71860 TH E k|ltlaDa WORLD BANK GROUP a'n]l6g jif{ ! c+s @ c;f/ @)^( k|fg 6f]nLsf] sndaf6 ljZj a}+ssf] /fli6«o Joj:yfksaf6 æk|ltljDaÆsf] klxnf] c+snfO{ h;/L u|x0f ul/lbg' eof] æk|ltljDjÆsf] bf];|f] c+sdf kf7sju{nfO{ :jfut 5 . o; c+sdf tkfO{+x?n] / h:tf k|ltlqmofx? xfdLn] k|fKt u¥of}+, To;af6 xfdL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf cjwf/0ffx?nfO{ k|efjsf/L ?kdf k|j4{g / xlif{t ePsf 5f}+ . ctM xfdL pT;fxsf ;fy bf];|f] c+s sfof{Gjog ug{sf nflu g]kfn ;/sf/ / gful/s ;dfhsf cEof;stf{x?nfO{ k|sflzt ug{ uO/x]sf 5f}+ . uPsf] hgj/Lb]lv otf ;Ifd agfpg g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL sfo{qmd -k|fg_n] s]xL pNn]Vo 36gf / lqmofsnfkx? ePsf 5g\, ;xof]u u/]sf ljleGg s[ofsnfkx? af/] hfgsf/L kfpg' x'g]5 . h;nfO{ o;df k|sflzt ul/Psf 5g\ . oLdWo] k|fgsf] ljz]iftM k|fgn] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf ljz]if kIfx?df ljleGg ;fdflhs dWosfnLg ;dLIff, k|fgsf tLg ljifox?df ;~rflnt hjfkmb]lxtf ;DjGwL :s"nx? ;+rfng u/]sf] lyof] eg] o; afx]s g]kfndf xfn;Dd eP u/]sf sfdx?nfO{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL ;|f]t;fdu|Lx?sf] ?kdf ;+u|lxt ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n, s]xL gofF cg'bfg ljt/0f u/L k|sfzg u/]sf] 5 . oL s[ofsnfkx?sf] nIo ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL 1fgnfO{ cflb kb{5g\ . o; c+sdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"ndf a9fpg' 5 / ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ cˆgf] ;]jf / sfo{x?df ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu rflxg] ;+oGq g]kfndf ;fj{hlgs jLQ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;qdf tyf ;|f]t pknAw u/fO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] 5 . æ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf -lkOPkmP_Æ k|fgn] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] dxTjsf] a'emfOnfO{ cem Aofks jgfpg ljleGg k|sfzgx? sf] ;xeflutfaf/] lkOPkmPsf ;b:o ;lrjsf] g]kfnL efiffdf lgsfn]sf] 5, k|lzIfsx?sf nflu k|lzIf0f k|bfg u/]sf]5 / gu/Lo ;'zf;gdf cfn]v klg /x]sf] 5 . g]kfndf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf s]lGb|t cjnf]sg e|d0fdf u/fO;s]sf] 5 . o; a'n]l6gsf] cGtdf Pp6f cWoogsf] ;DaGwL clen]v ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 . cGtdf k|fgsf] lgrf]8 (case study) j0f{g ul/Psf] 5 h:fdf k|fgn] Pp6f lhNnfdf ;/sf/n] k|bfg ug{] cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd af/]sf] ;dfrf/ klg 5, h;n] ;]jfsf] cj:yfnfO{ gful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ k|of]u u/L cfsng ug{ Pp6f gful/s ;dfh k|fgsf] cg'bfg ljt/0f / k|sfzgx? nufot k|fgsf ;+:yfnfO{ ;xof]u u/]sf] lyof] . o; k|lqmofaf6 s] kQf nfu]sf] 5 eg] ToxfF e|i6«frf/sf] dfqf cGo ultljlwaf/] k|sfz kf/]sf lyP . sd eP tfklg s]xL ;]jfx?sf :t/af/] u'gf;fx? /x]5g\ . xfn oL] u'gf;fx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu cfjZos sbdx? rfln;lsPsf 5g\ . æk|ltljDaÆ sf] of] bf];|f] c+s klg klxnf] em}+ /f]rs o; a'n]l6gsf] k|yd c+snfO{ kf7sju{n] cToflws dg k/fOlbg' ePsf]df d v'zL 5' . xfdL / pkof]uL kfpg' x'g]5 eGg] cfzf lnPsf 5f}+ . ;fy} k|fg, o;sf s[ofsnfk / efjL sfo{qmdx? af/]]sf] a'emfOnfO{ cem j'xt jgfpg OR5's tkfO{+x?sf] ;Nnfx ;'emfjnfO{ xfdL ;w}+ :jfut 5f}+ . k|fgsf s[ofsnfk / o;sf k|efjx? af/]sf ;'rgf / 1fgnfO{ ;Dk|]if0f ug{ of] a'n]l6g ug{]5f}+ . dxTjk"0f{ x'g] eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' . —k|fg 6f]nL tflzg ;Ob g]kfnsf nflu ljZj a}+ssf] /fli6«o Joj:yfks k|fgsf] dWosfnLg ;dLIffsf] ;f/f+z o; c+sdf k|fgsf] cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd k|fgsf tLg d'Vo ljifox? af/] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n ;DkGg ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL g]kfndf ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] ;+u|x k|fgsf] cg'bfg 1fkg;DaGwL ;+lIfKt ljj/0f ;\g @)!@ clk|nb]lv h'g dlxnf;Dd of]hgf ul/Psf s[ofsnfk ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg af/] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"ndf k|fgsf] d'Vo ultljlw / kxnx? ;fj{hlgs Joo / ljQLo k|zf;gsf] ;lrjfnoåf/f ;xlhs/0f k|fgsf] dWosfnLg ;dLIff hf]g Snfs{ ;du| d"Nof°g / k|ult d]/f] b[9 ljZjf; s] xf] eg] l9nf] z'?jftsf] / ;Djfb a9fpg] tkm{ Wofg lbg'kb{5 . afah't klg k|fgn] lgs} /fd|f] k|ult ul//x]sf] cGtdf, cg'udg / d"Nof°g / cg';Gwfgsf 5 . k|fgnfO{ ;Ddfgsf] b[li6n] x]l/G5 kf6f ev{/} dfq z'? ePsf] 5 . / k|d'v u}/;/sf/L ;+:yfx? / g]kfn ;/sf/sf ;/f]sf/jfnfx?;Fu o;sf] /fd|f] d'Vo s'/f ctM s] xf] eg] sfo{qmd of]hgf cg'?k g} uO/x]sf] 5 . s] s'/f :d/0f u/fpg} sf/0f sfo{qmd l;nl;nfa4 ?kdf cl3 ;DaGw 5 . k|fgsf rf/ j6f ;fem]bf/x? lgs}} kg{] x'G5 eg] k|fgn] jf:tljs ?kdf sfd ug{ a9fpg ;d:of eg] ljBdfg g} 5 . ;dlk{t / ldxg]tL 5g\, ljif]z u/L tflnd / cg'bfgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ ;fem]bf/x? z'? u/]sf] ;g\ @)!) sf] pQ/f4{b]lv dfq xf] d'Vo l;sfO / l;kmfl/; -logLx? ljut Ps jif{ cl3b]lv sfo{/t 5g\ g ls ;g\ @))( af6 ha ‘‘/fHo / zflGt != sfo{qmdsf] z'?jft sl/a Ps jif{ l9nf] :yfkgf sf]if’’ cg'bfg k|bfg ug{] ;xdtL ePsf] tYonfO{ dWogh/ ub}{ o;nfO{ ;g\ eg] c? b'O{ ;fe]mbf/x?;Fu h'g @)!! b]lv ePsf] lyof] . klxnf] jif{ k|fgn] sfo{qmdsf] @)!# sf] cGt;Dd lj:tf/ ul/g' kb{5 . dfq s/f/ ePsf lyP ._ @= clgjfo{ gePsf sfo{x?nfO{ x6fP/ ;du| vfsf agfpg] tyf ljZj a}+sleq sfo{qmdnfO{ hlt ;Sbf] ;/n agfOg' kb{5 . 1fg Joj:yfkg / ;+hflns/0f ;DaGwL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ #= /rgfTds ;Djfbsf] kIfnfO{ a9L hf]8 sfd z'?jftL r/0fd} 5g\ . lrtjgsf] ;|f]t :yflkt ug]{ / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;DaGwL lbOg' kb{5 . s]Gb|sf nflu ;dlk{t sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ul/Psf] cy{/fhgLlt af/] cg';Gwfg h:tf sfddf $= bLuf]kgnfO{ ;'lglZrt ug{ of]hgf tof/ 5 . t/ d]/f] ljrf/df cem al9 ;fdflhs s]lGb|t /x\of] . clxn] k|fg k"0f{ ultdf ;+rflnt ul/g' kb{5 . hjfkmb]lxtfsf cEof;stf{x? ;Dd k'Ug 5 / o;sf ljleGg kf6fdf ePsf] k|ultn] %= hlt ;Sbf] aflx/L kx'Fr, ;Djfb / ;~rf/ pgLx?nfO{ kfFr j6f If]qLo ;|f]t s]Gb|df sfo{qmdsf] vfsf pko'Qm ePsf] bzf{p5 . nfO{ a9L Wofg lbOg' kb{5 . ^= ljljw bft[ lgsfox?;Fu ;fdflhs af]nfpg'sf] ;§f pgLx? sxfF g} uO{ cGtlq{mof{ tyflk, z'?jftL r/0fdf ePsf] l9nfOsf hjfkmb]lxtfsf kxnaf/] ;dGjo ;'lgZlrt ul/g' kb{5 . k|fgsf tLg d'Vo ljifox? af/] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n ;DkGg gu/Lo ;'zf;g ;deflutfd"ns gu/Lo ;'zf;g af/]sf] cfdlGqt cltlysf ?kdf cfˆgf cg'ej / lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] atfPsf lyP . a'emfOnfO{ a9fpg] p2]Zo lnP/ ut hgj/L # ljz]if1tf af/] atfPsf lyP . sfo{qmdsf gu/Lo ;'zf;g k|fgsf tLgdWo] Pp6f d'Vo b]lv & ;Dd sf7df8f}+sf] uf]bfj/Ldf ;/sf/L / d'Vo ;xhstf{x? lk|of OG6/GofZgnsf 8f= ljifo xf] . u}/;/sf/L k|ltlglwx?nfO{ nlIft ub}{ gu/Lo sfp:t'e sflGt aGwf]kfWofo, ljZj /~hg / tflnd cl3 / kl5 ul/Psf] cfsngn] ;'zf;g;DaGwL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n lelgsf sfpn lyP . ;xefuLx?df $) b]lv %) k|ltzt 1fg cfof]hgf ul/of] . o; :s"n lbNnLsf] ;f];fO6L tflnd kl5 ;xefuLx?n] ;xefuLtfd"ns a9]sf] kfOof] . km/ kfl6{l;k]6/L l/;r{ Og Plzof -lk|of gu/Lo zf;g af/] a'em\gsf nflu tflnd OG6/GofZgn_;Fusf] ;xsfo{df cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xefuLsf] ljj/0f pQm tflnddf @& lhNnfsf #% hgf ;+:yfsf] k|sf/ ;+Vof k|ltzt ;xefuLn] efu lnPsf lyP . ;xefuLx? gful/s ;dfh ;+:yf @% &! tflnd cfjZostf cfsng -l6PgP_ sf] ldl8of ! # l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/Psf lyP . ;/sf/L lgsfo @ ^ ef}lts of]hgf tyf lgdf{0f dGqfno, pbfpbf] u}/;/sf/Lx?sf] ;+3 tyf 5ftf ;+u7gx? $ !! gu/ kl/of]hgfsf lgb{]zs lul/hf uf]vf{nL æk|f] klAnsÆ # ( / n'dGtLsf ;+:yfks nhgf dfgGw/n] s"n #% !)) 2 Pratibimba ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] cg'udg k|fgn] cfˆgf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf æk|f] k|of]u ug{ ;xefuLsf] Ifdtf ljsf; ug'{ cfjZostfk|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ x'g / ;fj{hlgs klAnsÆ dfkm{t kfFrlbg] ;fj{hlgs /x]sf] lyof] . ;|f]t a9L xf]l;of/Lk"j{s vr{ ug{ bjfb ;]jf k|bfgaf/] cg'udg;DaGwL ;fdflhs lbG5 . ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{ ;Dkfbg ;xeflutfd"ns sfo{ ;Dkfbg cg'udg hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n dfr{ dlxgfsf] @) b]lv @$ cg'udgaf6 cfPsf] glthfn] gofF gLlt, -lklkPd_ ;j{;fw/0fnfO{ ;/sf/af6 k|bfg tfl/v;Dd ;~rfng u/]sf] lyof] . ljsf; sfo{qmd / kl/of]hgf tof/ ug{sf ul/g] ;fj{hlgs ;]jfx?sf] k|efjsfl/tf, nflu cfwf/ tof/ ug{ ;Sb5 h;af6 sfo{qmdsf] ;du| p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ / hjfkmb]lxtf j[l4 ug]{ ;fwg pknAw ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] rqmnfO{ k'/f cg'udg ug{sf nflu gful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ u/fpg] p2]Zo /fVb5 . gful/s / gful/s ug{ klg d2t k'¥ofpF5 . / ;fdflhs n]vfkl/If0fnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug{ ;dfhnfO{ sfo{;Dkfbg cg'udg ug]{ ;Dej ;lsG5 egL r]tgf a9fpg'sf ;fy} ltgnfO{ agfOlbP/ ;fj{hlgs If]qnfO{ gful/ssf] sfo{qmddf #$ hgf ;xefuL lyP, h;dWo] ;ft dlxnf lyP . pgLx?nfO{ tflnd tnsf] u|fkmn] @* hgf ;xefuLsf] ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfgsf] 5 j6f If]qdf pgLx?sf] 1fg / cfjZostf cfsngsf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;Lkdf ePsf] j[l4nfO{ k|ltztdf b]vfpb5 . cfwf/df @$ lhNnfaf6 5gf}6 ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xefuLx?n] cfkm\gf If]q / lhNnfdf cEof;stf{sf ?kdf sfd ug{] Ifdtf ljsf; u/sf 5g\ . :s"nnfO{ æk|f] klAnsÆ / lk|of OG6/g]zgnsf 8f= cfnf]s k08]n] g]t[Tj u/]sf lyP . 8f= kf08]nfO{ cldtfe e'if0f / eljtf >Ljf:tjn] ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . k|fgsf pk;+of]hs c~hnL ysfnLn] klg ;xhLs/0f ug'{ ePsf] lyof] . Pratibimba 3 ;fj{hlgs vr{ Joj:yfkg k|fgn] cfˆgf] ;fem]bf/ ;+:yf æk|f]klAnsÆ kl/of]hgf nfu' ePsf lhNnfx? kfNkf, æk|f]klAnsÆ sf] 6f]nLsf] g]t[Tj k|f= >Ls[i0f dfkm{t ;fj{hlgs jLQ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL sf:sL, lrtjg / wgs'6faf6 rf/hgfnfO{ >]i7n] u/]sf lyP eg] 6f]nLdf gf/fo0f a]naf;], kfFrlbg] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n ;+rfng tflnddf ;dfj]z u/fOPsf] lyof] . ljgf]b pkfWofo / xl/ l3ld/] lyP . l;lalhPsf] u¥of] . ;f] sfo{qmd hgj/L dlxgfsf] !( g]t[Tj k'hf kfjtL{n] u/]sL lyOg\ eg] pgnfO{ sfo{qmdnfO{ æk|f]klAnsÆ, lbNnLsf ;]G6/ b]lv @# ;Dd lrtjgsf] ;f}/fxfdf cfof]hgf hfj]b cfnd vfg / ufogf /~hg k08fn] km// ah]6 P08 ueg{]G;\ PsfplG6laln6L ul/Psf] lyof] . ;xof]u u/]sf lyP . lkOPkmP ;lrjfnonfO{ -l;lalhP_ / lkOPkmP ;lrjfnosf cfdlGqt afa'/fd >]i7n] k|ltlglwTj u/]sf lyP . sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ljQLo ;|f]t JolQmn] ;xlhs/0f u/]sf lyP . Joj:yfkg k|s[of af/]sf] 1fgnfO{ a9fpg] / ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf / ah]6 tof/ ug{], ah]6 ljZn]if0f / ;fj{hlgs vr{ cg'udg ;j{]If0f -k]6\;\_ af/]sf] ;Lk ljsf; ug{] /x]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmddf @^ lhNnfsf #! hgf ;xefuLn] efu lnPsf lyP . ;xefuLx? tflnd cfjZostf cfsngsf] l;kmfl/;sf cfwf/df 5gf}6 ul/Psf lyP . t/ k/fdz{ kl5 ljZj a}+ssf] ;xof]udf ;~rflnt pbfpbf] gu/ If]q lhNnf lhNnf ;+Vof ;xefuL k|ltzt ;'b"/klZrd If]q s}nfnL, s~rgk'/, 8f]6L, c5fd, aemf· % % !$=% dWoklZrd bf·, b}n]v, hfh/sf]6, Ko"7fg, /f]Nkf $ $ !! klZrdf~rn slknj:t', kfNkf, sf:sL, c3f{vfFrL, ndh'·, uf]/vf ^ !) @( k"jf{~rn pbok'/, ;Kt/L, emfkf, vf]6f·, wgs'6f % * !& dWodf~rn wflb·, lrtjg, af/f, dxf]Q/L, wg'iff % ^ @# sf7df8f}+ sf7df8f}+ ! @ * s"n @^ #% !)) 4 Pratibimba k|fgsf] cg'bfg ;Demf}tf sfo{qmd ;];Ldfkm{t\ g]kfnsf @% lhNnfsf #) gful/s k|fgsf] cg'bfgsf] ef}uf]lns If]q kl/of]hgf nfu" ePsf] lhNnfx? ;dfh ;+:yfx? pkcg'bfg k|fks 5g\ . cd]l/sL 8n/ ^#),))) a/fa/sf] sf]ifn] g]kfnsf] kfFr} ljsf; If]q / ef}uf]lns If]q ;d]6]sf5g\ . lhNnfM #@ k|fgn] 7"nf / ;fgf b'O{ k|sf/sf cg'bfg k|bfg lxdfnM & kxf8M !$ t/fO{M !! ub{5 . oL b'O{ k|sf/sf cg'bfgsf] cfsf/ / cjlw tn 6]a'ndf lbOP em}+ leGg x'G5 . ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;a} #) cEof;stf{x?nfO{ æk|f] klAnsÆ;Fu ul/Psf] Joj:yf cg'?k æcg–b–haÆ cg'lzIf0f k|bfg ul//flvPsf] 5 . cg'bfg lbOPsf ;a} #) j6f kl/of]hgf ;g\ @)!@ sf] ;]K6]Da/ dlxgf;Dddf k"/f x'g]5g\ . k|fgsf tLg j6f ljifout If]q / ;fdflhs ju{ Aofr cg'bfgsf] cfsf/ cjlw hjfkmb]lxtfsf !$ j6f cf}hf/sf] k|of]u 7"nf cg'bfg Aofr ! cd]l/sL 8n/ $( s] !)—!! dlxgf u/L ljt/0f ul/Psf] cg'bfg k|fKt u/]sf #) j6f Aofr @ cd]l/sL 8n/ #$ s] 5 dlxgf kl/of]hgfsf] hfgsf/Lsf nflu tn x]g'{xf];\ . ;fgf cg'bfg Aofr ! cd]l/sL 8n/ !# s] !)—!! dlxgf Aofr @ cd]l/sL 8n/ !! s] %–^ dlxgf cg'bfg k|bfg ul/Psf kl/of]hgfsf ljifout ljt/0f cEof; ul/Psf !$ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf ;+oGq gful/s j8fkq & gful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ ^ & gu/Lo ;'zf;g ;fj{hlgs Joo v'6\fpg] ;j{]If0f ^ ;fd'bflos c+s sf8{ % ( ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfg ;xeflutfd"ns ah]l6· % ;fj{hlgs u'gf;f ;Daf]wg ;+oGq $ :jtGq÷;xeflutfd"ns ah]6 ljZn]if0f $ ;xeflutfd"ns of]hgf $ !$ ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkg ;fj{hlgs ;'g"jfO{ # ;fdflhs n]vf @ e|i6frf/ z"Go cleofg ! gful/s ! blntnfO{ lbOg] ;]jfsf] ;f]wvf]h ! ;fj{hlgs ;xof]u sIf ! Pratibimba 5 ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgaf/] ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"ndf ;fj{hlgs vr{ / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;lrjfnoåf/f ;xhLs/0f —afa'/fd >]i7, ;b:o ;lrj, ;fj{hlgs Joo / ljQLo k|zf;g ;lrjfno ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf] If]qsf] Jok:yfkgsf r'gf}ltx? / ltgnfO{ h:tf ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgsf d'Vo ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfsf ?kdf g]kfn ;/sf/sf] ;Daf]wg ug{] pkfox?’ zLif{ssf] ;q ;xhLs/0f ljifox?nfO{ a'em\g] /x]sf] lyof] . ‘‘;fj{hlgs vr{ / ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtf’’ u/]sf] lyPF . oL ljifox?df ;xefuLx?n] w]/} k|Zgx? ;lrjfnonfO{ æk|f] klAnsÆ n] cfof]hgf ;f] ;qsf] p2]Zo ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Jok:yfkg ;f]w]sf lyP, ljz]if u/L ;/sf/sf] ;fj{hlgs u/]sf] ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgaf/] af/]sf] a'emfOnfO{ cem uxg agfpg], / vr{ af/]sf] ljQLo hjfkmb]lxtfsf] ;oGq / ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"ndf ;|f]t of]hgf / ah]6sf] tof/L, cfosf] Joj:yfkg, sfo{;Dkfbg af/]df . oL ljifox?df d]/f] ;+:yfsf ?kdf cfdGq0f ul/Psf] lyof] ah]6 sfof{Gjog / vr{ Joj:yfkg, C0f cg'ejsf / ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Jok:yfkgsf] . ;f] ;lrjfnonfO{ k|ltlglwTj ub{} d}n] Joj:yfkg, e'QmfgL, ;fj{hlgs vl/blaqmL, vfsfsf cfwf/df d}n] d]/f wf/0ffx? JoQm ;|f]t JolQmsf ?kdf ;xefuL x'g] cj;/ n]vf, clen]v / ljQLo l/kf]l6{·, cfGtl/s ug{ kfpg] cj;/ k|fKt ePsf] lyof] . kfPsf] lyPF . d}n] ‘;fj{hlgs ljQLo lgoGq0f / cfGtl/s / clGtd n]vfkl/If0f k|fgsf] cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd ;DkGg ultljlw af/] hfgsf/L u/fpg', k|fgn] ljsf; ljz]if1 tyf k|fgsf k"j{ 6f]nL g]tf u/]sf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf af/]sf ;fdu|Lx? rfpjfemfªn] a}+ssf] tkm{af6 ;xefuLnfO{ k|bz{g ug'{, k|fgsf cg'bfg k|fksx?sf] :jfut u/]sf lyP . pgn] a}+s / To;df lrgf/L k|:t't ug{' / pgLx?n] k|fKt klg a}+sn] ;xof]u u/]sf kl/of]hgf u/]sf cg'bfgsf] kl5Nnf] cj:yfaf/] hfgsf/L -ljz]if u/L ljsf;zLn d'n'sx?sf_ / u/fpg' / b'O6f cg'bfg k|fkssf] lkmN8sf ;fdflhs ljsf; OsfO{ leq ;fdflhs cg'ej cfbfgk|bfg ug'{ /x]sf] lyof] . o;sf hjfkmb]lxtfsf] a9\bf] dxTj af/] k|sfz k|fgn] cfkm\gf rf/j6f ;fem]bf/ ;+:yfx?;Fu cnfjf sfo{qmddf !* gful/s ;dfh kf/]sf lyP . Ps hgf cg'bfg k|fksn] ut clk|n dlxgfsf] !) tfl/vsf lbg ;+:yfx?;Fu bf];|f] Jofrsf] ;fgf cg'bfgsf cfkm\gf] ;dfkg dGtJodf k|fgn] k|bfg ljZj a}+s sfof{nodf cfbfgk|bfg sfo{qmd nflu x:tfIf/ ul/Psf] lyof] . u/]sf] tflndsf cnfjf o;n] k|bfg ug{] u/]sf] cfof]hgf u/]sf] lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] p2]Zo cg'lzIf0f lgs} k|efjsf/L ePsf] s'/f JoQm k|fgsf] dWosfnLg ;dLIffnufot k|fgsf] ljZj a}+ssf d'Vo ;fdflhs ljsf; u/]sf lyP . ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL g]kfndf ePu/]sf ;fdu|Lsf] ;+u|x cWoog k'/f u/]sf]5 . o;n] ;fdflhs ljZn]if0fn] s] b]vfPsf] 5 eg] u|fdL0f hjfkmb]lxtf af/] ;/sf/L lgsfo, /fli6«o tyf vfg]kfgL tyf ;/;kmfO sf]if af]8{n] cGt/f{li6«o u}/;/sf/L ;+:yf / låkIfLo tyf !%, PS;gP8 / x]lNe6f; k|To]sn] !$, ax'kIfLo bft[ lgsfonufot @* j6f ;+:yfn] k|f]klAns !@ ;fdflhs ;+oGqx? k|of]u u/]sf sfdnfO{ ;+lu|lxt u/]sf]5 . tL sfdnfO{ u/]sf] kfOof] . o;eGbf cl3 ;+lu|lxt / clen]v ul/Psf] To:t}, ;a}eGbf a9L k|of]u ePsf] cf}hf/df lyPg . o; ;+u|xnfO{ k|sflzt u/L g]kfnsf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO ePsf] kfOof] . / cGo cf}hf/ gful/s ;dfh ;+:yfx?nfO{ ljt/0f ul/Psf] x?df qmd;M ;xeflutfd'ns of]hgf, ;fdflhs 6f]6n Dofg]hd]G6 ;le{;];\ -l6PdP;_ lyof] . o;sf] l8lh6n ;+:s/0f ;fdflhs n]vfkl/If0f, ;"rgfsf] clwsf/, lhNnf / -k|fgsf] rf/ ;fem]bf/ dWo] Ps_ n] hjfkmb]lxtf /fli6«o s]Gb|sf] j]a kf]6{ndf klg uflj; ah]6 af/] ;|f]t k'l:tsf, gful/s e/v/} æ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf;DaGwL pknAw 5 . j8fkq / ;]jf;'ljwfx?sf] ;"rL kfOof] . g]kfndf ePsf ;fdu|Lsf] ;+u|xÆaf/]sf] o; cWoogsf] qmddf ul/Psf] ;+lIfKt ;\g @)!@ clk|nb]lv h'g dlxgf;Dd of]hgf ul/Psf s[ofsnfk »» h'g dlxnfsf] $–^ df ;fj{hlgs ;xeflutf / ah]6df hjfkmb]lxtf k|j4{g;DaGwL blIf0f Pl;of txsf] If]qLo sfo{zfnf ljZj a}+s OlGi6Ro"6, blIf0f Pl;ofdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu ;+hfn / k|fgsf] ;+o'Qm cfof]hgfdf ;+rfng ul/g] 5 . »» ;fd'bflos c+s sf8{ af/]sf] 8f]6L, bfª, df]/· / /;'jf lhNnfsf !^ j6f uflj;df ;+rfng eO/x]sf] gd"gf kl/of]hgf o; jif{sf] d] dlxgf;Dddf k'/f x'g]5 . o; kl/of]hgf :jf:Yo tyf hg;+Vof dGqfno;Fusf] ;dGjodf ;+rflnt 5 / /;'jf lhNnfsf] afFsL b'O{ uflj;df pQm dGqfno / cy{ dGqfnosf pRrkb:y clwsf/Lx?n] kl/of]hgfnfO{ ;'kl/j]If0f ul//x]sf 5g\ . »» ljZj a}+s OlGi6Ro"6n] k|fg;Fusf] ;fem]bf/Ldf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf cf}hf/ ;DaGwL OG6/g]6df cfwfl/t sf]if{ k|bfg ul//x]sf] 5 . sf7df08f}+ / lhNnfsf u/L @% ;xefuL / s]xL d'Vo ;/sf/L clwsf/L sf]if{df ;xefuL eO/x]sf 5g\ . »» clk|n !) tfl/vsf lbg k|fgn] ;];Lsf !* j6f cg'bfg k|fksx?;Fu ;Demf}tf u/]sf] df}sf kf/L Pp6f sfo{qmd cfof]hgf u¥of] . 6 Pratibimba k|fgsf] d'Vo ultljlwx?sf] emns »» k|fgsf] dWosflng ;dLIff :jtGq »» ;xeflutfd'ns tflnd k4lt;DaGwL e|d0fnfO{ lk|of OG6/GofZgnn] ;xlhs/0f k/fdz{bftf hf]g Snfs{af6 ;DkGg ul/of] . k|lzIfssf] k|lzIf0f dfr{ dlxgsf] ! b]lv u/]sf] lyof] . »» ljleGg k|sfzgx? k|sflzt u/L ;Da4 ^ tfl/v;Dd e/tk'/df cfof]hgf ul/of] . »» j]a;fO6df cfwfl/t kf]6{n ;fdflhs ;/f]sf/jfnfx?nfO{ ljt/0f ul/of] . »» æ;fj{hlgs ;]jf k|bfgÆ ;DaGwL sfo{zfnf hjfkmb]lxtfsf nflu /fli6«o s]Gb| »» k|fgsf a'n]l6g æk|ltljDjÆ sf] k|yd cs+ a'6jnsf] d0fLu|fddf dfr{ dlxgfsf] !( -Pgl;P;P_ k|of]ustf{x?af6 !&^ k6s k|sflzt u/L ljt/0f ul/of] . b]lv @% ;Dd cfof]hgf ul/Psf] lyof] x]l/Psf] kfOof] . pQm kf]6{nsf] !$#^ »» ægu/Lo ;'zf;gÆ ;DaGwL ;fdflhs . lk|of OG6/GofZgn;Fusf] ;xsfo{df kfgf k|of]ustf{åf/f x]l/Psf] kfOof] . $!& hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n hgj/Lsf] # b]lv & ;~rflnt ;f] sfo{qmd gful/s k|ltj]bg hgfeGbf a9L dflg;x?n] If]qLo s]Gb| tfl/v;Dd sf7df08f}+sf] uf]bfj/Ldf sf8{ / ;fdflhs n]vfkl/If0fdf s]lGb|t e|d0f ul/Psf] kfOof] . ;+rfng ul/of] . lyof] . »» kfFr} j6f If]qdf ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf »» æ;fj{hlgs ljQLo Joj:yfkgÆ ;DaGwL »» gu/Lo ;'zf;g af/] ljxf/ /fHosf] ef}uf]lns ;+hfn lgdf{0f ul/of] . oL ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf :s"n hgj/L !( /fhwfgL k6gfdf cWoog e|d0f ;DkGg ;+hfnx?n] lgoldt ?kdf a}7s u/] / b]lv @% ;Dd lrtjgsf] ;f}/fxfdf ul/of] . ;f] e|d0f dfr{ dlxgfsf] @^ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf d+r :yfkgf u/] . cfof]hgf ul/of] . b]lv #) tfl/v;Dd ul/Psf] lyof] . o; ‘;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtf ;+oGq kl/If0f kl/of]hgfM wflb· lhNnfsf] 36gf cWoog’ æk|f]–l;les ;f];fO6LÆ ;];Ldfkm{t k|fgsf] sfof{noaf6 ;]jf kfpg 3"; lbg' gk/]sf] atfP ;]jf k|bfos sfof{nosf sd{rf/Lx?sf] Jojxf/ ;fgf] cg'bfg k|fKt ug{] klxnf] k|fks dWo]sf] . lhNnf ljsf; ;ldlt af/] eg] ;f] k|ltzt /fd|f] ePsf] atfP . s"n %)) pQ/bftfx?dWo] Ps xf] . o; ;+:yfn] ;/sf/L lgsfon] k|fbg ** df em/]sf] lyof] . s]jn #! k|ltzt $*=^ n] ;/sf/L sd{rf/Lsf] cfr/0faf6 k'/} u/]sf] ;]jfsf] cj:yf / ;]jfu|fxLsf] ;Gt'li6sf] pQ/bftfx?n] dfnkf]t sfof{nodf eg] 3'; ;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfP, $%=$ n] s]xL xb;Dd :t/ cfsng ug{ ;fdflhs hjfkmb]lxtfsf lbg' gk/]sf] atfPsf lyP . ;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfP eg] s]jn ^ k|ltztn] ljleGg ;+oGqx? h:t} gful/s k|ltj]bg sf8{ dfq c;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfP . t/ dflysf cf+s8fx?sf] bFfhf]df ^( k|ltzt k|of]u u¥of] . pQ/bftfx?n] dfq lhNnf s[ifL sfof{nosf] gful/s k|ltj]bgsf8{ ;j{]If0f cg';f/ of] k|ltj]bgsf8{af6 lhNnfsf kfFr ;]jfaf6 ;Gt'i6 ePsf] atfP . To;/L g} ;]jf k|bfossf sfof{no kl/;/df /flvPsf ;/sf/L sfof{nodWo] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{no lhNnf kz' ;]jf sfof{nosf] ;]jfaf6 %( gful/s a8fkq / ph'/L afs; k|efjsf/L t'ngfTds ?kdf ei6«frf/ sd x'g] tyf k|ltzt, lhNnf s[ifL ljsf; sfof{nosf] gePsf] b]lvof] . $)=@ pQ/bftfn] gful/s hgtfk|lt a9L hjfkmb]xL ePsf] kfOPsf] ;]jfaf6 $( k|ltzt / dfnkf]t sfof{noaf6 a8fkq k|of]u x'b}gePsf] atfP eg] %@ lyof] . ;a} pQ/bftfx?n] ;f] sfof{noaf6 $& k|ltzt ;Gt'i6 ePsf] kfOof] . ;du|df k|ltztn] a8fkq s]xL xb;Dd pkof]uL ePsf] ;]jf kfpgsf nflu 3"; lbg' gk/]sf] atfP @( k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] dfq ;/sf/L atfP . &=^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfn] dfq gful/s . To:t} (^ k|ltzt pQ/bftfx?n] lhNnf sfof{nox?af6 kfpg] ;]jfaf6 k"0f{ ;Gt'i6 a8fkq lgs} pkof]uL ePsf] atfP . s[ifL ljsf; sfof{no / lhNnf kz' ljsf; ePsf] atfP . t/ clwsf+z pQ/bftfx?n] kl/of]hgfsf kl/0ffdx? ;j{]If0faf6 kQf nfu]sf tYox? ;fj{hlgs gofF kxnx? z'? u/]sf]5 . o;n] ls;fgsf k|ltj]bg ;fj{hlgs u/]kl5 kl/j]If0fsf nflu ePkl5 s]xL ;/sf/L sfof{nox?n] cfkm"n] ;d:of s;/L ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 egL ;Nof0f6f/ pRr dflj df cfk}m k'Ug' ePsf] k|bfg ug{] ;]jfsf] :t/df ;'wf/ u/]sf5g\ . ls;fgnfO{ atfpg ‘‘6f]n lk|m’’ -z'Ns gnfUg] lyof] . pgn] ca ;fd'bflos c° sf8{sf] cGo sfof{nox?n] ;'wf/ ug{] c7f]6 u/]sf 5g\ 6]lnkmf]g _ 6]lnkmf]g g+ !^^)!)%@$!( af6 ;e{If0f u/L cfˆgf] pkl:ylt / ;dGjodf eg] s]xLn] ;'wf/sf s]xL gofF pkfox? z'? z'? ul/;ssf]]5 . o; sfof{non] Tolt ug{ ;d]t cg'/f]w ug'{ eof] . u/]sf5g\ . lhNnf:t/Lo ;xsf/L sfof{nox? k|of]udf gcfPsf] gful/s a8fkqsf] ;f6\6f] ætNnf] 7"nf] rf}/ a];f/] kfvf dlxnf a}7s, hxfF ;j{]If0faf6 kQf nfu]sf tYox? -df}lvs_ cl8of] gful/s a8fkq klg z'? ug{] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xÆ n] Pp6L ;fj{hlgs ul/Psf lyP, ;f] a}7sdf ePsf]5 . sfof{nosf] leQfdf ph'/L afs; lgl:qmo ;b:onfO{ x6fpg] lg0f{o u¥of] . sfodd'sfod k|d'v lhNnf clwsf/L ljho klg /flvPsf]5 . afs;leq tLg k|sf/sf sf8{ ;naf; :jf:Yo rf}sLsf sfodd'sfod kf}8]nn] lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] ;]jfnfO{ /fVg ;lsG5M xl/of], kx]nf] / /ftf] . k|To]s k|d'v, tf]ofgfy rfs'6Ln] ;]jfu|fxLsf] cem k|efjsf/L agfOPsf] / ;]jfsf] :t/nfO{ sf8{n] ;Gt'li6sf] :t/ hgfpb5 . o:tf] sf8{ hfgsf/Lsf nflu cfˆgf] sd{rf/Lsf] cem ;'wf/ ug{ b|'t dfu{ -kmf:6 6«ofs_ /Llt lg/If/ ls;fgx?n] klg k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . cfjthfjtjf6 ;';'lrt ug{ cfˆgf] nfu" ul/Psf] atfP . gofF ejgdf ;l/;s] gful/s k|ltj]bgsf8{n] phfu/ u/]sf sfof{nosf] ;"rgf kf6Ldf /fVg] jfrf kl5 lhNnf k|zf;g sfof{nosf] ;]jf cem sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu u/] . ;Nof0f6f/ pRr dfljsf k|wfg k|efjsf/L x'g] klg atfP . k|fljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg lhNnf cWofksn] ljBfno kl/;/df ljBfyL{ tyf gful/s k|ltj]bgsf8{sf tYonfO{ phfu/ ljsf; ;ldltn] ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfO / cleefjsx?sf] ph'/L ;+nsg ug{ tyf u/]kl5 dfnkf]t sfof{nosf] ;]jf k|efjsf/L ;fj{hlgs n]vfsf nflu ;dGjo ug{] k|:tfj tL ph'/Lx?nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf nflu / r':t ePsf] klg atfPsf] lyof] . To;/L /fv]sf]5 . lhNnf lzIff clwsf/L lbk]Gb| ph'/L÷;'emfj k]l6sf /fVg] lg0f{o u/] . g} lhNnf s[ifL ljsf; sfof{non] w]/} j6f ° sf8{ k|of]u u/L ;'j]bLn] ;fd'bflos c­­­ Pratibimba 7 k|fgsf kl5Nnf k|sfzgx? TH E WORLD BANK GROUP ene for PRAN ljZj a}+s f @! ;+oGq Setting the Sc lxtfs ;fdflhs hjfkmb] g]kfn sfof{no -;|f]t k':ts_ kf]=aS;M &(* ofs P08 olt xf]6n sDKn]S; b/af/ dfu{ sf7df8f}+, g]kfn kmf]gM $@@^&(@, $@@^&(# ˆofS;M $@@%!!@ j]e;fO8M www.worldbank.org.np / gful/s cg'udg ;fj{hlgs vl/b /s cg'udg ah]6 th'{df / gful ul/s cg'udg 'udg n]vfk/LIf0f / gf g / gful/s cg sfo{;Dkfbg d"Nofª\s yk hfgsf/Lsf nflu c~hnL ysfnL sfo{qmd pk;+of]hs k|fg ljZj a}+s g]kfn sfof{no O{d]nM athakali@worldbank.org kmf]g -clkm;_M $@@^&(@, PS6]G;g ^#$& df]jfOnM (*%!!)$%#( www.worldbank.org/np/pran 8 Pratibimba