 1 0.33 1 0.33 1 4.33 1 0.00 1.33 0.67 i 16.67 18.00 14.00 26.001 2.00 2.001 26.001 0.001 8.001 4.00 36.00 6:36 I 54.17 7.14 3.12 1 68.42 1 0.00 1 6.15 33.33 ................ . .. .................... +........ Total 25 110 24 14 32 19 5 65 6 300 8.33 36.67 8.00 4.67 10.67 6.33 1.67 21.67 2.00 100.00 Table A9. Distribution of Manufactruring Establishments by Industry (SIC code) and Employment Size, Thailand SIC cod. from _ or product Firm Size (9 of Eaployses) Percent Raw Pet Col Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I --1I 11 I I I lover I Total ................. ........ ........ ........ .......... ...................... .................................. 31.Food/Ievrg 5 1.7 2 2 1' 25 1.67 1.331 2.33 ' 0.67 1.67 I 0.31 0.33 8 8.33 20.00 16.00 28.00 a.001 20.00 4.00 4.00 1 15.15 5. 10.29 3.70 10.64 I 6:25 I 12:50 I . .. .. ............ ........-................... . ........ 32.t7xtiLe/Loath 1 8 1 25 | 26 I 24 1 17 I 5 1 5 1 110 2.67 8.33 8.67 2.00 5.67 1.67 1 67 36.67 7.27 22.n 23.6 21.82 15.45 4.S5 4.SS 1 24.24 1 33.78 1 38.24 I U4.U 1 36.17 1 31.25 1 62.50 1 ................. ......... ................. ........ ........ ........ ...... ++*-..- 33.o-d a a I 11 3 2 2 O 24 2.67 2.67 0.33 ' 1.00 1 0.67 0.67 1 0.00 1 8.00 33.331 33.33 4.17 12.50 8.33 8.33 0.00 24.24 1 10.81 1 1.47 a 5:56 I 4:26 | 12.50 t 0:00 . ....................... -..................... .. ....................... -....... . 34.Paper 0 11 31 4 61 01 0 14 0.00 I 0.33 1.00 1.33 2.00 I 0 00 0 00 4.67 1 0.00 7.14 21.43 28.57 42.861 0:00 I 0:00 - 1 0.00 1 1.35 1 4.41 7.41 1 12.77 n 0.00 1 0.00 1 -- - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - - ..... ... .... . . . . 35.ChmicaL/Rubb 1 3 51 i2 1 '1 51 21 1 32 1.00 1.67 4.00 1.33 1.67 0.67 0.33 10.67 1 9.38 15.631 37.50 12 50 115.63 6.25 1 12 1 9.09 6.76 17.65 I 7:41 10.64 1 12.50 1 12:50 I ..................... ..................................................... --------............+ ... ......+ 36.Non-MateL Nin1 2 81 2 1 51 2 01 01 19 I 0.67 1 2.67 1 0.67 i1.67 1 0.67 1 0 00 0.00 1 6.33 1 10.53 1 42.11 10.531 26.32 1 10.53 t °0:00 ° 0.00 1 6.06 10.81 1 2.94 1 9.26 1 4.26 0.001 0.001 . ... .... +....... .. .......... ........ ........ ........ ........ .................. . ------ 37.Basic-Netat 0j 0 4 01 1 01 0 5 0.00 I 0.00 I 1.33 I 0.00 I 0.33 ; 0.00 1 0.00 ; 1.67 0.00 1 0.00 s 80.00 0.00 I 20.00 I 0.00 I 0.00 0.001 0.001 5.81 0.001 2.131 0.00 I 0.001 38.Fab-etal Elcc 61 221 131 9 a 1 61 1I 65 I 2.001 7. 33 4331 3.00 I 2.671 2.001 0.33 121.67 9-23 33:85 | 20:00 1 13:85 1 12.31 | 9:23 1:54 1 1A16 29.n 3 19.12 J16.67 17.02 37.50 12.50 .......................... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .............................++. 39.0ther 1 0.00 3 3 1 1 0 1 0 1 6 0.331 0.331 O. 1.00 0.331 0.00 1 0.00 2.00 16.67 16.67 0 000 so 5000 16.67 0.00 0 0.00 3.03 1.35 0.00 5.56 2.13 0.00 0.00 ................. ......... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ .............+_ .. Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table B1. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Nigeria REGION ELECTRIC (SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY) Frqencty Percent Row Pct Col Pct INEPA INEPA lomn Gan.jOwn Gen.1 lonly lmin Imin only I Total ....... ---- ................. +_++..-- ........-- Lagos 2 of .10) 12 82 1.12 37.99 59 1.12 45.81 2.U 82.93 12.20 2.U I 14.29 48.57 50.00 40.00 1 ............ ............. +..-.- ...... --.-.......... AnrSora/If 12 22 1 1 1 36 6.70 12.29 0.56 0.56 20.11 33.33 61.11 2.78t 2.78 85.71 15.71 5 5.00 I 20.00 I ............ .............. .......... --.--- + KIdu n/ow O O .912 1 61 0.010 27.931 i i5.012 34.0 0 00 ' 81.97 14.75 3 28 0I :0 35.71 45.00 I 40.00 ............ .............. +++..-. .. ---.------- TotaL 14 140 20 5 179 7.82 78.21 11.17 2.79 100.00 Table B2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Nigerla ELECTRIC (MOAECE OF ELECTRICITY) FIMSIIZE (EWLOYEES per FIRM) -, I Fore nty Pecent Cot Pct t1-19 j20-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 1000 & I .............. ........ ........ ........ ........_ ....................... EPA only 11 3 O 01 01 01 0 14 6.15 1.68 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.82 78.57 21.43 0.00 0. 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 168.75 8.571 0.00W 0.001 0.001 0.00W 0.00 -------*--- 4.............................. ........ ........ ........ ................. ........ _+_...... . . .,v , ,v _,,,__ YEPA _Sn 3 1 26n1 335 .301 2S1 1 1 140 1.601 14.53 1 1 1. 1 4. a 2 14 18ST 2S 00 21:43 1 17 86 9:29 5.71j 18.75 74.29 79.551 85.7i %:I 861 6.67 | 100.00 _............. ......... ....... ----- ..... +........... ......... Own Cneratorsl 2 14 a I I 01 1 .1 0 1 20 _§n I 1.12 2.23 1 4.47 2.79 1 0.00 1 0.56 1 0.00 11.17 1 10.00 20.00 I 40.00 25.00 1 0.00 I 5.00 1 0.00 1 12.50 I 11.43 I 18.18 I 14.29 1 0.00 I 6.67 1 0.00 I ................... ........................ .. +..............._ __ Own GCnratorsI 01 21 11 0 11 011 0 S only I 0.00W 1.12 I 0.561 0.00 I 0.56 1 0.56 I 0.00 2.79 0.00 40.00 20.00 I 0.00 I 20.00 I 20.00 I 0.00 0.00 5.71 2.27 0.00 3.85 6:67 0.00 . _ _ _.+.......... .. .+.. .. . .. . ....... ........ ............. .. .+.......... . . . .. *. . . *.--- Total 16 35 44 35 26 1S a 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Power Outage by Employment Size, Nigeria OUTAGE (AVERAGE NO. OF OUTAGES/wek) FIRhSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRN) Frncuwy Percent now Pct Cot Pct 1-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 .500-999 11000 £ - I I I I lover TotaL ................. ........ ........ ....... +_., ... ----- ----------- ....... . La"s than 5f ok | 0| 13 1 3 50 e 2.791 5.S9 7.261 4.47 2.79 3.35 1.68 27.93 1100 co 20.00 26.00 16.00' 10.00 12.00' 6.00 31.25 28:57 1 29.55 1 22.86 119.23 I 40:00 37:5O .. ... .. ............. ..... .. .............. . 5 - 10 / week 9 20 1 22 19 isI 4I 2 91 5.03 11.17 1 12.29 10.61 8 38 ' 2.23 1.12 ' 50 S4 9.89 21.981 24.18 20.88 16:481 4.400 2.20; 56.25 5 57.14 1 50.00 1 54.29 I 57.69 1 26.67 1 25.00 I ......... ... 4...4................. ........... .... 11 & wore / week 9 0 * 7 ' 8' 1 31 30 o.oo 2.23 3.1 4.4 2.234 2.23 .68 16.76 0.00 I 13.33 23.33 26.67 1 13.33 I 13.33 1 10.00 1 0.00 I 11.43 1 15.91 22.86 1 15.38 1 26.67 37.50 1 ..... .. .. ..- .. . .- ... ...... .. -...... N/A 1 21. 11 21 01 21 1 0 a 1.12 I 0.56 1.12 0.00 1.12 I 0.56 0.001 4.47 1 25.00 1 12.50 1 25.00 I 0.00 25.00 1 12.50 0.00 1 12.50 I 2.86 4 4.55 I 0.00 I 7.69 1 6.67 1 0.00 1 . ................. ........ Total 16 35 U 35 26 15 8 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Boreholes by Employment Size, Nigeria 90RNLOE tW OREWOLES FOR PRODUCTION) FINSIZE CEhPLOYES p r FIRM) Frg Percent Raw Pett Cat Pet 1119 120-49 15 " 1100-19 120-499 1500-999 1'°°° & .....-............. YES 0 S 16 24 17 11 6 79 0.00 2.79 8.94 213.41 9.50 6.151 3.35 44.13 0.00 6.33 20.25 30.38 21.52 13.92 7.59 0.00 14.29 36.36 68.57 65.38 73.33 75.00 .......... ........ ........ +.. .. . .. . +. . 10 | 161 30 28U I 9 4 2 100 . 94 116.76 15.64 6.15 5.03 2.23 1.12 55.87 16.00 30.00 U.OO0 11.00 9.00 4.00 2.00 100.00 85.71i 63.64 31.43 34.62 26.67 25.00 .. -. .. .-. .... ... .. ........ Total 16 35 44 35 26 15 8 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Nigeria VEHICLES (OM VEHICLES FOR SHIPMENT) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Percent Raw Pet Cot Pft 1-19 j20-49 150-99 1OO-199 1200-499 1500-999 p1000 £ I I ~ ~~I I over ITotaL ~~~~.. . . .......... .. .. . ........ ....... YES I II 21 1 26 1 25 1s 111 41 113 4 474r II .n | 14S3 | 13.sr 97 10.06 6.15 2 23 63A3 | .08 18.58 23.01 22.12 15.93 9.73 3.54 50.00 I 60.00 59.09 71.43 69.23 73.33 I 50.00: ...... +.. ..... . ...... ....... ..... .. .... ...... ........-.... NO I .14 1 10 8 oo1 41 4' 66 4.47 7.821 10.061 5.59 '.*' 2.23 2.23 36.87 12.12 21.21 I 27.27 I 15.15 1 12.12 6.06 6:06 50.00 40.00 1 40.91 1 28.57 1 30.77 1 26.67 1 50:00 .... .... - ^ e @ w e-@. > + w @ ............................................................ + .................. ......... Tota 16 35 44 35 26 15 a 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Nigeria WENICLE (CPA VEWICLES FOR WORKERS) FIRNSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) P*rcent Rom Pct Cot Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I I I I I I I lover I Totcl -- - - - -........ . . ... .. .. . +. . . . .. .. . .. .. . ........ YES 2 1.12 384)5 1 26 1.12 1.12 4.47 2.79 2.79 1.68 6 14.53 7.69 7.69 30.77 19.23 19.23 11.54 3.8s 12.50 5.71 18.18 14.29 19.23 20.00 12.50 .......... ........ ...... ..... ----- ..... .... . ....... No 14 " 331 361 301 211 121 7 153 7.82 18.U I 20.11 I 16.76 I 11.73 6.70 I 3.91 8 65.47 9.15 21.57 1 23.53 I 19.61 I 13.73 7.84 1 4.58 1 J7.50 94.29 81.82U 85.71 80.77 8J.OO S7.50S .......... +........ ...... ......... ..... ----- ........ TotaL 16 35 44 35 26 15 8 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table 97. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Motorcycles for Messengers by Employment Size, Nigeria MoTORCYC (OWN NOTORCYCLES FOR MESSENGER) FIRNSIZE CENPLOYEES per FIRM) Percent ow Pcft Cot Pft 1-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 1000 & I I I I I lover I Total .......... . .............. .... +........ YES O 6 II 18 8.16 11 S 67 0 00 3635 6.15 10.061 8.94 6.15 2.79 37.43 O.00 8.96 I.42 2667 23.6 16.42 ?.46 0.00 17.14 25.00 51.43 61.54 73.33 62.50 so 161 291 33 I 171 101 4 1 3 112 B 94 | 16.20 18.44 9.S0 5.59 2.23 ' 68 62.57 14.29 25.9 29.6 15.18 I 8.93 I 3.57 2 6268 .5 100.00 82.86 75.00 48.57 38.461 26.67 37.50j .......... ........ ..... ...... ..........................- .------- Total 16 35 44 35 26 15 a 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Nigeria ADIO (0WN RADIO-TRANSMITTING EQUIP) FIRMSIZE CEMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequmncy Percent Roa Pet Cot Pct 11-19 120-49 150-9 1100-1"9 1200-499 1500-999 11000 I I I 11 I I grmlover Totcl .......... ................ ........ ...........................''''+'''''v'''''' YES 01 2 10' 119 15 7.14 33 6 36 0.00 i .2 559 0 061 8.38 8 .2 3.5 1 36.87 0.00 3 03 15.15 i 28.79 22.73 21.21 9.09 . 000 571 22.73 54.29 57.69 |9333 75.00 .......... ........ ...... ........- - ............ ............ .+ NO 1 161 331 34' 16 11 1 21 113 8 94 s 18.44 18 8W ' 894 1 0.56 1.12 63.13 14.:16 1 29:201 30:09 I 14.16 9.731 0.88 1.77 100.00 1 94.29 1 77.27 1 45.71 42.31 1 6.67 25.00 ,,,,,. 4 4.. . . . .-------t-. ---------- '.''.''.' . 4.. TotaL 16 35 44 35 26 15 a 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table B9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Nigeria WNICLEG (CP VHICLES FOR GARIAGE) FIRESIZE CEPWLOYEES per FIZS) frnqucy I Percent low Pet Col Pct 51-19 20-49 10-99 1100-199 120-4a 5w-m IIoo A J. | g j20.9 99 500-999 tover Total ------b---.----.4----b ........ ........ ................. ........ ........ ...-..--.. ........ YES O 0 1 5 11 3 31 2 2 0.00 0. 00 279 6.15 I 1.6 I 1.68 1.12 13.41 0.00 0.00 I 20.83 145.83 12.50 12.50 8 8.33 I 0.W 1 0.00 11.36 31.431 11.54 20.00 25.001 .......... +- ---........ ...... ..... ..... ....... ........4> 110o 16 35 | 9| 2 3| 12 6 t 155 B l.94 | 19.55 | 21.39 | 13.24 12.2853 6.70 2 3.35 |866.59 10.32 22.S8 1 25.16 1 15.48 1 14.84 7.74 1 3.87 1 100.00 100.00 a .64 1 68.57 88.46 80.00 1 75.00 1 .......... ................. .. ...... ----- ------ ........ ........... TotaL 16 35 44 35 26 15 8 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Table Bi0. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Nigeria OVERTIME (OVERTIME LABOR DUE TO POWER FAILURE) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequency Percent Raw Pct Col Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-9 1000 Tota I I I jover Tol ----------.------........ ----- .......... .+ ...... ......... --- .............. *------+*- USED I 3 4'1 17 1 8 1 7 1 2 1 3 4 1 68 2.23' 9.50 1 4.47 ' 3.91 1.12' 168' 24.58 6.82 9.09 38.64 1 18.18 I 15:91 4.551 6:52 1 18.75 I 11.43 1 38.64 1 22.86 1 26.92 1 13.33 1 37.50 I DID NOT USE 1 131 311 27 271 191 13 j 135 7.26 I 17.32 1 15.08 1 15.08 , 10.61 1 7.26 2.791 75.42 9.63 ' 22.96: 20.00 1 20.00 1 14.071 9.63 370 j 81.25 I 88.57 1 61.36 I 77.14 73.08 86.67! 62.50 ------------+ .. . . . . . . . ..... .... ..... ....... .. . . . . . . . TotaL 16 35 44 35 26 15 8 179 8.94 19.55 24.58 19.55 14.53 8.38 4.47 100.00 Ioo-t 1 II I --- ----------- I Cos moI I ~ NVWWI e6a.lu | + --- so..1........ .. .. WIN 0 I mwi iiu1 I~~~~~ ~~~ I es+@**+@*w Io0i I NYiN *~i OVSL I NMI ilvI 'I I... ....------ I00"? loo L I NMI v I------------ -------- +..... I1 100E NI I I 0 I I I M I *"vl 1 1----------+----------------------- I Ioo I ' ' I Ios I Nmil 111 I b000r I NI I I I , ,.. Ic.. Sos Ig>1I fI I YNI 11 I I----------.--------- - --I O'6 I NI ' , -l O'O:... ................. I aO- N lI 11 I l----------+----------'< os 39)l I IOS 9 I NYNl *il1I Z1 .I c 1 I 100-L I I N I------------------- !OS LI) I£8-, S I nv Nw3NI oLe, --------- +------ --- +--. I I loo s I. I I I----------+---------1 n 000g 9 I mitl iwi Zl I.... . +-----------3- I I0OOL I I NNI jeI I i------ ----------- ICO---3 I 00l 7 I NI ...... ......... os 11)l 19r6o N iivl im ................. .. +.-----...... ............... co' Z I Ni J I I.................... i OS 39) 1 Ifoo@t I NM li Il O ........ --.---------,.OS 11.. ooOst 1 "1 1 .. ...... +..... Cos unLid Ss I1 I imm -1I *1° __ ............. + ...I 00) 69 0 1 N@I}4JU @ 81;961N 'eZIS zueuwAoldwu3 pus eZietS Aq sumopin4S Jemod ol enp jeo1 indino IyjoL° ;o luO3Ied *L L 9jqv. Table Cl. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Indonesia REION ELECTRIC CIAECE OF ELECTRICITY) Frequw | Percent Raw Pet CoL Pet IPuilc IPbIUc lOwn Gen.lown Gen.l lnty imin Immn lonty I Total ................ +........ +............ +++--+---..... ......... Jakarts 60 65 14 31 142 20.69 22.41 4 83 1.03 48.97' 42.25 45.77 9.J6 2.11 60.00 44.22 45.16 25.00 Botabak 29 611 9 7 106 10.00 21.03 3.10 2.41 36.55 27.36 5.S 8.49 6.60 29.00 t 41.50 I 29.03 I 58.33 1 ................................... .. -....... Sacreng 11 21 ' 2 42 3.79 7.24 1 2.76 0.69 14.48 26.19 50.00 1 19.05 4.76 11.00 14.29 I 25.81 16.67 ..... ........ ........ Total 100 147 31 12 290 34.48 50.69 10.69 4.14 100.00 Table C2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Indonesia ELECTRIC (SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY) FIENSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Percent now Pet Cot Pet 1-19 120-49 1S0-f 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 5 I Total I I I I I I lovr I -... +. ....... ................. ........ Public only 2 49 1a 16 6 6 100 0.69 16.90 6.21 6.21 2.07 2.07 0.34 34.48 2.00 49.00 18.00 18.00 6.00 6.00 I1.00 40.00 52.13 32.14 29.03 13.64 31.58 10.00 ....... ......... ........ 4------------ .....--------+'''' ................. ....... .' Public mInl 21 361 281 35 301 91 147 0.69 12.41 9.66 12.07 10.34 3.10 2.41 50.69 1.36 24.49 19.05 23.81 20.41 6.12 4.76 40.00 I 38.30 1 50.00 S6.45 I 68.18 1 47.37 I 70.00 ............ ........ ........ ..... ------- . ---.----- ........ ........ own 1 5 1 I 1 9 1 5 | S 21 2t 31 Genmrators 1 0.34 I 2.41 I 3.10 9 1.72 1. 72 0.691 0.69 10.69 mIn I 3.23 22.5s 29.03 16.13 16.13 6.45 6.45 - 20.00 7.45 16.07 8.06 11.36 10.53 20.00 .... .......- --- ....... .................... ................ Own I 01 21 1 1 4 31 2 1 O 12 enwratora 0.00 0.69 0.34 1 1.381 1.03 1 0.69 0.00 4.14 only 0.00 16.67 8.33 i 33.33 1 25.00 I 16.67 0.00 0.00 2.13 1.79 1 6.45 1 6.82 10.53 1 0.00 I ............ ................. . .- ........ Total S 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Power Outage by Employment Size, Indonesia OUTAGE (AVERAGE 10. OF OUTAGES per YEAR) FIRISIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequw c PercentI noi Pct ctc Pot 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 Iooo A I YotaL I I I I I lover I ................. ........ ....................... ..... ..... +-------t------------- 0-6 / year 3 15 7 517 5 8 1 56 1.03 5.17 2.41 5.86 1.72 2.76 1 0.34 19.31 5.36 26 79 12.S0 30.36 6.93 14.29 1.79 1 60.00 15.96 12.50 27.42 11.36 42.11 10.00 ........... . . . . ............. .................. 7-12-4 iar I 0 18 1 15 I 9 I 11 I 2 1 4 I 59 0.001 6.21 1 5 17 3.10 1 3.79 0.691 1.38 120.34 ~~~ | ~~~~~~0.00 30.S1 25. 42 15.25 I 1s:" 3.39 6.78 0.00 I 19.15 1 26.79 1 14.52 I 25.00 I 10.53 1 40.00 ................-................ ....... ---- . . - . ....... 13-24 / year 9 U 10 15 91 31 1. 66 0.001 .9.661 3.451 5.171 3.101 1.03 I 0.34 22.76 0.00 I 42.42 15.15 1 22.73 13.64 4.55 I 1.52 0.00 1 29.79 17.86 I 24.19 20.45 15.79 1 10.00 .............. ...................... 4 b-.................4------------ 25-48 / year I 21 301 141 101 111 3 41 74 ; 0.691 10.34 4.83 3.45 J 3.79 i 1.03 1 1.38 1 25.52 2.70 1 40.54 18.92 I 13.51 I 14.86 I 4.05 I 5.41 I 40.00 I 31.91 i 25.00 I 16.13 I 25.00 1 15.79 1 40.00 ................ 6.................................... ........+ + '-9 4 more / yocrz 0 i 3 1 10'1 3 0 1 34 r/0.00 1 1.03 3.45 .45 1 2.76 1 1.03 1 0.00 | 11.7 0.00 I a 82 J 29.41 1 29.41 1 23.53 i 8.82 I 0.00 I 0:00 3:19 17.86 1 16.13 18.18 i 15.79 1 0.00 i ............... .. ----........ ................... .... ++.... . ...... ++... ......... ........ MIA I 0 0 Of I 1 01 Of 1 1 0.00 0.00 1 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.34 I 0.00 . 0.00 0.00 1.00 0.00 I 0.00 1 0.W 1 0.00 .00 0.00 1.61 0.00 0.001 0.00 .. 4 .....- 4..-..... -.... .........-....... ................. Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Boreholes by Employment Size, Indonesia OREMOLE (OWN BOREOLES FOR PRODUCTION) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequ ncy Percent NOW Pct Col Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 500-999 11000 a I Total I I I I II lover I .............. +.............. _+++. . ..... ..... ...,,,,............... YES 1 1' 81 U 32 1443 129 13' 81 174 0.34 I 16.55 11.03 a 14.83 I 10.00 I 4.48 1 2.76 60.00 0 57 27.59 1 18.39 ; 24.711 16.671 7.471 4.601 20.00 |51.06 I 57.14 1 69.35 1 65.91 t 68.42 1 80.00 ._. ++.. .. ....... ........... ... ........ .............. . .. ....... ....... . Ho 1 31 43 22 191 15i 61 21 110 1.03 14.83 7.59 6.55 5.17 2.071 0.69 37.93 2:73 39.09 20.00 17.27 ¶ 13.64 1 5.45 1.82 1 60.00 1 45.74 1 39.29 1 30.65 1 34.09 31.58 20.00 . .. .. .. .. .. . . .. . .. . . -- -- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - - -------- -------- N/A 11 31 2 1 01 0 O : 01 6 0.34 1 1.03 1 0.69 1 0.00.1 0.00 I 0.00 I 0.00 1 2.07 16.67 1 50.00' 33.33' 0 00 0i ° 0.001 0.00 1 20.00 1 3.19 3:57 0.00 , 0.00 0.00 I 0.00 I Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Indonesia VENICLES (OIM VEHICLES FOR SNPHEINT) FIRISIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequncy Percent Row Pct Cot Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I Total I I I I I I lover I ................... ............ ........ 4 ---.---------------- .... ......... YES I 2' 671 39 481 1 29' 11 6 202 0.69; 23.10 1 13.45 16.55 1 10.00 3.79 1 2.07 69.66 0.99 j 33.17 I 19.31 i 23.76 14.36 5.45 1 2.97 40.00 71.28 1 69.64 t 77.42 65.91 57.89 60.00 ................ ........ ........ . . .... .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . --.+----+------------ No I 31 271 17t 141 15i a J 88 103 9.311 5.86 4.83 5.17 276 1.381 30.34 3:41 30.68 1 19.32 15.91 1 17.05 1 9:09 4.55 3 1 60.00 1 28.72 1 30.36 1 22.58 1 34.09 1 42.11 1 40.00 1 -+-...................... - - ...... - TotaL 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C6. Distribution of Manufacturlng Establishments Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Indonesia VEHICLEW (OWN VEHICLES FOR WORKERS) FIRNSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Freqwcy I Percent Now Pct Cot Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 g200-499 1500-999 110rn A i Totat I I I I I l over ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,................ ....................... ..... _.._.. ............... YES 1 1 14 2 23 12 | S 94 034 345 4.U 1000 .93 4.1U 1 1.72 32.41 1 06 10:64 14:89 1 3085 24.47 12.7 I 5. 20.00 10.64 25.00 " 4677 5 2.27 63.16 5 0.00J ................ .............. ........ ........ ----- ..... ... +@. ... . No 41 841 421 331 21 71 S I 196 1 1.38 28.971 14.48 11.38 1 7.24 2.4 1. 72 67.9 2.04 I 42.86 I 21.43 16.84 10.71 3.57 2.S5 I 80.00 09.36 75.00 53.Z3 47.73 36.841 50.001 Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Motorcycles by Employment Size, Indonesia NOTORCYC (0lI MOTORCYCLES FOR MESSENGER) FIENSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frncmy Percent noi Pct CotPet 1-19 120-49 150"99 100-199 1200-499 1500-999 i1W0 A Total I I I I I I [~~~~~~~~over ~~~~~~~,, ,, ,,,,,,,,,,,,,,, ................ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........... ++... ... ------ YES I 1 722 4.14 4.14 14 1 4 73 0.341 7.591 4.831 4.831 4.831 1.38 1.38 25.17 -1 37 301 14 1 t 19 19.18 1 tS 5.4 2o.00o 23.40 2S.W00 22.58 t31.82 21.05 40.00 ................ ........ ........ ............. . ++....... ..............+ ..... .......... no I 41 721 42 1 U 301 15i 6 1 217 1.38 24.83 1448' 1655' 10.34 5.171 2.07 74.83 1.84 33.181 19:351 22.12 I 13:821 6.911 2.76, W80.00 76.60 75.001 77.42 68.18 78.95 60.00W .. . ........... .. .. . .. . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. .. . ....... Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C8. Distrlbution of Manufacturing Establishments Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Indonesia RADIO (CO RADIO EWUIP) FIMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIUE) Frnwwcy Pecnt Rue Pct Cot Pct 1-19 120-49 15O99 P100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 A Tot l YES 1 4 4 9 10 3 4 35 0.34 1.3 1.38 310 3.45 1.03 1.38 12.07 2.06 I 11.43 11.43 25.71 20.57 6.57 11.43 - 20.00 I 4.26 7.14 14.52 22.73 15.79 40.00 ................ .....................-.-- -- ....... ........ .-.-- - -. ...... nO 4 I 90 S 2 53 34 16 61 255 1.38 31.03 l 1.93 18.28 11.n 1 5.52 2.07 87.93 1.57 1 35.29 20.39 20.78 13.33 6 6.27 2.35 1 80.00 1 95.74 92.86 85.48 77.27 8 4.21 60.00 1 ................ .. ................. - - -4 -------.--.----.----.---- Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Indonesia VEHICLEG (OWN VEHICLES FOR GARBACE) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequency Percent low Pet Col Pct 1-199 14 S0- 1100'19 1200-4W 1500-9m 1'° 0 I Total ................ ........+.............. ..... ......... ........+ YES 0 1 11 0 31 6 1 1 0 11 0.00 I 0.34 0.00 I 1.03 2.07 I 0.34 0.00 3.79 0.001 9.09 I 0.00 I 27.27 S4.55 i 9.09 0.00 I 0.001 1.06 0.001 4.U i 13.641 5.26 0.00 ............... .. ...... .. .. . .. .. . +. . . . .. .. . -- -- - ... ... No 1 S t 931 56 9 38 8 2 O 1.7 1 32.07 1 19.31 20.34 I 13.10 6.21 3.1450 96.21 1.79 33.33 20 07 a 2115 13.621 6.45 3. I 100.00 1 9s.9 i &1W.0000 I 95.16 86.36 94.741 100.001 ............. . ............. ........ _............ ----- .. .. ++. .. . Total 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 Table C1 0. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Indonesia OVERTINE (OVERTIME LABOR) FIRNSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRN) Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct 11-19 12049 150-99 1100-199 '200-499 1500-999 1 4 0 Total 1 I1 1 lover .. ........ ................ +.... +... ....+++. +.. ... +...................... USED 1 2 1 39 1 24 1 21 1 13 6 a 1 5t 112 0.69 13845 ' a 28 ' 7.24 4 48 2.76' 1l72' 38.62 179 34.821 21:43! 18.75 11:61! 7:14t 4 1 40.00 1 41.49 1 42.86 1 33.87 29.55 1 42.11 1 50.001 ,,,,,,, ,+++++...... . . . . . . . .+. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ... + . . . . . . . DID NOT USE ' 3 t 53 301 37 ' 26 71 5 161 t 1 1.03 18.28 10.34 1 12.76 1 8.97 2.41 1 1.72 55.52 -I' 1.86 32.92 | 18.63 I 22.98 1615 435 3 11 60.00 356.38, 53.57 59.68 59.09 36.84 50.00 N/A 21 2 1 4 1 4 1 4 01 16 I .o 0.69 0.69 1.38 I 38 1.38 1 0.00 5.52 t ooo 12.50 12.50 25.00 25.'00 25.00 '0.00 1 0.00 2.131 3.57 6.45 9.09 21.05 0.001 ................ ..................................++++.+ .. +... ....+... .......... don't ko O O I OoIO 0 1 I 0 o-oo t o.oo |o.oo I o.oo 1 0.34 00 °-°°to0.00 1 0.34 0.00 ' 0.00 '0.00' 0.00 1100.00 0.00w 0.00 o:-o t oo 0. 0.00 1 2.27 1 0.00 t oo Totat 5 94 56 62 44 19 10 290 1.72 32.41 19.31 21.38 15.17 6.55 3.45 100.00 ! Table Cl1. Percent of Production Hours Lost due to Power Interruption by Region and Employment Size, Indonesia .. ............ .................................. ........... Powr Interruption I Loss (X) I..O....................... +......... Wh oo JALL lIEWA 1 6.92 Country' - I IN I 191.00 ---.......4....... S_l LIMEAN 1 5.93 IN I tLr 50) -''''''''' ' ....... ................... jLmre NEA I 9 I l' 50I 121.001 *~~~~------4--"---.- , zJakartaiALL INEAN 6.581 IN I 95.001' . ++.... ................ IS=I IM EAN 1 5.49! l(XLT 50)1 ---------,------- 50) I1 37.001 I I IN + _ ____ _ L go 1 7.2361 (GE 50) - - - I I IN 1 58.001 _______ __.... ....... ......... -tsb L|kfALL IEAM 1 7.65 , IN 1 71.001 ISl IMEAN 7 7.921 (LT 50)1 -------------------- IL IN 1 24.001 ______ ____ ................................_ I ILgo; MIEAN I 7p51 (GE 50)1------------------ I I IN 1 47.00: ISear-r-IALL INEAN 1 6.12I Ing . I---------I---------- I I IN. 1 2S.001 1....... ...... .. . I|LT 50)1------------ - 1 g IN I 9.001 ILarse ItEAN I 8.191 I |tCE 50)1----- --I- - I I IN I 16.001 ...................................... Table Di. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Region and Source of Electricity, Thailand REGION ELECTRIC (SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY) Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct 1PbLlic jPubLic Ow"n Gen.1 only mlin umin I Total Bikok 10 6 0 t I14 1 1417 2.00 I 0.00 48.67 95.89 4.11 t 0 00 49.65 t 37.50 0.00 -,.---...... ........ ...... --- . Metropolitan I 961 a t ° 104 I 32.00 l 2.67 I 0.00 I 34.67 1 92.31 7 7.69 0.00 I 34.041 50.00 0.001 ... ... ... .... .. ... .. |+. +.. *. . .. ... Worth 2 U J 2 | 21 50 1 t5.3"3 t0.67 t 0.67 1 16.67 1 92.00 4.00 4.001 I 16.31 I 12.50 1 100.00 1 -..... -------- .+....... -------- Total 282 16 2 300 94.00 5.33 0.67 100.00 Table D2. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments by Source of Electricity and Employment Size, Thailand ELECTRIC (SOURCE OF ELECTRICITY) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequwncy Percent ; Rai Pct Col Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I Total … I I t I I lover I ............-----+ ........ .......................--- ....... ........ .......... Pubilc onLy 33 721 671 53 .39 131 5 282 11.00 24.00 1 22.33 17.67 1 13.00 4.33 1 1.67 94.00 t11.70 25.53 t23.76 t18-. t 13.83 t 461 i l n 100.00 97.30 98.53 96.15 82.98 81.25 62750 ............ ........ ........ ... .. - ........ PubtiUc _min 0 1 1 1 7 3 3 16 0.00 0.33' 0.33 0.33 2.33 1.00 1.00 5.33 0.00 6:25 6.25 6.25 U .75 118.75 . 0.001 1.35t 1.471 1.85 I 14.891 18.75 37.501 ..................... own O I O O I 0 1 2 Generators 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.67 _in 0.00 50.00 0.00 0.00 1 50.00 0.00 1 0.00 0.00 1.35 0.00 0.001 2.131 0.00 0.00 ........... ........ Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D3. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Power Outage by Employment Size, Thailand tTACE (AVERAGE O. OF OUTAGES per TEAR) FIRMSIZE CEMPLOYEES per FIMI) Frequency Percent Now Pct Cal Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I 7otal I I I I I I lover I ......-.----.------+-------................. ........ ........ .......................... ..... 0-6 / year I122 1 47 1 47 33 16 ' 7 0 2 174 1 7.33 15.67 1 15.67 11.00 5.33 23 0.67 58.00 12.64 27.01 27.01 18.97 9.20 4 02; 1.15 1 66.67 63.51, 69.12 61.11 34.04! 43.75 25.001 7-12 / year 1 5 1 20 1 161 151 151 31 41 78 1 67 6.67 5.33 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.33 26.00 i 641 25:64 I 20.51 1 19.23 1 19.23 1 3.85 1 5.13 1 15.15 1 27.03 1 23.53 1 27.78 31.91 18.75 1 50.00 -4. -. . ....... ........ . ................. ........ 13-24 / year 3 1 5 4 4 9 4 ° 29 1.00 1.67 33 I 1.33 1 3.00 I 1.331 0.001 9.67 * 10 34 ' 17.24 ' 13.79 1 13.79 1 31.03 1 13.79 1 0.00 1 I 9:091 6.76 I 5.8 1 7.41 1 19.15 1 25.00 1 0.00 1 . . .................... ............... .. ......... . ...... .. .. .+. .. . . ----- -------- Z5-48 / year 21 21 11 21 61 21 21 17 1 0.67' 0.67 0.33' 067' 2001 0.67 067' 5.67 11.776 1 117 5: 11:76 1 35:29 11.76 1 11:76 I 6.06 2.70 1.47 3.70 12.77 12.50 25.001 ......... ....... ................. ,..___.. ...... . .+___. .___ _--__.+----+ t.... 49&more/yearl 11 0 0 0' 1' 0 0' 2 0.33 0 0.00 0 0.33 I 0.00 I 0.00 1 0.67 5 000 0.001 000' 0.00' 5000 0.00 j 0.00 3:031 0.00, 0.00 0:001 2:131 000 , O:ol0 Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D4. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Boreholes by Employment Size, Thailand IREHOLE (X1 BOREHOLES FOR PRODUCTION) FIRENSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequency Percent Row Pct Col Pct 1-19 120-49 50-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 4 I Total II I II lover ................ ---4 ------------+......... + .... ........ YES 4 13 12 5.16 17 2.33 i .33| 4.33 4.00 S33 5.167 2.337 | 133 24.33 I 5.1U6 17.81 16.44 21.92 23.29 9.59 5.48 I 12.12 i 17.57 17.65 29.63 36:17 43.75 50.00 .............. ................ _........ ....... ....... ...... 110o 29 61 1 56 38 30 1 9 1 4 .... 227 9 967 20.33 18.67 12.67 10.00 3 300 1 133 .... 75.67 12.78 26.87 24.67 16.74 13.22 3.96 1 176 87.88 2U.43 8 2.35 70.37 63.83 56.25 50.00 ................ ............... ........ ........ ......-- ........ ..... Totat 33 74 60 54 47 16 a 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D5. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Shipment by Employment Size, Thailand VEHICLES (OWM VENICLES FOR SHIPNENT) FIIMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Fre uic Pecnt Now Pct Col Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 4 I Totol I I I I I I lover I ''' ~- 4 4 ''''' ''''' @ '''' 4. ''''-'----4----+ .__ _ _ _ _ _ 4. - YES 24 64 61 1 41 1 36 131 5 24 I.00 21.33 I 20.33 1 13.67 1 12.00 4.33 1 1.67 81.33 - 4 26.23 | 25. 16 80 14.75 533 2:05 72n.n3 86.49 89.71 75.n93 76.oO0 81.25 62.50 N o 9 1 101 7 131 11 31 3 1 56 3.001 3.331 2.33 I 4.331 3.67 I 1.00 1.001 18.67 I 16.07 I 17.86 1 12.50 I 23.21 I 19.64 I 5.36 I 5.361 - 27.27 I 13.51 1 10.29 1 24.07 1 23.40 18.75 37.50 * -4.- 4.- 4.- 4.- 4.- 4. -,-, ,. __ . . . + Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 a 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D6. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Workers by Employment Size, Thailand VEIICLEI (COA VEHICLES FOR VRERS) FIRMSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Freqmwcy Percent Raw Pct Col Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 11000 & I Total I I I I I I tlover I ................ ........ ........ ........ ....... +..... ...... -------- YES I 1 0 2 a 0 8 2 | 21 29 I 0.33 0.00 60.67 2.67 0.67 9.67 3 3.45 0.00 6.90 27.59 1 27.59 1 27.59 1 6.90 3 003 .00W 2.94 14.81 17.02 I 50.00 1 25.00 nO I 321 74 661 461 391 81 61 271 1 10.67 1 24.67 22.00 1 15.33 1 13.00 1 2.67 2.00 1 90.33 I 11.81 1 27.31 1 24.35 1 16.97 14.39 2.95 2.21 1 t 96.97 1 100.00 I 97.06 1 85.19 8 82.98 I 50.00 75.00 I ---------------+ .. .. . ... . . .. .. . -- -- - .. .. . ... . . ... ... Total 33 74 60 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D7. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Motorcycles by Employment Size, Thailand NOTORCYC (VAI NOTORCYCLES FOR NESSENCER) FIENSIZE CENPLOYEES per FIN) ercOlnt I Cot ctt 1-19 10-49 10-W 1'°° 1W IZ00-499 100-99 1000 i Total ................ ........ .............. .........- ...... ------.- ........ YES 3 Xlear S 19 0 18 181 3 5 1 n 1.001 2.331 6.331 6.00 6.001 1.001 1.671 24.33 4 11 9.59 26.03 24.66 24.66 4.11 6.as 9.09 9.46 27.94 33.33 38.30 18.75 62.50 No | 30 g 67 1 49 1 361 29 131 3 10 00 22331 16.33 1 11200 9.671 3 1 13:22 291 2 21.59 15.86 12.78 5:73 1.32 1 90.91 1 90.54 1 72.06 1 66.67 1 61.70 1 81.25 1 37.50 1 ................ ....................... ......... ..... ....,,,,,,,, Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 a 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D8. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Radio Equipment by Employment Size, Thailand RDIO COW( RADIO EQUIP) FIRNSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Frequercy Percent tow Pct Col Pct 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-999 1000 & i Total -1- 1-~I I 1 - 1 I- I- loYr I .... ..... ... ... ... ..... ...... .... ..............+ +.+......... YES 0 ' 62 ' . 3 0. I t .6 S . I 1 13 0.00 j 0.67 j 1.00! 0.33 1.67 33 0.3 4. a.000' 1538' 230 6 769' 38. ' 7.69 7.69 °0.001 2:701 4:411 1:85 10:64) 6:25 12.50 ............ .. ................. ----- ...___.... ----- ----- --------__+__ no 331 721 65 53 421 151 7 287 11.00 24.00 ' 21.67' 17.67 1400 5.00 2.33 95.67 11.50 1 25.09 1 22.65 18a:- 14:63 5:23 2." 100.00 1 97.30 95.59- 98.5 89.36 93.75 87.50 ______..... ....... ..... ... .. ..........................----t-------- Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D9. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Vehicles for Garbage Disposal by Employment Size, Thailand VENICLEG (VAW VEHICLES FOR GARBAGE) FIRMSIZE CEMPLOYEES per FIRU) Frequwncy I Percont Row Pet Col Pet 11-19 120-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 j500-9m 1'000 A Total I I 41 I I ~~~~~~~~over ____.. .. _____+-4--............ .... 4--.--4.--........... ................. ..... +.................... YES 1 0 0 1 I 0 1 1 1 0 1 3 0:00 0.00 0.33 0.33 0.00 0.33 0.00 I 1.00 0.00 0.00 33.33 33.33 1 0.00 33.33 I 0.00 I 0.00 0.00 1.47 1.85 0.00 6.25 0.001 ......+ .. _ . _... . ...... ........... .. .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. . -- -- - No I 33 2 74 ' 67 53 47' 15' 8a 297 11.00 24.67! 22.33 1 17.67 15.67 5.00 ! 2.67 99.00 1 11.11 1 24.92 1 22.56 I 17.85 1 15.82 1 5.05 1 2.691 I 100.00 1 100.00 98.53 1 98.15 1 100.00 1 93.75 1 100.00 1 ............. ................ - :. .... . . Totat 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 Table D1 0. Distribution of Manufacturing Establishments Use of Overtime Labor due to Power Outages by Employment Size, Thailand OVERTIME (OVERTIME LABOR) FIRNSIZE (EMPLOYEES per FIRM) Fr quwney Percent now Pct Col Pct j1l19 20-49 150-99 1100-199 1200-499 1500-99 1'°°° & I Totol ................ +....... ........ ........ ..... +..................... USED 4 61 11 13 15 1 7 1 Z 58 1.33 2.00 3.67 4.33 5.00 2.33 0.67 19.33 6.90 10.34 18.97 22.41 25.86 12.07 3.45 12.12 1 8.11 1 16.18 24.07 31.91 43.75 1 25.00 1 . ...... .................. ........................... ........ ....... DID NOT USE IO 1 0 31 31 1 0 1 8 I 0.00 0.33 1 0.00 00 1.00 0.33 1 0.00 1 2.67 0.00 12.50 0.00 37.50 37.50 12.50 0.00 1 0.00I 1.353 o:ool 5.56 6.38! 6:25! 0:003 ....................... N/A 1 29 661 55 1 38 1 29 a8 6 1 231 9.671 22.00 18.33 12.67 9.67 2.67 2.00 1 77.00 12.55 * 28.57 i 23.81 3 16.45 ! 12:55 ! 3:46 2.60 1 87.88 89.191 80.88 1 70.37 61.70 50.00 75.00 1 . ........... .. . . ..................... ............. . ... ......... don't know 0 1 s 2 0 0'0 0 0 3 1 0.00o 0.33 7 0 0. 0.006 0.00! 1.00 O.W 33.33 66.67 0.00 0.001 0.00 0.00 I 000 1:35! 2:94 0.00o 0.00o 0.00! 0:00o ........ ... ...................... Total 33 74 68 54 47 16 8 300 11.00 24.67 22.67 18.00 15.67 5.33 2.67 100.00 I00,12 | "I I I- ------------------- !Os 3")I sCo9 I NY3NI *GJUli . ,................ IOo,t I ml ------------ Icos 1) L.L6 I NMINI IV ioo z, I i i ,LO'6 II IIVl 437JONI I-----*---------------------------- I iOO'Z, I I-1I05I "I . .icos.. ii i I .- .(OS 30)I I tz'7 I NmI *I s, I------ --F------- .... - ------- -------- ±)i i LZ NYIWI IIMS I !OO-S#/ I ml I I 1--------- I---------- Zunilodl 100-71 i NMYII l1W -°a4IBu '0069Z I NJ ----------- ( ,OS MIt "I .)S I Im.l *il . .................. 100 - I ---- i i -(OS 1 I 00'9 I LS'S I NMII siwl io It/ 9 1 "ml II Ndm uo.I.d.n...u .J.... .0.. .. .1 . . . .U .. . 00-6 s i1 iVW III |14 , ------ ............................... '00-ss i 1 u l3dijo je i , ... ..4.-------' ........................................ PUe11841 eGZIS 1uGWAojdW3 pui2 uolOeui Aq uoladnijejul JsmOd ot enp Isoj sjnOH uoisanPOJd 0 IUGDJOd * L La (Ilqe. Table El. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Naira - ......................................................................................... I I I "1) I (C) I (D) Capital Cost - umber ot (A) Other iNachinrry 41 CA+B)/C Private Poer CGneration I Firm Generators IFaciLities I Equipmnt I (percent) I ~~~~~~~~~............ ........... .... ................... .......... °- JALL INEAN i 149.00: 801.481 118.531 9239.621 9.96 Five - - + . +4.. +.. + . Statm 11m ll WSAN I I I (LT S0) I 1 34.001 207.441 IS." 1008.351 22.10 - 4. - 4. - 4. - ........ ...... + -......... Lrue) IOWAN (GE 50 I 115.001 977.111 149.011 11673.211 9.65 1. LAGOIAll IMEAN I 70.001 915.071 170.261 9520.841 11.40 +-----+......... +....... +...... ....... ......... lsm t -- | I I I I - iLT 50) I - 14.001 196.361 12.931 a13.791 25161 1---------- + ........... +.... -.+ ..... ......... _.+........ + ,,........,,,, |(G 50) rg INM 1 56.0011 1094.751 209.591 11693.111 ll.lS ~~~~~~~~................... ...... + ++++++.................. 2. AIll JMEAN 1 12.001 695.751 82.a3l 10604.831 7.34 IANANIRA I - 4 . - 4. - 4. - 4. - . - 4 SmII 11EMN I I II (LT 50) I 1 7.001 219.291 15.00, 842.861 27.80 ~~~~~~~. . . . . .... ..... ... +....................... +------t----- Large Ipmm-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ GCE 50) 5 .001 1362.801 177.801 24271.601 6.35 ,.................. .............. . + .. ++. ........ ......... .......... ., 3. INO AlL IEA" I 10.001 S47.501 103.401 14490.801 4.49 ..... ----+---.--+................................ +.......... ...... -----------,,,,@,,,,,,,v Sms ll W. I I I I CLT 50) I I 1.001 120.001 3.001 400.001 30.75 G * 9.00j 595.0Oj 114.561 16056.44i 4.421 +................................. + ........................ +.... .......++ 4. AIl sUh I 26.001 1010.311 82.081 8176.311 13.36 ------ ----- _+-------- +------ _________......... +........ C(LT 50) I 1 4.001 326.001 42.501 1261.501 29.211 . . I--------------------4--- - --- ----------- .. . . . . . .-_ ! ILarge ,EA I j 1 0(E 50) 22.001 1134.731 89.271 9433.551 12.971 ~~~~~~~~....... *.......... +.... ... .... + ++. . ........... ...... iS. KAIO JAUl IEAN 1 31.001 492.711 51.001 7274.00f 7.47 11 IN EAN I I I |(LT 50) 1 1 8.001 168.121 8.251 1411.631 12.491 1i(L 50) I"1 1 23.001 605.611 65.871 9313.091 7.211 ......................................................................................... Table E2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Naira - I I I (0) I (C) 1 (D) Capital Cost - I -ter of (A) Other IMachinery &I (A+I)/C Private Water S*ply I Firm I Sorehotes IFaciities Equipment (percent) ........ .....~~..........____. +.................... + + ._____ +................................. __+.......... __. la JAIA INEAN 1 70.001 1".571 116.841 13675.601 1.91 IFv I_ ___._--- + ........ +...... +--------- _+---------- +-------- _+_._...... IState 1ll INA I I I I I I (tLT 50) i 4.001 22.501 9.251 1130.5012 -------- ~~~+..... +........... _ +...... -------------- +.......... 5-- ILarge IA III | ; (GE 50) | i 66.001 151.971 123.361 14435.911 1.911 i ++ ----+----------------+-----........... ................................... +.................. _I. _ [I. LAGOSIALL IUEAN j 54.001 146.931 98.961 11792.80I 2.091 ....... .- . ....... + .- .-..-- .+----------- i I I L L IMEAM I I I I I I 5Cl(LT 50) I 1 4.001 22.501 9.251 1130.501 2.815 I.... +--.________+........................ +._.... ...._ _ .. __.... .__......._ I L&rgt lw I I I I I(GE 50) 5 5 5°.-°° 156.88 1 106.14' 12645.781 2. Dl I ........ ......... + +_+........ ................... .. .. +.............. _ + .! 12. IAl lMEAN 2.001 428.001 180.001 2850.001 21.331 1ANAMBRA I--------+----------- - - - - + I ILr IEN I I I I I I I iLorge INEAN ttt t . I(GE 50) i 5 2.001 428.001 180.001 2850.001 21.331 I---- ....... +..... +............ +...... +....... +...... , I 53. INO JAIL IMEA I 5.001 117.001 363.801 25529.001 1 Us' UN* I 11 I L(GE 50) | 2552.001 +.. + ............... +...... ....................... JIA IM EAN 1 3.001 103.331 133.001 15036.331 1.575 iKADUNA ------ - . ..............................-- -........... iLorge MUEAN I I I I I | (GE 50) 1 I 3.001 103.331 133.001 15036.331 1.575 .. .. . *. . . . . . .. . 4. . .. . 4 + . . . . ..+.. . . . . +.. . . . .. . . . . . I S. KANO JAIL IMMEAN 6.001 72.501 42.831 23670.171 0.491 ----------------- +-----------+------------+-----------+ .....-----------........................................ . _+------- t Large MUEAN i 5 I(GE 50) 5 i 6.001 72.501 42.831 23670.171 0.491 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~... ... ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Table E3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment for Goods, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Nalra- ,.................................................................................................. ................ .. .. I C | tA) McI er I A Capital Cost - Vehicles (3) (C) (D) (E) Pr cTranportalon Umber of tor Al l Nch & AJ5 A/ for Shipmnt Fir Ir Shipeent IVehicles I Equipeont tpercent) I (percent) f - - . . .......... +.. +. ..... .... +.. At IM EAN 111.001 336.371 474.021 3368.681 81.511 4. 62' IFive I--.. ....+... --..+............ -.. .+.......-4--+.................... ............ gstat"s s9Li "A Stt s LT 50) | 28.00 82.141 87.50 750.111 93.881 10.951 +......... .................. +......... ........... ........... ...... ILarse 1IUAN I | I tI (CGE 50) I t 83.001 489.001 604.411 10938.801 80.911 4 471 1.... +.... ..... +...... +...... +...... ...... +...... +...... :.l |1. LAGAS All INEAN 1 52.001 407.191 SS8.271 10286.631 72.941 3:961 | I + + +~~~~.................... +......... ................... +. ....... . I !L0T S0) | I 10.00 60.501 60.501 928.70! 100.00! 6.511 I_ ---+..... *.................. + .. ....... +........ ... ........... + ........ . .. Lar.. MEAN I I I I I I I t(GE 50) I 1 42.001 489.741 676.791 12514.711 72.361 3.91- +----- --------- *-------+---------+-----------------v ---- +-- -------- +------ +------- $2. JAl - MEAN I 14.005 150.571 161.291 757.501 93.361 19.8J IAANSItA I------- 4---... . -.- 19weLLO) INEAII I II I !LT 9 12MEA 12.001 89.17' 101.67' 328.081 87.701 27.18' 1-; ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... *. . .. . ... . .. . ... . .. . . ...........W Lareg IEAN I II I I I tCE 50)1 1 2.001 519.00 519.00 3334.001 100.001 15.5z; 3. IMO JALL EAN 1 7.001 11U4.001 1251.141 18203.571 91.441 6- 281 1 ........+ +.. . . . -... . .. . .. . .. . . - - - --- - ---------- +-- - -- - -- - -- - Large IMEAN I I I I I(GE 50) I I 7.001 11U .001 1251.141 18203.571 91.441 6.281 ; + + + ...~~~------- .............. + +................... .+ ..... +----------- +----------- 14. gAll A MEAl I 19.001 385.581 404.261 5242.681 95.381 7.351 IKADUdA I--------+--------- --------------- -- - - -- I IS=(l I M 1 I 1 1 1 I 3tLT 50) I I 3.001 50.001 50.001 1172.331 100.001 4 .26 1 1.... ......... ........... +...... + . .+.._....... ........... ........... + ....... Lajrge MAIII - tl(GEr 50, !"E^8 ! 16.00.1 4U.501 470.691 6005.881 95.291 7.471 ----------------- +......... +........... +...... .... ........_ _ _.... .................................''I 5-. KANO IAIl IMEAN I 19.001 224.791 257.321 8230.371 87.361 2.731 t ~~~~~+........ +.......... ....... +. ... ..................... +++.. ......... +.. +------ lsII I WEAN I I . II I t(LT 50) I - 3.001 158.331 158.331 1420.671 100.001 11 151 I.................. +........... *...........*+---~-----F--- s-- & +...... 4...... +----- Large MEAN I I I 1(GE 50) 1 1 16.001 237.251 275.871 9507.191 86.001 2.501 ..................................................................................................... Table E4. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Workers, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Nalra - Capital Cost - It(A) I t") I C) tCD) ICE) Private Tranportatfon Number of Vehicles I All I achinery S. A/I A/C for Wokers I Firm for Worker Vehicles Equipnt i (percent) I (percent) -- - -- - -- - -,,,,- - . . .. . . ,,+.......... +.. . . . . +.. . . . .. . . . . . ----------- 0. WAll IMEA I 24.001 409.621 1052.881 14309.211 38.9't 2.86, Five .... . . .. . .. .. . . . . .. . .. . . .... . . . ...+.+.+.+.+. .. . . . . lstot.s On L 1 1 1 I (LT 50) I 5 3.001 63.331 113.331 1135.001 55.881 5 58o ,,,,,,,, +........,,,,, *........... ........... ..........................+++__........__ ........ .tCE 50) t I 21.001 459.101 1187.101 16191.241 38.671 2.841 +.....*.....+------4........*................... 4.-. ...... 1;- LM0IALI IMA 1 10.001 787.101 1509.701 29086.901 52.141 2.71: . ..... +... + . . . . . - - -- + (GE 50) 1 1 10.001 787.101 1509.701 29086.901 52.141 2.71 1 ... -. ....-4--. .I............. 2. Al A INEA 1.001 150.001 300.001 505.001 50.001t 29 70' ANAMA ,--------+----------+-----------+-----------+-----------------------+-------------+........-- l(LT50) 1 I 1.001 150.001 300.001 505.001 50.001 29.701 t----... +... -.---.-- -+- - +... +. +.+. 3. 11i0 o ALI 1i6AM I 6.001 169.171 1393.331 2547.171 12.141 6.641 _. + +.--.--.-.- -+- - ----+------ ................................... rai;all INEAN Ia11 (LT 50) I 1.001 25.001 25.00o 400.00o 100.001 6.25j ...- .----- ..----- +------ .------ .------ ------ . .+.. .. . . . ... ........+........, ......... 1(E050) I I 5.00o 198.001 1667.001 2976.601 11.681 6.651 ADU--------+--------.- +........... +...... +............ _...... +........ tACE IME. t|I 2.001 115.00j 348.501j 3017.001 33.001 3.81t KAUA-- ... ...- + ++ -----.----------- I L go INEAN~~~~ I *a. GE IMEAN 2.001 115.001 348.501 3017.00,1 33.001 3.811 15. K ANO 1A AM A 5.001 113.001 163.001 6146.001 69.331 1 84' t a-----+------+--------------....... +....... ..... ........... +.. ....... +- --- ! I(LTY 50) 1 1.00! .5.00! 1s.ool 2500.001 100.001 0.60! I.. . ....... ++. ---------*--- +. . - . ----------- a Lago IMEAN11 t(GE 50) 4-00t 137.501 200.00j 7057.50j 68.75' 1.95f ..... ........ ............................................................................................................................ ... Table E5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Communication, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Nalra - ..................................................................................................... I I (A) I I I I I Capitatl Cst - M 'Motorcycles' t8) C tC) tD) E) Motorcycle for muber of for I ALL Machinery &I A/I I A/C jCc mication Firm Missvers I Vehiclee I Equipent I (percent) I (percent) 10. gAll IMEAN I 54.001 7.051 596.431 15848.691 1.181 0.04! | F1 v I-- -- -- --+-- -- - - - - -------- +........... ....................... +........... - . #........... +....... States- - I t ItCLT 0) |E | 3.ol 8.581 131.671 1765.001 6.52; 0.491 1.S....... +....... ........... ...................................... +-+.... ---..... I_.... LarBe IMEAN I -(GE 50) I I 51.001 6.961 623.761 16677.141 1.121 0.041 +----- +------- _+_ ........ . +................ +..................... : . 1. LAO ALL 1EAiA t 35.001 8.481 763.771 13248.371 1.111 0.061 ...... +..... +..................... +------ ------ + ........._.__. Smll I | |LT 50) 988' 6| 2.000 9.0 8 ' 1325.001 12.341 0.75' I_;......................................... _+ .......... ILar gt E im I -tt;(E 50) 33.001 8.391 805.211 13971.001 1.041 0.06' !---- ,---- ........ +------ ........ +...... +........ +....... ; 112. IAII I W-M 1 3.001 2.701 316.671 37796.671 0.851 0.01; ,ANAMRA i-- +------ --------- .......... .. .... .......... ...... *........ AA IRA - '-IIEA I (GCE 50) M ! 3.001 2.70! 316.67| 37796.671 0.851 0.011 JP. IAU EAM 1 3.001 3.571 234.331 32048.671 1.521 0.01 1- ... + ......... l........... ..................... ++................ .......... ILargeq l IEAu I I I (GE 50) I 1 3.001 3.571 234.331 3204a.671 1.521 0.011 +--------. ..*.......... +. __....... +------ +....... . ...... +....... + . .. .. ...... 14. U All 11KEAN I 1.00| 0.011 1188.001 1296.001 0.001 0.001 Large J Aj louI0 ' - itEI-1E0500) -X I -.-0! -.-11 - 1u.-01 1296.00 - o.-o! ooo! -------------------------- +......................... ...... +0.0 15. KANO lAll ]MEAN I -12.001 5.431 219.501 15108.671 2.481 0.041 - - ...................... .......................--.....----------.------ iSmall E WAN 1 . i(LT 50) | 1.001 6.001 235.00 2645.00j 2.551 0 23' | |~ ~~~~~~~...... +............................ +......... --- - --- Larg .) INEAN 11.001 : itcE°so) !"ES ! ll.oo! 5.381 218.091 16241.731 2.471 0.031 .... ..... .. ......... ................ ... .... ..... ......... ............................. Table ES. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equlpment), Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Naira - ............................................................................. I Capital Cost - I I I (a) I(C) Private Communication j NuLb r of I (A) Radio-I achinrry &I A/B (Radio e*qlp nt) I Firm I Equip nt I Equip nt I (percent) ........................... + + . .. 0. tAI ImEAN 66.001 84.151 14296.021 0.59 Five .......- - . .. ftates l_ I W- I I I I (tLT S0) I 1 2.001 19.001 1283.001 - 1.U8 Large --------------------------------+-----------+-----------+------ i(GE SO) il I 6...I J6.191 1470.671 0.591 .............................. *................. 1. LAGOSIALL ImA 1 33.00J 118.001 14063.121 - .U I----- -. .-- - ------- 4. ..............-....__. Lare IMEAN I | I - ICE 50) I 1 63.001 118.003 14063.121 .U 41 ........ .............- 4__ ........._..... .. ......... ................. 4 . I2. IALI NEAN 1 4.001 40.751 29222.501 0.141 AKAM I--A ------ 4----.-------- - 1arg 1AIM I I (gcE ) I 4.001 40.751 292225.so 0.142 .,,,, ....................... +..,........... +. ..... .....+ 3. KINO JAIL IEAN 1 0.00} 3001 7241.001 1.02 1- ................................. ....................... L - INEA 4. I I I (CGE 50) 1 1 6.001 104.331 1741.001 I." I I. , , 4..............- .. -.......... . ... + |4. gAlt IKUE 1 13.001 37.77* 13918.311 .. 0 271 IADA I'------+---------------------+-----------+---- ......... I tSLOT S0) |W- I 1.001 30.00-, 1529.001, l.fft ,,,,,.,,, ...... ............... +.................... ILarge I EAN I I I I ' (GE SO) 12.00,1 38.421 14ff0.751 0 26, *S. KANO pAlt IUEA I 10.00t 38.001 13J18.001 0.28, i (LT S0) |11 I 1.00| 6.001 103r. 00 O."I I;..................... p.............. +............ I L rge IPEAX I I I I i I 1(GE 50) I 1 9.001 41.331 15238.111 0.271 .............................................................................. Table E7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Nalra - ..................................................................................................... Capital Coat - (A) (a) 1 (C) (D) I tE) Private Tramportatton Number of VehicLes ALL Machinery A/U A/C for Garbage Dlapo" I Flrmc *o Crb VcIcl Equlpment (percent) (percent) ........................... +...... +....... ... .. ...... .... .. ....... O. AlI l"N I 25.001 64 234.401 13411.001 27.611 0.48 Five .... . ... .... . State SsmiL MEAN I I I I I (LT 50) 1.001 2.001 2.001 1300.001 100.001 0.15 ~~~~~~.. ... +.. . . ... +.. . . . . . . .. . . +..... ... .... ... ... Lairge ) EANE I LGE r90 t"EAX 24.001 67.331 2".081 13915.621 27.591 0.481 I.4... ................ ... +. I 11. LAGOSIALL INEAN 1 6.001 98.331 174.671 6403.831 56.301 1.541 I; . .. ...... .... .. ...... ...... ...... ...... ......... Large MEAN' I I I I tCE 50) 1 | 6.001 98.331 174.671 6403.831 56.30 1.541 ......-.----..-.------. .-.......... +.'t.. 2- A tA Al IKE 1 4.001 73.001 73.001 28997.501 100.001 0.251 ANA. |...... +................4... .4... .... .... +... +. (LT 50) I 1.001 2.001 2.001 1300.001 100.001 0.151 ................. ......... . Large MEAN I I I I I (GE 50) 1 3.001 96.671 96.671 38230.001 100.001 0.251 ........- +, ...,----- +.. ... . ----+.. .. .... .. . .. . +....-....----.-.... .----...--- 4. JAll INEAN I 4.001 71.001 535.501 26902.001 13.261 0.26' IKADUNIA -------- +.. ..+.. ..... +..+.. .. .. . .. +. ... .. .. . .. ..+.. .. .. .. .. .+... .. .. .. ..+.. .. .. .. ... .+.. .. ....... I Large, IMEAN I II (E 50 4.001 71.00 535.50' 26902.001 13.261 0.26 ........ +.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . +.... ... ... ... ... .. 5. KANO IALL IMEAN 11.001 41.091 216.18 659.451 19.011 0.621 .;... ...... + + +.......... Larg KEAM I I I I I I I |(tE 50) I I 11.001 41.091 216.181 6659.451 19.011 0.621 ..................................................................................................... Table E8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Nigeria - Average Current Market Value in 1000 Naira - ,. ..................... ................................................................................... ... I I I (A) I I Capital CoSt- 1 Tota () I Total Private Total I(C) | Private Infrastructure N Muber of Infrastruc- Capital I A/l I Ffirm I turn Stock 1 (percent) S0. WhoLelAll INEAN 174.00, 1290.281, 9436.84, 13.671 iCountry 1-------- -------+------------------ ------- --------------- ItS-l lI I . '(LT 50) I , 46.001 253.04: 829.10| 30.52: I ILlRge lKENLargeI 'EA c o(GE 50) I 128.001 1663.041, 12530.24J 13.27, ---------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .... J1. LAGOSIALL MEAN , 81.001 1576.441 9736.851 16.190 a---- -------------------- ----- --I------ 1 ISmall 'MEAN , I i I I l(LT 50) ¶ , 17.00, 255.99, 739.34k 34.621 i --- -- --- -- --- -- +.. ... . .. . . .. . . +-- - - - - i ILarge ,MEAN i '(GE 50) | 64.001 1927.191 12126.82,1 15.89I I-------+-------zF---- ------------- *----------- *-----------+------------ 12. ALl 'MEAN : 22.00, 701.141 5979.691 11.73, ANAMBRA I--------*---------*------------- --------------------- ' SmaI I IEAN IC|(LT 50) , 0 16.001 218.371 509.94I 42.821 'Large MNEAN 1 I(GE 50) I 1 6.00I 1938.521 20565.691 9.67: 13. INO IALt IEAM 10.001 1860.771 15394.371 12.091 a XISmLl JMEAN ,(LT 50) 1 1 1.001 148.001 425.001 34.821 ------------------------ .......... ........... --------- |Large INEAN I ' ' ' 1 'EC0 50) 1 a 9.001 205i.08o 17057.631 12.021 --------- +----------------- +------------ 1 ................ 14. JALL 'NEAN I 28.001 1395.64, 10446.071 13.361 IKADUMA sI-l-l--- - -----------.-- |Sm LL I 'INEAN 1(LT 50) I 4.00I 413.501 1299.001 31.83| , ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . . .. . . . . . . . -- - - - - -- - - - - ----------- | |Large IME4A 1 1 ' 1(GE 50) I 1 24.00 1559.331 11970.583 13.031 -- - -- - -- - - +-- - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - . .. .. .. +.. . . . . , ,5. KANO 'All 'KEAN 33.001 718.371 8343.58,1 8.61,1 | | S_al l N IEAN 1 I , C(LT 50) I : 8.001 249.001 1473.751 16.90: 1 --------+---------------F--- ....................................................... --_-__________-___________ Large IMEAN 0 : : ICGE 50) I 25.00: 868.571 10541.93: 8.241 …............. .- . . . . . - .. - - . -- . - . . . . - . -- . . - . -...... Table E9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Nigeria (Naira per Gallon) Own Water Production 1 Fixed I Variable ITotal (1000 gaLlons) I Cost r 1 Cost F Icost i ---------------------- ........... +............................... + ++................ 1 IFIVE IALL MEAN 0.06031 0.32971 0.39001 ISTATES I I.....................+.......-- - -. --.........I I I IN 1, 73.00001 73.oool 73.00001 1 - ..- .. - ... . I I I1 - 991WEAN 1 0.29601 2.40641 2.70241 I 1 _--- + + - I I | IN 1 6.00001 6.00001 6.0000: * I I................. +....................... 1100 - IMEAN 1 0.08431 0.24021 0.32451 I499 1 ----- +--------- + -- IN 1 19.00001 19.00001 19.00001 I I .+ - +. - . . .-.-. ........... .- - 1500 - IMEAN 1 0.04561 0.31311 0.3588, 999 I m----------+--.--.------- --- I I IN | 10.00001 10.00001 10.00001 11000- INEAN 0.0244| 0.08661 0.11101 14999 1------------- I M IN I 20.00001 20.00001 20.00001 * 15000- IMEAN | 0.0079, 0.0248, 0.03261 * 19999 1----.------ -+-*------- - --- -I I I IN I 7.00001 7.00001 7.00001 110000- IMEAN 1 0.00231 0.00281 0.00511 lover -.--.---- - .. . . . 1 IN 11.00001 11.00001 11.0000; !) AnnK ualized capital value of boreholes and accessories. g/ IncLude fuel, maintenance, parts, and labor. Table El 0. Average Cost of Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production, Nigeria (Naira per kWh) w0"n Eiectric Production I Fixed Variable 0 Totai (1000 kWh) COST f Cost Y : Coat ------ ------ ------ ----- -----------_-___------------F-----------t :Five ALL MEAN 1 1.96361 0.78791 2.75151 Stat SI--------- -----------'-----------+-----------I 164.00001 164.00001 164.00001 11 - 4 INEAN S 30.9301: 1.83331 32.76341 ' I I *- --- *~ ------* ------ ----- ----------- I I I--------- I'm b 1 4.00001 4.0000l 4.00001 15 - 9 IMEAN 5 12.02831 5.51111 17.5394,1 I I I-----------------+ - ---+---------------------- IN 5.0000: 5.00001 5.0000: 110 - 19 IMEAN 1 2.86011 1.33571 4.19581 I.__+............- +----------+------------------------ IN 1 12.00001 12.00001 12.00001 I I +-- - ------ +-----------4+---*-- 4------ I IZ0 - 49 |MEAN I 1.3547: 0.56521 2.2199: I . ,I I----- - + - - --....- - - .- - - -- ' , IN I 22.00001 22.00001 22.0000O I50 - W LMEAN I 1.1559| 0.94581 2.10171 I I- +--------- 4-- ------4-------I I I I .+.. .. .... .....+.............. I I IN I 32.00001 32.0000: 32.0000, 1100-199 IMEAN 0.5608: 0.48061 1.0414: I I- --------+-- .- +-. i I lN 1 22.00001 22.00001 22.00001 I I 4------------4----4-- ------1 I :200-499 IMEAN 0.45241 0.2826| 0.73491 I -- -- - -- - -- I I N 1 34.0000 34.00001 34.00001 I- ------+---------+----------- ....+----------- I------ 1500-9 M,EAN I 0.34801 0.34401 0.69201 I I , - - - + I , N ," 1 21.00001 21.00001 21.00001 I------- - - + .----------4-- - I ,1000- IMEAN 1 0.19141 0.0935: 0.2850: 11999 . + I IN I 6.0000| 6.00001 6.00001 I -- -- -- -- - +-- -- -- - -- -- - -- -- - -- -- - *2000- ,MEAN I 0.1480: 0.17201 0.3200: lover 1------------- - - - - - , IN 1 6.0000: 6.0000: 6.0000; IV Annuatized capital value of generators and accessories. Include fuel, maintenance, parts, and labor. Table Fl. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - t 1 1t1(B) I (C) C(D) Capital Cost - N *umber of ICA) 1 Other MNachinery &l CA+B)/C I Private Power Generation I Firms JGenerators JFacilities I Eqpuipnent I (percent) X,,,,,,,,.,,,,., ~+.......... ........... _, +........ -..---...... t-----------l ,Three JAIL JNEAM 190.001 206538.191 268137.951 3539023.351 13.41: 1.Regions 1-''''---+--'---''-t- ------------+------------.-------- I I S II I I I I ICLT 50) I 1 46.00j 19376.091 26389.134 561995.35J 8.14" I - ---------------- ----- ----- - -4 - -I+----- JLarge JME I | I I | - IWGE 50) I 1 144.001 266326.081 345363.261 4490018.401 13.62: IJakarta JALL IMUJI 1 82.001W 76470.071 98515.441 3094565.681 5.651 1 t- ---___------- ------------ -....... ----------------------t- ----.------- I Sl l t||I I I JsmaLL JNEM I I I11 I I t I C(LT 50) I 1 25.001 14964.001 17718.00 661005.241 4.941 t l-------+--------------------t------------------------+........-t............. |Large IMEAN I I I I -|t(GE 50) J 1 57.001 103446.421 133952.911 4161916.751 5.70" ------------- t------ t------- ----------------t---------.-t------------ JBotabek lAtl 'NEAN. J 76.001 391978.421 506337.251 4887251.951 18.381 t | ~~--t--_------------ _ _ ----------- +----------------------t------------- I iSmll 'MEAN ICLT 50) 1 I 15.001 20480.001 29383.33: 124979.271 39.901 i-----+- +--+---- 4--------- ------ ILarge IMEAN I I I -1l(GE 50) 1 1 61.00 483330.491 623621.001 6058302.611 18.271 *-------------------------+--------------------------------------------------------- ISemarangALL IMEAN 1 32.001 99417.191 137072.281 1475903.191 16.021 -------- _- +- -------+----------- -------------- ISmaLL INEAN 0 i It |tLT 50) I | 6.001 35000.001 55033.331 1241994.331 7.253 i------ - - ---- --- ---- - - ---- --- ---- --- t - -- - - - -- - - -------t- ------ | Large 'MEAN I t1GE 50) 1 0 26.001 114282.69: 156004.351 1529882.151 17.67: -- -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - Table F2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value in 1000 Rupiah - 5 I I 0 (9) 1 (C) lCD) CapitaL Cost - N luber of I (A) Other Ifachinery &I (A+B)/C [ Private Water SuppLy Firm I Soreholes IFclilities Ec Euipmnt 1 (percent) [ I- ---- .........-. +----------- IThree IALL IJEAN I 172.001 6210.771 446.261 2444090.07 0.44" Regiorw I-------- +--------------------- +----------------------------------- +-I-------- I ISl l I I I I I @ l(LT 50) I 11 49.001 2045.511 2483.901 496271.221 0.911 I I. I b - - - ---- * Large IfEAlI I -@(CGE 50) | ) 123.001 7870.101 5258.77: 3220050.421 0.411 --------------------- *-----------------------+- - - - - ------------------ Jakarte IALL 'mE 1 62.001 8802.421 6070.471 4142922.321 0.361 1 ........................ .................... ------ * ISiLL IMEAII 1 S LL E '(LT 50) | | 23.001 2628.26: 2797.61, 682749.131 0.791 l l + l ........ ............. . ..+.+............................ ---------------------- ILarge INME 1 1 gI -It(GE 50) | 1 39.001 12443.591 8000.621 6183537.281 0.331 O + + + ~----------------- + ............ .----------.--------- 18otabek tALL ,MEAN 1 81.001 4117.801 3347.271 1480244.851 0.50| ,~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~ ~------------ -------- --- -------- ------ I 1SaaLL IMEAN :(LT 50) I i 20.001 629.001 894.551 67229.451 2.271 I 4 . -- . - .+ - 4 +. - . .........+-++ * 'Large 'MEAN I I I |(GE 50) 1 | 61.001 5261.671 4151.1 1 1943528.59 0.481 ISemarang.All INEAN | 29.001 6515.861 4173.861 1504223.281 0.711 I I Sllla [ I I MES l | , l ,I I 1 SmaaLL INEAN 11 I 1 ICLT 50) I 1 6.001 4533.331 6579.171 1211578.501 0.921 ........ +------------------------------ ------- Large IMEAN ICGE 50) 1 23.001 7033.041 3546.391 1580565.391 0.671 ---.-.------.------.. --......-..-.......- ----.-------.--..---- -. --------..------ . Table F3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - I j (A) I I Capital Cost- ' VehicLes I (C) ( CC) 1 (0) | (E) Private Transportation N Numer of 1 for i All IMachinery 41 A/B I A/C for Shipment Firms Shipment I Vehicles I Equipment 1 (percent) (percent) I 'he At 56.7+41 1.9, KThree- A 201.001 57391.561 101148.661 3156771.871 56.741 1.82: fRegions I--------a------------------------------------------ ---------- -----------a----------- ISm ll MKEAN 1 1 a I l(LT 50) 1 69.001 24075.991 28242.651 250016.451 85.25: 9.63: ..........,.................... .... . . .. . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . -- - - - - Large IKEAN I ' 1 3 a C(GE 50) 1 I 132.001 74806.521 139258.611 4676212.201 53.- 1 1.601 -a......................................................................... +----------- *----------- iJakarta IALL IMEAN 1 95.001 58938.231 99484.381 2545874.991 59.241 2.321 a|--------a............................................... ........... I a"m all 3001 a a a a a I l(LT 50) I 2 34.001 20654.211 21624.79| 78409.03| 95.510 26.341 | Large g"EM g[ ',(GE 50) 1 1 61.00' -0276.871 142881.52| 3921183.29- 56.18a 2.05: --------- ........ +........... ++++++,........ ................ +....................... lBotabek IAI 'MEAN 11 80.001 53857.861 106848.64f 4510276.79,1 50.41: 1.19: i-------- +- - - -- . ..-- -- --- -- -- -- +---- ---- --- ---- ---- --- ---- --........... + ++ a ,Sm&LL IMEAN 1 1 a a a a a a (ELT 50) 1 1 26.001 25115.381 27096.151 238481.231 92.69, 10.53, a I - +- - --- .................+ - +-............ . . . ILarge IMEAN a a a a a a a (GE 50) 1 1 54.00: 67696.831 145247.981 6567067.241 46.61: 1.03| ISamranglAll IMEAN I 26.00: 62613.19: 89691.271 1224264.541 69.811 5.111 : ---''+z---4a------+ ----+----.......... ....................... 4b+.. . .................................. a aSmall l"EAb LL NE| a ICLT 50) 1 1 9.001 34000.001 56555.561 931635.111 60.121 3.65: I---- + ......... ............ . ........... ........... ........... .. ....... .................... 1 i iLarge IMEAN a a a a a I CCGE 50) 1 17.00 77761.351 107233.711 1379186.001 72.521 5.64: ~~~~~~~~~~~~....................... .................................................. ......... ...................... ....... Table F4. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Workers. Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Ruplah - 1 CapitaL Cost - 1( (A) 1 (B) I CC) 0 tD) |(E) a Private Transportation Number of I Vehicles I All INachinery L1 A/I . 1 A/C for Workers firm Ifor Workeral Vehicies I Equipment I (percent) I (percent) I ~~~~~~~~~. ..... _... .... +.. ..+. .. . .. . .................... ------ +------ I IThree IAIL I|Al - - 94.001 148828.121 213755.261 63.47361.391 69.631 2.341 lRegions - - --.- --..--......... - ___.... ........... I ISELL IMEAI I I I 1 1E I (LT 50) I I 11.001 33727.271 48727.271 1952187.551 69.221 1.n7i I |-'--'--'''-+'''---'o---------- +................. ......+..... ----------.- _____1,___4______ ILarge IMEM I I 2 stGE 50) I | 83.001 164082.451 235626.431 6929854.311 69.64| 2.371 .+---- .----- +........... *........ +...... +....,....... *...... +........ I lJskarta IALL IKEAh I 35.001 136101.401 215475.091 6437745.691 63.161 2.111 1 1 - ---- ---------------............----- - - -I------ I ISmaLl IMEAN 1 I I I 1(LT 50) 1 5.001 12000.001 23200.001 2875906.001 51.721 0.421 I I -4''~~~~+~~~~~~~~~+~~~--------------------- - - -- ,,---4 . - ILarge IMEAN I I |tCE 50) 1 1 30.001 156784.971 247520.931 7031385.634 63.341 2.231 +------..--_ . +-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - : + - - - - --I l8otabek IALL IMEAN 1 42.001 189001.521 248623.641 79841 U.691 76.021 2.371 ------- +.. . . . .--- - -- -- - -- -- - +.. ... ... -- - - - - -- - - - - .. . . . . ISmaLL IMEAN I I IIII l(LT 50) 1 I 3.001 30666.671 35333.331 244831.671 86.79, 12.531 I I-------4- - --------4------------4-- - ----+--- ....- , .I ILarge IMEAN I I I(GE 50) 1 I 39.001 201181.131 265030.591 8579476.461 75.911 2.341 + + -----4--4 + -- +- - !SenarangIALL MKEAN I 17.001 75778.241 124069.001 2117458.53: 61.081 3.58: I I .+ - 4 - ++ - + - 4 - , |SmaLL ImEAN 1 1 : i CLT 50) I 1 3.001 73000.001 104666.671 2120012.671 69.75: 3.4 I- - - - - - - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -- - - - - ... .... . +........ ..... ILarge JMEAN 1 1 1(GE 50) I 1 14.001 7633.5771 128226.64! 2116911.211 59.56(1 3.61: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- ----. . Table F5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Communication, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - I IC (A) I I I I I I Capital Cost- I lNotorcycLesl tB) ( (C) | CD) | CE) I N otorcycle for I NLber of 1 for I All IMchinery &I A/B I A/C Communication Firms MNessengers I VehicLes I Equipment 1 (percent) I (percent) I I- - --------------....- ..-............. .4...... 4. ---- 4---I----- IThree tALt IKEAN 64.001 3443.051 133136.631 3940560.361 2.591 0.091 IR gIrxn I-------- +----~-----+----------- +-----------------------+----------- +----------- ----------- I Ismil iAn I I I I I I I tILT 50) I 1 21.001 2169.051 22777.051 112536.571 9.521 1.931 ---------- ........... --------------- +---- +- - - - Large IMEAN I lGCE 50) I 43.001 4065.231 187033.16! 5810060.351 2.171 0.071 --.-- ..- ............ - 4. +- + -. +-+-+-+- ++ I Jakarta IALL IMEAN 1 34.001 4625.881 142013.761 5964286.471 3.261 0.081 5 I-4. - +. - +-4.--- -------- I ISmaL1 IMEAN I I I 1 a tS"ll l"ES I ~ ~I I I ICLT 50) 1 11.001 2700.001 21210.731 98713.731 12.731 2.741 1-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ (G ,r0) , I 23.001 5546.961 199789.131 8769560.391 2.781 0.061 -- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - +---------- +-- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - IBotabek |All IMEAN 1 20.001 2485.001 153762.301 2336699.101 1.621 0.111 ISmaIl 'MEAN I I I tILT 50) 1 I 6.001 1308.331 19833.331 105123.171 6.601 1.245 ILarge IMEAN 0 I * tCGE 50) 1 14.001 2989.291 211160.431 3293088.791 1.42| 0.091 +- - - - +-- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - IS mrans All IMEAN i 10.001 1337.501 61703.00: 267614.101 2.171 0.501 1----- ------------ ---------------F---------+-----------+---- -------+----__ _ + _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ __ | ~ S=at ll MEAN 0CLT 50) 1 1 4.001 2000.001 31500.001 161669.501 6.351 1.241 * 4 . 4.~~~~~~-------------------------------. -...4. . 4. -.. - Large IMEAN 0 0 0 0 (GCE 50) 1 1 6.001 895.831 81838.331 338243.831 1.091 0.261 ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- Table F6. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equipment), Indonesia - Average Current 'Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - ............................................................................. Capital Cost - , I I (B) IMC) | Private Crmmication N umber of I (A) Radio-IMachinery &I A/B I * (Radio eqipant) I Firw I Equipmnt Equipment t (percent) ----- ................. lThre IALL IMEAN 11 35.001 2892.141 2867495 971 0.10: IRegiows I- --------+....------------ I ISaLL IEAN I II I I iCLT 50) I | 5.001 1850.001 142250.201 1 301 I ILarne INEAN I I' I !(GE 50) I | 30.00w1 3065.831 3321703.601 0.09! ---.-.-- 4--------.---------4-----------+-----------4+...-...+----------- lJakerts SAIL IMEAN 4.001 3062.501 389687.751 0.79" I - 4 .-.--- ----.-.-.4........... ------ .-..----------- SaLL IMEAN I I I I I |tLT 50) 1 1 2.001 2625.001 279375.501 0.941 I ... . +.. . ............... ---I i JLarge IMEAN i * I I I lGCE 50) 1 1 2.001 3500.001 500000.001 0.701 I ..... . . . ,I IBotabek |ALI INEAN 1 25.001 2953.001 2987289.481 0.101 1SmLL INEAN I 1 5 2. 1CLT 50) I 2.001 1200.001 51250.001 2.34: I---.-----. 4. I ILarge IMEAN I i : I ICGE 50)1 1 23.001 3105.431 3242597.261 0.101 I '--- +---------- ----- F-------7- ---------- ---------- ----------+ -----------@ 'SaarangALL INEAN 1| 6.001 2525.001 4020228.501 0.061 A -- ---- .... ... .. . . . . . .. . . . . .... .. . . . . . . . . . . Samll MKEAN I I tCLT 50) 1 1.001 1600.001 50000.00: 3.201 ,.I - . ..-. ... ......-..I-------------------- Large IMEAN 1I I '(GE 50) 1 | 5.001 2710.001 4814274.201 0.061 Table F7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - I Capital Cost - | ' (A) 1 (3) 1 (C) D(D) |(E) Private Transportation I Number of i Vehicles I ALL MNachinery &1 A/B | A/C I for Garbage Disposal I Firm Ifor Carbage( Vehicles I Equipment 1 (percent) I (percent) ------------- -- ------------F---- ----.... +......- - ...... - +-------------- ---- - -- +-.---- -------.- +-- - --- -- --- lThrae ALL IMEAM 1 11.001 6181.821 229909.09120852323.911 2.691 0.031 Regionr I--------+---------+-----------+----------------------+-----------+----- -- iCmaL50 IMEAN I1 -- IIIII l(LT 50) I I 1.001 1500.001 4500.001 6000.001 33.331 25.001 I.; .. .. . . . . .......... .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. .. .. . ............ Largeo lAli I A -I I 1(CE 50) I I 10.001 6650.001 252450.00122936956.301 2.631 0.031 I + ++.... ...... ....... +...... +...... +------------------ +... ....... 1 lJakarta tAlL NWEAN 1 4.001 10500.001 480750.00146029868.251 2.181 0.021 1 ----- .. -- +.----- +- I 1Large INEAN 1 1 1 1 1(GE 50) 1 4.001 10500.001 480750.00146029868.251 2.18 0.021 ----------------------4 - +---4-------------- ------4+-----------+-----------.4----------------------- Ilotabek SAIL INEAN 1 4.001 4000.001 110000.001 7360664.501 3.641 0.051 SnaLl INEAN I 1 1 1 1 | 1CLT 50) 1 1 1.001 1500.001 4500.001 6000.001 33.331 25.001 I I ...~~~~~~........... +----- ......-----4---- ........... ---- .... -------- I----------- +----------- O-----------I |Large INEAN 1 1 *I 1(GE 50) 1 3.00: 4833.331 145166.671 9812219.331 3.331 0.05' --------+--------- --------- -------------------------------4-++-----------+---------------------- SemareAngALL IMEAN 3.001 3333.331 55333.331 5271144.001 6.02: 0.06' I----------------------------4 - 4-_. . ----. . ILarge IMEAN J '(GE 50) 3.00 3333.331 55333.331 5271144.00 6.02[1 0.06 ------. ...-..--------.....-.... ...--------................ ..-..-.... ...................................... ........-...---...-..------------.... . Table F8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Indonesia - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Rupiah - ! TotaL ,(B) I Capital Cost - I I Private , Total C(c) Total INumber of Infrastruc-I Capitat I A/B I Private Infrastructure Firmaeo tures I Stock t (percant) i__ ....... . -- - - - - -- - - - - - +.. . . .. ... .. . .. +.. . ... .. .. ... . +. .. .... IThre r Atl INEAN 273.001 '32814.961 2750719.921 15.731 'Regfons I--------+---------- -----------+-----------------------+------------- ISmi1 IMEAN I a a ! ICLT 50) 1 88.001 50255.501 403045.231 12.471 'Large JEA ! IL r(GE 50) - I '185.001 614789.181 3867451.661 15.901 .. . ... .. . . +... ... . ... . . .. +.. . . . . +-- - - - - +.. .. .. . |Jakarta IAil INEAN 1 128.001 202637.831 2274573.971 8.91, I- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- ----- .. . . . . --- --- -- Ismail INEAN ICLT 50) 1 a 4.001 37909.521 406813.70: 9.321 t 1 ~-------+------4-------------+-----------4----------- - -- aLarge IuEA&I I , I ,(GCE 50) 1 582.001 295046.391 3322341.931 8.88U a - +-----__-_________- ----------- -+--- - - - - - a-----------t IBotabek IAll INEAN .1 104.001 781407.501 3792350.171 20.601 - a- + -4 ---- ----------- .......................-I S=ILL IME I I t a 1(LT 50) 1 1 31.001 49586.161 251464.551 19.721 ------------------------a------------ t , + +- + ................ ........ ,~~~a a a ILarge IMEAN I I I a a a ,(GE 50) 1 1 73.001 1092180.951 5296013.931 20.621. ---------------------------a---- -.- - --------I ISemaranalAll IMEAN I 41.001 267181.981 1595040.271 16.75,1 a ---- - --- I--- +------- +--- -a------------------------------- t t ISmall IMEAN 1 : , I(LT 50) 1 11.001 103770.451 814468.09, 12.741 a iLarge IKEAN- +- --- a CGE 50) 1 1 30.001 327099.53; 1881250.071 17.391 -- - - - - -- - - - - --.- - - -- - .- -- - - - - -- - - - -- - -.- Table F9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Indonesia (Rupiah per Cubic Meter) I Owtn Water Production 1 Fixed IVariabLe 1 Total 1 * (1000 cubic mter) j Cost m JCost ! 1 Cost: I -------------------- +- lThree IALL 1MEAN 1 355.62601 1365.40931 1721.03531 IReuionht ---------------------------------------- I'm 0 | N 174.00001 174.0000' 174.0000 0 1 - 9IMEAN | 575.40231 2386.45190 2961.85421 g ; t _ _ _ _ _ _+........................ .. .. .. .+.. . + * I~~~~~~~~~~~ |IN j 93.00001 93.00001 93.0000: 110 - 49,KEAN 1 151.08701 301.25501 452.34211 * I , I_ _ ..s...+.+................. + £ g gIN | 47.00001 47.00001 47.000,0 I #50 - 99IEAN I 41.8758| 6Z.7036| 104.57941 I I ,---'--''+''--+I---------I------ I l gN 1 14.00001 14.00001 14.00001 1 {100-499KEAN - 61.4521: 49 1991 111.2419, I I------- ------------------------------- I IN 1 11.00001 11.0000: 11.00001 O---+- ----+----------- - - I 1500-9:99MEAN 1 0.5360: 15.30411 15.84011 I-4-4----I * IN 1, 3.00001 3.00001 3.00001 11000- IMEAN 1 0.26321 1.79251 2.0557| lover 1---------------------------------------- I * IN 1 6.00001 6.00001 6.00001 i/ Armualized capital value of artesien welts and accessories. / bInclude fueL, maintenance, parts, nd Labor. Table F1 0. Average Cost of Own Electric Power Generation by Size of Own Electricity Production, Indonesia (Ruplah per kWh) ~~~~...... .......... .. ........................................ I Own Electric Production 5 Fixed JVariable I Total I 5 (1000 kWh) I Cost ' lCostt I Cost I ,--- ---- ---- - I 5Three 5ALL PE"lM 1 2762.16991 1520.40441 42825743' |R .... ... +.. ... .. +. . . . . . . . . . I 1 tb 5 182.00001 182.00001 182.00005 1 -4~ ~~.-.....4.-.......... 10 - 45NEAM I 4611.23371 3479.87501 8091.10871 -- + ------.- 4.......... -, I IN 1 48.00001 48.00001 48.00001 5 55 - 91MEAN I 4598.52351 1740.84911 6339.37261 5 --------- -- +.....................- 5 1 IN 1 26.00001 26.00001 26.00001 a a - + -4.. .. . -.. ... .-. . . . .. - - -- - 5 5 a ---------- 110 - 19IMEAN 1 3557.67481 1003.05411 4560.72901 5 5*------ --- ----a-....... 1 5 IN 1 21.00001 21.00001 21.00001 * ~ ~ ~ - - - - - - - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - -I 5 120 - 49IMEAN 1 877.24601 587.22321 1464.46925 -5N 5I 5 26.00001 26.00001 26.00001 ---------- +------ + -------......I 5 50 - 99IHEAN 1 3580.99551 796.85491 4377.8503: 5 5 ~~1-------------------------------- 5 5 IN 1 15.00001 15.00005 15.00001 +----------------4- 4---I------ 1100-1990MEAN 1 411.71361 587.11541 998.8290' 5 ..... + ---- -----+------- - -5 1 5 19.00005 19.00001 19.00001 .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . +-- - - - - - - - - - 1 j P00-499N1EAN 5 372.45091 715.70941 1088.16041 IN I 4.00001 4.00001 4.0000 1 5~~~~~~..... +........ -------- 5 1500-999IMEAN 1 47.54661 91.1408: 138.6a741 ------+-----+------ I IN" 10.00005 10.00005 10.00001 a I A I + f . 11000- fNEAN I 16.808m8 97.72901 114.53791 11999 1- 5 I IN 1 3.00005 3.00001 3.00001 5-a a - *.-.-------------------- :2000- IMEAN I 74.13311 91.01455 165.14771 t lover I---------+--------------------------- 5 a IN 1 10.00001 10.00001 10.00001 .. .... .. .................................................... ... ..... . A/ Aziuatlized capital vaLue of genrators en accessories. Include fuel, mintenance, parts, end labor. Table GI. Capital Cost of Private Power Generation, Thailand - Average Current Market Value in 1000 Baht - i 11 O, t8) 1 (C) | CD) Capital Cost - I Nuter of 1 (A) 1 Other IMachinery &£ (A+B)/C Private Power Ceneration I Firms Generators lFacitities I Equipment I (percent) I----------------------4-.---+-- ---I jThree JALL IEAN 1 17.001 1055.291 5568a82: 129417.351 512I lRegions I-- - ---------------- +----------- ----------- I .IIaL I1M 1 1 1 0 (LT 50) 1 | 2.001 150.00| 650.001 1100.001 7273| ---------------- ........ ................................. ..................... +---------+---...------,I Large 10 (CGE 50)1 is 15 001 1176.001 6224.67: 146526.331 5.051 ~~~~......... .......... + +....... .................... +.. . +. ....... +.... SengkokALt ----- la"EA 1 5.001 774.001 720.001 81000.001 1 841 I; .............. --------4---------4----o------+-----------+----------- L go jam I I~ 14001III JCGE L 0) re |" 5.00 7747001 0o.oo0 81000.001 1.841 --------------------------------------------------------------------------+-- ---------- IMetrapo-IALL jNEA I 8.00 515.00: 8650.00: 2080m0.O 4.41' S'"II- 1 - I-III SmaLL 10A ICLT 50) Ioo 1:00 50.001 W0 00 o1200.00: 70 B -- - --- -- - ------------ +---------F--------------------------------------_+___ ___ ___ Large ',EAN 9 | 1(GE 50) I 7.001 581L431 9771.431 237554.291 4.36: lworth IALL INEAN I 4.001 2487.501 5467.501 32753.751 24.291 I I . I .+.. eSmiLt 'KEAN 11 71 1 |CLT 50) 1 | 1.001 250.001 500.00 1000o 00o 75o00o |Large MNEAN 1(GE 50) I | 3.001 3233.331 7123.33: 43338.33: 23.90: .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . ........... ..................... ... . . . . . . . Table G2. Capital Cost of Private Water Supply, Thailand - Average Current Market Value in 1000 Baht - . ........................... ... .......... ..................... .... ....... . I I I (C) I (C) I (D) Capital Cost - N umber of I (A) I Other INachfn*ry £1 (A+B)/C Private Water SippIy Firm I BorehoLes IFacilities I Equipumnt I (percent) I ----------------------------------- +------ +------ I IThroe lAli ImEA I 73.001 486.921 620.471 68655.291 1.611 IRegiors I--------.-.......------------- .----------+-----------+-----------+----------- I 1S=tl INEAN I I I I 0|LT 50) | | 17.001 19.821 33.531 1472.351 3.62 I- I ILnrge INEAN I I 1 1 I I I 1(6E 50) | 1 56.001 628.711 798.641 89050.111 1.60| 1--------- --- +............................. +...... O I5Barkok 1ALL lMEAN I 8.001 857.501 1004.371 131093.131 1.421 1 --- --- -- --- --- -- +.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . +--- --- -- I IL.er ge t j i I O -1t(GE 50) I | 8.001 857.501 1004.371 131093.131 1.421 ............... +.............. ..--+................ +......... +................ 11 IN*tropo- Alt I"MEAN I 26.001 1044.191 1354.921 135205.921 1.77' ,,li{t&n I. . . . +-- - - - +........ ....... ........ ....... . .-- -- - - +------------. I |S=ll INEAI ' 1(LT 50) 1 I 1.001 53.001 170.001 1200.001 18.581 t(rge 50 E) I IO 10 O I (--E 50) | - 25.001 1083.84- 1402.321 140566.161 1.770 ------ +.+..+. .. ... . +............ +................................. 1 'North JALL ,MEAN 1 39.001 39.381 52.081 11480.441 0.801 ICL 50) I EAN 1 ' 7 '75 -(L7 5 16.001 17.75- 25.001 1489.381 2.87,1 I_; ---------------------------------------------------- +----------- +............ * Large 'MEAN 0- 0CGE 50) 1 23.001 54.43, 70.911 18430.741 0.681 …......................... --------------------------------------------------- Table G3. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Shipment, Thailand - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Baht - I CA) 1 CapitaL Cost - I V hictes (S) I CC) I (D) (E) Private Transportation MNumer of I for I ALL Machirwry &I A/B A/C I for Shipment I Firm I Shipment VehicLes Equipment I (percent) I (percent) I ............................ ........ ....................... I ----+-----------+...........-+-----------+------''-''' Thr | JAILL IEAN I 242.001 2038.161 2593.98I 35908.24I 78.571 5.68I Region& ---------------------+------------ ----------- ----------------------- -----------I CLT 50) I I 87.001 822.301 822.301 2869.841 100.001 28.651 1----4 ..... --------- - ---------------------------------------- ---4 ---4 - 4--------- | IL8 go imEA I I 11 I ICGE 50) 1 I 155.001 2720.611 3588.401 54452.371 75.821 5.001 -----------------,v +-----+.........,, .. . ... .... . ............ +------------+----- |BengLok lAiL in"E 1 116.001 1595.631 2259.421 20393.241 70.621 7.92,1 1-------- +......... +.................................. +........... +...........-----------| | |LT 50) | 49.001 622.241 622.241, 2191.76,1 100.001 28.391 1 ILarge INEAN I I I i I I - ,(GE 50) 1 I 67.001 2307.511 3456.761 33704.781 66.751 6.851 I------+----- ............4---------+----- ..................-----+-----------------+-----------+-----------+-----------4------------- IMetropo-IALl INEAN I 93.001 2483.141 3070.29: 66628.461 80.881 3.73 iLitan I- ---- + - 4- - +- ISaaLL IME 1 1 I 1 1 ICLT 50) 1 1 20.001 579.001 579.001 5680.001 100.001 10.191 I t-+-t--- ---_ ........... _______,__________,__,_................................... ------ ----------- - -LIrge 51EA0 I I 3 32.1 2.61 80 3.611 ICGE 50) |, 73n.00 3004.821 3752. K4t 83326.671 80.071 3.611 jlorth IAII [MEAN 1 33.001 2339.701 2427.641 3870.611 96.381 60.451 I I + ~~~~~~. ...... ................ ........ ........... .. ........... ..--...---...---...p --- --- SmLL IMEAN 1 1 ' 1 1 I |(LT 50) 1 1 18.001 1637.221 1637.221 1593.331 100.001 102.75: --4-- ----------- -4- --4-- - - -- - -----4-- ------------- | SLarg* INEAN | | | | | |I Cl(E 50) 1 15.001 3182.671 3376.131 6603.331 94.271 48.201 .... .......... ................. ................................... ........................................... Table G4. Capital Cost of, Private Transportation for Workers, Thailand - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Baht - CapitaL Cost - IA) (B) | (C) ( CD) | CE) Private Transportation | hmber of Vehicles s ALL 'Machinery £5 A/B 1 A/C for Workers ' Firms Ifor Workersl Vehicles I Equipment I (percent) : (percent) ............... ....... +............................ +.............. I------ 'Three IALL INEAN 5 28.001 5274.461 9130.711 99656.611 57.771 5.29i iRRegions I--------+--------- -------- ----- -- ------ -- -. .... j(LT0) 5 I 1.00} 200.00} 200.001 200.001 100.001 - 1oo.o I.;...... +........ +...... +...... ...... +.......... Lrge I m I0 1i -Cl(GE 50) I 1 27.001 5462.411 9461.48U 103340.191 57.731 5.291 . ........... + ....... +...... + ........... *.... . ..... + .. +.+........ ... .... ............ +....I Bangkok IAII IMEAN I 10.001 8313.001 11760.501 70220.001 70.691 11.4' i----------------------- +------ .+ ..................... +-------- +-....--------+ SmL L IMEA 1 I E I I ICLT 50) I 1 1.00| 200.00, 200.001 200.001 100.00| 100.001 i I----4 ..................... -.4................--.-.4..---- .. .. .. .. . I.......... ------- |Large 1MEAi I I I -'tCGE 50) 1 1 9.001 9214.441 13045.001 78000.001 70.641 11.811 i--------F---------+................................. +................................... +----------- jNetropo-ALL INEAM 1 13.001 4431.151 9277.311 143035.151 47.761 3.101 Iitan 5--------+--------- .----------- ........-. ....... .....-.....-.... .. --........- I ILarge IMEAN I -1'(GE 50) 1 1 13.001 4431.151 9277.311 143035.151 47.761 3.101 1------------- +--------------- +.... . ................ +-------- +...... I lNorth IALL 1|EAN I 5.001 1390.001 3490.001 45745.601 39.831 3.041 --------------------------------4-.------------------ -----------------------........................ ++.. .. x Large IMEAN I | 1 E '(GE 50) 1 1 5.001 1390.001 3490.001 45745.601 39.831 3.041 ---------------- ................................................. ;...... .... Table G5. Capital Cost of Motorcycles for Messengers, Thailand - Average Current Market Value in 1000 Baht - I I ~~~~~~~~~I(A) 1iia } Capital Cost- | iMatorcycles (C) ! CC) CD) | (E) Motorcycle for N humber of for I All Ilachirery &£ A/B A/C Communication i Firm fflesmsngers I Vehicles I Equipment 1 (percent) (percent) ---------------------------,,,+,,, + ............................. +------------- |Three jAIL MEAN | 63.00:1 95.65t 4157.62 64069.591 2.301 0.15' 3S MIEAM : : I : I 3 5(LT 0) I I 10.001 53.101 2325.001 1800.001 2.281 2.95j __ _. +. _+++........... . .. . . . . .. . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ; Large 'MMB i11 11 3 l(GE 50) I 1 53.001 103.68 4503.401 75818.571 2.301 0.141 --------+------ - -- -- ---------------- ---- - -- - ----- --------------F- ----- -- - ---- - --- -- ----4-- -----------I liaBwekok IALI mEAN 33.001 146.851 3213.941 48374.241 4.571 0.301 I '----------------->------------------- ---------------------------------- * ISll IMEAN I I i |LT 50) I | 7.001 61.431 1064.291 2000.00| 5.77T 3.07j Large IMEAN j G(GE 50)1 26.001 169.853 3792.693 60859.621 4.481 0.283 .. .. .. .. . .... .. .. .--+-------+---------+--r-------+-------------------------------------------- flKetropo-lAtt 'MEAN 1 17.001 39.351 5928.241 139763.761 0.661 0.031 :titan 1-+------------------ ILarge IMEAN 1 '(GE 50) 1 1 17.001 39.351 5928.241 139763.761 0.661 0.03: 1----------- ..4.............. -+- + INorth IAII INEAN 1 13.001 39.311 4237.691 4926.921 0.931 0.801 I(LT 50) 1 1 3.001 33.671 5266.671 1333.331 0.641 2.52: l l + +.. .. .. .. .. .. ... ...... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . |Large U IEAN 1 1 1 1(GE 50) 1 1 10.001 41.001 3929.001 6005.001 1.041 0.681 …-- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - Table G6. Capital Cost of Private Communication (Radio-Equipment), Thailand - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Baht - Capital Cost - I I I (B) l(C) Private Coumumication Number of I (A) Radio-INachirery &£ A/B I (Radio eqjipeant) 5 Firm IEquipment I Equipment I (percent) _ @ ~~~..........+ + .... ....... ...... Three 5ALL INEAN | 13.001 35.231 253292.231 0.011 IRegions I---------+----- +---_---_ +-_ - I 5Smit INEAN I I ' I I 'ILT 50) I 5 2.001 5.501 400.001 1.37 I I- - - - *- - -- - - - - - -- - - - - -- - - ------ .. .. .. . 5 ILarge 1N0 0 1 I I I 1(CGE 50) 5 11.005 40.641 299272.641 0.011 I- - - - - - -- - - - - - - .. . . . . . . . . . . +.. . . . . +..... .... lBarwkok IALL tNEAN 1 2.001 47.501 41622.501 0.111 5- -+- --+----- 5Large IMEAN I I ' ' 5 5(GE 50) 5 1 2.001 47.501 41622.501 0.111 IMetropo-IALL IMEAN 1 5.001 51.005 636570.805 0.011 ILitan I------ +--------+-------------+---------------------- ----------- ILarge IMEAN I t 5 C(GE 50) 1 5.005 51.001 636570.805 0.015 5Iorth 5ALt IKEAN .6.005 18.00: 4450.00: 0.401 1 1 . +-- -- -------------------------- 1 ISmaLL INEAN 1 5 1 1 JCLT 50) 1 1 2.00: 5.501 400.00: 1.371 5- - - 4---+ ------------------ Large .) EAN I I5 !(GE 50)J 5I 4.001 24.251 6475.00o 0.37ol .......................... *1.........................................0371............ ......... .. Table G7. Capital Cost of Private Transportation for Garbage Disposal, Thailand - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Baht - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~........ ............... ..... . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . Icapitac cost- j (A) i(B) | (C) |D) |(E). Private Transportation 1Ntter of I Vehicles All Iachinery L A/B I A/C for Garbage Disposal I Firm Ifor Carbagel Vehicles I Equipment I (percent) 1 (percent) I --------------------------- __ _+__-__ ___+--_--------+-------------------+----------- +----*-------- - - l IThree All A IEAN I 3.001 217.331 1334.001 25333.331 16.29°1 0.86 !Regionr I---------------- - - + + -- Large MEAN I I I l(GE 50) 1 I 3.001 217.331 1334.001 25333.331 16.29,1 0.861 -4.- -4. - 4.-------+------ ---------------------. -- 4--------- jNorth lAII I EAN 1 3.001 217.331 1334.001 25333.331 16.29t 0.861 Large MREAN I I 1(GE 50) I 1 3.001 217.331 1334.001 25333.331 16.291 0.861 ....- -- . . . - - . . . - . - . . -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - -- - - Table G8. Capital Cost of Total Private Infrastructures, Thailand - Average Current Market Value In 1000 Baht - ............... ........... ............................................ ' I t (A) t Capital Cost - I Total t) I Total t Private Total (CC) Private Infrastructure boer of InfrastrL1c- Cppitecen 3 i ~~~~~ ~ ~~Firms tures Stocka (percent) - ------------....................................... +. ... .......................... 'Three IIALt IEAN 1 279.001 3032.151 38913.761 7.79I IRegions --------+-.....................-..........+.......................| I SmLL 'smal IMEA II I t(LT 50) - 92.001 815.101 3530 -95 23-08I I a + + .... + . . . . . .......... I ILarge IMEAN ' I1 ,'(GE 50) 187.001 4122.891 56321.351 7.321 ..... ..........+.+._ ................................. .. +--------- IBawgkok tALL INEAN I 129.001 2294.571 25662.401 8.941 j(LT 50) 1 - 50.001 622.401 2774.321 22.431 l l~~~~~~~-- - -- - + ....... ... . + .... ...... +++.. ..... .. Large lEAN" 1t1CGE 50) 1 1 79.001 3352.901 40148.531 8.351 i*--------+--------+--'--------- ------ +- ----------_____ + ----------- + ----------- Nmetropo-IALL 'MEAN 1 102.001 4204.741 68561.851 6.131 llitan I-----------------------------.---------------------------------- | IS=aL MNEAN I I(LT 50) 1 20.001 632.651 6259.001 10.111 Large INEAN 1 a a a a I(GE 50) I t 2.001 5075.981 83757.671 6.061 iNorth IAil IKEAN 1 48.001 2522.671 11524.581 21.891 I ......--------... .----------------------------------- ----------- a aSAILl INN 1S m L I t tCLT 50) 1 1 22.001 1418.911 2770.50: 51.211 -------+--------+------- ----------- +---------------- Large IMEAN I I I a a 1(GE 50) 1 1 26.001 3456.621 18931.881 18.261 Table G9. Average Cost of Own Water Supply by Size of Own Water Production, Thailand (Baht per Cubic Meter) ............................................................ I Own Water Production I Fixed lVariable I Total 1 (1000 cubtc meter) I Cost Z ICost Y : Cost I l . . . . .. . . . . +.. .+ ...__ _.. -.+. . .. .. .. . .. .---- ---- IThree 'ALL 'MM 5.50581 54.42521 59.93101 ,Region - - -+ ..................... IN 1 68.00001 68.00001 68.0000: ------------------------- ------------------------I I - I . +-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ , - 9:NEAN : 9.96031 97.49451 107.4548: I .. .. .. . .+ .. .. . .. .. .. . INI 0" 1 26.00001 26.00001 26.00001 -------------------- | '10 - 491HEN 1, 4.19771 63.16101 67.35871 * : : +-++ IN 1 16.00001 16.0000: 16.00001 I--------------- ----------------------------- |t50 - 99'IEAN A 5.1775' 10.33091 15.5084! IN 1, l5.00001 5.00001 5.00001 I - +-.........-I............................ - 1100-499IKEAN ' 2.37390 10.1799: 12.5538: l I | ~~~... .... *+.............+. ........... I I I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ * IN 8.00001 8.00001 8.00001 .. .. . .. . .. .. . ............................... . ' 1500-999m'EAN 1 0.68711 3.76751 4.45461 1 I -- -- - -- -- - -- - +---- ---- IN 1 4.0000: 4.00001 4.0000: I 11000- IKEAN 1 0.07061 0.81301 0.68351 I aover I--------------------- - + I IN 1 9.0000: 9.00001 9.00001 .... ......................................... IV Amualized capitel value of artesian welLs and accessories. 12/ Include fuel, maintenance, parts, and Labor. I Policy Research Working Paper Series Contact Title Author Date for paper WPS1585 Public Finances and Economic Luca Barbone March 1996 C. Pelegrin Transition Hana Polackova 85087 WPS1586 Did External Barriers Cause the Azita Amjadi March 1996 S. Lipscomb Marginalization of Sub-Saharan Ulrich Reincke 33718 Africa in World Trade? Alexander Yeats WPS1587 Payments and Finance Problems Constantine April 1996 M. de la Puente in the Commonwealth of Michalopoulos 31206 Independent States WPS1588 Social Insurance in the Transition Deborah Mabbett April 1996 L. Biely to a Market Economy: Theoretical 36280 Issues with Application to Moldova WPS1589 The Analysis of Emerging Policy Sudarshan Gooptu April 1996 R. Vo Issues in Development Finance 31047 WPS1590 The Latvian Banking Crisis: Alex Fleming April 1996 S. Coffey Lessons Learned Samuel Talley 32535 WPS1591 Competition in Network Industries Michael Klein April 1996 S. Vivas 82809 WPS1592 The Stockmarkets as a Source of Cherian Samuel April 1996 C. Samuel Finance: A Comparison of U.S. and 30802 Indian Firms WPS1593 Rural Finance for Growth and Poverty Saeed Qureshi April 1996 C. Anbiah Alleviation Ijaz Nabi 81275 Rashid Faruqee WPS1594 Why Have Some Indian States Done Gaurav Datt April 1996 P. Sader Better Than Others at Reducing Martin Ravallion 33902 Rural Poverty? WPS1595 In Search of Owners: Lessons of Cheryl W. Gray April 1996 M. Geller Experience with Privatization and 31393 Corporate Governance in Transition Economies WPS1596 Agrarian Structure in Poland: The Johan van Zyl April 1996 M. Williams Myth of Large-Farm Superiority Bill R. Miller 87297 Andrew Parker WPS1597 Egypt and the Uruguay Round Bernard Hoekman May 1996 F. Hatab Arvind Subramanian 35835 WPS1598 Logistical Constraints on Francois Amiot May 1996 L. Lewis International Trade in the Maghreb Ovadia Salama 37369 Policy Research Worxing Paper Series Contact Title Author Date for paper WPS 1599 Economic Implications for E urkey Glenn W. Harrison May 1996 M. Patena of a Customs Union with the Thomas F Rutherford 39515 European Union David G. Tarr WPS 1600 Is Commodity-Dependence Nanae Yabuki Mav 1996 G. liogon Pessimism Justified? Critical Takamasa Akiyama 33732 Factors and Government Policies that Characterize Dynamic Cormmodity Sectors WPS1601 The Comestic Benefits of Tropical Kenneth M Chornitz May 1996 PRDEI F orests: A Critical Review Kanta Kumari 80513 Emphasizing Hydrological Functions WPS1632 Program-Based Pollution Control Shakeb Afsah May 1996 A. Williams Management: The Indones;an Benoit Laplante 37176 PROKAS!H Program Nabiel Makarim VW'PS 1603 Infrastructure Bottleniecks, F-rivate Alex Anas May 1996 S. Ward Provision, and lndustriai Productivity. Kyu Sik Lee 31707 A Study of Indonesiar and Thai Michael Muriay (,ities WPS1604 Costs of Infrastructure Deficiencies Kyu Sik Lee May 1996 S. Ward in Manufacturing in Indonesoa, Alex Anas 31707 Nigeria. and Thailand Gi-Taik Oh WPS1605 VVhy Manufacturinig Firms Produce Kyu Sik Lee May 1996 S. Ward Some Electricity Internallv Alex Anas 31707 Satyendra Verma Michael Murray 'NPS1606 The Benefits of Alternative Powei Alex Anas May 1996 S. Ward Tariffs for Nigeria and Indonesia Kyu Sik Lee 31707