CREDITS © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. 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CREDITS CONTENT World Bank Group Horacio Terraza — Lead Urban Specialist Maria Beatriz Orlando — Lead Social Development Specialist Letter from World Bank 7 Carina Lakovits — Urban Development Consultant Executive Summary 8 Vanessa Lopes Janik — Social Development Consultant Anna Kalashyan — Young Professional Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 13 External Consultant Eva Kail — External Peer Reviewer and Consultant, City 1.1 Objectives of this Handbook 14 of Vienna Strategic Planning Unit 1.2 Important Definitions 16 1.3 How to use this Hanbook 21 Kounkuey Design Initiative Chelina Odbert — Author Joe Mulligan — Author Chapter 2 WHY GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN? 25 Rosie Jewell — Author 2.1 History of Gender in Modern Urban Planning and Design 26 Sabrina Ohler — Author Lauren Elachi — Author 2.2 Gender in Urban Planning and Design Today 29 Naria Kiani — Author Shirley Rempe — Author 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment 30 Paola Méndez — Research 2.4 The Bottom Line: Why Should We Care About Gender in 47 Keana Flores — Research Planning and Design? Eric Riley — Research Adriana Carías — Graphic Design 2.5 The Opportunity: What Could a Gender-Inclusive City Look Like? 48 Nina Raj — Graphic Design Scott Shinton — Graphic Design Chapter 3 FOUNDATIONS OF GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING 51 AND DESIGN 3.1 Goals of Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design 52 3.2 Key Commitments for Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design 55 Chapter 4 PROCESS, PLAN AND PROJECT GUIDELINES 59 4.0 Introduction to the Guidelines 61 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 62 4.2 Planning and Project Guidelines 90 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines 95 4.2.2 Project Guidelines 129 Chapter 5 CASE STUDIES 167 5.0 Case Studies 168 Chapter 6 CONCLUSION AND FURTHER RESOURCES 195 6.1 Conclusion: Looking Forward 196 6.2 Further Resources 198 6.3 Reference List 199 6.4 Image Credits 208 “He’s just a baby… sometimes it takes a while before somebody offers me a seat. The bus takes too long and I have him in my arms, together with my purse, shopping bags… It’s all very complicated.” Woman from Recife, Brazil (ITDP, 2018) LETTER FROM WORLD BANK “It was about 7pm when I had gotten to the latrine only to encounter a group of four young men. I shouted, asking them to leave me, and I could Closing gaps between men and women, boys and girls is central to the feel them undress me and one of them say that they would teach me a sustainable development goals, and achieving gender equality is a core lesson on why I should not be out at that time...” tenet within the World Bank Group’s mission of achieving prosperity for all. However, across development sectors, progress in closing gaps Woman from Nairobi, Kenya (Amnesty International, 2010) has been uneven and in some sectors, such as financial inclusion, even stagnant. Grasping and grappling with the complexities of gender norms, outdated institutional policies, and discriminatory laws and regulations — as documented, for instance, in Women, Business, and the Law — can be a daunting challenge. Urban planning and design practitioners are not immune “I’ll go out to a park and I’m not trying to be the center of attraction, like they’re straight and they’re not really looking at you… so I feel really to these issues — in fact, their disciplines have historically helped reinforce uncomfortable just trying to strike a conversation with a straight person unequal gender roles and responsibilities, with adverse consequences on because they don’t know where I’m coming from or they might take me mobility, access to key assets and public spaces, and safety for women, girls, offensive.” and sexual and gender minorities in cities around the world. Nonetheless, the role that today’s urban planners and designers, alongside cities and Transgender woman of color from Los Angeles, USA (Wendel, 2017) community members, can play in promoting gender equality is significant. After all, urban planning and design decisions shape the very environment we live in. “In public spaces and in the street, the city is very dangerous. There are This handbook aims to illuminate the relationships between gender gangs, robberies, assaults; you can be kidnapped, followed, sexually inequality, the built environment, and urban planning and design; and to lay harassed, [and] raped. Walking in the streets is dangerous, especially in out a menu of simple, practicable processes and best practices for urban desolate areas; it is more dangerous at night when there is low light.” planning and design projects that build more inclusive cities – for men and women, for those with disabilities, and for those who are marginalized and Young girl from Lima, Peru (UN-HABITAT, 2013) excluded. The work is the result of a collaborative process between experts from the Urban, Infrastructure, Social Development, and Gender units within the World Bank Group, and external experts with extensive experience in participatory urban planning and design. Covering a comprehensive array of plan and project typologies and providing case studies from diverse contexts “There are pay-and-use toilets built outside the Chawl which charge two around the world, we hope this handbook will be an invaluable source of rupees for each use. Sometimes, when we are sick, it becomes really practical guidance and inspiration for World Bank Task Team Leaders as difficult for us to pay every time. The open drainage flows right outside well as consultants and clients across all World Bank regions. each hut, so small children use the drainage, but for me as a woman, it is very difficult at night, so we have to hold everything ‘till the morning arrives.” Caren Grown, Senior Director of Gender Woman from Jai Bhawani Chawl, Mumbai, India (COHRE, 2008) Sameh Wahba, Global Director for the World Bank's Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience and Land Global Practice “I have no house now. Everything was lost to river erosion… I could not afford to buy food. He [my husband] left us, telling us that he was going abroad… he never returned. This kid was in my womb back then while he left us.” Woman from Dhaka, Bangladesh (Joungn, 2019) World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 6 7 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Executive Summary Executive Summary Why Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Matter • Demonstrate the ways in which gender inequities intersect with urban planning and design, with clear, digestible summaries of the negative impacts for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities Urban planning and design quite literally shape the environment around us — and that environment, in turn, shapes how we live, work, play, move, and rest. As such, • Make the clear economic case for addressing inequity and incorporating gender the processes of planning and design have a direct relationship with the structures and inclusion into urban planning and design behaviors that define our societies, often both reflecting and reinforcing the inequities within them. While it is almost universally understood that women, girls, people with disabilities, • Highlight the need to consider gender inclusion in an intersectional way, especially and sexual and gender minorities face significant social and economic disadvantages when taking into account sexual orientation and gender identity, ability, and age compared with able-bodied, cisgender, heterosexual men, what is still not fully understood and accepted among many planning and design practitioners is exactly how conditions in the built environment — and the lack of diversity in the voices shaping it — feed into and perpetuate gender inequity. How Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design are Done In general, cities work better for heterosexual, able-bodied, cisgender men than they • Set out overarching commitments to guide gender-inclusive planning and design do for women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities. Key processes toward meaningful, effective outcomes and long-term improvements in the aspects of the built urban environment – related to access, mobility, safety and freedom status of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from violence, health and hygiene, climate resilience, and security of tenure – create • Provide practicable methodologies, activities, and good practices for incorporating and disproportionate burdens for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and elevating the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in participatory abilities, thus exacerbating and reinforcing existing gender inequities. Faced with challenges planning and design processes ranging from transportation services that prioritize commuting over caregiving, to the lack of lighting and toilets in public spaces, many feel inconvenienced, ill-at-ease, and unsafe in • Give clear, specific design guidelines, appropriate for and adaptable to all regions, for a the urban environment. These issues stem largely from the absence of women, girls, and range of planning and project typologies carried out by the World Bank sexual and gender minorities in planning and design decisions, leading to assumptions around their needs and the encoding of traditional gender roles within the built environment. The handbook has been written to support World Bank staff, clients, contractors, and consultants involved in implementing projects within the Bank’s urban development Over the past few decades, theorists and practitioners have begun to ask: how might portfolio. It may also be a valuable resource for external practitioners seeking to take we design and plan cities that work well for everyone? What would such a city look concrete steps toward a more gender-inclusive approach. like, and how would we go about creating it? However, with women and sexual and gender minorities still largely excluded from both the professional fields of planning and design, Gender biases in the built environment contribute directly to gendered social and and from public decision-making processes around urban development, answering these economic inequities, feeding into the systemic oppression of women, girls, sexual and questions in practical terms continues to pose a significant challenge. gender minorities, and those with disabilities. Faced with such a built environment, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities often: The Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design aims to fill the gap between gender-inclusive policy and practice, and respond to the historic exclusion • Struggle to access gainful employment, education and other basic human endowments of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from the processes of urban planning and design. It clearly presents the economic and social case for gender inclusion • Struggle to accumulate wealth and achieve economic independence in urban planning and design and provides practical guidelines on how to implement gender- • Spend more on basic services inclusive planning and design projects. In particular it seeks to fulfill the following objectives: • Have fewer social freedoms — hindering them from building social networks to cope with risk, stress, and shock • Struggle to exercise agency in public decision-making, including decisions that shape the built environment World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 8 9 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Executive Summary Executive Summary However, the social and economic costs of gender inequity in the built environment also point to a critical opportunity. If planning and design processes become more gender-inclusive, and the built environment more accessible, connected, safe, healthy, GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE NOT... climate resilient, and secure, then women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities will make significant economic and social gains — and contributions to sustainable development — around the world. • Prescriptive: designing and planning for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities instead of with them The ultimate goal of gender-inclusive urban planning and design is to advance gender equity and unlock more inclusive economic and social development. To • An add-on: considering women separately from other beneficiaries achieve this goal, urban planners and designers must include women, girls, and sexual and project goals; failing to connect the dots or the actors involved and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in planning and design decision-making processes, and work to combat the gendered imbalances in the built environment that • Exclusive: being concerned with the needs of able-bodied women or prevent their full social and economic inclusion. Meeting these goals requires a fundamental female persons alone shift in thinking and approach, and in particular a commitment to participatory processes, integrated approaches, Universal Design, building knowledge and power among under- • Uninformative: operating in a vacuum without engaging with and represented groups; and financial investment. These commitments, summarized below, are contributing to broader knowledge on gender a direct answer to the historic exclusion of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from planning and design, and form the starting point for the practical planning and design • Disempowering: repeating or reinforcing historical imbalances in guidelines in this handbook. representation and agency • Uninvested-in: assuming gender goals are achieved if women are among beneficiaries without investing the required time and resources to follow through • follow through GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE... • Participatory: actively including the voices of women, girls, and sexual The Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design presents clear and and gender minorities practical guidelines for both (i) implementing gender-inclusive planning and design processes; and (ii) creating gender-inclusive plans and projects. The aim of this • Integrated: adopting a holistic, cross-cutting approach that centers breakdown is to provide guidance on both “process” and “product”. The Process Guidelines gender throughout and promotes citizen-city relationship building give guidance on flexible, adaptable actions and activities that can be applied throughout the course of a plan or project development in any context, with a focus: on establishing gender • Universal: meeting the needs of women, girls, and sexual and gender principles; monitoring, evaluation, accountability, and learning; community participation; minorities of all ages and abilities and considerations for project implementation. Included is a menu of seven gender- inclusive engagement activities that will enable project teams to garner community buy-in, • Knowledge-building: seeking out and sharing robust, meaningful new gather qualitative and quantitative data, and co-design solutions with project beneficiaries. data on gender equity The “Planning and Project Guidelines” provide guidance — including good practices and, where possible and applicable, minimum design standards — for the implementation of the • Power-building: growing the capacity and influence of under- following types of plan or project: represented groups in key decisions • Urban Land Management Plans • Neighborhood Development Plans • Invested-in: committing the necessary finances and expertise to follow through on intentional gender equity goals • Metropolitan Development Plans • Informal Neighborhood Upgrading Plans • Master Plans and Integrated Urban • City Climate Action Plans Development Plans • Disaster Risk Management Plans • City Mobility and Transportation Plans • Housing World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 10 11 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Executive Summary • Public Transport, Mobility Infrastructure, • Energy and Road Safety Interventions • Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene • Streetscapes • Solid Waste Management • Public Spaces • Communications and ICT • Basic Urban Services Several cities around the world are making strides in gender-inclusive planning and design, providing valuable learning opportunities and sources of inspiration. Case studies of gender-inclusive projects from these cities show how simple measures to improve access to land can dramatically increase agency and wellbeing; how increasing visibility and participation for disadvantaged groups can promote safety and access to the public realm; how proper planning with a gender lens can ensure the full participation of underrepresented voices; how better representation can yield innovative designs that serve everyone — not just women — better; and how short-term, “stop-gap” measures can complement and even enable long-term strategic efforts to improve gender equity. At the same time, the case studies reveal areas in which gender-inclusive strategies can come up short — from poor monitoring and evaluation to financial under-commitment and a failure to marry simple measures that improve convenience and safety with strategic efforts to challenge gender inequity. Lessons such as these point the way to how project processes and outputs can be improved in the future. Women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities make up more than half of the world’s population. This handbook, a valuable and much-needed addition to the existing literature and resources on gender inclusion, seeks to bring their knowledge and skills, and their needs and desires, to the forefront of urban planning and design. By reimagining and reshaping cities in a more gender-inclusive way, community members, practitioners, and governments can unlock new economic and social opportunities to promote prosperity for all. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 12 13 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Objectives of this 1.1 Objectives of this Handbook Handbook How Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design are Done • Set out overarching commitments to guide gender-inclusive planning and design processes toward meaningful, effective outcomes and long-term improvements in the status of women, Urban planning and design quite literally shape the environment around us — and that girls, and sexual and gender minorities environment, in turn, shapes how we live, work, play, move, and rest. As such, the processes • Provide practicable methodologies, activities, and good practices for incorporating and of planning and design have a direct relationship with the structures and behaviors that define elevating the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in participatory our societies often both reflecting and reinforcing the inequities within. In general, cities planning and design processes work better for heterosexual, able-bodied, cisgender men than they do for women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities. Faced with challenges ranging • Give clear, specific design guidelines, appropriate for and adaptable to all regions, for a range from transportation services that prioritize commuting over caregiving, to the lack of lighting of planning and project typologies carried out by the World Bank and toilets in public spaces, many women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities around the world feel inconvenienced, ill-at-ease, and unsafe in the urban environment. Although Given the persisting critical gaps in gender equality around the world (World Bank, 2015) and the not discussed within the scope of this document, boys and men at risk of homelessness profound impacts of the built environment on everyday life and social relations, there is an urgent or urban gang violence also have particular vulnerabilities that are often overlooked in the need — and opportunity — for urban planning and design to advance better, more equitable process of urban planning and design. Over the past few decades, theorists and practitioners outcomes for people of all genders. This handbook is intended as a “go-to” guide that inspires have begun to ask: how might we design and plan cities that work well for everyone? and equips readers to not only commit to gender-inclusive urban planning and design, but also What would such a city look like, and how would we go about creating it? effectively incorporate it into the development, delivery, and evaluation of all World Bank urban planning and design projects. The World Bank, United Nations, and other key development agencies have long been firmly committed to advancing gender equality. However, key challenges in addressing gender- This handbook has been developed through a series of consultations, focus group discussion, related inequities in the urban built environment remain unsolved, with a clear gap between and desk-level literature and portfolio reviews. It is the product of a collaborative process between policy and practice. Many project managers, clients, and practitioners lack awareness of experts from the Urban, Infrastructure, Social Development, and Gender units within the World the importance of prioritizing gender in development, and do not have the specific, on- Bank Group, and external experts who have extensive experience in participatory urban planning the-ground knowledge or tools to effectively implement gender-inclusive strategies. This is and design. compounded by significant gaps in gender- and sex-disaggregated data to inform project design, implementation, and evaluation; and a tendency to assume, rather than ask, what women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities want. Even the most well-intentioned projects can, as a result of these challenges, end up treating the symptom rather than the cause — accommodating or even reinforcing existing gender inequities rather than WHO IS THS HANDBOOK FOR? challenging them (Moser, 1993; Larsson and Friberg, 1999). This handbook is intended to help fill the clear gap between policy and practice, intention This handbook has been written primarily for three audiences with the aim and action, by showing why and how to incorporate gender inclusion into urban planning of making a clear case for gender-inclusive design and urban planning and and design. In particular, it aims to fulfill the following objectives: providing actionable guidelines for implementation: • World Bank staff involved in designing, managing, delivering, and evaluating urban planning and design projects, particularly Task Team Leaders (TTLs) Why Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Matter • Government clients (municipal, regional, state, national) seeking to implement • Demonstrate the ways in which gender inequities intersect with urban planning and design, urban planning and design projects in their countries with clear, digestible summaries of the negative impacts for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities • Contractors from all regions and at all stages of the project process, from • Make the clear economic case for addressing inequity and incorporating gender inclusion concept note through to final evaluation into urban planning and design Additionally, external design and urban planning practitioners and project co- • Highlight the need to consider gender inclusion in an intersectional way, especially taking into funders may find this handbook a useful resource. account sexual orientation and gender identity, ability, and age World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 14 15 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Important Definitions 1.2 Important Definitions KEY SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Gender-Inclusive CONCEPTS An approach that takes an inclusive view of gender, considering people of all genders Gender Equality and sexualities as well as intersections with KEY SOCIAL CONCEPTS Transgender factors such as race, ethnicity, income, class, Equal rights, responsibilities and Transgender refers to a person whose sex age, and ability, to ensure the voices of Sex opportunities for people of all genders. assigned at birth does not match their gender people of all genders are heard and integral Equality between women and men is seen The biological categories of male, female, identity. The term “trans” is often used as to project design, delivery, and evaluation, both as a human rights issue and as a and intersex to which humans belong, based shorthand. with the goal of promoting gender equity. precondition for, and indicator of, sustainable on sex characteristics and chromosomes. and people-centered development. Here Cisgender Productive Work it should be stressed that gender equality Intersex implies equality for all genders, not just men The production of goods and services for Cisgender or cis (meaning “in alignment and women. consumption or trade, in both employment An umbrella term that refers to people who with” or “on the same side”) people are those have one or more of a range of variations in whose gender identity is in alignment with and self-employment (Moser, 1993). Gender Equity physical sex characteristics that fall outside the sex assigned to them at birth. Reproductive Work of traditional conceptions of male or female Equal outcomes for people of all genders. bodies. Some intersex characteristics are Sexual Orientation Where gender equality implies people of Reproductive work is seen as the chief and identified at birth, while other people may all genders should have the same starting “natural” role of women in many regions and Each person’s enduring capacity for profound not discover they have intersex traits until point of equal rights, responsibilities, and cultures. In addition to physical childbearing, romantic, emotional, and/or physical feelings puberty or later in life. Note that intersex is opportunities, gender equity implies that it includes the care, socialization, and for, or attraction to, person(s) of a particular not synonymous with transgender. they should be enabled to reach an equal maintenance of individuals throughout their sex or gender. It encompasses hetero-, end-point through the provision of benefits, lives to ensure the continuation of society Gender homo- and bi-sexuality and a wide range of resources, and opportunities that meet their to the next generation (Edholm et al., 1978). other expressions of sexual orientation. specific needs. These benefits, resources, Reproductive work is often invisible, not Gender refers to social, behavioral, and Sexual and Gender Minorities and opportunities may be the same or seen as “real” work, and does not have a cultural attributes, expectations, and norms different depending on the specific needs clearly defined start and end (Moser, 1993). associated with being male or female. Persons whose sex, gender, sexual and challenges faced by people of a certain Gender Identity orientation, gender identity and/or gender gender, especially when also taking into Practical Gender Needs expression differ from those of the majority account other factors such as race, ethnicity, Each person’s deeply-felt internal and of the surrounding society. age, ability, income, and class. A concept defined by Caroline Moser individual experience of gender (e.g. of (1993) relating to gender equality and being a man, a woman, in-between, neither, People with Disabilities Gender Mainstreaming development. Practical gender needs or something else), which may or may not are the needs women identify within their People who have mental or physical Gender Mainstreaming is a process that socially accepted roles in society. These correspond with the sex they were assigned impairments that adversely affect their ability to systematically integrates gender perspectives needs arise from the gendered division of at birth or the gender attributed to them by carry out everyday activities on a substantial, into legislation, public policies, programs, labor and women’s subordinate position other people. Note that this sense of self is long-term basis. These impairments can be and projects. This process makes women’s in society, and meeting these needs does not related to sexual orientation. Gender visible or invisible. Disabilities can affect a concerns and experiences an integral not challenge this subordination. Practical identity is internal; it is not necessarily person’s mobility, manual dexterity, physical dimension of the design, implementation, gender needs are a response to immediate visible to others. coordination, continence, ability to lift or carry monitoring, and evaluation of policies and perceived necessity, identified within a Gender Expression objects, speech, hearing, eyesight, memory, programs in all political, economic, and specific context (Moser, 1993). and ability to concentrate, learn, or understand. societal spheres with the goal of achieving The way we show our gender to the world Around 15% of the global population has some gender equality (United Nations, 2002). The Strategic Gender Needs around us, through things such as clothing, sort of disability, and prevalence is higher in World Bank Group’s Gender Group highlights hairstyles, and mannerisms, to name a few. developing countries (WHO, 2011). gender gaps as a good practice version of A concept defined by Caroline Moser (1993) Gender Mainstreaming. relating to gender equality and development. Strategic gender needs are the needs women World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 16 17 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 1.2 Important Definitions 1.2 Important Definitions identify because of their subordinate position general health, safety, and welfare. Planning Participation Participatory Planning and Design to men in their society. Strategic gender does this by creating and assessing plans needs vary according to particular contexts. for the preservation and development of Citizen or community member involvement in The participation of citizens or community They relate to gender divisions of labor, commerce, the environment, transportation, decision-making processes, which enables members in decision-making, joint analysis, power, and control and may include such housing, parks and public spaces, and urban the “have-not” citizens, who are typically visioning, and design of the changes in the issues as land rights, domestic violence, design. excluded from political and economic built environment that affect their lives. It equal wages, and women’s control over processes, to be intentionally included involves the “co-development” or “co-design” their bodies. Meeting strategic gender needs Urban Design in shaping the future in order to share in of plans and physical interventions with helps women to achieve greater equality the benefits of an affluent society. It is the community members and technical experts The physical shaping of the built environment strategy by which the “have-nots” join in to ensure the results meet the needs of the (Moser, 1993). beyond the scale of individual buildings. It is a determining how information is shared, end users. Gender-Based Violence (GBV) multi-disciplinary practice at the intersection goals and policies are set, tax resources of architecture, landscape architecture, are allocated, programs are operated, and An umbrella term for any harmful act that and urban planning that is concerned with benefits like contracts and patronage are is perpetrated against a person’s will and enhancing the quality and functionality of parceled out (Arnstein, 1969). stems from socially ascribed (i.e. gender- urban life, while addressing environmental based) differences between males, females, and economic needs (Wall and Waterman, and people who do not conform with 2010; McHarg, 1992). gender norms. GBV includes acts that inflict physical, mental, or sexual harm or suffering; Built Environment WHO DOES “GENDER-INCLUSIVE” REFER TO? threats of such acts; and coercion and other The built environment constitutes the deprivations of liberty, whether occurring in human-made, physical spaces in which This handbook has been written to assist in the inclusion of women, girls, and public or private life (IASC Guidelines, 2015, human activity takes place. This can include sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in urban planning and design modified). buildings, streets, public spaces like parks processes across all World Bank regions. These are groups that have been and plazas, transportation systems, and historically under-served and under-represented in the urban planning and design land use patterns. The built environment is fields, resulting in urban environments that do not serve them well. The handbook is a system that can influence physical and intended to equally address the inclusion of: KEY URBAN DEVELOPMENT mental health, public safety, commerce, and • girls and women of all sexualities, ages, and abilities traffic patterns (Frank et al., 2003; Handy et CONCEPTS al., 2002). • boys and men belonging to sexual minority groups and of all ages and abilities Urban Development Informal Settlements An economic, social, and cultural process • people who do not identify with or fall outside of the gender binary, including Residential areas where inhabitants are transgender, nonbinary, queer, and intersex people of all ages and abilities in which an area becomes more urbanized deemed by the authorities to have no and less rural (Henderson, 2003). Urban legal claim to the land they occupy and development may include shifts in It is important to note that men and boys can also face specific challenges in the the system of occupation ranges from build environment. In the interest of focusing on the systemic inequities facing employment that rely less on physical labor squatting to informal rental housing. In most women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in particular, the needs of men and and more on ministerial/administrative labor, cases, the housing is insecure and poor boys are not explicitly discussed in this document. However, the good practices, widespread use of technology and industry, quality and does not comply with current engagement techniques, and design guidelines presented in Chapter 4 can also and larger, denser human settlements. planning and building regulations. Informal be applied to engage men and boys in identifying both challenges and design settlements are also often situated in the solutions. Urban Planning most precarious urban areas where basic A multi-disciplinary approach to deciding services and infrastructure, including public where things get build and why. Urban or green spaces, are limited (UN-HABITAT, planning is concerned with the relationship 2013b). between people and the built environment and ensuring the protection of people’s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 18 19 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 1.1 How to Use This Guide How to Use This Handbook Readers of this handbook are likely pressed At the same time, gender is a cross- for time and keen to quickly locate the cutting issue that cannot be meaningfully information they need. The handbook addressed if projects and disciplines remain tries to accommodate such constraints, siloed. One of the core principles of gender- with each chapter intended to work well inclusive urban planning and design is in a standalone way and to provide key cross-sectoral integration (see Fainstein information in a concise and navigable and Servon, 2005, and Chapter 3 of this format. In particular, readers can approach handbook). With this in mind, the reader Chapter 4 and Chapter 5 in the second is strongly encouraged to take the time to half of the handbook as a mix-and-match read this handbook, chapter-by-chapter, menu of good practices, design standards, and digest its concepts in order to form a and case studies that can be retrieved, deep, overarching understanding of gender- combined, adapted, and applied as relevant inclusive urban planning and design. to projects across a range of contexts and issue areas. 21 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 1.3 How to Use This Handbook 1.3 How to Use This Handbook CHAPTER SUMMARIES CHAPTER SUMMARIES Chapter 1: Introduction Chapter 4: Process, Plan, and Project Guidelines This introduction has sought to lay out the need for and objectives of the This chapter contains in-depth guidelines to help World Bank staff and handbook, definitions of key terms referenced throughout the handbook, consultants both implement a gender-inclusive planning or design process, and how to get the most out of each chapter. and develop gender-inclusive plans and built projects. Part one sets out a series of good practices and activities to ensure each project fully incorporates Chapter 2: Why Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design? the voices and priorities of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities into planning and design. Covering 16 plan and project Go to this Chapter for a brief history of modern urban planning and design, typologies, part two offers clear, practicable design guidelines that will help and to understand how gender biases have been built into the urban realm. plans and projects meet higher standards for gender inclusion. The contents A conceptual framework lays out the relationship between urban planning of this chapter are meant to directly inform the drafting of Terms of Reference and design, gender, and social and economic inclusion. Detailed summaries documents and overall project design and delivery. of key "issue areas", with key points and useful statistics, help build deep knowledge and provide a resource for sharing with clients and consultants. Chapter 5: Case Studies At the end of this chapter, readers will find concise information about the economic and social costs — and opportunities — at stake. Chapter 5 serves to demonstrate how other cities have addressed the goals of gender-inclusive urban planning and design, and aims to inspire readers Chapter 3: Foundations of Gender-Inclusive Planning to test similar approaches. It comprises a list of 10 case studies of projects and Design and plans from a range of typologies, issue areas, and regions, complete with clear information on the contexts, activities, and outcomes. Turn to Chapter 3 to understand the goals of gender-inclusive planning and design, followed by a set of core commitments that enable practitioners Chapter 6: Conclusion and Further Resources to make the necessary fundamental shifts in approach towards a more inclusive, equitable process. These commitments serve as methodological Turn to the final chapter to find closing comments followed by an extensive guideposts for World Bank staff and consultants embarking on a gender- list of further resources, including similar toolkits and guides; links to World inclusive project. Bank gender training materials and a directory of “gender champions” willing to provide one-on-one support on this topic; and further reading. A full bibliography of sources from this handbook is also given for reference. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 22 23 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 25 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 25 History of Gender in Modern 2.1 History of Gender in Modern Urban Planning and Design Urban Planning and Design (1971) and Oscar Newman (1972), raised awareness of how design features can either facilitate or help prevent crime, including gender-based violence (GBV). At the same time, the emergence of the Women in Development movement and similar initiatives (discussed in greater detail opposite) centered the inclusion of women in decision-making, data Before the advent of modern planning, European cities were largely designed and planned collection, and development processes (Moser, 1993). by civil engineers, architects, and public health experts — fields dominated by men (Greed, In response to these theoretical developments, cities such as Toronto and Vienna led 1994). Most productive work during these years took place within or close to the home the way in incorporating gender considerations into their planning and design processes alongside reproductive work (Arendt, 1958), and city growth was largely governed by during the 1980’s and 1990’s. Important projects such as the Frauen-Werk-Stadt (Women- private interests and commerce. However, throughout the European Industrial Revolution, Work-City) development in Vienna (completed in 1997, see case study in Chapter 5) and productive work shifted from the domestic sphere to factories, and crowded urban slums the Women in Safe Environments (WISE) report in Toronto (1987) explored how urban formed nearby. Modern urban planning and zoning were conceived in Western Europe in planning and design can help ease the burden of caregiving for women and promote their the late 19th century in response to the unsanitary conditions in these neighborhoods and safety in the public realm. In more recent years, scholars such as Ki Namaste (1996) the consequent public health issues (Talen, 2012). and Petra Doan (2007) have begun to expand studies of gender and the urban realm, Some theorists have noted how modern planning continued a centuries-old tradition highlighting how sexual and gender minorities face related challenges to safety and access of ghettoizing certain groups (see, for e.g. Meck, 2005). In the context of European in cities. colonialism and Jim Crow in the US, urban planning was closely aligned with racial and ethnic segregation (Njoh, 2007; Nightingale, 2016; Silver, 1997). Moreover, in the patriarchal Western societies of the late 19th and early 20th Centuries, planning and urban design continued to be fields dominated by wealthy men. As such, cities were, in many ways, delineated along the lines of gender as well as race and class. Taking the able-bodied, working male as the “neutral” user of the city, male planners and designers — whether intentionally or unintentionally — created urban spaces that catered to their needs, while reflecting and perpetuating the patriarchal gender norms of their society: one that designated men as breadwinners, with full access to the public realm, land, and housing; and women as caregivers, relegated to the private realm of the household and deprived of land-based assets (Fainstein and Servon, 2005; Moser, 1993). Through colonization, gendered norms such as these were imposed upon and adopted by colonial territories throughout the world, with the resulting policies and practices sometimes replacing markedly different norms such as collective land ownership, as seen in Australia and Kenya (Watson, 2009; Guyo, 2017), and matrilineal inheritance as seen in Ghana (Selase et al., 2015). In this way, urban environments around the world became both products and drivers of patriarchal gender roles and inequities, with workplaces separated from housing; male workers’ mobility prioritized over that of female caregivers; and women (and sexual and gender minorities) left feeling that they do not belong in the public realm: that the space is not theirs. Ingrained in planning and design theory and practice, these heterosexist assumptions were not recognized and challenged in a significant way until the 1970’s, when feminist scholars from the US and Europe began to analyze the ways in which planning and design had excluded the needs of women (Fainstein and Servon, 2005). Over the next two decades, numerous developments in urban planning and design theory helped shed light on gender gaps in the built environment. Scholars such as Dolores Hayden, Gerda Werkerle, and Gwendoline Wright published numerous articles and books on the gender inequities that had been built into the urban environment, studying issues of mobility, safety, land ownership, and access to services and employment. The concept of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED), put forth by C. Ray Jeffery World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 26 27 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Gender in Urban Planning 2.1 History of Gender in Modern Urban Planning and Design FROM WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT and Design Today TO GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT The “Women in Development” (WID) movement originated in the early 1970’s, when several Although some cities have made progress in addressing gender biases in the built environment female development professionals began to challenge the assumption that economic over the last three decades, much work remains to be done. There is far less understanding development impacted women and men in the same ways. Focusing on the critical of how the built environment works for sexual and gender minorities (Forsyth, 2001; Doan, potential of women’s productive labor in economic development, and how their oppression 2016) and an ongoing assumption that “gender inclusion” simply means “women’s issues” limited economic growth, they sought to demonstrate the “missed opportunity” of women’s — without taking into account the relationships between genders or the cumulative impacts empowerment. Significantly, they highlighted the need for gender-disaggregated data and of gender, sexuality, ethnicity, race, income, class, ability, and age. the importance of women participating in development rather than being seen as passive beneficiaries (UNDP, 2003). Many urban planning and design fields continue to be dominated by men, and as such, continue to reflect a one-sided perspective on the urban realm. Women occupy just 10% Women and Development (WAD) began to emerge in the second half of the 1970’s, of the highest-ranking jobs at the world's leading architecture firms (Fairs, 2017) and in largely in response to the WID movement’s failure to acknowledge women’s existing role the US, comprise only 13.6% of architects and engineers (CES, 2018). According to the in development, and the fact that women’s subordinate position in society was a barrier to US Bureau of Labor Statistics, women make up only 20% of engineering graduates, and successful development. They suggested women-only development projects could be a nearly 40% of these either quit or never enter the profession (Sibley, 2016). These figures solution to overcome patriarchal imbalances. However, WAD was criticized for continuing to reflect the general lack of agency and representation for women and sexual and gender only consider women’s productive labor, and for conceptualizing women as a homogeneous minorities in decision-making the world over, with women making up only 24.3% of all group. national parliamentarians as of February 2019 (Inter-Parliamentary Union, 2019) and only 0.1% of US elected officials identifying as LGBT (Victory Institute, 2018). Meanwhile, data WAD eventually gave way to Gender and Development (GAD), a framework that for the on people with disabilities in public office is extremely sparse. first time focused on the social construction of gender relations, rather than considering women in isolation. GAD proponents conducted gender analysis to understand the systemic In addition to severe underrepresentation in the planning and design professions, women, oppression of women, emphasizing cultural context, the impacts of colonialism, and the girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities are also routinely excluded need to transform adverse masculinity norms that perpetuate violence by promoting more from participating in community planning and design processes. This happens for an array of positive models of male identity. Focusing on the gendered division of labor and the balance reasons — many of them relating to deficiencies in the urban environment that are explored of productive and reproductive work, the GAD movement highlighted the role of men as in detail in the following section. More broadly, these groups are excluded through economic key actors in advancing more equitable gender norms. GAD proponents such as Caroline pressures and both externally-enforced and internalized social norms, with Moser (1993) Moser argued that gender was a cross-cutting issue that should inform development policy stating “because of the way that women are so effectively excluded from real decision- and planning at the highest level. making, they often choose to withdraw rather than participate in planning processes.” As a result of this lack of representation, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities struggle to make their voices heard and their priorities count in planning GENDER AND DEVELOPMENT IN THIS HANDBOOK and design decisions all over the world. The impacts of this ongoing and historical bias in who makes planning and design decisions are far-reaching, and ultimately affect nearly every Given that the oppression of sexual and gender minorities stems from the same socially- aspect of day-to-day life for these groups constructed gender roles as those that oppress women, this handbook follows an expanded definition of GAD. In this definition, GAD considers and addresses not only the inequalities between women and men, but also between sexual and gender minorities and majorities. In this way, “gender” becomes a concept that is cross-cutting, intersectional, and inclusive. (Sources: Moser, 1993; Miller and Razavi, 1995; Rathgeber, 1990) World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 28 29 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Gendered Challenges 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment in the Urban Environment KEY ISSUE AREAS WHERE GENDER INEQUITY INTERSECTS WITH THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT It is almost universally understood that in the built environment that exacerbate and 1. ACCESS women, people with disabilities, and sexual reinforce gender inequity, or that represent and gender minorities face significant areas in which women, girls, and sexual Using services and spaces in the public realm, free from constraints and barriers social and economic disadvantages when and gender minorities face disproportionate compared with able-bodied, cisgender, burdens thanks to existing social and heterosexual men. What is still not fully economic inequities. In other words, these 2. MOBILITY understood and accepted among many six issue areas in the built environment urban planning and design practitioners is combine with gender inequity to constrain, Moving around the city safely, easily, and affordably exactly how existing conditions in the built inconvenience, and even endanger women, environment — and the lack of diversity in girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all the voices shaping it — facilitates, feeds ages and abilities. into, and perpetuates these inequities. 3. SAFETY AND FREEDOM FROM VIOLENCE The following section explores six key issues Being free from real and perceived danger in public and private spheres 4. HEALTH AND HYGIENE Leading an active lifestyle that is free from health risks in the built environment 5. CLIMATE RESILIENCE Being able to prepare for, respond to, and cope with the immediate and long-term effects of disaster 6. SECURITY OF TENURE Accessing and owning land and housing to live, work, and build wealth and agency World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 30 31 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment It is important to understand these issue areas as being profoundly interconnected. Clearly, each issue touches on the others: for example, poor health will affect mobility and access, while increasing risk of death during a climate disaster; loss of tenure will impact climate resilience and safety; becoming a victim of violence can affect health as well as reducing mobility, and so on. However, this chapter addresses the issue areas one by one in order to build a deep understanding of the mechanisms by which the built environment interacts with gender inequity. GENDER-INCLUSIVE URBAN PLANNING + DESIGN COMBATS A GENDER -BIASED BUILT ENVIRONMENT CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK RE Just as these issue areas are related to each other, they are also key drivers in a wider SU COMBATS LT system of social and economic exclusion. The conceptual framework opposite illustrates the S IN connections between issues in the built environment, gender bias in planning and design TO S processes, and systemic social and economic exclusion. AD LE Although this feedback system between the built environment, social and economic REDUCED... exclusion, and the disciplines of planning and design is complex and entrenched, it also CREATE CONDITIONS FOR reveals how urban planning and design can do better. Each of the six issue areas — access, mobility, safety and freedom from violence, health and hygiene, climate resilience, Access Mobility Safety + Freedom from Violence and security of tenure — has profound economic and social consequences for women, LACK OF AGENCY + REPRESENTATION IN girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. As such, each represents PLANNING + DESIGN a key opportunity to make substantial advances toward gender equity. The final section in Health + Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure this chapter presents a summary of these opportunities — and envisions what the possible gains could be if cities were gender-inclusive. CR EA TE The guidelines in Chapter 4 are categorized by plan and project types. Every plan and project TO CO ND TE entry will include a diagram of the issue areas shown here. Presented as a “wheel”, these IT U IO IB NS TR diagrams will be color-coded to quickly highlight which issue areas are of most importance FO N O R for a given type of plan or project and should therefore be the focus of Monitoring, Evaluation, C Accountability, and Learning (MEAL). SOCIAL + ECONOMIC EXCLUSION Conceptual framework of gender and the built environment World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 32 33 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment Access than working to accommodate their needs. Furthermore, even seemingly minor design deficiencies can prevent women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from fully accessing or feeling welcome within the public realm, despite the fact that women have been shown to use streets and public spaces KEY POINTS more frequently and for a greater variety of purposes than men (UN-HABITAT, 2015). • Cities have been planned and designed to reflect traditional gender roles and Many women around the world have internalized feelings of discomfort in public spaces, as the gendered division of labor, especially through modern zoning documented in Ranade’s 2007 study in Mumbai, which found that women and girls rarely linger in public spaces — instead using them to get from one point to another and often • The consequent separation of public and private spaces contributes to fabricating a sense of purpose to do so. Furthermore, Ranade found that women avoided restrictions on women’s, girls’, and sexual and gender minorities’ access to the certain places, like bars and lottery shops, both out of safety concerns and in order to not public realm be seen as “loose” women. Another study in Kampala found that “children and women • Spatial segregation and inadequate infrastructure create a disproportionate face special challenges in accessing open spaces for recreational purposes; football takes time burden for caregivers, who are primarily women up much of the space and is dominated by male adults — especially in the afternoon and • Public spaces often cater primarily to straight, able-bodied men and are less evening hours.” Respondents underlined the lack of amenities such as toilets as an issue accessible to women and sexual and gender minorities, especially those with for women, the elderly, and those with children, and also “stressed that children and women disabilities, as well as men and boys affected by urban violence were sometimes intimidated when trying to reserve space for sports, and may have difficulty defending themselves in disputes regarding use of the grounds.” Women were 15% less likely to use public spaces as a result (APS, 2015). Such barriers occur both in the physical Cities around the world have been designed, planned, and built along the lines of traditional public realm and the virtual: in Indonesia, girls aged 15-24 are half as likely as boys and gender roles. Typical spatial planning, zoning, and land use policies and practices create young men to use the internet, with parental restrictions on girls’ use of public space limiting legal divisions between “industrial” and “commercial” zones of production, commerce, their access to internet cafés (Khosla, 2009; Perrons, 2004). income generation, and public life; and “residential” zones of homemaking, reproduction, For sexual and gender minorities, the sense of discomfort in public can be even more acute care, and private life. These spatial divisions are deeply rooted in gendered divisions of due to their perceived transgression of gender roles and norms. The 2015 U.S. Transgender labor — the distinction between “productive” income-generating work, typically seen as Survey found that in the previous year, 31% of respondents who visited a place providing male, and unpaid “reproductive” work, considered the realm of women (See Benston, a public service where staff thought they were transgender were denied equal treatment, 1969; Federici, 1975 and 2018; Kerber, 1988; Ferguson and McNally, 2013; Fraser, 2016). harassed, or physically assaulted. Twenty per cent of all respondees did not use at least However, the view that “work” solely constitutes the set of activities that generate income, one type of public service in the past year because they feared they would be mistreated and that “home” is a private place of respite from those activities, is a deeply biased view as a transgender person, and 46% had been verbally harassed in the past year for being that overlooks and devalues the hard labor and unpaid care work that often falls on the transgender (James et al., 2016). Evidence from 7 countries in Southeastern Europe shoulders of women and girls (See Greed, 1994; Bhattacharya, 2017; Pojani et al., 2018). demonstrates that LGBTI people tend to stay away from where there is a greater probability A study in Cordoba, Argentina, for example, found that although men and women spent of being surrounded by many unknown people including streets, squares, public transport, about the same total amount of time working, women’s contributions went unpaid and cafes, restaurants, clubs, public premises, building, parks, and other public places (World unrecognized because domestic tasks — which they spent three times more time than men Bank, 2018). In Latin America, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights reports doing — were considered their traditional role (Falu and Rainero, 2002). that same-sex couples showing public displays of affection are a frequent target of police The spatial division of public and private realms also creates additional burdens on women’s abuse and arbitrary detention by state agents because of what is considered “immoral time and energy. Women often devote more time, about 5-13 hours a week, to caregiving behavior” in public spaces (IACHR, 2015). This can compound with the challenges posed activities (Lee and Waite, 2005), essentially creating a second job or “double shift” in addition by disability: disabled sexual and gender minorities were found in a US study to be more to any income-generating work (Hochschild, 1989). In many cities, commercial, residential, likely than non-disabled sexual and gender minorities to avoid public spaces (20.4% versus and industrial zones are not only formally segregated, but often physically far away from one 9.1%); avoid getting services they or their families needed (14.7% versus 2.9%); and make another, further burdening women with greater distances to travel for multiple duties. For specific decisions about where to shop (25.7% versus 15.4%) (Singh and Durso, 2017). women and girls in informal settlements, often located on the periphery of cities, inadequate This pervasive yet often under-perceived lack of comfort within public spaces leaves many infrastructure and the distance between key resources and housing increases time spent on women and sexual and gender minorities, especially if they have a disability, invisible and caregiving chores, directly reducing access to employment and educational opportunities. voiceless in the public realm. Several studies have linked time spent collecting water and fuelwood with decreased school attendance, with Nauges and Strand (2013) noting that in Ghana, halving the amount of time spent fetching water increases girls’ school attendance by 2.4 percentage points on average. In this way, the built environment is often “stacked against” women and girls rather World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 34 35 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment (CIVITAS, 2014, Nurdden et al., 2007, IDB, 2016), often combining multiple stops and tasks into more complex trips (Peters, 2001; McGuckin et al., 2005; Skinner and Borlaug, 1980) and making IMPORTANT STATISTICS shorter journeys at more variable, off-peak times (Ng and Acker, 2018; Kunieda and Gauthier, 2007). These needs are often excluded from transit planning in terms of routes, timetables, and • In 17 countries, married women cannot travel outside the home in the payment options, because conventional research trades conventional transit research tracks same way as married men (World Bank, 2016) employment-related trips as a discrete category, with care-related trips concealed across several categories like “shopping,” “leisure,” “escorting,” etc. Fortunately, new approaches to segmenting • 104 economies around the world have some form of restriction on trip-demand data may be paving the way for more inclusive, flexible transit that accommodates women’s work, with about 2.75 billion women denied access to the same primarily female caregivers when grouping care-related tasks into one category, these often opportunities as men (Iqbal, 2018) rival employment-related trips, as seen in Spain where 30% of trips — of all modalities — were employment-related and 25% care-related (Sánchez de Madariaga, 2013), or in the US, where • In the US, 1 in 5 transgender people avoided using a public service for just 16% of trips are tied to work commutes (AASHTO, 2013). fear of harassment (James et al., 2016) As well as being more likely to use transit, women are more likely to walk (Peters, 2001), and • Across Europe, 50% of LGBTQ individuals surveyed reported avoiding to be slower walkers for a number of reasons — meaning poor infrastructure such as uneven public spaces because of fear of harassment (FRA, 2013) paving or a lack of crossings and curb cuts can disproportionately limit their mobility. Around the world, women are more likely to reach old age and are more likely than men (38% versus 27%) to report mobility difficulty (Mechakra-Tahiri et al., 2012) and to have a disability (Okoro et al., 2016). These physical mobility challenges are often not catered for in the built environment, likely contributing to the high levels of social isolation reported by these groups. For example, in a US survey of 800 disabled and elderly people and 500 caregivers in California, 10% said they got out “almost never” and the majority left home less than once every 3 days (Decker, 2006). Moreover, as primary caregivers, women often walk with bags, children, or elders in tow which Mobility can create an additional challenge in navigating infrastructure and transit (Kunieda and Gauthier, 2007; Hoai and Schlyter 2010). Factors such as these can make journeys on foot take up to three times longer (see Meschik, 1995). KEY POINTS Women’s and sexual and gender minorities’ access to transportation is perhaps most restricted • Transit and transportation systems are often shaped by male-dominated by safety concerns, with research consistently underscoring the many ways in which these limit commuting patterns that do not serve the complex needs of female caregivers mobility. For example, women are more likely to consider not going out after dark (Hsu, 2011), not walking alone (Keane, 1998), not using public transit (Lynch and Atkins, 1988), and not choosing • Women are more likely to walk or use transit, and to have physically limited specific routes (Machin and Lucas, 2004) in order to avoid putting themselves at risk of violence. mobility In a multi-country study from the Middle East and North Africa, 40-60% of women said they had • Women and sexual and gender minorities face considerable safety concerns on experienced street-based sexual harassment and 31-64% of men said they had carried out such public transport acts (El Feki et al., 2017). Evidence from Mexico City for example indicates that 1 in 2 Mexican women have been victims of harassment on public transport (Fraser et al., 2017), and that 3 in 4 • Women often spend longer traveling and pay more for transit due to the women feel insecure when travelling through the city (INEGI, 2011 and 2014), rising to nearly 9 complexity of their travel needs and safety concerns in 10 on public transport (CDMX, 2016). In Sri Lanka, 90% of women reported being subjected • Limited mobility is directly linked to reduced economic opportunity to sexual harassment in public transportation (UNFPA, 2017). According to the 2015 Violence Against Women Survey in Bangladesh, the third most likely location for sexual violence after their place of work and their husbands’ home was vehicles/roads/streets (Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, 2016). In a US study, 45% of transgender travelers have reported fearing physical Transportation planning is ostensibly demand-driven, but the demands of men, especially as or verbal abuse/harassment while traveling (Community Marketing, 2014). Customs around relating to their commuting patterns, have historically taken precedence over those of women. “appropriate” behavior for women and sexual and gender minorities can also restrict mobility. In Transit routes are therefore primarily designed to move workers from the “private” household Dhaka, where the “purdah” custom of female seclusion curtails women’s access to public spaces — often on the urban periphery — to the “public” realm of the workplace at peak hours, in and services, a ban on cycle rickshaws to improve conditions for motorized transit severely sync with the typical work day (see Wekerle, 1980). Women are often more likely to work in reduced women’s mobility. This was because unlike rickshaws — primarily single-occupancy the informal economy (Bonnet et al., 2019) and usually devote substantially more time than vehicles that maintain privacy — buses are a public form of transport; bus drivers and other men to domestic tasks and reproductive work (Ferrant et al., 2014). They are also less likely to passengers often simply refused to let women board (Zohir, 2003). have access to a car (Kunieda and Gauthier, 2007) and more likely to use public transportation World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 36 37 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment These limitations on mobility have marked repercussions on women’s economic status, The spatial segregation of public and private spaces not only makes women, girls, and sexual including their ability to access education and employment. In Delhi, studies have indicated that and gender minorities often feel like they don’t belong in the public realm — for many around the women choose lower-quality universities over higher-rated programs and pay significantly higher world, being in public is also accompanied by a very real risk of violence. Although the majority transportation costs in order to take perceived, safer routes to reach them (Borker, 2018). In of Gender-Based Violence (GBV) affects women in the domestic context, 7.2% of women developing countries, lack of access to and safety of transport reduce the probability of women’s around the world have been assaulted by someone other than an intimate partner (WHO, 2013), participation in the labor force by 16.5% (ILO, 2017). with this kind of violence tending to be higher in urban areas (McIlwaine, 2013; Tacoli, 2012) and especially informal settlements (Hindin and Adair, 2002). In 8 Eastern European countries, 10% of surveyed women reported the most serious incident of non-partner violence occurring in the street, a square, parking lot, or other public place (OSCE, 2018). Meanwhile, sexual orientation consistently ranks as the third-highest motivator for hate crime incidents around the world (Marzullo and Libman, 2009), with one study finding 90% of lesbian women in Quito, IMPORTANT STATISTICS Ecuador had suffered abuse in their neighborhoods on account of "lesbophobia" (Benavides et al., 2007). In Europe, 23% of non-heterosexual women have experienced sexual or physical • In Latin America and the Caribbean, over 50% of public transport users are non-intimate partner violence compared to only 5% of heterosexual women (FRA, 2014). In 7 women (IDB, 2016) countries in Southeastern Europe, 18% of surveyed LGBTI people reported experiencing the most serious case of harassment in public places such as streets, square, car parking lot, etc • In the US, having a child under age 5 increases the likelihood of taking trips (World Bank, 2018). Transgender people were almost twice as likely to be harassed in public with multiple stops, also known as trip chaining, by 54% for working women places (30%). Violence in public institutions is also a serious concern for transgender people: a but only 19% for working men (McGuckin et al., 2005) study of transgender women from four Latin American countries found 85.1% had experienced GBV in education; 82.9% in healthcare; 80% from police; and 66.1% in other state institutions • In developing countries, lack of access to and safety of transport reduces (Lanham et al., 2019). These figures show that being in public can be very dangerous for women the probability of women’s participation in the labor force by 16.5% (ILO, 2017) and sexual and gender minorities, particularly those seen to transgress “traditional” gender behaviors (see Namaste, 1996). Although primarily a phenomenon driven by social norms, GBV in the public realm is enabled by a number of physical factors in the built environment. Violence against women in public has been found most likely to occur at and around toilets, at schools, in drinking bars, and in secluded areas such as narrow lanes and open fields (Tacoli, 2012). In Guatemala City, women living in one poor community reported being afraid to go near “cantinas” (bars) because they thought they would be raped or men would expose themselves to them or try and “touch them” (Moser Safety and Freedom and Mcilwaine, 2004). In informal settlements such as those in Nairobi (Amnesty International, 2010), Cape Town (Gonsalves et al., 2015), and Mumbai and Pune in India (Bapat and Agarwal, 2003), women and girls have been found to face significant risk of violence if they walk alone from Violence to use sanitation facilities, especially at night and if toilets are located far from dwellings. Where dwellings are flimsy and there are no security patrols, women may also be especially vulnerable to break-ins, theft, and rape in their own homes (Hughes and Wickeri, 2011). In addition, poor lighting, limited “sight lines”, overcrowded transit, deserted areas, enclosed spaces, and other KEY POINTS design shortcomings may facilitate violence and also provoke feelings of fear for women, girls, • The social-spatial division of public from private contributes to the violent and sexual and gender minorities, especially at night (Valentine,1990). Many studies have “policing” of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in the public realm shown how this fear limits mobility and access in a significant way, with women and sexual and • Non-intimate partner violence against women is higher in cities, and gender minorities less able to move freely within the public realm (see, for e.g., Ranade, 2007; particularly informal settlements, than in rural areas APS, 2015; Hsu, 2011; Keane, 1998; Lynch and Atkins, 1988; Machin and Lucas, 2004) and more likely than men to make adaptations to their routines and lifestyles in response to crime- • Planning and design factors such as poor sanitation and lighting contribute to related fear (Keown, 2010). In Mexico City, for example, a survey found that 70% of women violence and fear of violence, curtailing mobility and access to the public realm modified their daily routines in order to avoid harassment, including “missing, being late to, or • The built environment may also contribute to factors correlating with domestic having to change jobs or schools, and even moving from one neighborhood to another to avoid violence being catcalled or groped” (Singh, 2018). World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 38 39 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Health 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects 30% of women globally (WHO, 2017) and an even higher proportion of sexual and gender minorities, while women with disabilities were found in one and Hygiene Australian study to suffer sexual violence at a rate three times higher than women without (Dowse et al., 2016). IPV has been found to correlate with low levels of women’s education and employment, possibly because of reduced bargaining power and agency within households (see, for e.g., Marium, 2014). In countries where women rely on male partners to access land KEY POINTS and housing, it can be harder to escape IPV. One study in India found 49% of women who • Reduced access to the public realm, and the spaces and services within, limit did not own property reported some form of long-term physical violence, compared to only opportunities to lead a healthy, active lifestyle 18% of women who owned land, 10% of those who owned a house, and 7% of those who • Inadequate sanitation infrastructure poses severe health risks for women and girls, owned both (Agarwal and Panda, 2007; for more information see case study in Chapter 5). As especially if they have disabilities such, improving access and mobility to support economic opportunity, and above all, ensuring women’s and sexual and gender minorities’ security of tenure, are key strategies for combating • As primary caregivers who often carry water, cook indoors, and handle waste, IPV through urban planning and design. women and girls are disproportionately affected by inadequate or poorly-designed infrastructure GBV is one of the main reasons for persistent gender inequality and a severe human rights violation, threatening physical and mental health and drastically reducing the agency, freedom, and economic opportunity of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. Altogether, the With reduced access to the public realm in general, women and sexual and gender minorities, UN has estimated that violence against women alone costs the global economy $1.5 trillion especially those with disabilities, are often less able to lead healthy, active lifestyles and to per year — a figure that could be even higher when factoring in violence against sexual and access healthcare. In particular, public space and park access are consistently linked to lower gender minorities (UN-Women, 2016). Evidence from a study in India suggests that stigma and rates of chronic disease and obesity, increased happiness and wellbeing, and longer lifespans exclusion of LGBT people can lead to lower levels of human capital, decreased productivity, and (see, for e.g., Aspinall et al., 2015; Beyer et al., 2014; Roe et al., 2013; Thompson et al., 2012; lower economic output, with an estimated $7.7 billion lost from GDP (World Bank, 2014). Hobbs et al., 2017), but lack of mobility, access, and comfort in such spaces may explain why, globally, 32% of adult women are insufficiently physically active compared to only 23% of men (WHO, 2016a). Lack of access and mobility likely also contribute to disproportionate levels of social isolation among the elderly and people with disabilities (see Decker, 2006; Graciani et al., 2004) as well as sexual and gender minorities — which is linked to mental health problems IMPORTANT STATISTICS (Semlyen et al., 2016) and an overall increase in mortality (Steptoe et al., 2013; Holt-Lunstad et al., 2015). More broadly, living conditions contribute to mental health and wellbeing, with recent • 35 per cent of women have experienced physical and/or sexual violence evidence from Cape Town demonstrating a higher prevalence of Common Mental Disorders in in their lifetime (UN Women, 2016), 7.2% by a non-intimate partner (WHO, periurban informal settlements (35%) compared with rural areas (27%), and that being female 2013) is one of the three most common correlates, along with unemployment and substance abuse (Harpham, 2009). • Sexual orientation is the third-highest motivator for hate crime incidents Twenty six per cent of people globally (WHO, 2019b) do not have access to basic sanitation (Marzullo et al., 2009) services, creating severe health burdens for women and girls in particular. In Delhi, Meerut, Indore, and Nagpur, India, between one-third and one-half of poor households are forced to • Violence against women alone costs around 2% of global GDP — equivalent to $1.5 trillion, approximately the size of the economy of practice open defecation, where bodily waste is left exposed, including in uncovered pit latrines Canada (UN Women, 2016) (Kar and Chambers, 2008). Sanitation “solutions” such as these raise the risk of diarrheal disease, parasitic infections, and urinary and reproductive tract infections (see, for e.g., Phillips- Howard et al., 2011). Many studies from Asia and Africa have shown that poor sanitation keeps girls from school, or interferes with their ability to learn, when they are menstruating (Sommer, 2010; McMahon et al., 2011; Long et al., 2015); while proper water and sanitation infrastructure are considered vital for reducing maternal mortality rates (Songa, 2015). Since girls and women need to use toilets more often for urination and menstrual hygiene, they often suffer an additional cost burden when accessing pay-per-use toilets and latrines in informal settlements, as noted by Kwiringira et al., (2014) in Uganda. Consequently, they may go without drinking and relieving themselves for long periods of time, or use plastic bags and buckets when they cannot access a toilet, putting them and their families at greater risk of illness (Winter et al., 2019). For women and girls with disabilities these burdens are even more severe, due to physical mobility issues, social World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 40 41 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Climate 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment stigma, and various other challenges, contributing to drastically high rates of unemployment and school drop-out among these groups (Groce et al., 2011). Resilience Girls and women also perform a number of caregiving tasks that carry severe health risks, often exacerbated by the built environment. Fetching water — a task carried out by women and girls the vast majority of the time — takes an average of 25 minutes in urban sub-Saharan Africa, KEY POINTS 19 minutes in urban Asia, and longer in many other countries (UNICEF, 2016). This chore can • Women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities are more susceptible to climate risk lead to chronic fatigue, spinal and pelvic deformities, and reproductive health problems (see, for due to poverty and lower socioeconomic status, especially in informal areas e.g. Geere and Paul, 2019) as well as taking up huge amounts of energy — 85% of a woman’s • Women and girls are more at risk of death during and following disasters due to daily energy intake in Kenya, for example (Duncan, 2007). Women and girls are also often those caregiving responsibilities and their likelihood of being trapped in the home tasked with handling wastewater, which can expose them to infectious pathogens (Watts, 2004, Wendland et al., 2017). In many regions, indoor cooking with dirty fuels and poorly-ventilated • Climate disaster can cause women to lose tenure and give up economic assets, housing contributes to chronic respiratory diseases and lower respiratory infections. In a survey trapping them in a cycle of vulnerability in Accra, Ghana, nearly 30% of poor women reported respiratory problems in the two weeks • The longer-term impacts of climate disaster are more deeply felt for women due to prior, which was more than twice the rate among women of middling income, and ten times that increased caregiving burdens and risk of Gender-Biased Violence (GBV) of wealthy women (Sverdlik, 2011). Women, especially if they have disabilities, are more susceptible to the effects of climate change and natural disasters as a result of gender inequality (Reckien et al., 2007; Gokhale, 2008). Several underlying factors — which interact with conditions in the built environment — exacerbate their IMPORTANT STATISTICS vulnerability to the impacts of climate disasters, such as lack of means to recoup lost assets, limited livelihood options, restricted access to education and basic services, and in many cases, socio- • Globally, 32% of adult women are insufficiently physically active compared to cultural norms (Trohanis et al., 2012). Taking a sample of up to 141 countries over the period of only 23% of men (WHO, 2016a) 1981-2002, a 2007 study showed that natural disasters and their subsequent impact, on average, killed more women than men or killed women at an earlier age than men — and that this disparity • 2.3 billion people worldwide lack even a basic sanitation service, affecting directly related to women’s lower socio-economic status (Neumayer and Plümper, 2007). girls and women disproportionately (WHO and UNICEF, 2017) Perhaps the biggest factor is poverty (Romero-Lankao and Tribbia, 2009) which disproportionately • Girls and women make up 72% of those tasked with collecting water around affects girls and women of childbearing age, especially in sub-Saharan Africa (Sánchez-Páramo the world (WHO and UNICEF, 2015) and Munoz-Boudet, 2018), as well as sexual and gender minorities (see, for e.g., Zweynert, 2015; Badgett, 2014) and people with disabilities (WHO, 2011). In particular, the link between poverty and • Respiratory infections are the leading cause of death for girls aged 10-14, climate vulnerability is heightened in informal settlements and other low-income neighborhoods who are often indoors and around dirty fuels (WHO, 2016b) where basic infrastructure is lacking, disproportionately impacting women, girls, and people with disabilities. In some informal settlements women even outnumber men, such as in the flood and • In 2015, poor sanitation cost the equivalent of 0.9% of global GDP, with the typhoon-prone Tondo district of Manila, where they make up 80% of inhabitants (Brot für die figure rising to 5.2% of GDP for India (LIXIL, 2016) Welt, 2009), and in India where, in informal settlements, there are 1.5 times more women over the age of 50 than men of the same cohort in informal settlements (Harriss-White et al., 2013). Houses in informal settlements are typically poorly-constructed and can be severely damaged by floods, landslides, storms, and other disasters (Trohanis et al., 2012). Within these already precarious settlements, rents are often cheaper along flood-prone riparian zones and may attract more female-headed households with lower incomes, as seen in Kibera, Nairobi (Mulligan et al., 2016) — putting women and their families at further risk. Women who do not own their housing may also be unable to make necessary home improvements to prepare for disasters. Besides often being more likely to live in climate-vulnerable housing, women and girls can be at increased climate risk due to their primary caregiving responsibilities, and the consequent decrease in mobility and access. Since women are more likely to be at home caring for children and relatives when a disaster happens, they are often physically less able to evacuate, which can increase fatalities among women and especially those with disabilities (see for instance Bartlett et al., 2009; and Walter, 2006). These are contributing factors behind the fact that women made up World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 42 43 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Security 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment 61% of fatalities in Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis in 2008, 91% after Cyclone Gorky in Bangladesh in 1991, and 70% after the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in Banda Aceh, where women’s mobility of Tenure was further hampered by the fact that unlike men, they had not been taught to swim (Trohanis et al., 2012). Disasters destroy housing and livelihoods, causing many women to lose income from home- KEY POINTS based work, and often, to lose land tenure. Widowed women and orphans have been found • Women around the world do not have the same rights to property as men especially vulnerable to losing land rights, especially in countries where land can be inherited by • Tenure often relies on male relations, leaving women and sexual and gender a man’s brother or eldest son rather than his wife. Following the 2005 earthquake in Pakistan, minorities vulnerable to exploitation, gender-based violence, and eviction many women were left landless while male relatives inherited land and collected compensation from the relief program (Real and Handmer, 2010). The 2015 earthquake in Kathmandu, Nepal • Land tenure is especially vulnerable in informal settlements resulted in nearly 1 in 4 female respondents to an Oxfam survey losing property papers (Oxfam, • Limited land rights bar women and sexual and gender minorities from accessing 2016). Compounding this, women and girls often give up economic assets more readily than services tied to land ownership and limit their ability to generate income and male household members to act as “buffers” and protect the family following disaster (Oxfam, accumulate wealth 2019). The burden of caregiving tasks following disaster also increases (Enarson et al., 2007), likely thanks to damages in basic infrastructure and the consequently reduced accessibility of key • Insecurity of tenure prevents women and sexual and gender minorities from resources and services. supporting their families' health and exercising agency in local decision-making Finally, there is a clear link between increased GBV and disaster, often exacerbated by poorly- organized shelter, reduced access to key resources, and an overall atmosphere of chaos (Sullivan, Land serves as a key input for agricultural production, a requirement to access many financial 2017; Davis et al., 2005). After the Loma Prieta earthquake in California, US, reports of sexual resources or social services, an income generator, a means to establish safe and secure space violence rose by 300% (Commission for the Prevention of Violence Against Women, 1989); for housing, and perhaps most importantly, a way to assert one’s right to the city and to participate substantial rises in GBV have also been documented following Hurricane Katrina in Louisiana, in planning and decision-making processes. However, despite the critical role of land ownership, US and other earthquakes, tsunamis, and eruptions around the world (Klein, 2008) and can many women across the globe are still excluded from this right. Close to 40% of the world’s cause women to avoid using shelters (Davis et al., 2005). Conditions in the built environment that economies have at least one legal constraint on women’s rights to property, limiting their ability to facilitate violence and provoke a fear of violence likely increase following a natural disaster due to own, manage, and inherit land, while 36 economies have different inheritance rights for widows damages to infrastructure such as roads, powerlines, lighting, and buildings. and widowers (World Bank, 2019), leaving many women dependent on the benevolence of a male relative, and sometimes homeless (COHRE, 2008). Furthermore, the specifics of marital Climate disaster heightens existing gender inequities — especially in terms of access, mobility, and inheritance regimes matter greatly for the women’s share of couple wealth. In Ghana and safety, health, and security of tenure — and disproportionately affects women and girls, especially Karnataka, India, the marital regime of separation of property disadvantages married women, those with disabilities, as a result. Improving the built environment, especially in informal concentrating major assets in men’s hands (Deere et al., 2013). Practices that evict women settlements, is critical to reducing the impacts of climate change on women, girls, and sexual and after the death of a spouse (Benavides et al., 2007) or bar them from accessing land or housing gender minorities. without a man’s involvement (World Bank, 2019) pose particular threats to widows as well as single and homosexual women. A study in Quito, Ecuador for example, found that the majority of lesbian women rented single-occupancy accommodation and faced stigma that limited their ability to secure housing (Benavides et al., 2007). Even when women hold individual land titles, these are more at risk of being sold in times of crisis (UN-HABITAT, 2011). IMPORTANT STATISTICS Although land rights are mostly defined at the national level and may seem to be an issue • Between 1981 and 2002, natural disasters killed more women than men or primarily affecting women in rural areas, many women face specific challenges in urban and killed women at an earlier age than men (Neumayer and Plümper, 2007) periurban contexts, especially in informal settlements. For example, land tenure in rural Ghana is customary by nature (owned and managed by tribes, clans, and families), whereas in periurban • People with disabilities are 2-4 times more likely to be injured or die in the areas, the pluralistic mixture of customary and statutory acquisition processes are particularly case of a disaster (United Nations, 2019) difficult for women to navigate. In both Nigeria and Ghana, women in periurban areas have indicated lower perception of tenure security than those in rural areas (Chigbu et al., 2019; • In the US, GBV rates have been found to rise threefold following natural Gyamera et al., 2018). This is likely compounded by rural-to-urban migration, with women often disasters (Commission for the Prevention of Violence Against Women, arriving in cities without spouses or families, as single heads of household, and without effective 1989; Anastario et al., 2009) decision-making influence in the community (FAO, 2002). As a result of this lack of social and economic capital, these women often end up joining the 1 in 8 urban dwellers who live in an informal settlement, where tenure is especially precarious due to these settlements’ “illegal” World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 44 45 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design The Bottom Line: 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment nature and the constant threat of eviction. Women living in slums without security of tenure also often lack legal protection, rendering the situation even more challenging (COHRE, 2008). Why Should We Care about Research demonstrates that access to property and security of tenure is one of the most important factors in protecting women and sexual and gender minorities from GBV and in Gender in Planning and Design? particular, Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) (Caron, 2013). Land rights around the world often tie a woman’s right to property to her relationship with a man, which can place her in a vulnerable The preceding section has detailed some of the main mechanisms by which gender inequality position for abuse, exploitation, and eviction. For example, a study in Kerala, India found that intersects and interacts with factors in the built environment — from poor street design that 49% of women who did not own property reported physical IPV, compared to only 18% of heightens risk of GBV, to limited mobility that can reduce women’s likelihood of escaping in a women who owned land, 10% of those who owned a house, and 7% of those who owned both. natural disaster. These have been categorized into six issue areas in order to facilitate both a Another study in Kerala found that in cases of IPV, 71% of women who owned property left the broad and deep understanding of the economic and social costs of poor urban planning and home, whereas only 19% without property left (Agarwal and Panda, 2007; for more information design for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. see case study on urban land management in Kerala, India in Chapter 5). Similar trends have been observed in South Africa, where women who were able to acquire their own property had However, when it comes to the everyday lived experiences of people within these groups, significantly greater odds of escaping abuse and partners who refuse condoms, allowing them challenges in areas such as mobility, health, and safety are not experienced in isolation. Rather, to better navigate risks of HIV infection (ICRW, 2007). Overall, when women and sexual and these challenges accumulate and compound one another, feeding into systemic social and gender minorities have security of tenure, they face fewer pressures when choosing a partner economic inequities. If a single mother in an informal settlement doesn’t feel safe walking home and have the financial independence to leave abusive or unhealthy relationships (Habitat for at night, she may have to work informally from home and only earn enough to afford a house in Humanity, 2016). a flood zone, putting her livelihood and family at risk. If a transgender woman is assaulted on the bus back from her evening class, she may start to pay extra for a taxi, quit the class, or feel afraid If women and sexual and gender minorities do not have security of tenure, they are not only to go out in public at all. If a retired woman with a visual impairment misses a health appointment more vulnerable to GBV, but also unable to use land to generate social and economic benefits. because she gets on the wrong train, she might forego healthcare or ask her daughter to skip work Research has shown that when women have clearer land tenure, they are more involved in and drive her to the hospital. If an 11-year-old girl has to fetch water and develops chronic back household decisions and, in turn, are more likely to prioritize spending on the family to reduce pain, she may be unable to socialize, get to school, safely walk to and from the latrine at night, or poverty (Quisumbing et al., 1999); more likely to favor healthier subsistence crops over cash escape quickly enough when an earthquake hits. If a mother has to take her children to school, crops (Catacutan et al., 2014); more likely to put funds towards education (Katz and Chamorro, work a 6-hour shift on the other side of town, pick up the children, and do the housework, she 2002); and less likely to see high levels of malnutrition among their children (Landesa, 2012). might not be able to attend a planning meeting at the town hall, or squeeze in the time to vote in Women’s inability to make these decisions can thus have profoundly negative effects on cities her local election. at large. These scenarios illustrate how deficiencies in how the urban environment has been designed and planned can compound one another to trigger severe economic and social impacts. Such deficiencies can be as seemingly innocuous and insignificant as a cracked pavement, a cancelled train route, or a broken water tap. But the bottom line is that the economic and social costs of such IMPORTANT STATISTICS deficiencies are significant. Faced with such challenges, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities often: • Nearly 40% of the world’s economies have at least one legal constraint on • Struggle to access gainful employment, education and other basic human endowments women’s rights to property (World Bank, 2019) • Struggle to accumulate wealth and achieve economic independence • Spend more on basic services • Only 37 countries out of 161 have specific laws granting women and men equal rights in land ownership (World Bank, 2019) • Have fewer social freedoms, hindering them from building social networks to cope with risk, stress, and shock • In Kerala, India, reports of intra-marital violence dropped to 7% among • Struggle to exercise agency in public decision-making, including decisions that shape the built women who own land and housing compared to 49% of women with neither environment (Agarwal and Panda, 2007) Ultimately, gender biases in the built environment contribute directly to the global systems that • The odds that a child is severely underweight are reduced by 50% when a perpetuate damaging gender roles and oppress women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and mother owns land (Allendorf, 2007) those with disabilities. Nonetheless, while we can link many drivers of gender inequality to the built environment, we can also understand the built environment, and urban planning and design, as key opportunities to promote equity. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 46 47 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design The Opportunity: 2.3 Gendered Challenges in the Urban Environment What Could a Gender-Inclusive PRACTICAL VERSUS STRATEGIC NEEDS City Look Like? Moser (1993) sets out a useful framework for understanding how to address both the immediate and longer-term needs of women through development initiatives. This framework of “practical” and “strategic” gender needs gives a good sense of what the “bare minimum” “There is no tool for development more effective than the empowerment of women.” approach would be to ensure cities work better for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities; and what would “go further” to address the underlying gender imbalances and — Kofi Annan, former Secretary-General of the United Nations broader social and economic impacts. Both have a critical role to play in addressing gender imbalances in the built environment and ensuring a gender-inclusive city. However, given Cities are incubators of social change and have already driven significant improvements in gender how cultural and social contexts differ across regions, countries, and even localities, local equity around the world. By targeting the elements in the built environment that continue to socially data and community input must guide project design in order to meet an appropriate and and economically exclude women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities, we exploit a critical culturally-sensitive balance between practical and strategic needs. opportunity to accelerate gender equity across all sectors of development. A city that works well for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities, PRACTICAL GENDER NEEDS - Practical gender needs are concerned with the necessities and inadequacies that women and sexual and gender minorities identify within a and that therefore supports their economic and social inclusion, is: specific development context. They can be understood as “symptoms” of gender inequality 1. Accessible - Everyone can access the public realm freely, easily, and comfortably to use the — in the case of the built environment, often symptoms such as lack of access, mobility, spaces and services on offer. safety, health, climate resilience, or security of tenure. An example of meeting a practical 2. Connected - Everyone can move around the city safely, easily, and affordably to reach key gender need would be to promote mixed-use development and co-location of services so opportunities and services. mothers can access childcare services closer to home, or to design public spaces with better lighting to help women and sexual and gender minorities feel safer at night. 3. Safe - Everyone is free from real and perceived danger, in public and private. 4. Healthy - Everyone has the opportunity to lead an active lifestyle, free from environmental Meeting practical gender needs does not challenge the gendered division of labor or the health risks. subordination of women and sexual and gender minorities; it is more like using a “band- 5. Climate Resilient - Everyone has the tools and social networks to successfully prepare for, aid” to alleviate the symptoms. However, addressing practical needs — which have severe respond to, and cope with climate disasters. day-to-day impacts on women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities — is critical and can provide a useful “way-in” to addressing deeper strategic needs. 6. Secure - Everyone can obtain or access secure housing and land to live, work, and build wealth and agency. STRATEGIC GENDER NEEDS - Strategic gender needs are the needs women and sexual and gender minorities identify because of their subordinate position in their society. When access, mobility, safety and freedom from violence, health and hygiene, climate resilience, They relate to gendered divisions of labor, power, and control, and encompass issues such and security of tenure are assured for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages as land rights, equal wages, and bodily autonomy. Meeting strategic gender needs cannot and abilities, they have the same right to the city as straight, able-bodied men: the same freedoms, be achieved without the full and active participation of women and sexual and gender the same opportunities, and the same levels of participation. They are able to access a full range minorities, because strategic gender needs vary so widely by context and require “on-the- of public services, workplaces, schools, and other key amenities whenever they need or want, ground” knowledge, and because they directly relate to the need for increased agency in enabling them to combine reproductive and productive roles efficiently and unlock economic decision-making. opportunity. They feel at ease and connected to others in the city, allowing them to stay mentally, physically, and emotionally healthy and build social networks to cope with the everyday stresses An example of addressing a strategic gender need could be using segregated focus groups of urban life, as well as the shocks and disasters that can occur. They can build wealth and other to encourage transgender women to speak candidly about their safety in public toilets, assets to maintain security and agency for long-term prosperity, and have an equal voice in public and then co-designing a new sanitation block that the women operate, helping them earn decisions that affect them. income while increasing their visibility in the public realm. Meeting strategic gender needs With cities home to more women-headed households and more women participating in the formal challenges the social and economic subordination of women and sexual and gender economy than ever, women are “a city’s greatest asset, and contribute heavily to sustainable minorities, promoting their agency and inclusion. urban development” (UN-HABITAT, 2012) — not to mention the contributions of sexual and gender minorities, who make up a significant proportion of the global population. A study by the McKinsey (Source: Moser, 1993, modified) Global Institute (2015) shows show that closing the gender gap in labor markets could produce as much as $28 trillion – 26% – in annual GDP worldwide by 2025. The full social and economic benefits of assuring the right to the city of all women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities would be transformative. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 48 49 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 51 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 51 Goals of Gender-Inclusive 3.1 Goals of Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design Planning and Design GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN AND THE WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER STRATEGY As Chapter 2 has explored, the built urban environment does not work as well for women, girls, The 2015 World Bank Group Gender Strategy introduced a stronger focus on the frontier areas and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities as it does for heterosexual, cisgender, of more and better jobs as well as ownership and control over key financial and physical assets, able-bodied men. This inequity in the built environment — in no small part a result of women but it also recognized that closing the remaining gender gaps in endowments, enhancing and sexual and gender minorities being underrepresented in planning and design processes — voice and agency, and engaging men and boys are critical to reducing poverty and boosting perpetuates wider social and economic exclusions that form the basis of gender inequity. The shared prosperity (World Bank Group, 2015). The Bank’s strategy builds on the synergies and goals of gender-inclusive planning and design, then, are to: interconnectedness among these domains. For example, although human endowments such as health and education are important, they also contribute to women’s ability to take advantage 1. Actively include and promote the agency of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of economic opportunities, and their capacity to exercise voice and agency. Improvements of all ages and abilities in planning and design decision-making processes, in order to in infrastructure (water and sanitation, transport, and energy) increase the time available for women to participate in paid employment and enable better access to markets and health 2. Systemically combat the gendered imbalances in the built environment that prevent these and education services. Gender-based violence is a constraint to women’s voice and agency, groups from enjoying equal access, mobility, safety, health, climate resilience, and security but it also affects economic opportunity — due to work absenteeism — as well as mental and of tenure to straight men, in order to physical health. 3. Create gender-inclusive cities that support the full social and economic inclusion of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities, in order to GENDER TAG 4. Advance gender equity and unlock more inclusive global economic and social development. The World Bank Group introduced the “Gender Tag”, a corporate monitoring tool, to track operations that commit to narrowing key gender gaps by following a systematic logical chain The following excerpts from the World Bank Gender Strategy, Gender Tag Guidance Note (draft), of (i) carrying out a gender analysis and (ii) identifying the key project actions and indicators and Environmental and Social framework (ESF) provide further context for these goals and help that will address identified gaps. The aim is to move beyond checking the box and do-no-harm situate them within the World Bank Group’s mission of ending poverty and achieving prosperity approaches of the past, and to leverage project entry points to make a transformational impact for all. on gender gaps. This is done by ensuring an indicator on gender is related to the project development objective; is linked to proposed actions to close a gender gap in the sector; and is included within the project results framework. In this way, the project moves from advocacy to specific action and measurable results. WORLD BANK GROUP ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL FRAMEWORK For further resources on the gender tag, please see Chapter 6. Chapter 4.1 showcases indicators that are helpful for designing and monitoring progress in urban planning projects The Environmental and Social Framework (ESF) enables the World Bank and and that fulfill the gender tag criteria for monitoring and evaluation. The following excerpts are borrowers to better manage the environmental and social risks of projects and from the Good Practice Note for the Gender Tag (November 2019). improve development outcomes. The ESF offers broad and systematic coverage of environmental and social risks. It makes important advances in areas such as ANALYSIS transparency, non-discrimination, public participation, and accountability, including expanded roles for grievance mechanisms, while bringing the World Bank’s • Is there an evidence-substantiated analysis of gender gaps identified in the Systematic environmental and social protections into closer harmony with those of other Country Diagnostics (SCD), Country Partnership Frameworks (CPF) or elsewhere relevant development institutions. Its principal lists examples of vulnerable and disadvantaged to the Project? groups and explicitly requires staff to assist borrowers in considering, mitigating, and managing related issues. These include climate change; disability; free, prior All country-specific gender assessments and regional gender action plans (RGAPs) and informed consent of indigenous peoples; gender; human rights; labor and identify relevant gaps under Gender Strategy pillars that could be addressed by operations occupational health and safety issues; and land tenure and natural resources. It in a country portfolio. In addition, SCDs and CPFs can point teams to the most salient was launched in October 2018 after nearly four years of analysis and engagement gaps to be addressed in a country context, while Global Practice (GP) Follow-up Notes around the world with governments, development experts, and civil society groups, articulate the gaps relevant to key sector operations (Box 3). Analysis in the Project encompassing nearly 8,000 stakeholders in 63 countries. Appraisal Document (PAD) should refer to these and/or other documents to identify relevant gaps in human endowments, jobs, assets (such as land, finance, technology), and voice/agency that can be addressed within the scope of the project. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 52 53 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Key Commitments for Gender- 3.1 Goals of Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN AND THE Inclusive Planning and Design WORLD BANK GROUP GENDER STRATEGY ACTIONS Gender-inclusive urban planning and design are a direct answer to historical and systemic failings in urban planning and design. These include: • Does the project propose specific actions to address the gender gaps identified in the • The lack of representation and agency of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of analysis? all ages and abilities in decisions that shape the built environment • The way in which urban planning and design processes are often carried out in a The team should consider what actions during project preparation and implementation will disconnected, isolated manner that fails to acknowledge systemic injustices and barriers address the identified gender gaps that are relevant to the project. Actions should be reflected in the project document and described in the relevant components. Mitigation actions are not • The tendency for traditional planning and design processes to assume, rather than ask, and sufficient to fulfill the Tag criteria. consult, rather than collaborate • The attitude that “gender” simply means “women” as an add-on, rather than an integral part Actions need to close gaps that directly address the four pillars of the Gender Strategy and of project design are relevant to project objectives. Gender does not mean only rectifying female disadvantage; there can be a gap to the disadvantage of males, such as higher-than-female school drop- In order to fulfill the ultimate goal of creating gender-inclusive cities that advance gender equity, out rates or male morbidity (see Figures 2a and 2b for an example). Beyond disadvantage, designers and planners undoubtedly need to adopt a non-traditional approach. The following it is also important to note that projects should consider men’s roles as agents of change to is a set of core commitments that should serve as a “north star” for project teams from design improve outcomes for gender equality – for instance, in improving household nutrition and through to evaluation, helping them fully prepare for and execute a gender-inclusive process. health outcomes, and in GBV prevention. Far from vague or disconnected from the on-the-ground reality, these commitments are the starting point for the practical Process, Plan, and Project Guidelines detailed in Chapter 4 and serve as a basis — perhaps even a checklist — for effective, gender-inclusive project design. MONITORING AND EVALUATION To achieve Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design, a project team must commit to: • Are there indicators to monitor how the planned actions will be tracked in terms of closing the identified gaps? A PARTICIPATORY PROCESS Indicators should be linked to the project’s Project Development Objective (PDO) or intermediate Gender inclusion means actively bringing the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender outcomes. The Results Framework (RF) can include quantitative indicators based on sex- minorities into critical decision-making, ensuring their input and agency is of as high quantity and disaggregated statistical data from surveys or administrative records (e.g., education attainment quality as men’s. Project leads must respect and understand that community knowledge and rates for boys compared to girls). Indicators may be at the process, output or outcome levels, experience are as important in meeting gender needs as technical expertise and theory. Projects as appropriate, and baseline data should be collected in order to set targets for the indicators. If are driven by locally-identified priorities, whereby the priorities of women, girls, and sexual and baseline data are not available, the RF should provide an alternative way to track progress (e.g., gender minorities are of equal import to those of heterosexual, cisgender men. Women, girls, starting from baseline of N/A or “0,” the indicator could measure incremental changes/values and sexual and gender minority beneficiaries must be involved as upstream as possible in the throughout project implementation to demonstrate progress). project design, and are engaged in Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning (MEAL), co-defining research questions and facilitating gender-disaggregated data collection. As good practice, all person-level indicators (e.g., youth employment rates, farmers accessing new technology, customers with new bank accounts, etc.) should be sex-disaggregated, so that potential differential outcomes can be tracked. However, sex-disaggregated indicators AN INTEGRATED APPROACH alone are not sufficient for the Tag; there should be explicit targets to measure improvement in the identified gap. Nor is the standard indicator “number/percentage of female beneficiaries” "Gender-inclusive urban planning and design" incorporate cross-sectoral strategies to address sufficient for the Tag, as it does not convey whether a gap has been closed or whether there is gender needs holistically, based on the understanding that gender inequity is a cross-cutting a differential effect for males and females. Citizen engagement indicators are also not sufficient issue that can only be addressed by working across different sectors, typologies, practices, and to get the Tag, as standard practice should be to consult females and males. Survey questions fields of expertise. In addition to this horizontal, cross-sectoral integration, gender inclusion must about satisfaction are rarely reliable or specific enough to gauge sustainable improvement be vertically integrated — linking “on-the-ground” community expertise with government-level of a gender gap. For DPOs, indicators should be aligned with prior actions that government policy and action — to ensure sustainable impact as well as promoting vertical communication takes before disbursement (see Section IV). The RF should clearly define the methodology by and collaboration on future projects. Community and government project partners should be describing exactly how progress toward closing gaps will be measured. brought together to co-define project goals and methodologies; carry out project activities; and evaluate project success. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 54 55 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 3.2 Key Commitments for Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design 3.2 Key Commitments for Gender-Inclusive Planning and Design THE PRINCIPLES OF UNIVERSAL DESIGN Gender-inclusive projects acknowledge how multiple disadvantages intersect and compound PRINCIPLES OF GENDER-INCLUSIVE with each other. As such, gender-inclusive planners and designers must adopt the principles of PLANNING AND DESIGN Universal Design, which promotes a built environment that meets the needs of all people who wish to use it, regardless of their age, ability, size, ethnicity, race, income, class, sexuality, and gender identity. Centering in particular the diversity of needs that comes with differences in GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE... ability, Universal Design promotes equitable use, flexibility of use, simplicity and intuitiveness Participatory: actively including the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender of use, accessibility of information, minimization of hazards, minimization of physical effort, minorities . and appropriateness of size and space for approach and use (NC State, 1997). By centering diversity throughout the design process, Universal Design promotes a built environment that Integrated: adopting a holistic, cross-cutting approach that centers gender throughout works well for everyone. and promotes citizen-city relationship building. KNOWLEDGE-BUILDING Universal: meeting the needs of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. To help the World Bank and other actors continue learning what works for gender equity and Knowledge-building: seeking out and sharing robust, meaningful new data on gender build strategically on that knowledge, gender-inclusive urban planning and design must be equity. properly evaluated with rigorous Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning (MEAL) processes based on relevant gender-disaggregated indicators. This data should be gathered in Power-building: growing the capacity and influence of under-represented groups in key collaboration with women and sexual and gender minority beneficiaries, so that their experiences decisions. shape the MEAL framework, and so that they partake in learning and are subsequently able Invested-in: committing the necessary finances and expertise to follow through on to advocate for their interests based on the knowledge that is generated. Learning must be intentional gender equity goals. proactively disseminated to internal and external audiences, including cities and communities, in the interest of refining and democratizing global strategies for gender equity. GENDER-INCLUSIVE PLANNING AND DESIGN ARE NOT... POWER-BUILDING Prescriptive: designing and planning for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities Gender-inclusive planning and design offer an important opportunity to build the capacity, instead of with them. know-how, and political capital of women and sexual and gender minorities so that they An add-on: considering women separately from other beneficiaries and project goals; may collaborate more effectively with government actors and participate in further decision- failing to connect the dots or the actors involved. making processes to shape the built environment. Rather than consulting women and sexual and gender minorities in discrete engagements that maintain them at “arms length” from key Exclusive: being concerned with the needs of able-bodied women or female persons decision-making processes, projects should actively build the capacity of women and sexual alone. and gender minorities to join, influence, and even lead such processes. This may take the form Uninformative: operating in a vacuum without engaging with and contributing to broader of capacity-building workshops and trainings, or the formation of leadership committees. knowledge on gender. Disempowering: repeating or reinforcing historical imbalances in representation and INVESTMENT agency. Gender-inclusive planning and design are more than a series of adjustments or add-ons to Uninvested-in: assuming gender goals are achieved if women are among beneficiaries the design and implementation process. They require a fundamental re-alignment of mindsets without investing the required time and resources to follow through. and resources to achieve results. Simply having female beneficiaries in the catchment area is not enough: additional time, expertise, and resources are essential to intentionally establishing gender principles and following through on goals in procurement and delivery of projects. Project teams developing work packages must incorporate these additional time and cost requirements from the very beginning of project scoping. Additionally, it is critical to incorporate universal accessibility into budgets in order to meet the needs of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all abilities. It has been shown that making buildings accessible adds less than 1% to construction costs (UN-OHCHR, 2007). World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 56 57 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 59 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Introduction to the Guidelines This chapter gives clear and actionable recommendations for implementing gender-inclusive urban plans and built urban design and infrastructure projects. These recommendations provide best-practice approaches in the planning, design, and implementation of built work, and show how to create a comprehensive process that is inclusive of, and tailored towards, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. The intention of this chapter is to provide a set of flexible and open tools that can be used by World Bank staff, partners, and contractors leading project consultation processes. As such, while these guidelines have been informed by good practices and diverse case studies, each recommendation must be evaluated and adapted according to the physical, cultural, and regulatory context of the project and place in question. The guidelines are broken up into three categories: 1. Process Guidelines: essential steps and activities for gender-inclusive processes in urban planning and design 2. Planning Guidelines: gender-inclusive strategies for key urban plan typologies 3. Project Guidelines: gender-inclusive design and implementation strategies for key built project types The aim of this breakdown is to provide guidance on both “process” and “product”. The Process Guidelines give guidance on gender-inclusive and context-specific processes and activities that could be applied throughout the course of multiple plan and project types. The Planning and Project Guidelines provide practical guidance for design and implementation of gender-inclusive spaces, infrastructure, and urban planning processes. The Process Guidelines, and the Planning and Project Guidelines, are described in more detail in the following sections. 61 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Process Guidelines 1 1 BASELINE FOUNDATION A GENDER PRINCIPLES and Activities ADVISORY GENDER- STRATEGIES B GROUP C RESPONSIVE D GENDER TAGGING BUDGETING While no two projects or urban plans are the same, some overarching recommendations can be made about relevant strategies and activities that will deepen engagement, emphasize gender equity, and bring gender analyses into urban planning and design in a meaningful MONITORING, EVALUATION, way. The diagram to the right lays out this pathway, which was formulated based on global 2 2 PROCESS FRAMEWORK A ACCOUNTABILITY AND LEARNING good practices, design experience and expertise, and from the results of successful participatory processes. The process overview diagram is based around the phases in a project — from conception through implementation — that the World Bank and its partners would usually be engaged GENDER- C PROPORTIONATE GENDER STRATEGIES B DISAGGREGATED REPRESENTATION D SEGREGATED E CODE REVIEW in. DATA FORUM The four main steps are: • STEP 1: Creating a Baseline Foundation by establishing Gender Principles PARTICIPATORY • STEP 2: Establishing a Process Framework that embraces Monitoring,Evaluation, 3 2 PARTICIPATION FRAMEWORK A PLANNING AND DESIGN Accountability, and Learning (MEAL) • STEP 3: Designing a Participation Framework that creates buy-in, gathers data, and engages beneficiaries in design FACILITATION PARTICIPATORY STRATEGIES B BY TARGET C COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION D DATA COLLECTION GROUPS • STEP 4: Creating an Application Framework for Implementation While not necessarily or strictly chronological, these steps can be mapped onto most typical planning and design processes as a flexible template. In the following section, each strategy and activity is further described to provide more detailed guidance on how to incorporate gender inclusion into project processes. TOOLS AND ACTIVITIES E STEP UP F STAR DIAGRAM G WALK AUDIT Note: PUBLIC H DAY IN THE LIFE I SPACE J CHALLENGE AND SOLUTION K DESIGN YOUR OWN _ _ _ CHECKLIST STEP 3: Participation Framework contains instructions for seven step-by-step activities that can be implemented to garner buy-in, gather data, and engage women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities in design. Each activity is described in detail, with guidance on key objectives and any materials needed. Suggestions on which of these seven activities will be most relevant or useful for each plan and project type are given in Chapter 4.2. It is important to note that each of these strategies and activities must be adapted to the project 4 APPLICATION FRAMEWORK A IMPLEMENTATION type, cultural context, and specifics of the community being served. CONTRACTING STRATEGIES B OBJECTIVES C MICROFINANCE Participatory process framework for urban planning and design World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 62 63 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 1 BASELINE FOUNDATION 1 C ADDRESSING GENDER GAPS IN BUDGETING Design a project budget that intentionally and equitably allocates resources between all genders to address issues of inequity in the built environment. A GENDER PRINCIPLES Gender budgeting is a “gender-based assessment of budgets incorporating 1 a gender perspective at all levels of the budgetary process and restructuring Establish gender principles or commitments that promote the right to the city revenues and expenditures in order to promote gender equality” (European for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in Institute for Gender Equality, 2017). The purpose of this strategy is to the pre-plan and pre-project phase. At this stage of the process, it’s important achieve accountability and transparency in budget planning, and to improve to intentionally name these principles to allow for clarity among the project representation of all genders in the budgeting process. This approach to team. These principles can serve as a guide throughout the project to ensure budgeting can be used at multiple scales of project or planning processes. gender inclusion remains central to the effort, and will inform the entire process — from the analysis of planning tasks and formulation of project goals, to Gender-equitable distribution of resources requires the analysis of budgets the design and implementation of the project. The commitments detailed in through a gender lens. This may include, for example: Chapter 3 of this handbook provide a valuable starting point for formulating gender principles. In particular, a clear commitment to meaningful, authentic, • Assessment of adequacy of budget allocations for implementation of the and equitable participation, with the attitudes and policies to support decision- project according to gender-inclusive principles making that happens with women and sexual and gender minorities instead • Analysis of gender-disaggregated public expenditure of for them, is essential. Including these principles from the start is also much more efficient, as it is more costly and difficult to retrofit a project to meet these • Income analysis to understand potential gendered impacts (e.g. needs after construction or implementation is complete. disproportionate impacts of changes to user fees on women and sexual and gender minorities) B ADVISORY GROUP • Estimation of personnel costs broken down by women and men Establish an advisory group of local residents and gender experts — and, In addition to analyzing budgets to understand the links to overall gender where appropriate, representatives of sexual and gender minorities and goals, the following must be in place: people with disabilities — made up of at least 50% women to provide project oversight and ensure all activities and outcomes are gender-inclusive and • Ability to restructure budgets and policies to align with a more gender- equitable. This nimble set of stakeholders can vet ideas, offer guidance, and inclusive framework provide expert academic and community knowledge to ensure the project is context-sensitive and grounded in lived experience. • Monitoring and evaluation of the budgeting process and outcomes via gender-disaggregated data Below is a list of potential meeting activities for the advisory group: • Participation of women and sexual and gender minorities (as appropriate) • Project Kick-Off: Walk the group through the goals, scope, and intended in the process through participatory budgeting outcomes of the project • Monitoring and Evaluation Framework Development: Vet indicators, D GENDER TAGGING survey questions, and other data collection tools with the group Track all projects through the World Bank Gender Tagging system to better • Participatory Engagement Planning: Brainstorm good practices and understand project outcomes and successes, and to systematically build context-specific activities that can be used to bring residents into knowledge. This system was developed by the Bank in order to identify the project development process projects that have clear actions related to the four pillars of the Gender • Sharing Back: Present findings and evaluation results to the group, Strategy. Projects are “tagged” if they do all of the following: and ask members to brainstorm next steps for project adjustments and • Identify gaps relevant to the four pillars of the WBG Gender Strategy sharing lessons learned with a larger audience • Aim to address these gaps through specific actions supported by the project World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 64 65 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities • Link the actions to indicators in the project’s results framework The aim of this system is to draw strong links between gender analysis, As part of baseline data collection, conduct an audit of the legal, social, and actions, and monitoring and evaluation (see the box on the World Bank’s economic status of women and sexual and gender minorities, investigating Gender Strategy in Chapter 3 for more detail). land tenure laws, financing regulations, and cultural norms in order to anticipate challenges these groups might face in accessing a project once it is completed. While gender-disaggregated data is not sufficient for the gender tag, it must be collected regardless of whether the plan or project is intended to address 2 PROCESS FRAMEWORK gender inequities in order to track whether there are inadvertent or unintentional adverse impacts on women and sexual and gender minorities. A MONITORING, EVALUATION, C PROPORTIONATE REPRESENTATION ACCOUNTABILITY AND LEARNING Ensure that the gender makeup of the project stakeholder participant group is proportionally representative of the larger population. Analyze population Create a long-term Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, and Learning data disaggregrated by sex and/or gender to determine the sample size and (MEAL) framework that guides the design, implementation, and adaptive appropriate demographic proportions for the participants within the sample size. management of a project and establishes targets for a project’s success at the If demographic data does not exist, strive for a 50/50 representation of men and beginning of the planning process — not during the implementation stage. women at a minimum. Ensure that the participants also represent the different This framework will allow for evaluation of both successes and failures, as ages, abilities, sexual orientation, gender identities, and ethnic groups of the well as the opportunity to adapt a project during or following implementation larger population as much as possible. This is important because it prevents to improve on delivered outcomes, based on resident feedback and relevant opinions, decisions, and solutions from being inaccurate reflections of the larger gender-disaggregated data. A set of core MEAL indicators related to gender population, and thus ineffective and inequitable. Use a multi-pronged approach inclusion must be developed in order to measure success, with a management to engage hard-to-reach populations in planning and design, such as those plan for how to improve project performance if it is found that targets are not who have limited mobility, caregivers, or individuals with non-traditional working being met. These indicators can be based on the issue areas in Chapter 2 that hours. These populations are often predominantly women. are most relevant to a particular project, such as access or safety and freedom from violence (see the box at the end of STEP 2 for more detail and examples Below is a list of tactics to ensure proportionate representation is achieved: of indicators used in gender-tagged World Bank projects). Resources needed to ensure regular reflection and periodic evaluation throughout the lifetime of • Offer a high number of meetings the project and adaptive management techniques should be factored into the • Conduct mobile meetings and engagement activities overall budget. Data for this evaluation should be sourced from third parties, public data, and existing data. • Vary the location and timing of engagement activities • Provide monetary incentives B GENDER-DISAGGREGATED DATA • Provide childcare, food, and translation services at all engagements Collecting gender-disaggregated data is the first step toward gender-inclusive development. Gender-disaggregated data is data that can be broken down by gender groups D GENDER-SEGREGATED FORUM — men, women, and gender minorities — to allow for analysis of the different Provide gender-segregated forums where women, girls, and sexual and gender challenges they face. Gender-disaggregated quantitative and qualitative data minorities can speak freely on gender-related challenges and solutions. Gender- should be collected at the start of any planning or development process to segregated forums create a safe space for people to comfortably discuss their expose current gender-related inequalities, inform data-driven solutions, and unique lived experiences and needs — which may be the result of planning and enable the measurement of project success over time. It is worth investigating design failures — or safety concerns in public space and the home. Providing if any previous gender-disaggregated data has been collected that is relevant a safe space for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities to participate to the project. Once the project has been defined, a permanent MEAL ensures that practitioners and decision-makers have the most candid and framework should be set in place to include data collection at the baseline (pre- accurate information possible to develop effective solutions. implementation and design), midway through design, and on a recurring basis, post-implementation, to measure improvements. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 66 67 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities It is useful to create multiple opportunities for gender-segregated forums EXAMPLE INDICATORS FROM WORLD throughout any planning or design process. Below is a list of engagements that particularly benefit from gender segregation: BANK FY17-19 GENDER TAGGED 1 • Data collection activities such as walk audits or safety mapping Below is a list of example indicators drawn directly from projects in the World Bank FY17-19 • Workshops or group discussions on challenges and solutions portfolio that have been gender-tagged. Going beyond the basic measure of “number of female beneficiaries”, they demonstrate how the issue areas discussed in Chapter 2 can provide a useful • Focus groups framework for choosing specific project outcomes to measure (see Chapter 4.2 to understand which issue areas are “key” to different plan and project typologies, and should therefore be the • Evaluation committees focus of Monitoring, evaluation, Access and Learning (MEAL)). The indicators also show how other World Bank project teams are monitoring representation and inclusion of women in project E CODE REVIEW decision-making processes, and assessing deeper economic and social impacts. Review all existing and relevant building codes, design guidelines, and Often, the most useful indicators are those that reveal (i) changes in attitudes or behavior and (ii) policies to understand how they may promote or hinder the creation of levels of beneficiary/participant satisfaction with the project. These are much more meaningful gender-inclusive projects and plans. Many building codes, zoning laws, than simply measuring the number of people “benefitting from” a project — which does not make and other regulatory mechanisms have been created, directly or indirectly, it clear whose perspective regarding project “benefits” is being counted. For further guidance with able-bodied men as their main authors and intended constituents. In on how to develop quality indicators that are relevant, acceptable, credible, easy, and robust "RACER", see DEVCO (2016). order to implement new projects that meet gender goals, a systematic review and evaluation of all relevant regulations must be conducted in The below indicators can be directly applied to other projects, or adapted to better suit the order to understand their effects on different users and groups. Using a particular context in which a project is taking place. Note, however, that none of the indicators gender lens to evaluate existing standards can be a mechanism and first measure outcomes for sexual and gender minorities or people with disabilities, which are step for suggesting, amending, testing, and instituting new, more equitable equally important. In many cases, “of which women” can be supplemented with “of which sexual building codes. This is a process that was undertaken, for example, by or gender minorities” and “of which people with disabilities”. planners in Vienna as they looked to create gender-inclusive guidelines for the city’s municipal planning bodies. ACCESS • Number of people with improved access to basic services in disadvantaged neighborhoods (of which women) • Percentage of users satisfied with quality of basic infrastructure constructed under the project (of which women) • Percentage of surveyed project beneficiaries who rate municipal services satisfactory or better (of which women) • Increase in number of visitors to improved public spaces (of which women) • Increase in number of merchants or vendors in improved public spaces (of which women) • Percentage of users satisfied with new or improved public spaces (of which women) • Percentage users satisfied with childcare services provided (of which women) MOBILITY • Percentage of user satisfaction with new or improved roads under project (of which women) • Number of people with access to all-season roads within a 500 meter range (of which women) World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 68 69 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities SAFETY AND FREEDOM FROM VIOLENCE SECURITY OF TENURE • Percentage of residents showing lower tolerance towards gender-based violence • Number of land parcels with use/ownership rights for women recorded as a result of project • Percentage of participating Urban Local Bodies with active anti-sexual harassment • Number of housing subsidies allocated to female-headed households complaint committees • Number of households receiving legal documents through the project (of which benefitting • Percentage of women who report feeling safe in public spaces in the selected neighborhood women or couples) locations • Number of people with use or ownership rights recorded as a result of the project (of which • Percentage of women who feel insecure in the neighborhood women) • Registered land transactions (of which by women) • Number of titles registered (of which under women’s names) HEALTH AND HYGIENE • Number of people with access to improved water sources (of which women) • Number of people with access to improved sanitation (of which women) REPRESENTATION AND INCLUSION IN PROJECT DECISIONS • Number of people with access to regular solid waste collection (of which women) • Number of participants in consultation activities during project implementation (of which women) • Number of people provided with improved housing (of which women) • Number of participants in community meetings (of which women) • Number of female-headed households with improved living conditions in precarious urban settlements • Number of citizen forums that meet target percentage of women attendees • Percentage of beneficiaries that feel project investments reflect their needs (of which women) • Percentage of women who consider that their views have been taken into account in project design CLIMATE RESILIENCE • Percentage of registered grievances appropriately resolved within two weeks (of which submitted by women) • Number of people with access to improved drainage (of which women) • Percentage of project-financed capital expenditure on infrastructure and services which • Number of people benefitting from improved flood protection (of which women) directly address constraints and needs identified by women • Percentage of beneficiaries satisfied with improved and maintained drainage (of which • Number of functional Neighborhood Development Committees where elected positions are women) occupied by target percentage of women • Number of people with access to multipurpose disaster shelters as a result of project (of • Percentage of women participating in/leading management committees for project which women) • Number of training workshops carried out on construction good practices; workers safety • Number of people living in flood-risk areas who are covered by a shelter (of which women) and security; local and culturally adequate design; and/or participatory planning, especially towards women • Percentage of user satisfaction of weather information (of which women) • Number of Civil Society Organizations trained in gender equality, land rights and Monitoring • Number of female-headed households with improved living conditions in precarious urban and Evaluation settlements • Number of participating cities that have conducted a gender-based assessment of access • Number of Disaster Risk Management committees with 50% female committee members to municipal services World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 70 71 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 3 PARTICIPATION ECONOMIC INCLUSION • Number of workdays/jobs generated (of which for women) FRAMEWORK • Number of locally-hired jobs (of which women) • Number of community-led enterprises that improve economic livelihood (of which women- A PARTICIPATORY PLANNING AND DESIGN led) Engage women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities • Land sector professionals trained by the project (of which women) in the planning and design process, not just as stakeholders, but as true partners with shared decision-making power. This implies a process where women, girls, • Percentage of women working at project construction sites and sexual and gender minorities are actively co-designing plans and projects • Increase in number of merchants or vendors in improved public spaces (of which women) alongside the project team, resulting in solutions that meets their needs and priorities. This promotes greater impact, equity, sustainability, and ownership • Number of micro-projects for women’s organizations financed among project beneficiaries, thereby fostering long-term community stewardship • Number of beneficiaries of skills development training provided by the project (of which of the project outputs. Women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities should be women) involved in this capacity from the beginning of the project through implementation to have the most impact. • Number of people receiving business start-up advisory services (of which women) • Number of people benefiting from line of credit (of which women) B FACILITATION BY TARGET GROUPS • Number of workshops on gender issues in the workplace Select women and sexual and gender minorities of different ages and abilities — where appropriate — to facilitate participatory planning and design processes and activities. This helps beneficiaries who are women, girls, or sexual and gender minorities feel more comfortable to speak freely and engage deeply in the process. Comfort is critical to unearthing the unique challenges and needs of SOCIAL INCLUSION women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities, and subsequently co-designing • Percentage of young males and females who report being actively engaged in community effective solutions. Ideally, facilitators should be hired from the community in activities which the work is taking place, so that women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities can relate to the facilitator on multiple levels and further deepen their • Community-led initiatives supported by project (of which women-led) engagement with the process. • Average percentage difference in the amount of time spent by local women as compared to Below is a list of questions to consider when hiring facilitation staff: local men on caring for children aged 3-72 months • Does the facilitation staff include women or sexual and gender minorities of different ages and abilities? • Would participating women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities feel Source: World Bank Standard Reports — Urban/Gender tagged comfortable and safe sharing personal or sensitive information with the facilitation staff? • Is the facilitation staff effective at ensuring there is robust input from women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities during meetings, data collection or other engagement activities? C COMMUNITY MOBILIZATION Hire resident leaders to help mobilize the larger community to be involved in the planning and design process. Local residents have the best understanding of their communities and are well-equipped to communicate the relevance of a project to the daily lives of residents. This will not only improve transparency and build trust with the community, but also ensure that all mobilization and engagement World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 72 73 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities methods are in line with the environmental and cultural context of the community. ENGAGING MEN AND BOYS IN ADVANCING For example, the community mobilizer may have a better understanding of neighborhood safety after dark and can advise on whether evening meetings GENDER-INCLUSIVE URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN would be a practical form of engagement, particularly for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities to attend. Men can play an active role in reducing gender gaps in the urban planning and design process. Given the power imbalances that benefit boys and men at the decision-making Below is a list of good practices when hiring and training community mobilizers: level, they can be agents of change by enabling women’s agency and lifting limitations on • Hire a diverse group of mobilizers including, women, men, sexual and gender meaningful participation of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. Evidence from minorities, people with disabilities, teens, older adults, and people with recent studies in the health sector demonstrates that gender transformative interventions, children which seek to change men’s conceptualization of gender norms, can be effective in reducing • Ensure that mobilizers are able to speak the language(s) commonly spoken violence perpetration and changing attitudes and behaviors (World Health Organization, in the community 2007). WHO’s Program H is an intervention for young men that aims to increase their gender equitable attitudes, healthy sexual behaviors, and decrease violent behaviors (Pulerwitz et • Co-develop talking points with mobilizers so they can accurately portray the al. 2010; Verma et al. 2006). project • Set targets for the number of participants that are proportionate to the General lack of agency and representation for women and sexual and gender minorities demographics of the community, for example if the community is 60% female, in urban planning and design calls for more programming targeting men and training them strive for a 60% female participant pool to be allies in transforming gender norms and changing attitudes towards gender equality. D PARTICIPATORY DATA COLLECTION Implement a participatory research design and data collection process to yield the most accurate qualitative and quantitative gender-disaggregated data. Because residents have the most in-depth understanding of the challenges faced in their communities, they can support a deeper and more strategic research process. Involving women and other residents in every step of the research process helps break down barriers and build trust and transparency between the data collectors and the wider community that will participate in the research. Participants may feel more comfortable sharing sensitive information to someone who intimately understands their neighborhood. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 74 75 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 3E Step Up • • Taking the bus home from work or school after dusk Walking around the neighborhood at night PROMOTING BUY-IN • Exercising in a public space/plaza/park etc. in the morning (e.g. running, playing soccer) • Walking to work or school by yourself OBJECTIVE: Create a shared understanding of why gender perspectives are being addressed • Using a public bathroom after dusk in urban planning and design. Note: this activity can be used in mixed-gender or single gender • Walking home at night from the grocery store, with grocery bags groups. • Visiting a police station to report a crime committed against you MATERIALS: Profiles, nametags, masking tape, pens • Walking down the street when you hear a woman screaming for help — do you go to investigate? 2 Give each participant a nametag with a profile on it. Ask participants to begin the 8 After the facilitators have finished reading the different scenarios, each participant min exercise by standing in a horizontal line marked on the floor with adhesive tape. Ask min puts their nametag on, says their profile out loud, and takes stock of what position participants to read their name tags silently but to not display them. they ended up in. Facilitators begin a conversation about why each character ended up in a certain position by asking the following questions: Below is a list of potential profiles that facilitators can write on the nametags in advance of the meeting, as relevant and appropriate: • What was your character? • Mother, female, 30 years old, • Recent immigrant, female, 27, • Where did this character end up? accompanied by baby traveling alone • How did you feel during the scenarios? Why? • Father, male, 30 years old, • Recent immigrant, male, 27, accompanied by baby traveling alone • What can we learn about the experiences of different people given what we • Grandmother, female, 64, traveling • Woman in a wheelchair, 32, have seen here? alone traveling alone • Grandfather, male, 64, traveling • Young woman, 21, accompanied by alone her boyfriend • High school student, female, 17, • Young woman, 21, accompanied by traveling alone her girlfriend • High school student, male, 17, • Young man, 21, accompanied by his traveling alone boyfriend • High school student, transgender • Transgender woman, 25, Women line up in preparation for the Step Up scenarios female-to-male, 17, traveling alone accompanied by a friend • Police officer, female, 36, traveling • School teacher, female, 25, alone accompanied by three students • Police officer, male, 36, traveling alone 10 The facilitators read different scenarios (described below) out loud. In the different min scenarios, each participant thinks about how their profile would feel in that particular scenario, and either takes a step forward if they would feel comfortable, or a step backwards if they would feel uncomfortable. The participants continue to step forwards or backwards, without returning to their original position, until all scenarios have been read aloud. The facilitator says "you are": World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 76 77 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 3F Star Diagram 3G Walk Audit PROMOTING BUY-IN GATHERING DATA OBJECTIVES: 1) Create a shared understanding of why gender perspectives are important to OBJECTIVE: To document and examine the physical aspects and social uses of an area. consider in urban planning and design and 2) evaluate feelings of safety in different parts of a neighborhood. MATERIALS: Walk audit questionnaire, physical conditions list, study area map, clipboards, pens MATERIALS: Star diagram (example on the following page), pens 5 min Facilitators introduce the activity and review the overall steps. Give each woman a diagram and ask them to fill it out according to the questions 10 min in each category (home, public space, public transport, basic services, emergency services, welfare and safety, and social support). 10 Facilitators confirm the exact routes to be taken within a neighborhood the min 10 participants, and divide them into groups of 4-5 per route. min The facilitator(s) ask(s) the group to discus how they feel in each category and why. 75 The groups go out to tour their routes and collect the information indicated below. 5 The facilitator wraps up the activity by discussing what the gender-inclusive aims min Questions should be adapted where appropriate to include observations on sexual min of the project or plan are in relation to the focus area (public space, transit system, and gender minorities and people with disabilities: infrastructure amenities, housing development, etc.). • How many men and women can you see in the area walking or resting? • What activities are being carried out and who is participating? • Which of these activities makes you feel insecure? Which make you feel safe? • Do you see people of any particular gender avoiding certain spaces in the area or the street? • In which spaces (such as a public space) do boys and girls play together, if any? 1. Do you think that the area and its surroundings fulfill the functions for which they were built? Why? 2. How well maintained is the area? Excellent Well Satisfactory Bad Very bad 3. What is your impression of the design of the neighborhood? Excellent Well Satisfactory Bad Very bad 4. If you were not familiar with the neighborhood, would it be easy to orient yourself? World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 78 79 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 45 min Map the following elements on your neighborhood map: 3H Day in the life • Facilities and services: police station, formal or informal markets GATHERING DATA • Transportation routes: pedestrian walkways, sidewalks, transit hubs • Infrastructure and services: traffic signals, bus stops, lighting, benches, and OBJECTIVE: Learn about an area through the daily experiences of women and sexual trash facilities and gender minority participants from the community. • Any informal activity areas to learn, meet, exercise, or play MATERIALS: Journal, pens, map(s) of the area • Issue areas: graffiti, damaged infrastructure, bad maintenance, dark or insecure spaces 5 Facilitators introduce the activity. Participants divide themselves into groups, ideally • Greenery: trees, lawns, plantings, etc. min with their neighbors in the same group. The groups look at the maps to begin thinking about and identifying their typical daily routes. Facilitators join the groups as needed and feasible, and support with interpreting the maps. Maps may need to The groups gather in the space where they began together and review what 45 min they saw on the map, making sure that everything is marked correctly and filled capture both neighborhood-scale and city-scale journeys. out completely. The whole group talks about what they observed and learned. 40 Participants are asked the following set of questions: min With help from the facilitators, each group outlines their daily routines using the steps that follow: • What are the five words that best describe the area and its surroundings? • Each participant fills out a schedule with their daily activities. • What aspects of the area make you feel 1) scared or unsafe and 2) comfortable or safe? • Each participant locates all of the journeys, destinations, and activities that they do on the maps. • Do you feel safe walking alone during the day? Do you feel safe walking alone at night? In conjunction with the previous steps or when completing the timetable and map, each participant should describe the challenges that arise in their daily life while • What is your experience using the area? navigating these journeys. The facilitators, or a group leader if facilitators are not available, take notes and ask additional questions, including: • What might be the experience of someone with a disability using the area? • What is your favorite part of the day? What is your least? • What might be the experience of a young boy or girl using the area? • Where do you feel secure or comfortable during your day? Where do you feel insecure or uncomfortable? • What might be the experience of someone with a stroller using the area? • If there was one thing you could change that would make things more convenient • What would you change to make the area safer? for you, what would it be? • What positive aspects have you found? • Is there any activity you would like to do but you cannot do? For what reason? • What activities would you and other people like to do in the area but are unable • Do you use the (transit system, public space, cultural amenities, etc.) regularly to due to a lack of space or other challenge? or not? If not, why not? What would allow you to use it more often? (Consider issues of cost, safety, access etc.) • What do you think women can do in the area to create a safer space for women and girls? What do you think men can do? Based on these conversations, the facilitator and the participants determine key places to visit and observe, which are feasible to get to within the next hour. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 80 81 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 60 min The groups visit the selected places and routes. The facilitator takes pictures and notes, and asks additional questions based on the observations made in the places 3I Public Space Checklist and on the road, including: GATHERING DATA • Is this the most direct way? If not, why do you take this road or path? • Is there any alternative activity or route that you take under certain circumstances? OBJECTIVE: To understand if a public space is well-designed and gender-inclusive. This What conditions or situations cause your route to change? checklist can be used to evaluate existing public spaces or new designs for public spaces. • Would you show me where you feel most secure or comfortable during your MATERIALS: Public Space Questionnaire, site map, clipboards, pens day? 5 min Facilitators introduce the activity and review the overall steps. • Would you show me where you feel most insecure or uncomfortable during your day? 20 Participant group splits up into smaller focus groups in order to walk around the Facilitators should ask the participants about their thoughts on what would improve min physical space. Each group is asked to answer the following questions (at a minimum the neighborhood and their ability to move through it. to evaluate the level of inclusivity of the public space), and make notations on a map: 15 The groups reunite in the indoor space. Each small group shares their general INFRASTRUCTURE AND COMFORT: min observations with the larger group. Facilitators make detailed notes and provide feedback as appropriate. • Are there well-maintained and adequate public toilets for both men and women? • Are there rubbish bins throughout the public space? • Are there places to sit and rest? • Is there adequate shade? • Are there vendors or kiosks? • Note on map issue areas of infrastructure and comfort. Women lead city social workers through their daily routes in La Favorita, Mendoza CONNECTIVITY: • Is the public space easily accessed from the surrounding neighborhood? • Are there sidewalks surrounding the public space? • Do the paths within the park take people where they want to go, or are people consistently walking off paths for more convenience? • Are there transit stops located nearby for enhanced connectivity? • Is there adequate directional signage or wayfinding within the space? • Note on the map where the main points of connectivity are. PUBLIC SAFETY: • Are there clear sight lines within the public space? Is the interior of the space visible from the street or entrances? • Is there overgrown or non-maintained vegetation that hinders visibility? • Are there fences or walls that block clear pathways to exits? • Is there any visible policing? If so, when are they on duty? • Are there people or groups of people within the park that make women feel unsafe? • Is there the presence of alcohol or drug dealing? • Note on map where there are areas that are perceived to have poor visibility and low levels of public safety. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 82 83 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities OCCUPANCY: 3J Challenge and Solution • Are there people using the public space, and at what times? ENGAGING WOMEN, GIRLS, AND SEXUAL • What types of activities are people engaged in? Is there a mix of physically active AND GENDER MINORITIES IN DESIGN and more sedentary recreational opportunities? • Are people using the space to stop and rest, or are they passing through it? What are the areas that people are using the most? OBJECTIVE: Begin to analyze the various challenges women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of different ages and abilities face in the urban environment. • Is there a mix of men, women, girls, and boys using the public space? What ages? • Is the space accessible to people with disabilities or with special needs? MATERIALS: Sticky notes, markers, pens, poster or blackboard • Note the demographic breakdown of people using the space, what kind of activities they are partaking in, and where. 10 Each participant receives 5 to 10 sticky notes and is asked to write challenges that min women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of different ages and abilities face in LIGHTING: the local urban environment (one challenge per note). • Are the existing lights in working condition? 5 After writing them down, each participant puts their notes on the wall or a poster. The min facilitators organize the challenges by theme according to the issues that arise, such • Are the lights distributed evenly so all parts of the public space are well-lit? as public transportation, public space activities, economy, etc • Are all pedestrian walkways lit? • Note on the map areas where there are issues with lighting. 25 The participants are divided into small groups according to the topics. Each group min considers the following question: When the assessment is complete, each group shares their map and notes with all 10 min of the participants. Facilitators should ask follow up questions to further understand What would you design or propose that would solve this particular category of problem? the observations. Each participant can write or draw their answers. The participant's answers are then shared within their small group. The facilitators prepare a list of solutions identified by each group, and read the lists aloud, one group at a time, to all participants. Each participant votes three times on their preferred solutions, and then the facilitators add up the votes to identify the five most popular and important solutions within each list. Women using a public space checklist to evaluate their local plaza neighborhood children to get their votes. A woman shows potential solutions to World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 84 85 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 3K Design Your Own 4. Indicate where you want to have furniture/equipment, using different colors for each one. ENGAGING WOMEN, GIRLS, AND SEXUAL AND GENDER MINORITIES IN DESIGN • Bathrooms, using color: ____ • Water fountains, using color: ____ OBJECTIVE: Invite women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities to reimagine what a built project would look like if it served their needs and the needs of the community more • Trash cans, using color: ____ fully (please note that this activity can be altered for different focus areas aside from a public space, such as a neighborhood zone, transit route or system, housing development, etc.). • Benches, using color: ____ MATERIALS: Aerial image of project site space, different colored markers, cut-out images of • Tables, using color: ____ public spaces and people in them • Sports fields, using color: ____ 10 Facilitators explain the activity. Each group receives an aerial map and a pack of • Other, using color: ____ min images, markers, pens, glue and sticky notes. Facilitators ask: 20 Participants use the materials to create a collage of their overall vision. Facilitators What does your ideal public space look like, specifically one that takes your needs min should encourage them to share their views on each image/amenity that informed and the needs of other women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and their group’s decisions. If the participants cannot find an image/amenity they are abilities into account? looking for within the printed images available, they can use the pens and sticky notes to draw or describe their vision using short sentences. 20 min Participants use their materials to show how they would design their public space, with the following prompts: 10 When they are done, each group shares their map with all of the participants. min Facilitators should ask follow-up questions and encourage participants to do the same in order to further understand why certain decisions were made. 1. In the color____, draw the sidewalks and pathways you would like to use to pass through the public space. The sidewalks may be the same as those that currently exist, be similar to what currently exists, or be completely different than what currently exists. 2. Choose materials from the following list that you would like the sidewalks to be built with. Label the sidewalks with that material. A plaza redesign envisioned by women in La Favorita, Mendoza • Natural soil • Concrete • Brick • Natural stone • Grass • Rubber • Gravel • Mud • Cobble • Paved 3. Indicate where you want lighting to be located, using the color: ____. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 86 87 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities 4.1 Process Guidelines and Activities Process Guidelines and Activities • for placement in permanent development projects Stipulate a quota of 50% or more women employees hired for a given (continued) • project Hire women and sexual and gender minorities to hold highly visible jobs, such as public transit jobs or security guards, to promote safety, comfort, and access for others. 4 APPLICATION C MICROFINANCE FRAMEWORK Ensure women and sexual and gender minorities who have participated in the development process have equitable access to and ownership of the completed project by making non-traditional financing mechanisms, such as microfinance, available. Around the world, women and sexual and gender A IMPLEMENTATION minorities often face unequal access to traditional banking methods and land ownership, preventing them from establishing financial independence. Create inclusive strategies and frameworks for project implementation that Auditing these challenges as part of a MEAL framework (as described in allow for women and sexual and gender minorities to access multiple kinds Step 2) and providing microfinance opportunities such as affordable housing of economic development opportunities. Though the construction industry is credits, community-based savings and loans, or long-term collective leases currently dominated by men, there are many opportunities for women and or land titles to community cooperatives, can improve the ability of women sexual and gender minorities to contribute to the implementation and long- and sexual and gender minorities to gain financial independence. Microfinance term maintenance of design projects, either through professional avenues provisions that enable equitable access should be set in motion early on in such as mandated contracting objectives, or through other options such as the project planning phase, so that resources can be utilized immediately microfinancing. These strategies promote sustainable and gender-inclusive following completion. Such resources can act as buffers against market forces economic development, thereby strengthening the ability of women and and promote collective community structures and mechanisms to increase sexual and gender minorities to be design stewards and decision-makers in resilience. their communities. B CONTRACTING OBJECTIVES Ratify gender-inclusive procurement and contracting procedures that integrate requirements, specifications, and criteria that prioritize women and sexual and gender minority entrepreneurship. These provisions improve both the short-term and long-term financial independence and stability of women and sexual and gender minorities, which can lead to improved education and health outcomes, among other societal benefits. On the following page is a list of contracting procedures that support women and sexual and gender minorities: • Hire research, planning, and design consultants owned by women or sexual and gender minorities • Hire skilled workers, such as carpenters, metal-smiths, or contractors for the project construction, that are women or sexual and gender minorities • Train and pay women and sexual and gender minorities to participate in the long-term maintenance and/or monitoring of a project • Prioritize businesses owned by women and sexual and gender minorities World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 88 89 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Planning and 4.2 Planning and Project Guidelines Project Guidelines spur creativity, further exploration, and innovation — helping inspire project and consultant teams, especially when they are unsure of how to begin. It is important to note that each of these strategies and activities must be analyzed and adapted based on the project type, cultural context, and specifics of the community being served. The guidelines provided in this section focus on how the design and implementation of urban plans and built projects can and should be done in a manner that is gender-inclusive. Guidelines The plan and project types included in this section were defined in collaboration with World Each plan and project type has an individual section that dives more deeply into specific Bank staff, including senior specialists and TTLs. They refer to a broad set of project and strategies and standards for creating a more gender-inclusive built environment. The planning typologies, many of which are often initiated, financed, and shaped by the Bank. guidelines are presented in bullet point format to prompt implementation teams to think about useful standards and considerations for gender inclusion. Urban design projects in 1. The Planning Guidelines put forward a set of strategic considerations and suggestions particular (streetscapes, public space, and housing) put forward minimum standards for for each planning process. consideration in design processes, where appropriate. Short case studies are provided for 2. The Project Guidelines focus on concrete design standards and implementation each plan and project type to further illustrate some of the selected practices, and concrete strategies for each sector and project type. examples are given throughout the guidelines themselves to provide context. The guidelines themselves were developed based on extensive literature review and Application and Further Resources interviews with World Bank and other experts, as well as the practical experience of the consultant team. Where minimum standards are put forward, they emerge from a close Following these guidelines and applying the minimum standards put forward for one plan or cross-referencing of existing guidance specific to gender-inclusive design where there is a project type will influence progress in many other areas. Close coordination across sectors, degree of universality in the approach. plans, and project types, as well as collaboration with implementing agencies, will help ensure that broader needs are met, efforts are not duplicated, and the quality of responses across sectors is optimized. For example, where standards for streetscapes are not met, the importance of meeting public space standards is heightened due to the interconnected HOW TO USE THE PLANNING AND PROJECT GUIDELINES nature of these public elements and their fundamental gender impacts. Ideally, a Terms of Reference document for one plan or project will influence, extend, and connect to others. Key Issue Area Wheel These cross-linkages are signaled throughout the guidelines. The Issue Area Wheel provides a quick visual summary of which gender-related issues Where national or municipal standards are lower than suggested standards in these discussed in Chapter 2 — access, mobility, safety and so on — would likely be the focus guidelines, implementing organizations should work with the government to progressively of a given plan or project type and form the basis of Monitoring, Evaluation, Accountability, raise standards, including through the allowance for special dispensation for testing and Learning. See overleaf for more detail on this graphic. progressive standards in pilot or innovative project investments. To support all of the content in the guidelines, a list of resources is provided at the end Activities of each plan and project section for further reading, reference, and inspiration. Users are Drawing directly from the seven activities described in STEP 3: Participation Framework invited to mix, match, or merge the guidelines and activities, and, most importantly, to tailor, in Chapter 4.1, suggested activities are given for each plan and project type to provide test, and adapt them to the unique context of the communities and urban settings in which guidance on how to achieve a gender-inclusive process. These activities fall into three the work is taking place. categories: • Buy-in: Guidance on how to sensitize stakeholders to the topic of gender and encourage their commitment to and ownership over the project • Data: Guidance on how to understand existing conditions and collect meaningful data that shows how gender inequities manifest in the built environment • Design: Guidance on how to ensure equal representation and elevate the expertise of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in designing solutions to gender inequity The selection of activities is not supposed to be exclusive or restrictive, but is intended to World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 90 91 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Issue Area Wheel 4.2 Planning and Project Guidelines unications Comm Hous ing ste + ICT Wa Pu o lid ment bl S ge Mo ic Tr na bil a Chapter 2 introduced in detail the key issue areas of Access, Mobility, Safety and Freedom Ma ity ns Sa , + por from Violence, Health and Hygiene, Climate Resilience, and Security of Tenure. These six + fet Ro ta y ad t themes highlight where and how the current realities in the built urban environment interact n at r io nit te n, Sa Wa io with, and often exacerbate, gender inequities. St re ets There are critical intersections between all of the issue areas and the project and plan ca pe types, highlighted in the diagram opposite. However, issue areas are shown as either “key” s or “additional”. This distinction is made to help the reader understand which areas they y rgr should focus on most intensely in a project. In particular, the “key issues” can form the basis Ene for a set of gender indicators within a robust MEAL framework. For example, a robust MEAL Publ framework for an Urban Land Management Plan would likely include gender indicators that ic Spa measure changes in access, mobility, climate resilience, and security of tenure — the “key Infrastructure and issues” for that plan typology. Examples of actual indicators used by World Bank teams in ce Basic Urban Services FY17-19 are given for each issue area in Chapter 4.1. Issue Area Wheel The designation of “key” and “additional” issue areas was carefully considered, discussed, Managem Urban Lan and debated against the background of a wide literature related to gender and the built environment, much of which is referenced in these guidelines. The designation is not meant ent to be conclusive or restrictive — of course issues will vary in their gravity from country, to d nt city, to neighborhood, to street. The figure opposite is a starting point for identifying and isk m e er R debating the wider gender issues emanating from society and the built environment. ge ast De ropo na Pla pm n Ma vel M s Ultimately, the guidelines, activities, and relative emphasis of gender issues must be Di ns ent e o t adapted to the unique context of the communities and urban settings in which the work is lita taking place, and this process should be carried out in collaboration with residents from Ac s n n De nte tio at Pla those places. v el I o n gr pm o e ti a Ac lim as ted ent M te P ty C r P Urb lans Ci ns t lan an Pla men P + p Tra lans elo od nsp Dev borho Plans City ortat ion h Neig Upgrading Mob ility + Informal Neighborhood Access Health and Hygiene Key Issue/s Mobility Climate Resilience Additional Issue/s Safety and Freedom from Violence Security of Tenure World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 92 93 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Planning Guidelines Urban Land Management Urban Land Management processes define how land is accessed, held, transferred, developed, and regulated, with the intention of ensuring efficient and equitable allocation and utilization of urban land. Tools and practices can include land rights, records and registration; enumerations for tenure security; land co-management between government and communities; land record management for transactability; land use planning; informal neighborhood upgrading plans; land readjustment (slum upgrading and/or post crisis); land management, administration, and information; land law and enforcement; and land value taxation, among others (UN-HABITAT, 2008a). Competing interests must be well-managed and land use benefits equitably distributed in order to promote the land rights of women and sexual and gender minorities, and to enable them to maintain their livelihoods and homes. Successful Urban Land Management also depends on a commitment to secure tenure for all segments of society; transparent and participatory decision-making; and adherence to the rule of law. CASE STUDY In Uganda, local land rights activists turned to the Global Land Tool Network’s (GLTN) Gender Evaluation Criteria as a guide through the complex and layered policies that impact women’s access to land. Using the criteria, the Uganda Land Alliance conducted participatory gender evaluation assessments which identified an overrepresentation of men in land management decision-making bodies. This finding led to the development of a national action plan to better incorporate women in land management entities. The Gender Evaluation Criteria is available for download on the GLTN website. 94 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 95 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ ISSUE AREA WHEEL Land n ent ba Ur agem n Ma Access Mobility Safety and Freedom from Violence Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 96 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Collect quantitative and qualitative information on how social relations impact land access — including marital, intra-household, and community relationships, as well as cultural and religious norms — in order to identify where adjustments in existing land management systems are required. • Build gender-disaggregated statistical profiles of community members’ experiences with land access, use, ownership, and management to identify gaps or deficiencies in existing and commonly-used land management tools and practices. • Reform urban land management practices and tools to promote gender inclusion by actively engaging women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in the development process. • Use a gendered lens to analyze land management tools such as land use planning, land readjustment, or land rights by gathering data to understand how stakeholders’ experiences differ according to their gender. • Assess various mechanisms for achieving security of tenure for women and sexual and gender minorities, which could include long-term rental contracts, formal recognition of customary land rights, and collective land titles, among others. Collective tenure rights, for example, often function as a buffer against market forces and promote social cohesion and resilience. • Identify alternative, accessible, and affordable land-finance mechanisms such as community savings groups. These are often especially attractive to women and sexual and gender minorities, as they can provide credit quickly in times of crisis and start- up loans for income-generating activities, as well as improving social inclusion and knowledge exchange. • Employ community-based savings and loan schemes as “brokers” for channeling loans to poor communities. These provide governments and lending institutions with an established, capable management mechanism whereby communities manage loan disbursal and repayments as a group, reducing the lending institution’s overhead. RESOURCES A Training Package: Improving Gender Equality and Grassroots Participation through Good Land Governance (UN-HABITAT) — 2010. Gendering Land Tools: Achieving Secure Tenure for Women and Men (UN-HABITAT) — 2008. Handling Land: Innovative Tools for Land Governance and Secure Tenure (UN- HABITAT) — 2012. Policy Makers Guide To Women's Land, Property, and Housing Rights Across the World (UN-HABITAT) — 2007. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 98 Metropolitan 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Development Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Metropolitan Development Plans encompass both cities and their surroundings to account for broader economic and geographical interdependencies and address the social and political interests that cities share with neighborhoods that lie beyond municipal boundaries. Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ They seek to improve access to opportunities and aim to balance the impacts of urbanization on the environment and different economic centers. Metropolitan Development Plans often involve various local governments to create synergies in infrastructure and public service provision between sub-centers, surrounding settlements, and the principle city, which often share economic and labor markets. Metropolitan Development Plans can span land use, transportation and mobility, open space, environment, communication, water resources, and housing, as well as economic development and resilience. With so many interdependent and far-reaching elements, the active inclusion of women and sexual and gender minorities in Metropolitan Development Plans is essential to avoiding adverse impacts and ensuring cross-cutting gender issues are successfully and comprehensively addressed. ISSUE AREA WHEEL politan t etro pmen CASE STUDY M velo De Plans Access In 1994, Bulacan, Philippines created The Provincial Commission for Women through an executive order, making it the first commission of its kind to inform regional planning decisions with a gender lens. Comprised of local grassroots leaders, the Commission has led efforts to advocate for the participation of Mobility women in the development process as well as creating new service programs and resource facilities, such as the Marilao Special Education and Women's Center, which provides education and caregiving to local special needs children. Safety and Freedom from Violence Source: Gender Mainstreaming — UN-HABITAT, 2008b Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 100 101 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Promote the development of multi-functional sub-centers (i.e. polycentric development) so that people of all genders, regardless of their roles and responsibilities, can access basic goods and services within proximity to residential areas without making long trips into the main/core city. • Integrate transport and land use considerations to reduce the number of neighborhoods or settlements with limited access to economic opportunities, services, or infrastructure within the metro region, thereby making it easier to balance care work with economic activity. • Promote the distribution of economic opportunities throughout the metro region to enhance access to employment, reduce commutes, and avoid unsustainable, monocentric development, which can negatively impact the compatibility of care work with economic work as well as limit participation in the public realm. • Expand public transport systems to neighborhoods in peripheral areas of the metro region to enhance inclusion and participation in public life for women, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities, especially in cities where low-income areas are outside the main city. • Promote the creation or protection of a network of green, accessible, and safe public spaces throughout the metro region of various sizes and uses to provide sufficient and convenient opportunities for recreation, play, and exercise, and to help mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and air pollution, which often burden women and girls, as primary caregivers, in particular. • Restore and rehabilitate contaminated waterways and water bodies to reduce exposure to health risks, particularly for women and children who might spend more time in residential areas on the metro’s periphery. RESOURCES Gender and Access (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and Women’s Environment and Development Organization) — 2018. Gender in Mainstreaming Urban Development Berlin: On the Path Towards becoming a Metropolis worth Living in for Women and Men (Senate Department for Urban Development Berlin) — 2011. Gender Inequalities in Cities: Urban 20 White Paper (Inter-American Development Bank) — 2018. State of Women in Cities 2012-2013: Gender and Prosperity of Cities (UN-HABITAT) — 2013. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 102 Master Plans and Integrated 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Urban Development Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN City Master Plans and Integrated Urban Development Plans provide a shared vision for the future of a city — guiding growth and development, creating connections between different land uses, and balancing sectoral and spatial development requirements with efficient and Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ sustainable use of land and natural resources. Although they are two different planning tools with distinct planning processes and underlying ideologies, well-executed City Master Plans and Integrated Urban Development Plans both aim to improve spatial integration and connectivity, human security, and resilience. Guidelines for both types of plan are given here to cover the breadth of urban planning approaches used in different regions around the world. In both typologies, neighborhood density and mobility are key areas of concern for women and other primary caregivers balancing care work with income generation. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY + Plan an r b In Belén, Costa Rica, incorporating gender into master planning processes took aste ed Ur lans a two-fold approach. First, staff and senior management within the municipality M ra t nt P e g m e were required to attend capacity-building workshops with local women’s Int elop Access organizations to better understand the needs and perspectives of women. v Second, a system of monitoring and evaluation was put in place to ensure De municipal engagements met their gender inclusion goals and reached target Mobility beneficiaries to incorporate their needs and considerations into master plans and similar guiding documents. Source: Gender Mainstreaming — UN-HABITAT, 2008b Safety and Freedom from Violence Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 104 105 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Avoid following existing or inherited urban planning standards that fail to consider the needs of women and sexual and gender minorities in order to prevent new plans from replicating inadequate or discriminatory models. In many former colonies, planning standards once introduced to segregate ethnic and racial groups are still applied today, impacting low-income women disproportionately by limiting their access to opportunities and services. • Prioritize the development of context-appropriate spatial strategies and minimum working standards to ensure gender-inclusive urban development in diverse urban planning contexts. This applies particularly to former colonies, where planning standards introduced during colonial times conflict with today’s urban realities of rapid population growth, high population density, and limited availability of urban land. Such standards need to be revised and adjusted to avoid displacement and provide access to public infrastructure and services in low-income and high-density settlements. • Stipulate the development of affordable, secure, and decent housing with diverse, context-appropriate housing typologies and a range of tenure systems to accommodate various household types, lifestyles, and financial capacities. • Create high-density, mixed-use neighborhoods with short distances to key economic opportunities and social infrastructure and services to facilitate the compatibility of gainful employment, supply of goods and services, and care work while reducing demand for vehicular transport. • Link industrial and local business areas and facilities for easier access to and supply of everyday goods and services. • Provide adequate, context-specific infrastructure and basic services within convenient proximity of housing to ensure ease of access for all residents. Depending on the context, a range of proximity (e.g. between 250 meters and 500 meters walking distance) should be determined and vetted with residents to ensure services are conveniently located. Further details can be found in the Housing section of the Project Guidelines within this handbook. • Integrate an inclusive, convenient, safe, active, accessible, affordable, transit- oriented, and multi-modal transportation system into the plan to enhance access, economic opportunity, social inclusion, and the combination of caregiving and economic activity for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities, especially those with disabilities or without cars. Such transportation systems also avoid segregation of low-income neighborhoods and promote general connectivity and inclusion for all. • Restore and rehabilitate contaminated waterways and water bodies to reduce exposure to health risks that burden women, as primary caregivers, in particular. RESOURCES Discussion Paper 7: Gender in Planning and Urban Development (Commonwealth Secretariat) — 2009. Gender and Urban Planning: Issues and Trends (UN-HABITAT) — 2012. Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development: Berlin Handbook (Women’s Advisory Committee of the Senate Department for Urban Development) — 2011. Gender Mainstreaming (UN-HABITAT) — 2008. Manual for Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development (Urban World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 106 Development Vienna, Municipal Department 18) — 2013. City Mobility and 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Transportation Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN City Mobility and Transportation Plans guide the development of municipal transportation infrastructure, with the aim of promoting the efficient, sustainable, and equitable movement of people and goods. Mobility and Transportation Plans set forth street designations and Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ hierarchies as well as locating transit, bicycle, and pedestrian infrastructure. In addition to improving quality of life, mobility and transportation plans often aim to address air and noise pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, and energy consumption. Often, gendered concerns around care-related travel, accessing basic services, and time poverty as a result of inefficient travel are systematically underrepresented in transportation statistics (ITDP, 2018). Additionally, the location of new rail and road corridors without sufficient community input can lead to informal neighborhoods being displaced or resettled, disproportionately impacting women, children, and people with disabilities. ISSUE AREA WHEEL + CASE STUDY bility o on ity M ortati In 2013, in an effort to create a more equitable public transportation system, C nsp s Transport for London (TfL) undertook an initiative focusing on gender gaps in Tra Plan Access five categories: accessibility, safety and security, affordability, information, and employment. Through speaking with 140 different women’s groups, TfL drafted an action plan and a four-year initiative called Action on Equality. The initiative took forward suggestions such as accessible bus stops, more legible maps, Mobility improved lighting at bus stops, a diverse transportation workforce, priority seating for women and the elderly, and real-time schedule information on buses. Safety and Freedom from Violence Sources: TFL, 2016 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 108 109 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Provide flexible, affordable, convenient, accessible, safe, multi-modal transportation options that respond to gendered behaviors, such as trip-chaining, reliance on walking or public transit, and making “non wage-earning” trips for leisure and reproductive work. • Locate transport nodes within a 500 meters of each other and of housing, services, and workplaces, to the extent feasible, to promote connectivity for all transportation users and especially those making multipurpose trips. • Promote the concept of a polycentric “city of short distances” with mixed-use development, decentralized services, and comprehensive transportation services to allow for the efficient combination of work, family errands, caregiving trips, and shopping. • Prioritize the implementation of affordable housing in areas with accessibility to rapid transit (or reliable transit where rapid transit doesn’t exist). Social housing developments should be located within a 500 meter walk from a rapid transit stop/station to avoid isolation and segregation. • Plan new rail and road corridors with cognizance of varying land statuses and income brackets and enable appropriate, pro-poor, and consultative re-housing and re- settlement where required. • Implement measures to slow vehicular traffic, such reduced vehicle lanes (road diets), raised crosswalks, and increased lane width for bicycles and public transit to improve road safety for all users, especially women and sexual and gender minorities with reduced mobility or young children. • Create pedestrian infrastructure and sidewalks that are sufficiently wide, adequately paved, and free from parked cars to allow for safe passage for pedestrians (ideally these should be a minimum of 2 meters in width). Infrastructure such as bollards can create separation to protect people on the sidewalk from vehicular traffic. • Increase the frequency and reliability of transit services, particularly at night and on weekends, to reduce waiting times and provide convenient, safe service outside of traditional commuting hours. Include and advertize CCTV on buses or in stations where appropriate. • Provide reduced or free school transportation services to increase access to educational opportunities for children of all genders and incomes, especially those in single-mother families. • Provide adequate public lighting to increase visibility at night, particularly around bus stops, creating safer public spaces and pedestrian and biking infrastructure for women and sexual and gender minorities. Upgrade all lighting to LED. RESOURCES Approaches for Gender Responsive Urban Mobility. Module 7a Sustainable Transport: A Sourcebook for Policy-Makers in Developing Cities (GIZ) — 2018. Women and Transport in Indian Cities (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy) — 2017. Gender and Access (Institute for Transportation and Development Policy and Women’s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 110 Environment and Development Organization) — 2018. Neighborhood 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Development Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Neighborhood Development Plans are local, neighborhood-scale plans that lay out guidelines on issues as diverse as land use and development, housing, local economic development, environmental development and protection, community services development, and local Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ private and public transport development requirements. Typically more detailed than City Master Plans or Integrated Urban Development Plans, Neighborhood Development Plans can define housing typologies, propose housing layouts, suggest building materials to use, set out size of plots, and define design requirements for private and public open space, as well as transport, social and public infrastructure, and other amenities. Since this type of plan begins to define the feel and function of housing, public and civic spaces, and streetscapes, consulting women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities on how they wish to use these spaces is essential. Neighborhood Development Plans do not encompass neighborhood upgrading, which is discussed in the following section. ISSUE AREA WHEEL d orhoo b t CASE STUDY eigh opmen N vel De lans In India, the Women Resource Zone (WRZ) approach is a model for incorporating P Access women’s needs and rights into local neighborhood plans. In the village of Shivpuri, a network of organizations and land rights advocates led to the creation of a WRZ to delineate a neighborhood-level district aimed at deploying special measures and policies to include women in infrastructural development. Shivpuri’s WRZ led Mobility to the creation of a Women’s Assistance Center, spaces for economic production of commodities such as ghee, and spaces dedicated to reforestation and the growth of natural resources. Safety and Freedom from Source: SAFP, 2013 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 112 113 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Create high-density and mixed-use neighborhoods with short distances to key social services, public infrastructure, transit, and economic opportunity to facilitate the compatibility of gainful employment, supply of goods and services, and care work. Design spaces for economic opportunity and income generation close to housing developments in order to give caregivers access to income-generating opportunities. • Plan for small neighborhood centers where public spaces are combined with key public and social services as well as supply of basic goods to improve access, provide opportunities for participation in the public realm, and promote social cohesion to increase safety for women and sexual and gender minorities. • Plan for active and public transportation to improve access to economic and educational opportunities and enhance the compatibility of gainful employment, supply of goods and services, and caregiving. This could feature a robust network of sidewalks, dedicated cycling lanes, and rapid transit developed in conjunction with women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. Further details can be found in the Project Guidelines on (i) Public Transport, Mobility Infrastructure, and Road Safety and (ii) Streetscapes within this handbook. • Plan for diverse housing typologies, tenure systems, and layouts to ensure people with different lifestyles, household setups, and financial capacities have equitable access to quality housing. • Plan the number of storeys of residential developments to enable visibility of public, open spaces for play and leisure, which can enhance safety and security. • Balance private and communal open spaces for everyday tasks, children’s play, and leisure to stimulate exchange and contact between neighbors and enhance social cohesion and security within the neighborhood. • Create a broad mix of green spaces (including pocket parks, plazas, and regional parks) within close proximity of residential areas to provide opportunities for play, recreation and exercise; promote exchanges between diverse user groups; and mitigate the negative impacts of climate change and air pollution which put particular burdens on women and other primary caregivers. Further details can be found in the Public Space section of the Project Guidelines within this handbook. • Design a network of plazas to provide civic spaces for recreational and social interaction. Plazas can contain seating, public art, and areas for relaxation or interaction, and should be designed to cater to a diverse set of user groups. • Provide adequate, context-specific infrastructure and basic services for all groups of society within convenient proximity to their homes to facilitate access and enhance compatibility of caregiving responsibilities with other tasks and roles. RESOURCES Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development: Berlin Handbook (Women’s Advisory Committee of the Senate Department for Urban Development) — 2011. Gender and Urban Planning: Issues and Trends (UN-HABITAT) — 2012. Manual for Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development (Urban Development Vienna, Municipal Department 18) — 2013. A City That Plans: Reinventing Urban Planning. World Cities Report. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (UN-HABITAT) — 2016. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 114 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 115 Informal Neighborhood 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Upgrading Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Neighborhood upgrading is a comprehensive planning process that aims to gradually improve, formalize, and incorporate informal urban settlements or “slums” into formal cities. Well-executed upgrading plans will pave the way to increased and formalized access to land, Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ employment, and citizenship; improved access to and quality of essential infrastructure, amenities, and economic, social, institutional, and community services; and environmental sustainability and community resilience. Within informal settlements, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities are at a particular disadvantage, often facing insecure tenure, violence, poverty, severe hygiene and health challenges, and lack of agency in public life. As such it is crucial to center the priorities of these groups and work to overcome the basic challenges that disproportionately burden them — without negatively impacting the existing social networks or economic activities that may sustain them. ISSUE AREA WHEEL d CASE STUDY borhoo h eig s The Caracas Slum Upgrading Project (CAMEBA) sought to improve the quality of al N g Plan m in life in various neighborhoods in Caracas, Venezuela through community-driven, for grad Access sustainable, and replicable infrastructure improvements. Projects focused on In Up improving pedestrian access, water distribution, sanitation, housing and other basic services. Broad outreach was conducted to ensure women’s participation. Successful outreach led to women making up the majority of meeting participants Mobility and developing proposals for the projects. Women supervised the projects, ensuring efficiency and effectiveness. Women’s participation and leadership improved household livelihoods and led to women claiming a more equal voice in Safety and Freedom from household decision-making. Source: Alemán, 2009 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 116 117 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Consider interdependencies with surrounding formal areas, especially economic interdependencies and their gendered aspects. Proximity to earning opportunities is one of the main factors influencing where informal settlements are located and is an essential consideration for women balancing reproductive and productive roles. • Avoid relocations, which tend to break up communities and destroy the social networks women depend on to balance paid and care work. Relocation sites tend to be located where land is available but public services and infrastructure have not yet been developed, reducing access to economic opportunities while increasing transportation costs to reach goods, public services, and infrastructure. • Improve access to economic opportunity by planning for improved and safer footpaths and locating public transportation nodes within or in immediate proximity of low-income settlements. • Prioritize upgrading buildings and amenities that facilitate and institutionalize informal economic activities, for example by improving access to and affordability of water, sanitation, energy, and other basic services so that informal businesses can run smoothly and profitably. • Identify and ratify minimum working standards to secure basic levels of health and safety for all inhabitants, especially women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities, and to reconcile caregiving and economic activities within immediate proximity of potential new housing developments. • Prioritize mixed-use zoning (residential and commercial) in low-income settlements to promote home-based and other informal economic activity and to improve access to essential services and amenities. • Limit land consumption, use land more efficiently, and plan for higher densities to reduce per-unit costs and allow for more efficient and affordable basic services, promoting long-term sustainability. • Plan for active transportation such as walking and cycling, and affordable, transit-oriented transport systems to improve access to services, amenities, and economic and educational opportunities. • Plan for inclusive, extensive, and safe networks of public spaces of various sizes and uses to promote full participation in public life for all genders. Further details can be found in the Public Space section of the Project Guidelines within this handbook. • Integrate Neighborhood Upgrading Plans into City Master Plans and Integrated RESOURCES Urban Development Plans to enhance their potential for implementation and to avoid isolation or segregation of the settlement from the wider city, which disproportionately Gender and Urban Planning: Issues and Trends (UN-HABITAT) — 2012. affects women’s economic and social well-being. Gender Issue Guide: Housing and Slum Upgrading (UN-HABITAT) — 2012. Quick Guide 2: Low-Income Housing (UN-HABITAT) — 2008. Quick Guide 3: Land — A Crucial Element in Housing the Urban Poor (UN-HABITAT) — 2011. Quick Guide 5: Housing Finance — Ways to Help to Poor Pay for Housing (UN- World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 118 HABITAT) — 2008. City Climate 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Action Plans RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Climate Action Plans aim to mainstream climate resilience as a key objective of urban planning while complementing a city’s broader socioeconomic and environmental goals. They can be standalone plans or incorporated into existing Master Plans, Integrated Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ Urban Development Plans, or Municipal Plans. A Climate Action Plan typically includes both adaptation and mitigation measures, as well as strategies for monitoring, evaluation, communication, and public education. Like gender, climate is a cross-cutting issue that can touch on every aspect of daily life and the built environment. As such, a good Climate Action Plan will span several strategic areas and consider the complex interactions between physical, economic, and social vulnerability to address the disproportionate climate risk and stress that women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities face. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY e limat y C lans Initiated by the C40, a global network of 94 cities committed to addressing climate change, the Women4Climate conference aims to provide mentorship and Cit P resources to new leaders in climate action and highlight the key role women play tion Access in championing climate action in cities. The group’s network of female mayors Ac and climate action leaders has taken part in such city-led projects as the London Sustainable Development Commission’s initiative to attract more women to local “cleantech” industries. The women have also provided guidance on active Mobility transportation data sourcing options for Barcelona’s 2016 Plan for Gender Justice. Source: Women4Climate, 2019 Safety and Freedom from Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 120 121 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Promote the greening of existing and new infrastructures and buildings such as facades, rooftops, roads, and walls (vertical gardening) to reduce heat island effects and combat air pollution — risks that disproportionately burden children, women, and other primary caregivers. • Promote low-carbon and renewable energy sources to women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities through awareness activities and projects in order to promote cleaner cooking and more efficient energy consumption in the household. • Plan for adequate settlement densities with sufficient green and blue spaces to limit heat island effects and promote safer water management, an issue that disproportionately affects hygiene and health for women, girls, and people with disabilities. • Integrate social and economic strategies into climate resilience planning, for example by promoting rainwater harvesting as a flood adaptation strategy and basic resource for women and girls, who are usually the primary water-fetchers. • Promote urban agriculture to adapt to increasing extreme weather events such as drought, reducing the risk of food insecurity for low-income and female-headed households, among others. • Improve solid waste management, especially in informal settlements, to reduce pollution, flooding, and toxic emissions in order to reduce the health, hygiene, and caregiving burdens for women, girls, and people with disabilities. • Promote safe, convenient, and affordable public transport and active transportation, such as cycling and walking, to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and heat island effects while better catering to the complex transportation needs of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. • Mix physical flood protection infrastructure and social resilience support, especially in informal settlements, where low-income, women-headed households tend to be located in the most affordable but flood-prone areas. • Incorporate educational and skill-building opportunities for women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities into climate action plan implementation, for example by training them in green infrastructure construction techniques. This will improve social and economic inclusion as well as promoting ownership over new infrastructures, helping support maintenance and sustainability. RESOURCES Gender, Cities, and Climate Change: Thematic Report Prepared for Cities and Climate Change (UN-HABITAT) — 2011. Gender and Urban Change (International institute for Environment and Development) — 2013. Gender and Urban Climate Policy: Gender-Sensitive Policies Make a Difference (UN- HABITAT) — 2015. Gender and the Environment (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency) — 2016. Social and Gender Inequalities in Environment and Health (World Health Organization, World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 122 Regional World Bank Handbook Office for Europe) for Gender-Inclusive — 2010. Urban Planning and Design, 2020 123 Disaster Risk 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines Management RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Disaster Risk Management (DRM) plans involve the development and application of disaster risk reduction and response strategies to prevent, reduce, manage, and cope with disaster risk in order to promote resilience, sustainability, and prosperity for all. A Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ cross-sectoral, holistic approach is critical to evaluating and preparing for the complex nature of disaster risks — and this must be rooted in a commitment to social inclusion and gender equity. Evidence shows that when DRM efforts take into account the differences in socio-cultural roles, norms, and values around gender, the preparedness of the entire community is strengthened, and the number of injuries and deaths resulting from disaster can be significantly reduced. Moreover, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities face significant additional risks such as increased gender-based violence following disaster, which must be incorporated into DRM planning. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY r Risk e ast ement Despite their disproportionately gendered risks, disasters can sometimes create opportunities for women to play roles and enter spaces denied to them under is D nag normal circumstances. Following the 1999 Marmara Earthquake in Turkey, which killed more than 17,000 people, the nonprofit FWSS established Women and Ma Plans Access Children’s Centers to support women and increase the visibility of their crucial role in disaster recovery and reconstruction. Initially established in tents before moving to temporary housing settlements, the Centers provided a place for women to meet, learn skills, start individual and collective businesses, and access child Mobility care and information about reconstruction efforts. Sources: Asia News Network, 2016; KEDV, 2019; Pournik et al., 2012 Safety and Freedom from Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 124 125 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.1 Planning Guidelines • Ensure developmental considerations for gender equity are well-represented in the mitigation and preparedness phases of the disaster management cycle to enable long term and development-oriented recovery actions. • Integrate gender equity and the empowerment of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in Recovery Frameworks, sector-based recovery plans, and monitoring and evaluation frameworks for equitable resource allocation and needs prioritization. • Integrate reduction of gender-based violence into DRM policies and plans at all stages, including preparedness, post-disaster response, and recovery. • Enable community-public partnerships for inclusive DRM to build technical capacity and political will for practical, collaborative initiatives, enabling DRM Agencies to partner with grassroots, women and minority-led community organizations. • Establish specific safety standards in recovery shelters, such as adequate lighting and provisions for privacy, as well as standards for reporting GBV. • Establish safe, accessible comunal spaces in recovery zones for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. These spaces can be a venue for private breastfeeding, participation in counseling sessions, connection with targeted disaster response service providers, and engagement in skill-building. • Register land and housing built during recovery processes in women’s names or joint names to improve security of tenure, economic independence, safety, and autonomy. • Develop criteria to disaggregate data in damage and loss assessments by gender, paying particular attention to the informal sector, to enable equitable restoration, replacement, and/or compensation of lost assets and damages for women and sexual and gender minorities. • Facilitate both mixed and segregated communications and feedback forums in recovery that create a safe space for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities to contribute to recovery processes. • Channel funding through microfinance institutions and community-based savings and loan schemes to provide low-interest credit that will bolster the ability of women and sexual and gender minorities to prepare for and recover from disaster. • Prioritize key amenities, services, and infrastructures used by women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities for reconstruction funding. As linchpins of a resilient community, it is particularly critical for women to have access to the services they need, such as childcare and sanitation, and for localized mobility infrastructure to reach these services. • Develop culturally-appropriate early warning systems and education and awareness programs to explicitly target women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities in diverse cultural groups and different hazard contexts. RESOURCES Gender Action Plan: 2016-2021 (GFDRR) — 2016. Gender Equality and Women's Empowerment in Disaster Recovery (GFDRR) — 2018. Gender-Inclusive Disaster Risk Management (Asian Development Bank) — 2014. Making Women's Voices Count: Integrating Gender Issues in Disaster Risk World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 126 Management World Bank Handbook (World for Gender-Inclusive Bank) Urban — 2012. Planning and Design, 2020 127 Project Guidelines Housing Both a physical and social structure, housing functions at various spatial scales — home, neighborhood, city, region, and country. It is also a sector of the economy and an important category of land use in cities and in other settlements. The economic, social, and cultural right to “adequate” housing and shelter is recognized in some national constitutions, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. However, women and sexual and gender minorities remain underserved physically, socially, and culturally by most current housing systems. To address this, it is essential to consider the supply and accessibility of social and infrastructural services alongside the creation of housing: creating livable spaces that improve quality of life, public health, and economic opportunity. As such, gender-inclusive urban planning, zoning, and infrastructure investments are fundamental to creating the conditions for gender-inclusive housing. CASE STUDY 70% of people over the age of 65 living alone in the UK are women. The Older Women’s Co-Housing group, a co-operative of fifty women in London, designed the UK’s first senior co-housing community called New Ground. Consisting of 25 housing units surrounding a walled garden with communal kitchens, meeting rooms, laundry, garden plots, and guest rooms, the project was designed in consultation with the women residents who now manage and maintain the building and gardens.This model not only meets the women’s housing needs but also their desire to give back to their community. Sources: OWCH, 2017 and 2019; Community Led Housing London, 2019 128 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 129 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ ISSUE AREA WHEEL g usin Ho Access Mobility Safety and Freedom from Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 130 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 131 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Provide a continuum of tenure types in housing developments, including customary forms of tenure, joint titles for men and women, leaseholds, condominiums, cooperatives, shared leaseholds and various forms of rental housing. • Offer community-based savings and loan programs that allow access to small loans for incremental housing improvements. • Design housing financing applications that do not discriminate against women and sexual and gender minorities, and allow for the eligibility of non-married and non- heterosexual couples. • Design housing with practical layouts that acknowledge the requirements of diverse homemakers and families. This could include such design layouts as wide hallways (90 centimeters at minimum) to accommodate children’s toys, bikes, and wheelchairs, and the provision of adequate storage in each housing unit for flexible usage (a minimum of 1.5 square meters). • Provide adequate lighting and ventilation in all units to promote health, quality of life, and full use of the space from early mornings to evenings. • Design all units on the ground-floor to be accessible for people with disabilities, as well as the remainder of the building, to the extent possible. Provide ramps, elevators, handrails, and flooring materials that are safe to navigate on crutches, with a cane, or in a wheelchair. • Include fixtures and kitchen areas that meet accessibility standards and allow for multiple people to be within a kitchen area at once. Kitchens should have natural lighting and ventilation, and windows that open onto communal spaces to allow for supervision of children. • Include lounges or living rooms that are flexible in nature to allow for flexible uses throughout different phases of family life. These spaces should be a minimum size of 12 square meters. • Design common spaces such as hallways and stairwells to be inviting and spacious, encouraging social encounters and promoting feelings of safety. • Design housing complexes that are distinctive and easy to navigate to help people with cognitive disabilities to find their way safely. • Plan and design housing developments with wrap-around services such as child care, market spaces, laundry facilities, and public spaces. • Provide ample play space within housing developments to promote child development and lighten caregiving burdens. For developments over 15 units, a 50 square meter playground or playroom should be provided; for developments over 50 units, a 500 square meter playground or playroom should be provided. • Locate new housing within a 500 meter walking distance of a public transport station or stop to promote mobility and access to key services and opportunities. • Provide a wide range of housing typologies and layouts that take different life phases and situations into account equitably. These could include high-density multi-story development, RESOURCES two-family dwelling units, and single-family homes depending on the cultural context. ADA Standards for Accessible Design (US Department of Justice) — 2010. • Enhance income generating opportunities within dwelling units by designing houses that allow for economic activities to take place in the dwelling and encouraging mixed-use Fair Housing Act Design Manual (US Housing and Urban Development Department) zoning. 40% of floor space should be allocated for economic use within any neighborhood — 1996. area. Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Development (Vienna Ahead! City of Vienna) — 2013. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 132 International Building Code (International Code Council) — 2009. Public Transport, Mobility 4.2.2 Project Guidelines Infrastructure, and Road RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES Safety Interventions BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Transportation and mobility infrastructure — including buses, subways, trains, cars, Checklist Solution ___ rickshaws, carshares, and bikeshares, but also sidewalks, crossings, and other infrastructure to support walking and cycling — are key to accessing jobs, markets, and services. Transport projects are consequently vital in improving the lives and livelihoods of people of all genders, ages, and abilities. While challenges in mobility affect everyone in a city, women and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities often have substantially different transportation demands to those of cisgendered, heterosexual, and able-bodied men, due to differing gender roles and issues of safety, access, and often affordability. Addressing biases in how transportation demand is measured is critical to designing transportation and mobility projects that meet the complex, unique needs of all urban dwellers. ISSUE AREA WHEEL n, CASE STUDY ortatio ransp ad T o Gender-inclusive transportation projects can have the additional benefit of blic ty, + R Access supporting climate action. Established in 2000, Bogotá’s bus rapid transit system Pu obili fety TransMilenio has reduced emissions by over 1.6 million tons over seven years M Sa by providing an alternative mode to private cars and minibuses. The initiative not only reduced vehicle miles traveled by attracting new riders, but also created Mobility new job opportunities. Although TransMilenio did not initially address gender gaps between men and women, it eventually evolved to include women’s perspectives, resulting in improvements such as designated seats for women and children and Safety and Freedom from separate entry doors for pregnant women and other vulnerable riders. Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 134 135 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Create a walking-friendly street network that is at the scale of the pedestrian and avoids the creation of megablocks. The median urban block length should fall between 100 and 150 meters. Crossings should be provided every 90 meters on average, where possible. All crossings should be signalized in areas where the design speed is over 30 kilometers per hour. • Design a citywide cycling network that dedicates space to bicycle lanes, as appropriate to the zoning and cultural context. 80% of streets of 20 meters in width or wider should have dedicated cycling lanes that are at least 2 meters in width, or 2.5 meters where rickshaws are one of the main modes of transportation. • Implement bus and train schedules that meet the needs of all genders, and do not solely focus on traditional commute patterns or hours. • Institute a stop request program that allows commuters to request a stop at any point along a public bus route during evening or nighttime hours, such as 9 pm to 5 am, to promote safety. • Provide gender-segregated spaces, such as women-only buses or metro cars, on all modes of public transportation as a short-term improvement where context- appropriate and if desired by local women and sexual and gender minorities. If gender- segregated spaces are not feasible or desired, designate a minimum of 50% of seats for women, the elderly, and people with disabilities on buses and trains during peak hours. • Institute public transportation fare structures that include flexible options, such as unlimited rides, so that fees do not disproportionately burden primary caregivers who tend to make more multiple short trips with transfers. Fare structure should be co- designed with end users to ensure that transport does not cost more than 10% of the average household expenditures for the month. • Design buses, trains, and infrastructure to account for different ages, abilities, body sizes, and needs, including for example: lower step-ups for buses, handrails at the appropriate heights, and dedicated storage space for strollers and baby carriages. In addition, consider the accessibility of stations — for example, stairs and turnstiles can be difficult to negotiate when accompanied by children or carrying bags. • Design bus shelters to be adequately lit and visually transparent to allow for clear sight lines and promote safety. • Improve bus and train scheduling so that wait times are less than 10 minutes to increase safety and convenience. Introduce real-time signage that shows expected transit arrival times. • Build clean, secure, accessible toilets that include space for changing children’s diapers at bus stops, transportation terminals, and rail stations. Toilet facilities should RESOURCES be located either within the terminal, or within a 250 meter walking distance. • Design vehicular street speeds to create a safe pedestrian environment. Speeds Approaches for Gender Responsive Urban Mobility: Module 7a (Sustainable Urban should be below 40 kilometers per hour in urban areas with exceptions made for specific Transport Project) — 2018. corridors as necessary. First Mile Last Mile Strategic Plan (Los Angeles Metro) — 2014. Gender in Public Transportation: A Perspective of Women Users of Public Transportation (SADAQA) — 2018. The Quest for Gender-Sensitive and Inclusive Transport Policies in Growing Asian Cities (University of Gothenburg) — 2016. Women and Transport in Indian Cities (Institute for Transportation and Development World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 136 Policy) World Bank Handbook — 2017. for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 137 4.2.2 Project Guidelines Streetscapes RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Streets are the great connectors of neighborhoods and cities, and in many places they constitute the largest supply of public open space available (Moughtin, 2003). Design of streetscapes is dependent on the zoning and context of the street location, but a “complete Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ street” will typically feature a dedicated bike lane, a dedicated bus lane, and a sidewalk, with safe separation buffers between bicyclists, pedestrians, and vehicular traffic. When carefully considered, streets can be the most active public spaces in a community; however they can also be spaces of trepidation, stress, and fear if designed in a way that is not inclusive to all genders, ages, abilities, and needs. Streetscape design with an eye on the needs of women, sexual and gender minorities, children, senior citizens, and people with disabilities is therefore fundamental to accommodating safe and efficient everyday patterns of life. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY In the Khayelitsha area of Cape Town, South Africa, a street improvement project was undertaken to provide a safe, welcoming pedestrian route for women as part capes s of the Violence Prevention through Urban Upgrading (VPUU) program. Through treet Access participatory design and development with local leadership and municipal S departments, the project transformed a high-crime area into a sustainable, multifunctional public space. Women’s participation was key to project design and implementation, and women engaged in the project’s long-term sustainability Mobility through maintenance opportunities. Strategies such as tree planting, high-quality overhead lighting, and easy-to-maintain materials have led to a 30% increase in pedestrian activity. Safety and Freedom from Source: Welle et al., 2015 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 138 139 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Design for shared streets, sometimes referred to as “woonerfs”, to prioritize pedestrians over vehicular access. A shared street design usually employs techniques such as traffic calming, reduced speeds, and shared public space between all users. This strategy is particularly relevant for narrow streets or streets close to major destinations, and should include sidewalks or curbs and cap vehicular speeds at 15 kilometer/hour. • Convert some streets to be pedestrian access only in areas near retail, schools, or other community destinations or gathering spaces. • Design raised street crossings in order to slow traffic and provide safer spaces for pedestrians. Raised crossings have been shown to reduce mid-block vehicular speeds by 10%. • Preserve well-defined lines of sight along the street, considering the placement of trees, signage, infrastructure, and construction scaffolding. All designs must take into account scenarios where plantings will be fully mature to ensure that sight lines are preserved in the future. • Design sidewalks to accommodate families walking together with room for others to pass at a minimum of two meters in width in low-volume areas and a minimum of four meters in width in high volume areas. Two to three meters of unobstructed sidewalk should be maintained in all contexts, including in areas with street vendors, sidewalk cafes, or street furnishings. Two meters is also the minimum width to allow for two individuals in wheelchairs to comfortably pass one another. • Design street medians to provide pedestrian refuge when crossing roads that are high-volume or four lanes or more in width. Medians should be a minimum of 1.5 meters in width. • Construct all sidewalks and walkways with materials that are easily traversed by a stroller or wheelchair, such as bricks, concrete pavers, concrete, or asphalt. Maintain these walkways in order to prevent cracking or buckling that could inhibit access. • Install traffic calming strategies and crossing measures at all intersections, including zebra crossings, stop signs, or rectangular rapid flashing beacons. • Provide seating and shade in regular increments along the street to enhance pedestrian comfort and provide spaces for socialization and rest. • Design buffers between motorized and pedestrian pathways where possible, such as a planted swales or bollards. Curbs should be included on all sidewalks. • Include street lighting on all streets at regular increments, and avoid constructing pedestrian tunnels or underground walkways. For shopping areas, ensure 25 lux; for non-shopping areas, 30-40 lux is recommended. In typical commercial areas, light poles should be located every 9 meters on center. • Provide clear street and building signage, listing street names for wayfinding purposes, RESOURCES to increase access and perceptions of safety. First Mile Last Mile Strategic Plan (Los Angeles Metro) — 2014. • Provide curb ramps to allow wheelchairs and strollers to safely navigate streets, at a slope that is designed for disability access. A flared curb ramp is the safest option, and Global Street Design Guidelines (Global Designing Cities Initiative) — 2016. should not exceed a slope of 1:12. Step 2025: Urban Mobility Plan (City of Vienna) — 2014. Women and Transport in Indian Cities (Institute for Transportation and Development World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 140 Policy) — 2017. Public 4.2.2 Project Guidelines Space RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Public spaces, including parks, plazas, squares, and gardens, but also temporary or informal spaces such as streets and sidewalks, are essential ingredients for a successful urban environment and healthy, connected, prosperous city. Providing opportunities for Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ play, recreation, exercise, social and cultural exchange, and civic participation, public spaces aim to promote equity and coexistence for people of all genders, sexualities, ages, abilities, incomes, classes, ethnicities, races, and other social groups. However, public spaces can also become sites where numerous competing uses clash, and where diverse interests must be negotiated. Often, when essential services are badly designed or missing, women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities bear the burden of the inaccessibility and insecurity that follows. Public space is not neutral, and hence their design can either facilitate or impede usage, appropriation, and safety for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY e Spac c In 2018, local stakeholders in Fittja, Sweden, decided to address the open drug ubli dealing in the main square, which left girls and women feeling unsafe. In partnership P with independent thinktank Global Utmaning, the municipality recruited local girls as Access “place experts” to identify problems and solutions alongside landowners, decision- makers, and researchers. Using the computer game Minecraft, participants re- designed the neighborhood to be compact, multifunctional, accessible, green, and Mobility supportive of diverse uses and social groups, which the girls felt were essential to safety. The project resulted in successful prototypes in Fittja square as well as a toolkit for replication, supporting Global Utmaning’s wider #UrbanGirlsMovement. Safety and Freedom from Source: Global Utmaning, 2019 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 142 143 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Plan a network of public spaces that are accessible within a 250 meter walk of housing. These public spaces can include communal, semi-public, and public open spaces, and should be accessible by multiple modes of transit. Public spaces should be surrounded on three sides with streets or active building frontage to provide an additional level of public safety. • Design all public spaces to provide access to people with disabilities, children, and the elderly. This includes using solid ground materials that are easily traversed; ramps to negotiate any inclines; and accessible walkways to the majority of the site, particularly main amenities such as restrooms, playgrounds, sports courts, and gardens. • Include an equitable number of amenities and mixed uses that are developed in response to community engagement and expressed needs. These facilities should be attractive and appealing to diverse user groups at different times of day and during different seasons, and include shaded resting areas and spaces that are protected from the weather. • Include flexible spaces in the design that can be adapted to the needs and preferred activities and uses of all abilities and age groups. • Consider striping sports fields for multiple sports that appeal to people of all genders so as to not signal a privileging of men and boys. • Include special-use areas for specific groups, such as playgrounds for small children within visual and vocal range of adult areas/apartments (if co-located with housing). • Develop a “brand” or visual identity for the public space that is inclusive and welcoming to women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities. Ideally this visual identity would be designed with women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from the immediate community, and portrayed in the signage, art, and wayfinding of the site. • Include site lighting and clear sight lines that are unimpeded by trees. Ensure adequate lighting of primary and secondary ways and open spaces, with clear, well-lit access to exits. Trees should be pruned to have no foliage below 2.5 meters in height. Provide at least two main pedestrian through-paths across the space, and lighting levels that allow for recognition of an approaching person’s face from 10-15 meters away. • Include clean, secure, accessible toilet facilities with adequate lighting and space for changing children’s diapers in all design projects and public parks. Provide adequate disposal options for menstrual products. • Design passive space and shaded seating areas for women and other primary caregivers watching children, people with disabilities, and older individuals, particularly in areas where people are expected to wait for more than 15 minutes. Seating should be provided at least every 100 meters. • Provide paid opportunities for women and sexual and gender minorities to be RESOURCES included in the maintenance and long-term upkeep of the space. Gender Issue Guide: Urban Planning and Design (UN-HABITAT) — 2012. Global Public Space Toolkit: From Global Principles to Local Policies and Practice (UN-HABITAT) — 2015. Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces: Global Results Report (UN-Women) — 2017. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 144 Safety World Bank Handbook and Public Space: for Gender-Inclusive Mapping Urban Planning Metropolitan and Design, 2020 Gender Policies (Metropolis) — 2018. 145 Basic Urban Services Basic urban services — including energy, communications, water and sanitation, and solid waste systems — are essential to supporting our fundamental human rights. When these fundamental services are costly, of poor quality, unavailable, or inaccessible, there are harmful impacts for all — but especially women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities. Often, basic services are of particular importance for these groups due to physical needs, traditional caregiving roles and responsibilities, and gender-related barriers to access. Each stage of an infrastructural project design, implementation, and maintenance process should thus plan for and address the unique needs and priorities of all end users. To date, few countries have advanced an integrated gender and sustainable infrastructure agenda (OECD, 2019). The following sections provide both practical and strategic guidelines for planning and implementing gender-inclusive infrastructure and urban services. CASE STUDY After heavy snowstorms, municipal snowplows typically clear the largest, busiest roads before residential streets and sidewalks. Government officials in Karlskoga, Sweden realized this conventional approach privileges male travel patterns: work commutes to and from the center city. The City Council redirected its snowplows to clear sidewalks and residential streets — those used more heavily by women — before major roads. Pedestrian accidents after snow storms fell sharply, resulting in fewer emergency room visits and lowering healthcare costs to the city. One analysis found that it was equivalent to three times the cost of the winter road maintenance. Source: Perez, 2019 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 146 147 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Energy 4.2.2 Project Guidelines RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Energy, including the provision of electricity and safe cooking fuels, is an essential service. As urban settlements continue to grow, they create increased demand for accessible and affordable energy. However, women and sexual and gender minorities are more likely Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ to experience a lack of access to energy throughout the developing world, with direct consequences for their economic livelihoods and human development. The energy-gender nexus has garnered growing attention, since there is evidence that improving gender equality and social inclusion is critical to maximizing the developmental impact of energy programs (World Bank, 2012). The unique ways in which women in particular use energy, as primary caregivers, mean that decision-making around energy must incorporate both their insights and priorities. (Angelou et al., 2019). ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY Recent studies in India by the World Bank have seen marked effects on women's empowerment with the expansion of electricity and energy access. In Samad and ergy Zhang’s (2019) study, empowerment is measured by women's decision-making En ability, mobility, financial autonomy, reproductive freedom, and social participation. Using propensity score matching, the study found that extending electricity to Access women enhances all measures of women's empowerment and is associated with an 11-percentage point increase in the overall empowerment index. Mobility Source: Samad and Zhang, 2019 Safety and Freedom from Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 148 149 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Proactively expand the provision of electricity to extend light hours at home and in public spaces for improved and safe undertaking of care work, income-generating tasks, and travel for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. • Increase the national or city share of renewable energy sources to reduce household air pollution, avoid premature deaths, and limit carbon emissions. • Expand and improve street and public space lighting to increase mobility for women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities and reduce the risk of gender-based violence after dark and in early mornings. • Invest in reliable energy access for health facilities and backup energy sources to enhance health care provision, in particular maternal care. • Develop financing solutions that match users’ capacity to pay to make investments in energy assets and energy efficiency more achievable and equitable. • Promote and develop programs for women and sexual and gender minorities to rent energy appliances instead of purchasing to improve overall access to safer and more efficient equipment. • Target female consumers to facilitate the adoption of energy efficiency solutions since women are usually the primary energy users in the household and are well- positioned to manage family electricity use. • Establish selection criteria for pro-poor targeting of households located within a certain distance of an existing distribution line or transformer. • Employ women and sexual and gender minorities in energy service provision including sales, meter reading, billing, awareness-raising, and payment collection to build trust and expand service to underserved communities. • Raise awareness of the impacts of fuelwood for cooking and reform building codes and design standards to encourage safe cooking fuels, adequate ventilation, and separation of cooking spaces. RESOURCES Gender and Energy Role Playing (World Bank) — 2019. Gender Equality and Sustainable Infrastructure (OECD Council) — 2019. Gender Issue Guide: Gender Responsive Basic Services (UN-HABITAT) — 2013. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 150 — World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (World Bank)151 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 2012. Water, Sanitation, 4.2.2 Project Guidelines and Hygiene RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) are critical to public health and enable access to economic opportunity and full participation in public life. While infrastructure for safe drinking water has expanded in recent decades, as recently as 2015, 2.1 billion people still Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ lacked access to safely-managed drinking water services and 4.5 billion lacked access to sanitation (WHO and UNICEF, 2015). ln most poor urban households, the burden of water collection rests on women and girls with a considerable cost in terms of time and energy, while limited access to WASH also increases risk of gender-based violence. Despite these gender issues, WASH design and delivery is often a male-dominated technical exercise. Women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities should be actively involved in every stage of WASH projects to improve success and sustainability (Postma et al., 2003). ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY The Baku Water Supply Project in Azerbaijan sought to improve the water supply + system and reduce the water burden on women in communities where households a ter typically received water for 6 hours a day, 14 days per month. The project created W tation ni Access emergency, short-term improvements to restore water service and a framework Sa for long-term recovery, incorporating a participatory assessment methodology. To increase women’s participation, the project engaged a women-led community NGO and engaged women in assessment, cost evaluation, and project design and Mobility implementation. Source: Wildeman,1995 Safety and Freedom from Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 152 153 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Design clean, secure, accessible public WASH facilities with adequate lighting, safe and private entrances, secure doors, sufficient space for changing children’s diapers and navigating the facility in a wheelchair, and provisions for the hygiene needs of menstruating girls and women, especially those with disabilities. • Provide toilet cubicles with a shelf, hooks, or a niche to keep clothing and menstrual products dry, and provide disposal bins with lids at a height that girls and women in wheelchairs can reach. • Install water within no more than 500 meters of households, and safe sanitation facilities within a 2 minute walk of households in temporary urban settlements, if neither can be installed in individual households. • Install WASH facilities at all schools separated by gender (this can include non-adjoining structures), and promote hygiene education and the destigmatization of menstruation in the classroom. • Install sewerage and household connections (or decentralized sanitation with adequate governance structures) in urban upgrading projects to phase out unsafe and unsanitary WASH facilities and reduce gender-based violence. • Require comprehensive access to safe and reliable WASH facilities in any temporary or permanent resettlement or rehousing during urban upgrading to avoid long-term public health issues. In temporary urban settlements, women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities should be consulted about the physical placement and design of water points, showers and toilets. • Co-design drainage and surface water management with water and sewerage infrastructure to manage waterborne disease and public health impacts and co-optimize public space and access. Drainage, flooding, water, sewerage, and public health are closely interlinked and, if unmanaged, can create everyday and incremental risks for urban residents, especially women, girls, and people with disabilities. • Require an equitable tariff or payment structure for water access projects for low- income and women-headed households. Investigate and implement the payment methods and maintenance structures that work best for these households. • Stipulate a minimum of 50% female representation within WASH program staff and WASH committees and provide targeted support for women and sexual and gender minorities to assume leadership positions. • Assess potential consultants based on the gender balance of proposed design teams and experience with gender components in infrastructure design and WASH programs in order to combat male dominance in water and sewerage engineering. • Require comprehensive gender training, balanced job quotas, and the creation of gender sections in water and sewerage service providers as a prerequisite for partnership, with a particular focus on improving capacity and understanding among informal settlement departments. RESOURCES • Employ women, sexual and gender minorities, and women-led groups for long- term operations work such as meter reading, billing, and payment collection.g There Gender and Water: Mainstreaming Gender Equality in Water, Hygiene, and are specific tasks associated with water management in which women and sexual and Sanitation Interventions (SDC) — 2005. emeparticipation. Gender Issue Guide: Gender Responsive Basic Services (UN-HABITAT) — 2013. • Promote funding streams and scholarships for higher education programs for Guidelines on Gender Issues in Sanitation (Government of India) — 2017. women and sexual and gender minorities in civil and water engineering, water resources management, and environmental science. Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations (International Bank for Reconstruction and Development) — 2016. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 154 Women, Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (SIDA) — 2015. Solid Waste 4.2.2 Project Guidelines Management RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Interventions in solid waste management include sorting, recycling, and reuse of waste products to support environmental and public health, and can often create paid employment. However, solid waste management is one of the most challenging issues Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ in urban development and has critical gender dimensions. Unequal gender roles place a disproportionate caregiving burden on women and girls, meaning preferences and attitudes around public health and community cleanliness can differ widely between genders. Although formal waste businesses are often male-led and dominated, and subject to the prevailing forces of competition and inequality in different societies Source: Wildeman,1995), informal systems of waste management are often women-led and working at the highest value (waste diversion) end of the waste hierarchy. Improving safety and employment opportunities in informal waste management are thus key strategies for building on existing networks and supporting the central role of women in this sector. ISSUE AREA WHEEL e CASE STUDY Wast lid ent Roughly 15,000 people in Buenos Aires — many of them members of one of So agem n 12 cooperatives — work as “Cartoneros” (waste-pickers), sorting through trash Ma Access to collect recyclables. The Cartoneros were on the frontlines of the 2005 “Zero Garbage” law, when municipalities around Buenos Aires stopped accepting trash. Since then, more than 5,000 Cartoneros have been legally recognized and now Mobility receive a base salary, while the city has established 15 cleaner, safer processing plants and two Green Centers with childcare facilities. However, with the majority of Cartoneros falling outside this formal system, the cooperatives continue advocating for expanded recycling infrastructure. Safety and Freedom from Source: Balch, 2016 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 156 157 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Prioritize extending service provision to low-income and informal settlements to reduce public health impacts of solid waste on vulnerable groups. • Involve community based organizations (CBOs), NGOs, and women-led microenterprises in primary collection services as a natural extension to the municipal service, rather than competition. This will also help destigmatize solid waste work for women. • Create gender-inclusive employment policies for the integration of informal-sector services into formal-sector services through directly employing waste laborers or subcontracting to small enterprises. • Assess the social, economic, land, and gender implications when introducing new waste technologies for sanitation, waste collection and disposal, and recycling. The effects of new technology on the chain of waste management activities can extend far beyond the specific activity for which the technology is designed, with potential disruption of substantial informal economies and wider social impacts. • Codify a phased approach toward long-term standards for dump or landfill remediation, including processes for involving women’s waste enterprises, rather than requiring international standards from the first phase of projects. The level of environmental degradation and connected livelihoods around some dumps and landfills requires incremental adjustments to improve social and environmental conditions and ensure community buy-in. • Co-develop evaluation criteria with key stakeholders for the location of new waste facilities (landfills, combustion centers, recycling centers, and transfer stations) to take into account social and environmental impacts on nearby communities and vulnerable groups. Always consider extending the existing site(s) as one option. • Quantify employment and livelihood impacts of dump site remediation to avoid disrupting waste picker livelihoods through landfill alternatives or improvements. Remediation initiatives must be accompanied by engagement with waste pickers and be incorporated into future programs or alternative support mechanisms. • Provide protective gear that fits and works well for women within the waste sector to limit their exposure to toxic or hazardous waste materials. • Encourage small-scale, organic waste recycling based on animal feed or composting and raise awareness of the importance of waste separation. • Provide health education and healthcare/health insurance programs for women and sexual and gender minorities in the waste sector, particularly focusing on those in the informal economy given the high prevalence of injuries and illnesses. • Institute childcare services in the waste sector that limit the exposure of children to waste products but do not hinder women’s and other primary caregivers’ ability to work within a landfill or dumpsite. RESOURCES • Produce gender-specific analysis of the valuation of waste resources to account From Theory to Action: Gender and Waste Recycling (WIEGO) — 2015. for specific users. Different impacts of chemical or biological waste on men and women Gender and Environment (Organization for Security and Co-Operation in Europe) — should also be considered. 2009. Social Assessment and Public Participation in Municipal Solid Waste Management World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 158 (ECSSD) — 2014. Communications 4.2.2 Project Guidelines and ICT RECOMMENDED PROCESS ACTIVITIES BUY-IN DATA DESIGN The ongoing technological revolution and associated digital infrastructure, including internet, cellular networks, email communications, and e-commerce, are transforming the ways in which production is organized and information shared. Information and Communication Step Up Star Diagram Walk Audit Day in the Life Public Space Challenge and Design Your Own Checklist Solution ___ Technologies (ICTs) can be a powerful catalyst for the economic, social, and political empowerment of oppressed groups, including women and sexual and gender minorities. However, existing power relations in society often determine who benefits from and shapes the content, development and use of ICTs. Women are less likely than men to have a smartphone and, alongside sexual and gender minorities, are underrepresented in the ICT sector (OECD, 2018). At the current pace, universal access to the internet will not be achieved before 2042 (ibid). There is also a growing need to address issues such as cyberbullying, sexual harassment, and other forms of violence against women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities facilitated by online services. ISSUE AREA WHEEL CASE STUDY tions + ca In 2017, over 85% of female respondents in Bogota, Colombia felt unsafe and 64% muni m had experienced sexual harassment on public transportation. The City of Bogota Co ICT Access started working with the SafetiPin app, which enables women to document where they feel safe or unsafe within the city. Nearly 18,000 entries have been made in the app, informing public awareness campaigns and transit staff training on women’s safety issues. In addition, plainclothes officers (of which over half are Mobility women) were created to visibly arrest men caught sexually harassing women on public transit. Safety and Freedom from Source: Connective Cities, 2018 Health and Hygiene Climate Resilience Security of Tenure Key Issue Area/s Additional Issue Area/s World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 160 161 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 4.2.2 Project Guidelines • Use financial resources from universal service funds to support ICT access for women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities, helping service providers offer low-cost home internet packages to low-income families and incentivize customers through discounts on mobile devices. • Promote accessibility, affordability, and use of connected digital devices and broadband infrastructure, especially for low-income individuals, to promote gender equity. • Boost availability and promotion of e-banking and mobile money, especially to women and other disadvantaged groups. • Promote competition, private investment, and independent and evidence-based regulation to extend coverage of digital services in underserved communities. • Promote human rights and the rights of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities as being relevant not only offline, but also online. • Support advocacy networks protecting the rights (including digital rights) of women, girls, sexual and gender minorities, and people with disabilities to enable them to address gender and ICT policy at national, regional, and global levels. • Sensitize policy makers, planners, and service providers to gender and ICT issues when considering new laws, plans, and services. • Build awareness among users about the impact of online behavior on gender-based violence and intimidation. • Support the addition of gender-inclusive applications on top of the infrastructure layer to enhance safety and reporting of online and offline gender-based violence. • Support efforts to create content reflecting the voices of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities through safe and secure online spaces. • Expand the use of ICT among low-income and less literate women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities through the provision of computers at local schools, training in basic computing skills, and increased cellular network coverage. • Expand the definition and discussion of SMART cities to incorporate the goal and strategy of gender inclusion alongside technology and resilience. • Develop online or video-based upskilling and tutorials targeted to women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities, enabling them to make better use of digital tools and extract more value from them. RESOURCES Bridging the Digital Gender Divide (OECD) — 2018. Gender Equality and Sustainable Infrastructure (OECD Council) — 2019. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 162 Gender World Bank Handbook Toolbox Brief: for Gender-Inclusive Gender Urban and Planning ICT and (SIDA) Design, — 2015. 2020 163 Activity Matrix BUY-IN DATA DESIGN Step Up Star Walk Day in the Public Space Challenge Design Your Diagram Audit Life Checklist and Solution Own _ _ _ PLANS Urban Land Management Metropolitan Development Plans MP/IUDP City Mobility/ Transportation Plans Neighborhood Development Plan Informal Neighborhood Upgrading Plans City Climate Action Plans Disaster Risk Management PROJECTS Housing Public Transport, Mobility and Road Safety Streetscapes Public Space Energy Water and Sanitation Solid Waste Management Communications and ICT World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 164 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 165 167 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Gender-Inclusive Kerala, India Urban Planning and Design WOMEN’S LAND OWNERSHIP AS A TOOL TO PREVENT DOMESTIC VIOLENCE in Context: Case Studies The case studies included in this chapter demonstrate how cities, states, and countries around the world are approaching urban planning and design in a gender-inclusive way. They provide practical examples across a range of typologies, issues areas, and regions, detailing the local context, activities performed, and outcomes. Unfortunately, good examples of gender-inclusive projects are somewhat thin on the ground. Because of this, and the unique social, political, and environmental contexts in which these projects took place, these case studies should be understood to serve as inspiration, rather than as blueprints for replication. CONTEXT Across India, intra-marital violence ranges between 20% and 50%. However, this is likely an underestimate due to women’s hesitation to report violence for fear of social stigma. Researchers have investigated the dynamics within marital relations that may lead to violence. For instance, a man married to a woman who is better employed than himself may physically abuse her to undermine her achievement, health, mobility, and social interaction. Within a sample of Indian women who experienced long-term physical abuse and did not own property, only 19% left the household. Almost all of these women went to live with their parents, and half ultimately returned to their abusive husbands. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 168 169 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Barcelona, Spain 5.0 Case Studies Urban Land Management ACTIVITIES PARTICIPATORY MUNICIPAL PLANNING TO EXPAND RESOURCES AND INCREASE VISIBILITY FOR LGBT PEOPLE A study conducted by Agarwal and Panda (2007) examines domestic violence through its often-neglected connection to land tenure in both urban and rural communities of the Thiruvananthapuram District in Kerala, India (population 3.3 million). The Thiruvananthapuram District was selected for study because it was one of the few locations in India where a sufficient sample of property-owning women existed, due to traditional matrilineal inheritance practices. Agarwal and Panda undertook an empirical study of married women aged 15-49 in the District to test whether the women’s ownership of property in their own names is associated with reduced levels of domestic violence, and therefore increased freedom. The study examined incidence of both physical and psychological intra-marital violence, including forced sex, that did not lead to death. Two previous surveys of 502 women living in both rural and urban environments carried out by Panda in 2000-2001 and 2004-2005 were used to provide answers to additional questions. OUTCOMES Agarwal and Panda’s study showed that women’s ownership of a house or land correlates with significantly reduced risk of both physical and psychological intra-marital violence. Ownership of property was found to provide women with enhanced physical security, self- esteem, and the strength of a visible fallback position and tangible exit option (Agarwal and Panda, 2007, p359). As such, property ownership may provide an escape route if violence has occurred — with 71% of the women property owners who experienced long-term physical violence successfully leaving the home, compared to only 19% of respondents who did not own property — but also have the effect of deterring violence in the first place. While 49% of women who did not own property reported some form of long-term physical violence, only 18% of women who owned land, 10% who owned a house, and 7% who owned both reported such violence. In addition, women with property were found to have a greater say in household decision-making, particularly in relation to taking out loans, using contraceptives, and having sex with their husbands. This study illustrates the wide-reaching positive impacts of increased access to land tenure on women’s freedom and well-being. It shows that urban land management programs that focus on expanding titling options for women should be prioritized in urban land management efforts. CONTEXT Despite legislative advances in LGBT rights in recent decades, homophobia and transphobia Source: Agarwal and Panda (2007) are still found in streets, workplaces, schools, and universities, preventing cities from becoming spaces of freedom and diversity that can be enjoyed fully by all citizens. However, many urban centers have sought to become spaces for acceptance. The city of Barcelona, Spain, established a Municipal Council for Lesbians, Gays, and Transsexual Men and Women (henceforth LGBT Municipal Council) in 2004 to serve as a participatory consultative body and provide the LGBT community with a stable forum to discuss and promote public policy, equal rights, social freedoms, and recognition. The Municipal Programme for LGBT People has worked since 2007 to strengthen associations, raise the profile of the LGBT community throughout the civic spheres, and combat prejudice and discrimination. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 170 171 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Kerala, India 5.0 Case Studies Municipal Planning ACTIVITIES CENTERING WOMEN’S PRIORITIES AND CAPACITY-BUILDING TO SUPPORT SUSTAINABLE URBAN DEVELOPMENT Starting in 2008, the City of Barcelona sought to reinforce the LGBT Municipal Council’s goals by creating a Municipal Plan for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender People to articulate and address issues raised by the LGBT community and incorporate the LGBT perspective throughout the municipal structure. The planning process was highly participatory, and incorporated many of the good practices for gender-inclusive planning covered in Chapter 4 of this handbook. The resulting plan included 228 strategic yet practical actions across 20 sections, covering a wide range of issues of importance to Barcelona’s LGBT community. The actions were broken down into (i) those already underway, (ii) short-term actions, (iii) medium-term actions, and (iv) long-term actions, to be carried out over a 5 year period (2010-2015). To ensure the feasibility of the plan, nothing that exceeded current municipal capacity was included. A 5-year implementation period starting in 2010 was established, complete with provisions for monitoring and evaluation to ensure successful application and coordination. Several of the 228 recommended actions in the plan related to civic engagement and the built environment. For example, the plan proposed that municipal services generate new resources and recommended the establishment of dedicated LGBT Resource Centers to provide specialized services, centralized information, and advice to the community. To increase LGBT recognition and visibility, the plan called for the installation of various monuments and signage celebrating and commemorating important moments of LGBT history in central spaces in the city. Finally, to increase safety and perceptions of safety, and to promote respectful use and co-existence in public spaces frequented by LGBT people, the plan called for a Public Space monitoring program that ensures enforcement of rules against discriminatory conduct. OUTCOMES The Barcelona LGBT plan has been viewed as a good practice for LGBT policy and is now being replicated by other European municipalities, including Turin, Italy; the German cities of Berlin and Cologne; the Belgian cities of Ghent and Antwerp; and Dumfries and Galloway, Scotland. Overall, the plan is a good example of how to incorporate the perspectives of LGBT people into planning at a municipal scale, resulting in a good balance between addressing both practical and strategic needs. Though the plan covers multiple sectors and only begins to touch on elements of the built environment, its section on Social and Citizen Participation is a particularly good example of how to codify a channel for LGBT residents to become a part of the municipal dialogue. CONTEXT Kerala, a state on the southwestern coast of India that includes the cities of Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur, is home to over 33 million people. The region Source: Municipality of Barcelona (2010), Grigolo (2007) faces significant challenges around gendered division of labor, with women and girls shouldering the majority of the burden for domestic tasks. Poor infrastructure complicates their ability to carry out responsibilities relating to water, drainage, health, sanitation, and waste disposal. There is little institutional capacity to implement gender equality strategies, given that the general awareness of gender issues at the local level is low, and skills to develop concrete solutions are lacking. Men continue to dominate the construction industry, and women are discriminated against in terms of wages and working conditions. Women often find it difficult to engage in community initiatives due to lack of time, gender stereotypes, and lack of confidence. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 172 173 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 5.0 Case Studies Municipal Planning Municipal Planning 5.0 Case Studies ACTIVITIES It also enhanced their self-esteem and nurtured their leadership abilities, not only within the community but also within their households. In 2005, the Local Self Government of Kerala launched the Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project (KSUDP) to improve the urban environment, economy, and living Nonetheless, more could have been done to address gender biases and ensure lasting shifts conditions of residents of Kochi, Kollam, Kozhikode, Thiruvananthapuram, and Thrissur. It in attitudes and opportunities for women. The final project report noted that the GAP was not aimed to improve, expand, and strengthen urban infrastructure and services, and to expand synchronized with the design and moniotoring framework nor extended across all activities livelihoods across the five cities. within the project, meaning gender was not treated as a cross-cutting, central issue. A more integrated approach may have led to more sustained impact on gender relations. While the project as a whole sought to improve living conditions and opportunity for women and men, the project team developed a Gender Action Plan (GAP) to promote women’s participation, include their perspectives throughout the project, and ensure equitable Source: Asian Development Bank (2015a, 2018) outcomes. The GAP not only enabled the participation of women within their communities, but also placed women in office staff positions and as elected representatives. The belief was that by providing women with greater economic opportunities through poverty reduction programs and skill development training, and by increasing the efficiency of household tasks through improved infrastructure, their overall ability to participate in development would increase. Special assistance and compensation were given to ensure vulnerable groups such as women-headed households, people with disabilities, and those with illness in the family could participate. The cumulative effect of these actions ensured that there was significant participation by women in the KSUDP. OUTCOMES Urban infrastructure improvements prioritized by women— including Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH), solid waste management, and road transportation— have benefited residents across the five focus cities, and especially women and girls. Improved access to safe water and sanitation facilities has reduced the workloads of women and girls and made family hygiene practices healthier, while road improvements have increased mobility and safety. Specific achievements include the following: • 52.35 kilometers of drains were reconstructed • 62 early childhood education centers were renovated • 32 biogas plants were established to process household waste • 2,480 low-cost household toilets were constructed In addition, the project offered vocational training in a number of areas to support women’s business initiatives, providing women and men alike with more opportunities for employment and to initiate their own income-generating activities. • 83 workshops were held to develop participatory plans for poverty reduction across the five cities, and 84% of the 2,823 participants were women • 63% of participants in planning and implementation of the Community Infrastructure Fund (CIF) were women, with 82% of CIF contracts completed as of 2015 • 107 training programs for elected officials were implemented across the five cities, which included 3,947 participants, 89% of whom were women In all, women’s participation in the KSUDP contributed to a more equitable built environment. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 174 175 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Azad Kashmir, Pakistan Disaster Risk Management 5.0 Case Studies PROMOTING WOMEN’S LAND OWNERSHIP AND Significant recovery efforts in Azad Jammu, Kashmir, and the North-West Frontier REPRESENTATION FOLLOWING DISASTER Province funded by the Asian Development Bank (ADB) were undertaken, starting with the reconstruction of roads and other community infrastructure. Though these initial efforts were initially considered successful, they were not gender-equitable, with most resources and assistance reaching men. As such, ADB sought to give further recovery efforts more explicit gender equity goals to aid the most vulnerable victims of the disaster — including the 27% of households that were headed by women, many of them as a direct result of the earthquake. ACTIVITIES Starting in 2007, the Earthquake-Displaced People Livelihood Assistance Restoration Program channelled funds through the government’s Earthquake Reconstruction and Relief Agency (ERRA) to be allocated to individual households based on the extent of damage caused to homes. The program took a bottom-up, owner-driven implementation approach for procuring needed materials and self-building houses using the ERRA’s seismically compliant housing designs. In an effort to confront the shortfalls of previous recovery projects, the program included a Gender Vulnerability Action Plan (GVAP) that set the following objectives: • To improve women’s access to rights and entitlements of land and home ownership. All new houses were to be registered under the names of both husband and wife. • To provide equitable access for women and other vulnerable groups to housing, reconstruction and housing-related services, including housing grants. Women were to have 50% representation in Village Reconstruction Committees. • To include gender equity targets and provision for training. Women were to make up 50% of participants trained in housing reconstruction and other non-traditional skills. • To help women establish legal ownership of property through legal services. OUTCOMES The program enabled 320,000 households to rebuild their homes, including 55,000 women- headed households. More than 780,000 people were trained by the ERRA in seismic- compliant building design and construction techniques. Women made up 30% of the social mobilization teams that reached out to affected communities with information and CONTEXT assistance. In a deeply conservative region where land titles are traditionally held almost On the morning of October 8, 2005, a magnitude 7.6 earthquake hit the Pakistan-administered exclusively by men, the emphasis on helping women and other vulnerable groups through Azad Kashmir region, causing severe damage and destroying entire towns and villages. legal aid, mobile registration service, and information dissemination meant 16% of the newly Over 85,000 people died, more than 100,000 were injured, and 3.5 million people were built houses are owned by women-headed households. As a result of holding land titles and left homeless and living in temporary shelters. Overnight, thousands of women were left owning homes, these women enjoy a higher status in their communities. widowed while many men who had been their families’ primary income-providers were left However, the rapid time frame, large scale, intricacies of the bottom-up approach, and unable to work. Affected women suddenly needed to earn enough money to support their failure to systematically implement and fully comply with the GVAP made it challenging for entire households, while often also caring for newly-disabled family members of all ages, ERRA to fully achieve the program’s gender objectives. The results outlined above fell well all in a socially conservative society where women traditionally have limited education and below the expectations and performance indicators set at the onset of the program. The mobility. following lessons can be taken from this project: World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 176 177 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Vienna, Austria Disaster Risk Management 5.0 Case Studies • Gender-specific goals alone are not enough if their implementation and compliance are MAINSTREAMING GENDER ACROSS PLANNING not ensured, or are not monitored and evaluated effectively. EFFORTS TO CREATE A GENDER-INCLUSIVE CITY • Though a gender-specific plan is an important start, a plan alone is not enough to ensure gender equity; additional time and resources need to be allocated to ensure the successful implementation of gender-specific goals (See Core Commitments in Chapter 3). Source: Asian Development Bank (2017), Hutchison (2015) CONTEXT Vienna, the capital of Austria, has about 1.9 million inhabitants and dynamic urban growth. Consistently ranked as one of the world’s most livable cities thanks to its efficient and affordable public transport system, solid stock of social and nonprofit-oriented housing, and socially- aware approach to urban planning, the City of Vienna has addressed gaps between males and females in its public policy and urban planning since the 1990’s. Rules and regulations have been created to ensure equal access to city resources, and a high-level unit with three feminist gender planning experts, in place for 11 years, has coordinated more than 60 pilot projects in many different sectors. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 178 179 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Integrated Urban Development Planning 5.0 Case Studies 5.0 Case Studies Integrated Urban Development Planning ACTIVITIES Improving Capacity and Awareness Public Transport and Pedestrian Issues The City of Vienna’s gender planning activities have been branded under the name “Fair Shared City” to emphasize the equality aspect. A Fairness Check has been developed to Alongside metro line extensions focusing on improved station design, the city has centered ensure different users groups’ needs are addressed systematically, and gender experts issues of pedestrian access and safety, particularly for women. Following night walks in installed on competition review panels. Numerous manuals, guidelines, and gender trainings an inner district by the Local Women’s Commission to identify spaces of anxiety, improved have built capacity and awareness within the planning administration, while measures such lighting, wider sidewalks, and ramps to improve access for people with strollers and as renaming streets to feature female names and showing fathers holding babies on 50% of wheelchairs were implemented in a pilot process over a period of four years. Awareness public transit signage have helped address cultural gender gaps. of pedestrians has risen significantly in the City’s road construction unit, with pedestrian challenges now considered as important as those faced by drivers — a critical shift in thinking reinforced by the fact that also every public transport ride necessitates two OUTCOMES additional pedestrian ways. The systematic consideration of gender gaps by the planning departments responsible for design and planning issues in the City of Vienna contributed significantly to the high quality of life and, as a result, serves as one of the most successful examples of gender inclusion Public Space to cities around the world. A study by Vienna’s Women’s Office found that the number of girls using the city’s parks declined rapidly once they reached the age of 9-10 years. In response, the city revamped its parks guidelines based on the evaluation of six pilot projects, four of them with the active Source: City of Vienna participation of girls. New recreation facilities such as volleyball and badminton courts and cosy seating areas offered more possibilities for users and made parks more appealing for women and girls; while extra footpaths, benches, trees, and shade improved mobility and access and provided opportunities for rest. Housing The City of Vienna commissioned a design competition for eight female architects in 1993 for an apartment complex designed by women, known as Frauen-Werk-Stadt, or Women-Work-City. In the end, four of the female architects designed the 360 units. Design criteria for the competition included provisions such as practical layouts; flexible spaces to accommodate different phases in life; inviting and spacious stairwells and entrance areas that prioritize social encounters and reduce feelings of fear; highly-visible recreation spaces; large, naturally-lit kitchens; and seamless linkages between interior and exterior spaces. Eight female architects applied, with four of them designing 360 units in the complex. The development features flexible units that can be adapted for different life phases and family arrangements; common roof terraces and open spaces for recreation; and an on-site childcare facility, pharmacy, and doctor’s office. To further support family life and reduce care work, the development is located next to a supermarket and tram stop, and in close walking distance of a primary school. Public Buildings Following two gender-inclusive project pilots, the City released a new “quality criteria” catalogue. Planning competitions for educational buildings now include gender criteria and a strong focus on open spaces and playgrounds. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 180 181 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Mexico City, Mexico 5.0 Case Studies Public Transport, Mobility Infrastructure, and Road Safety Interventions PROVIDING PRACTICAL, SHORT-TERM TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITIES SOLUTIONS TO ADDRESS URGENT GENDER ISSUES “Pink Transportation”— known in Spanish as “Transporte Rosa” and “Vagones Rosa” — is a program that dedicates some public transport exclusively to women, children under 12, and elders. The program began in 2000, when Mexico City’s Department of Transportation designated two cars within each metro train exclusively for women, as well as establishing women-only bus lines and sections of buses. In 2008, women-only transportation options were literally turned pink, transforming the program into a visual campaign and illuminating the problem of violence against women on transit. The department also expanded the number of women-only buses from fewer than 30 to almost 100 and branded them the “Atena Line”, after the Greek goddess Athena. Each bubblegum pink bus sports a portrait of a woman that played a pivotal role in Mexico’s history on its side. Starting in 2008, the department also implemented a program called “Viajemos Seguras” (Let’s travel safely) to help women report sexual harassment and violence in public transportation. Five offices staffed exclusively by women were launched in the most crowded metro stations in the city, along with a 24-hour hotline. These provide women with a safe place to report crime and challenge the perception that women themselves are solely responsible for their own safety. Finally, in 2010, Mexico City launched a pink taxi program consisting of bubblegum pink cabs that are driven by women and stop exclusively for women. OUTCOMES The Pink Transportation program has had mixed results. Women overwhelmingly choose to use Pink Transportation options when they have them, and take a prominent role in protecting these spaces. However, while women report feeling more safe or comfortable using Pink Transportation options, 70% still report feeling unsafe using public transportation overall. Pink buses comprise only about 10% of the city’s fleet, running on 23 out of 91 formal bus routes. Gender-segregated transportation as a whole has proven contentious among feminists and transit advocates. It is a practical approach that addresses the immediate issue of violence against women on public transit, but does little to strategically confront the underlying structural issues that cause it, such as deeper patriarchal societal tendencies or rape culture. Moreover, Pink Transportation fails to address the needs of sexual and gender minorities and can encourage discrimination and harassment against these groups. Nonetheless, given the severe and urgent impacts of violence against women in terms of opportunity, freedom, and agency, segregated transport does have a role to play in catalyzing wider conversations and change around gender issues. This is particularly powerful when paired with more strategic approaches, such as changing laws and policies, CONTEXT providing support for victims of violence, and changing broader social narratives around Women face harassment on a daily basis in Mexico City’s transit system, which transports gender. four million people each day. A 2008 study by the National Board for the Prevention of Discrimination found that 90% of Mexico City’s female transit riders reported having being sexually harassed while traveling, including by groping, lascivious looks, and explicit Source: Dunckel-Graglia (2013); Linthicum (2016) comments about their bodies. Exacerbating this problem is the fact that many women in Mexico City do not trust or feel safe around the police, leading to the underreporting of transit-related sexual harassment and violence. Violence on public transit leaves women afraid to travel, often preventing them from accessing important social, educational, and economic opportunities. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 182 183 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Public Transport, Mobility Infrastructure, and Road Safety Interventions 5.0 Case Studies Umeå, Sweden HAZME EL PARO: INCREASING WOMEN’S SAFE ACCESS IMPROVING PERCEPTIONS OF SAFETY TO ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES IN MEXICAN CITIES THROUGH INTELLIGENT STREETSCAPE DESIGN In Mexico City, the World Bank designed, implemented, and evaluated a project to prevent and respond to sexual harassment on public transport. The project aimed to increase women’s safety by providing the transport community with a package of solutions to intervene in cases of sexual harassment by becoming agents of change, while contributing to change social norms. By developing a Response Protocol and training bus drivers and police, the intervention improved the private operator and government agency’s awareness and capacity to respond to sexual harassment cases. Additionally, this intervention developed a marketing campaign to challenge social norms around the belief that “women are asking for it,” as well as a smartphone application to facilitate reporting and referral to services. This intervention serves as a good example of a project that worked to change the perception of transport users about violence against women. The preliminary evaluation of shows an increase of awareness regarding the issue of sexual harassment and a drop in perception that women were “asking” to be harassed. Moreover, in the 14 weeks of the pilot, 62 geo- located reports were made. CONTEXT Umeå, the largest city in northern Sweden, is home to 120,000 residents. Like many cities it was built to reflect the perspectives and needs of male urban planners, designers, and developers. Over the last 40 years, the City of Umeå has worked to redesign the built environment to promote gender equality, with the overarching goal of ensuring that both women and men have equal power in both public and private life. In 1989, a strategic body was established to oversee these gender-inclusive efforts and projects. Women’s safety and comfort in Umeå’s public spaces became a particular point of attention in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s following a series of violent assaults by a serial rapist World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 184 185 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Mendoza, Argentina Streetscapes 5.0 Case Studies known as the “Haga Man”. In the wake of these assaults and the public discussion that PARTICIPATORY DESIGN TO CREATE A PUBLIC SPACE followed, city leaders faced increased pressure to implement safety measures focused THAT SERVES ALL GENDERS EQUITABLY specifically on women. ACTIVITIES The “Lev” (Live) tunnel demonstrates the Umeå municipality’s shift toward physical planning and design with a gender-inclusive perspective. Opened in 2012, the Lev tunnel is a nearly 80 meter-long pedestrian and bicycle passage that connects the city center to the Haga neighborhood and aims to provide passage for women and men at all times, without fear or safety concerns. As part of the project, the municipality implemented a planning and design process that highlighted gender gaps between men and women, as well as conducted gender equality workshops with those involved in the design and construction of the tunnel. The resulting design features safety considerations such as wide entrances to allow passage for people walking in groups and women or men with children and strollers; gradual gradients and rounded corners to enhance sight lines and improve perceptions of safety; and ample natural lighting, maximum transparency, and welcoming artwork and soundscapes to create a tranquil atmosphere that feels welcoming, rather than threatening. OUTCOMES Largely due to its innovative design, the Lev tunnel has become one of the city’s main attractions. The active usage of the tunnel further supports feelings of safety for its users. The municipality acknowledges that although the tunnel itself cannot end violence against women, it has created an opportunity to raise awareness on issues of gender, safety, and the causes and facilitators of violence. Sources: City of Umeå (2019), Sandberg and Rönnblom (2016), Sveriges Arkitekter (2014), URBACT (2018) CONTEXT At the edge of the city of Mendoza, Argentina, lies the informal settlement, or barrio, of La Favorita. With over 10,000 residents, La Favorita is home to almost 10% of the city’s population and dates back to the 1940’s, when people fleeing political oppression in Chile, Peru, and Bolivia began to settle there. In part due to this history, La Favorita is well- organized and is home to a variety of local organizations and unions. Four phases of World Bank-funded upgrades have already taken place in some zones of La Favorita, including the paving of roads and provision of basic infrastructure and lighting. The plaza at the center of the barrio, Plaza Aliar, also received basic improvements, with World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 186 187 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Public Space 5.0 Case Studies 5.0 Case Studies Public Space paths, planting, lights, trash cans, water fountains, and playground equipment added over Together, these features provide for women’s safety, social opportunity, and capital; and the years. However, the plaza remains largely underused. Its expansiveness leaves women create gender-inclusive spaces for women to spend their self-determined time. and sexual and gender minorities feeling unsafe, uncomfortable, and exposed — even when doing exercise classes with others in the plaza. This is exacerbated by men who dominate the space and often drink and do drugs there. On the rough soccer field on the OUTCOMES western end of the plaza, games for boys and men tend to be prioritized. Residents feel the The Municipality of Mendoza is now preparing for construction of the plaza, with small playground on the eastern edge of the plaza is too close to traffic, and report multiple groundbreaking set to take place in 2020. A key achievement of the project is that the incidents of children running into traffic and being hit. selected plan will put into place recommendations crafted directly by and for the women of La Favorita. In addition, the project was successful in creating buy-in among government ACTIVITIES partners around the importance of a gender-inclusive process and product. As a result of this project, municipal partners have decided to implement similar gender-inclusive participatory In 2018, Kounkuey Design Initiative (KDI) worked with the Municipality of Mendoza, the processes in future planning and design projects, and the Argentine government will Argentine Ministry of Interior, Public Works, and Housing, and students from Harvard’s incorporate these practices into its national upgrading protocol. Graduate School of Design (GSD) to assess the needs of La Favorita’s residents through a gendered lens and provide recommendations for the gender-inclusive redesign of Plaza Aliar. The project envisioned people of all genders playing an equal role in determining and shaping their community in order to promote equity of self-determined time, safety, social Sources: Bennett and Stack (2018), Kounkuey Design Initiative (2018) opportunity, and social capital. The team worked directly with women of La Favorita to evaluate Plaza Aliar and imagine solutions to their challenges through changes in the public realm. The participatory methodology included a series of activities focused on developing a shared understanding of gender issues in urban planning; examining the barrio’s public spaces; identifying challenges faced in the urban environment and potential solutions; and collectively prioritizing those potential solutions. Once the needs, challenges, and initial visions were established, the project team worked with women to create six proposed plans for the redevelopment of Plaza Aliar that were presented back to the community for feedback and voting. The plan that the women chose envisions Plaza Alair as a multifunctional plaza comprised of individual “rooms” linked together with cohesive design and flow. It ties directly into its surroundings, building on existing assets such as a municipal resource center, and serves recreational, social, health, literacy, economic, cultural, political, and transportation needs through a variety of amenities, including: • A small central plaza surrounded by active uses throughout the day to provide “eyes on the space” and enhance safety for women • A multiuse structure to serve as an open-air community center for various uses, including Zumba classes that are less exposed for the women’s comfort • A field hockey pitch striped for a variety of uses in addition to soccer • A playground surrounded by raised vantage seating for women and other caregivers to watch their kids and a community market where women can vend • A protected bus shelter where women can wait for the bus safely • An amphitheater with stepped seating for community events • A library grove across from the popular adjacent library to provide a variety of uses World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 188 189 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Madhya Pradesh, India 5.0 Case Studies Water, Sanitation, Hygiene IMPROVING INFRASTRUCTURE TO REDUCE WOMEN'S CAREGIVING Development implemented the Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement AND FAMILY HYGIENE BURDENS Project (or Project UDAY). The project aimed to intentionally improve the living conditions and economic opportunities of women by (i) reducing the amount of effort and time spent fetching and storing water; (ii) improving drainage and garbage collection; (iii) improving access to toilets; and (iv) hiring female workers in the building and maintenance of the project. Project UDAY would achieve this by improving urban water supply and wastewater collection and treatment systems. Some of the project’s gender-inclusive elements included: • An evidence-based gender mainstreaming strategy using results from a gender assessment of all four project cities • A Gender Action Plan (GAP), including elements such as targets for female participation in project activities and decision-making, and gender awareness modules included in all project-related trainings • A gender field manual to integrate gender considerations into the Municipal Action Plan for Poverty Reduction processes • Community mobilizations focused on women to ensure their proportionate representation in Community Group Committees, which guided and informed all projects Specific design elements incorporated the safety concerns of women and girls into the built interventions. For example, designs for new community toilets addressed previous faulty design issues, poor placement placement in locations that left women and girls vulnerable to violence, and inadequate maintenance. In addition, women expressed a need for places for public participation, cultural programs, marriages, events, and cultural exchange. Because of this, original plans that were solely meant to provide community toilets were expanded to include community halls for such activities to take place. OUTCOMES CONTEXT Over 5.6 million people benefited from improved water supply, half a million benefited from In the informal settlements of Bhopal, Gwalior, Indore, and Jabalpur in the Indian state of the upgraded wastewater management system, and 4.7 million benefited from an improved Madhya Pradesh, the overwhelming majority of households lack water supply and sanitation solid waste management system. Water supply was extended into informal settlements, facilities. Women living in these settlements suffer most from poor access to quality water and increasing access to water. This new access improved health and safety for women by sanitation facilities, as they are usually responsible for fetching and managing household water enabling them to bathe and wash clothes more frequently and in privacy. The improved supplies to fulfill duties such as cooking and maintaining personal and household hygiene. This availability of water also enabled residents to construct in-home toilets, and 25 community disproportionate allocation of responsibilities, coupled with inadequate facilities that require toilets were renovated where in-home space was limited, giving access to 4,000 households. women to travel long distances to collect water, forces women to spend a significant proportion of their time on household-related work. Moreover, the lack of sanitation facilities has led to high Women and men alike experienced a reduction in workloads due to improved access rates of open defecation, with specific health and safety concerns for women and girls who have to convenient and safe water services. In addition, the project successfully increased to wait until after dark to relieve themselves — affecting their internal health and making them participation of women in leadership and decision-making in the water and sanitation sector: vulnerable to violence. of the 760 members who participated in the Community Group Committees (CGC’s), 73% of them were women. ACTIVITIES In 2003, the Government of Madhya Pradesh’s Department of Urban Administration and Sources: UN-HABITAT (2006), Asian Development Bank (2015b), Asian Development Bank (2011) World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 190 191 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Fortaleza, Brazil 5.0 Case Studies Basic Urban Services IMPROVING WOMEN’S HEALTH AND LIVELIHOODS THROUGH collection infrastructure due to gendered societal roles. Women tend to carry out waste disposal WASTE DISPOSAL AND ELECTRICITY SERVICE DISCOUNTS as part of their unpaid and time-consuming household-related duties, and also make up 30% of those across Brazil who declare waste collecting as their main “occupation” - possibly a conservative figure since many may consider it part of their caregiving duties. This exposure to waste puts women at greater risk of contracting disease while decreasing the amount of time they can spend accessing paid employment, education, and services. ACTIVITIES Coelce, a Brazilian electricity company, launched a pilot program in 2007 in four low-income communities in the city of Fortaleza. Though not designed specifically to target women, the program sought to meet two objectives that would impact women in particular: decreasing the number of unpaid electricity bills and instances of illegal electricity use, and reducing the amount of waste being improperly disposed into the environment. Known as Ecoelce, it enables residents to trade in their recyclable waste in exchange for credits to lower their electricity bill. Coelce established stationary and mobile collection facilities within the four communities, each equipped with a machine that weighs and calculates the value of customers’ recyclables. Customers use an electronic card linked to their account that credits the value of the waste to their electricity bill. Customers are also able to donate the value to other individuals, non-profits, or companies participating in the program. The exchange process is secure for customers because no money is physically exchanged. After the collection is made at the facility, all materials are sent to a recycling center for safe disposal and reuse. In addition to implementing the pilot program, Coelce helped create formalized roles for residents whose primary source of income was through collecting recyclables in the streets. This establishment of a reliable and consistent form of income was especially important for women given their tendency to take on informal and unpaid work, and their important role in the city’s waste sector. OUTCOMES The Ecoelce pilot program saw dramatic results and was expanded due to its success. Over the course of the program’s first 10 years, 32,624 tons of waste were removed from the environment, R$ 5,255,737 of bonuses on electricity bills were given, and 134,129,606 KW/h of electricity were saved. The initiative has been particularly useful for women because it reduced the amount of time they spent recycling household waste by embedding recycling facilities within communities. In addition, women can participate in the program without fear of insecurity because the entire transaction is cash-free, and their time and financial costs CONTEXT related to providing and sustaining electricity for the household are lowered. The state of Ceará is home to Fortaleza, Brazil’s fifth largest city. In its hard-to-access, low- The program is now available across the entire state of Ceará with 112 communities serviced income settlements, lack of formal waste collection leads to the improper disposal of waste, often in 30 municipalities. In addition, the initiative has been replicated in Rio de Janeiro (Ecoampla) in the streets. This poses serious health concerns for residents, with the accumulation of waste and Santiago de Chile (Ecochilectra) and has received national and international recognition, in the streets, accompanied by high temperatures and stagnant water during rainy seasons, including being named the winning project in Latin America by UN Global Compact. increasing the risk of disease outbreaks. This risk is further heightened when household waste mixes with wastewater. Sources: Enel (2017), Nel-lo and Mele (2016), Araujo (2011), Coelho et al. (2018), Pilo Women in the informal settlements of Fortaleza suffer disproportionately from the lack of waste (2017), Arenas et. al. (2013), Coehlo et al. (2016) World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 192 193 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 3.1 Access 194 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design, 2020 195 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design Conclusion: 6.1 Conclusion: Looking Forward Looking Forward Ultimately, gender inclusion is not really a burden or problem. It is an opportunity. Over half of the world’s population are women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities. Their needs, desires, knowledge, and skills are untapped resources for urban planners and designers and cities as a whole. Their economic opportunity, social inclusion, political participation, In Berkeley, California in the 1970’s, a group of disability activists called the Rolling Quads and yes — their ideas for how to better design and plan cities — are critical to achieving the began breaking up curbs and installing makeshift ramps onto sidewalks to demand better World Bank’s mission of prosperity for all. access for wheelchair users. What people did not expect was that when “curb cuts” were finally installed, wheelchair users were not the only beneficiaries. Indeed, people with strollers, heavy shopping, suitcases, or simply reduced mobility use curb cuts all the time — for many it is the preferable route. In the same way, a gender-inclusive city works better for everyone. A city in which women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all ages and abilities can get around easily and safely, participate fully in the workforce and in public life, and lead healthy, sociable, and active lives is a city that improves life for everyone. A city in which women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities of all gender and abilities enjoy full social and economic inclusion is a city that accelerates progress for everyone. To achieve this vision and meet the corporate requirements set out in the World Bank Environmental and Social Framework and Gender Strategy, an approach that actively includes a wider array of voices, perspectives, and priorities is critical. There can be no gender-inclusive city without gender-inclusive processes. This means committing to the active, meaningful participation of women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities; and to their learning and power as citizens. It requires an intersectional, cross-sectoral approach that considers how women’s, girls’, and sexual and gender minorities’ daily experiences are impacted by systemic factors in the built environment and according to their gender, their age, their race or ethnicity, their religion, their income, and their ability. Crucially, it means dedicating budget, staff, and expertise to incorporating gender inclusion into all phases of a project — not as an add-on, but as an integral goal of the project. These principles are daunting, of course. Many development practitioners are on board with gender inclusion in theory, but in practice it can feel like another box to check; another burden on top of an already enormous workload; and a tenuous goal with little grounding in the day-to-day. This handbook has therefore attempted to make the pathway toward a gender-inclusive city clearer and more accessible to all readers involved in designing and delivering World Bank-funded projects. The guidelines are not intended to be interpreted as rigid standards, but instead as a resource for inspiration, suggestions, and direction — encouraging audiences to ask themselves honestly how to incorporate gender in their work and to proactively seek out new information and innovation in this area. It bears reiterating that gender-inclusive urban planning and design processes must be carried out by asking women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities what the issues and barriers they face are, and what possible solutions could be. It is important not to fall into the trap of following the guidelines in Chapter 4 and attempting to respond to key questions without direct and in-depth consultation with women, girls, and sexual and gender minorities from the local community. While guidelines and even agreed-upon standards are useful and can motivate us to do better, there is simply no shortcut for actively and equitably including women’s, girls’, and sexual and gender minorities’ voices in a design or planning process. Their agency and participation is the most critical objective here, and will make the difference between merely addressing symptoms of gender inequity and meeting immediate needs, versus catalyzing transformative change in gender relations. World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 196 197 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 6.2 Further Resources 6.3 Reference List KEY WORLD BANK DOCUMENTS • Gender Equality for Smarter Cities: Challenges and • Tackling Childcare: The Business Case for Employer- Progress | UN-HABITAT 2010 Supported Childcare | IFC, 2017 Arendt, Hannah (1958). The Human Condition. Chicago: University World Bank Environmental and Social Framework • In Brief: Women’s Leadership and Political Participation | • The Need to Plan for Women: Planning with a Gender Lens of Chicago Press. UN Women, 2011 | Cornell University, 2015 Arnstein, Sherry R. 1969. “A Ladder of Citizen Participation.” World Bank Group Gender Strategy 2016-2023 Journal of the American Planning Association 35 (4): 216-224.  • Safe Cities and Safe Public Spaces | UN Women, 2017 • The Women Mayors’ Network | National Democratic • SDG 11 – Cities | United Nations, 2018 Institute, 2019 Asia News Network. 2016. "Women Disproportionately Affected by • State of Women in Cities | UN-HABITAT, 2013 • Urban Gender-Based Violence Risk Assessment Guidance: WORLD BANK GENDER TAG RESOURCES Disaster, Experts Say." E.Republic, May 17.  https://www.govtech. Identifying Risk Factors for Urban Refugees | Women’s com/em/disaster/Women-Disproportionately-Affected-by-Disaster- SIMILAR URBAN PLANNING AND DESIGN Refugee Commission, 2015 Experts-Say.html   For Gender Tag training materials: type “gender” into WBG • Women and urban crises. Gender sensitive strategies for intranet or follow this link: https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com/ TOOLKITS managing critical urban environments in the South and in Asian Development Bank. 2011. Gender Mainstreaming, Case sites/Gender/Pages/Gender-Tag-11192018-173633.aspx Studies: India. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Eastern Europe | UNESCO • For Gender-Tagged projects complete with gender actions For additional inspiration and support, see the below toolkits on Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/29934/ and indicators, see Urban/Gender tags in World Bank gender-inclusive urban planning, design, and development from gender-mainstreaming-case-studies-india.pdf  Standard Reports around the world. See also: • Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Development | City of Asian Development Bank. 2015a. Gender Mainstreaming Case • Global Practice (GP) Follow-Up Notes to the Gender Berlin Study—India: Kerala Sustainable Urban Development Project. Strategy • Gender Mainstreaming in Urban Planning and Urban Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. https:// REFERENCE LIST www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/160695/gender- • Regional Gender Action Plans (RGAPs) Development | City of Vienna, 2013 mainstreaming-ind-kerala-urban.pdf • Systematic Country Diagnostics (SCD) and Country • Learning From Women to Create Gender Inclusive Cities | AASHTO (America Association of State Highway and Partnership Frameworks (CPF) Women in Cities International, 2010 Transportation Officials). 2013. Commuting in America 2013: The Asian Development Bank. 2015b. Gender equality results case • Making Cities and Urban Spaces Safe for Women and Girls National Report on Commuting Patterns and Trends. Washington study—India: Urban Water Supply and Environmental Improvement | ActionAid, 2013 DC: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Project. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: Asian Development Bank. • The Gender Manual: A Practical Guide | DFID, 2008 Officials. https://traveltrends-dev.transportation.org/wp-content/ https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/160696/gender- WORLD BANK GENDER CHAMPIONS uploads/sites/62/2019/07/ES_Executive-Summary_CAES- mainstreaming-ind-urban-water.pdf 4_web.pdf For a list of designated “Gender Champions” across all Global KEY LITERATURE Asian Development Bank. 2017. ADB Support for Gender and Practices, follow this link: Agarwal, Bina and Pradeep Panda. 2007. “Toward Freedom from Development (2005–2015) Supplementary Linked Document E https://worldbankgroup.sharepoint.com/sites/Gender/Pages/ Below is a list of important further reading to build a deeper Domestic Violence: The Neglected Obvious.” Journal of Human (Country Portfolio Assessment). Mandaluyong City, Philippines: pc/BankwideGenderContacts- 09192018 -210825/Gender- understanding of gender issues in urban planning and design. Development 8 (3), 359-388. doi: 10.1080/14649880701462171. Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/ Leads-09192018-211724.aspx • Gender and Development | Caroline Moser, 1993 evaluation-document/181135/files/country-portfolio-assessment- Alemán, Alonso Ayala. 2009. Community Organisations, pakistan.pdf  • Gender and Planning | Susan S. Fainstein and Lisa J. Misiones and Integration of Barrios of Caracas, Venezuela: The In addition to these Gender Champions, in-person resources and Servon, 2009 Case of the Cameba Upgrading Project. IHS Working Paper 21. Asian Development Bank. 2018. Completion Report—India: Kerala support are available for projects specifically involving Sexual • Gender, Urban Development and the Politics of Space | Rotterdam: Institute for Housing and Urban Development Studies. and Gender Minorities and People with Disabilities. The World Sustainable Urban Development Project. Mandaluyong City, Silvia Chant and MacIlwaine, 2014 https://www.ihs. nl/sites/corporate/files/IHS_WP__021__Ayala_ Philippines: Asian Development Bank. https://www.adb.org/sites/ Bank has a Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity (SOGI) Global • Gender, Urban Space, and the Right to Everyday Life | Aleman__Alonzo__Community_organisations_misiones_and_ default/files/project-documents/32300/32300-013-pcr-en.pdf Advisor and a Global Disability Advisor who can assist teams in Yasminah Beebeejaun integration_of_Barrios_of_Caracas_2009.pdf conducting analysis and consultations. • Genderbashing: Sexuality, Gender, and the Regulation of Aspinall, P., Mavros, P., Coyne, R., & Roe, J. 2015. “The Urban Public Space | Ki Namaste, 1996 Allendorf, K., 2007. “Do Women’s Land Rights Promote Brain: Analyzing Outdoor Physical Activity with Mobile EEG.” British Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal?” World Development Journal of Sports Medicine 49 (4): 272–276. http://doi.org/10.1136/ • Queers in the American City: Transgendered Perceptions 35 (11): p. 1975-1988, 1980, 1985. of Urban Space | Petra Doan, 2007 bjsports-2012-091877  WORLD BANK GENDER TOOLKITS AND GUIDES • The Way She Moves: Mapping the Everyday Production of Amnesty International. 2010. Risking Rape to Reach a Toilet: Badgett, M.V. Lee. 2014.  The Economic Cost of Stigma and The following is a list of helpful toolkits and guides for incorporating Gender-Space | Shilpa Ranade, 2007 Women’s Experiences in the Slums of Nairobi, Kenya. An the Exclusion of LGBT People: A Case Study of India (English). gender into related areas of practice. • Women in the Urban Environment | Gerda R. Wekerle, 1980 Amnesty International Report. London: Amnesty Internaiontal. Washington, DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/ • Gender and Energy Role Playing: Training Guidebook, 2019 • Women’s Fear and the Design of Public Space | Gill curated/en/527261468035379692/The-economic-cost-of-stigma- Valentine, 1990 Anastario, Michael, Nadine Shehab, and Lynn Lawry. 2009. and-the-exclusion-of-LGBT-people-a-case-study-of-India • Land Policies: Toolkit for Integrating Gender-Related Issues “Increased Gender-Based Violence among Women Internally • Toolkit for Mainstreaming Gender in Water Operations, 2016 Displaced in Mississippi 2 Years Post-Hurricane Katrina.” Balch, Oliver. 2016. “The New Generation of Buenos Aires Trash ADDITIONAL READING Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 3(1):18-26. Pickers Reenergizing Recycling in the Capital.” The Guardian, doi: 10.1097/DMP.0b013e3181979c32. January 20. theguardian.com/environment/2016/jan/20/buenos- UNITED NATIONS DOCUMENTS The articles and reports below will further enrich understanding aires-litter-pickers-cartoneros-recycling-argentina-environment around gender and urban planning and design. Angelou, Niki, Cindy J. Suh, Inka Ivette Schomer, Amanda Marin Bapat, Meera and Indu Agarwal. 2003. “Our Needs, Our Priorities: Beaujon, Palmisano Giacomo, Elisabeth Maier. 2019.  Gender Women and Men from the Slums in Mumbai and Pune Talk • A place for everyone? Gender Equality and Urban Planning The below documents include guides, toolkits, briefings, reports, and Energy Role Playing: Training Guidebook (English). about their Needs for Water and Sanitation.” Environment and | Oxfam and RTPI, 2007 Washington DC: World Bank. http://documents.worldbank.org/ and other helpful resources from the United Nations. Urbanisation 15:2, 71-86 • Can cities be feminist? Inside the Global Rise of Female curated/en/823481551763820142/Gender-and-Energy-Role- • Facts and Figures: Leadership and Political Participation | Mayors | Guardian, 2016 Playing-Training-Guidebook Barker, G., Ricardo, C., Nascimento, M., Olukoya, A., & Santos, UN Women, 2019 • Driving Toward Equality: Women, Ride-Hailing and the APS (Advocates for Public Space). 2015. “Informal Places for Active C. 2010. "Questioning gender norms with men to improve health • Gender Equality Observation for Latin America and the Sharing Economy | IFC, Accenture, Uber, 2018 Recreation and Children's Play in Kampala Slums, Uganda.” Report outcomes: Evidence of impact." Global Public Health 5(5), 539-553. Caribbean | United Nations, 2018 commissioned by Healthbridge. https://healthbridge.ca/images/ • Gender Equality and Sustainable Urbanisation • Gender Issue Guide: Gender Responsive Urban Legislation, uploads/library/informal-open-spaces-report_final_2.pdf FACTSHEET | WomenWatch, 2009 Bartlett, Sheridan, David Dodman, Jorgelina Hardoy, David Land and Governance | UN-HABITAT, 2015 Satterthwaite, and Cecilia Tacoli. 2009. “Social Aspects of Climate • Gender issues in transportation: a short introduction | • Gender Issue Guide: Housing and Slum Upgrading | UN- Araujo, Sergio. 2011. “COELCE (Group ENDESA) Encourages Change in Urban Areas in Low and Middle-Income Nations.” Institute for Transportation and Development Policy, 1999 HABITAT, 2012 Responsible Waste Management with Credits on Electrical Bill World Bank Fifth Urban Research Symposium on Cities and • How to Build a Feminist City: Baking gender equality into in Fortaleza (Brasil).” In BipiZ CSR Best Practices Database. • Gender Issue Guide: Urban Planning and Design | UN- Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda.  http:// building and planning can improve the lives of millions for https://www.bipiz.org/en/csr-best-practices/coelce-group-endesa- HABITAT, 2012 siteresources.worldbank.org/INTURBANDEVELOPMENT/ little cost | APolitical encourages-responsible-waste-management-with-credits-on- Resources/336387-1342044185050/8756911-1342044630817/ • Gender and Urban Planning: Issues and Trends | UN- • IFC: A Solutions Provider for Cities and Mayer | IFC, 2018 electrical-bill-in-fortaleza-brasil.html  V2Chap27.pdf HABITAT, 2012 • Practical advice for more gender equality in the Vienna City Arenas, Daniel, Pablo Sanchez, and Matthew Murphy. 2013. Benavides, Gina Sánchez, Silvana Sánchez Pinto, Gardenia • Gender Equality and the New Urban Agenda | UN-HABITAT, "Different Paths to Collaboration between Businesses and Civil Administration | City of Vienna Administration, 2011 Chávez Nuñez, Azucena Soledispa Toro, and María Sol Paredes. 2014 Society and the Role of Third Parties." Journal of Business Ethics 115 • Safe Cities for Women – From reality to rights | Action Aid, 2007. Diagnóstico de la Situación del Derecho de las Mujeres a la • Gender Equality and Sustainable Urbanization | UN Women, (4): 723-39. http://www.jstor.org.focus.lib.kth.se/stable/42001896.  Vivienda Adecuada desde una Perspectiva de Género en Ecuador. 2014 2009 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 198 199 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 6.3 Reference List 6.3 Reference List Quito, Ecuador: Comité de América Latina y El Caribea para la Marcelo Nunes da Silva Fernandes, Natiellen Quatrin Freitas, Dunckel-Graglia, Amy. 2013. “‘Pink Transportation’ in Mexico City: survey-main-results-apr14_en.pdf Defensa de los Derechos de la Mujer.  Francine Cassol Prestes, Juliana Zancan Tonel. 2016. “Women Reclaiming Urban Space through Collective Action against Gender- Frank, Lawrence, Peter Engelke, Tom Schmid. 2003. Health Waste Pickers: Living Conditions, Work, and Health.” Revista Based Violence.” Gender & Development 21(2): 265-276. 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New World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 206 207 World Bank Handbook for Gender-Inclusive Urban Planning and Design 6.4 Image Credits 6.4 Image Credits IMAGE CREDITS P184 "Woman Wearing Yellow Hooded Coat Riding Bicycle" by Tembela Bohle (Pexels) P248 "Sitting" by Andrey (CC BY 2.0) P12 "Women participate in a community meeting" by Roots, P187 "Khayelitsha" by Elyob (CC BY 2.0) P250 "Mexico City Trolley bus" by Jeffrey Beall (CC BY 2.0) Tubers and Bananas (CC BY 2.0) P190 Untitled by Stanisław Krawczyk (CC BY 2.0) P250 "Mexico City Urban Bus" by Rafael.lcw0120 (CC BY 4.0) P16 © World Bank P193 "Photographing market life at Gerehu" by Ness Kerson P252 "Femicide Protest Zocalo- protester with sign" by Thayne P52 Unknown (CC0 1.0) (CC0 BY 1.0) Tuason (CC BY 4.0) P55 "Bus window" by Luisen Rodrigo (CC BY 2.0) P196 "Chicago, IL" by Alan Light (CC BY 2.0) P254 "The glass artwork Lev! covers the walls inside the tunnel at Umeå Central Station" by Frederik Larsson (CC BY-SA 4.0) P65 © KDI P199 "Snow plow truck salting roads before a snow storm" by Unknown (CC0 BY 1.0) P256 "Art work "Lev!" 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