E-238 VOL. 2 Sectoral Environmental Assessment Volume - II Appendices to Main Report of the Rajasthan State Highways Project Prepared on behalf of. Government of Rajasthan Public Works Department Jaipur, India Prepared by: Louis Berger International, Inc., BCEOM, French Engineering Consultants CES and ECI, Sub-Consultants D-53, Hathi Babu Marg, Bani Park Jaipur - 302016 May 1998 VOLUME II APPENDICES TO SECTORAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT ii VOLUME I1 APPENDICES TO MAIN REPORT LIST OF APPENDICES Number Appendix Page (s) Appendix 1 Summary of Existing Regulations and Standards on Pollution 1-1 Appendix 2 Link Descriptions 2-1 Data Source, Location, Length Width and Status, Traffic Loads, Surface Condition, Bypasses Considered, Environmental Conditions- Topography, Annual Rainfall, Flood Potential, Water Logging, Soils Present, Erosion, Dunes, Salinity, Mineral Resources, Industrial Development, Agricultural development, Vegetation, Parks and Sanctuaries, Forest Land, Wild Life, Endangered Species, Cultural Resources, Mitigation Considerations, Reforestation, Erosion Control, Water Management, Highway safety, Wild Life Mitigation, Endangered Species Appendix 3 Regional Baseline Data Tables 3-1 Table 3.1 Reserves of Principal Minerals Found in Rajasthan 3.2 Intensity of Irrigation in Rajasthan 3.3 Groundwater Potential and its Utilization 3.4 Percent Growth of Rajasthan by District 3.5 Major Rajasthan Festival Events 3.6 Major Pilgrimage Centres and Jataras in Rajasthan 3.7 Types of Vegetation in Different Regions of Rajasthan 3.8 Forest Area in Districts Transacted by Project Roads 3.9 Environmentally Sensitive and Protected Areas of Rajasthan 3.10 List of Rare and Endangered Plants of Rajasthan 3.11 Endangered Species of Rajasthan 3.12 Wildlife Recorded along Alignments During Field Reconnaissance Appendix 4 Contract Related Documentation 4-1 Appendix 5 Road Safety and Emergency Response Plan 5-1 Appendix 6 Checklist for Environmental Monitoring 6-1 Appendix 7 Participant in Workshops and Consultations 7-1 APPENDIX 1 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1I APPENDIX-1 SUMMARY OF EXISTING REGULATIONS AND STANDARDS ON POLLUTION I Summary Of Existing Regulations A. Air And Environmental Pollution: 1.1 The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981. The functions of this act are: 1. To provide for the prevention and control of air pollution. 2. To establish air pollution control board for carrying out prevention and control of air pollution. 3. To assign functions and confer powers on the Boards after establishment. 1.2 Functions Of Central & State Boards: 1.2.1. Functions of central board: The main objective of the Central Board is to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control or abate air pollution in the country. The other functions are:- 1. Advice the Central Government on any matter concerning the improvement of the quality of air and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 2. Plan and cause to be executed a nation-wide program for the prevention, control and abatement of air pollution. 3. Co- ordinate the activities of the State Boards and resolve disputes among them. 4. Provide technical assistance and guidance to the state Boards, carry out and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of air pollution and prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 5. Plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution on such terms and conditions as the Central Board may specify. 6. Organize through mass media a comprehensive program regarding the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 7. Collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to air pollution and the measures devised for its effective pevention, control or abatement and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 8. Lay down standards for the quality of air. 9. Collect and disseminate information in respect of matters relating to air pollution. 10. Perform such other functions as may be prescribed. The Central Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the central board to perform its functions efficiently. The Central Board may delegate any of its functions under this Act generally or specially to any of the committees appointed by it. 1- Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -I 1.2.2 Functions of State Boards: The functions of the state boards are as follows: 1. To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to secure the execution there of to advise the State Government on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 2. To collaborate and disseminate information relating to air pollution. 3. To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of air pollution and to organize mass education program relating the same. 4. To inspect at all times any control equipment, industrial plant or manufacturing process and to give, by order, such directions to such persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution. 5. To inspect air pollution control areas at specified intervals and assess the quality of air in such areas and take suitable steps for the prevention, control or abatement of air pollution in such areas. 6. To lay down standards for emissions in consultation with the Central Board. The emission refers to the air pollutants let into the atmosphere from industrial plants and automobiles. 7. To advise State Government with respect to suitability of any premises or location for carrying on any industry which is likely to cause air pollution. 8. To perform such other functions as may be prescribed from time to time by the Central Board or the State Government. 9. To do such other things and to perform such other acts as it may think necessary for the proper discharge of its functions and generally for the purpose of carrying into effect the purpose of this act. The State Board may establish or recognize a laboratory or laboratories to enable the State Board to perform its functions efficiently. 2.1 The Air (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act, 1987 The air (prevention and control of pollution) Act, 1981, was amended in 1987, to remove the difficulties encountered during its implementation, to confer more powers on the implementing agencies and to impose more stringent penalties for violation of the provisions of the act. 3.1 THE ENVIRONMENT (PROTECTION) ACT, 1986 3.2 Powers Of Central Government: As per this act, the Central Govemment is empowered to: 1. To take all such measures as deems necessary for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing, controlling and abating environmental pollution. 2. Co-ordination of actions by the State Governments, officers and other authorities under this act and rules or other laws which are related to this act. 3. Planning and execution of nation wide program for the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution. 4. Laying down standards for the quality of environment in its various aspects. 5. Laying down standards for emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from various sources. 6. Restriction of areas in which any industries, operations, or processes or class of industries, operations or processes shall not be carried out or shall be carried out subject to certain safeguards. 7. Laying down procedures and safeguards for the handling of hazardous substances. 1-2 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 8. Examination of such manufacturing processes, materials and substances as are likely to cause environmental pollution. 9. Carrying out and sponsoring investigations and research relating to problems of environmental pollution. 10. Inspection of any premises, plant, equipment, machinery, manufacturing or other processes, materials or substances and giving, by order, of such directions to such authorities, officers or persons as it may consider necessary to take steps for prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution. 11. Establishment or recognition of environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes to carry out the functions entrusted to such environmental laboratories and institutes under this Act. 12. Collection and dissemination of information in respect of matters relating to environmental pollution. 13. Preparation of manuals, codes or guides relating to the prevention, control and abatement of environmental pollution. 3.3 Main Provisions Of The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. Following are the important provisions under this act :- 1. No person carrying on any industry, operation or process shall discharge or emit or permit to be discharged or emitted any environmental pollutants in excess of such standards as may be prescribed. 2. No person shall handle or cause to be handled any hazardous substance except in accordance with such procedure and after complying with such safeguards as may be prescribed. 3. The person responsible for discharge of any environmental pollutant in excess of the prescribed standards is bound to prevent or mitigate the environmental pollution caused and shall also forthwith intimate the fact of such occurrence or apprehension of such occurrence to the authorities concerned. The person is also bound to assist the authorities in attending to the work if he is required to do so. 4.1 The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988. The important provisions of the act are with respect to emission of smoke, vapors etc. from motor vehicles, as given below: 1. Every motor vehicle is to be manufactured and maintained in such condition so that smoke, visible vapor, grit, sparks, ashes, cinders or oily substance do not emit from them. 2. On and from Ist day of march 1990, every motor vehicle in use shall comply the following standards:- * Idling CO ( carbon monoxide) emission limit for all for wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall not exceed 3 percent by volume. * Idling CO emission limit for all two and three wheeled petrol driven vehicles shall not exceed 4.5 percent by volume. * Smoke density for all diesel driven vehicles shall be as follows:- 1-3 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -I |_____________ _ IMaximum smoke density Method of test Light absorption units co-efficient Bosch units Harridge (a) Full load at speed if 3.1 5.2 75 60% to 70% of maximum engine rated speed declared I (b) Free acceleration 2.3 65 3. On and from Ist day of April 1991, all petrol driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that they comply with the mass emission standards as prescribed. The breakdown of the operating cycle used for the test shall be specified. 4. On and from 1st day of April 1991, all diesel driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that they comply with the mass emission standards based on exhaust gas capacity as specified. 5. On and from 1st day of April 1992, all diesel driven vehicles shall be so manufactured that they comply with the following levels of emissions under the Indian driving cycle:- 6. Mass of Carbon monoxide (CO) = 14 max. grams per KWH 7. Mass of Hydro Carbons (HC) = 3.5 max. grams per KWH 8. Mass of Nitrogen Oxides (No) = 18 max. grams per KWH 9. Each motor vehicle manufactured on and after the dates specified in paragraphs (2), (3), (4) and (5) shall be certified by the manufacturers to be conforming to the standards specified in the said paragraphs and the manufacturers shall further certify that the components liable to effect the emission of gaseous pollutants are so designed, constructed and assemble so as to enable the vehicle, in normal use, despite the vibration to which it may be subjected to comply with the provisions of the said paragraph. 10. Test for smoke emission level and carbon monoxide level for motor vehicles: 11. Any officer not below the rank of sub inspector of police or an inspector of motor vehicles, who has reason to believe that a motor vehicle is by virtue of monoxide emitted from it, is likely to cause environmental pollution, endangering the health or safety of any other user of the road or the public, may direct the driver or any person in-charge of the vehicle to submit the vehicle for undergoing a test to measure the standard of black smoke or the standard of any of the other pollutants. 12. In the above case. the driver or any other person in- charge of the vehicle should submit the vehicle for testing for the purpose of measuring the standard of smoke or the levels of other pollutants or both. 13. The measurement of standard of smoke is done with the smoke meter of a type approved by the State Govemment and the measurement of other pollutants like carbon monoxide is done with instruments of a type approved by the State Government. 14. Transportation of goods of dangerous and hazardous nature to human life has been regulated under the act. The vehicle carrying such goods should have prescribed labels. The driver should know the fundamentals in case of the vehicle is involved in accident. Driver should have minimum X Standard qualification. 15. Every vehicle is required to meet the safety standards of components. Every vehicle manufacturer shall have to certify that every part used in the vehicle complies with the standards relatable to such components laid down by Bureau of Indian Standards. 16. A prototype of the vehicle to be manufactured by the manufacturer will have to be tested by V R D E, Ahmadnagar, A R A I, Pune, or C M T T I Budni or any other agency specified by the Central Govemment. 17. The hom to be used is to be in accordance with the approved specifications of Bureau of Indian Standards. 1-4 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 18. Items are included for offenses and penalties in the act. A mounts of penalties for different types of offenses have been specified. B: Water Pollution: 5.1 The Water (Prevention And Control Of Pollution) Act -1974 The following are the objectives of water (prevention and control of pollution Act, 1974. I. To provide for the prevention, control of water pollution. II. To maintain or restore the wholesomeness of water. III. To establish water pollution control boards for the prevention and control of water pollution. IV. To assign suitable powers and functions for the water pollution control boards. 5.2 Functions Of Central & State Boards: 5.2.1 Functions of Central Board: The main function of the central Board is to promote cleanliness of streams and wells in different areas of states. The other miscellaneous functions are as follows:- i) To advise the Central Govemment on any matter conceming the prevention and control of water pollution. 2) To co-ordinate the activities of the state boards and resolve disputes among them. 3) To provide technical assistance and guidance to the state boards, carryout and sponsor investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution. 4) To plan and organize the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution on such terms and conditions as the central Board may specify. 5) To organize through mass media a comprehensive program regarding the prevention and control of water pollution. 6) To collect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water pollution and the measures devised for its effective prevention and control and prepare manuals, codes or guides relating to treatment and disposal of sewage and trade effluents and disseminate information connected there with. 7) To lay down, modify or annul in consultation with the State Govemment concemed, the standards for a stream or well. 8) To plan and cause to be executed a nation wide program for the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. 9) To perform such other fimctions as may be prescribed. 5.2.2 Functions of State Board: 1. To plan a comprehensive program for the prevention, control or abatement of pollution of streams and wells in the state and to secure the execution there, of. 2. To advise the State Govemment on any matter concerning the prevention, control or abatement of water pollution. 1-5 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -I 3. To collect and disseminate information relating to water pollution and the prevention, control or abatement there of. 4. To encourage, conduct and participate in investigations and research relating to problems of water pollution its prevention and control. 5. To collaborate with the Central Board in organizing the training of persons engaged or to be engaged in programs relating to prevention, control or abatement of water pollution or mass education programs relating there to. 6. To inspect sewage or trade effluents, works and plants for the treatment of sewage and trade effluents and review plans, specifications or other data relating to plants set up for the treatment of water, work for the purification thereof and the system for the disposal of sewage or trade effluents or in connection with the grant of any consent as required by the Act. 7. To lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents and for the quality of receiving waters( not being water in an inter state stream) resulting from the discharge of effluents and to classify waters of the state. 8. To evolve economical and reliable methods of treatment of sewage and trade effluents. 9. To evolve methods of utilization of sewage and suitable trade effluents in agriculture. 10. To evolve efficient methods of disposal of sewage and trade effluents on land as are necessary on account of the predominant conditions of scant stream flows that do not provide for major part of the year the minimum degree of dilution. 11. To lay down standards of treatment of sewage and trade effluents to be discharged into any particular stream taking into account the minimum fair weather, dilution available in that stream and the tolerance limits of pollution permissible in the water of stream after the discharge of such effluents. 12. To make, vary or revoke any order: * for the prevention, control or abatement of discharge of waste, into streams or wells. * requiring any person concemed to construct new systems for the disposal of sewage and trade effluents or to modify after or extend any such existing system or to adopt such remedial measures as are necessary to prevent, control or abate water pollution. 13. To lay down effluent standards to be complied with by persons while causing discharge of sewage or sullage or both and to lay down, modify or annul effluent standards for the sewage and trade effluents. 14. To advise the State Government with respect to the location of any industry with respect to its pollution possibilities of stream or well. 15. To perforn such other functions as may be prescribed by the Central Boardor the State Government. The Board may establish or recognize a laboratory to perform its functions under this section, the analysis of samples of water from any stream or well or samples of any sewage or trade effluents. There are 18 State Boards besides the Central Board. 5.3 Important Provision Of The Act: Section 21: The section empowers the nominated officials of the State Board to take samples of water from any stream or well or samples of any sewage or trade effluent, which is passing from any plant or vessel (for the purpose of analysis), Such samples will be collected after due notice is given to the occupier of the area in question. Section 22: The samples collected as refereed above will be analyzed by the nominated official of recognized laboratory and he will submit a report of the results of such analysis. One copy of the report will be sent to the occupier and another copy will be preserved for production before the court in case any legal proceedings are taken against the occupier. 1-6 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -I Section 23: This section empowers the nominated person of the Board to enter any place for the purpose of performing any of the functions of the Board entrusted to him. He is also empowered to examine any plant, record, register, document or any other material object or for conducting a search of any place in which he has reason to believe that an offense under this Act or the rules is suspected. Section 24: This section deals with the prohibition on use of stream or well for disposal of polluting matter etc. The following actions are prohibited: "No poisonous, noxious or polluting matter determined (as per the standards laid down by State Board) should be permitted to enter any stream or well or sewer or on land" Section 25 : As per this section, no person shall without the previous consent of the State Board a) can establish or take any steps to establish any industry, operation or process or any treatment and disposal systems or any extension or addition there to which is likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land. b) bring into use any new or altered outlet for the discharge of sewage or. c) begin to make any new discharge of sewage. Section 26 : According to this section, before the commencement of this Act, the person who was discharging any se,wage or trade effluent into a stream or well or sewer or on land has to follow the rules of section 25 mentioned above from a specific date as proposed by the State Govemment. Section 32 and 33 : In these sections, the provision relating to accidental or unforeseen discharge of polluted, poisonous or noxious mater into the stream or well is dealt with. If such accident or event takes place due to industrial operation or system, then the person in charge of such place has to inform the State Board about the occurrence of such accident or event. The State Board after assessing the extent of such polluted discharge into the stream or well, can instruct the person to stop discharging the polluted matter. If necessary the Board can approach the local court in the matter for getting a judgment. 6.1 Water (Prevention & Control Of (Pollution) Amendment Act, 1988. The water (Prevention & control of pollution) Act, 1974 was amended in 1988. An important amendment was to rename the Central/State Boards for prevention and control of water pollution as Central/State Pollution Control Boards as board will also deal with air pollution. The boards have been given powers to close or stop supply of water and electricity to offending establishments. The citizens may file criminal complaint against offenders after 60 days notice to Boards. Even at the time of establishment of industry the person will have to take consent of the Board. 7.1 Hazardous Waste (Management And Handling) Rules 1989. In exercise of the powers conferred by Sections 6,8 and 25 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 (29 of 1986), the Central Govemment has made the hazardous wastes (Management and Handling) Rules 1989. 1-7 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 7.2 Application: These rules are applicable for the following types of hazardous wastes 1. Cyanide wastes 2. Metal finishing wastes 3. Wastes containing water soluble chemical compounds of lead, copper, zinc, chromium, nickel, selenium, barium and antimony. 4. Mercury, Arsenic, Thallium and Cadmium braving wastes. 5. Non-halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents. 6. Halogenated hydrocarbons including solvents. 7. Wastes from paints, pigments, glue, varnish and printing ink. 8. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediate containing inorganic chemical compounds. 9. Wastes from dyes and dye intermediate containing organic chemical compounds. 10. Wastes oil and oil emulsions. 11. Tarry wastes from refining and tar residues from distillation or pyrolytic treatment. 12. Sludge arising from treatment of waste waters containing heavy metals, toxic organic, oils, emulsions and spent chemicals and incineration ash. 13. Phenols. 14. Asbestos 15. Wastes from manufacturing of pesticides and residues from pesticides and herbicides formulation units. 16. Acid/ Alkaline/ Slurry Wastes. 17. Off- specification and discarded products. 18. Discarded container and containers liners of hazardous and toxic chemicals wastes. 7.3 Authority For Handling Hazardous Wastes: Every occupier generating hazardous wastes and having facility for collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of such wastes should apply for the grant of authorization should be sought from the State Pollution Control Board. The same rule applies to an operator who is entrusted to carry out the above activities on behalf of any occupier. Unless an occupier or an operator possesses appropriate facilities, technical capabilities and equipment to handle hazardous wastes safely or the State Pollution Control Board is not satisfied with the arrangements or facilities as mentioned above, it can refuse to grant authorization. The validity for such authorization is normally for 2 years before which period it should be renewed. If the authorized person has failed to comply with any of the conditions of the authorization or with any provision of the Act or these rules, he is liable for the suspension cancellation of the authorization given to him. 7.4 Packaging, Labeling And Transport Of Hazardous Chemicals: Before hazardous wastes is delivered at the hazardous waste site, the occupier or operator of a facility should ensure that the hazardous wastes is packaged in a manner suitable for storage and transport and the labeling and packaging should be easily visible and be able to withstand physical conditions and climatic factors. Packaging, labeling and transport of hazardous wastes should confirm to the provisions of the rules issued by the Central Government under the Motor Vehicles Act 1988 and similar guidelines issued from time to time. 1-8 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 The occupier generating hazardous wastes and operator of a facility for collection, reception, treatment, transport, storage and disposal of hazardous waste in a prescribed manner. They should send annual returns to the State Pollution Control Board in the prescribed form. 8.1 Noise Pollution: There are no legislation which exclusively and specifically deals with noise problems and pollution in India, however the Motor Vehicle Act 1988 and the Factories Act, 1948, deals with Noise Control, requiring inclusion of adequate measures for the control of noise. 8.2 The Environmental (Protection)Act 1986 And Noise: The Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 came into force on November 19, 1986, the birth anniversary of late Prime Minister Mrs. Indira Gandhi. Section 2 of the Act has defined various terms including 'environment'. But it does not specifically refer to noise. Only Section 6(2)(b) mentions the word noise and provides that the Govemment may make rules for allowable limits of environmental pollutants including noise for different areas. The Act provides heavy penalty for the violators of the environmental laws. Any person who does not follow the standards or causes environmental pollution of the Act shall be liable to be punished under Section 15 of the Act. The section provides punishment which may be imprisonment for a term which may extend to five years or fine up to one lakh rupees or both. if case the environmental pollution continues, beyond a period of one year after the date of conviction, the offender shall be punished with imprisonment which may extend to 7 years. 8.3 The Factory Act 1948 And Noise Control: According to Factory Act 1948 and Factory Rules, the following provision has been made pertaining to high noise levels: In every factory suitable engineering control or administrative measures shall be taken to ensure as far as reasonably practical, that no worker is exposed to sound levels exceeding the maximum permissible noise exposure levels given below: 1-9 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 TABLE 1 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE IN CASES OF CONTINUOUS NOISE Total time of exposure (Continuous or a number of Sound pressure level in dBA Short-term e:xposures) per dav in hour 8 90 6 92 4 95 3 97 2 100 1 Y2 102 1 105 3/4 107 Y2 ~~~~~~~~1 10 '/4 115 No exposure in excess of 105 decibels is to be permitted. TABLE 2 PERMISSIBLE EXPOSURE LEVELS OF IMPULSIVE OR IMPACT NOISE reak Seoud pressure level in Db Permitted number of impulses or impacts per day 135 3151 130 I1000 125 I]31601 No exposure in excess of 140 dB peak sound pressure level is permitted. Every worker employed in areas where the noise exceeds the maximum permissible exposure levels specified above shall be subjected to an auditory examination by a certifying surgeon within 14 days of his first employment and thereafter shall be re-examined at least once in every 12 months. National Organizations On Environmental Issues In India The Ministry of Environment and Forest created in Sept, 1985 serves as an administrative structure for planning, promotion and co-ordination of environmental and forestry programmers. It has following agencies and units: -- The Head quarters of the Regional offices of the ministry is located at Delhi. -- International co-operation Division having two wings: IC-I and IC-II, located at Delhi. -- There are 16 associated units under the administrative control of the ministry. * Forest survey of India is under Forest Survey and utilization. * Indira Gandhi National forest Academy, Dehradun is under Forest Research Education and training. * Six Regional officer of the ministry are located at Bangalore, Bhopal, Bhubneshwar, Chandigarh, Lucknow and Shillong with Headquarters at Delhi. 1-10 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 * Five National Zoological parks. * Four wildlife Regional offices at Bombay, Madras, New Delhi and Calcutta, under wild life conservation. * Three National Museums of Natural History one at Delhi and two at Calcutta (Botanical Survey of India and Zoological Survey of India)under Conservation and survey division. Autonomous Agencies Assisted By The Ministry Of Environment And Forest Following are the agencies and divisions attached to the ministry: 1. Salim Ali Centre for Ornithology & Natural History Bombay. 2. Padmaja Naidu Himalayan Zoological Park, Darjeeling. 3. Wild life Institute of India, Dehradun. 4. Central Pollution Control Board New Delhi. 5. Pant Himalayan Paryavaran Evam Vikas Sansthan, Almora. 6. Centre for Environmental Education, Ahmedabad. 7. Rama Swami Aiyar Environmental Education Centre, Madras. 8. Centre for Ecological Research and Training Bangalore. 9. Centre for Mining Environment, Dhanbad. 10. Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal. 11. Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education Dehradun. 12. Indian Plywood Research Institute, Bangalore. 13. Animal welfare Board New Delhi. Other National Organizations: There are other governmental and non-governmental organizations/agencies involved in environment issues some important ones are as follows: 1. Advisory Board on Energy (ABE). 2. Bombay Natural History Society (BNHS) 3. Central Forestry Commission (CFC) 4. Department of Non-Conventional Energy sources (DNES) 5. Industrial Toxicology Research Centre (ITRC) 6. National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) 7. National Diary Development Board 8. National Natural Resources Management System. 9. National Wetland Management Committee 10. State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB) 11. Tata Energy Research Institute (TERI) 12. Several Research Institutes under I.C.A.R. * I.G.F.R.I. Jhansi * Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal. 1-11 Rajasthan State Highway Project Appendix -1 II Standards On Pollution Environmental Standards The following standards have been promulgated under the Environment Protection Act and will have to be met by the project. Noise Standards 1. Noise Limits for automobiles (Environmental Protection Rules 1986) (at one metre in dB(A) at manufacturing) a) Motorcycle, scooters and three wheelers 80 b) Passenger car 82 c) Passenger or commercial vehicle to 4MT 85 d) Passenger or commercial vehicle 4-12 MT 89 e) Passenger or commercial vehicle over 12 MT 91 2. Recommended External Ambient noise levels a) Residential 65 b) Commercial 70 c) Places of national importance 55 d) Places of workshop, schools, hospitals, etc. 65 National Ambient air quality standards (Schedule VII) (In gg/m') SPM 500 S02 120 NOx 120 CO 500 General Standards for Water Discharge (Schedule VI of Environmental Protection Rules 1986). Parameter General Irrigated area Colour and Odour _ |_l Suspended solids (mg/I) 100 200 Suspended Particle size (micron) <850 Is sieve X Dissolved inorganic solids (mg/I) 2100 2100 pH 5.5-9.0 5.6-9.0 Temperature (above receiving) < 50 C+ Oil and grease (mg/I) 10 10 Residual Chlorine (mg/I) I BOD (5 days at 200 C) (mg/I, max.) 30 100 1-12 APPENDIX 2 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 APPENDIX 2 LINK DESCRIPTIONS The main body of the SEA presents an overview of the Rajasthan environment surrounding all the road projects studied and the range of environmental impacts which must be mitigated in a road upgrade project of this nature. The descriptions presented herein are intended to enable the reviewer to understand the environmental aspects of the individual alignments, the specific potential impacts identified, and the mitigation measures, or in some cases additional studies, which are considered necessary to fully resolve impact concerns. Mitigation and comprehensive impact analyses coordinated with design engineers and contract specialists have been carried out on those projects destined for construction activities under Phase I (i.e., Alignments 1 and 3) of the RSBP are presented in the main body of the SEA and various appendices. Although various road segments have been "dropped" from the RSHP, discussions presented in this appendix include all road segments to ensure that a complete record of the results of environmental investigations are available in the event that any segment is considered for development in the future, and to present a comprehensive overview of the original project investigations. Issues which will require resolution in a later phase through further work are identified to the extent possible given the absence of engineering design information. LINK 1 Endpoints: Jaipur - Nagaur - Phalodi * Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published Sources, Agency Contacts * Location - Jaipur, Nagaur and Jodhpur Districts * Length, Width and Status- 370 Km of single lane 240 Km from Jaipur to Nagaur - to be upgraded as a priority in Phase 1 130 Km Nagaur to Phalodi dropped from further consideration * Traffic Loads - Mostly light except from Palara to Kuchaman which has already been upgraded to handle salt and marble trucks. 1550-7000 pcu's E Surface Condition - Generally poor # Bypasses and realignments considered - Nawa (5.5 Km), Mitlhri (1.5 Km), Bhadwa (1.2km), Manda (I.Skrm), Lunwa (0. 76km), Banvala, Budsui, Lohrana, and Cizoti Klsatau * Environmental Conditions: * Topography - Level to gently undulating (290 to 430 m above MSL) * Annual Rainfall - Arid to semiarid (250 mm to 500 mM) * Flood Potential - Limited to a few drainage crossings and depressions * Flash flood potential - Low * Vater logging - Insignificant * Soils Present - Predominantly brown sandy, * Erosion - Very local, except for general wind erosion, however arid, sandy soils may pose a substantial challenge to stabilization when used for berms * Dunes - Nearly all stabilized except west of Nagaur (section dropped) * Salinity - Salt deposits extensive from Kuchaman to Nawa with Sambhar and Salt Lakes supporting extensive salt pans. Surface water bodies are often too alkaline for even use by livestock and movements of nomadic herdsmen through the region is constrained by water availability. 2-1 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mineral Resources - Principal minerals are gypsum, limestone, salt, marble, and sandstone, all of which are exploited commercially. Several quarries are along the alignment. * Industrial Development - Limited to processing of extracted minerals * Agricultural Development: * Cropping Practices - Rain fed agriculture with agro-forestry, less than 1 percent is double cropped, wheat, barley, and maize are the primary crops. * Irrigation - Very limited with little potential for development. * Pasturage - ROW, wastelands, and fallow land all are intensively browsed and prosopis is regularly lopped (pollarded), often beyond recovery. * Vegetation - ROW generally not extensively treed, agro-forestry throughout, pastures limited to thom scrub wasteland. * Parks, Sanctuaries - None on or near alignment * Forest Land - Forest reserves small and heavily grazed/browsed, no jungle remains, forest constitutes less than 1 percent of region. * Wildlife - Nilgai present, Sambhar Lakes surrounded by active salt pans south of Nawa are considered a wildlife resource (esp. for flamingos) identified as a Ramsar Wetland Site of international importance (Gopal and Sharma 1994), all species in ROW are accustomed to disturbance. * Endangered Species - Desert monitor lizard was seen dead on road near Nagaur; Chinkara, desert cats and blackbuck may occur in thom scrub lands (fide Forestry Dept.); and houlara are reported in winter (CAZRI 1989). * Cultural Resources * Historic Sites/Tenmples - Hilltop forts are present at Nagaur, Kuchaman, and Jobner but will be unaffected by proposed improvement. Few religious objects/structures would be adversely affected. * The westem end of this alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmen during times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from the desert to greener pasturage - Mitigation Considerations * Bypasses - Proposed at Nawa (5.5 Km) to avoid 2 railroad crossing and shorten the alignment while avoiding congestion, it will also move the road further from the Ramsar Site; and at Mithri (1.5 Km), Bhadwa (1.2km), Manda (1.5km), Lunwa (0.76km), Barwala, Budsui, Lohrana, and Choti, to avoid social impacts and safety impacts on very narrow streets. * Reforestation - Recommended throughout where soil conditions permit, ROW is sparsely treed now and plantings are highly desired; plant selection for salt and drought tolerance and intense protection of seedlings from grazing will be necessary. Barren forest land is available for planting. * Erosion Control - Only a few localized areas will require special attention. Check dams and soil stabilization of berms should result in improvement in existing conditions. Selection of plants for salt and drought tolerance and intense protection of seedlings will be necessary. Streams entering Sambhar Lake already have dams on them which reduce silt flow to this wetland (WWF 1995). * IVater Afanagement - Regional plans for catchment basins north of Nawa (CARZI 1989) were considered in sizing drainage structures. * Higlhway Safety - Speed bumps, rumble strips and/or signage are essential at all villages and paved road junctures. 2-2 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Wildlife Mitigationt - Little impact should occur on wildlife. Internationally significant brackish lakes are a substantial distance from the alignment and will be even further from it if the Nawa bypass is developed. The lakes are subject to intense commercial salt industry exploitation. Since the lake and salt pans are down gradient from the road, contractors must implement required pollution control measures during construction. * Enidangered Species - Speed bumps and signs to slow traffic will be installed intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats may occur. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. 2-3 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 2 Endpoints: Kota-Baran-Shivpuri * Data Source - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources * Location - Kota and Baran Districts * Length, Width and Status - 132 Kilometers single and 47 Km intermediate lane, in addition an entirely new 20 km bypass of Kota has been proposed as an addition to the existing road system 72 Km Kota to Baran proposed for development under Phase IA 60 Km Baran to Shivpuri proposed for development under phase 2 20 Km Kota bypass dropped from further consideration * Traffic Loads - Moderate from Kota to Baran, decreasing to the Madhya Pradesh border - 550 to 8267 PCU: there is, of course, no traffic on the proposed new bypass * Surface Condition - Fair to poor * Bypasses Considered - None currently identified except for the 20 km Kota bypass * Environmental Conditions: * Topograplhy - Relatively level Kota to Baran becoming hilly with switch-backs to the east at Shivpuri, elevations range from 230 m above MSL to over 480 m. * Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm * Flood Potential - Moderate, numerous ephemeral and a few permanent stream crossings. There are numerous at-grade crossings where flooding may occur. Flash Flood Potenttial - Moderate in eastern portions where there is significant relief and numerous drainages. * Water logging - Problem due to poor percolation. Depth to bedrock is often very shallow. * Soils Present - Black soils consisting of clay loam and silty clay loans derived from Vindhyan rocks and Deccan trap sediments; clays predominate near Kota, while silts and sand are intermixed further east - Erosion - Common problem due to high rainfall, moderate slopes and vegetation degradation. - Salinity - Local problem due to poor drainage and high evaporation. * Mineral Resources - Restricted to building materials (rock and limestone) * Industrial Development - Extensive around Kota which is considered the industrial center of Rajasthan. * Agricultural Development: * Croppintg Practices - Kharif, and rabi cropping, principally wheat, soybeans, barley and maize, little agro-forestry. * Irrigation - Locally from wells and canals from Chambal River System. near Kota and Baran * Pasturage - Extensive in ROW's wasteland and fallow land and in reserve/protected forests at the eastem end of the alignment. A sheep herder in the protected forest area near Shivpuri with 100's of animals indicated they were from Jodhpur. This area is probably used intensively in times of drought by herdsmen from westem Rajasthan. * Vegetation - The western half of the aligmnent is predominantly cropland while the eastern half is extensively forested, principally with Anogeissus pendula, A. latifolio, and various Acacia and Cassias. The Kota bypass is through protected forest land west of the river and bordered by reserve (but treeless) forest east of the River. Vegetation in the protected forest area is planted Acacia. The existing ROWs are not extensively treed. * Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial Sanctuary (Chambal River) at Kota would be impacted by the Kota bypass (Phase 2); Sorson Closed Area is 5-15 km. south of Palaita and 2-4 Rajasthan State Highwvays Project Appendix 2 Shergarh Sanctuary in Baran District is more than 10km from the alignment, are outside areas of potential impact. The Chambal River crossing will bisect the National Gavial Sanctuary and would have required further study. * Forest Land - Over 30 percent of Baran District is reserve or protected forest. Most of this land is on or near the portion of the alignment from Baran to Shivpuri (which has been dropped from the project) and would have required further investigation to determine its condition and potential impacts. Gathering of wood for sale was occurring in the ROW. Some forest appeared highly degraded (scattered trees heavily pruned) and grazed. All forest area appears to designated by stone fences. The Kota bypass is through protected dhol forest land and military land west of the river and bordered by reserve (but treeless) forest east of the River. * Wildlife - Although species present from Kota to Baran are likely to be highly tolerant of disturbances, forest habitats east of Baran (section now dropped) may be less tolerant and more susceptible to higher traffic speeds. Sorsan Closed Area, a stoney wasteland noted for its population of Great Indian Bustard, will be addressed in Phase IA investigations. * Endangered Species - A water lizard was observed in a wetland in the village of Baasthooni approximately 18 km east of Baran. A number of other species may be expected in forested and rocky areas near Shivpuri. Further investigations would be warranted to evaluate potential impacts along that portion of the alignment if it had not been dropped. The Kota Bypass may impact endangered birds of prey nesting on the cliffs along the Chambal River and the endangered freshwater crocodile and Ganges Soft-shelled turtle and would have required further study under Phase 2. ? Cultural Resources * Historic and Religious Sites and Temples - There are old forts at Kota, Anta, Shahabad, Thana Kasba, Kilwara and numerous religious structures throughout the alignment but no adverse impacts have been identified. A substantial fortress at Shahabad could benefit from improved tourist access. * Mitigation Considerations e Bypasses - None currently identified * Reforestation - Recommended throughout along with increased protection to forest reserves. Wood harvesting currently is carried out by tribal people within the eastern section of the ROW and protection of the existing tree resources will be difficult unless alternative sources of income are found for these people. * Erosionj Control - Necessary at numerous points due to topography, de-vegetation, constant disturbance by grazing livestock, and potentially substantial rainfall. * WKater M4Ianagement - Catchment basins or coffer dams to control and hold seasonal runoff considered necessary in hilly eastem portions of the alignment and numerous stream/wetland crossings were present east of Baran (e.g. 1, 8, 12, 30, 39, & 80 kilometers) but this segment has been dropped. Protection of water bodies will be addressed in construction contracts. * Higlhway Safety - Speed bumps, rumble strips and/or warning signage is essential at all villages, paved road junctures and the hilly section where switch-backs occur. * WVildlife Protection - Provision of speed limit signs, rumble strips and/or speed bumps at intervals were recommended to slow traffic in two sections which pass through protected forest just west of Shahabad but this section has been dropped. Similar provisions would be necessary on the Kota bypass if it is eventually approved. * Nestinig Birds - A heronry 13 km east of Kota should be protected by leaving as many of the trees as possible on the north side of the highway within this village. Trees should be surveyed for nests prior to construction and marked to ensure their protection. The heronry is in the village proper and should not disrupted by construction activities since the birds are already acclimated to traffic, noise and people. Birds of prey nesting on Chambal River cliffs require additional study before the Kota bypass impacts can be fully assessed and mitigated. 2-5 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 Endanigered Species - Additional studies are warranted to determine the potential impact of the proposed Kota bypass on endangered birds of prey and the endangered freshwater crocodile and Ganges soft-shelled turtle which are known to frequent the Chambal River. 2-6 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 Road Number 2E: Kota Bypass * Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources. * Location - Kota District * Length , Width and Status - 20 Km. of new double lane dropped from consideration. + Traffic Loads - None currently, proposed new construction * Environmental Conditions - Semiarid * Topography - Relatively flat with one crossing of deep gorge containing Chambal River * Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm * Flood potential - Low * Water logginig - Low * Soils Present - Black and hilly soils, very stony * Erosion - Soils erodable * Salinity - None * Mineral Resources - None developed although building stone outcrops are plentiful * Industrial Development - Kota is the industrial center of Rajasthan. This alignment bypasses most of these industries. * Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Predominantly wasteland, not cropped I irrigation - None seen along alignment - Pasturage - Appears heavily grazed * Vegetation - Acacia, scrub thorn * Parks, sanctuaries - Parallels reserve forest and military land and crosses unclassified forest land, crosses the Chambal River Wildlife Sanctuary, Jawahar Sagar Wildlife Sanctuary is about 8 kmn southwest of the proposed bypass i Forest Land - Extensive reserve forest and unclassified forest some of which must be acquired and replaced by PWD * Wildlife - Species typical of scrub thorn forest, rivers, and cliffs (e.g. nesting raptors) are present and studies to determine probable impacts would be required. * Endangered Species - Endangered crocodiles, gavial, Ganges soft-shelled turtles, and accipitridae hawks are known to occur and will be impacted by construction and operation of the bypass bridge; intensive studies are recommended to evaluate these impacts. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Kota none observed along portions of alignment examined. * Mitigation Considerations * Natural Resources - Potential impacts on endangered species are expected to be significant and further study will be required to determine if they can be mitigated * Reforestation - Replacement of existing forest land and sanctuary property which would be taken by the bypass is necessary. * Erosion Control - Significant erosion during bridge construction over the Chambal River is likely and will require special containment. * Water Afanagernent- The bypass will open a new access point to the reservoir used by the power plant at Kota. Public use of this reservoir is now prohibited. Special fencing may be required to restrict access. * Highway Safety - Signage will be required at villages and highway junctions. 2-7 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Wildlife Protection - Provision of speed bumpsor rumble strips at intervals is recommended to slow traffic in sections which pass through protected forest on the Kota bypass if it is eventually approved. * Nesting Birds - Birds of prey nesting on Chambal River cliffs require additional study before the Kota bypass impacts can be assessed and mitigated. * Enidangered Species - Additional studies are warranted to determine the potential impact of the proposed Kota bypass on endangered birds of prey and the endangered freshwater crocodile, gavial and Ganges soft-shelled turtle 2-S Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 3 Endpoints: Kota-Chittor2arh-Dohad * Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, published sources, agency contacts. * Locations - Kota, Bundi, Chittorgarh and Banswara Districts. * Length, Width and Status - 52 Km. double, 209 Km intermediate, 155 Km single lane 176 Km Kota-Chittorgarh improved to double lane in Phase l 53 Km Chittorgarh - Choti Sadri upgraded to four lane under Phase 2 187 Km Choti Sadri - Dohad dropped from further consideration * Traffic Loads - Light to heavy depending on section, varies 2400 to 14300 PUC's * Surface condition - Good to very poor, portions are unpaved and contain low points which are virtually impassable during the rainy season * Bypasses Considered - None required * Environmental Conditions: Semi arid to sub humid, with thin rocky, highly eroded soils. * Topography - Undulating, bordered with steep hills and ravines, 180 to 450 m above MSL. * Annual Rainifall - 750 mm to over 1000 mm. * Flood potential - Crossings of large dry washes very numerous, several catchment basins present but maintenance programs are questionable as the dams are often breached. = Flash flood potential - Considerable due to relatively high seasonal rainfall, de-vegetated areas, and steep adjacent slopes. Soils are very thin and have little potential to retain water. * Iater logging - Not a problem. * Soils Present - Shallow, rocky, highly erosive, Typic istochreps, low agricultural potential, and low water retention potential because they are so shallow. Sands, silts and clays are all represented. * Erosions - Severe flood erosion in some areas * Salinsity - Not a problem. * Mineral Resources - Limited to clay and building stone including limestone and soapstone; graphite and manganese are found at Banswara. Very extensive rock quarrying activities are present along many kms of the alignment between Kota and Chittorgarh * Industrial Development - Two textile mills in Banswara, sugar mills, rock quarrying and cement in Chittorgarh., Kota is the industrial center of Rajasthan, however, traffic from these industries seldom take this road south because it is in such poor condition. Truck traffic is limited to stone haulers frequenting the rock quarries between Kota and Bijolia * Agricultural Development: * Cropping Practices - Principally Kharif with maize, wheat, groundnut, jawar, pulses and gram widespread; cotton and sugar cane are locally important in areas which have deeper soils and can be irrigated (e.g. near Chittorgarh). * Irrigation - Principally by wells with some tanks and canals where topography permits, but less than one quarter of the cropped land is irrigated. A few irrigated areas are found along -the alignment near Kota and the road crossed one major irnigation canal there. * Pasturage - Cattle, goats, buffaloes, and sheep are the principal livestock; about 25 percent of the land area is fallow or wasteland used for pasture. Large numbers of goats and camels *were noted in forest areas. * Vegetation - Natural vegetation along the northern end of the alignment is Anogeissus pendula and tropical thom forest while dry teak forest predominate in Banswara. Extensive wetlands occur locally near Kota. These wetlands are in the form of irrigated fields, a fly-ash disposal pond associated with the power generating station encompassing several square kilometers, and flooded borrow areas. Protected forest areas are present within a kilometer of the alignment in 2-9 Rajasthan State Highways Project , Appendix 2 several areas. Approximately 800 roadside trees will have to be removed between Kota and Bijolia. * Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial, Jawahar Sagar and Bassi Sanctuaries occur along the alignment. Chittorgarh Fort is a bird sanctuary. Jawahar Sagar and Bassi Wildlife Sanctuaries and Menal Closed Area border the alignment. The former is a 315 sq. km sanctuary on the Chambal River surrounding the Jawahar (Gandhi) Sagar Dam about 17 km south of Kota. Although principally noted for its breeding crocodile and gavial populations, the sanctuary also has dhok (Anogeissus pendula) forest areas reportedly supporting leopard, sloth bear, black buck, caracal, wild wolf, jackal, hyena, sambar, nilgai and fox. The Bassi Wildlife Sanctuary covers some 13800 hectares on the watersheds of the Orai and Brahmini Rivers and includes the Orai and Bassi Dams. Fauna reported present include gavial, leopards, chinkara, nilgai, wild boar, cheetal, jackal, four homed antelope, wild cat and hyena. Dhok trees are the principal forest species. Menal Closed Area covers some 20 sq. kmn. and borders the alignment for some 9.5 km. Impact mitigations for these three wildlife areas are presented. * Forest Land - The alignment passes through or near numerous designated forest areas. Most appear highly degraded and further evaluation is necessary to evaluate potential impacts along the southemmost portion of the road near Banswara where forest quality improves and the possibility of endangered species occurring is greater. * Wildlife - Habitat deterioration and past hunting and poaching have eliminated many sensitive species, however cliffs, ravines and forest provide habitat for a large variety of species. Forest areas along the southem portion of the alignment offer the best quality habitat for most sensitive species. * Endangered species - Chinkara, red spur fowl, four homed antelope, peafowl, and accipitridae hawks occur. Desert cats, leopards and other carnivores are reported in Jawahar Sagar and Bassi Wildlife Sanctuaries and Menal Closed Area and could occur in forested and extensive wasteland areas. Mitigation measures have been developed to apply to the two wildlife sanctuaries and the closed area which are present along the alignment which will assist officials in their ongoing wildlife management efforts. Further study would be recommended to evaluate potential impacts along southem portions of the alignment in Banswara District which pass through forested areas but this section has been dropped from the project. * Cultural Environment: * Historic and Religious Structures - In addition to the huge hilltop fort at Chittorgarh, there are temples, forts, and historic sites at Kota, Bijolia, Menal, Bassi, Nagri, Kumbahera, Banswara and Kalingara.. Tourists would benefit from better access to these sites. No historic sites will be adversely impacted by construction activities. Temples and structures occur in the ROW at several points andhave been addressed in the project design drawings. * Mitigation Considerations * Bypasses- None currently considered * Reforestation - Significant portions of ROW lack trees and are very rocky and heavily grazed necessitating substantial efforts to achieve adequate roadside cover. Tree replacement should be at a rate of at least 10 to 1 removed and replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. Tree planting efforts will be used to supplement ongoing reforestation efforts at the nearby wildlife sanctuaries to enhance wildlife cover at these facilities and will be conducted in accordance with the needs of these site managers. * Erosion Control - Needed at many sites where ephemeral streams have caused broad erosion of surface soils. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. * WVater Mfanagement - Opportunities exist to establish numerous catchment basins exist which would reduce. runoff and erosion and increase local water availability. Containment structures could aid farmers, reduce soil erosion, benefit wildlife and protect the alignment. 2-10 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 Construction and maintenance of water control structures would require detailed hydrologic studies to design and locate the structures, identification of a local group willing to undertake their maintenance, and compensation of local residents for property taken for the structure and resultant impoundments. Since there are several dozen potential sites which could be used as impoundments a comprehensive siting study would have to undertaken to determine which sites could most effectively developed and subsequently used by local residents H Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and paved road intersections. Warning signs are also needed at areas subject to flooding. Signage and placement of speed bumps have been identified by the Forestry Departrnent as a means to control speeds in areas where endangered wildlife may be likely to cross. Specific crossing areas include the vicinity of the two wildlife sanctuaries and the closed area, while potential sites would include any areas where extensive units of suitable forest or scrub wasteland occur on either side of the highway. * Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at intervals in areas which are bordered by the Jawahar Sagar and Bassi sanctuaries and where waste lands occur on both sides of the highway to reduce traffic speeds. Signage will also be installed along portions of the alignment which border the sanctuary areas to limit speeds to 40 kmn per hour. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. * Sensitive habitats - Measures which will be implemented to assist the Forestry Department in protecting -the sensitive environments at the two wildlife sanctuaries and closed area along the alignment include; gating of access roads which lead to the sanctuary areas from the highway, provision of two boats, two jeeps and two motorcycles to assist in patrolling, improvements in 71 km of access roads to assist in patrolling and fire fighting, construction of four watch towers (at Bassi, Bichor, Amalda and Bhungadia) and construction of 50 km of boundary demarcation stone fencing to restrict illegal grazing and protect habitats. 2-11 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 4 Endpoints: Raiearh-Sikandra-Dausa-Sawaimadhopur- Indergarh-Baran-Jhalawar-Pachpahar. * Data Sources - Field reconnaissance, maps, and published sources. * Location - Alwar, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Bundi, Kota, Baran and Jhalawar Districts * Length, Width and Status - 392 Km. of single lane with some stretches of intermediate lane especially in the northern portion between Dausa and Indergarh. 35 Km Rajgarh to Skikandra to be improved to two lane in Phase IA 142 Km Dausa to Indergarh to be developed in Phase 2 215 Km Indergarh to Pachpahar to be dropped from further consideration * Traffic Loads - Variable - one river crossing impassable (no bridge) east of Indergarh, sections between Baran and Jhalawar are occasionally flooded, and south of Jhalawar the route is closed for 2-4 weeks each year due to flooding and poor road condition * Surface Condition - Variable-dirt to brand new pavement, east of Indergarh on both sides of the Chambal River it deteriorates to a dirt track (planted to soybeans in one stretch). Several kilometers between Jhalawar and Pachpahar are dirt in very poor condition with at-grade stream crossings. * Bypasses Considered - Not identified to date, however one new one is being constructed in Dausa District by Hudco as part of a bridge project. The small villages on either side of the Chambal River would almost certainly be bypassed since both are now only connected to the alignment by dirt tracks, but this section has been dropped. * Environment Conditions - Semiarid in north to humid in south. - Topographty - Undulating in north, with a hilly section between Baran and Jhalawar, becoming level again in south. e Annual Rainfall - From 600 mm in north to over 1000 mm in south. * Flood potential - High, two bridges currently under construction or lacking, several sections are impassable during the rainy season. These include sections between Baran and Jhalawar which occasionally flood, and south of Jhalawar a stretch which is closed for 24 weeks each year due to flooding * Flash flood potential - Present at several points throughout but not a severe problem. Some crossings south of Jhalawar are across dirt stream beds. * Water logging - Little problem but occurs below some tanks next to road. * Soils Present - Young alluvial in north, brown and black soils in middle and black and hilly soils in remainder. Clays predominate but sand and silts are also present. * Erosiotl - Extensive problems at numerous locations, soil type, topography and rainfall all contribute to this problem. Severe erosion borders the road north and south of Dausa and at the Chambal River crossing * Mineral Resources - Only building materials. * Industrial Development - Small and local, e.g. brickwork, cement works, mostly concentrated at larger towns, e.g. Rajgarh; Baran has an undeveloped industrial park * Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Kharif, wheat, barley, maize, soybeans, sorghum * Irrigation - limited to wells and storage tanks in the north but near the Chambal River diversions provide water to many fields * Pasturage - Common on wasteland, fallow areas and ROW, south of Jhalawar much of the area is pasture: 2-12 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Vegetation - Degraded dry tropical -Anogeissus pendula and tropical thorn with small plantings of eucalyptus. ROW highly degraded. Very few substantial trees are within the potential construction impact zone and long stretches are treeless. * Wetlands - The alignment borders numerous water tanks which have wetland vegetation along their borders. The shores of the Chambal River are also wetlands (mud-flats) of potential value to water birds and the endangered freshwater crocodile and Ganges soft-shelled turtle. * Parks, Sanctuaries - Ranthambore Tiger Preserve, National Chambal River and Sawai Mansingh sanctuaries and Sorson Closed Area are located in the region crossed by the alignment. The Chambal River crossing (now dropped) is a freshwater crocodile sanctuary and would have required further study before development. Boundaries of the tiger preserve are separated from the alignment by other roads, a railroad, a major town and several kilometers and no impacts are identified although it will be studied further under Phase 2. * Forest Land - Very little remaining except between Baran and Jhalawar where the alignment passes through numerous designated forest areas. Field evaluation of this portion of the alignment indicates that these are scrub thorn forest areas subject to grazing and wood gathering. Only widely scattered trees remain in formerly forested areas south of Jhalawar which are currently heavily grazed. * Wildlife - Extensive cultivation and habitat degradation have eliminated most disturbance intolerant species except in the vicinity of the Chambal River crossing where some species may persist in scrub thom forest. In Jhalawar district forest preserves may harbor more secretive species. * Endangered species - Numerous species occur in Ranthambore National Park and the National Chambal River Sanctuary. Tiger, panther, cheetal, sambar, chinkara, black buck and several listed birds are reported from Jhalawar District and additional surveys are recommended to evaluate potential impacts. The crossing of the National Chambal Sanctuary (now dropped) would require further evaluation since it is habitat for the freshwater crocodile and Ganges soft- shelled turtle. A male marsh harrier, a northem breeding endangered species which could winter in the area, was seen over agricultural fields a short distance east of the river crossing. Although the section including this river crossing has been dropped, further study would be required if it is resurrected. * Cultural Environment - Historic and Religious Sites - Present at Rajgarh, Dausa, Sawai Madhopur, Indergarh and Jhalawar, where the road skirts the outer wall of the city. Jhalawar is currently an important tourist destination with temples and forts. * Mitigation Considerations * Reforestation - Most sections of the ROW are relatively barren; rocky, high erosive soils will present special challenges to establishment of roadside plantings. Heavy grazing necessitates substantial efforts to achieve adequate roadside cover. Tree replacement should be at a rate of at least 10 to I removed and replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. * Erosion Control - A serious need along many portions of the alignment, where re-vegetation, slope stabilization and design of drainage structures will be a necessary component of contract documents. The need for catchment basins or coffer dams to control and hold seasonal runoff and reduce erosion should be considered in the northem portions of the alignment. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities is necessary. * Water M4anagement - Opportunities to construct water retention structures exist at numerous points, particularly south of Dausa, where they are needed to reduce soil erosion. * Higlhway Safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and paved road intersections. 2-13 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Nesting Birds - A heronry 10 km north of Baran should be protected by leaving as many of the trees as possible on the west side of the highway. Trees should be surveyed for nests prior to construction and marked to ensure their protection. This section of the alignment has been dropped. * Endangered Wildlife Protection - A new bridge across the Chambal River (now dropped) would have required additional study to determine potential impacts on endangered reptiles in National Chambal River Sanctuary. This study should have been conducted during the breeding season of the freshwater crocodile, gavial and Ganges soft-shelled turtle to determine if any use the project area as a nesting site. Further surveys may also have been warranted to determine if the Ganges soft-shelled turtle is present in ponds and wetlands along the alignment east of the Chambal River. However, this section of the alignment has been dropped. 2-14 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 5 Endpoints: Kota-Indergarh * Data Sources - Field reconnaissance maps, published sources * Location - Bundi and Kota District * Length, Width, and Status - 72 Km. of single and intermediate lane entire 72 Km proposed for development as double lane under Phase 1A * Traffic Loads - 1760-2300 PUC's + Surface Condition - Fair * Bypass considered - None * Environmental Condition - Semiarid * Topographzy - Relatively level * Annual Rainfall - 750 to 1000 mm * Flood Potential - Low, however ponding of irrigation water occurs on ROW. * Flash flood potential - Low * Water Logging - Appears to be problem along portions of the alignment. * Soils Present - Red loam and black soils including Ustocrept and Chromoustert Palesustert Haplustalf. Silts and clays predominate. * Erosion - Erosive by wind and water on slopes * Dunes - None - Salinity - Not a problem * Mineral Resources - Limited to building materials. * Industrial Development - Concentrated in Kota which is the industrial center of Rajasthan. * Agricultural Development * Croppintg Practices - Rain fed and irrigated with wheat and sugarcane the principal crops followed by rice, mustard, maize and jowar. * Irrigation - About half the area sown is irrigated, more than 2/3 of that by canals. * Pasturage - Goats are to most common livestock followed by buffalo/cattle. More than 25 percent of land is probably pasturage (i.e. wasteland, and fallow land). * Vegetation - District forests are tropical dry deciduous tropical thom, eucalyptus and acacia are often planted in ROW. * Parks, Sanctuaries - The National Gavial Sanctuary is paralleled by the alignment, while Ramgarh Bisdhari Sanctuary is northwest of it. Both are considerable distance from the alignment however no potential impacts were identified. * Forest Land - Eucalyptus plantations were noted along the alignment. Although 23 percent of the region is classified as forest, most forest land appears highly degraded and is a considerable distance from alignment. No impact potential identified. * Wildlife - Restricted in vicinity of alignment to species highly tolerant to disturbance. * Endangered species - Although black bears, panther, and sloth bears are reported in "fairly good numbers" in Bundi forests, and black buck, chinkara, four homed antelope, sambar, chital and caracal are reported to occur, habitats along the alignment appeared unlikely to support them. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious Sites - In or near Indergarh, Keshorai Patan and Kota . 2.15 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mitigation Considerations *Reforestation - Replacement on a 10 to I basis of any trees removed and planting of de- vegetated ROW is recommended. Protection from grazing by fencing will be required. Impacts on protected forest are unlikely. * Erosion Control - Bank stabilization of road embankments and drainage areas will be necessary where fill or drainage structures are required. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. In some situations, water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) will be necessary because of water logging or seasonal flooding problems. * Water Manzagentent - Seepage from irrigation canals floods portions of the ROW causing water logging. Improvements in these canals may be necessary to prevent problems with road pavement. * Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and warning signs are needed at road and railroad intersections 2-16 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mitigation Considerations * Reforestation - Replacement on a 10 to I basis of any trees removed and planting of de- vegetated ROW is recommended. Protection from grazing by fencing will be required. Impacts on protected forest are unlikely. * Erosiont Control - Bank stabilization of road embankments and drainage areas will be necessary where fill or drainage structures are required. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. In some situations, water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) will be necessary because of water logging or seasonal flooding problems. * Water Maniagement - Seepage from irrigation canals floods portions of the ROW causing water logging. Improvements in these canals may be necessary to prevent problems with road pavement. * Hightway safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and waming signs are needed at road and railroad intersections 2-16 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 6 Road Endpoints: Sirohi-Mandar-Gujarat Border * Data Source - Maps, field reconnaissance, published sources. + Location - Sirohi District + Length, Width, and Status - 71 Km., single lane Entire 71 Km slated for development as two lane under Phase 2 * Traffic Loads - 4900 PUC's, 600 heavy trucks/day at BOT toll bridge * Surface condition - Fair to good * Bypasses Considered - None to date * Environmental Conditions - Semiarid * Topographzy - Undulating 250 to 320 m about MSL. * Annual Rainfall - 450-600 mm * Flood potential - Moderate, all streams crossed are ephemeral. Over thirty at grade stream/dry wash crossings were noted. Flash flood potential is fairly high since the route parallels some of the highest and wettest peaks of the Aravalli range and crosses a large number of dry washes. IWater logging - Not a problem e Soils Present - Hill soils, stony, highly eroded. Analysis indicated all were sandy and as such will present stabilization problems when exposed to water erosion. * Erosion - Moderate to high potential but gradients are generally low and depth of erosion channels is shallow. Sand deposition on the roadway by streams is currently a problem. D Dunes - None * Salinity - Minor problem * Mineral Resources - Principally building materials, e.g. limestone, marble, masonry stone, plus some wallstonite and calcite. * Industrial Development - Small cottage industries only, divided between animal husbandry, chemical, mining, textiles and engineering. The bulk of the heavy traffic is from industries in Gujarat bound for Delhi and other urban centers to the north. * Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Agro-forestry, rain fed, major acreage plantings are bajara, rape and mustard, maize, pulses, wheat and millet. * Irrigation - About 40 percent of area in the District which is sown is irrigated, principally by wells. * Pasturage - Barren wasteland equals area sown, and of the half million livestock pastured 60 percent are goats and sheep, followed by cows (22 percent) and water buffalo. Land along the alignment appears to be mostly barren wasteland used for grazing livestock. * Vegetation - Although Mt. Abu to the east supports the most diverse vegetation in Rajasthan, areas along the alignment are deforested wastelands with remnants of dry tropical Anogiessus pendula and tropical thorn forest. * Parks, sanctuaries - Mt. Abu sanctuary is located well east of the alignment and will be unaffected by the highway improvements. * Forest Land - The closest forest area is more than 2 Km. from the alignment. * Wildlife - "Not very plentiful" due to habitat condition, however desert cats and other wildlife are expected to occur at low densities in the wastelands between the alignment and the mountains to the east * Endangered Species - Chital, chinkara, blackbuck and florican bustard could occur near the alignment. Panthers, reported as common, tiger, black bear, four homed antelope and red spur 2-17 Rajasthlan State Highways Project Appendix 2 fowl are reported from the region but are probably restricted to Mt. Abu sanctuary and the mountainous forest preserves. Desert cat may be expected in scrub-thom habitats. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - A ruined fort and numerous temples are in Sirohi but no adverse impacts are identified. * Mitigation Considerations • Reforestation- Stony wasteland offers extensive potential areas for reforestation if livestock grazing can be curtailed. Few large trees would be removed by road widening. Replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. Species must be drought tolerant. * Erosion Control - An essential need along most of the alignrnent. Most drainages cross at grade and deposition of eroded material on the highway is a potential hazard to rapid travel. Small coffer dams upstream of the crossings would help reduce the amount of material being transported. Selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. * Water Management - There appear to be numerous potential sites for water containment structures which would aid farmers and wildlife, reduce soil erosion, and protect the alignment. Construction and maintenance of water control structures would require detailed hydrologic studies to design and locate the structures, identification of a local group willing to undertake the maintenance, and compensation of local residents for property taken for the structure and resultant impoundments. Since there are several dozen potential sites which could be used as impoundments a comprehensive siting study would have to undertaken to determine which sites could most effectively developed and subsequently used by local residents. 0 * Although streams crossed are ephemeral, they are used as spawning areas by several fish species. Culverts currently prevent fish from moving upstream and re-sized culverts, when added, should provide spillways which permit fish to move past these obstacles during times of high water. * Highsway Safety - Signage and speed bumps are necessary at all villages and warning signs are needed at road intersections and at areas subject to flooding. Signage and placement of speed bumps has been suggested as a means to control speeds in areas where endangered wildlife may be likely to cross. Although no specific crossings have been identified to date, potential sites would include any areas where extensive units of suitable scrub thorn forest occur on either side of the highway * Endantgered Species - Signage and speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats may occur and attempt to cross. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department wildlife staff. 2-18 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 7 Road Endpoints: Nagaur-Merta Citv-Ajmer * Data Source - Maps, published sources, field reconnaissance. * Location - Ajmer and Nagaur District * Length, Width and Status - 124 Km., single and 34 Km intermnediate lane 156 Km proposed for development as double lane under Phase 2 * Traffic Loads - Moderate to heavy (2100- 6680 PUC's) * Surface condition - Fair * Bypasses Considered - None identified * Environmental Conditions - Semiarid * Topographty - Undulating * AnnualRainfall - 350-550 mm * Floodpotential - Limited * Water logging - Low * Soils Present - Light brown sandy and gray brown, sensitive to wind and water erosion due to dominance of sand. * Erosion - Wind and water erosion possible D Dunes - Most stabilized * Salinity - Moderate to high * Mineral Resources - Small lime kilns and stone quarries * Industrial Development - little * Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Agro-forestry, cereals, gram and mustard grown under Prosopis * Irrigation - Very limited * Pasturage - Two thirds of the livestock are sheep and goats, grazing is on wastelands, fallow land, ROW's and forest land. * Vegetation - Arid and semiarid - tropical thom * Parks, sanctuaries - None known near the alignment * Forest Land - Alignment crosses several Km of reserve forest between Pushkar and Ajmer. Further investigation of potential impacts recommended after detailed engineering is conducted to determine whether replacement and additional tree planting is required. * Wildlife - Most species associated with and disturbed conditions. * Endangered Species - Blackbuck, chinkara, desert monitor lizard, bustard and accipitridae hawks are reported in area. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Ancient forts and/or temples are found at Nagaur, Merta City, Pushkar (also the site of a very popular annual fair), and Ajmer. The latter is a major tourist center of attraction with the Rajasthan Museum, Taragarh Fort, several lakes, tombs and temples including Dargah Khwaja Sahib (holiest Muslim shrine in India). * Mitigation Considerations * Reforestation - Recommended throughout, select salt and drought tolerant species and protect and water seedlings. 2-19 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Erosion Control - Localized needs, particularly where crossing hilly sections; some hill crossings may require cuts which must be stabilized * Water Managemenit - Runoff from hilly sections should be given special consideration. Some flooding of the existing alignment occurs and provision of adequate drainage structures will be necessary. * Highway safety - Speed bumps and signage are required at all villages. 2-20 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 8 Road Endpoints:Nagaur-Bikaner * Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources. * Location - Nagaur and Bikaner Districts + Length, Width and Status - 128 Km. intermediate lane Entire 128 Km proposed for upgrading to double lane under Phase 2 * Traffic Loads - 5200-64000 (PUC's) * Surface condition - Fair to good * Bypasses Considered - None to date * Environmental Conditions - Arid Topographty - Undulating with dunes mostly stabilized * Annual Rainfall - 200mm to 400 mm * Floodpotential - Low * Water logging - Low * Soils Present - Brown sandy * Erosion - Vulnerable to wind erosion, local flood erosion Dunes - Present, mostly stable but vegatation cover generally degraded; they cover 40 percent of area affected * Salinity - Local problems * Mineral Resources - Gypsum is locally developed, lignite reserves are present near Bikaner * Industrial Development - Very limited + Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Kharif mono cropping of grains, (bajra, jawar, wheat, barley, gram) and mustard, however, less than 35 percent of area is sown. * Irrigation - Extremely limited * Pasturage - More than a million sheep and goat are pastured, 40 percent of area is wasteland used as pasture. * Vegetation - ROW's often treeless, heavily pastured, dunes are heavily grazed and easily destabilized + Parks, sanctuaries - None * Forest Land - Scrub thorn, less than 3 percent of region is forest. * Wildlife - Arid zone species * Endangered Species - Chinkara, Blackbuck, desert cats, imperial eagle, accipiteridae hawks and bustards may occur. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Numerous historic and religious sites at Bikaner make it a major tourist destination. Nagaur and Deshnok also have historic sites or temples. * Mitigation Considerations * Reforestation - Planting of trees will require watering and grazing protection. A three row windbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting and deposition of sand/soil on the roadway. A single row on leeward side would allow movement of soil across the roadway. More extensive plantations on both sides of the roadway cause sand deposition on the road surface and interfere with subsequent road cleaning operations. 2-21 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Erosiont Control - Wind erosion is the primary concern (see above) but water runoff may be local problem requiring soil stabilization of berm slopes with riprap, cementing, sodding or gabbions to prevent further erosion during the infrequent extreme rainfall events. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. * Higlhway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings. * Enidanigered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, chinkara, and blackbucks may occur. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. 2-22 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 9 Road Endpoints: Ratangarh-Sardarshahar-Pallu- Rawatsar-Hanumangarh- Sriean2ana2ar * Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources. * Location - Bikaner, Churu, Hanumangarh and Ganganagar Districts * Length, Width and Status - 151 Km. intermediate lane and 89 Km double lane 184 Km from Ratangarh to Hanumangarh to be developed in Phase 1 A 56 Km from Hamumangarh to Sriganganagar dropped from project * Traffic Loads - 5600 to 12500 PUC's * Surface condition - Poor to good * Bypasses Considered - None to date * Environmental Conditions - Arid with * Topograplty - Undulating to dunes dominated * AnnualRainifall - 200mm to 300 mm * Flood potential - Low * Water logging - Problem near canals *Soils Present - Brown sandy, dune and interdune, and flood plain soils. Soil analysis indicated all soils were sandy along the roadway. E Erosion - Wind erosion is a problem throughout D Dunes - Two major and many smaller ones - Salinity - Problems with ground and surface waters * Mineral Resources - Limestone, building materials * Industrial Development - Cement plant at Ratangarh, sugar, grain, textiles and other agricultural processing industries are in Ganganagar. * Agricultural Development * Cropping Practices - Kharif planting of bajra, gram and other pulses except in extreme north where irrigation permits planting of wheat and cotton as well. * Irrigation - Extensive and expanding along the northemmost section of alignment * Pasturage - ROW, fallow areas, wastelands and dunes all heavily grazed. * Vegetation - Only browse and drought resistant vegetation remains, ROW's have some fenced acacia plantings, thorn-shrub predominates in adjacent areas. * Parks, sanctuaries - None * Forest Land - Forest reserves are used for grazing, cutting fodder and fuel and appear highly degraded; they constitute less than 0.5 percent of the region * Wildlife - Highly tolerant of arid conditions * Endangered Species - Chinkara, desert cat, desert monitor lizard, lesser florican, houbara bustard, imperial eagle and other accipitridae hawks probably occur * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Temples and other historic sites are found at Ratangarh, Sardarshahar, Hanumangarh * This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmen during times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels to greener pasturage 2-23 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mitigation Considerations * Bypasses - None currently planned * Reforestation - Tree removal has already occurred along northern sections of the alignment to make room for irrigation culverts. It is inadvisable to replant those sections underlaid with pipe. Other areas need planting, fencing and watering to ensure plant survival. Replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. Species must be drought tolerant. * Erosion Conttrol - Wind deposition of soil/sand is a concern. Afforestation may alleviate this problem if conducted properly. Planting of trees will require watering and grazing protection. A three row windbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting and deposition of sand/soil on the roadway. A single row on leeward side would allow movement of soil across the roadway. More extensive plantations on both sides of the roadway cause sand deposition on the road surface and interfere with subsequent road cleaning operations. * WVater management - Minor issue except at canal crossings where water logging occurs; here additional drainage may be necessary * Highway safety - Signage and speed bumps needed at villages and RR crossings. * Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, and chinkara may occur and are likely to cross. Such locations will be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. 2-24 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 10 Road Endpoints: Sriganganagar- Chhatarearh-Bikaner * Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources. * Location - Ganganagar and Bikaner Districts * Length, Width and Status - 262 Km. intermediate lane Entire 262 Km dropped from further consideration * Traffic Loads - 8500 to 1350 PUC's * Surface condition - Poor to good * Bypasses Considered - None currently considered * Environmental Conditions - Dune and interdune, desert and irrigated desert * Topograply - Nearly level except in dune dominated sections * Annual Rainfall - 150 mm to 300 mm * Flood potential - Generally low, however flood waters from the Ganga River create disperse in Ganganagar and Bikaner Districts causing local seasonal flooding. * Flash flood potential - Low * Water logging - Local problem along irrigation canals in north * Soils Present - Dune and interdune and flood plain soils * Erosion - Wind erosion and deposition of sand/soil is problem in the southem half of this alignment; prevailing winds are to the northeast e Dunes - Dunes dominate nearly half this alignment; most are poorly vegetated due to overgrazing and unstable * Salinity - Common problem along alignment * Mineral Resources - Generally lacking * Industrial Development - Agriculturally oriented at Sriganganagar * Agricultural Development C Croppinig Practices - Kharif in south with bajra and pulses by far the main crops, while irrigation in north permits double cropping and a wide array of crops including wheat, sugarcane and cotton. * Irrigation - Extensive along northem third of alignment * Pasturage - In southern half of alignment at least half land is used as pasturage including sparsely vegetated dunes; sheep and goats are 90 percent of the livestock. * Vegetation - ROW's are partially treed with acacia in dune areas, eucalyptus is the common roadside tree in irrigated areas, esp. near canals * Parks, sanctuaries - None * Forest Land - generally lacking, scrub thom when present * Wildlife - Arid land species and some disturbance tolerant aquatic species near irrigation areas * Endangered Species - Numerous chinkara, peafowl, and imperial eagles, were observed and blackbuck and accipitridae hawks may occur * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Bikaner has a large array of historic sites, including palaces and temples, other sites are present at Anupgarh and Ganganagar * This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmen during times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from arid desert areas of western Rajasthan to greener pasturage 2-25 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mitigation Considerations Reforestationt - Plant selection, planting, protection and maintenance of tree cover for the ROW will require special efforts. Wind deposition of soil/sand is a concern. Afforestation may alleviate this problem if conducted properly. Planting of trees will require watering and grazing protection. A three row windbreak on one side of the road will reduce drifting and deposition of sand/soil on the roadway. A single row on leeward side would allow movement of soil across the roadway. More extensive plantations on both sides of the roadway cause sand deposition on the road surface and interfere with subsequent road cleaning operations. Replanting of trees removed should be concentrated in areas which can be protected from grazing activity and where water can be provided. Species must be drought tolerant. * Erosion Control - Dune stabilization is required both within and outside the ROW. Tree wind breaks may exacerbate soil deposition on the highways and must be carefully planned. Wind erosion is the primary concern but runoff may be local problem requiring soil stabilization of berm slopes to prevent further erosion during the infrequent extreme rainfall events. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. * lVater Mantagement - Water logging may be a problem in areas where the alignment parallels or crosses irrigation canals. Additional drainage structures may be necessary at these points. Water tolerant species (e.g. Ipomoea aquatica) may be necessary to stabilize berms at these frequently wet points. * Higlhway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings. * Endangered Species - Speed bumps should be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, black buck and chinkara may occur and are likely to cross. Such locations would be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. 2-26 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 LINK 11 Road Endpoints: Ratanearh-Talchhapur-Nokha * Data Source - Field Reconnaissance, Maps, Published sources. * Location - Bikaner and Churu Districts * Length, Width and Status - 138 Km. of single lane Entire 138 Km proposed for upgrading under Phase 2 * Traffic Loads - 6400 - 7500 PUC's * Surface condition - Variable, Poor to brand new * Bypasses Considered - None considered * Environmental Conditions - Arid * Topograply - Nearly level * Annual Rainfall - 250 mm to 350 mm * Floodpotential - Low . Soils Present - Brown sandy * Erosion - Wind erosion and deposition of sand/soil may be a problem throughout this alignment, prevailing wind flow is from the southeast. * Dunes - Present a general problem in the region, especially due to overgrazing, but only one area of windblown sand accumulation was noted. - Salinity - Common problems throughout region * Mineral Resources - Limestone * Industrial Development - Cement factories near Ratangarh * Agricultural Development: C ropping Practices - Kharif with bajra and pulses the main crops. * Irrigation - Very Limited Pasturage - About half land area is used as pasturage including sparsely vegetated dunes, and wastelands of scattered thorns; 90 percent of livestock are sheep and goats * Vegetation - ROW's are sparsely treed and entire landscape heavily grazed, acacia and prosopis are principal trees, calotropis is a common shrub + Parks, sanctuaries - Tal Chapper is a small blackbuck sanctuary of 8.2 sq.lan. southeast of the alignment; although within the GOI 10km corridor of possible impact it is separated from the alignment by a railroad and several kilometers * Forest Land - Only scrub land heavily degraded by grazing remains along the alignment * Wildlife - Restricted to arid land species * Endangered Species - Blackbuck occur on south side of the alignment at Tal Chapper, chinkara were seen in numbers along the alignment, and great Indian bustards are reported from area, peafowl and accipitridae hawks are expected. * Cultural Environment * Historic and Religious sites - Scared groves are located at Mukam, and old temples are located at Ratangarh * This alignment closely follows traditional migration routes used by nomadic herdsmen during times of drought to move goats, sheep and camels from western Rajasthan to greener pasturage 2-27 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 2 * Mitigation Considerations * Bypasses - None considered * Reforestation - Few trees currently exist but the ROW should be planted on the south side to stop soil erosion and provide shade and fodder. Plantings must be protected from grazing until mature, selected for salt and drought tolerance, and watered periodically for the first several years. * Erosion Con2trol - Since wind blown sand is a problem, dune stabilization is required and ROW plantings in areas where windblown sand is prevalent should be limited to one side of alignment to minimize soil accumulation on pavement. Careful selection of plant species for drought tolerance, rapid growth, resistance to grazing and soil holding capabilities will be necessary. Stabilization of one dune area is probably necessary. * Water Management - Minimal concern. * Highsway safety - Signage and speed bumps are required at villages and RR crossings. Endangered Species - Speed bumps will be installed at 0.5 km intervals in areas which are bordered on both sides by wastelands where desert cats, black buck and chinkara may occur and are likely to cross. Such locations should be identified in consultation with Forestry Department staff. 2-28 APPENDIX 3 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 APPENDIX 3 REGIONAL BASELINE DATA TABLES TABLE 3.1 RESERVES OF PRINCIPAL MINERALS FOUND IN RAJASTHAN Mineral Occurance Million Tonnes Miscellaneous Minerals Lignite Bikaner 23.0 Garnet Sawai Madhopur, Jaipur, Sikar, Tonk & Udaipur Quantity unknown Emerald Aimer, Udaipur not estimated Bentonite Barner, Bikaner 20.0 Calcite Bundi, Sikar, Sirohi, Pali not estimated Slate Udaipur, Alwar not estimated Fuller's earth Bikaner, Jaisalmer 0.5 Tal Bhilwara, Udaipur, Jaipur, Dungarpur not estimated Ochre Chittor, Bikaner, Dungarpur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Nagaur not estimated Silaceous Earth Barmer 2.3 Building & Ornamental Stones Jaipur, Sirohi, Nagaur, Udaipur, Alwar, Kota not estimated Semi Precious & Precious Jhalawar, Sawai Madhopur,Jodhpur, Bikaner, not estimated Stones Chittorgarh, Jaisalmer, Jalore Metallic Minerals ,_, Iron Udaipur, Jaipur & Bhilwara 10 Manganese Banswara 0.34 Copper Khetri, Alwar belt 70.5 Lead & Zinc Zawar Belt 149 Tungsten Nagaur 6.2 Barvtes Alwar, Udaipur 0.124 Fluorospar Dungarpur, Sikar 1.2 Limestone Sirohi, Pali, Chittor, Kota, Jaipur, Sikar, Nagaur, 2000 Jodhpur. Banswara Salt and Salt based chemicals Salt Naeaur, Jodhpur. Jaisalmer. Barner 50.8 Fertilizer Minerals Gypsum Nagaur, Bikaner, Jaisalmer, Pali, Ganganagar, Churu 1000 Rock Phosphate Udaipur, Jaisalmer 55 Pyrites Sikar 1116 lnsultants, Refractories & Ceramics Asbestos Ajmer, Bhilwara. Jodhpur. Udaipur 27.6 thousand tonnes Clay Barner, Bikaner, Jodhpur, Ajmer, Jalore, Sawai Quantity unknown Madhopur, Sikar China Clav Udaipur 10-12 Kyonite Banswara, Aimer. Bhilwara. Udaipur. Dungarpur Quantity unknown Falspar Ajmer, Alwar. Pali. Sirohi. Dungarpur. Bhilwara Quantity unknown Fire Clay Bikaner, Jaisalmer 18.5 Graphite Banswara 1.0 Maenesite Ajmer 1.5 Mica Bh__ _ilwara Quantity unknown Quartz Silicz & Glass Sand Sawai Madhopur, Ajmer, Pali. Sirohi, Bundi 1.18 Verzmiculite Ajmer a few thousand tonnes Source: Chouhan 1996 3-1 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.2 INTENSITY OF IRRIGATION IN RAJASTHAN (1984 TO 1987) Districts Districts Gross irrigated area as a l_____ l ofpercentage the gross cropped area Well Tank Canal Ajmer 21.8 2.6 .67 Alwar 24.0 0.05 .53 Banswara 4.7 1.9 13.0 Barmer 3.7 -- -- Bharatpur 7.0 - 0.24 Bhilwara 30.4 6.7 8.3 Bikaner 0.01 - 57.8 Bundi 11.87 0.47 38.2 Chittor 27.7 3.5 0.62 Churu 0.01 - - Dholpur 26.45 0.15 9.0 Dungarpur 8.6 3.12 0.14 Sri Ganganagar 0.08 - 54.1 Jaipur 43.10 0.12 0.49 Jaisalmer 0.01 - -- Jalore 21.30 - 0.20 Jhalawar 16.6 0.18 1.26 Jhunjhunu 13.9 - 0.01 Jodhpur 6.4 - -- Kota 8.7 0.91 23.7 Nagaur 7.6 - 0.02 Pali 19.1 2.1 -- Sawaimadhopur 21.1 0.3 5.07 Sikar 21.6 - 0.05 Sirohi 27.4 2.3 - Tonk 13.7 0.9 4.25 Udaipur 18.8 12.1 0.41 State 13.4 0.7 8.48 Source: Gurjar 1990 3-2 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.3 GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL AND ITS UTILIZATION Districts f Net recoverable Net ground water Available for Percentage of recharge (MCM) draft (MCM) further ground water development development (MCM) Aimer 1214.04 224.78 989.26 18.51 Alwar 563.98 346.48 217.50 61.43 Banswara 338.54 45.76 292.78 13.52 (1976-77) 53.28 (1976-77) Barner 216.08 53.28 162.80 24.66 Bharatpur 556.97 291.94 265.03 52.42 Bhilwara 616.92 316.22 300.70 51.26 Bikaner 63.56 16.04 47.52 25.23 Bundi 202.48 79.46 123.02 39.24 Chittorgarh 1179.04 288.16 890.88 24.44 Churu 133.73 13.13 120.60 9.82 Dholpur - 338.86 631.01 34.94 Dungarpur 78.08 28.57 49.57 36.59 Ganganagar 183.69 66.21 117.48 36.04 Jaipur/Dausa 985.80 751.20 234.60 76.20 Jaisalmer 100.24 4.77 95.47 4.76 Jalore 309.40 239.40 70.00 77.37 (1978-79) Jhalawar 400.74 170.76 221.98 44.61 Jhunjhunu 239.40 __ __ _ Jodhpur 159.95 85.26 155.14 35.61 Kota/Baran 1812.89 113.97 45.98 71.25 Nagaur 335.08 146.10 1666.79 8.06 Pali 203.16 145.44 189.64 43.40 Sawai Madhopur 493.64 185.81 17.35 91.46 Sikar 174.73 223.79 170.08 45.31 Sirohi 253.47 107.44 67.29 61.49 Tonic 351.73 71.66 181.81 28.27 Udaipur 979.87 164.46 187.29 46.76 Source: Gurjar 1990 3-3 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.4 PERCENT GROWTH OF RAJASTHAN BY DISTRICT District 1971-81 1981-91 Alignment presant Jaipur 38.4 37.3 1 Udaipur 30.6 22.4 none Ganganagar/Hanumangarh 45.6 29.0 9, 10 Alwar 26.1 30.2 4 Nagaur 29.0 31.2 1. 8 Jodhpur 44.8 27.5 none Kota/Baran 36.6 32.1 2, 3, 4, 5 Sawai Madhopur 28.6 27.2 4 Sikar 32.0 33.3 none Ajmer 25.5 19.6 7 Bharatpur 26.0 26.7 none Bhilwara 24.2 21.4 3 Jhunjhunu 30.3 29.2 4 Churu 34.8 30.5 9, 11 Pali 31.3 16.4 none Chittorgarh 30.4 20.2 3 Barmer 44.4 28.1 none Bikaner 48.0 42.4 8, 10, 11 Banswara 35.4 30.2 3 Jalor 35.2 26.4 none Tonk 25.2 24.1 4 Jhalawar 25.8 21.7 4 Dungarpur 28.7 28.0 none Bundi 30.8 25.5 3,5 Sirohi 27.9 20.5 6 Dhaulpur 27.2 27.9 none Jaisalmer 44.8 41.3 none RAJASTHAN 32.9 28.0 3-4 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.5 MAJOR RAJASTHAN FESTIVAL EVENTS Events Season Location/District Closest Road Alignments Nagaur Cattle Fair Jan./Feb. Nagaur 1, 8 Baneshwar Fair Jan./Feb. Baneshwar, Dungarpur Desert Festival Jan./Feb. Jaisalmer 1 Jeen Mata Fair Bi-annual Novratras, Sikar Hadoti Festival February Kota 2, 3, 5 Sheetla Mata Fair March Chaksu, Jaipur 1 Braj Festival March Bharatpur _ _ _ Kaila Devi Fair March/April Kaila, Swai madhopur 4 Gangaur Festival March/April Jaipur and Udaipur 1. 6 Gom Fair March/April Bhimawa, Pali Elephant Festival March/April Jaipur 1 Karni Mata Twice a year Nokha, Bikaner 8, 10 Sri Mahavirji Fair April Chandangaon, 4,5 Sawai madhopur Banganga Fair April/May Bairath, Jaipur 1 Urs Fair May/June Ajmer 7 Sitabari Fair May/June Sitabari, Kota 2, 3, 5 Summer Festival June Mt.Abu, Sirohi 6 Gogaji Fair Nohar, Gangapur Teej Festival July/August Jaipur, 1 Ramdeora Fair Aug./Sept. Ramdeora, Jaisalmer 1 Ranthambore Fair September Ranthambore, 4,5 Sawai madhopur 1 Marwar Festival October Jodhpur 7 Kapil Muni Fair Kartika Pumima Jodhpur, Kolayat, Bikaner 7, 8, 10 Pushkar Cattle Fair November Pushkar, Ajmer 7 Dussehra Fair Oct./Nov. Kota 2, 3, 5 Bikaner Festival November Bikaner 8, 10 3-5 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.6 MAJOR PILGRIMAGE CENTERS AND JATARAS IN RAJASTHAN Religion Center District Closest Road Alignment Hindus Nathdwara Udaipur 3, 6 Pushkar Ajmer 7 Kaila Devi Karauli Karni Mata Bikaner 8, 10 Sheetla Mata Jaipur 1 Naraini Mata Jaipur 1 Muslims Dargah Khawaja Moin-Uddin Chisti Ajmer 7 Gali Kot Dungarpur Jains Shree Mahavirji Sawai modhopur 4, 5 Nakora Jain Temple Barner Dilwara Temple Mount Abu 6 Padampur Jaipur I Shree Paras Nath-Chulgiri Jaipur 1 Richab Dev Kesharia Nathji Tijara Alwar 7 ________Ranakpur Falana -3-6 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 Table 3.7 Types of Vegetation in Different Regions of Rajasthan Regions Species of Plants ___. (alignments) Trees Shrubs Grasses Acacia leucopholia Achyranthus aspera Athraxon ciliaris Anogeissus acuminata Artemisia parviflora Dicanthium annulatum Bauhinia racemosa Carissa spinarum Eulalia trispicata Dendrocalamus strictus Hemigraphis latebrosa Panicum maximum Mount Abu Embelica officinalis Justicea simplex Pennisetum hohenackeri > 1100 m Erythrina indica Lantana camara Setaria glauca Eugeniajambolana Phoenix spp. Themeda triandra Euphorbia neriifolia Vogelia indica Themeda quadrivalvis Hydnocarpus spp. Zizyphus nummularia Kydia calycina Mangifera indica Mitragyna parviflora Sterculia colorata Wrightia tinctora Acacia leucopholea Aegele marmelos Heteropogon contortus Anogeissus latifolia Diospyros melanoxylon Pseudanthistirica hetero- Cochlospermum reli- Helicteres isora clita Banswara & giosum Holarrhena antidysen- Themeda triandra Banas Lannea grandis terica Madhuca indica Zizyphus xylocarpa Sterculia urens Tectona grandis Terminalia bellerica Terminalia tomentosa Mitragyna parviflora Acacia catechu Carissa carandus Bothriochola pertusa Acacia leucopholea Cassia tora Chrysopogon montanus Acacia senegal Diospyros melanoxylon Cymbopogon martinii Aegle marmelos Indigifera cordifolia Cymbopogon jwaran- Albizzia procera Lantana camara cusa Anogeissus latifolia Phaseolus trilobus Dactyloctenium aegyp- Anogeissus pendula Tephrosia strigosa tium Chittorgarh Boswelia serrata Tephrosia tenuis Dicanthium annulatum & Kota Butea monosperma Zizuphus nummularia Digitaria marginata (2, 3, 4, 5) Embelica officinalis Digitaria rovelena Garuga pinnata Shima nervosun Langestromia spp. Setaria glauca Lannea coromandalica Urochloa reptans Mitragyna parviflora Phoenix spp.. Santalum album Terminalia tomentosa ___._ .__ ._ Zizyphus jujuba . . 3-7 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.7 (CONTD.) TYPES OF VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT REGIONS OF RAJASTHAN Regions Species of Plants (alignments) Trees Shrubs Grasses Anogeissus latifolia Apluda spp. Jaipur & Boswelia serrata Eragrostice spp. Alwar Embelica officinalis Heteropogon contortus (1, 4) Lannea coromandalica Themeda quadrivalvis Sterculia urens Anogeissus pendula Acacia jacquemontii Aristida hirtigluma Ajmer, Pali, Acacia leucopholea Calotropis procera Cymbopogon jwaran- Sirohi & Acacia senegal Capparis decidua cusa Jodhpur Balanites aegyptica Fagonia cretica Dactyloctenium sindi- Prosopis cineraria Indigodera cordifolia cum Salvadora oleoides Tephrosis purpures Dicanthium annulatum Tecomella undulata Tephrosis tenuis Eragrostis ciliaris Zizyphus nummularia Lasiurus hirsutus I__________________________ ___________________________ M elanocenchris jacquemontii Acacia leucopholea Aerua persica Aristida funiculata Ganganagar, Acacia senegal Calotropis procera Aristida hirtigluma Bikaner, Prosopis cineraria Calligonum polygonides Cymbopogon jwarancusa Jaisalmer & Tecomella undulata Capparis decidua Cymbopogon parkeri Barmer Crotalaria burhia Eleusine compressa (1, 8, 9, 10) Lycium barbarum Lasiurus hirsutus Tecomella undulata M. jacquemontii Atriples spp. Aeluropus lagopoids Salt Pans of Haloxylon salicomicum Eleusine compressa Westem Prosopis juliflora Sporobolus arabicus Rajasthan Suaeda fruticosa Sporobolus marginatus (1) Tamarix dioica Zygophyllum simplex Source: Satyanarayan, Y. 1964. 3-8 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.8 VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN Habitat Species Trees | Shrubs Grasses Anogeissus spp. Asparagus spp. Granite Hills Salvadora oleoides Cocculus cebatha Windward face Commiphora mukul Euphorbia caducifolia Grewia tenax Vogelia indica Zizyphus nummularia Acacia senegal Acaciajacqucmonti Granite Hills Anogeissus pendula Euphorbia caducifolia Leeward face Prosopis cineraria Zizyphus nummularia Salvadora oleoides Acacia senegal Blepharis sindica Aristida depressa Anogeissus rotundifolia Commiphora mukul Aristida hystrix Balanites aegyptiaca Euphorbia caducifolia Aristida royleana Capparis decidua Fagonia cretica Cenchrus biflorus Rhyolite Hills Gymnosporia spinosa Grewia tenax Cloris barbata Lycium barbaram Cynodon dactylon Mimosa hamata Dactyloctenium sin-dicum Tephrosia purpurea Digitaria adscendens Eleusine compressa Eragrostis ciliaris Eragrostis pilosa Latipes senegalensis Melanocenchris jacque- monti Oropetium thomaeum Sehima nervosum Tragus biflorus Urochloa panicoides Acacia senegal Barleria acanthoides Oropetium thomaeum Upper Piedmont Anogeissus pendula Barleria prionitis Euneapogon elegans Balanites aegyptiaca Boerhavia diffusa Aristida spp. Cassia auriculata Corchorus aestuans Gymnosporia spinosa Grewia tenax Salvadora oleoides Volutarella divaricata Acacia leucopholes Aerva persica Aristida hirtigluma Azadirachta indica Aristida hertigluma Cenchrus biflorus Lower Piedmont Balanites aegyptiaca Cocculus cebatha Eleusine compressa Caparis decidua Euphorbia caducifolia Eragrostis bifaria Gymnosporia spmosa Grewia tenax Melanocenchris jacque- Prosopis cineraria Heliotropium marifoliurn mn ee Salvadora oleoides Indigodera cordifolia moni Leptadenia pyro-technica Panicum turgidum Sericostorma pauci-florum Tephrosia purpurea _____________ ____________________ Zizyphus nuninularia 3-9 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.8 (CONTD.) VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN Habitat Species Trees Shrubs ] Grasses Caparis decidua Acacia jacqucmonti Older Alluvium Prosopis cineraria Aerva persica Plains Salvadora oleoides Euphorbia caducifolia Leptadenia pyro-technica (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Zizyphus numimularia Acacia senegal Acacia jacqucmonti Aristidia adscensionis Caparis decidua Achyranthes aspera Aristidia funiculata Sand Covered Gymnosporia spinosa Boerhavia diffusa Cenchrus biflorus Older Alluvium Prosopis cineraria Cassia auriculata Cenchrus ciliaris (1, 4) Salvadora oleoides Commelina benghalen-sis Digitaria adscendens Indigofera pauciflolia Eragrostis ciliaris Justicia simnplex Eragrostis uniloids Leptadenia pyrotech-nica Leucas aspera Peristrophe bicalyculata Sida cordifolia Zizyphus nummularia Tragus biflorus Urochloa panicoides Acacia arabica Achyranthes aspera Cenchrus catharticus Acacia cupressiformis Amaranthus viridis Cenchrus setigerus Younger Alluvial Acacia leucopholes Cynodon dactylon Chloris virgata Plains Ailanthus excelsa Demostachya bipinata Cyperus rotandus Albizzia lebek Digera arvensis Dactyloctenium sindi-cum (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) Azadirachta indica Indigofera crodiflora Dicanthium annulatum Ficus benghalensis Justicia procumbens Digitaria adscendens Ficus religiosa Mollugo cerviana Eleusine compressa Ficus mysorensis Solanum xanthocarpum Eragroatis pilosa Inga dulcis Tephrosia purpurea Eragrostis tremula Moringa pterygosperma Xanthium strumarium Sporobolus coroman- Prosopis cineraria delians Tamarindus indica Tecomella undulata Zizyphus mauritiania Aerva persica Crotalaria burhia River Beds in Cynodon dactylon Younger Cyperus arenarius Alluvium Cyperus rotundus Demostachya bipinata (1, 2,3,4, 5) Echinochola colonurn Erianthus munja Leptadenia pyrotech-nica Tamarix troupii Xanthium strumarium 3-10 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.8 (CONTD.) VEGETATION IN DIFFERENT HABITATS OF RAJASTHAN Habitat Species Trees Shrubs Grasses Acacia senegal Acacia jacquemontii Arnevia hispidissima Stable Sand Balanites aegyptica Aerva persica Aristida adscensionis IDuns Capparis decidua Calligonum polygo-noides Aristida funiculata (unes Gymnosporia spinosa Calotropis procera Celosia argentea (uncultivated) Prosopis cineraria Crotalaria burhia Cenchrus biflorus (1, 8, 9, 10, 11) Tecomella undulata Ephedra foliata Citrullus colocynthis Zizyphus nummularia Leptadenia pyro-technica Convolvulus pluricaulis Lycium barbarum Cyperus arenarius Melhania denhami Desmostachya bipi-nnata Mimisa hamnata Eleusine compressa Sericostoma pauci-florum Helitropium strigosum. Tephrosia purpurea Helitropium subulatum Indigofera cordifolia Indigofera linifolia Panicum turgidum Tribulus terrestris Unstable Sand Acacia senegal Acacia jacquemontii Amebia hispidissimna Dunes Gymnosporia spinosa Aerva persica Aristida adscensionis Prosopis cineraria Crotalaria burhia Cenchrus biflorus Salvadora oleoides Euphorbia caducifolia Cenchrus ciliaris (1, 8, 9, 10, 11) Grewia tenax Cenchrus setigerus Leptadenia pyro-technica Eragrostis poacoides Sericostoma pauci-florum Fagonia cretica Helitropium strigosum Helitropium subulatum Panicum turgidum Polygala eriopetra Tribulus terrespris Dissected Sand Acacia senegal Ephedra foliata Boerhavia verticillata Dunes Balanites aegyptica Cenchrus biflorus Coimmiphora mukul Justicia procumbens Oropetium thomaeum Pupalia lappseea . - _ _________. _______________. ___________ _ Tragus diflorus Source: Shankar 1994 3-11 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.9 FOREST AREA IN DISTRICT TRANSECTED BY PROJECT ROADS Forest Area by Classification Road District Reserved Protected Unclassified Total % of _LSgment| :__________________ ____________ __________ D istrict Present Aimer 189 421 <1 611 7.2 7 Alwar - 582 113 1486 17.7 4 Banswara - 1190 - 1190 23.6 3 Bhilwara 433 292 8 733 7.0 3 Bikaner - 131 1113 1245 4.5 8,9,10 Bundi 800 647 34 1482 26.7 5,3 Chittorgarh 1543 1088 1 2632 24.2 3 Churu 7 31 40 78 0.4 9 Ganganagar/ Hanumangarh - 136 730 867 4.2 9,10 Jaipur/Dausa 670 266 11 948 8.5 1,4 Jhalwara 361 937 4 1303 20.9 4 Jodhpur - 180 97 277 1.2 1 Kota 434 874 83 1391 25.3 2,4 Nagaur <1 205 55 261 1.4 1,7,8 Sawai Madhopur 874 1817 78 2770 26.3 4 Sirohi 602 989 0 1591 30.9 6 Baran - 2172 14 2186 31.4 2,4 Note: Units in hectares 3-12 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.10 ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AND PROTECTED AREAS OF RAJASTHAN Name Location Size Bhensrodgarh Sanctuary Rawatbhuta, Chittorgarh 229 Sq.Km Darrah Sanctuary Kamalpura, Kota 266 Sq.Km Desert National park Jaisalmer 3172 Sq.Km Jaisammnand Sanctuary Udaipur, Jaisammand 52 Sq. Km Keoladeo Ghana National Park Bharatpur 29 Sq.Km Kumbhalgarh Ranakpur Sadri, Udaipur 578 Sq.Km Mount Abu Sanctuary Mount Abu 289 Sq.Km National Chambal Sanctuary Kota 549 Sq.Km Ranthambhore National Park Sawai Madhopur 392 Sq-Km Siriska National Park Alwar 492 Sq.Km Sitamata Sanctuary Chittorgarh 423 Sq.Km Tal Chapper Sanctuary Chapper, Churu 8 Sq.Km Jamwa Ramgarh Jaipur 300 Sq.Km Jawabar Sagar Kota, Bundi _ 00 Sq. Km Kaila Devi Sawai Madhopur 676 Sq. Km Nahargarh National Park Jaipur 50 Sq. Km Phulwari Ki nal Udaipur, Pali 511 Sq.Km Ramgarh Bisdhari Bundi 250 Sq.Km Shergarh Baran 99 Sq. Km Sonkhalia Closed Area Aimer 71 Sq. Km Sorson Closed Area Kota 80 Sq. Km. Todgarh Raoli Aimer,Udaipur,Pali 495 Sq.Km Vanvihar & Ramn Sagar Dholpur 59 Sq.Km Sajjangarh Udaipur 5 SKm. Band Barretha Bharatpur 192 Sq.Km Sawai Man Singh Sawai Madhopur 103 Sq.Km National Gavial Chambal 280 Sq.Km Bassi Chittorgarh 153 Sq.Km. Baju Bikaner 100 Sq. Km. Jorbir Bikaner 75 Sq. Km Deshnok Bikaner 25 Sq. Km Mukaini Bikaner 168Sq Km Diyatra Bikaner 50 Sq. Km Sawantsar Kotasai Churu 7091 Sq. Km Rotu Nagaur 50 SR, Km 3-13 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.10 (CONTD.) ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AND PROTECTED AREAS OF RAJASTHAN Name Location Size Jorada Nagaur 30 Sq. Km Barrod Alwar 23 Sq. Km Jodian Alwar 30 Sq. Km Saithalsagar Jaipur 3 Sq. Km Mehlan Jaipur 5 Sq. Km Jamsesnaroi Jodhpur 3500 Sq. Km Lohawat Jodhpur 1242 Sq. Km Dechu Jodhpur 2000 Sq. Km Sathin Jodhpur 244 Sq. Km Phitkasni Jodhpur 569 Sq. Km Dhawa Doli Jodhpur 424 Sq. Km Gudhavishnoi Jodhpur 424 Sq. Km Ramdeora Jaisalmer 3000 Sq. Km Ujalan Jaisalmer 3000 Sq. Km Tilbra Ajmer 2000 Sq. Km Gahwana Ajmer 2100 Sq. Km Ranipura Tonk 120 Sq. Km Dhorimanna Barmer 69 Sq. Km Sanchore Jalor 1813 Sq. Km Jawai Banoh Pali 5 Sq. Km Bagdharrah Udaipur 34 Sq. Km Menal Closed Area Chittorgarh 20 Sq. Km Kanakbahar Bundi 8 Sq. Km Kwalji I Sawai Madhopur 40 Sq. Km 3-14 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE -3.11 LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS OF RAJASTHAN S. No. Latin Name Local Name Habit 1 2 3 4 1. Ammannia desertorum Blatt. & Hallb. Moto-jalbhangro Under shrub tree 2. Anogessus sericea Brandis var indok tree nummularia King ex Duthie (= A. rotundifolia Blatt. & Hallb.) 3. Anticharis gladulosa Asch, var caerulea ---- Herb Blatt. & Hallb. ex Sant. 4. Bouchea marrubifolia Schauer ( Bai Herb Pleurostigma subrotundum Hoechst.nom nud) 5. Commiphora wightii (Arnott) Bhandari ( gugul Shurb aceae = C. mukal Engl. and = Balsamodendron dendroid mukul Hook. ex Stock) form 6. Convolvulus scindices Stock Kaland Herb 7. Crypsis schoenoides Lamk. -- Herb ( grass) 8. Dignathia hirtealla Stapf. -- Herb (grass) 9. Dipterygium glaucum Decne -- Under shrub 10. Ephedra ciliata Flan & Mey ex. C. A. Suo-phogaro Climbing May ( = e. foliata Boisas.) shrub 11. Eriolaena hookeriana W & A. bhoti dhaman Tree 12. Euphorbia jodhpurensis Blatt. & Hallb. Dudheli Herb 13. Farsetia macrantha Blatt. & Hallb. Motio-Hiran chabbo Under shrub 14. Grewia damine Gaertan (= G. salvifolia Phalsa Shrub Weyne ex Roth non Linn. f. ) 15. Monsonia heliotropoides Boiss Herb 16. Malhania denhamii R. Br. Herb 17. M. magnifolia Blatt. & Hallb. Shrub 18. Morina concanensis Nimmo Sarguro Tree 19. Nannae pulla Lamk. ex D.C. Herb 20. Pulicarua rajputanae Blatt. & Hallb. Dhola ligru Herb 21. Rhynchelytrum villosum (Parl) chiov. - Herb ( grass) 22. Rose lyellii Lindl. Shrub 23. Seetzenia orietalis Decne Dhakri Herb 24 Talinum portulacifolium Aschers ex - Shrub Schweinf 25. T. avemiera cuneifolia Am. Under shrub 26. Tecommela undulata ( Sm) seem rohida Tree 27. Tribulus rajasthanensis Bhandari et gokhru Herb Sharma 28. Tripogon jacquemontii Stapf Herb ( grass) 29. T. roxburghuanus Bhide Herb (grass) 30. Withania coagulans Dunal Paneer bandh Under shrub TABLE 3.12 3-15 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES OF RAJASTHAN Species Habitat Requirements Livelihood of Project Occurance * Impact & (Route Potential l__________________________________ recorded) _ Mammals Tiger Forest or dense grassland U L Leopard Forest, scrub, plains U L Caracal scrub jungle L M Desert Cat desert scrub L M Fishing Cat Forest near streams U L Leopard Cat Forest, scrub, plains U L Indian Wolf Forest, scrub U L Sloth Bear Rocky forests U L Pangolin plains L L Ratel Forest, scrub, plains L L Flying Squirrel Forests U L Mouse Deer Forests U L Black Buck plains, open scrub M(l I) M Chinkara scrub, plains R( 10, 11) M Four-homed Antelope light forest L L Gangetic Dolphin river U L Reptiles Agra Monitor Lizard arid, sandy country R(1) M Barred Monitor Lizard plains M M Water Lizard wetlands, trees R(2) L Crocodile river, lake, marsh H M Gavial rivers H M Python L L Ganges Soft-shelled Turtle river M M Indian Flapshelled Turtle ponds M L Starred Tortoise sandy scrubland M M Birds Indian Peafowl Forest, scrub, cultivation R(ALL) L Arvalli Red Spurfowl Deciduous, scrub, ravines, ruins L L Great Indian Bustard Grassland, scrub. cultivation L L Lesser florican Grassland, scrub, cultivation L L Houbara Bustard sandy semi-desert L L Siberian White Crane Marsh U L White Stork Marsh, cultivation U L Spoonbill Marsh, Lake U L Osprev River, Lake U L Peregrine Falcon Wetlands, cliffs U L Laggar Falcon Dry open country L L Red-headed Merlin Open country L L Black-winged Kite Open forest, Grassland, scrub R(1,2,4,8,9,10) L Crested Honey Buzzard Open forest, cultivation M L 3-16 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.12 (CONTD.) ENDANGERED WILDLIFE SPECIES OF RAJASTHAN Species Habitat Requirements Livelihood of Project Occurance * Impact & (Route Potential recorded) L Pariah Kite Urban, cultivation, marsh R(ALL) L Brahminy Kite Urban, shores L L Goshawk Forest U L Central Asian Shikra Forest, scrub, cultivation M L Indian Shikra Forest, scrub, cultivation R(9) L Besra Sparrow hawk Forest L L Long-legged Buzzard Cultivation,Scrub,Open forest M L Asiatic Sparrow hawk Forest L L Desert Buzzard Open areas M L White-eyed Buzzard Eagle Cultivation, Scrub, grassland M L Crested Hawk-eagle Dry forest, near cultivation M L Bonelli's Hawk Eagle Open forest L L Booted Hawk Eagle Open forest, scrub L L Tawny Eagle Dry scrub, cultivation L L Imperial Eagle Open country R(10) L Great Spotted Eagle Shorelines U L Steppe Eagle Dry scrub, cultivation L L Lesser Spotted Eagle Woodlands, scrub, cultivation L L Palla's Fishinz Eagle Lake, river U L White-tailed Eagle Lake, river U L King Vulture Open forest, scrub, cultivation M M Indian long-billed Vulture Open country H M Indian white-backed Vulture Open forest, Marsh, cultivation R(ALL) M White Scavenger Vulture Dry open country R(ALL) M Pale Harrier Open country, Marsh, scrub L L Marsh Harrier Wetlands R(4) L Hen Harrier Open plains, cultivation, foothills L L Short-toed Eagle Open country L L Montagu's Harrier Marsh, cultivation, grassland L L Crested Serpent Eagle Open forest, scrub, cultivation L L Osprey River, lake U L Source: GOR 1996 (#)= Alignment where recorded * U= unlikely, L= low potential, M= moderate potential, H=high potential, R= recorded 3-17 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.13 WILDLIFE RECORDED ALONG ALIGNMENTS DURING FIELD RECONNAISSANCE Mammals Five-lined Squirrel Cormnon Langur Monkey Nilgai Chinkara Small Indian Mongoose Indian Gerbil Reptiles Indian Pond Terrapin Desert Monitor Lizard Indian Mud Turtle Water Monitor Lizard Common Indian Toad Common Frog Birds Dabchick Little Cormorant Black Ibis White Ibis Pond Heron Cattle Egret Purple Heron Median Egret Large Egret Little Egret Flamingo Black Stork Pintail Duck Lesser Tree Duck Spotbill Duck Black-winged Kite Pariah Kite Indian Shikra Imperial Eagle Indian White-backed Vulture Egyptian Vulture Black Partridge Marsh Harrier Indian Peafowl Gray Partridge Conmnon Crane Sarus Crane White - breasted Waterhen Brown Crake Pheasant-tailed Jacana Watercock Bronze-winged Jacana Bar-tailed Godwit Redshank Greenshank Wood Sandpiper Comnmon Sandpiper Ruff Red-wattled Lapwing Black-winged Stilt Avocet Indian River Tem Blue Rock Dove Turtle Dove Ring Dove Red Turtle Dove Spotted Dove Little Brown Dove Rose-ringed Parakeet Conmnon Hawk Cuckoo Indian Koel Spotted Owlet Indian House Swift Lesser Pied Kingfisher White breasted Kingfisher Blue-checked Bee-eater Small Green Bee-eater Indian Roller Hoopoe Grey Hombill Coppersmith Barbet Mahratta Pied Woodpecker Red-winged Bushlark Black-bellied Finch Lark Dusky Crag Martin Wire-tailed Swallow Red-rumnped Swallow Indian Grey Shrike Indian Baybacked Shrike Rufous-backed Shrike Brown Shrike Golden Oriole Brahminy Myna Black Drongo Bank Myna Pied Myna Tree Pie Common Myna Jungle Crow House Crow Raven Common Wood Shrike 3-18 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.13 (CONT.) WILDLIFE RECORDED ALONG ALIGNiMENTS DURING FIELD RECONNAISSANCE White-checked Bulbul Red-vented Bulbul Common Babbler Large Grey Babbler Jungle Babbler Indian Streaked Wren Warbler Ashy Wren Warbler Plain Wren Warbler Tailor Bird Dull Green Warbler Collared Bush Chat Indian Magpie Robin White-tailed Bushchat Pied Bush Chat Brown Rock Chat Indian Robin Yellow Wagtail Large Pied Wagtail Purple Sunbird House Sparrow Yellow-throated Sparrow Red Munia Baya Weaver Bird White-throated Munia White-backed Munia 3-19 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.14 SUITABLE PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC SOILS Soil Type | Plant Species Trees I Shrubs Grasses Sandy Acacia arabica Aerva javanica Aristida spp. Acacia cynophylola Aerva pseudotomentosa Cenchrus prieurii Acacia modesta Capparis aphylla Cenchrus setigerus Acacia senegal Calotropis procera Erianthus munja Acacia sieberriana Calligonum polygonoides Eragrostis supp. Acacia tortilis Cassia auriculata Eragrostis tremula Ailanthus excelsa Clerodendron phloemoides Eragrostis ciliaris Albizzia amara Crotolaria burhia Lasiurus hirsutus Ailanthus gregii Euphoria bivula Panicum antidotale Albizzia lebbek Grewia tenex Panicum turgidum Azadirachta indica Indigofera argentea Schima nervosum Balaniles aegyptiaca Leptadenia pyrotechniea Butea monospherma Zizyphus spp. Cordia rothii Dalbergia sissoo Eucalyptus melono-phloia Eucalyptus papuana Eucalyptus populifolia Eucalyptus oleosa var galauca Eucalyptus tesseleris Eucalyptus terminalis Holoptelia integrifolia Parkinsonia aculeata Pongammia pinnata Prospis juliflor Prospis spicigera Salvadora oleoides Tamarix articulata Tecomella undulata Shallow Rockly Acacia catechu Acacia jacouemontiii Aristida spp. Acacia leucophloea Aerva pseudotomen-tosa Acacia senegal Aerva tomentosa Anogeissus pendula Barleria acanthoides Azadirachta indica Comnmiphora mukul Boswellia serrata Capparis aphylla Dichrostrachys cinerea Cassia auriculata Prosopis juliflora Euphorbia nerifolia Salvadora oleoides Euphorbia royleana Tecoma stans Grewia tenax Indigofera argentea - Zi2hus argentea 3-20 - Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 3 TABLE 3.14 (CONTD.) SUITABLE PLANTS FOR SPECIFIC SOILS Soil Type Plant Species Trees [ Shrubs [ Grasses Gravelly Acacia senegal Boehmeria diffusa Aristidfa spp. Acacia catechu Cassia auriculata Aristida mutabilis Anogeissus pendula Euphorbia royleana Dactyloctenium sindicum Azadirachta indica Tribulus terrestris Elusine compressa Boswella serata Zizyphus nummularia Eleusine artistata Cassia siamea Elesine aegyptica Dalbergia melonoxylon Hardwickia binata Prosopis spicigera Prosopis juliflora Saline & Alkaline Azardirachta indica Clerodendron phloemoides Aristida spp. Albizzia lebbeck Calotropis procera Cenchrus ciliaris Albizzia procera Capparis decidua Cenchrus setigerus Acacia modesta Leptadenia pyrotechnica Chloris montana Acacia tortilis Salsola foetida Cynodon dactylon Acacia arabica Scaevola putascens Dicanthium annulatum Butea monosperma Scaevola koeniqii Eragrostis spp. Eucalyptus teretecornis Zizyphus sppp. Panicum antidotale Eucalyptus Saccharum munja gomphocephaea Sporobolus pallidus Eucalyptus robusta Parkinsonia aculeata Prosopis juliflora Pongammia pinnata Salvadora oleoides Tamarix articulata Source: Shetty 1994 In: Singh and Singb 3-21 tb XRLMIJJV Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 APPENDIX 4 CONTRACT RELATED RECOMENDATIONS Road side tree planting: Necessary provision will be made in the contract documents for incorporation of the roadside tree planting scheme proposed here. Table 4.1 below, presents the planting regimes for Rajasthan State Highways Project (RSHP). The quantity and species composition of each mix is presented in the 4.2/4.3, 4.4, and 4.5 tables. These regimes are based on rainfall patterns, soil types and the list of plant species of each district. TABLE 4.1 PLANTING REGIMES FOR PHASE I AND PHASE I A ROADS ROAD GRASS NATIVE NATIVE AVENUE MIX GRASS MIX SEED MIX SEEDLING Phase 1 _ Jaipur- Nagaur 1 E A V Kota-Chittorearh 1 G D Z Phase la Kota- Baran 1 F B W Rajgarh- Sikendra 1 E C X Kota-Indergarh 1 G A - Sardarsahar- Pallu I E B Z TABLE 4.2 GRASS MIX -1 Species Season Quantity(Kgeha) Millet Summer 30 Wheat Winter and summer 30 The grass species used will grow quickly to reduce the level of soil erosion. Following the rains it is anticipated that native grass species will grow also. TABLE 4.3 NATIVE GRASS AND SHRUB SEED MIX COMPOSITION AND QUALITY (IDENTIFIED TO RESIST GRAZING). SPECIES i~ATT ~Ia Mix E Mix F Mix G Koocha Grass (Unpalatable) 20 15 10 Euphorbia (lJnpalatable) 15 15 10 Oleander (Unpalatable) 15 10 Anwal 15 10 Native grass species should be seeded at the same time as the crop to allow them to germinate as soon as the rain comes. 4-1 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appcndix 4 TABLE 4.4 NATIVE SEED MIX COMPOSITION AND QUANTITIES = Quantity (Kg/ha) Species Common name Mix A | Mix B Mix C [ Mix D Delbergia sissosa Shisham 0.5 0 0.5 1.0 Acacia nilotica Babul 0.5 0 1.0 1.0 Cassia fistula Amaltas 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 Boswellia serrata Salar 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 Acacia catechu Khair 0.5 0.5 0.2 1.0 Strecularia Urenus Karaya 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.2 Diospyros melonoxylon Tendu 0.2 0.5 0.2 0.5 Cordia dichotoma Lisorha 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 Ficus bengalensis Banyan 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 Tamarix aphylla Farash 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.2 Ziziphus Mauratiana Ber 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 Anogeissus latifolia Dhavra 0.5 0.2 0.5 0.5 Bauhinia racemoasa Kanchan 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 Albizzia lebbek Siris 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.5 Procopis Cineraria Khejri 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 Moringa Oleifera Drumstic 1.0 0..2 0.2 0 Whenever necessary seed requirements pre-treatment of 24 hours soaked in water TABLE 4.5 SPECIES FOR AVENUE PLANTING Species Common Mix V Mix W Mlix X Mix Y Mix Z Namel Azadiracht indica Neem . ._._.__ Ficus bengalensis Banyan * . Ficus religosa Pipal ._ _ Syzygium cumini Jamun Tamarind Indica Tamarind _ Anogeissus pendula Dhok . . _ Species have been selected to complement the endemic vegetation of each area. The variety of species used ensures that species not suited to the local conditions and micro climate will be replaced by those suitable for that area. Only the fittest species will survive in each locality thereby maintaining the genetic variation that is essential for bio-diversity. Figure I Shows a typical cross section for the planting regime with the larger mature avenue trees located no closer than 6 metre from the centre line of the road and the seeded species growing in between. The native seed mix will be applied following the application of water to the recently turned and topsoil natural surface. Seeding will not take place in unfavourable weather such as winds exceeding 15 kn/hr or during rain periods. Fast growing ground covering species mentioned in the 4-2 PAVED ROAD WAY Figure 1 TYPICAL ROAD CROSS SECTION WITH PLANTING REGIME Rajasthan Statc Highways Project Appendix 4 grass table will be seeded immediately after the area has been landscaped to reduce erosion, with the seeding and avenue planting occurring closer to the rainy season. Figure 2 illustrates a longitudinal section of road with the associated planting regime. Avenue seedlings will be placed at 25 m intervals with the listed species being placed in turn. Approximately 2000 seedlings per hectare are intended to be planted. The native trees will be seeded indiscriminately within the ROW and at bends etc. Where larger areas of the ROW occur the seeding will fill these areas to create small groves of native bush land. Where ROW is available, an additional row of seedlings will be placed. This will be to ensure a thick ROW vegetation along the road. This will act as wind block and will in tum act to increase crop production through the reduction of evapo- transpiration. The seedlings may be grown in nurseries near or along the project road by the contractor. These nurseries may be situated within the road ROW or in nearby land under contractual arrangement with local social forestry programs. The seedlings will be placed in holes (lCu.m) the base of which will be filled with 0.2 m of top soil and organic fertiliser (eg. manure). An area around the base of the seedlings will be dug out in the most recent method of seedling protection used in India (see Figure 3) . This method provides a moat like barrier around the plant which makes the leaves of the tree out of reach from browsing herbivorous. Furthermore the moat retains water to aid the plants survival. The seedlings will be between 12 -18 months old when they are planted to increase their chances of survival. Another method of protecting the seedlings will be tried also. The thom bush Prosopis juliforia is cut into 1.2 -1.4 m lengths and the stock is buried in the \hole dug around the seedling and bound with a length of the vegetation. The thorn bush is between 15-30mm. in diameter and speared in to the ground at 20 cm spacings. Three months after the seedlings are planted , those not surviving will be replaced with others still growing at a nearby nursery and of a similar age. About 10 % of the total seedlings used should be stored for this replacement. Areas where the seeding has not been sufficient will also be re-seeded following the application of an organic fertiliser. A similar process will occur one year after the initial planting. During the first year after planting, watering will occur every month except in the wet season. In the hottest season(February to mid June) this will occur more frequently. From 1" February to 15" April watering will occur every two weeks and from then until 15' June every 5 days. Watering will be done as early in the morning and as late in the evening as possible to reduce, evaporation especial in more airid part of Rajasthan and increase the amount of water reaching the roots. The contractor will be paid half his fee following the initial planting and the rest one year later contingent on previously established survival criteria. All revegetation shall take place within 14 days of each work completion. Top soil shall be stockpiled on site in low mounds no greater than 3 metres heigh and where it is to be stored for in excess of 14 days it shall be seeded with the above mentioned grasses immediately. Where imported topsoil is required it will be friable and porous and free of weeds, toxic material, lumps, stumps or roots. Fertiliser where required will be organic in nature such as cow manure. On steeper slopes a binding agent will be used to reduce erosion and keep seeds in place at the onset of the rains. Bitumen emulsions has been used before in India and will be used here. Straw will be mixed with the bitumen emulsion to further aid the binding process.. Other measures to mitigate against environmental impacts that are standard in contract documents will naturally be included. These include provisions covering soil erosion and selection and restoration of quarry sites. 4-3 Figure 2 TYPICAL L- SECTION OF ROADS WITH PLANTING REGIME GROUND LEVELI C mSE; 1.0 SHRUB TREE Figure 3 INDIVIDULAL SEEDING PLANTING REGIME FOR TREES AND SHRUBS Rajasthan State hlighways Project Appendix 4 TABLE 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN RAJASTHAN STATE HIGHWAYS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY REPORT Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual Organization Organization Clause DESIGN PHASE The existing alignment was selected to During design Designing Unit RPWD Not Applicable Alignment minimize the land disturbance to avoid PCC archaeological sites, temples and other environmentally sensitive areas. Land and Property acquired Information dissemination and community During Design Phase RPWD RPWD Not Applicable (Resettlement Action Plan) consultation. NGOs recommended EMU Compensation will be given to PAPs based in RAP on the RAP which includes the Entitlement Policy. Affected persons will be moved before construction starts. ROW to be acquired must be identified. Cultural Heritage Cultural heritage sites along the alignment During design Archaeological RPWD Not Applicable was identified. Archaeological sites and Survey of India (ASI) EMU Temples were avoided by adjustment of alignment. Shrines, will be moved only with prior consultation and approval of local community. Flood Bridges and culverts have been well designed During Design Designing Unit RPWD Not Applicable for the 50 year flood frequency. Fill height Engineering has been designed for 50 year flood Consultants avoidance. CONSTRUCTION Water will be sprayed during construction During reconstruction Contractor RPWD Specification PHASE phase, in the lime and earth mixing sites, of grade and wherever EMU II1, p13 Dust asphalt mixing site, and temporary roads. In asphalt is removed up At present no in filling sub-grade, water spraying is needed to until asphalting is house solidify the material. After the compassion, replaced. environmental water spraying will be done at regular During the capacity in intervals to prevent dust. construction phase RPWD, induct Vehicles delivering materials will be covered During the Env. Eng. from to reduce spills. Construction phase RSPCB for ._______________________ ._____________________________________ .____________. _____ _ ___. ___. ____. ___. _ m onito ring. ____mn to i g 4-4 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual Organization Organization Clause Asphalting Asphalt mixing sites will be over 500 m from Specification any communities. I11 1, p13 Mixing equipment will be well sealed, and vibrating equipment will be equipped with dust-removal device. Operators will wear dust masks and ear protection Air Pollution Vehicles and machinery will be regularly Beginning with and Contractor RPWD Specification l maintained so that emissions conform to continuing throughout EMU I I 1, p13 National and State Standards construction Noise Noise standard at processing sites, e.g. Beginning and Contractor RPWD Specification aggregate crushing plants, will be strictly throughout EMU 11 1, p 13 enforced to prevent exceedances of GOI construction noise standards. Workers in vicinity of strong noise will wear earplugs and their working time will be limited. In construction sites within 150 m of sensitive receptors construction will be stopped from 22:00 to 06:00. Machinery and vehicles will be maintained enhanced to keep their noise at a minimum. WATER Loss of wetlands and ponds Alignment shifting and filling avoided ponds Whenever Design Unit and RPWD Specification and wells. encountered during Contractor PCC 201, p4 1, In sections along water courses, earth and construction. spec301.3,301.10 Alteration of drainage stone will be properly disposed of so as to not Contractor RPWD , p53, sec 304.33, block rivers and streams, through preventing EMU p64 adverse impact on water quality. All necessary measures will be taken to prevent earthworks and stone works related to the road form impeding cross drainage at rivers \ streams and water canals or existing irrigation and drainage system. __ _ 4-5 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual .____________ _ Organization Organization Clause Siltation Construction materials containing fine Throughout Contractor RPWD particles e.g, in limestone or fly ash will be construction period. EMU stored in an enclosure such that sediment Forest Dept. laden water does not drain into nearby water courses, but rather percolates slowly into the ...._________________ _ soil. , Contamination from All measures will be taken to prevent the Tlroughout Contractor RPWD Wastes waste water produced in construction from construction period. EMU entering directly into rivers and irrigation system. A minimum distance of any sewage or toilet facility from water sources will be 200 m. Contamination from fuel Vehicle maintenance and refueling will be Throughout Contractor RPWD and lubricants confined to areas in construction camps construction period. EMU designed to contain spilled lubricants and RSPCB fuels. Waste petroleum products must be collected stored and taken to approved disposal sites, according to GOI laws. l Sanitation and Waste Sufficient measures will be taken in the Before and during Contractor RPWD Disposal in Construction construction camps, i.e. provision of garbage building of RSPCB Camps tanks and sanitation facilities. Waste in septic construction camps. tanks will be cleared periodically. Drinking water will meet Indian National Standards. Garbage will be collected in a tank and disposed of daily. Special attention will be paid to the sanitary condition of camps. Camps will be located minimum distance of 200 m from water sources. 4-6 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual Organization Organization Clause Borrow pits Borrow pits will be identified out side the During construction Contractor ROW Before opening additional borrow pits RPWD IRC:10 1961 operating pits will be closed as per the IRC EMU Specification Selection of Equipments All Construction plant and equipment's will During construction Contractor RPWD spec106.p8,1RC:72 be selected to mcet recognized international EMU -1978;IRC:90-1995 standards for emissions and will be maintained and operated in a manner that ensures relevant air, noise, and discharge rules. l Quarrying Quarrying, will be carried out from approved During construction Contractor RPWD Spec3O2,P57,Sec3 and licensed quarries only. _ EMU 05.2.2.2,p70 Sand dune areas Regarding route selection, design, During construction, Contractor RPWD IRC Specl construction and maintenance of rural roads and operation Statge. EMU Publication 20 special criterias need to be followed. III I SOIL Soil Erosion In slopes and other suitable places along the Upon completion of Contractor RPWD roadside, trees and grass will be planted. On construction activities Forestry Dept. Specification on sections with filling (>3 m) and deep cutting at these sites. GOR 306 p83 their slopes will be covered by stone walls sod, or planted with grass, etc. If existing irrigation and drainage system ponds are damaged, they will be rebuilt by suitable During construction methods. Contractor RPWD Loss of agricultural Arable lands should not be used as earth topsoil borrowing whenever possible. If needed, the During construction topsoil (15 cm) will be kept and refilled after excavation is over to minimize the impact or Contractor RPWD productive lands. Construction vehicles will operate within the Compaction of Soil Corridor of Impact i.e., approx. II m to either side of the carriageway centerline to avoid damaging soil and vegetation. 4-7 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to he taken lTime frame Inplemcnting Responsible Contractual Organization Organization Clause Flora Areas of tree plantation cleared will be After completion of Forest Dept. GOR RPWD Specification on Loss of trees replace according to Compensatory construction activities. Forest Dept. 307, p85 Afforestation Policy under the Forest GOR specification on Conservation Act - 1980. During cleaning 308, p87 Tree clearing within ROW should be operations Contractor *specification on avoided beyond what is directly required for 301.3.2, p.50 construction activities and / or to reduce During construction accidents. Contractor Compaction of vegetation See soil compaction. Fauna Construction workers will be told to protect During construction Contractor Specification 201.2, natural resources and wild animals. Hunting p41, is prohibited. 201.3, p41, 201.4, p42 SOCIAL Loss of Access Temporary access will be built at the During construction Contractor RPWD and Specification interchange of the highway and other roads. State Police 112, p14 Traffic jams and If there are traffic jams during construction, During construction Contractor congestion measures should be taken to relieve the congestion with the coordination of transportation and traffic police departmnent. RPWD Specification Control speed of construction vehicles During construction Contractor p 112, p14, spec Road safety through road safety education and fines. 119, p22 Collisions with vehicles, Allow for adequate traffica flow around people and !ivestock construction areas. Specification Provide adequate signage, barriers and flag 112.4, p16, spec persons for traffic control. 124, p33 Communicate to the public through radio / month previous TV / Newspaper announcements regarding the scope and timeframe of projects, as well as certain construction activities causing disruptions or access restrictions. Increase in disease Make certain that there is good drainage at during construction Contractor RPWD Specification water borne all construction areas, to avoid creation of Health Dept., 122, p30, spec 121, insectbome stagnant water bodies especially in GOR p26, spec 120, p22 communicable diseases urban/industrial areas, including water in old tires. At start-up Provide adequate sanitation and waste disposal at construction camps. throughout Provide adequate health care for workers and construction locate camps away from vulnerable groups. _ - 4-8 Rajasthan State Highwoys Projeqt Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual Oreanization Organization Clause Accidental Risks from Effective safety and warning measures will be During construction Contractor RPWD State Specification blasting taken to reduce accidents. Police 302, pS7, sec - along roadway Blasting will not be carried out during rush 305.22, p70 - in quarries hours so as not to cause traffic jams and injuries. The management and use of blasting materials will be in strict conformity with the safety requirements for public security. I Cultural Remains If archaeological relics or remains are Throughout Contractor with RPWD discovered, the ASI will be notified construction Archaeological iimmediately. The construction will be stopped Survey of India until authorized department assesses the remains. Archaeologists will supervise the excavation to avoid any damage to the relics. l OPERATIONAL PHASE IlI AIR Dust Provide adequate fill height to avoid Design then build Contractor PCC Specification accumulation of dust. during construction RPWD 11 1, p13 Replace roadside trees lost to construction at 10 Plant Forest Department EMU for I basis and encourage new afforestation immediately after projects. area is no longer disturbed Pollution Check vehicular emissions of CO, HC, NO, After completion of Motor Vehicle Dept. Motor Vehicle SPM, RPM reinforce PUC Programmes. construction Dept. Monitoring air pollution see APMP Forest Department Afforestation programs - Tree Plantations see Flora Noise According to monitoring results, at places with After completion of Motor Vehicle Dept. RPWD excessive noise, sound barriers or other construction EMU measures should be considered. Motor Vehicle Public will be educated about the regulations see APMP Dept. on air pollution and noise of vehicles. _____ _____ ____ .___ ___ .WATER _ Contamination from spills Contingency plans for clean up of spills of oil, If not existing will Flying Squad of Flying Squad of Specification due to traffic movement fuel, toxic chemicals. be developed Motor vehicle Dept. Motor vehicle 201.2, p4 1, spec and accidents I and State Police I)ept. and State 301.3, 10, p53, sec Police 304.33, p64 4-9 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractutal Organization Organization Clause Maintenance of Storm The urban drainage systems will be Beginning and end RPWD Water Drainage System periodically checked and cleared so as to of monsoon Municipal Corps. ensure adequate storm water flow. FAUNA Collision with wildlife Post signs for Wild Life Crossing. At end of Forest Dept. RPWD Specification Construction EMU Forest Dept. 201.2, p41, 201.3, _ l. GOR p41, 201.4, p42 Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Time frame Implementing Responsible Contractual I Organization Organization Clause _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ SO C IA L Accident of hazardous COMPLIANCE with "Rules" as defined in Prepare plan within RPWD Specification materials Environmental (Protection) Act, 1986, 6 months of Flying Squad of 122, p30, spec including: commencement of Motor Vehicle 121, p26, spec For delivery of hazardous substances, three construction and Dept. and State 120,p22 certificates issued by transportation department familiarize police are required permit license, driving license, and contractor with SCP guarding license. Vehicles delivering at start of work and hazardous substances will be printed with implementation unified signs. measures are Public security, transportation and fire fighting required. departments will designate a special route for these vehicles. These vehicles can only be harbored at designated parking lots. This project's hazardous substances will be administered by highway management department registration system, as specified in EPA, 1986 In case of spill of hazardous materials, report of the relevant departments at once and deal with it in accordance with the spill contingency plan. l Safety and noise Buildings are prohibited within 50 m of the Throughout and Env. Eng. ofeach RPWD IRC 35-1971 disturbance edge of CW. No schools and hospitals are after project Division of RBD and IRC 79- 1981 allowed within 200 m of the 10 m from the development period planning Department IRC 93- 1995 edge of CW. _ 4-10 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 4 TABLE 4.7 ENVIIRONMENTAL, MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN RAJASTHAN STATE HIGHWAYS ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY REPORT - ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PHASE Environmental Impact Mitigation Measures taken or to be taken Timeframe Implementing Responsible Organization Organization Atmosphere Operation Phase Refer to left RSPCB prescribe RPWD. Monitoring item: SPM, RPM, NOX, CO standards. EMU - RSPCB Monitoring Frequency 4 times/year for one day Length of time: 5 years Motor Vehicle Dept. Monitoring Points: I location on Link 033 enforces Monitoring Standard Atmospheric Monitoring Standard Issued by the CPCB. I Noise A. Monitoring Frequency Refer to left RPWD RPWD (1) Operation Phase: 4 times/ year in EMU - RSPCB collaboration with RSPCB B. Monitoring Points (I) Construction Phase: Ad hoc only if complained is lodged (2) Operation phase: I location on link 033 Monitoring Standard Existing noise standard issued by the CPCB Water Quality Parameters: BODs, COD, SS, OIL, Grease, During construction. RPWD RPWD Gasoline, Detergent, Pb, Asphalt, pH Co-ordinate water EMU - RSPCB A Monitoring Frequency; quality with erosion Construction phase: 3 times during bridge control and construction activity (twice/day) revegetation programs. B Monitoring Points: At water crossings where If mitigation not bridges and culverts are to be replaced to be complied begin WQ determined in ESR monitoring. C Monitoring Standard Water qualitv standard issued by the CPCB. RPWD = Rajasthan Public work Department PCC = Project Coordinating Consultant EMU = Environmental Management Unit PAP = Project Affected Persons RAP = Resettlement Action Plan RSPCB = Rajasthan State Pollution Control Board 4-11 . I: I: Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 APPENDIX 5 ROAD SAFETY AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN MINISTER SURFACE TRANSPORT GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MESSAGE FOR NINTH ROAD SAFETY WEEK 5-11 JANUARY, 1998 With the tremendous boom in the vehicle population in India, Road Safety is becoming a matter of great concern. We are losing about 70,000 valuable lives every year due to road accidents and this cannot continue to happen. Road Safety Week which is being observed throughout the country with the theme of "Pedestrian Safety" intends to create awareness amongst the people to observe safety precautions while on the road. Road discipline and safety consciousness has to be inculcated among road users. I hope that the Road Safety Week being observed from 5 th - llth January, 1998, with emphasis on "Pedestrian Safety", will achieve this objective of public awareness. Remember that the pedestrian has the first Right of Way (ROW). New Delhi 5.1 Introduction Road safety aspects have been neglected very badly till the last decade. Ministry of Surface Transport (MOST) Government of India (GOI) started observing Road Safety week in 1990. The 5-11 January of every year is being observed as the road safety week. Unless road safety aspects are put in to the design with environmental precautions, very little can be achieved on road safety. All necessary clauses need to be incorporated in to the bidding documents before the construction work start. This chapter is about accidents, Emergency Response Plans and important preventive measures against accidents. 5.2 Road Safety Concerns With the rapid industrialization in the country and the fast growth of human as well as vehicular populations, it is impossible to eliminate accidents altogether. But accidents can be drastically cut down with a little cooperation from the road users and proper collection and use of accident data. The experts have been advocating the adoption of measures under three broad categories. 1) Engineering Design 2) Enforcement, and 3) Education However, overall the following are the main concerns: * The presence of road side trees, poles, ditches, steep slopes and barriers * The use of signs, road markings and intersection layout * Roadside access, parking and bus stop arrangements * Provisions for pedestrians, livestock and non motorized traffic * Provision of measures to control vehicles speeds in urban areas * Over loading of vehicles 5-1 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 In Rajasthan like other parts of India, there can be little doubt that improving the surface of the road and its alignment will encourage increased speeds and with that comes the risk of even more serious accidents. Pedestrians not used to fast traffic, will also be exposed and their behavior as well as that of the drivers, needs to be considered. Improvements in alignment and better traffic separation, as well as increased roadway width based on modem standards will help alleviate current dangers but attention must also be given to safety as part of any road improvement. Safety audits can provide a useful tool for analysis and consideration will be given to pre and post construction auditing as part of the overall project monitoring. 5.2.1 Non motorizedtraffic,pedestriansandlivestock In Rajasthan like other part of India, the non motorized traffic is a serious concem in the light of highway improvements which generate faster traffic. Unless provided extra space is provided for non motorized traffic, high speed vehicles will cause more accidents than ever before. 5.2.2 Over loading of vehzicles Over loading of vehicles is a common problem on all Indian highways. The overloaded vehicles include passenger buses, cars, trucks and goods vehicles including non motorized vehicles. The overloading of vehicles increases chances of occurrence of accidents. Hence every effort shall be made to discourage overloading. A total ban of this may not be well accepted by the public. On many routes the peak hour traffic is rarely sufficient to meet the increasing demand for travel and transport. The inadequate roads and the availability of vehicles to meet the peak hour demands are both constraints. Vehicles with lesser loads may be operating during the peak hours may not be profitable unless off hours are also available for operation. In most of the cases off hours travel loads are much less. The penalty for the violators could be applied to both the extra passengers as well as the vehicle owners and drivers. However, identification of the extra passengers is in fact difficult. To meet the peak hour passenger demand. the best solution will be to operate additional government vehicles. 5.2.3 The presence of roadside trees, poles, ditchies, steep slopes and barriers. The presence of roadside trees, poles, ditches, steep slopes and barriers may contribute to the frequency and severity of road accidents. The roadside trees may affect highway safety in several ways. They may cut off proper lighting during moming and evening hours. The shadow of trees attract people and livestock to the roadside during hot sunny days thus increasing the risk of accidents. Similarly poles, ditches, steep slopes and abutments can also increase the risk of accidents by reducing the roadway available to avoid livestock, non motorized vehicles, and other common obstacles. 5.2.4 The signs, road markings and intersection layout If road signs and marking are not properly made or if the markings are not clearly visible due to fading or obstacles which interfere with visibility (e.g. vegetation), the nrsk of accidents increases. Intersection layouts which were developed are spacious and properly marked. 5.2.5 Roadside access, parking and bus stop arrangements 5-2 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 Speeding vehicles commonly fail to reduce speed or stop when approaching roadside access, parking and bus stop arrangements. In these locations sufficient space to pull off the roadway will be provided and merge lanes will allow vehicles to merge with faster traffic. 5.2.6 Provisionsforpedestrians, livestock antd nzont motorized traffic Provisions for pedestrians, livestock and non motorized traffic will be made to avoid accidents in settled areas. Engineering designs play a major role in road safety. The road safety advertisement of Government of India on 5 January 1998 gives a number of guidelines for pedestrians crossing and walking on the road. These are: a) Look to your right, then look to your left and look to your right again. If there is no traffic coming, cross the road quickly b) Cross the road at safer places, at preferably at zebra crossings, subways, foot bridges, etc. c) Keep looking and listening for traffic while crossing the road d) Where there is a foot path use it and where it is lacking walk on the road facing oncoming traffic. 5.2.7 Provision of measures to control velzicles speeds in urban area Speed control provisions shall be made in the designs and these shall be properly observed. If violated, heavy penalties shall be imposed on defaulters. 5.3 Some Typical Accidents and Emergency Situations There are many type of situation to be considered. Some of this include: -Accidental spillage of hazardous chemicals leading to pollution and other major health hazards. -Accidents involving human being, requiring first aid and hospitalization -Collapse of road structures viz., culverts, bridges etc. -Natural calamities, fire, processions, riots, political badhs, and forceful closing of roads by miscreants 5.4 Accident cases and Public Response Public responsibility is one of the most important part of road safety measures and emergency response plan. Immediately after an accident either the passerby, resident or inhabitants is required to inform the nearest petrol station or police station so that the accident victims get first aid and the message reaches the District Collectors office. This kind of timely help can save possible maximum number of people. In many cases, timely help will reduce the number of fatalities per accident. Both the petrol station and police station shall be entrusted with the duty of informing the District Collector. For smooth functioning of the system there shall be an emergency response cell in the collectors office. 5-3 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 5.5 Special Cases of Accidents Spillage of hazardous chemicals shall be dealt with utmost care. Some 18 categories of hazardous wastes have been identified so far (ref :MOEF Hand Book 1994). An efficient and coordinated effort can only reduce the potential impact on human beings, water, and air. Although the hazardous chemical handling rules of the government for industries are strong enough to minimize the impact upon environment, emergency response plans for the road require a prompt and coordinated effort. Per the provisions of the Environment (protection) Act 1986, rules regarding Management and Handling of Hazardous Wastes have been formulated. Under this act the District Collector is the authority responsible for preparation of the off-site emergency plan. Before commencement of activity, the public in the vicinity of the plant needs to be informed of the nature of a major accident that might occur on-site and the Do's and Don'ts to be followed in case of such an occurrence. In the case of highway accidents, local emergency officials (e.g. police) must be prepared to react to highway accidents which threaten the safety of the public. 5.6 Removal of Road Blockages The efficiency of the road network is largely dependent on how efficiently public agencies are able to respond to the emergency situations when something happens on the road which hampers the free flow of traffic. This is same in the case of accidents, natural calamities, riots, processions, after effects of politically motivated 'bandhs' etc. Anticipating such situations is necessary if remedial measures are to be planned. Failure to have and apply planned remedial actions may lead to traffic congestion, pollution and result in further accidents. 5.7 Responsibility of Petrol / Diesel Stations & Police Stations Responsibility will have to be assigned to the petrol/diesel stations in addition to police stations. The petrol stations and police stations will be required to keep a record of qualified doctors within an easily accessible range of distance who can be summoned to give first aid to the accident victims. 5.8 Responsibility of Voluntary Organizations Any amount of effort by the Government of Rajasthan in creating proper awareness about road safety will be insufficient considering the vastness of the state and its population. Recognizing this fact, the Government should solicit the cooperation of voluntary organizations in this cause. It is expected that voluntary organizations will come forward to help the government in its efforts to reduce road accidents. 5.9 Accidents near Schools, Colleges and other Educational Institutions The duties to be entrusted with schools and similar institutions in case an accident happens in their vicinity shall be clearly defined. The parent teachers association shall evolve a plan for their school/college children to meet emergency situations. Every school/college shall have the minimum first aide facilities. Normally in schools these charges shall be entrusted with the NSS, NCC etc. There shall be communication facilities as well. They must keep the record of all nearby hospitals/clinics and doctors including nearest 24 hour chemists/medical store etc. so that any emergency situations can be sorted out very easily. 5.10 Role of hospitals 5-4 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 Hospitals shall keep an account of all doctors and also those doctors whose services will be voluntarily available with little or minimum effort. Hospitals must keep a record of all petrol stations, schools and police stations in and around the highways. 5.11 Accidents near towns Unlike rural areas, in and around towns the accident victims get first aid and other medical aid much faster depending up on the facilities available in the town. Accidents are also reported much faster to the concemed public officials. Frequently these accidents are much more severe because of the higher number of personnel involved. 5.12 Road Accident Statistics No reliable road accident statistics are available for any of the road segments considered. Road accident statistics were sought as part of the domestic consultant studies from records kept with local police. These proved to be far from accurate nor comprehensive, and the data available was very limited. 5.13 Preventive Measures Against Accidents 5.13.1 Identificatiois of Black Spots or Accident Prone Areas. This was carried out during the initial Engineering surveys. Every one involved in the detailed engineering studies, as well as the police/public/highway users have responsibility to pin point the locations. Locations of this type include hairpin bends, junctions of one or more roads, steep slopes with a bent, ghat areas, etc. The black spots and the accident prone areas were identified as a part of engineering design and corrective measures like realignments, culverts, bridges, signage, etc. were selected as appropriate. 5.13.2 Speed Restrictions in Urban /Scl ooL/Hospitals etc. As a part of detailed engineering studies all accident prone areas like urban areas and the vicinity of schools and hospitals was delineated. Strict speed restrictions are being proposed for such areas. 5.13.3 Road Safety and Wildlife Habitats Like human concerns, equally important are the wildlife concems, particularly since Rajasthan is the home of a number of species rare in India. In areas where rich wildlife is present, speed restrictions of 40 km/hour are considered necessary. Such areas are to be identified in consultation with Forestry Department wildlife officials. 5-5 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 5.13.4 Public awareness Government of India gives special attention to new methods of educating the school children. Essay competitions on the subject of road safety are organized annually which has evidenced a lot of interest and the number of student participants is increasing tremendously. While this has to continue, efforts should be now directed to involvement of students in Emergency Response Plan for attending accident rescue operations. School children can play a greater role in 'Act and Save Life' process. The life of about 50 % of all road accident victims can be saved if he or she is provided medical aid immediately. 5.14 Emergency Response Plan (ERP) 5.14.1 Introduction In ERP, the most important step is the formation/constitution of an Emergency Response Cell under District Collector's chairmanship. After this, district collector shall notify various institutions in setting up the Emergency Response Council (ERC). The notified institutions shall include all of the educational institutions, petrol stations, police stations and hospitals. Selected representative from these organizations will constitute the Council. This council will issue guidelines for the Emergency Response Plan (ERP) for the district. Figure 5.1 Shows the flow chart for emergency response cell and message flow. 5.14.2 Sequence of events after an accident. Occurrence of an accident at any place on the highway Accident victims are taken to any of the notified places like a petrol or diesel station, police station, schools, any educational institution or local PWD office for first aid. Message reaches to petrol or diesel station or police station or schools or any educational institutions or local PWD office. Message is sent to District Collector from any or all the above places. District collector receives a detailed report of the event with in not more than 6 hours by the fastest available communication Viz, fax, phone, telegram or E-mail etc. from the nearest police station. District collectors office will evaluate the seriousness of the problem based on the report available. If details are not clear, further clarification will be sought from various notified places. Then messages will be forwarded from the District Collectors office to all concerned if urgent necessary action is further required. From the District Collector office again the messages are send to police station and PWVD office to make sure that all relief operations are working smoothly and will be coordinated from District Collectors office. PWD office will in turn redirect the message to the local PWD office. Depending upon the situation, serious cases will be referred to the hospitals. 5-6 FIGURE 5.1 EMERGENCY RESPONSE PLAN & Emergency Response Council EMERGENCY RESPONSE CELL -IN DISTRICT COLLECTORATE HOSPITALS & |C> |POLICE ST ATION |E_DU|INSTIONAl BFLT CAE IN.rTO _PETROL / DIESEL STATIONE Most of the time accident message flow will be both ways. This is indicated by arrows in the above figure. Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 5 5.14.1 Role of Doctors in ERP It is the duty of doctors to provide medical treatment to road accident victims instantaneously and thereafter to leave resolution of other crisis needs to the law enforcement agencies. There is no legal impediment to doctors in attending to such cases immediately. Always remember that every second is precious after an accident has occurred for saving the victim. Large number of lives in accidents can be saved only if medical aid is provided immediately. This is also what the ethics of medical profession asks for. Per section 134 of the Motor Vehicles Act, it is the duty of every registered medical practitioner or the doctor on duty in the hospital to immediately attend to the injured person and render medical aid or treatment without waiting for any procedural formalities. 5.14.2 Role of Public in EAP Highway users should always give passage of way to the vehicles on emergency duties, such as ambulances, fire brigade or police. They have the first right of passage. The public at large is expected to help in this regard and the policeman on duty should also ensure their immediate passage. As explained earlier also the public response to an emergency situation is the most important aspect of the Emergency Response Plan. The successful resolution of any emergency situation largely depends on how fast the public react to a given emergency situation. SECRETARY SURFACE TRANSPORT GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MESSAGE FOR NINTH ROAD SAFETY WEEK 5-11 JANUARY, 1998 Road Safety Week is once again being observed from 5 th-1 1 th January, 1998. The objective of this campaign is to make each one of us realize that as road users we have a sense of responsibility to our fellow users and in our on interest we need to observe road discipline and safety precautions. Accidents on roads can happen to anyone including those who are near and dear to us. We should not allow precious lives to be lost because of drunken driving or carelessness on the roads. I hope that this campaign each year will not end with the "week" but continue to be carried on by educational institutions and voluntary organizations to make our roads safer for us and our children. We must make our roads safer for the pedestrians. New Delhi 5-7 ,\*z I:* ¢1 COMMENTARY ON FIELD QUESTIONNAIRE APPENDIX 6 CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING Environmental monitoring refers to the continuing environmental assessment of project, starting at the project preparation stage and continuing through out the construction and post construction stage of the project. In most cases a monitoring program consists of the identification and selection of key environmental indicators or parameters which may be qualitatively measured and compared over time. These can be any environmental indicators viz. physical, chemical or social indicators. A general monitoring tool is useful and there is advantage in adopting a uniform monitoring proforma. It is frequently based on recorded project details combined with recording of expected project actions or outcomes. For these reasons the following Checklist/ Questionnaire purposely has been kept simple and generalised. It should, however, be reviewed and improved in the light of experience. Objectives of Monitoring and Evaluation 1. To demonstrate that unfavourable effects have been addressed and adverse consequences minimised. 2. To monitor and promote favourable impacts which enhance environmental quality. 3. To record conditions, actions and project impact, enabling adoption of better mitigation methods and documenting legal or community obligations 4. To evaluate the adequacy of Environmental Impact Assessment already carried out, and to suggest improvement. Methodology The methodology adopted is basically a subjective rapid appraisal based on visual observation with quantification of some key parameters. This requires a basic knowledge and some understanding of environmental impacts. Only a limited number of key impact areas have been adopted in order to frame a simple and general questionnaire and to encourage its completion by site supervisors. Sources of information are largely visual observations and basic project details and it allows the collection of base line data. The collation of this information fed into an Environmental unit provides the basic data on which further selective analysis and investigation may be undertaken. Strict specification of sampling numbers and numerous tests should be avoided. Supplementary tests can always be arranged by the Environmental Unit if so required. This avoids the cost of unnecessary tests, the results of which are often seen as an end in themselves, and it simplifies the process. This approach of selective investigation and questioning should provide a practical and achievable development of environmental awareness. There are already numerous returns and reports required from construction activity and protection of the environment should not be seen as an unnecessary additional burden on limited time resources. It should, however, become a regular procedure and part of routine contract management. 6-1 Kajasthan State 1lilghways Project Appenawx o FIELD OUESTIONNAIRE CHECKLIST FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING 1. Name of Person completing report: Signature Date Part -1 (A). General Information 1. Location: District: Mandal: Gram Panchayat: Road No.: 2. Project Name/Identification: 3. The road work connects: width Length: km 4. Type of Road: National/StatelDistrict/Feeder/Local Surface type: Asphalt/gravel Existing Final 5. Physical dimensions: Embankment Base width (m): Pavement (m): Average Height/depth (m): ROW width (m): 6. Attach a map of road, if available (B). Ecological Impact 1. Does the road pass through? Landuse Forest Reserve Wetland Dryland Wildlife Sanctuaries Total Length (km): 2. Are any natural water resources interrupted or reduced in waterway Yes/No area? If yes, attach list of bridges/culverts (location, length, size) and stream width. 3. Numbers of trees (over 3 inch diameter) to be removed:- Species: Number to be planned Species: Instructions SECTION I of the questionnaire should be completed at the commencernent of a construction or maintenance contract by the Suprvising Engineer in consultation with the Contractor and forwarded to the Environmental Unit SECTION 2 should be completed at the hand over of accepted construction work and forwarded to the Environmental Unit. Reference should be nmde to any Environmental Assessment of the project or Management Plan prepared as part of the approval process. 4. Is the road embankment likely to interfere with fisheries production or Yes/No mitigation? 5. Are there any animals or vegetation unique to this area or known to be Yes/No endangered? 6. Is it necessary to open borrow pits outside the road alignment? Yes/No 6-2 rJaJLi4l1 ..)4L olslg *lUayn r AUJLuL '2F'F';LU^ LAu (C) Impact up on Physio-Chemical environment 1. Is the construction and soil to be used likely to lead to siltation Yes/No downstream? If yes, is batter protection around waterways included? Yes/No 2. Is the embankment likely to obstruct natural drainage? Yes/No 3. Does the area regularly flood? Yes/No Both sides? Yes/No If yes, to what depth above ground level (m)? Frequency (times per year)? 4. Are there urban or industrial area along the road alignment? Yes/No If yes, attach details of sites, distance off centreline and type of activity. 5. Are the proposed construction camp sites away from water resources Yes/No and settlement? If no, has provision been made for safe disposal of wastes and septic? Yes/No (D) Socio- Economic impacts 1. Have the local people been informed when construction is to Yes/No commence? 2. Is land acquisition and compensation finalised? Yes/No 3. Number of Residences to be removed or shifted? 4. Are there any mosques, temples, graveyards or historical sites on the Yes/No road reserve? Part H (Complete at hand over of works from Contractor) (E) Record of Compliance 1. Were there any complaints from the local people during construction? Yes/No 2. Has there been any erosion or damage to the embankment? Yes/No 3. Were there any spillage of chemicals or bitumen? Yes/No 4. Have all borrow pits, camps sites and roadsides been restored? Yes/No 5. Pavement Structure used? Macadam/Gravel/FCR 6. Have all replacement trees been planted? Yes/No Signed: Senior Engineer Date Please now forward to: Head of Environmental Unit 6-3 APPENDIX 7 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 7 APPENDIX -7 PARTICIPANTS IN WORKSHOPS AND CONSULTATIONS Consultations with government officials and NGOs Name Address Aspectes discussed Mr Mathur Principal Chief Conservator of Forests (PCCF), Forest & Wild Life Dept of Forests, Govemmenrt Of Rajasthan. Forest clearence Mr VC Sachathi Chief Conservator of Forests (Administration) Forest & Wild Life and (CCF) Forest clearence Ms Alka Kala Forest Secretary Government of Rajasthan Forest & Wild Life (GOR) Forest clearence Mr Virendra Sigh Working Plan Officer ,Forests Forests Mr RG Soni Chief Conservator of Forests (Wild Life) Forest & Wild Life (CCF) Mr Suresh Chadra Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Jaipur Forest & Wild Life East Mr VK Salwan Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild Life Mr OP Sharrna Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild Life Mr DN Panda Divisional Forest Officer (DFO) Forest & Wild Life Mr Sunayan Sharma Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild Life Mr Khan Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild Life Mr RP Siyag Deputy Conservator of Forests (DCF) Forest & Wild Life Mr VK Bissa Forest Range Officer Bassi Wild Life Bassi Wild Life sanctuary Sanctuary Mr A Thomar Working Plan Officer ,Wild Life Wild Life Mr Sidhartha Kaul Joint Secretary, Wet lands, Ministry of Wetlands & Ramsar Sites & Environment and Forests Sambhar lake Dr SK Agarwal Secretary Infrastructure Ministry Of EIA requirements and GOI Environments and Forest Clearence proceedures Dr Trishal Wet land Inter national Wetlands & Ramsar Sites & Sambhar lake Dr B S Nathawat Scientist Birla Institute of Technology Wetlands & Ramsar Sites & Sambhar lake Mr Meena IAS Chairman, Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Public Hearing & state level Clearence proceedures Mr A Bhargawa Rajasthan Pollution Control Board Public Hearing & state level Clearance procedures Mr. S. Sharma Forestry Dept. Bhilwara Forest Clearance' Mr. Y. Singh Forestry Dept. Chittorgarh, ACF Forest Clearance' Mr. V.K. Bissa Wildlife Warden, Bassi Sanctuary Wildlife Mitigation Mr. Solanki Wildlife Warden, Jawahar Sagar Sanctuary Wildlife Mitigation Mr. Yogendra Singh ACG, Chittorgarh Forest Mr. R.P. Gupta ACG, Jaipur Forest Clearance Application Mr. Hanuman Ram ACF, Nagaur Forest Clearance Application 7-1 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 7 List of participants in the consultative workshop conducted in september 1997 Name Designation Organization and Contact Mr. S.S. Mathur S. E. Public Works Department, Jaipur Mr. B. S. Bhatnagar A.C.E. Public Works Department, Jaapu Mr. Sudhindra Jai President Sajag Upbhokta Shakti Sangathan C-166SunderMag,Jaipur Tel: 622508 Mr. D.K. Lalla * Ex. En. Public Works P M- nt, Ja lpur _ Mr. NS Jainm S E. _ Public Works Dsp Dr. R. Chandra Dy. Director & Head Anthropological Survey of India 16, Madhuban,Udaipu ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~..._.__._......_._ .: . _.__.._._ ....... __:...t___t__. ...... . _ _..~ Mr. K.C Sharma . S E. Public Works Departnent,Jaipur Mr. Mukesh Mittal Ast. Town Planner B-13, JDA Flats, Lal Kothi, Jaipur. Tel: ® 519962 Mr. Mukesh Chawla . Research Ast.. * Consultant, LBII P.C.C. Rajasthan State Highways Project, Jaipur. LTel :203766 ,203279 ,203308 (0). ... ~~~~~~. ... . ............ ............... ..._ _.. ..................... ......_ . ..... . _. ...e.l 2076 .....,20380 Mr J.K Jain Reader MREC, JLN Mars, Jaipur Dr. R.C. Swarankar Anthropologist Consultant P.C.C. Rajasthan State Highways Project, Jaipur. Tel: 2037662 203279 , 203308(0 .......... . . ........................... ........ ...... ..............l ....... ............. _.. . T e J!20 .... . .. .203.7., 2030 .. h.~a~y Khar Engineer ORG, Delhi Mr... AbayKhr,Cosul. ..... n.tE.n.i......r....... G. jD . e .. . -..._............... ...... .. Mr. R.P. Khandelwal Ex. En. P.W.D, Jaipur. Tel: 379459 (0) Mr. Ru pa Ram Bhobia Pradhan . Nagaur. Mr. P.K.Kar Consultant _ .ORG, Delhi_ _ Mr Surendra Jain Director . LE.S. ......... .*......... 07 Hospital Road, Jaipur. Tel: 363487 Mr. Or Srivastava ._Representaive ASTHA, Kharol Colony. Udaipur Mr. D.N. Pandey S E. Public Works DeFtarent, Jaipur Mr. R.G. Dangayach Vice President Consulting Engineers Group Pvt. Ltd. CEG EE-12 Mozi Colony, Malviya Nagar, Jaipur .I..*... Tel: 521899(0), 60731 1.(Oq Mr. P.R. Salecha I lAS (Retd.) * 3/1 Heera Bagh, Jaipur. Tel: 566267® Dr. H.S. Mathur .FAssociate Professor 7 ka 5, Jawahar Nagar, Jaipur ~_ ........... - G . o . . . . . ...... Mr. P. Paliwal . Secretary IIRD IIRD C-80, Ram Das Marg . Tilak Na ar,Jaipur Prof. R.S. Goyal *Professor IIMR, Sanganer, Jaipur Tel: 55070 ______ Mr. L.L. Singatwaria Consulting 71 Saraswati Marg . Engineer Udaipur Ms. K. Panjwani Secretary B. No. 25 Sindhi Colony Aravali Sewa Samiti Abu Road (Rajasthan) .... _ _ _ _._ ......... _ _______ 307026 ____- Mr. N.K. Sharma Ex. En. Public Works Departnent .____ _____ _____ ____ ._________ Jaipur 7-2 Rajasthan State Highways Project Appendix 7 Dr. A. Panigarhi Consultant ORG, Delhi Mr. R. C. Vyas Ex. En. Public Works Department, Jaipur Mr. S.L.Mathur Ex. En. Public Works Deparente Jaipur ~~~~~~~~~~~~............................. .................... .. R ....................._. ...... Dr. P.R. Bindra Cartographer Department of Geography, University of ...... .... . Rajasthan, Jaipur. Dr. Mohan Advani Director * Population Research Centre, M.L Sukhadia University, Udaipur. ............................... ...... . ..Tel-412117 . O) 583519 . Dr. A. B. Gupta Professor of Civil Malvia Regional Engineering College, J.L.N. Engineering Marg, Jaipur. .~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~Tel: 522858 (P 51 99 ~~~~~~.. .............. ............. ....... ............... ......... .. . T..e... . . ....528 , O),519 Dr. G . Ramn . Head, Department of Government Dungar College, Bikaner. ._ Sociology Tel: 0151 - 528036 Dr. M. Hassan . Professor of Natural . HCM Rajasthan State Institute of Public Disaster Management Administration, Jaipur - 302017 Tel: 510003-6 (0J7511514 ~~~~~~~~...... ... ............... ..._.__..___._._..... .. _ ___...__ . _...__.L_.____.__ Mr. Hemant Mangal Social Scientist Institute of Sustainable development Research Studies 7, Manav Ashram Colony, Gopalpura Mod. Tonk Road, Jaipur - 302015 Tel: 513168 Mre Bhagwan Geriani .Superintendent Chief Engineer Office, P.W.D, Jaipur Engineer 5PWD. Tel: 360908 Mr. G.N. Sharma Executive Engineer Executive Engineer, P.W.D. Distt. Div (South), Jaipur . .............................................. .... . . ....... . ... Mr. G.S. Shekhawat . Zonal Manager RIICO Ltd., Udhyog Bhawan, Tilak Marg, Jaipur .__ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ .Tel: 380751 7-3