WATE AND SANIAION PRGAM FIL NOEMrh21 Supporting Poor-Inlusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Production, Commercialization and Consumption of Wastewater Irrigated Crops in the Altiplano Region Rodrigo Cisneros, Zael Sanz and Jose Antonio Teran W S The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the VWorld Bank Groups Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining W ORLD BANK GROUP waterr adaffordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. Acknowledgments The authors of this report wishes to thank the member institutions of the Bolivian Joint Commission for Wastewater Reuse for their support and inputs, especially to the Sustainable Agricultural Development Program (PROAGRO) of the German Agency for International Coorperation (GIZ), the members of the Water and Sanitation Donors Group (GRAS), National Irrigation Service of Bolivia (SENARI), and the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO); likewise to Manuel Gonzales, who was in charge of the environmental portfolio in the Office of the Mayor of Viacha. This document is based in the consultancy report "Socio- economic dimensions associated with the practices of wastewater reuse for productive purposes in the altiplano", elaborated by CARE Bolivia in May 2013. Contact us For more information, please visit www.wsp.org or email Zael Sanz at wsplac@worldbank.org The Water and Sanitation Program is a multi-donor partnership, part of the World Bank Group's Water Global Practice, supporting poor people in obtaining affordable, safe, and sustainable access to water and sanitation services. WSP's donors include Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and the World Bank. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed herein are entirely those of the author and should not be attributed to the World Bank or its affiliated organizations, or to members of the Board of Executive Directors of the World Bank or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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For more information, please visit www.wsp.org. @ 2014 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) Latin America and the Caribbean Region wsplac@worldbank.org www.wsp.org I www.worldbank.org/water SWSp WORLD BANKGROUP Support ng Poor-inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Production, Commercialization and Consumption of Wastewater Irrigated Crops in the Altiplano Region INTRODUCTION The informal use of untreated wastewater for agricultural irrigation, Urban expansion has significantly increased domestic and indus- either through direct application or diluted in natural waterways, trial water demand in Bolivia, and water originally intended for is standard practice in Bolivia. At least 5,000 hectares of land are downstream irrigation is often appropriated. Wastewater is reused irrigated with wastewater, 86 percent in the departments of La to compensate for the ensuing lack of uncontaminated water Paz and Cochabamba, with the majority in the vicinity of metro- sources. In some cases, the concentration of wastewater flows that politan areas.' accompany urban growth not only meets the preexisting demand for irrigation but also drives an increase in agricultural activity. The practice of water reuse in Bolivia shows that in a scenario of water scarcity for irrigation, wastewater is recognized as a source The hectares under irrigation are mostly in areas of high water stress, of water for agriculture. This bodes well for the sustainability of both on the altiplano (high plains) and in the high valleys, as well agriculture in the region. In the absence of controls, however, the as in the vicinity of metropolitan areas, particularly in the water- practice of using wastewater for irrigation raises concern, given the sheds of the Rocha River in Cochabamba and the La Paz River. possible impacts on the health of farmers, livestock, and consumers. The reuse of wastewater in agriculture as a climate change adaptation and efficient water use measure is supported in the rural sector of the altiplano and hiahand valley regions. Photo: Gabriel Barcelo. The World Bank. 1 Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), "Sistematizacibn sobre tratamiento y reuso de aguas residuales". (La Paz: MMAyA, 2014). www.wsp.org 3 FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform BOLIVIA 10.5 million inhabitants Rural population 32.7% *1*1i Gross Domestic Product (GDP) Health expenditure Mortality rate in children per capita (annual growth %) (2012) per capita (2012) under 5 per 1,000 live births (2012) + Annual growth of the population (2012) Population living in poverty (2007) Daily income under US$ 2 24.6% Daily income under US$ 1.25 13.6% 4 www.wsp.org FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Although the city of Cochabamba treats its wastewater somewhat before discharging ACCESS TO IMPROVED DRINKING WATER SOURCES (2012) it into the Rocha River, La Paz does not perform any wastewater treatment. According to the World Health Organiza- 71.9%~ 6%tion,' whenever there is contact with untrea- 71.9% 9 6% ted wastewater there is a risk of several ty- pes of infection and disease in children and adults who do farm work. For consumers 88ml%of farm products, there are significant risks 8 8.1%batraadvrssoinetosfm of infection of the digestive tract from (Population with access) contact with protozoa. sbr oLivestock farmers in the region have found that their animals contract brucellosis, po- ssibly from ingesting wastewater and foods irrigated with untreated sewage. Other diseases that livestock can contract from eating forage irrigated with wastewater ACCESS TO IMPROVED SANITATION FACILITIES (2012) are Taenia Saginata and Taenia Solium, which stunt growth in cattle and can also affect the health of consumers who eat undercooked beef.' 23.7% ~ ~ *4%Bolivias National Plan of Basic Sanitation 2008-20 14 anticipates that as a result of the effects of climate change, the volume of available surface water will decrease and water tables will drop, which may lead to overuse of aquifers, incremental costs for (Population with access) supplying water, and a likely loss of water irrgaedquality. As a result of falling reservoir le- svels, there is a risk that concentrations of dissolved contaminants will increase. The cyclonic characteristics of rains will cause more erosion and more turbidity and high nutrient loads in water. In this scenario, and given the attendant decrease in available water for irrigation, it is likely that use of OTHER INDICATORS wastewater for agricultural purposes will intensify, and if adequate planning and Mobile cellular Human Development Gini Coefficient controls are not in place, there could be subscriptions per Index Ranks (2012) t(2008) serious consequences for public health .4 100 people (2012) dsWorld Health Organization (WHO), Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excrete and Greyhater. (Geneva: WHO Water Sanitation and Health, 2006). 3 CEPIS, Aspectos sanitarios de ia utilizacin de aguas residuales y excretes en a agriculture... ols de divulgaci6n tcnica 37. (Lime: CEPIS, Februaty 2007). 4 Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), SOURCES: World Development Indicators, 2012. The World Bank. National Plan of Basic Sanitation. (La Paz: MMAyA, Human Development Repor, 2013. United NaSions Development Programme. updated between August and November 2009). www.wsp.org5 FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Main sewage line to the Puchukollo wastewater treatment plant breached by local people to divert water for irrigation and cattle raising. Photo: Gabriel Barcelo. The World Bank. As a result of these practices and concerns, the Ministry of En- such as crop selection criteria, pricing mecha- vironment and Water (MMAyA), with the support of the World nisms, identification of points of sale, distribution Bank's Water and Sanitation Program, hired CARE Bolivia to channels, and the level of end consumers' knowledge. conduct a study that would compile information to help guide the right policy decisions on wastewater reuse in agriculture. This For this study, primary sources of information were used, drawing Field Note summarizes the findings from that report.' on discussions with focus groups in 12 municipalities, surveys of 650 households in six of those municipalities, panels, polls, and PURPOSE AND METHODOLOGY in-depth interviews. The six communities selected for the survey The MMAyA has recently launched a number of initiatives aimed are located in the high valley municipalities of Palca and Mecapaca at defining a road map for the operationalization of the policies set and the altiplano municipalities of El Alto, Batallas, Viacha (in two by the Government of Bolivia on the promotion of safe wastewater different production areas) and Patacamaya. Said communities are reuse practices as a climate change adaptation measure. located either at the outflow of wastewater treatment facilities or on rtverside areas of the Rio Seco and Rio La Paz located down- This study was aimed at complementing said initiatives - which stream of wastewater discharges. The six municipalities all in the were focused on financial and technical aspects of wastewater reuse department of La Paz, receive wastewater from the big cities of La - by gathering relevant information on four main areas: Paz and El Alto, and are major suppliers of agricultural products, most irrigated with wastewater. Palca was chosen, however, because 1. Farmers' knowledge of and perceptions about wastewater although it is a major supplier of farm products for the cities of reuse. La Paz and El Alto, it does not use wastewater for irrigation. It 2. Farmers' ability and willingness to pay for services to mana- serves as a point of comparison to the other high valley commu- ge complementary wastewater treatment, regulation, and/ nity, Mecapaca. or distribution infrastructure that might be built to reduce risks and maximize the benefits of reuse. Opinion polls of sellers and consumers were carried out at the 3. Social barriers and risks affecting the introduction of Villa Dolores markets of El Alto, at the Rodriguez and Villa Fatima planned wastewater reuse schemes. markets in the central area of the city of La Paz, and at itinerant 4. Information related to the sale and marketing of farm fairs that are held weekly in the southern district of La Paz. products grown with wastewater in the region, 5 CARE Bolivia, Socio-economic dimensions associated with the practices of wastewater reuse tor productive purposes in the altiplano. (La Paz: CARE Bolivia, 2009). 6 www.wap.org FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Highland Valley Altiplano ADVANTAGES Palca Mecapaca El Alto Viacha-Chonchocoro Less fertilizer use 53.3% 48.3% 77.8% 57.9% Several harvests per year 40.0% 38.8% 37.0% 31.6% Greater productivity 40.0% 52.6% 48.1% 57.9% No need to pay 33.3% 50.0% 40.7% 57.9% Improved soil 13.3% 28.4% 59.3% 5.3% Available year-round 16.7% 20.7% 3.7% 15.8% Highland Valley Altiplano RISKS AND PROBLEMS Palca Mecapaca El Alto Viacha-Chonchocoro Diseases 97.6% 90.3% 100.0% 90.0% Skin problems 16.7% 41.9% 42.9% 62.5% Soil salinization 40.5% 22.6% 23.2% 22.5% Difficulty selling products 7.1% 16.1% 14.3% 15.0% Lower prices 31.0% 24.7% 60.7% 72.50% Livestock diseases 42.9% 23.7% 17.9% 15.0% Source: Survey of 650 Households in 6 Municipalities. ANALYSIS Bolivia's National Basic Sanitation Plan sets several targets for 2015, optimization of treatment models that make it possible to reuse and these include providing adequate treatment of 80 percent of wastewater for irrigation, delivering nutrient-rich water.6 wastewater at the national level, which will require an estimated in- vestment of about US$390 million. Investment in treatment plants The knowledge generated by this study is meant to assist in the on its own, however, does not ensure the efficacy of treatment. It development of an appropriate policy framework for the promotion also does not control for risks or maximize the benefits associated of safe wastewater reuse and in the design of the required strategies, with reuse. Mechanisms must be developed to ensure the techni- programs and projects for its effective implementation. cal, environmental, economic, and social sustainability not only of infrastructure but also of the entire production and economic The main findings of this study are summarized as follows: system that would be built around it. Adequate sanitary control systems must be implemented as well. In short, doing it right is Farmers recognize there are both advantages and risks of reusing doable but complex, and a comprehensive approach to wastewater water for irrigation, although this awareness is not be confused with reuse is needed for any initiative to succeed. specific knowledge about best practices or risks. In the highland valley municipalities (Palca and Mecapaca), the most recognized The Government of Bolivia has also developed the National Pro- advantages of reusing wastewater are less need for fertilizers, the gram for Efficient Water Use. In particular, the program proposes potential for more harvests, and in the specific case of Mecapaca, the development and implementation of a wastewater reuse policy greater productivity and no payment obligation for reuse (box 1). that will promote the treatment of all wastewater that is collected The farmers also recognize the risk of disease for themselves, as well and conduct research for reusing this wastewater, including the as possible livestock diseases and soil salinizatiton. 6 Ministry of Environment and Water (MMAyA), National Plan of Basic Sanitation. (La Paz: MMAyA, updated between August and November 2009). www.wsp.org7 FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform The altiplano farmers (El Alto and Viacha-Chonchocoro), too, Figure 2. Protection Measures Used identify advantages related to less need for fertilizers, greater productivity, and not having to pay to reuse water. They are also aware of the risks of disease generally, and for livestock specifically, 100% although farmers in Viacha-Chonchocoro are especially concerned 80% about skin diseases. 6 As can be seen in box 1 and figure 1, however, knowledge is li- 40% 14.8% mited. Based on the study findings, farmers do not have enough 20% 7.8% knowledge about the advantages and problems associated with 0% using wastewater to irrigate food products, and as a result, the protection measures they take are limited, although they report 100% frequent use of some types of protection. According to field in- 80% Figure 1. Knowledge of Advantages and Problems 60% 49.3% 40% 100% 20% 18.3% 90% 0% - 80% U Boots used U Mask used U No protection 70 Gloves used Wash their hands 740% 60% 50%N 40 YES 100% 82.2% 80% 60% 53.3% 20%40 40% 10% 20% 3.7% 6.5% 15% 90% 0%1 1 = Do you know if there is Do you know if there is any 100% 85.3% any advantage to using risk or problems with using 80% wastewater for irrigation? wastewater for irrigation? 60% 58.7% Source: Survey of 650 Households in 6 Municipalities. 40% 70%93%133 qiisony44.1 percent of farmers surveyed know that there are 20% 93 33 quiie% onyNO13 advantages to using wastewater for irrigation. 100% Although most of the heads of household who were interviewed 80% reported taking precautions (figure 2), the more in-depth inter- 60% 404% 40% 40% views revealed that, for example, boots were used more often in 40% the rainy season, for reasons having more to do with comfort than 20% 20% 10% 10% precautionary practice. As can be seen in figure 2, level of education 0%--- correlated strongly with the use of protective measures. a Boots used u Mask used plNo protection The vast majority of the farmers who were interviewed in the Gloves used U Wash their hands highland valley and altiplano municipalities report a strong interest Source: Survey of 650 Households n 6 Municcpaiatlesi in receiving water from planned reuse schemes. A full 91.2 percent of respondents would be in favor of implementing wastewater reuse programs for production purposes (figure 3). This interest suggests that the farmers are confident that the risks and problems 8 www.wsp.org FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform associated with wastewater reuse could be controlled and that these As far as local market effects are concerned, no direct link could systems could improve their productive activities. be established between the type of water used for irrigation and the sales and/or distribution channels for the corresponding pro- The farmers who were consulted in the in-depth interviews and ducts-for better or for worse, retailers and consumers express little who presently have an adequate supply of water expressed interest knowledge or concern about products grown with reused water. No in receiving treated wastewater, inasmuch as periods of drought in real difference in price could be detected between products irrigated the altiplano and highland valley ecosystems are becoming longer with wastewater and products irrigated with clean water. Fewer and longer. Moreover, they report having information about the than 20 percent ofthe farmers believe that consumers would be able likelihood that water resources will diminish due to the effects of to differentiate the products by origin in terms of sales and price. climate change. Yet, although 50 percent of sellers believe that products irrigated with wastewater could be harder to sell, only 20 percent believe that The farmers would be amenable to helping to manage a planned the final price of sale could be affected. As seen in figure 4, sellers reuse scheme if it were to increase and improve the opportunities are more concerned than farmers about the use of wastewater's for irrigation while at the same time implementing health protec- effect on price ofproduce. The farmers who practice reuse are very tion mechanisms. Of the farmers interested in the installation ofa knowledgeable about their market, are able to identif the times planned scheme, 95 percent reported that they are willing to con- of year when their products have competition from domestic or tribute their labor and 83 percent would make cash contributions. foreign production, and rotate their crops in an attempt to obtain In all, 97.4 percent would be willing to collaborate on managing the highest price. The financial costs and benefits of reusing was- the system in one way or another. tewater on their farms is of undeniable interest to them. Despite this willingness to contribute, however, farmers' contri- With regard to the retail marketing process, officials at a large su- butions are likely to be small. The practice of contributing time permarket in the city ofLa Paz who were interviewed reported that or money to matters of importance to the community is deeply their product mix (the fruits and vegetables sold at the supermarket) rooted in the country, which bodes well in terms of the likelihood was purchased from a buyer once per week. The buyer selects and of participation in a hypothetical planned reuse project. However, purchases the products at the wholesale Rodriguez Market directly the information shared in the focus groups and in-depth inter- offthe trucks that bring the products from Rio Abajo (Mecapaca), views seem to indicate that actual contributions to the irrigation Palca, and other places (Cochabamba, Peru, Chile, and so forth) committees to which the farmers belong are minimal to the point depending on the season and availability. Thus, this supermarket of being symbolic, would not have any particular microbiological control over the products it selects; it simply chooses products based on appearance, Figure 3: P ercentage of Farmers Interested in stze, and color, trusting that the buyer would have made a good Partici g in a Planned Reuse System initial selection. While the grocers at this supermarket do not diffe- rentiate the products by origin, they also said they had not received any complaints about illnesses caused by the products they sell. 90% Cows milk is produced, distributed, and marketed in very different 80% fashion, but with similar results at the retail level. In the study 70% area on the altiplano, milk is sold through 12 bulting centers 60% in Pucarani, Viacha, Guaqui, Patacamaya, Batallas, Achacachi, 60t tAchocalla, and other municipalities. The dairy processing plant 50% that buys the milk uses quality control criteria that include alcohol 40% content, temperature, and soluble solids. It rates the incoming 30% product against international standards. The plant also collects and the imaintains information on the health status of its suppliers' cows, c0% 8.8% based on which it provides assistance with forage management, the 10% buse of hydroponic crops, veterinary services, milking techniques, 0% and other matters. The plant's industial procedures such as cold Would be Would not be storage and pasteurization guarantee the safety of the final product interested interested that reaches the consumer. Milk from all sources is mixed, and by the time the milk reaches market the question of whether or not Source:0urveo 60 Houcows have been fed forage grown with wastewater is moot. www.wsp.org9 FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform Figure 4: Perceptions about the Difficulties of Selling Products Irrigated with Wastewater According to a case study done by the MMAyA, with the support of the World Bank, for the cities of Tarija, Cochabamba, and Viacha, in which wastewater reuse would be considered as a way 60% 3.%of easing water scarcity' based on the installation of wastewater U Dificulty in selling stabilization reservoirs for reuse in irrigation systems,' the opera- 50% * Lower Prices ting and maintenance costs for Cochabamba would be US$145 per hectare per year, and for Tarija US$143 per hectare per year. 40% As a result, it seems unlikely that the farmers could assume the operating and maintenance costs of systems if they did not have 30% the financial support of state entities. 21.5% 23.1% 20% No differences are observed in distribution channels, price, or point 11.3% of sale in relation to the type of water used for irrigation. Produce ir- 10% rigated with wastewater does not sell at lower prices, mainly because I - - the sales success will depend generally on how visually attractive 0% they are (size, above all). For the most part, there is no indication Growers Sellers of origin, and these products are mixed with others grown with traditional irrigation. Only some of the farmers who engage in Source: Survey of 650 Households in 6 Municipalities and polls in markets reuse (17.4 percent) identify lower prices as a disadvantage of using of La Paz. wastewater for irrigation. As for milk, because the product from all sources is mixed together under strict quality control criteria, there can be no distinction among sources at the retail level. The KEY LESSONS Although farmers are cognizant of the potential risk of irrigating with reused water, they do not have enough specific knowledge about either the advantages or problems associated with using wastewater to irrigate food products. As a result, the protection measures they take are limited, although they report frequent use of some types of protection. Almost 60 percent of the respondents recognize risks and problems for health, citing primarily the strong likelihood of rheumatic, lung, gastrointestinal, and skin diseases, and to a lesser extent, diseases affecting their livestock. This, however, still leaves a sizable portion of the community unfamiliar with the risks. Farmers in the region support water reuse schemes and are willing to contribute to their success, but their contributfons would likely not result much of a contribution to the construction or sustai- nability of reuse infrastructure. The sector authorities who were interviewed recognize that there are no criteria for setting rates for reuse of wastewater, and payments or contributions in kind or in labor for irrigation systems are not recognized as rates but rather as contributions for repairs and corrective maintenance. In the 12 municipalities that participated in the initial focus group portion of the study, when farmers made voluntary payments to finance operation and maintenance of systems, according to study participants the contributions ranged from US$4.3 to US$5.8 per Livestock eating and drinking near to Rio Abajo River Photo: Gabriel hectare per year. Barcelo. The World Bank. 7 L. M. Gonzalez, A. Orozco, C. Quiton, Z. Sanz, . Klytchnikove, Reuse of wastewater to mitigate water scarcity: case studies in Cochabamba and Taria. World Bank, 2013. 8 This technology maximizes the number of hectares that can be irrigated with the available flow ot wastewater, simplifies the wastewater treatment process while maintaining the required level of quality, and minimizes the specific costs (per irrigated hectare) ef peration and maintenance. 10 www.wsp.urg FIELD NOTE: Wastewater Reuse for Irrigation in Bolivia Supporting Poor Inclusive Water and Sanitation Sector Reform IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTITIONERS As noted, the informal use of wastewater for agricultural irrigation is standard practice in Bolivia. This informal reuse often occurs downstream of outfalls of wastewater that is untreated (La Paz) or insufficiently treated (Puchukollo) to achieve acceptable risk levels for the health of farmers and consumers. Reducing health risks by increasing treatment coverage and im- proving the performance of existing plants, while necessary, entails large investments in rehabilitation and new construction and thus lengthy implementation times. For this reason, and to contain the risks inherent in consuming farm products that are already being irrigated with wastewater, other complementary measures with short- and medium-term impacts must be adopted in parallel, such as those proposed by WHO. An economic rationality principle would offer solutions under a multibarrier approach, as proposed by WHO in its 2006 guidelines. This approach would bring about the same degree of reduction in health risks associated with reuse based on treatment requirements that are less demanding and thus entail lower investment costs than wholesale infrastructure construction. WHO proposes the adoption of measures such as crop restrictions; use of irrigation techniques that minimize contamination; introduction of mi- nimum waiting periods between last irrigation and harvest; promotion of hygienic food preparation practices; education on Vegetables (lettuces and chards, among other) watered with contaminated health, product washing, disinfection, and cooking of food; and water offered in "Gran Poder" market. Photo: Gabriel Barcelo. The World imuiain Bank. The study reveals strong support in the rural sector of the altiplano and highland valleys to the objectives and principles set by the mmuafth N atoa.rga o Wseae ramn price is regulated and kept within price bands agreed upon by the PlAs Ths ile pomogres o Wastewater ineagri- government and the distributing companies. Pat.Teeicuepooigterueo atwtri gi govenmet ad th ditriutin copanes.culture as a climate change adaptation and as an efficient water use measure. Creative and effective measures would be welcomed In general, consumers do not explicitly recognize that they are by communities, mating change possible. buying products irrigated with wastewater, which may explain why they do not take extra precautions. Washing produce with water is The study also points up the need for a major initiative to educate the most common protective measure, although consumers from farmers, sellers, and consumers about the specific benefits and areas with greater purchasing power (southern region) do wash risks of wastewater reuse in agriculture. Such an effort would cover with chemicals. The opinion poll reveals that consumers would the complete product cycle, from growing the crop to its sale and buy products irrigated with treated wastewater because they assume consumption. that these would be better and cleaner products than those grown with untreated water. Consumers who say they would not buy In any effort to move forward with reuse strategies, there is also a products grown with wastewater do not believe that the waters need to provide concrete technical assistance to farmers. This would have been properly treated, and at any rate, they believe that the help ensure the success of reuse initiatives by, for example, helping growers would still irrigate with water that is dirty, contaminated, farmers to select crops best suited for wastewater irrigation and or infected, even if treated water was also available, improve related practices in production management. www.wsp.org 1 WSp WORLD BANKGROUP Water and Sanitation Program (WSP) Latin America and the Caribbean Region The World Bank wsplac@worldbank.org www.wsp.org I www.worldbank.org/water