E801 V. 8 August 2003 THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT CENTRAL PROJECT OFFICE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT FOR VIET NAM WATER RESOURCES ASSISTANCE PROJECT VOLUME 2: REPORT No. 7: DRAFT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT PREPARED BY GEC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS LTD. AND CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR LIFE AND PRODUCTION APRIL 2003 ? '- -/ r 4!\ , i + 'J K THE SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF VIET NAM MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE AND RURAL DEVELOPMENT CENTRAL PROJECT OFFICE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPAcT ASSESSMENT FOR VIET NAM WATER REsoURCES ASSISTANCE PROJECT VOLUME 2: REPORT No. 7: DRAFT FINAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT PREPARED BY GEC GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL CONSULTANTS LTD. AND CENTER FOR BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR LIFE AND PRODUCTION APRIL 2003 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report is a draft final Environmental Impact Assessment for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project prepared as part of overall preparation of the Viet Nam Water Resources Assistance Project (VWRAP). This preliminary EIA was prepared with the configurations of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project as conceived, designed, and described in documents and information provide by the Consultant to the EIA Consultant as of 31 March 2003, supplemented by secondary data obtained by the EIA Consultant in documents, maps, interviews with local officials, and other similar sources, as well as a detailed socioeconomic survey conducted by the EIA Consultant in early September 2002. SUMMARY OF DAu TrENG SUB-PROJECT DESCRIPTION Dau Tieng Reservoir is located in Tan Chau and Duong Minh Chau districts, Tay Ninh province and Dau Tieng district (Binh Duong province). The Dau Tieng irrigation canal network is spread across 7 districts of Tay Ninh Province - Tan Bien, Tan Chau, Duong Minh Chau, Chau Thanh, Go Dau and Trang Bang, as well as Cu Chi District (Ho Chi Minh City). The beneficiary area extends into Long An and two other districts in Ho Chi Minh City. The reservoir is sited on the Sai Gon River, 20 km kilometers east of Tay Ninh town and 120 km north of HCMC. The reservoir has been operational since 1985. The Dau Tieng Reservoir and associated irrigation scheme was the first water resources project in Viet Nam financed by the IDA. Unfortunately the history of scheme implementation has been problematic and the system currently functions inefficiently due to design and operating practices. Major criticisms of the Dau Tieng irrigation area relate to the lack of detailed and reliable survey information used in the design of the canal network and regulating structures. The Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme consists of the following components: Dau Tieng Dam Complex Seepage through the body and foundation of all three dams in the Dau Tieng Dam Complex has been an ongoing problem. Dam toe seepage may be reducing dam strength. Measures taken to date have delivered only short-term improvement in dam safety. Main Canals The main canals outside Cu Chi District are earth-filled and are characterized by unstable banks that are prone to erosion along many sections. Along some sections the canal bottom is furrowed and/or silted. Canal embankments are under erosion and the bottom is under siltation. In general the main canals are now wider but shallower than the original design meaning that the hydraulic cross section is now worse than the designed one, resulting in reduced water conveyance capacity. Sections of the East Main Canal (outside Cu Chi District) have been broken on numerous occasions, resulting in undesirable flooding and inundation of adjacent irrigation areas. In general the irrigation outlet gates have not been renewed since first installed. The original gates were of a poor quality and the general level of maintenance and preservation has not been good. Finally, after nearly 20 years of operation with minimal maintenance the hoisting units are in a poor condition and the opening and closing of gates must now be performed manually. Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Canals Primary, secondary and tertiary canals in the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme are generally earthen and are half excavated / half filled. In general the situation is that the-canal banks have been eroded and the canal bottoms are silted. This has negatively impacted upon the delivery of water along these canals. 20 years of operation without proper maintenance has meant that the gates and hoisting equipment function poorly and consequently provide inadequate control of water levels. The overall objectives of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project are to: . Upgrade the existing irrigation scheme to rectify the problems described above; . Improve reliability, flexibility, and effectiveness of the irrigation system; . Reduce the cost of operation and maintenance . Enable the scheme to satisfy all reasonable water needs by supplying a sufficient quantity of water at the required times of the year; and . Create the conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development using the application of modem design, engineering, and irrigation system management technologies. This will be achieved by modernization of technical infrastructure from the headworks to the farm fields and by modernization of the management system for the entire Irrigation Scheme. The Dau Tieng Sub-Project will have a phased approach to modemization. This means that the Dau Tieng Sub- Project investments will be grouped into two phases. The first phase will include the finalized dam safety review, rehabilitation works for the dams, rehabilitation works for main and primary canals and rehabilitation works and modemization for two pilot areas representing about 20% of the command area. The second phase will include expanding the experiences gained through pilot testing to remaining 50% of the command area. SUMMARY OF EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS The Dau Tieng Sub-Project is environmentally feasible. The Sub-Project will have a number of significant positive benefits: Increase in beneficiary income and reduction of poverty throughout the command area through improved and reliable water supply for agricultural production; . Increases in employment and labor in a region with very high levels of unemployment and underemployment; * Provision of increased water supply to a rapidly urbanizing Ho Chi Minh City; and . Maintenance of existing salinity intrusion protection in the Sai Gon River. There are expected to be insignificant or no effects of the Sub-Project on terrestrial ecosystems terrestrial rare and endangered species, and biodiversity, nature reserves and protected areas, or aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. In particular, no effects on either the ecosystems or socioeconomic conditions of residents in the watershed of the Dau Tieng Reservoir are expected. All of the potentially significant environmental impacts identified in the impact assessment can be mitigated. These conclusions apply to both phases of investments for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project: (i) first phase of investments consisting of headworks, main and primary canals and the two pilot areas that consist of secondary, tertiary and on-farm canal systems off the main and primary canals and which contain a total of about 20% of the total command area; and (ii) the remaining 80% of the command area. At this stage of VWRAP design, it is expected that no separate environmental assessment will be required for the second phase of investments. The programmatic framework for the environmental component of the second phase of investments needs to consist of a detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan for the remaining 80% of the command area based on the findings of the environmental management program for the first phase of investments and the actual engineering works in the second phase of investments. The detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan for the remaining 80% of the command area should be done concomitant with the detailed technical and engineering design for the second phase of investments. DAu TIENG ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN The Environmental Management Plan for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project consists of an environmental mitigation program and an environmental monitoring program. The environmental mitigation program consists of: . Proper management and disposal of dredged and excavated soils, including acid-sulphate soils; . Rehabilitation and restoration of borrow sites; . Minimization of disruption to water users during canal lining; . Compensation for lost forest resources due to construction of canal works in local nature reserves (Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi) through re-forestation of a similar area within those nature reserves; . Proper environmental management of construction worker camps, including minimization of disruption to local residents from construction activities; . Implementation of canal lining so as to minimize disruption of water availability; * Implementation of a comprehensive resettlement and compensation action plan; . Maximization of employment opportunities for local residents; . Provision for detecting and clearing unexploded ordnance; . Prevention of disruption to designated cultural and historical sites accordance with IDA Operational Policy OP 11.03 - Cultural Property; and . IPM extension services to beneficiaries in the command area. An important environmental mitigation will be the minimization of disruption to water users during canal lining. Improper timing of the construction activities associated with main canal reinforcement and lining may negatively affect water supply to farmers downstream. On the one hand, construction of canal reinforcements in the dry season can proceed very quickly, but water supply needs to be turned off during the construction periods; the dry season is the season when water supply via the irrigation scheme is most critical. On the other hand, water * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ii supply to the farmers via the irrigation scheme is not as critical in the rainy season and yet construction is much more problematic and expensive given the larger amounts of water in the system at that time. It will be necessary to develop rigid construction timetables for canal lining to minimize disruption to the beneficiaries and at the same time have efficient implementation of this part of the Sub-Project. In addition, consultation with all affected parties will be required in order to reach agreement how much impact will be accepted by the affected groups. The environmental monitoring program for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project will consist of: e A program for monitoring the implementation and success of the environmental mitigation program described above; and o An environmental effects monitoring program to measure the effects of changes in sedimentation, erosion, and application of fertilizers and pesticides on surface water and groundwater quality in and downstream of the Sub-Project area. The total cost of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan is US $408,041, consisting of US $186,300 for the environmbntal mitigation program and US $221,741 for the environmental mitigation compliance monitoring and environmental effects monitoring programs. INSTITUTIONS RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE DAU TIENG EMP The Dau Tieng EMP will be implemented within a comprehensive organizational framework under the overall VWRAP Project. VWRAP will engage several ministries, departments, and institutes, it will create a project management unit within MARD in Ha Noi (PMU) and Sub-Project Implementation Units (SlUs) in each province, and there will be numerous linkages between these institutions and numerous other existing institutions at the national, provincial, district, and commune levels (This assumes a decentralized modality for Sub-Project implementation and will need to be modified if a more traditional, centralized modality for Sub-Project implementation is selected. Under either modality, VWRAP PMU can be either CPO or another unit set up or designated by MARD). The following institutions will be responsible for the successful implementation of the Dau Tieng Environmental Management Plan: VWRAP PMU - responsible for overall VWRAP implementation management and will contain environmental safeguard staff. VWRAP PMU will be responsible for overall quality assurance of EMP implementation. PMB 416 - and will be responsible for daily implementation activities of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. As a consequence, it will supervise and control the quality of construction and physical implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP Vietnamese Environmental Regulators - MoNRE and Tay Ninh/HCMC DoSTEs will be responsible for all regulatory reviews and approvals of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project in accordance with the national legal framework for environmental protection and management. Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations - Other Tay Ninh/HCMC provincial departments will have important responsibilities such as implementing specific components of the mitigation program (IPM), ensuring their particular safeguards are being properly implemented (i.e. DoCls) and providing supplementary and secondary data to assist in the implementation of the Dau Tieng EMP (e.g., land use and commodity production data). IDA - IDA will review the implementation of the EMP. Problems and issues that are identified will be raised to MARD as part of the regular Dau Tieng Sub-Project review process. Environmental Safeguard Contractors - An Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be selected from the numerous national environmental consultant organizations in Viet Nam. The Environmental Safeguard Contractor will act as general contractor for primary data collection surveys and for preparation and submission of various compliance and effects monitoring assessment reports. They will also be responsible for undertaking some of the specific mitigation measures for the Dau.Tieng Sub-Project. Consultant Environmental Specialists - some of the resources of the Design and Supervision Technical Assistance under VWRAP will be used to engage two environmental specialists who will take on substantial implementation tasks for the EMP: (i) the Consultant's intemational environment specialist; and (ii) the Consultant's national environmental specialist seconded from a nationally-recognized environmental management institution. The secondment could be in the form of a fixed-term, renewable contract during pre- construction, construction, and operation phases. It is expected that the services of the Consultant's intemational environment specialist will be required for VWRAP implementation until the completion of the iii Detailed Design of the Dau Tieng EMP for the second phase of investments, at which time sufficient training and capacity building will have been given that remaining institutions and personnel will be able to implement the remainder of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP. In this EMP, it is assumed that the Detailed Engineering Design for the second investment phase will occur in the third year of Dau Tieng Sub-Project implementation. Application of IDA Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to Dau Tieng Subproject. Bank Operational Summary of Assessment and Rationale Recommendations Policy While Dau Tieng Subproject is classified as Category A, requiring a full scale environmental assessment, the results of this EIA indicate that the OP 4.01 - scale and magnitude of the expected environmental impacts of the Dau Environmental Tieng Subprojt are more like that of a Category B project. Environmental Implement Dau Treng Subproject Assessment - impacts of the Dau Tieng Subproject are sfte-specific, none are irreversible; Environmental Management Plan very few direct impacts are on environmentally important areas such as Triggered weUands, forests, or other natural habitats, all are preventable, and mitgation measures have been designed for all possible environmental impacts OP 4.04 - Natural . . . Reforestation of Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Habitats - Inmpacts predicted for Dau ieng Reservoir watershed, where all of the Local Nature Reserves to compensate for Tabitats - intct natural terrestrial habitats of the Sub-Projec Area occur. losses of natural habitats Reforestation of an area of Duong Minh Chau OP 4.36 - There may be loss of natural habitats in the Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi and Boi Loi Local Nature Reserves to Forestry - Local Nature Reserves from the completion of the canal system oDmpensate for losses of natural habitats that Triggered may be caused by completion of the canal ______________________________________________________ system Mitigation recommended against any possible loss of or damage to nationally or locally designated cultural and histoncal sites by OPN 11.03 - impacts are assessed as Unknown because, while the exact location of the adjusting the siting of Sub-Project civil works; Cultural Property each of the cultural and histonc sites in the Sub-Project is known, the to be incorporated into the detailed design of - Triggered location of the Sub-Project activities listed above is not yet known in detail. the physical works terms and conditions be included in construction contracts to ensure integrity of these historical and cultural resources OP 4.12 - ResetUement and Compensabon Acton Plan Involuntary while there is no requirement for resetUement, there is a requirement to pay prepared as part of Dau Tieng Subproject Resettlement - compensabon for permanent and temporary land acquisiton feasibility study Triggered l OP 4.37 - Safety Upgrading Dau Tieng Dam safety a major component of first investment phase. Specific engineering works are provided for of Dams - increasing dam safety. Dam Emergency Preparedness Plan also prepared triggered _____________________________ __________________ OP 4.20- Indigenous There are some members of recognized ethnic minorty groups living in the Ethnic Minority Development Plan prepared as Peoples - command area of the Dau Tieng Subproject part of Dau Tieng Subproject Feasibility Study Triggered I It is estimated that an additional 196 t of pesticides and herbicides will be Both mitigaton and monitorng are required annually for the entire Sub-Project over and above estimates of recommended. With respect to mitigation, IPM current pesticide and herbicide applicabon. This is about a 113% increase extension services should continue to be OP 4.03 - over estmated current pesticide and herbicide use throughout the Sub- provided to Sub-Prject beneficlaries as a part Pesticide Project. This impact is assessed as Unknown but potenbally Significant of the Sub-Project in accordance with the Management - without mitigation or monitoring. Existng baseline information on pesUcide requirements of IDA OP 4.03. Extension Triggered concentrations in the Sub-Project environment is non-existent and so services should inciude topics of appropriate current conditions can not be estimated, but the expected increase is selecton and application of biocides as well as substantial, particulariy as 61% of Sub-Project beneficiaries have not yet basic techniques of and approaches to IPM. received training in IPM methods. OP 7.60- Projects in Not tiggered as none of the Sub-Project Area or the area of influence of the Sub-Project is part of a territory whose Disputed Areas - jurisdicton is disputed by another country Not Triggered Not tiggered as: OP 7.50 - - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject form a boundary between, or flow through the Interational territory of another country; - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject are a any tibutary or component of any waterway Waterways - Not described above; and Triggered - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject are recognized as a necessary channel of communicabon between the open sea and other states counties or of any river flowing into such waters. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS 1: INTRODUCTION I 1.1 AC G OU DAN BJ C IV S.C........................A.....................CT........................1 1.2 OVERVIEW OF THE DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT ..................................................... 1 1.3 LEGAL, POLICY, AND REGULATORY CONTEXT FOR DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT EIA.......................... . 3 1.4 APPROACH To VWRAP DEFINITION, PREPARATION, AND IMPLEMENTATION ............................... 5 1.5 GENERAL APPROACH To EIA PREPARATION ...................................................... 5 1.5.1 SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIs EIA................................... 5 1.5.2 A M TH D L GY...........E.......A.......METHODOLOGY..................................... 6.. 1.5. SB3 ROE TA EA FNSUBC-PROJECT..................AREA........OF......INFLUENCE................6 1.5.4 SCOPE OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT ...........................6 1.6 OUTLINE OF THE EIA FOR THE DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT ............................................ 7 2: DESCRIPTION OF DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT 8 2.1 S M AR O USUMMARYIO ............OF......CURRENT...............SITUATION.....................8 22.1 Du.E G A CO P EX......DAUT..............ENGDAMC...............................E......... 8. 2.1.2 u INGDA LO DSDAU .......T.....ENG........DAM........FLOOD...........SAFETY..............8 2.13 MAN ANL3SRIUMAN YTEIN ....CANAL..........D...STRIBUT.............ON......SYSTEM............9 2.1.4 PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY CANALS..................................................10 2.2 D S RITONOFDESCRIPTION.......................OF......SUB-PROJECT........................10... 2.2.1 OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF SUB-PROJECT......................................................1 0 2.2.2 CHANGES IN WATER USE AND ALLOCATION WITH MODERNIZATION ....................................1 0 2.2.3 uTIN D MCO PEX.....AU........T.....ENG..........DAM.........COMPLEX.................. 10.. 2.2.4 REQUIREMENTS FOR MEETING UPGRADED DAM SAFETY STANDARDS ..................................1 1 2.2.5 ANCA ALDSTIMAINSYTM ....CANAL.........DISTRIBUTION....................SYSTEM..............1 2.2.6 PRIMARY, SECONDARY AND TERTIARY CANALS ................................................. 13 2.2.7 MODERNIZATION OF THE IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM ........................................ 13 2.2.8 SUMMARY OF SURFACE TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM UPGRADING...................................... 13 2.2.9 REQUIREMENTS FOR RESET-rLEMENT AND COMPENSATION FOR LAND AcQuISITION......................... 13 2.3 ExPECTED CHANGES IN AGRicuLTuRAL LAND USE.................................................13 3: DESCRIPTION OF ExiSTING ENVIRONMENT 1 5 3.1 OC TONO S BPLOCATION...................OF........SUB-PROJECT............................ 15.. 3.2 HY IA R S UR E .PHYSICAL........................RESOURCES............................... 15... 3.2.1 MA E...........................CLIM ATE........................................15....... 3.22.2 N F RM NDT PO RPLA.......DF.......RM.......ANDT.....OP..........GRA.........HY....... 18...1 3.2.3 LO Y........ ..................GEOLOGY......................................19........1 3.2.4 L ... .... ...... ... ..... .. ..........SO ILS...... ......... ..... ..... ... ..... .19.... .... ..1 3.2.5 RFC W TR Y RO OGSURFACE................WATER.............HYDROLOGY.................... 19..1 3.2.6 R AC AT RQU LTY..SUR.........ACE..........WATER.............QUALITY.................. 20...2 3.2.7 OU D AT RREO RC S..GROUND...............ATER............RESOURCES..................... 21...2 3.2.8 R Q A IY .................AIR................QUALITY................................... 1..2 3.2.9 N RA E OU C S .......MINERAL......................RESOURCES.......................... 21....2 33.3 O O IC LRE O RCBIOLOGICAL...........................RESOURCES.........................22......2 3.3.1 TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY..................................................22 3.3.2 AQUATIc ECOSYSTEMS AND BIODIVERSITY.....................................................22 3.3:3 NATURE RESERVES AND PROTECTED AREAS ...................................................23 3.4 SOCIOECONOMIC.....................................RESOURCES........................ 24...2 3.4.1 POPULATION, DEMOGRAPHY, AND ETHNIC COMPOSITION ...........................................24 3.4.2 IRRIGATION, AGRICULTURE AND COMMODITY PRODUCTION ..........................................25 3.4.3 HouSEHOLD INC-OME AND INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ...............................................25 3.4.4 IKIGW A E Q A IY ..DR.......N.........NG........ATER............UAL.........TY........ 26...2 3.45 DSES.5DPU L DISEASE..................AND........PUBLIC.............HEALTH.............. 26..2 3.4.6 US R ........................INDUSTRY.........................................26.......2 3.4.7 U IM TOU C S................UR.............MRE...................RCE................ 26....2 3.4.8 CULTURAL, AESTHETIC, AND HISTORIC FEATURES................................................26 3.49 N VIATO9A D RNAVIGATION..................AND.......TRANSPORTATION....................... 26..2 4: IMPACT AsSESSMENT 28 V 4.1 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY............................................ . 28 4.2 APPLICATION OF IDA OPERATIONAL POLICIES .................................................... 30 4.2. E FE TSO1D M A EEFFECTS...............OF......DA...........................RISK............ 30..3 4.3 ACTIVITIES WITH CONSISTENT IMPACTS ON ALL ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES............................ . 30 4.3.1 REPAIRING AND UPGRADING ExISTING CIVIL WORKS AND FACILITIES....................................30 4.3.2 MODERNIZATION OF IRRIGATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM...................................-..........31 4.3.3 CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIEs AsSOCIATED WITH SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION............................31 4.3.4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF RESETTLEMENT....................................................31 4.3.5 MITIGABLE IMPACTS OF INCREASED WATER SUPPLY FOR MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL USE ....................32 4.3.6 IMPACTS ON POPULATION AND COMMUNITIES....................................................32 4.4 ENVIRONMENTAL, SociAL RESOURCES WITH UNIFORm ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS ........................ . 33 4.4.1 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES IN DAu TIENG RESERVOIR CATCHMENT ............33 4.4.2 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES......................................33 4.4.3 POSITIVE SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS OF THE SUB-PROJECT ON EMPLOYMENT................................33 4.4.4 POSITIVE IMPACTS ON ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES, INCOME, AND INCIDENCE OF POVERTY ........................34 4.4.5 MITIGABLE SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON MINERAL RESOURCES ........................................34 4.4.6 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON AIR QUALITY....................................................34 4.4.7 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON NoiSE.........................................................34 4.4.8 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON HUMAN HEALTH..................................................34 4.4.9 No SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS ON ToURism RESOURCES..............................................34 4.5 SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS OF PRE-CONSTRUCTION .................................................. 34 4.5.1 IMPACTS OF THE LEGACY OF CONFLICT ....................................................... 34 4.5.2 REOUIREMENTS FOR RESETTLEMENT AND LAND ACQUISITION ........................................35 4.6 SUB-PROJECT IMPACTS OF CONSTRUCTION...................................................... 35 4.6.1 IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL RESOURCES ..........................................................35 4.62 IM ACSON23 IMPACTSO R ES.........ON.....BIOLOGICAL................RESOURCES................. 38.3 4.6.3 IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC RESOURCES.....................................................40 4.7 IMPACTs DURING OPERATIONAL PHASE......................................................... 41. 4.7.1 IMPACTS ON PHYSICAL RESOURCES.......................................................... 41 4.7.2 IMPACTS ON BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES.........................................................43 4.7.3 IMPACTS ON SOCIOECONOMIC RESOURCES.....................................................43 4.8 MAIN CONCLUSIONS OF IMPACT AsSESSMENT....................................................44 4.8.1 SUMMARY oFBANK OPERATIONAL POLICIES IN REGARDS ToDAu TIENG SUBPROJECT ..................... 44 5: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN 46 5.1 VIETNAMESE LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAmEWORK..............................................46 5.1.1 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT .......................................46 5.1.2 THE ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT ................................47 5.1.3 VIETNAMESE ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS .................................................48 5.2 IDA ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS..........................................................48 5.3 OVERALL APPROACH TO IMPLEMENTATION.......................................................48 5.4 INSTITUTIONs RESPONSIBLE FOR IMPLEMENTING THE DAu TIENG EMP..................................49 5.5 ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM FOR DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT.................................49 5.6 DAu TIENG ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING PROGRAM.......................... . 50 5.7 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING PROGRAM FOR DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT ....................... . 50 5.8 REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR DAu TIENG EMP ................................................ 50 5.9 ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR IMPLEMENTING THE DAu TIENG EMP ............................... 50 5.9.1 KEY FEATURES OF ORGANIZATIONAL FRAMEWORK ...............................................50 5.9.2 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION DURING PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASES ............52 5.9.3 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASES................54 5.9.4 INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION DURING OPERATIONAL PHASES .................56 5.1 0 POLicy GUIDELINES FOR DETAILED DESIGN: SECOND PHASE OF INVESTMENTS........................... . 57 5.11 TRAINING AND CAPACITY UPGRADING REQUIREMENTS FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION ....................... . 58 5.1 1.1 EVALUATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT CAPABI1LITIES .......................................58 5.11.2 RECOMMENDED TRAINING AND CAPACITY BUILDING............................................... 58 5.12 REQUIREMENTS FOR FLEXIBILITY AND ADAPTABILITY IN EMP IMPLEMENTATION........................... . 59 5.13 COSTS OF DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ............................. . 60 ANNEX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA 73 ANNEx 2: SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS IN SUPPORT OF EIA PREPARATION 78 vi ANNEX 3: POLICY, LEGAL. AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR EIA 79 ANNEX 4: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIA 83 ANNEX 5: DAu TIENG SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 85 ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY INFORMATION FOR DAu TIENG SUB-PROJECT 94 ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF VIET NAM WATER QUALITY STANDARDS 100 ANNEX 8: SUMMARY OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES IN TAY NINH PROVINCE 117 ANNEX 9: PROTECTED AREAS IN DAU TIENG IRRIGATION SCHEME 119 LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: DAU TIENG RESERVOIR WATER LEVEL AND STORAGE CHARACTERISTICS . ......................................................... 9 TABLE 2: DAu TIENG DAM DESIGN PARAMETERS .................................................................................. 9 TABLE 3: PARAMETERS FOR EXISTING AND REQUIRED FLOOD DESIGN FOR DAu TIENG DAM . ............................................ 9 TABLE 4: CHANGES IN WATER USE WITH THE DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT . ...................................................................... 11 TABLE 5: QUANTITIES OF ENGINEERING REQUIRED FOR UPGRADING DAU TIENG HEADWORKS . ....................................... 12 TABLE 6: QUANTITIES OF MATERIAL REQUIRED FOR UPGRADING CANAL SYSTEM OF DAU TIENG IRRIGATION SCHEME .. .... 12 TABLE 7: DESCRIPTION OF PLANNED UPGRADES TO SURFACE TRANSPORTATION IN DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT . .............. 14 TABLE 8: RESETTLEMENT AND COMPENSATION REQUIREMENTS FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ..................................... 14 TABLE 9: EXPECTED CHANGES IN AGRICULTURAL LAND USE WITHIN THE COMMAND AREA WITH SUB-PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION .................................................................................. 14 TABLE 10: SYNOPTIC POPULATION AND LAND USE INFORMATION FOR THE DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT AREA . ............. ..... 16 TABLE 11: SYNOPTIC SOCIOECONOMIC INFORMATION FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT . .................................................. 17 TABLE 12: BASIC CLIMATE INFORMATION FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ...................................................................... 18 TABLE 13: LONG TERM AVERAGE MONTHLY WATER LEVEL IN DAU TIENG RESERVOIR ..................................................... 21 TABLE 14: FOREST AREA IN DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT AREA ................................................................................. 23 TABLE 15: SUMMARY OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES FOUND IN TAY NINH PROVINCE ............................................ 23 TABLE 16: SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC AND DRINKING WATER INFORMATION IN PILOT AREAS ............................................... 27 TABLE 17: CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES IN DISTRICTS THAT FORM THE SUB-PROJECT AREA . ..................................... 27 TABLE 18: SUMMARY OF EXPECTED ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF DAU TIENG SUBPROJECT .......................................... 29 TABLE 19: ESTIMATED INCREMENTAL INPUTS OF FERTILIZER REQUIRED FOR DAU TIENG SUBPROJECT . .......................... 42 TABLE 20: ESTIMATED INCREMENTAL INPUTS OF PESTICIDES REQUIRED FOR DAU TIENG SUBPROJECT . ......................... 42 TABLE 21: RESULTS OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE SAMPLING IN THE 0 MON XA No SUB-PROJECT IN 2001 DRY SEASON ................................................................................. 42 TABLE 22: APPLICATION OF IDA ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SAFEGUARD POLICIES TO DAU TIENG SUBPROJECT . ...... 45 TABLE 23: REPORTING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN . ...... 51 TABLE 24: DETAILED COSTS AND SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT.61 TABLE 25: DETAILED COSTS AND SCHEDULE FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAMS FOR DAU TIENG SUB- PROJECT ................................................................................... 61 TABLE 26: LIST OF ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN COST ESTIMATION OF DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN ......................................................... 63 TABLE 27: ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION PROGRAM FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ....................................................... 64 TABLE 28: ENVIRONMENTAL MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING PROGRAM ......................................................... 69 vii TABLE 29: ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING SUB-PROGRAM FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ............................. 70 TABLE 30: WATER QUALITY OF DAu TIENG RESERVOIR, SEPTEMBER 2002 ..................................................,.,,.,.94 TABLE 31: HISTORICAL CHANGES IN WATER QUALITY OF DAu TIENG RESERVOIR, SEPTEMBER 2002 .............................. 94 TABLE 32: SAMPLE SITES FOR SURFACE WATER QUALITY ........................................................................ 95 TABLE 33: SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER, 2001, STATIONS MI TO M8 . ...................... 95 TABLE 34: SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER, 2001, STATIONS M9 TO Ml15 .I.................... 95 TABLE 35: SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, JANUARY, 2001 . ............ X*@*..................96 TABLE 36: ADDITIONAL SURFACE WATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, JANUARY, 2001 ........................................... 96 TABLE 37: SURFACE WATER QUALITY AT SELECTED STATIONS IN TAY NINH PROVINCE ................................................... 97 TABLE 38: SAMPLE SITES FOR GROUNDWATER QUALITY ........................................................................ 98 TABLE 39: GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER, 2001, STATIONS Ni TO N10 ........................ 98 TABLE 40: GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, SEPTEMBER, 2002, STATIONS Ni1 TO N20 ...................... 98 TABLE 41: GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, JANUARY, 2002, STATIONS Ni TO NIO . ........................... 99 TABLE 42: GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN TAY NINH PROVINCE, JANUARY, 2002, STATIONS NI1 TO N20. ......................... 99 TABLE 43: LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED PLANTS IN TAY NINH PROVINCE .....................................................,.,.,,.117 TABLE 44: LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED MAMMALS IN TAY NINH PROVINCE .................................................... 117 TABLE 45: LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED BIRDS IN TAY NINH PROVINCE . .................................................... 118 TABLE 46: LIST OF RARE AND ENDANGERED REPTILES IN TAY NINH PROVINCE . 118 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: LOCATION OF COMPONENTS AND SUB-PROJECTS OF VWRAP .................................................... 2 FIGURE 2: OVERVIEW OF THE DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT ....................................................., 4 FIGURE 3: HISTORICAL MONTHLY TEMPERATURE IN DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT .................................................... 18 FIGURE 4: HISTORICAL MONTHLY RAINFALL IN DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT .................................................... 18 FIGURE 5: RECENT FISHERIES CATCHES IN DAU TIENG RESERVOIR .................................................... 24 FIGURE 6: INCIDENCE OF POVERTY IN THREE PILOT AREAS .................................................... 27 CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as of April 2003) Current Unit - Viet Nam Dong (VND) US $1.00 - VND 15,300 VND 1,000 - US $0.065 viii ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ADB Asian Development Bank BP Bank Procedure CIDA Canadian Intemational Development Agency CPC Commune People's Committee CPO Central Project Office (of MARD) DANIDA Danish Intemational Development Assistance DARD Department of Agricultural and Rural Development DoCI Department of Culture and Information DoFi Department of Fisheries Dol Department of Industry DoSTE Department of Science, Technology and Environment DSA Daily Subsistence Allowance DWT Dead-Weight Tons EIA Environmental impact assessment EIRR Economic Intemal Rate of Retum EMD Environmental Management Department (DoSTE) EMDP Ethnic Minority Development Plan EMP Environmental Management Plan EPP Emergency Preparedness Plan FPD Forest Protection Department FS Feasibility Study GoVN Govemment of Viet Nam HEC Hydraulic Engineering Company HH Household IDA International Development Association IMC Irrigation Management Company IPM Integrated Pest Management IUCN International Union for the Conservation of Nature MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MoNRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NEA National Environment Agency NGO Non-governmental organization NKH Nippon Koei Haskoning (the Consultant) NLEP National Law on Environmental Protection NPV Net Present Value O/M Operations and Maintenance OP Operation Policy PAH Project Affected Households PFS Pre-Feasibility Study PMF Probable Maximum Flood PMU Project Management Unit PPC Provincial People's Committee RAP Resettlement Action Plan Sida Swedish Intemational Development Agency SIO Sub-Project Implementation Office SIU Sub-Project Implementation Unit ToR Terms of Reference UXO Unexploded Ordnance VND Viet Nam Dong VWRAP Viet Nam Water Resources Assistance Project WB World Bank ix 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background and Obiectives The Govemment of Viet Nam (GoVN) has requested assistance from the Intemational Development Associabon (IDA) to support the Water Resources Assistance Project (VWRAP)'. VWRAP has the following objectives: . Make Vietnamese agriculture more intemationally competitive and increase farmer incomes by introducing modem irrigation infrastructure and management to the sector. . Reduce flood and disaster risk by improving dam safety and management. . Promote the environmentally sustainable development of Thu Bon Basin through integrated development and management of water resources. VWRAP is comprised of four separate but integrated elements (please see Figure 1 for the location of the following components and Sub-Projects): Component 1: Irrigation Modernization and Dam Safety in five irrigation schemes: - Dau Tieng (Tay Ninh Province and Ho Chi Minh Citv) - Da Ban (Khanh Hoa Province) - Ke Go (Ha Tinh Province) - Yen Lao (Quanq Ninh Province) - Cam Son - Cau Son (Bac Giano Province): Component 2: Dam Safety: - MARD Dam Repair Fund for other MARD dams outside the scope of VWRAP - Hoa Binh Dam Safety Upgrading - Dam Safety Institutional Development Component 3: Thu Bon Integrated River Basin Development (Quang Nam Province): - Irrigation modemization and Dam Safety of the Phu Ninh Irigation Scheme - Quano Hue-Vu Gia River Control Works: - Thu Bon Investment Preparation Component 4: Institutional Development and Capacity Building: - Training and Capacity Building - Design and Supervision Technical Assistance - Design and Supervision Costs - Provincial and MARD Incremental Costs A separate EIA has been constructed for each of the italicized and underlined Sub-Projects in the above list and each of these is termed a Sub-Project for the purposes of the VWRAP EiA. This report is a draft Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project prepared as part of overall VWRAP preparation. This report has been prepared and submitted in accordance with the Terms of Reference for Consulting Services for the VWRAP EIA Consultant (Annex 1). This document is one component of the overall VWRAP EIA: Volume 1 - summary EIA of the entire VWRAP Project Volume 2 - total of seven EIA reports, one for each of the Sub-Projects listed above Volume 3 - Public Consultation Report Specific public consultation and disclosure activities conducted in support of this Draft EIA are summarized in Annex 2. 1.2 Overview of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Dau Tieng Reservoir is located in Tan Chau and Duong Minh Chau districts, Tay Ninh province and Dau Tieng district (Binh Duong province) (Figure 2). The Dau Tieng irrigation canal network is spread across 7 districts of Tay Ninh Province - Tan Bien, Tan Chau, Duong Minh Chau, Chau Thanh, Go Dau and Trang Bang, as well as The Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) obtained a grant from the Government of Japan to procure consultancy services to help prepare VWRAP; the Central Project Office (CPO) of MARD is the coordinating agency of VWRAP and engaged Nippon Koei Haskoning (NKH) as the Consultant, and GEC Global Environmental Consultants Ltd., in association with Biotechnology for Life and Production Center. 1 i --H 'X'W~~~~~~~CA * // roo ~T9XS n CnaPu SonSbProjectl-~' x~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~r ap u Pr ectxn ,t, r08d .'sK G u-ric . -> , .. /~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A l+T HAI h - Hr T~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i dH Bic, A a / t49 .F>.aon; SS; ~~~~~~~~~~H i .-U i / %t 1 \ \ zx;r} > /~t V A. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A I EI Ki 11 'I A A A ~~[Lw;.l . XI_.usil.; .. : , \. fXiT'illIN A 6v;fr ( z . . If b:f .D i J \ { , V t . 11.|Fc * | Y . F . .,~~~~~~~~g ' w Da ;Ten S_t~P6dt _ A.............. I R, .r iAu _ ,Ir O.,_ _ hHtJA % X r? 1 Ie 2~~~ I Z-llf U P> Ouk Ka.l ;I di Ln %i4i.n F hoo^j- Du A S)TrNG \ 3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Twho S: a,fz * ~ ~ ~ ~ K- d&4 Cl. S ,. D T'c.9 512ca W~ . V- .1AI 7,. jj3_J eXiii^ UJ! Figure 1: Location of components and Sub-Projects of VWRAP. Cu Chi District (Ho Chi Minh City). The beneficiary area extends into Long An and two other districts in Ho Chi Minh City. The reservoir is sited on the Sai Gon River, 20 km kilometers east of Tay Ninh Town and 120 km north of HCMC. The reservoir has been operational since 1985; its original functions Reservoir were: . Water supply to Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme (65,000 ha gravity-irrigated and 105,000 ha pump-irrigated); . Water supply for Tay Ninh province urban and industrial users (100x106 m3/year); and . Salinity protection for the Sai Gon River. Recommended functions for Dau Tieng Reservoir were revised in 1993 to include: . Irrigation water supply in Tay Ninh Province equal to 78,830 ha; . Irrigation water supply in Cu Chi District equal to 14,500 ha; . Bulk water supply for irrigation in Long An province equal to 21,500 ha; and . Irrigation water supply in Binh Duong Province equal to 2,000 ha. The Dau Tieng Reservoir and associated irrigation scheme was the first water resources project in Viet Nam financed by the IDA. Unfortunately the history of scheme implementation has been problematic and the system currently functions inefficiently due to design and operating practices. Major criticisms of the Dau Tieng irrigation area relate to the lack of detailed and reliable survey information used in the design of the canal network and regulating structures. 1.3 Legal, Policy, and Regulatory Context for Dau Tieng Sub-Project EIA The Dau Tieng Sub-Project EIA has been prepared according to Viet Nam's legal, policy, and regulatory framework for environmental impact assessment2. The key legal instruments defining this national framework are: . National Law on Environmental Protection (29UCTN, 1994): . Decree 175/CP/1994 on Implementation of the NLEP; and . Circular 490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on Setting Up and Appraising Environmental Impact Assessment Reports This EIA has also been prepared according to the following World Bank directives and guidelines for environmental impact assessment and natural resource management: . Operational Policy 4.01 (and accompanying annexes) - Environmental Assessment; . Operational Policy 4.04 - Natural Habitats; . Operational Policy 4.36 - Forestry; . Operational Policy 11.03 - Cultural Property; . Operational Policy 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement; . Operational Policy 4.20 - Indigenous Peoples; * Operational Policy 4.37 - Safety of Dams; * Operational Policy 4.03 - Pesticide Management; * Operational Policy 7.60 - Projects in Disputed Areas; * Operational Policy 7.50 - International Waterways; . Bank Policy 17.50 - Public Disclosure; * General Policy 14.70: Involving Nongovernmental Organizations in Bank-Supported Activities; . where required, the Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook; and . The Environmental Assessment Sourcebook3. In addition, this EIA considers other key legal instruments in Viet Nam for environmental protection and natural resource management: . TCVN 5592 National Surface Water Quality Standards . TCVN 5944 National Groundwater Quality Standards . TCVN 6980 (2001) Standards for Industrial Effluents Discharged Into Rivers Used for Domestic Water Supply 2 Annex 3 contains a detailed description of the legal, policy, and regulatory framework within which this EIA has been 3prepared. World Bank Technical Paper No. 140 3 Ti I\\\J Ti I -iA CD ~ C~ .4~~~~~~~~~~~1 * Decree 18/1986, the Ordinance on Conservation and Management of Living Aquatic Resources * 1991 Forestry Resource Protection and Development Act * Decision 1171, 1986, on Special Forest Management for Protected Areas This EIA has also been prepared in the context of a number of international environmental conventions to which Viet Nam is a signatory: * 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage (the World Heritage Convention). * 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES Convention) * 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change; and * 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. In this context, the 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species4 was a main sourcebook for considering biodiversity resources within the Sub-Project's area of influence. Finally, a number of national environmental and natural resources programs and plans were considered in the preparation of this EIA: * National Strategy for Environmental Protection for 2001 to 2010 . National Biodiversity Action Plan (1995); . Forest Protection Department 1998 Protected Areas Plan of Vietnam to 2010; and . National Aquaculture Development Program (1999-2010). 1.4 Approach to VWRAP Definition, Preparation, and Implementation IDA and MARD have agreed that VWRAP will have a phased approach to modernization in each of the Sub- Projects and VWRAP preparation adopted a similar approach through detailed investigations of: . headworks, main and primary canals for each of the Sub-Projects; and . a small number of pilot areas that consist of secondary and tertiary canal systems off the main and primary canals and which contain a total of about 20% of the total command area. This approach was adopted so that the options (and combination of options) in terms of investments in physical infrastructure and management improvements that work best can be developed before full VWRAP implementation. The June 2002 IDA Aide Memoire notes that this approach will help reduce the risk associated with new infrastructure and water management techniques while still providing adequate budget to modernize the whole scheme. Annex 2 to the June 2002 IDA Aide Memoire indicates that this approach will mean that VWRAP works will be grouped into two "phases". The first phase will include the finalized dam safety review, rehabilitation works for the dams, rehabilitation works for main and primary canals and rehabilitation works and modernization for the pilot areas. The second phase will include expanding the experiences gained through pilot testing to the command areas beyond the pilot areas. While the general nature and design of the second phase (i.e., types of civil works, equipment, and facilities) will be similar to nature and design of the pilot area component of the first phase, the precise siting and location of the components of the second phase will not be known. Therefore, the VWRAP Project Implementation Plan (PIP) will contain as follows: . Project and Sub-Project implementation arrangements for the entire VWRAP Project; . detailed specification of the technical/engineering implementation of the first phase, including first year works detailed design and bid packages; and . a programmatic framework specifying the arrangements and procedures for technical/engineering implementation of the second phase of investments. 1.5 General Approach to EIA Preparation 1.5.1 Sources of Information Used in the Preparation of this EIA Annex 4 contains a list of all the documents, maps, and other materials used in the preparation of this EIA. 4 found at www.redlist.orq 5 Information used in preparing this EIA was obtained from a number of sources: . The public consultations conducted throughout EIA preparation (Annex 2); . A set of Sub-Project feasibility study reports prepared by the Hydraulic Engineering Company No. 2 (HEC- 2) under contract to the Consultant; . Information provided by the Consultant during preparation of the overall FS that updates information contained in the HEC-2reports described above; . A detailed socioeconomic survey of 180 pilot area households conducted by the EIA Consultants (Annex 5 contains the survey instrument)5; . The gathering of secondary data and information from various sources in government departments at the provincial, district, and commune level in Tay Ninh Province and Ho Chi Minh City; and . A small set of primary data on water quality was obtained in order to initiate the establishment of a water quality baseline for the Sub-Project. 1.5.2 EIA Methodologv VWRAP is classified as a Category A project and therefore requires the completion of a full EIA, and the overall approach and methodology for this EIA is based on the World Bank's Environmental Assessment Sourcebook. The Consultant has primary responsibility for meeting World Bank and GoVN policies on Involuntary Resettlement, Indigenous People and Dam Safety, and the contents, conclusions, and recommendations of this EIA are intended to support the Consultant in the preparation of Resettlement Action Plan and Ethnic Minority Development Plan for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project if they are required. The engineering works recommended in the Sub-Project feasibility study reports prepared by HEC-2 under contract to the Consultant represent the high end of investments contemplated for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, in large part because of the extensive canal lining that these reports recommend. Financial constraints will limit the actual amount of canal lining that can be done in the Dau Tieng Sub-Project under VW'A'RAP. However, because the preparation of the VWRAP FS occurred six weeks after the preparation of this draft EIA, not all the final information relating to the scope, scale, and location of the canal lining engineering works for the Dau Tieng Sub- Project could be included in this EIA. Therefore, the environmental assessments contained in this Dau Tieng EIA relating to canal lining can be considered as conservative. The actual environmental impacts from canal lining will be less than those described in this EIA because less length of canals will actually be lined under VWRAP. 1.5.3 Sub-Proiect Area of Influence For this EIA. the area of influence of the Sub-Project is defined as: . The Dau Tieng Reservoir catchment area; . The total command area of the Irrigation Scheme; and . Those locations that are outside of the watershed catchment area or the total command area of the Irrigation Scheme but which may be affected by the activities of the Sub-Project. This includes, for example, surface water and groundwater resources downstream of the command area, air quality outside of the command area, and natural habitats and ecosystems that may be located downstream of the command area. These are considered on a case-by-case basis in the Impact Assessment as possible cumulative effects of the Sub-Project on environmental resources (Chapter 4). For the purposes of this EIA, the term 'Sub-Project Area" is defined as the Dau Tieng Reservoir catchment area and the total command area of the Irrigation Scheme.. 1.5.4 Scope of Environmental Management Plan for Dau Tien2 Sub-Proiect The Environmental Management Plan for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project (Chapter 5) contains the following components: . mitigation and monitoring requirements for the first phase of investments (i.e., headworks, main and primary canals, pilot areas, and other non-agricultural uses of the water resources provided by the Dau Tieng Scheme), including cost estimates; . mitigation and monitoring requirements for the second phase of investments (i.e., the remainder of the command area, exclusive of the pilot areas) including cost estimates. This second phase is based on an 5A note is made at each point in the EIA where information from the socioeconomic surveys is used. 6 assessment of the similarity of the current environmental conditions in the pilot areas to the current environmental conditions in the remainder of the Sub-Project's command area (found at the end of Chapter 3: Description of Existing Environment); . implementation arrangements and implementation schedule for the overall Environmental Action Plan; * a programmatic framework which specifies how the specific mitigation and monitoring activities associated with the second phase are to be designed in detail and implemented during overall VWRAP implementation; o requirements for technical assistance to support implementation of the Environmental Management Plan including supervision and training; and * a detailed workplan for the first year of VWRAP implementation (i.e., pre-construction) 1.6 Outline of the EIA for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Including this Introduction, the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EIA contains five sections: Chapter 2 - Description of Dau Tieng Sub-Project A presentation, using the best available information of what engineering works are to be constructed, quantities of materials required, and land use changes in the command area that will be supported by the implementation of the Sub-Project Chapter 3 - Description of Existing Environment a presentation of the current status of the physical, biological, and socioeconomic resources of the Sub-Project Area Chapter 4 - Impact Assessment an evaluation of the environmental impacts of the Sub-Project Chapter 5 - Environmental Management Plan mitigation and monitoring requirements, including implementation arrangements, costs, and schedule. The EIA is supported by a set of technical annexes contained at the end of this volume. 7 2: DESCRIPTION OF DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT The Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme consists of the following components: * the Dau Tieng Dam Complex, consisting of the Main Dam, the Suoi Da Saddle Dam, and the Embankment Dike; * the main and primary canal distribution system; and * the secondary and tertiary irrigation and drainage system. 2.1 Summary of Current Situation 2.1.1 Dau Tieng Dam Complex Dau Tieng Reservoir is the largest in Viet Nam and has a live storage of 1,110 m3. The Dau Tieng Reservoir comprises: the Main Dam the Suoi Da Saddle Dam, and a 27.2 km long embankment dike around the westem edge of Dau Tieng Reservoir. Reservoir storage characteristics and dam design parameters are summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. Key issues regarding the Dau Tieng Dam Complex are: * Seepage through the body and foundation of all three dams has been an ongoing problem. Dam toe seepage may reduce dam strength as well as create an artificial wetland environment immediately downstream of the dam; . In 2000 the GoVN attempted to resolve the problem of dam seepage; physical measures applied included: bentonite - cement mortar grouting to form impermeable diaphragm (not yet to the bedrock layer); and rehabilitation and/or replacement piezometer tubes - used for monitoring groundwater levels; * These measures were only quite superficial and have delivered only short-term improvement in dam safety. 2.1.2 Dau Tienp_ Dam Flood Safety The Dau Tieng Reservoir was originally designed and constructed with a flood spillway capacity of 2,800 m3/sec. The spiliway includes 6 gates with each gate having a dimension of 10m wide x 6m high. Construction grade and flood criteria of the Dau Tieng currently complies with national standard TCVN 5060/90, meaning that it is adequate to cope with a P = 0.01% frequency flood event, but with no checked frequency. At present all flood discharge from Dau Tieng Reservoir is to the Sai Gon River. The Dau Tieng Dam does not meet new required design flood probability standards. New national safety standards (TCVN 5060-2002) require that the Dau Tieng Dam have a design flood probability P = 0.5% (200 years). A new set of flood design standards prepared by Viet Nam and the World Bank recommends a design flood probability of Probable Maximum Flood. Parameters for TCVN 5060-2002 and the recommended Viet Nam/World Bank standards are provided in Table 3. The Dau Tieng Dam, designed to withstand a 1,000 year flood event is designed far below either of these two new standards. There had been a problem with seepage through the foundation of the main spillway. During the program of dam safety conducted in 2000 the following physical measures were applied: . Cement mortar grouting was done unto spillway foundation, two dam abutments, and spillway body; . All spillway gates and piers were strengthened; o A hydraulic piston from Germany was installed; and . Stoplogs hoisting equipment was replaced. The Dau Tieng Reservoir includes three intake sluices 1, 2 and 3, with design discharges of 93.0, 93.0 and 12.8 m3/s respectively. Prior to 2000 there were some ongoing problems with the operation of the intake sluice (or outlet works) system: . Contact seepage downstream of diversion conduits was causing localized water-logging of the dam toe - potentially compromising the structural integrity of the dam foundation; and . Dilapidated gate and hoisting equipment resulting in poor control of water releases. 8 Table 1: Dau Tieng Reservoir water level and storage characteristics. Catchment Dead water Normal water Max water estorage Useful storagevolume Area I level level level Dedtoag Usflsoae at normnal level 2700km2 k +17.0m +24.4m +25.1m 470x106m | 1.110X1106n3 1,580x 106 M3 Table 2: Dau Tieng dam design parameters. Type Maximum height Crest Elevation Crest Width Crest Length Main Dam (Earthfilll 28.0 m +28.0 m 8.0 m 1,100 m Suoi Da Saddle Dam (Earthfihl) 20.0 m +27.0 m - 200 m Embankment Dike 7-8m +27.0 m 5.0 m 27.2 km Table 3: Parameters for existing and required flood design for Dau Tieng Dam. Parameter Value |Catchment Area 2,700 kM2 Existing Flood Design Parameters Design Flood Frequency P=0.01% Discharge at Design Flood Frequency 4,910 m3/s New Flood Design Parameters Required Design Flood Frequency PMF Flood Peak 8,120 m3is Flood Volume 1,495 million mr During the rehabilitation program for Dau Tieng Dam (2000) the foitowing physical measures were successfully implemented: . Cement - bentonite diaphragms installed around leaking conduits; • Stainless steel outlet gates installed; and . Electric winch replaced with hydraulic piston hoisting equipment. 2.1.3 Main Canal Distribution System Main Canals In Cu Chi District All the main canals inside Cu Chi District are now lined with concrete. Due to concrete lining the canals have improved slope stability and are no longer subject to erosion. The improved stability of the canal slope associated with concrete lining has delivered a number of positive outcomes to the water supply system. In addition, regulating gates have been replaced and are well maintained and the hoisting equipment has been electrified already. Main Canals in Tay Ninh The main canals outside Cu Chi District are earth-filled and are characterized by unstable banks that are prone to erosion along many sections. Along some sections the canal bottom is furrowed and/or silted. There is a common trend that the bank is under erosion and the bottom is under siltation. In general the main canals are now wider but shallower than the original design meaning that the hydraulic cross section is now worse than the designed one, resulting in reduced water conveyance capacity. Presently, Dau Tieng IMC undertakes dredging in some silted sections of the main canal outside the Cu Chi area. Sections of the East Main Canal (outside the Cu Chi area) have been broken on numerous occasions. This is a serious problem as it results in undesirable flooding and inundation of adjacent irrigation areas. In general the irrigation outlet gates have not been renewed since first installed. The original gates were of a poor quality and the general level of maintenance and preservation has not been good. Consequently many of the gates are now rusted out and / or bent. The on-canal hoisting units are all crankshaft operated. The hoisting units are the originally installed ones. Now after nearly 20 years of operation with minimal maintenance the hoisting units are in a poor condition. Dilapidation observed by the Consultant included cogwheels with broken cogs, bent cogwheels, and broken positioning bolts. Due to run-down condition of the hoisting equipment the opening and closing of gates must now be performed manually. 9 2.1.4 Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Canals The Canals Primary, secondary and tertiary canals in the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme are generally earthen and are half excavated / half filled. In general the situation is that the canal banks have been eroded and the canal bottoms are silted. This has negatively impacted upon the delivery of water along these canals. The GoVN issued a Decision No. 6612000/QD-TTg on June 13, 2000, regarding 'Some Policies and Financial Mechanism for the Implementation of the Canal Strengthening Program". Ministry of Finance also issued a Circulation No. 7212000/TT-BTC on July 19, 2000 giving guidance to recognize the said Decision. Tay Ninh Province is investing VND 850 billion into a 5-year program of irrigation canal strengthening. By the end of 2001, many of the important canals that were previously in a seriously damaged condition had been strengthened and brought into operation. The Tay Ninh Province investments to date-are: (i) Primary - 43,316m with investment budget of VND 47,334 million; and (ii) Secondary and tertiary - 36,946m with investment budget of VND 25,583 million. Gates and Hoisting Equipment Head canal intake sluices are generally equipped with steel slide valve gates, which must be manually operated using a crankshaft system. Many of the gates are now either rusted out and / or bent. Wooden slides are rotten and the washers are variably damaged. In some of the hoisting equipment the positioning bolts are loose and the crankshaft can be bent and / or rusted out. Some sluices lack entirely any operative gates or hoisting equipment. 20 years of operation without proper maintenance has meant that the gates and hoisting equipment function poorly and consequently provide inadequate control of water levels. In general, the lower rank a canal belongs to, the worse condition of sluice gates and hoisting equipment. 2.2 Description of Sub-Project 2.2.1 Overall Obiectives of Sub-Proiect The overall objectives of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project are to: Upgrade the existing irrigation scheme; o Improve reliability, flexibility, and effectiveness of the irrigation system; o Reduce the cost of operation and maintenance Enable the scheme to satisfy all reasonable water needs by supplying a sufficient quantity of water at the required times of the year; and o Create the conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development using the application of modem design, engineering, and irrigation system management technologies. This will be achieved by modernization of technical infrastructure from the headworks to the farm fields and by modernization of the management system for the entire Irrigation Scheme. 2.2.2 Changes in Water Use and Allocation with Modernization Modemization of the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme is intended to support the shift in the use of the reservoir from that of simply supplying water for agricultural purposes to an integrated water use scheme, supplying water to support an additional 22,40 ha of irrigated agriculture as well almost 600 million m3/yr (18.9 m /s) for domestic and industrial uses. Table 4 contains the changes expected in water use and allocation with the Dau Tieng Sub- Project. 2.2.3 Dau Tienp Dam Complex The engineering works for the Dau Tieng Dam complex will consist of a series of measures to supplement the upgrading performed in 2000: Main Dam - Construction of bentonite core wall and absolutely drilling and grouting until it reaches the rock layer. - Continue these works on the remaining sections - Install water level meters upstream of the dam 10 Table 4: Changes in water use with the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Water Use Current (m'lsec) With Sub-Proiect (m'lsec) Difference (m3/sec) Agriculture na7 na na Thu Dau 1 Domestic Water SuppIy 0.26 0.26 0 Ho Chi Minh Domestc Water Supply 0 10.5 10.5 Cu Chi Domestic Water Supply 0 5 5 Southem Binh Duong Industral zone 0 2.3 2.3 Buorbon Sugar Factory 2 2 0 Tay Ninh Sugar Factory 0.4 1 0.6 Trang Bang Industrial Zone 0 0.5 0.5 Suoi Da Saddle Dam - Completion of the bentonite cement core wall - Strengthening the upstream slope of the dam with better slope (maybe with pre-cast concrete slab) over the length of the dam section. - The dam surface of this section should also be upgraded (asphalt or concrete paved) Dike Embankment - Development of a better solution to suppress the seepage in some segments. The solution of constructing a Bentonite diaphragm could be used. - Strengthening some of the dam segments, which have an open gap, to allow traffic to pass the wave wall. It is recommended to construct a wall and to install slots for stoplogs. - Complete the reinforcement of the upstream slope. Flood Spillway - Measures to dry up the stoplogs storage sheds; - Improve stoplogs hoisting equipment. The presently used type is not appropriate - Architecturally redecorate the spillway Diversion Structure - No engineering is required Intake Sluices - no further rehabilitation of the intake sluices is required Quantities of material required for upgrading the headworks and the associated management road are presented in Table 5. 2.2.4 Requirements for Meetine Uparaded Dam Safetv Standards No additional spillways are required and the Dau Tieng Dam will require no upgrading to meet the PMF flood design safety standard. A wave wall will be constructed on the Saddle from locations kl 1 to kf. Quantities of material required for upgrading required to meet upgraded dam safety standards are presented in Table 5. 2.2.5 Main Canal Distribution System The engineering works for the Dau Tieng main canal distribution system will consist of (quantities of material required for upgrading the main and primary canal systems are presented in Table 6): East Main Canal - Review the size of the canal in view of the MARD Decision No.3084 -QD/BNN-XDCB dated 1 August - 2002 with respect to the approval of the Phuoc Hoa Irrigation Scheme. - Dredge and reshape the canal embankment to satisfy design cross section requirements - Undertake the concrete lining of the canal over the total length of the East Main Canal because (i) this continues to erode, has had frequent breakthroughs in the past, and one of its tasks is to supply water to Ho Chi Minh City. This can not be interrupted for long periods of annual periodic maintenance. 6 Data from HEC-2. Design Report on Dau Tieng lrrigabon System Modernization Sub-Project. Final Report: Water Balance Calculation. 7 HEC-2. Design Report on Dau Tieng Irrigation System Modemization Sub-Project. Final Report: Water Balance Calculation does not include am estimate of current water requirements for agriculture. * ~~~~~~~~~~~~~11 Table 5: Quantities of engineering required for upgrading Dau Tieng headworks. _________ ___ __ Quantities Item Unit Main Earth Intkes Auxiliary Spillway Management Sluice Total ___________ ~~Dam Dam Splwy Road Earth Excavation m3 0 7,475 304,662 5,628 0 0 317,765 Other Material to m3 0 0 0 1,075 0 0 1,075 be Removedg I Earth-fill to m3 0 7,475 95,700 6,097 48,750 0 158,022 be Provided __ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ Rock, Sand, Gravel Masonry, m3 0 352 262,141 1,497 621 268 264,879 Concrete, Cement Mortaring9 I Total I m3 -0 15,302 662,503 14,297 49,371 268 741,741 Table 6: Quantities of material required for upgrading canal system of Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme10"1. Total Management Width (m) Lined (km) Concrete, Legh Road (km) ____ ___ Excavation Earth-Fill, Msor Item (km) Curre With With With (M3) (M3) Mason3 ___________nt Project Current Project __urrent Project(i) East Main Canal 45 4SC) 45 30-50 12-23 12.5 45 616,855 407,073 68,837 Primary Canal 130.101 130 130 5-12 5-10 18.530 Na 1.221,007 1,437,714 349,128 No. 1I_ _ ___ _ _ Secondary 239.386 240 240 6.953 Na Direct Canals 113.277 West Main 39 39 39 70 6-35 0 19.8 461,085 279,525 52,996 Canal__ _ _ _ _ Primary Canal 106.427 106 106 5-12 5-10 2.712 Na No. 2 1 1 2.223,294 1,169,081 278,530 Secondary 226.689 Canals Direct Canals 191.621 Tan Hung Main 29.89 29.89 29.89 Canal _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Primary Canal 48.165 48.165 48.165 18.409 _ Lower Canals 74.57 74.57 - 74.57 - 9.77 - - Upgrade the road surface on the canal embankment using technical solutions most applicable to individual sections. West Main Canal - Review the size of the canal in view of the MARD Decision No.3084 -QD/BNN-XDCB dated 1 August 2002 with respect to the approval of the Phuoc Hoa Irrigation Scheme. - Dredge and reshape the canal embankment to satisfy design cross section requirements - Where geological conditions are not favorable for canal integrity, the canal structure should be reinforced. It is not recommended to concrete the West Main Canal over its total length. - Upgrade the road surface on the canal embankment using technical solutions most applicable to individual sections. This includes: Riprap; Parapet; Construction blocks; and Existing Concrete that is chipped out as presented in the Dam Safety Report for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project prepared by HEC-2. 9 This includes: Concrete (all types); Drain Rockfill; Gravel for Filter; Sand for Filter; Stone; Rock Masonry; and Cement Mortar as presented in the Dam Safety Report for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project prepared by HEC-2. 1° Does not include on-farm canal system. Figures taken from Design Report for Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme Modemization. 12 For both the West and East Main Canals, concrete structures that are partially damaged need to be replaced, almost all of the outlet gates need to be replaced, and full replacement of hoisting equipment is needed. 2.2.6 Primary, Secondarv and Tertiary Canals The engineering works for the secondary, tertiary, and on-farm irrigation system and associated regulating structures will consist of: . Completing the canal system to the farm field level; . Full implementation of the canal strengthening program; . Restoring primary canal cross sections to original design by dredging where required and raising the level of the primary canals at badly eroded locations; and . Overhaul the existing civil works structures and associated equipment that can be reused and replace those structures and equipment that can not be reused. 2.2.7 Modernization of the Irrigation Management System The Sub-Project activities for modemization of the irrigation management system will consist of: . Electrification of the operation of water control structures down and including the structures controlling water into the secondary canals and electrification of secondary canal operation in Cu Chi District; . Upgrading the technical capacity of irrigation management personnel; * Upgrading the equipment and management facilities of the Dau Tieng IMC offices including the Dau Tieng Irrigation Management Stations; and . Improvement of the water user fee policies and the application and implementation of those policies. 2.2.8 Summarv of Surface Transportation System Upgradin2 Table 7 contains a summary of the planned upgrading of the surface transportation system within the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. 2.2.9 Requirements for Resettlement and Compensation for Land Acquisition As currently configured, the Dau Tieng Sub-Project will require no resettlement (Table 8). There are some very modest requirements for compensation as a result of land acquisition. It must be recognized, also, that the resettlement and compensation estimates contained in Table 8 do not include requirements that might occur when implementing the completion of the canal system at lower (tertiary and on-farm) levels. 2.3 Expected Chanaes in Agricultural Land Use Table 9 provides the expected changes in agricultural land use within the command area as a result of Sub- Project Implementation. 13 Table 7: Description of planned upgrades to surface transportation in Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Len th (km) Wit (m) Other Fill (Sand, Type With Sub- With Sub- Earth-fill (M3) Gravel, Rock, l Cunent Project Current Project etc.) (in') Management Road Na Na 8-10 8-10 162,626 for Headworks I_ _ Management Road 113.89°l 113.89( ) 8-10 8-10 Induding in main canal system table along Main Canals _ Management Road along Primary 236.53r) 236.53r) 1.5-3 4-6 Induding in main canal system table Canals Roads/Paths along LowerdLeelPCanalsg no estimates provided in engineering design documents Lower Level Canals Source: Reporl on modemizaUion of main canal and headwork; Main feasibility report for Dau Tieng subproject; l( estimate set equal the length of canals Table 8: Resettlement and compensation requirements for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Taken from Final VWRAP PFS, submitted to MARD in March 2003 Sub-Project Component No. Households to be Land Acquisiti n (ha) Resettled Permanent Temporary Headworks 0 5 . 0 Canals 0 911 150 Total 0 916 150 Table 9: Expected changes in agricultural land use within the command area with Sub-Project implementation12. Land Use Type Current With Project Increment Winter- Spring Rice 13,691 19,583 5,892 Summer- Autumn Rice 18,371 25,223 6,853 Monsoon Rice 32,892 8,267 24,626 Peanut 17,132 18,322 1,191 Maize 6,128 10,575 4,447 Vegetables 1,895 3,626 1,730 Sugarcane 5,370 8,447 3,076 Tobacco 3,660 5,122 1,463 Total 99,139 99,165 26 12 Derived from information provided in the financial/economic analysis section of the final VRWAP PFS submitted to MARD in March 2003, chapter on Dau Tieng Scheme Subproject Modemization. 14 3: DESCRIPTION OF EXISTING ENVIRONMENT 3.1 Location of Sub-Proiect The ;ocation of the Dau Tieng Inigation Scheme is as follows: ° the catchment area is in the Sai Gon River Basin of Tay Ninh Province; • the Reservoir and headworks are located in Duong Minh Chau District of Tay Ninh Province, about 65 km north of Ho Chi Minh City; o the irrigation system covers an area of 172,000 ha which includes: - seven distncts of Tay Ninh Province: Tan Bien; Tan Chau; Duong Minh Chau; Chau Thanh; Hoa Thanh; Go Dau; and Trang Ban; - Cu Chi District in Ho Chi Minh City • Additional beneficiary areas include: - In Ho Chi Minh City: Hoc Mon; Bac Binh Chanh; Ben Huong-Lang The Distrcts - In Binh Duong Province: the Sai Gon River riparian area - In Long An Province: East Vam Co River Riparian Area, Ben Cau Loc Giang District Just over two million persons reside in the districts that form the Sub-Project. The Irrigation Scheme covers an area of nearly 3,000 km2 and has an average population density of 702 people per km2. Population densities vary markedly across the scheme with the most sparsely populated area being Tan Bien District (Tay Ninh Province) with 90 persons per km2 and with Hoc Mon District, with 1,905 persons per km2. Sub-Project residents are comprised of mostly Kinh, although about 2% of the Sub-Project population is comprised of various ethnic minorities. Most of the land in the Sub-Project is used for agriculture, and there remains only a small amount of unused land. Synoptic information for the Sub-Project area is presented in Table 10 and Table 11. 3.2 Physical Resources 3.2.1 Climate Dau Tieng's catchment area and its irrigation scheme lies in the tropical monsoonal region. Being located in southem Viet Nam, the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Area has a sub-equatorial climate and experiences two distinct seasons; the wet season (May to November with June to August experiencing the highest rainfall) and the dry season (December to April). Temperature The yearly recorded data indicates that the mean monthly temperature is around 270C (, with little change throughout the year; the maximum temperature 300C and minimum temperature 24°C. The highest temperature appears in April and May, while lowest temperatures are in December and January. Rainfall The study area has a tropical monsoon climate, with a pronounced rainy season from May to October, and dry season from December to April when potential evapotranspiration exceeds rainfall. Mean rainfall in the upper Dau Tieng Watershed is 1,940 mm, and Long An 1,700mm, with almost 90% occurring in the rainy season (Figure 4). Rainfall peaks in Tay Ninh in September and October (> 300 mm); comparative data for Long An is similar with rainfall peaking in September and October with 250 mm and 354 mm, respectively. Relative Humidity The mean relative humidity in sub-project area is high, the annual mean relative humidity around 80%, with highest humidity (90%) in the rainy season and lowest humidity (65%) in the dry season (Table 12). Sunshine Hours Sunshine hour are also high with an annual average of 2884 sunshine hours, equivalent to about 8 hours a day (Table 12). Evaporation Evaporation ranges from 800 to 1,200 mm per year average, and up to 1,500mm. The highest monthly evaporation is 70 mmn/month and evaporation increases in dry season and reduces in the rainy season (Table 12). Table 10: Synoptic population and land use information for the Da u Tien~ Sub-Project Ara13. Basic_Information ____Agricultural Land Use (ha) ____ Forest Land Use (ha) ___Other Land Use (ha), .2~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~. .2 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . a V ________ _________ _______ NT17 Pilot Area ____________________ Tra Vong Commune (Tan Bien) 4,704 10.945 233 3,617 1.258 16 843 ]~1.499 1,087 66 119 '103 18 Dong Khoi Commune (Chau Thanh) 3,471 10,216 294 3,017__ 2,458__ 6 369 J 185 626 15 _____ 240 __6___21 Thanh Dien Commune Chau Thanh) 4.585 20.142 439 3,960 3,389 18 91 J 462 j -- 154 184 157 128 Thai Binh Commune (Chau Thanh) 2.899 11,706 404 1,903 1,154 3 227 J 519 j - - -___ 100 768 116 1 1 Tn Binh Commune (Chau Thanh) 2,101 6,639 316 1,716 1,560 6 241 126 1. --____ 59 86 42 198 __________________________________ _______ _______ ______ 20 ilo Ara ______ _____N20____Pilot____Area__ Loc Hung Commune 6.07118,681 311 5,411_3.672k 1 1 161 1,566 - 148 157 1730 Gia Lioh Commune 1,1172 10,5712 141 9998 187594 14 36 1915 161 7 145 28 Gia Binh Commune i ,0527 16,5742 549 2958 80754 14 3 19351-16 1 02 An Hoa Commune - 3,005, 19,222 640 2,4951 1,9681 6 -, 521 - - ~ 3 2 31 Trano Bang Town 36?, 13,630 3,714 2441 75] 8 2 158 - - ~ 4 9 *7 _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ _______ ______ _______N 31A Pilot A rea _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ Trung Lap Thuong Commune 2,320 10,554 455] 1,956 1,576 0 - 380 - I -I - 54 2231 635 ___ Trung Lap Ha Commune 1,494 7,773 5201 1,4231 555 ___ 45 822* --I 1 56* 515 85 30 Phuoc Vinh An Commune 1,620 9,076 5601 9341 508 3 23 401 - - - - 109* 4821 '167 122 Tan An Hoi Commune 3.008 17,723 589] 2,1281 930 24 504 670~ J - 63 186] 206 8 Tan Thong Hoi Commune [ 1,724 21.511 1,248] 1,2831 498 9 163 613 43 -1 1921 - 1,368 3,420~ 2,4111 790 Summary, Pilot Areas 4`1,474 196,131 473 J33,665 22,001 129 2,488 9,047 669 -[3,610 ~ ,1,083 5,055 ]828 4,314 Complete Command Area____ ________ ___ Chau Thanh District 57,100 119,224 209 1 45,101 38.562 1 157 2,377 14,005 35 - 955 - 1,3521 940 483 5.543 Tan Bien District 85,300 77.102 90 5 5,415 45,841 87 6.586 2.902 1,968 13,179 - 1.501 4,637 762 9,557 Tan Chau District 95,700 97.543 102 64 572 44,716 30 14,980 4.846 1,466 - 131 - 1,252 1,105 1.474 1.338 Hoa Thanh Distrct 18,400 209,948 1,141 12,833 7,072 48 4,218 1,495 305 ---495 ____ 258 524 427 3,246 Ben Cau District 23.300 59,607 256 18.347 1 6,641 9 387 1,310 35 - 3 - 466 559 799 870 Go Dau District 25.100 135,289 539 22.535 15,417 7 4,089 3,021 - - 49 - 747 1,270 979 1,129 Trang Bang District 33.800 `139,420 412 29,571 25,140 83 1,505 2,842 32 __ 93 1,496 2,995 2,207 2.332 Cu Chi -HCMC 43.450 257,805 593 34,191 17,517 316 5,005 11,353 226 __ ______ ___ Hoc Mon - HCMC 10.918 207,591 1.901 3,613 1,566 509 650 888____ ____________ Binh Chanh -HCMC 30.457 332,589 1,092 12.815 7,046 i,251 2,960 1,558 ____ ____ 5,913 ___ ___ Duc Hue -Lonig An 42,100 62,797 149 _____ ____ ________736 ________ Duc Hoa -Long An 41.100 192,386 468 8,072 3,603 1,729 _____ 2,741 ___ __ 37,154 6.649 8,155 17,085 7.960 2.2 Summary, Complete Command Area 506,725 1,891,301 373 307,066 223,120 4,226 42,757 36.,963 4,067 _ ______ _______ _________________________________ _______________ Sub-Project Area Upstream of Command Area_______________ _______ Dau Tieng - Binh Duong 1 72,000 107,940 '150 I - I 217 2,013 - 880 [17,845 712 3,175 DuogMminh Uptram oisfc ComndAea3600 207439 1564 34,632 125,332 125 6,855 2,320 1,172 21 201 _8 66 1194 7103 317 Summag Uptin mohCmmn Chau Dist600ct0,43 1564 34,632 L25,332 125 6,855 2,320 1,7'1 ,1 8 784 123 317 13 Information is provided only for administrative units that are within particular parts of the Sub-Project; the boundaries of these administrative units do not correspond to the boundaries of the pilot areas, comimand areas, or areas of influence of the major headworks. The data give a qualitative understanding of the socioeconomic status of the Sub-Project area. Blank entries mean no data were available at the lime this EIA was prepared. 1 6 Table II1: SnpIC Csococonomic inomation for Dau Tieng Sub-Project'4 . Basic Information ___ Househol SiePovert Ethnic Minorities E 0~~ cu 0 I.- I a CL r_ wd Co. w IL.IL - 00. 0. .' 0 ~E . I -Z E I. I . __________ ~~~~~NT17 Pilot Area _ _ _ Tra Vong Commune (Tan.Bien) 4.704 10,945 233 2,153 5.0 2.0441 1.770 4.12 __ 99.79 3 Tamu~n 0.161 Hoa 0.05 Khome Dong Khoi Commune (Chau Thanh) 3,471, 10,216 294 2.246 4.55 2,105 1.433 2.71 __ 100 0 0 0 { 00 Thanh Dien Commune Chau Thanh) 4.585, 20,142 439 4,380 4.60 4,126' 0.960 1.94 __ 100 0 2 Hoa 0 hme 00 Thai Binh Commune (Chau Thanh) 2,8999 11,706 404 2,486 4.71 2,351 0.810 0.94 99.85 0.15 3 oa 006. ar006 Nun 0.03 Tn Binh Commune (Chau.Thanh) 2.101 6.639 316 1,458 4.55 1,374 1.249 1.9 ___ 99.94 0.06 1 HoaL 0.06 ___ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ ______ _____ ______ __ ___ ______N 20 P ilot A rea _ _ _ Loc Hlun Commune 6.0071 18.6811 3111 3,9271 4.761 3.805 1.422 ___ 99701 031 21 Hoal 0281 Khomet 0.02F Gia Loc Commune 3.0521 16.7421 5491 3,6841 45 3,544 0.728 9 9 0.21 1 Ho 0.21 ___ Gia Binh Commune 1,1171 10,5711 1411 2,4401 4.57! 305 3.277 I___ 988 01 I Hoal 0.12 Hoa Commune 1 3.0051______ 19,2221 6401 4,126 4.66 3,988 0.626 _ _02 1 Hoa 10.26 ___ ang Bang Town 3671 13.6301 3,7141 3.061 4.45 1,127 0.216. 11I Hoa 10.02] ______________ ______________ ______________ ___ __________N 31 A P ilot A rea 'ning Lap Thuong Commune 2,320 10,554 455 2,344 4.50 1,126 1.737 11.6 - - -- - - ung Lap Ha Commune 1,494, 7,773 520 1.847 4.21 964 1.476 11.26 __ __ ______ Phuoc Vinh An Communre 1,620, 9,076 560 2,031 4.47 1,063 0.8 79~ 4.38 _ __ ___ Tan An Hoi Commune 3.008 17,723 589 3.999 4.43 1,518 1.4021 3 __ _75 __ Tan Thong HalCommune ,J, 1,724, 21,511 1,248 4,926 4.37 2,547 0.5041 4.36 __ _____ Summary, Pilot Areas 41,474, 196,131 473 40,709 4.56 27,838 1.231 4.70 _ ______ ___ _______________________________________ ~Corn lte Com m and Area _ _ Chau Thanh District -. 57,100 119,224 2091 26.031 4.581 24.087 1.872 6.90 6 99.561 0.44 6 Tamun 0.261 Hoa 10.08 Tav 0.04 Tan Bien District 85,300 77,102 90 16.689 4.62 14,230 3.894 6.60 ___3 97.96 2.04 __ 9 Khome 1.191 Muongl 0.24 Hoa 02 Tan Chau District 95,700 97,543 102 21,724 4.49 20.554 3.142 6.93 ___4 94.01 5.99 1 1 Khome 2.681 Chamn 2.23 Tamun 0.7 Hoa Thanh DIstrict 18,400 209,948 1,141 43.378 4.84 39.854 0.322 ___ __0 98.98 1.02 8 Khoine 0.54 Hoe 0.24 Tamen 02 Ben Cau District .23,300 59,607 256 12.655 4.71 11,242 1.632 10.33 4 99.67 0.33 ___5 Hoa 0.14 Thai 0.14 Khome 00 Go Dau District 25,100 135,289 539 29.734 4.55 24 .256 0.929 5.60 ___0 99.37 0.63 7 HDO 0.58 Khome 0.02 Nung 0.01 Trang _______Bang______D___s________ 33,800 139,420 412 30,243 4.61 27.486 1.076, 7.02 ___2 99.75 0.25 5 Hoa 0.23 Khome 0.01 Tamun. 0.01 CuC ______________HCMC__________ 43,450 257,805 593. 57,934 4.45. 34,488 0.9911______ 0 ______ HDc Mon - HCMC ~~~~10,918 207.591 1,901 46,545 4.46 9.440 0,383 ___0 ______ Binh Chanh.- HCMC 30,457 332,589 1,092 75,417 4.41 19.418 0.660 ___ _ 0 ______ Duc Hue -Long An 42,100 62,797 149 13,304 4.72 11,841 .4 ___ Duc Hoa - Long A 41,100 192,386 468 41,108 4,68 37.D48 0218 ___ _ 0 -- ___ Summary, Complete Command Area 506,725, 1,891,301 373 414,763 4.59 273,944 1.26 __ ___ Sub-Pro ect Area Upstream of Command Area _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _______ Dau Tieng -Binh Duong 1 72,0001[ 107,9401 1501 23,1I131 4.671 18,7221[ -1 9.5 __ 1 I.....-...__...IZII Duonvg Minh Chau District 1 60,6001 99,4991 1641 20,6431 4.821 i9,404-1 1.7851 5.541 99.461 0.54[ 7 Tau 0.321 'Hoal 0_91__al _ summary, Upstream of Command Area 1 132,6001 207,4391 1561 43,756 4.5 38,`12811 II I ...I I_I____I 14Information is provided only for administrative units that are within particular parts of the Sub-Project; the boundaries of these administrative units do not necessarily correspond to the boundaries of the pilot areas, command areas, or areas of inflUence of the major headworks. The data give a qualitative understanding of the socioeconomic status of the Sub-Project area. Blank entries mean no data were available at the time this EIA was prepared. 1 7 31 r f I I ,, I I I r-r--T Figure 3: Historical monthly temperature in Dau Tieng Sub- Project. Source: Tay Ninh and Long An Hydrometeorological Lu 29J - 5 s 1l _ Stations. Data are from 1991 to 2001. '28- 25 _ |o _ LOCATION Long An 241 , Tay Ninh MONTI I 800 I , I Figure 4: Historical monthly rainfall 700 - in Dau Tieng SubProject. Source: Tay Ninh and Long An 600 - Hydrometeorclogical Stations. Data 600. are from 1991 to 2001. j500 _ 5L 00- 300 200 _- ;I 200 ~~~~~~~LOCATION I & 5 I I I Long An 0 ~ 'o Tay Ninh sW~~~~y S *w%3 @wie9 Gt4 G MONTH Table 12: Basic climate information for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Source: Tay Ninh and Long An Hydrometeorological Stations. Data are from 1991 to 2001. Province Jan Feb Mar Apr Ma J Jul Aug Sep I Oct | Nov | Dec Sunshine H-ours (No.) TayNinh 1 237 1227 F265 |241 231 | 195 1190 172 171 | 185 1 201 1213 Long An 249 231 261 235 222 187 176 173 174 181 | 213 | 215 Relative Humidity (%16) TaNinh 73 73 73 76 81 84 | 85 | 85 187 | 86 J 79 | 75 LonAn 79 1 78 78 79 83 85 186 185 t 83 1 83 180 8 3.2.2 Landforms and Topography The Dau Tieng Reservoir watershed has a pan shape with a gradual slope from two main rivers (Sai Gon and Ba Hao). There is not much little topographic relief in this area; the mean elevation ranges from 25-27 m asi. A part of the upper watershed lies in Cambodia at an elevation of 50 to 100 m asl. The topography of Tay Ninh Province can be divided into four main forms: Mountainous Terrain: mainly located at and near Ba Den Mountain with an area of 15 km2 in west-northwest part of the province, elevation of 15 - 50 m asl, this is an ecipse shape with big slope changes from 20° to 40°; Hilly Terrain: the collection of hills with height of 50 - BO m, made from sand or altuvial material. This terrain 18 originated from accumulated erosion. Land erosion has occurred in the upper layers so that the remaining soil layer is very thin, at the foot of the hills, the materials is accumulated and created loose soil or sticky soil submerged in water; Slope Hilly Terrain: terrain with height ranging from 15 - 25 m. This type of terrain appears in South Tan Bien and Duong Minh Chau, Trang Bang, Go Dau and Ben Cau Districts. The hills here take flat and round peak, with very gentle slopes of 2 - 3°; and Plain Terrain: is the river bench with absolute heights of 5 - 10m, distributed along the rivers with width of 20 - 150m and with considerable length. With the low-lying position, the soil here is created from accumulated materials, mainly modem alluvium. The part of Cu Chi District of Ho Chi Minh city that is in the Sub-Project Area consists of flat terrain, with an elevation of from 0.15 m to 3.5 m asl. 3.2.3 Geology The main geological features of the Sub-Project Area are as follows: The Sai Gon and Vam Co River basins are composed of Quatemary deposits comprising alluvial material ranging from clay to gravel and Neogene-Quaternary deposits comprising siltstone and mudstone; e Soil parent material consists of either older Alluvium (alluvial terrace) or recent alluvium, with the only solid outcrops being the low sandstone hills in Tan Bien (in northwest Tay Ninh) and the Dau Tieng reservoir; o The older alluvium slopes approximately towards the southwest through terrace levels that range from 60+ m above sea level (asl) in the northeast to about 1 m asl in Long An, where it becomes submerged beneath the Recent Alluvium; o In Binh Duong the predominant parent material is Upper to Middle Pleistocene is comprised of sandy deposits that extend as far west as Tan Bien (Tay Ninh) and Thu Dau Mot (southem Binh Duong). The oldest material (Upper Pliocene) - coarse sands and fine gravels - is found in Chon Thanh (a district in Binh Phuoc immediately to the north of Ben Cat, Binh Duong). Adjacent to this is a zone of Lower Pleistocene Alluvium consisting of clay and gravel; Upper Pleistocene (11,000 years) sands and clays form the higher terrace levels from the west Chau Thanh (mid-west Tay Ninh), Ben Cau (south Tay Ninh) and Duc Hoa (northeast Long An). Lower terrace levels and valleys comprise clays with some sands of the older Hotocene age (8,000 years); and . Recent alluvium of the younger Holocene (5,000 years to present), is clay textured and rises to 2 m asl extends some distance up the Sai Gon and Vam Co Dong Rivers. 3.2.4 Soils The soils of the Sub-Project Area consist of two main groups: Terrace Soils These soils are Grey Soils and are characterized by low amounts of clay, high concentrations of silt and heavy leaching. These soils can be found in Tan Chau (Tay Ninh), Dau Tieng (Binh Duong), Duc Hoa (Long An) and the upper and middle Vam Co Dong (Chau Thanh in Tay Ninh to Long An); and soil characteristics are mainly clay-sandy and mixed clay particles, and soil thickness 50-100cm. Rice, dry-footed crops, sugarcane can be grown in this soil and have a high yield if enough water for irrigation and good cultivation. Recent Alluviums These are characterized by clays (and often heavy clays) and are located in Trang Bang (Tay Ninh) and Duc Hue (Long An). This clay thickness is more than 100cm. It is nutrient soil and good keeping water (percolation rate k =1mm/day), suitable for rice growing and dry-footed crops. A problem with these soils is their predisposition to acid sulphate conditions under dry conditions. While waterlogged and anaerobic the iron pyrites (FeS2) will remain in a reduced condition and acidification will not occur. If allowed to dry out, the sulphides will oxidize to sulphates and produce the acidity when flushed from the soils at the beginning of the rainy season. 3.2.5 Surface Water Hydrology The hydrology of the Sub-Project Area comprises the Dau Tieng Reservoir, the Vam Co Dong and the Sai Gon Rivers. 19 Dau Tieng Reservoir The Dau Tieng Reservoir is fed from a number of streams and rivers including the Nuoc Duc and Krai which flow from Cambodia and together form the Tha La River, and the Cham, Ngo, Sa Cat and Lap Streams which flow into the reservoir from Binh Duong Province. While there are two precipitation seasons in the Dau Tieng Watershed, the initiation of the flood season is delayed by one to two months in comparison with other areas; the flood season also terminates later. The flood season starts from September to the end of December, and dry season lasts eight or nine months in the year. As with the temporal pattem of rainfall, 70 to 80% of the total annual flow concentrated in three to five months of the wet season, and only 20 to 30% of the flow occurs in the dry season. Yearly flow is from 20 to 25 I/s-kM2, which is less in comparison with other reservoirs such as Ke Go, which is 40 to 50 /s-km2. The water potential in this watershed is rather low. The Dau Tieng Reservoir Watershed is often affected by flooding, usually in the June to November period, and the probable maximum frequency of flood often occurs in September and October. The biggest measured flood was in 1952 with peak flow of 2,300 m3/s, equivalent to the calculated flood frequency of about 2%. The normal water level in the reservoir is +24.4m asl (Table 13); the dead water level in the reservoir at +17.Om asl. Total flow ranges from 1,580 million m3 to 470 million m3 equivalent with water levels at +24.4m and +17.0 m asl. The surface area of reservoir is approximately 264 km2 equivalent with water level at +24,4 m asl and 120 km2 equivalent with water level at + 17.0 m. Water from the Dau Tieng Reservoir runs into the East Canal, West Canal, Tan Hung Canal and through the spillway to Sai Gon River. Sai Gon River The Sai Gon River has a catchment of 4,717 km2 and rises in the hills of Binh Phuoc (north of Tay Ninh and Binh Duong) at an elevation of 200 m. The capacity is rather high with total average annual volume of 1,841 million cubic meters. The average annual flow in the river was 59 m3/s, before the Dau Tieng Reservoir was constructed. The Sai Gon River flows through Loc Ninh and Binh Long Districts before reaching Tan Chau, Duong Minh Chau and Dau Tieng and then runs 280 km before reaching Dong Nai River in Dong Nai Province south of Binh Duong Province and east of Long An Province some 40 km from the ocean. The overall slope of the Sai Gon River is 0.045%. In its lower reaches, it ranges in width between 225 m and 370 m with depths up to 20 m. Under normal conditions the tidal influence extends to Thu Dau Mot (140 km) from the sea and on some occasions even to Ben Cat Town (170 km from the sea) on the Thi Tinh River. Vam Co Dong River The Vam Co Dong River lies to the west of Sai Gon River and is one of the two main tributaries of the Vam Co River. The Vam Co Dong River has a catchment of 8,546 kM2, with average annual flow of 14 m3/s. The river rises in Cambodia and Tay Ninh at elevations of between 20 m and 30 m. It flows some 200 km before it reaches the Vam Co River in Tien Giang Province to the south of Long An Province and to the west of Ho Chi Minh City. Between Tan Chau and the ocean it has an average width of 170 m, it is narrowest in Go Dau (south Tay Ninh) at 120 m and widest (200 m) through Ben Luc in Long An Province. The Vam Co Dong River receives water directly from the Dau Tieng Reservoir through the West canal and also the lower drainage canals of the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme. Salinity Intrusion Prior to the construction of Dau Tieng and Tri An Reservoirs, salinity of more than 4 ppt intruded during the low flow season into the Sai Gon River to near the offtake of the Rach Tra Canal. Since these two reservoirs have been in operation with Tri An releasing about 200 m3/s and Dau Tieng releasing 20m3/s in the dry season, salinity intrusion has retreated about 20 km in the Sai Gon River to Phu An, about 8 km upstream of the confluence with the Dong Nai River. However, salinity intrudes into the Sub-Project Area from the saline portion of the Sai Gon River through the Cho Dem River and also from the Vam Co Dong River, whose salinity level reaches more than 4 ppt (the maximum salinity tolerated by paddy) during five months of the year (January to May), and which is connected to the Sub-Project Area through the Ben Luc River, as well as the An Ha and Xang Canals. 3.2.6 Surface Water Quality There is no regular surface water quality monitoring of any kind within the Sub-Project Area and it is therefore not possible to make any comprehensive quantitative assessment of current water quality conditions within the Sub- Project Area. There have been a number of water quality surveys conducted, including a survey conducted as part of the preparation of this EIA; the main results of these surveys are found in Annex 6 (national water quality standards are provided in Annex 7). The main features of surface water quality in the Sub-Project Area are as follows. 20 Table 13: Long term average monthly water level in Dau Tieng Reservoir (m asi). Month Jan | Feb | Mar Apr | May | Jun | Jul T Aug I Sep Oct | Nov | Dec 23.5 22.7 22.0 21.0 1 20.0 19.2 18.8 19.0 20.1 21.9 23.4 23.7 Dau Tieng Reservoir The reservoir generally has good quality water with most water quality parameters within national surface water quality standards. The Reservoir has a tendency towards eutrophication, as evidenced by the high phosphate levels'5. In addition, parameters such as COD and dissolved oxygen in recent years have become above national surface water quality standards. Heavy metals have not been found yet in the reservoir. Command Area The limited water quality surveys that have been conducted in the command area to date indicate that surface water quality is generally acceptable, save for coliform levels and bacterial contamination. Residents of the command area are surrounded by irrigation canals that are essentially open sewers. Other water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, iron content, and COD, only periodically exceed surface water quality standards. pH at some locations was measured to be near 5, which may be a result of acidity being released from acid sulphate soils. These levels are not sufficiently low to make aluminum, a metal common associated with high acidity in surface waters, become labile and therefore toxic to aquatic biota. The Dau Tieng Reservoir exhibits eutrophic conditions (Annex 6). This has likely contributed to the situation of high levels of algae and aquatic plants in the main canals, particularly the West Canal. Pesticide levels in surface waters of the command area are unknown. 3.2.7 Groundwater Resources There are deep groundwater levels in the Sub-Project Area, with some wells for domestic water purposes being more than 50 m in depth. Shallow groundwater resources throughout the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme have become more abundant as a result of development of the Dau Tieng Reservoir and increasing supply of water for irrigation. As with surface water, groundwater resources in the Sub-Project Area are generally adequate and meet national groundwater quality standards except for bacterial pollution (coliform, and E. coli) (Annex 6 contains information on groundwater quality in the Sub-Project Area). in addition, a number of other water quality parameters periodically exceed national standards. Pesticide levels in the groundwater resources of the Sub-Project Area are unknown. 3.2.8 Air Oualitv None of the air quality monitoring stations in the national Environmental Monitoring system maintained by the National Environment Agency of Viet Nam are located in or near the Sub-Project Area, and there are therefore no long term records of air quality from the Sub-Project Area. Notwithstanding this lack of information, air quality appears to be generally very good in the Sub-Project Area, with low levels of industrialization and not being downwind of major industrial facilities. Local residents indicated that they believed the climate had moderated, with less extrerne hot days, as a result of constructing the Dau Tieng Reservoir. 3.2.9 Mineral Resources There are a number of mineral resources in the Sub-Project Area: Limestone: found in Tra Va, Soc Trang and Tong Le Chan (Tay Ninh Province) with capacity of 1.4 million tones in case to the elevation of +0.0 m asl. This limestone quality is variable but it can be used to produce cement Laterite: can be used for road construction and is distributed throughout Tay Ninh Province; reserves are '5 Value of P04-P < .01 mg/i, eutrophication risk is Low; .01 to .04 mgA. risk is Medium; > .04 mg/I, risk is High. Source: ANZECC/ARMCANZ (2000) 21 estimated at 4 million m3. Building Stone: located in the Ba Den Mountain area with reserves of approximately 40 million m3 3.3 Biological Resources 3.3.1 Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biodiversitv The Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme traverses four of Viet Nam's sixteen ecological regions: o Tay Ninh and the upper part of HCMC are in the Eastem Indochina Moist Forest ecological region; . the coastal part of Ho Chi Minh City is in the Gulf of Thailand Mangrove ecological region; o Binh Duong Province is divided between the Eastem Indochina Moist Forest area (adjacent to Tay Ninh) and the Southem Viet Nam Coastal Forest ecological region; and • Long An Province is in the Tonle Sap Mekong Peat Swamp ecological region. There are essentially three types of terrestral ecosystems in the Sub-Project Area: o A highly simplified agricultural ecosystem that produces annual crops, interspersed with fruit trees and trees planted for shelter and fuelwood purposes. The command area consist of almost entirely this type of terrestrial ecosystem; o Areas with more complex vegetative structure, largely forested, but also rather highly altered and consisting either of secondary natural forest or artificially regenerated forest. This type of terrestrial ecosystem is found in the upper portions of the watershed of the Dau Tieng Reservoir; and fVery small pockets of still intact and natural terrestrial ecosystem. Forest coverage has decreased steadily in the Sub-Project Area; the forest coverage of the Viet Nam portion of the Dau Tieng watershed totaled 45% before 1945 and is now reduced to 18%. The most important causes of deforestation have been (i) damage occurring during the American War, (ii) shifting cultivation, (iii) excessive timber logging and (iv) land conversion for agriculture purposes. The Le Go - Sa Mat forest area (Tay Ninh) supports approximately 50% of all protected evergreen forest within the Eastern Indochina Moist Forest eco-region. The Eastem Indochina Moist Forest eco-region is 2.9 million ha, including 789,000 of natural forest. There are five special use forests (with a total of 66,000 ha) in the eco- region, four of which are in Tay Ninh and within the general area of influence of the scheme. The Phuoc Hoa Feasibility Study Report provides a description of the flora and fauna of the basin16. The aspects that relale to Dau Tieng are summarized below: o The tropical forests of Tay Ninh and Binh Duong were heavily deforested by defoliation as a result of Agent Orange spraying during the 1960s and 1970s and since that time by conversion of land for agricultural expansion, forestry exploitation and human settlement: o Small areas of primary forest and secondary forest still exist in northwest of Tay Ninh Province (far upper part of Dau Tieng Watershed area and beyond: Lo Go - Sa Mat and Chang Riec). Forest area represents 17.6% in Tay Ninh, 6.8% in Binh Duong and 7.8% in Long An (no natural forest) (Table 14); and o Table 14 does not include wetland forests of Duc Hue (17,200 ha) and Duc Hoa (3,100 ha) in Long An. Terrestrial fauna have been severely affected by the loss of habitat and exploitation. Biodiversity surveys have not been conducted specifically in the Sub-Project Area, but Tay Ninh Province does contain a number of rare and endangered species (Annex 8), a number of which are on the IUCN 2002 Red List (Table 15). It is likely that most of these terrestrial species, if they are to be found within the Sub-Project Area at all would be found in the forested areas described above and not in the command area itself. 3.3.2 Aquatic Ecosystems and Biodiversitv There are essentially three types of aquatic ecosystems in the Sub-Project Area: o The highly simplified and modified aquatic ecosystems of the irrigation canals; o The aquatic ecosystems of the major rivers running through the Sub-Project Area; and 16 pp. 28 to 31 of the final EIA Report 22 Table 14: Forest area in Dau Tieng Sub-Project Area". Province Total Area (ha) Natural Forest Area Special Use Forest _____ _____ _____ ____ _ ___ _____ _____ ____(ha) (ha) Tay Ninh 392,417 50,282 22,949 Binh Duong 205,326 3,228 2,928 Long An 443,454 0 0 Ho Chi Minh City 193,191 736 0 IJ Table 15: Summary of rare and endangered species found in Tay Ninh Province. Class of Species No. Species on IUCN 2002 No. Species in Viet Nam ________________________Red List Red Book Plant 5 1 Mammals 7 10 Rephles 2 8 Fish 0 0 Birds 0 7 The Dau Tieng Reservoir. In the initial years of Dau Tieng Reservoir operation, fishery resources increased dramatically with the flush of nutrients into the ecosystem. Now, many years after this nutrient flush, increased sedimentation of the reservoir reducing aquatic habitat, and overfishing, aquatic biodiversity in the reservoir is rather poor. Both fisheries catch and catch per fisherman, an index of reservoir fisheries population have declined in recent years (Figure 5). 3.3.3 Nature Reserves and Protected Areas There are a number of existing and proposed protected areas in the greater area of the Sub-Project (see Annex 9 for the locations of these reserves and for a summary description of these protected areas): . From a biodiversity perspective, the most important site in Tay Ninh is the Le Go - Sa Mat Nature Reserve established in 1993, and recently designated as a National Park. It is located in the far upper watershed of the Dau Tieng Reservoir on the border with Cambodia. Le Go - Sa Mat was excluded from the protected area network by MARD in 1997 as it was no longer of the requisite standard. However, the review of protected area system carried in 1999 concluded that the site has high biodiversity value and that there was no reason to remove it from the list"8. The nature reserve plays an important role in protecting the watershed of the Vam Co River. . The Duong Minh Chau Reserve is a 5,000 ha diptocarp plantation in the area commanded by the West Canal and is documented as having little or no biodiversity conservation value; . Nui Ba Den was approved in 1986 as a 2,000 ha cultural and historical site. Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site is currently under the management of Tay Ninh Provincial DARD, although it is not included in the 2010 national list of priority protected areas. The vegetation cover at Nui Ba Den is mainly scrub vegetation dominated by shrubs, climbers and scattered trees. During the Second Indochina War, Nui Ba Den was sprayed with defoliants and heavily bombed. The remaining natural forest at Nui Ba Den is gradually being converted into agricultural land, particularly fruit gardens. Over the centuries, Nui Ba Den, which means Black Lady Mountain, has served as a shrine for various religious sects. There are several cave-temples on the mountain. As well as cultural value, the site also has historical value as it was used as a revolutionary base by Viet Minh and Viet Cong forces during the First and Second Indochina Wars. Each year Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site receives a large number of domestic tourists, especially during religious festivals; . Boi Loi Nature Reserve in Trang Bang District with a total of 2,982 ha including 21 ha of natural forest and 1,531 ha of grass and scrubland. It is in the area commanded by the East Canal; and . Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve is located in Can Gio District (previously Duyen Hai District), in the coastal zone of Ho Chi Minh City. The area is situated in a recently formed estuary complex of tidal flats, where the Vam Co, Saigon and Dong Nai rivers discharge into the sea. The topography of Can Gio is low-lying and dynamic. The site is divided by a network of canals and rivers. The core and buffer zones 17 Source: Expanding the Protected Areas Network in Viet Nam for the 21st Century (August 1999) * Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Viet Nam; European Union, Birdlife Intemational & FIPI (February 2001) 2 3 3000 - 2.5 250 2 - 0 2000 1.50 o IV. 1000 -C' 500E 0._ 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-0. 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 2001 Year CM Total catch - Catch per Flshernan Figure 5: Recent fisheries catches in Dau Tieng Reservoir. Data from Tay Ninh DARD. of Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve have a human population of 1,500. There are several threats to biodiversity arising from the local population, the most significant of which are cutting mangrove trees for timber and fuelwood (the reserve contains the largest single intact mangrove forest remaining in Viet Nam), and conversion of mangrove forest into aquaculture ponds. ADB (1999) report that, in recent years, pressure to develop aquaculture has increased. ADB (1999) identify several other major human impacts, including destructive fishing techniques, oil spills and sewage discharge from nearby urban areas. The site is currently under the management of Can Gio District People's Committee and the management board for protected forests of Ho Chi Minh City DARD. Very likely, Tay Ninh DARD supports whatever conservation activities it undertakes for its protected areas through the use of funds under National Programs (such as Program 327/CP historically or 661) rather than through formal annual budget allocations. The Le Go - Sa Mat National Nature Reserve is slated to receive funding for establishment and Buffer Zone activities under the Environmental Management Plan for the ADB Phuoc Hoa Water Resources Project. Can Gio Biosphere Reserve receives annual support from Ho Chi Minh City and has received funding from the EU, Oxfam, and UNESCO/UNDP. 3.4 Socioeconomic Resources"9 3.4.1 Population, Demography, and Ethnic Composition The command area of the Sub-Project contains a moderately young (23% of the population is less than 18 years of age), almost exclusively rural, human population of about 385,000 persons20. The average household size is 5.1. The predominantly rural population (save for town centers such as Tay Ninh Town and the District capitals) is dispersed, but due to the problem of water inundation as well as requirements for communication and transportation, the population is unevenly distributed and is concentrated along the banks of canals and rivers, and beside roads. Most farm families live in small village and commune settlements situated at the intersections or along the banks of the canals and rivers. Cu Chi District is becoming increasingly urbanized with the urban expansion of Ho Chi Minh City. While specific data on ethnic composition of the three pilot areas could not be obtained, there are almopt certainly relatively few ethnic minority households in either the three pilot areas or the command area. The communes 19 A socioeconomic survey conducted in support of this EIA is the source of information for a substantial portion of this section. The survey questionnaire is found in Annex 5. 20 Estimated from by scaling up the population of the N31a and N20 Pilot Areas which contain 5,300 and 1,100 households, respectively. 24 with land inside the pilot areas and the districts with land inside the command area are all more than 99% Kinh (Table 1 1). The situation upstream of the Dau Tieng Dam Complex is little different; the district for which ethnic composition of the population was available at the time of writing this EIA is more than 98% Kinh. 3.4.2 Irrigation. Agriculture and Commodity Production Irrigation Dau Tieng Reservoir started operation in 1985 to irrigate the region located between the Sai Gon and Vam Co Dong Rivers. Three main irrigation canals, West, East and Tan Hung, provide water for the command area. The main objective of the Dau Tieng Reservoir scheme was to provide water for irrigation of 172,000 ha in seven districts of Tay Ninh (Tan Bien, Tan Chau, Duong Minh Chau, Chau Thanh, Hoa Thanh, Go Dau, Trang Bang) and the Cu Chi District of Ho Chi Minh City. in fact, the inigated area of Dau Tieng Reservoir is 63,000 ha, of which: 14,500 ha is in Cu Chi District (including Ben Muong - Lang The) and 48.500 ha in Tay Ninh (excluding the irrigated area commanded by the Tan Hung Pumping station). Water supply for industrial and domestic use in Tay Ninh amounts to 3.0 m3/s, and supplements water for the East Vam Co River through Phuoc Hoi - Ben Dinh Canal. Drainage water from farms is removed by drainage canals, which are linked to natural drains such as creeks, which eventually join the Vam Co Dong River. Agriculture Agriculture is the dominant economic activity of both the command area and the entire Sub-Project Area, comprising 48% of the total land in the districts with land within the command area (Table 10). 73% of this agricultural area is used for the production of annual crops, including rice, cassava, groundnut, beans and vegetables. 14% of this agricultural area is in perennial crops such as sugarcane, gum-tree, and fruit tree plantations. The cropping pattem applied by the farmers largely depends on the availability of irrigation water. If sufficient water is available at the proper times of the year, triple and double rice is the common cropping pattem. In rainfed conditions supplemented by groundwater irrigation, one or two rice crops may be altemated with bean, vegetables and groundnut. In strictly rainfed irrigation conditions, sugarcane and cassava are the most common crops. Crop diversification is increasing in the command area. Cropping Intensity and Yield2' Cropping intensities vary from season to season and according to the location in the scheme. The average cropping intensity (Cl) in the summer/autumn (pre-monsoon) season is 55 percent, in monsoon (rainy) season, 95 percent, and in winter/spring (dry) season, 90 percent. The annual Cl for the entire scheme is 240 percent. The Cl is high where recent improvement to canals and their control structures are completed. The Sub-Project Area is characterized by undulating topography, which has caused difficulties in constructing secondary and tertiary canals. Soils are mainly deposits of alluvial sediments. They are poor quality soils and are of varying degrees of acidity. However, the three sample areas, chosen for the modemization program, are not seriously affected by salinity. In some areas where salinity was a problem, farmers leached the affected soil using more water from canals. Three crops a year is now the established norm, and the surplus water in the reservoir and improved seeds makes it possible to cultivate three crops a year. One contributing factor to keep Cl high is the conjunctive use of pumped water from shallow wells that supplement gravity irrigation in areas where water conveyance is difficult and seepage is high. The average annual yield is 9 tUha - winter/spring season 3.2 t/ha, summer/autumn season 2.8. and the rainy season 3.0 ha/ton. Low rice yields are mainly owing to poor soil quality, inadequate application of fertilizer, and widespread use of low quality seeds22. Agricultural productivity varies widely from the upper end to the lower end of the command area. Cropping intensity is high in the upper reaches of both sample command areas, as farmers there get adequate irrigation water supplies to cultivate land. In the tail-end areas of the canal commands, crops sometimes fail to mature either because of shortage of water or waterlogging caused by seepage and flooding. IPM IPM programs have been developed in communes located in the Sub-Project area and the reach of the IPM programs appears to be somewhat limited; 61% of households interviewed in the socioeconomic survey in the two pilot areas indicated they have not yet received training in iPM. 3.4.3 Household Income and Incidence of Poverty The average annual per capita net income (from all sources and including all costs) in the three pilot areas is VND 3.58 million (US $232); about 82% of this is generated from agricultural activities (the rest from other activities such as hired-labor, secondary businesses, and handicrafts), and about 63% of the per capita total net 21 This secticn is excerpted from the Dau Tieng Initial Social Assessment Report. 22 One farmer interviewed as part of the Initial Social Assessment harvested only 1.6 tVha in the last summer/autumn season although had sufficient irrigation water because he had money to buy only 50% of the recommended amount of fertilizer. This indicates that a vigorous agricultural extension services including farm credit program are needed to supplement the proposed irrigation modemization project, if farmer household incomes are to be improved. 25 income is generated from rce cultivation. Very few (about 2%) of the households in the three pilot areas do not meet the threshold poverty level of VND 100,000 per person per month (set by the 2001 National Strategy for Poverty Alleviation and Employment) (Figure 6). 3.4.4 Drinkine Water Qualitv While the drinking water supply above the Dau Tieng Dam Complex is unknown (although it is likely to be mostly surface water or dug wells), the drinking water supply in the three pilot areas is from two sources: dug wells; and drilled wells (Table 16). Most pilot area households are satisfied with their domestic and drinking water supply, although groundwater quality surveys of wells in the pilot area suggest that this water does not meet all national drinking water standards, particularly for coliform and bacterial contamination (Annex 6). Staff of the Health Clinic at Dau Tieng Reservoir and Tay Ninh Health Department during interviews conducted during the preparation of this EIA stated that groundwater quality is good, there is no major persistent health problems from using this water. Tay Ninh Town receives its water supply from the Dau Tieng Reservoir via the West Canal, and the quality of this water does not meet national domestic and drinking water quality standards (Annex 6). At the head of West main canal, behind Outlet No. 2, local people conduct fish cage culture to take advantage of high water velocity; the density of fish cages is very high and this also contributes to poor water quality in the West Canal for Tay Ninh. 3.4.5 Disease and Public Health The Sub-Project Area experiences most of the well-known diseases of tropical and sub-tropical areas. Although no specific data were obtained relating to health conditions of the residents, the universal presence of bacterial contamination in domestic and drinking water supplies means that beneficiaries are at risk to water-borne diseases of bacterial origin are likely prevalent. However, the Phuoc Hoa EIA indicates that the incidence of waterborne diseases has decreased in the Sub-Project Area in recent years due to improved sanitary water supply and improved education on public hygiene. 3.4.6 Industry The level of industrialization in most of the command area is extremely low and consists large of small scale agricultural support enterprises. The vast majority of the industrial activity that takes place in the command area is in Cu Chi District of Ho Chi Minh City (Tay Ninh also has a number of smaller industrial enterprises). Cu Chi District has a number of large, industrial enterprises and there are plans to increase the level of industrialization in Cu Chi. 3.4.7 Tourism Resources There are a number of tourism resources in the Sub-Project Area. The two most noteworthy are Nui Ba Den Tourism Area, centered on Ba Den Mountain which is within the command area of the West Canal, and the Binh Duong Ecotourism Zone, immediately to the east of the Dau Tieng Dam Complex. Vegetation in this tourism operation zone is comprised mostly of second growth forest. The Cu Chi Tunnel Complex is another major tourism attraction within the Sub-Project area. 3.4.8 Cultural. Aesthetic, and Historic Features There are 78 designated national cultural and historic sites in the districts which form the Sub-Project Area (Table 17)23. None of these 78 designated national sites are found in the three pilot areas. 3.4.9 Navigation and Transportation Transportation Transportation along the main roads throughout the Sub-Project Area is good. The highway from Ho Chi Minh City to Tay Ninh Town is a good quality road; travel by road between downtown Ho Chi Minh City and Tay Ninh Town now takes no more than two hours. All communes and many villages are serviced by 23 We were not able to obtain information on provincial cultural and historic sites. 26 100 90 a~ ~ 950 E a 70 j60 50 40 30~ 20 .2 3 10/ 0 0 200000 400000 600000 800000 1000000 Monthly Per Capita Income (VND) Figure 6: Incidence of poverty in three pilot areas. Vertical line represents VND 100,000 per person per month, poverty threshold set by the 2001 National Strategy for Poverty Alleviation and Employment. Table 16: Summary of domestic and drinking water information in pilot areas. Source of % Pilot Area % Satisfied with Water Depth in Dry Water Depth in Domesric and Households Water Quality Season Rainy Season Piped 0 - - Dug Well 21 68 4.1 1.2 Driled Well 79 94 Data not provided roads. However, the district and commune roads are in poor condition (except for the agricultural area in Cu Chi District). These roads are unsurfaced, mostly ungraded, and are difficult to use, especially in the rainy season. This is especially true of the paths running along the primary canals. Navigation All the rivers and main and primary canals in the Sub-Project Area are used for navigation. Numerous large boats ply these waterways, transporting goods such as sand, wood, agricultural inputs (fertilizer) and outputs (rice). Table 17: Cultural and historic sites in districts that form the Sub-Project Area. Province and District No. Cultural and Historic Sites Tay Ninh 19 Tay Ninh Town 2 Tan Bien 4 Tan Chau 1 Duong Minh Chau 2 Chau Thanh 2 Hoa Thanh 1 Ben Cau 1 Trang Bang 6 Ho Chi Minh City 47 Hoc Mon 1 Cu Chi 1 Binh Duong 7 Long An 12 Duc Hue 1 Duc Hoa 1 27 4: IMPACT ASSESSMENT Table 18 contains a summary of the predicted environmental impacts of the Dau Tieng Subproject. The detailed rationale for the assessment of specific impacts contained in Table 18 is given below, beginning with Section 4.2, Page 30). 4.1 Environmental Impact Assessment Methodolo2v The potential impacts of the Dau Tieng Subproject on each environmental resource are assessed as being in one of the following seven categories24: NO IMPACT This assessment is made when there is no impact of the Sub-Project on the environmental resource of concem. This assessment is made if the Sub-Project activities of concem is to be spatially or temporally removed from the environmental resource. SIGNIFICANT AND UNMITIGABLE IMPACT This assessment is made when there is expected to be an impact of the Sub-Project on the environmental resource of concem and: - the time scale of the impact is equal to or longer than the life span or time scale of the resource of concem OR - the area over which the impact may occur is equal to or larger than the area over which the resource of concem occurs OR - the magnitude of the impact is equal to or larger relative to the abundance or quality of the resource of concem OR - the environmental resource of concem: (i) is important to local human populations; (ii) requires compliance with national, provincial, or district environmental protection laws, standards, and regulations25; (iii) requires compliance with Vietnam's intemational commitments6, triggers one of the IDA operational policies on environment; AND any one of the following: - there are no known mitigations OR - it is uncertain whether the significant impact can be effectively mitigated with available mitigation activities. MITIGABLE IMPACT The impact is Significant, as described above, but it can be effectively mitigated, through one of the following methods: Impact Avoidance - some aspect of the Sub-Project design, construction, or operation is changed such that the impact no longer occurs; Impact Minimization - measures are taken to reduce impacts to acceptable levels (e.g., ensuring that TCVN emission standards are met or a canal lining program the minimizes disruption to water users); Impact Rectification - the impact is allowed to occur, but mitigation measures are subsequently taken to rehabilitate the environment to a level whereby the impact is within acceptable limits, such as restoring and re-vegetating borrow sites; or Impact Compensation - the impact is allowed to occur but non-monetary compensation (first priority) or monetary compensation (second priority) are provided for losses created by the impact, such as in the case of resettlement or reforestation of an equivalent amount of forested land permanently lost through (say) construction of a new spillway. This Chapter outlines the recommended mitigation and Chapter 5 presents each of the required mitigation measures in greater detail as part of the Dau Tieng Subproject Environmental Management Plan. 24 A general comment to the assessment of impacts contained in this EIA is that the actual amounts, scheduling, and location of various types of engineering used in the assessment of impacts are those contained in the following documents: o Final VRWAP PFS, submitted to MARD in March 2003 . Dau Tieng Irrigation System Feasibility Study Report: Report on Dam Safety (HEC-2) o Dau Tieng Irrigation System Feasibility Study Report: Water Balance Report (HEC-2) 2 Dau Tieng Irrigation System Feasibility Study Report: Report on Modernization of Dau Tieng Irrigation System. 25 Key Vietnamese documents include: Law on Environmental Protection (1993); CP 175 Providing Guidance on the Implementation of the Law on Environmental Protection (1994); CP 490 Circular letter of Guidance on Setting up and Appraising the Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Investment Projects (1998); and Tieu Chuan Viet Nam (1995, 1998, 2001) - national ambient and industrial air/water quality standards. 26 These include the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat (RAMSAR), the Convention Conceming the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention). and the Convention on Intemational Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). 28 Table 18: Summary of ex pect environmental im acts of Dau Tien Sub roect. _J (. uJ 0 Legend to entries: C ) o o E C0 oi Blank -no Impact o zL I- Insignificant Impact r P z t U mE MSignificant Impact thatIs Mitigable 0< (0ESCw U S - Significant Impact Which Can Not Be Mitigated 2 a r o o - 0 z o Cu w U U 4 UJS C)C P -POSITIVE EFFECT .- M u L: >- On lU 2 F C - Combination of Impacts 35 o z o< z 4 o U-Extent and Level of Impact UNKNOWN w n e | O < e o | a _ ___ DauTienrgDamCo - asicUpgrading - - -- Final Upgrading of Main Dam _ = = = = p 1 | P 1 | I-- Final Upgrading of SuMi Da Saddle Dam I M P | j I iip Tl Upgrading of Existing Dam Spillway I-_ _ IIP I I I I Dau Tieng Dam Complex - Strengthening Flood Control Capacity Constructing Wave Wall on Supplementary Spilhway I I II I - I I I1 1 1 I I I I p [ I [P | ___ Dau Tien Main Canal Distribution System Dredging Main Canals Where Required, Raising Canal Embankments at Eroded Areas M P M I | P M P P Management Road Upgrading along Main Canals I M P P Replace Main Sluice Gates and Hoisting Equipment p P Reinforce Primary Canals (lining of entire East Canal and portions of West Canal) P C P U I t P U P Improve Water Level and ischarge Reguation P I P 10, 20, 30 On-Farm Irrigatlon and Drainage System, Associated Regulatini Structures CompleteCanalSystemto FarmField Level | M | P | U M | P U P Full Implementation of Canal Strengthening Program _ _|P| C |P| | U | | M I IPI I U I IPI I I_ I Dredging 12, 20, 30 Canals Where Required, Raising Canal Embankments at Eroded Areas M P P U PI M I PII P I Replace Civi Works Structures P p | | | P - _ Modernization of Irrigation Management System Electification of Operation of Waler Control Structures to 20 Level No Direct Impacts on Environmental Resources of Dau Tieng Sub-Project Area. Positive effects from Institutional Upgrading Equipment and Management Facilities development and capacity building on Improved water management resutiUng In Increased crop production and Design and Implementation of Improved Water User Fee Policies socloeconomic conditions of beneficlaries Changes In Economic Activities Water Allocation to Municipal and Industrial Water Uses ] Mitigable through strengthening environmental govemance of industrial pollution control Changes in Land Use and Commodity Production I IC |U IC I I I |I M i I I |P I IC I IP I I I I Resettlement and Compensation Resettlement of PAHs and Compensation for Land Acquisition I Mitigable through Resettlement Action Plan Cross-Cutting Activities Related to Construction of Engineering Works Site Preparation and Clearing Construction CampsCa Effects of construction camps and general construction activities are mitigable through good construction camp Construction Cactviis practices. Construc_on Activibes - Effects of disturbance, movement, and disposal of soils are mitigable through proper management and disposal of Handling of Excavated Material dredged and excavated soils Storage of Environmentally-Sensitive Materals 29 INSIGNIFICANT IMPACT This assessment is made when there is expected to be an impact of the Sub-Project on the environmental resource of concem but the impact is assessed to be too negligible to require intervention in the form of either mitigation or monitorng. This type of impact would occur when any one of the criteria for impact significance, above, are not met. UNKNOWN IMPACT This assessment is made when one of the following apply: - the presence of the Sub-Project activity of potential concem is uncertain; - the occurrence of the environmental resource within the Sub-Project area is uncertain; - the time scale of the impact is unknown; - the spatial scale over which the impact may occur is unknown; or - the magnitude of the impact can not be predicted. POSITIVE This assessment is made when the effect of the given Sub-Project activity will be to improve the condition and integrity of the environmental resource of concem. COMBINATION This assessment is made when more than one of the above assessments (i.e., some positive and some negative impacts) apply to the effect of a Sub-Project activity on an environmental resource of concem. 4.2 Application of IDA Operational Policies Most of the IDA Operational Policies identified for possible application to VWRAP apply to the Dau Tieng Subproject and are used in the detailed assessment of environmental impacts, below. Some of the IDA Operational Policies, however, are not triggered by the Dau Tieng Subproject and are not considered further in this EIA: Operational Policy 7.60 - Projects in Disputed Areas - None of the Sub-Project Area or the area of influence of the Sub-Project is part of a territory whose jurisdiction is disputed by another country Operational Policy 7.50 - International Waterways - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject form a boundary between, or flow through the territory of another country; - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject are a any tributary or component of any waterway described above; and - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject is recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states countries or of any river flowing into such waters. 4.2.1 Effects of Dam Safetv Risk In the event of a large flood, residents will be at risk to significant damage to them and their assets. This is assessed as a SIGNIFICANT AND MITIGABLE IMPACT through the implementation of the Dau Tieng Dam Safety Emergency Preparedness Plan (EPP) prepared as part of the overall Dau Tieng Subproject FS. The EPP will enable residents as risk to be notified and advised on what precautions they should take in order to minimize the risk to them in the event of a design flood occurrence. 4.3 Activities with Consistent Impacts on all Environmental Resources There are a number of Dau Tieng Subproject activities that are assessed to have the same impacts for all environmental resources they will affect. Rather than present these individually for each environmental resource in this chapter, they are presented synoptically below and not analyzed and presented further in the detailed assessment that begins with Section 4.5, Page 34. 4.3.1 Renairing and Upgradin2 Existing Civil Works and Facilities A large number of Sub-Project activities involve the repairing of existing civil works and facilities. The following specific activities are assessed as having NO IMPACT on any of the environmental resources of the Dau Tieng 30 Subproject area: Main Dam - Construction of bentonite core wall and absolutely drilling and grouting until it reaches the rock layer. - Continue these works on the remaining sections - Install water level meters upstream of the dam Suoi Da Saddle Dam - Completion of the bentonite cement core wall - Strengthening the upstream slope of the dam with better slope (maybe with pre-cast concrete slab) over the length of the dam section. - The dam surface of this section should also be upgraded (asphalt or concrete paved) Dike Embankment - Development of a better solution to suppress the seepage in some segments. The solution of constructing a Bentonite diaphragm could be used. - Strengthening some of the dam segments, which have an open gap, to allow traffic to pass the wave wall. It is recommended to construct a wall and to install slots for stoplogs. - Complete the reinforcement of the upstream slope. Flood Spillway - Measures to dry up the stoplogs storage sheds; - Improve stoplogs hoisting equipment. The presently used type is not appropriate - Architecturally redecorate the spillway - Construction of wave wall The Sub-Project activities listed immediately above will be associated with other Sub-Project activities such as the establishment of construction camps; the assessment of impacts of these associated activities on environmental resources of the Dau Tieng Subproject Area is discussed in this Chapter, below. In addition, other Sub-Project activities are assessed as having different types of impact on different environmental resources; these assessments are analyzed and presented in greater detail starting with Section 4.5, Page 34. 4.3.2 Modernization of Irri2ation Mananement System The modernization of the Dau Tieng irrigation management system, consisting of upgrading the technical capacity of irrigation management personnel, improvement of water user fee policies, and upgrading Dau Tieng IMC equipment and management facilities will have NO DIRECT IMPACT on the environmental resources of the Sub-Project area. There will be indirect POSITIVE effects, however, from institutional development and capacity building on improved water management resulting in increased crop production and socioeconomic conditions of beneficiaries. 4.3.3 Construction Activities Associated with Sub-Project Implementation The major engineering civil works of the Sub-Project will create the need for temporary construction worker camps. These construction camps will have negative impacts on the environment through land disturbance, generation of waste (solid and liquid), use of heavy vehicles and other machinery (increased noised levels localized air pollution, particularly in areas of human habitation), and requirements for domestic and drinking water supply. There may also be damage caused to existing infrastructure, particularly roads, road signage, and bridges, caused by construction activities associated with implementation of the Sub-Project. Despite the fact that the size and proposed location of the construction camps is unknown at this time, all these impacts are MITIGABLE through good construction camp practices. In addition, there will considerable disturbance of soils in all aspects of major civil engineering works. There will need to be effective handling of soils so that they cause minimal disturbance to the environment, particularly with respect to sedimentation of water courses, and degradation of water quality. These impacts are assessed as MITIGABLE. 4.3.4 Environmental Impacts of Resettlement Large-scale resettlement can cause environmental and social impacts if not implemented carefully implemented such as occurred as a result of resettlement during the construction of the Hoa Binh Dam in northem Viet Nam. Impacts of resettlement on the environment can include forest cutting or wetland encroachment, adoption of unsustainable agricultural practices and livelihood patterns, and land tenure issues. 31 No households will require resettlement as a result of the Sub-Project and the environmental effects of resettlement is assessed as NO IMPACT. 916 ha of land will be permanently acquired, and 150 ha of land will be temporarily acquired (Table 8, Page 14) as a result of the Sub-Project. Compensation will be paid27 and there will be NO IMPACT of permanent land acquisition on envimnmental resources of the Sub-Project Area. The effects of temporary land acquisition are assessed as MITIGABLE by restoring the landscapes to their original condition after it has been used. No mitigation or monitoring is required for the environmental impacts of resettlement. 4.3.5 Mitigable Impacts of Increased Water SuPpIV for Municipal and Industrial Use The Sub-Project will increase water supply for non-commodity production uses, primarily municipal domestic and dnnking water supply and industrial activities, from 2.66 m3Is at present to 18.9 m3/s with the Sub-Project, an increase of more than 700%, or 512 million m3/yr (1.4 million m3lday). About 50% of the estimated NPV generated by the Dau Tieng Sub-Project will come from the net incremental benefits of water sales for municipal and industrial water uses (figures given in the final Dau Tieng PFS report indicate EIRR = 25% for the entire Sub- Project; calculations made on the basis of only agricultural benefits result in an EIRR = 13%). The environmental issue conceming incremental environmental impacts of municipal and industrial water use is largely with the industrial sector; increasing the supply of water for domestic use will have substantial human health and other benefits. An expanding industrial sector will also provide many incremental socioeconomic benefits but will create incremental environmental impacts that will be difficult to control and manage. Viet Nam has new industrial discharge regulations and also requires an approved EIA before licensing is given to an industrial park or individual industrial facility. However, this is no guarantee that there will be no unacceptabie environmental pollution as a result of these facilities. Every single facility in an industrial zone can be meeting industrial discharge standards and yet the receiving waters can not meet ambient water quality standards because of cumulative effects. Environmental enforcement also remains extraordinarily weak in Viet Nam and there is little doubt that industrial facilities in even new industrial zones will create incremental environmental pollution within the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Area and its associated area of influence. It is worth noting that one of the major threats of the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve is industrial (and urban) poliution (Section 3.3.3, Page 23). The sketchy surface water quality information that is available (Annex 6) suggests that there is high industrial pollution of the surface waters of Ho Chi Minh City. These already high industral pollution levels mean that the incremental environmental effects of increased industrial activity made possible by water supply from the Dau Tieng Sub-Project are likely be less than what is expected for a VWRAP Sub-Project such as Phu Ninh that is situated in an environment relatively unpolluted by industrial activity. While it is completely impractical for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project to finance the construction and operation of industrial pollution control facilities, because such a high proportion of the Sub-Project benefits accrue from municipal and industrial water supply, it is reasonable to provide support to Tay Ninh and Ho Chi Minh City provincial and city departments (DoSTEs, Dol, etc.) for strengthening their monitoring and enforcement capacity, raising awareness of industrial users, and strengthening the overall environmental governance of the industrial sector28. However, as Ho Chi Minh City is already receiving much international development assistance in the areas of urban and industrial pollution control from both IDA and the ADB, Tay Ninh Province would be the priority for receiving this type of assistance. 4.3.6 Impacts on Population and Communities There are four potential impacts on the population and communities of the Sub-Project, all of which are assessed elsewhere in this Chapter: o Mitigable effects of disturbance to households and communities caused by construction activities (Section 4.3.3, Page 31); e Miligable effects of resettlement and compensation for land acquisition requirements (Section 4.3.4, Page 27 following Ihe requirements of Decree No.22/1998/ND-CP dated 24 April, 1998 28 It the final economic and financial analyses follow recommendations contained in the January 2003 Aide-Memoire ('....municipal and industrial water supply benefit cannot be said to fully accrue from works on the scheme below the hierarchy of primary canals. Therefore costs excluding dam safety and head works must be justified primarily by benefits to agriculture at farm-household level.'), the requirement for including this type of mitigation will not be required for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. At this stage of Sub-Project preparation, it appears that municipal and industrial water benefits may not need to be included to economically justify the Sub-Project. 32 31); . Positive effects of increased employment (Section 4.4.3, Page 33), and e Positive effects on household income and overall level of economic activity (Section 4.4.4, Page 34). 4.4 Environmental, Social Resources With Uniform Environmental Impacts There are a number of environmental and social resources of the Dau Tieng Subproject that are predicted to be affected in the same way from all Sub-Project activities (i.e., all positive or all negative impacts) for whatever phases of the Sub-Project (pre-construction, construction, and operation) they will occur and in whichever phase of investments they will occur - first, second, or both. Rather than present these individually for each Sub-Project activity in this chapter, these environmental resources are presented synoptically below and not analyzed and presented further in the detailed assessment beginning with Section 4.5, Page 34. 4.4.1 No Sub-Project Impacts on Environmental Resources in Dau Tienz Reservoir Catchment The Sub-Project will have NO IMPACT on the Dau Tieng Reservoir catchment. There are no Sub-Project activities that will affect any environmental resources in the 2,700 km2 catchment of the Dau Tieng Reservoir: c There will therefore be no land alienation from increased Reservoir height; • The operation of the Dau Tieng Reservoir will be basically the same with the Sub-Project as under current conditions and the with-Sub-Project water level regime in the Reservoir will essentially be the same as it is at present; o Access to the catchment area above the Dau Tieng Reservoir will not change. New roads into the catchment will not be built and no existing roads in the catchment area will be enlarged or improved; o The remoteness of the catchment area means that no construction materials will be obtained from this part of the Sub-Project Area. 4.4.2 No Sub-Proiect Impacts on Rare and Endangered Species There have been no biodiversity surveys conducted in the command area and so it is not known whether the command area contains any rare and endangered species. The rare and endangered species contained in the 2002 IUCN Red List (Table 15, Page 23, and Annex 8) are found in natural forested habitats which in the Sub- Project Area are found only in the catchment of the Dau Tieng Reservoir. It is extremely unlikely that there are any rare and endangered species in the command area because this area has long been almost exclusively used for human habitation and associated economic activities. Because of the likely absence of rare and endangered species in the command area, the effect of the Sub-Project on rare and endangered species in the command area is assessed as NO IMPACT. In addition, the prediction of no impacts of the Sub-Project on environmental resources in the catchment of the Dau Tieng Reservoir (see above) includes no effects of the Sub-Project on rare and endangered species in that part of the Sub-Project as well. 4.4.3 Positive Sub-Project Impacts of the Sub-Project on Employment Practically all Sub-Project activities will have a POSITIVE IMPACT on local employment. These positive effects will occur in a number of ways: * short-term increase in employment from construction activities; * Longer term increase in the requirement for on-farm labor; and * Substantial indirect and induced employment generated as a result of both the short-term increase in construction employment and the increase in on-farm labor demand. The only possible exception will be possible reduced labor requirements under a more automated irrigation management system. However, these are likely to be small and more than compensated for by the overall increase in employment with the Sub-Project. To reinforce the positive effects of the Sub-Project on local employment, it would be appropriate to give preference and priority to local residents in construction (and operation) of the Sub-Project wherever possible, by including a requirement in construction contracts for local hires and specific interest groups (e.g., women and ethnic minorities identified in the Dau Tieng EMDP as being potentially disadvantaged by the Sub-Project), as well as to train local workers before construction begins to increase relevant skills and minimize project delays. 33 4.4.4 Positive ImDacts on Economic Activities. Income, and Incidence of Poverty The Sub-Project will have a POSITIVE. IMPACT on overall economic activity in the Sub-Project Area, as well as increasing household income and reducing the incidence of poverty in the Sub-Project Area. The increased short-term and long-term employment generated by the Sub-Project will increase the general level of economic activity in the Sub-Project Area. In addition, with a predicted increase in cropping intensity coupled with similar expected increases in yields of agricultural commodities, net incomes from agriculture activities of agricultural households will increase from current levels; overall net income is also expected to increase. The predicted increases in household incomes with the Sub-Project may be even greater with increased crop diversification; the preparation and implementation of crop diversification plans either already prepared or under preparation by command area communes needs to be encouraged. There may be short-term negative effects to agricultural commodity production as a result of canal lining and other canal reinforcements. This can be mitigated by developing rigid construction timetables for canal reinforcement and lining to minimize disruption to the beneficiaries and at the same time have efficient implementation of this part of the Sub-Project. This will require a detailed implementation plan for canal lining developed consultation with the Sub-Project beneficiaries. 4.4.5 Mitigable Sub-Project Impacts on Mineral Resources The effects of removing rock (for road construction or during canal system expansion) from new borrow sites is MITIGABLE through the restoration of the borrow sites after construction is completed. Any removal of laterite or stone (for road construction or during canal system expansion) will be a very small proportion of the total estimated resources and this impact is therefore assessed as INSIGNIFICANT. 4.4.6 No Sub-Project Impacts on Air Ouality There will be NO IMPACT of the Sub-Project on noise levels in or outside the Sub-Project Area. The exception to this is the operation of construction equipment for various Sub-Project activities and these impacts are addressed in detail in Section 4.3.3. 4.4.7 No Sub-Project Impacts on Noise There are no Sub-Project activities that will adversely affect noise levels in or outside the Sub-Project Area. The exception to this is the operation of construction equipment for various Sub-Project activities and these impacts are assessed in detail in Section 4.3.3. 4.4.8 No Sub-Project Impacts on Human Health There will be NO IMPACT of the Sub-Project on the health of the Sub-Project beneficiaries. Expansion of the existing IPM program (see below, Section 4.7, Page 41) should prevent any negative effects of possible increased pesticide use and there may be positive benefits of households having increased disposable income on being able to make increased use of health care services. 4.4.9 No Sub-Project Impacts on Tourism Resources As indicated above (Section 3.4.7, Page 26), the only significant tourism resource within the Sub-Project Area is the Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historic Site. It is a hill, sitting above the command area and because of this location, it is predicted that there will be NO IMPACT of the Sub-Project on tourism resources. 4.5 Sub-Proiect Impacts of Pre-Construction 4.5.1 Impacts of the Legacv of Conflict One of the ongoing consequences of the American War of the 1960s and 1970s is unexploded ordnance. Unexploded ordnance is uncovered throughout Viet Nam and there are casualties every year from accidents 34 involving these materials. The Dau Tieng Subproject involves the movement of a great deal of earth (Table 5, Page 12) for upgrading of existing civil works and construction of new civil works. Mortar shells, aerial bombs, and other unexploded ordnance may all be found within the Sub-Project Area. Some de-mining has occurred at shallow depths, however virtually none has occurred in non-productive land or at depths greater than 2 m. There is a risk that unexploded ordnance will be uncovered during excavation, but this risk is assessed as MITIGABLE. As a precautionary measure, it will be necessary to provide resources for detecting and clearing unexploded ordnance in the Sub-Project Area29 at those construction activities that will occur at depths greater than 2 m. 4.5.2 Requirements for Resettlement and Land Acquisition These impacts are assessed as MITIGABLE. As indicated in Table 8, Page 14, 916 ha of land will be permanently acquired, and 150 ha of land will be temporarily acquired. A detailed compensation scheme has been prepared according to both IDA and Vietnamese legal requirements. 4.6 Sub-Project Impacts of Construction 4.6.1 Impacts on Physical Resources SOILS Reduction in Erosion - POSITIVE The reinforcement and strengthening of sections of the canal system throughout the command area will be a positive effect on soils in the immediate vicinity of the engineering civil works. Erosion will be reduced at those locations and farmers will not have to continually contend with their land eroding along the canals. As well, the additional lining of the canal system will also have a positive effect of reducing soil erosion along those particular lined portions. No direct effects of civil works upgrading on Sub- Project soils are expected. Alienation of Sub-Project Soils - INSIGNIFICANT Some soils will be permanently alienated as the management roads are upgraded and widened (Table 7, Page 14). However, this will be a small proportion of the total Sub-Project Area and the effect is assessed as Insignificant. In addition, construction and/or upgrading of management roads along the main primary and lower-level canals will at worst cause only minor, temporary disturbances to soils from the actual construction activities themselves. In addition, Construction and/or upgrading of management roads along the main and primary canals will at best cause only minor, temporary disturbances to soils from the actual construction activities themselves. Increased Acidity Generated from Acid Sulphate Soils through Construction Activities - MITIGABLE Although water quality data for the Sub-Project Area suggests the larger-scale effects of disturbing acid sulphate soils is very moderate, there may be localized increased generation of acidity as a result of construction activities, and mitigation measures are recommended to deal with these possible increases in acidity Earth Excavation, Storage, and Disposal - MITIGABLE Large 9uantities of soil, rock, and other material with be excavated (4.84 million M3) and provided as fill (3.72 million m ) for the headworks and canal upgrading. Soils to be excavated and/or used as fill are unlikely to be contaminated as the entire Sub-Project Area has had little, if any, economic activities that would generate such contaminants30. However, the large quantities of soil likely to be disturbed durng construction are such that proper disposal, storage, and management of these soils are recommended as mitigation measures. Part of the mitigation measures will need to be ensuring that contaminated soil does not make it onto the Sub-Project site as earth-fill. One obvious means of disposal for some of these soils would be as inputs to upgraded management roads and canal tracks, as well as canal banks that need to be raised in order to accommodate possible downstream control of the irrigation system. SURFACE WATER HYDROLOGY Improved Efficiency of Water Use - POSITIVE The upgrading of the main and canal distribution system in the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme through dredging, re-aligning, and raising the main canals where required, replacing 29 This mitigation is part of the ADB/GoVN financed Phuoc Hoa Water Resources Project and is an accepted mitigation measure for infrastructure projects in Viet Nam. Although there may be residual contamination from the application of Agent Orange and other defoliants during the second Indochina War. 35 main sluice gates and hoisting equipment, implementation of a program of canal lining, and improving water level and discharge regulaton will have positive effects on surface water hydrology by increasing the efficiency of water use, thereby enabling greater water supply to be provided to the lower-level canal system. This is also the case with the completion and upgrading (through lining) of the lower-level canal system itself. Changes in Basic Hydrological Regime - INSIGNIFICANT The basic hydrological regime of the 10, 2°, and 30 canals will change only modestly with the Sub-Project and the hydrological network will not change, whatever irrigation management altemative for the canals is selected (i.e., upstream or downstream control). It is likely that the spatial and temporal pattems of drainage will not significantly change. Therefore, the hydrological regime downstream of the command area is predicted to not change very much from the current regime. Interruption of Canal Water Supply to Users During Canal Construction and Canal Lining - MITIGABLE Improper timing of the construction activities associated with main canal reinforcement and lining may negatively affect water supply to farmers downstream. On the one hand, construction of canal reinforcements in the dry season can proceed very quickly, but water supply needs to be turned off during the construction periods; the dry season is the season when water supply via the irrigation scheme is most critical. On the other hand, water supply to the farmers via the irigation scheme is not as critical in the rainy season and yet construction is much more problematic and expensive given the larger amounts of water in the system at that time. It will be necessary to develop rigid construction timetables for canal lining to minimize disruption to the beneficiaries and at the same time have efficient implementation of this part of the Sub-Project. In addition, consultation with all affected parties will be required in order to reach agreement how much impact will be accepted by the affected groups. Cumulative Effects of Upgrading Irrigation Water Supply System - POSITIVE As with the upgrading of the main canal distribution system, the cumulative effects of upgrading the 1°, 20, 30, and on-farm canal system in the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme will have significant positive effects on surface water hydrology by increasing the efficiency of water use, thereby enabling greater water supply to be provided to the farmers, in the appropriate amounts at the appropriate times. This is especially the case at the bottom of the Tay Ninh portion of the command area during the rainy season (not the Cu Chi District portion of the command area as its canal system is already lined). With the Sub-Project, these beneficiaries, currently facing waterlogged conditions that require the IMC to pump large volumes of water in the rainy season, will no longer receive water seeping in from poorly designed and poorly maintained earthen irrigation canals. Comprehensive Upgrading of Dike Embankment - POSITIVE There will be a positive effect of comprehensive upgrading of the dike embankment along the western shore of Dau Tieng Reservoir as extensive seepage through the embankment will cease and there will no longer be severely wateriogged conditions along the downstream edge of the embankment. SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION31 Improvement of Canal Integrity and Canal Bank Stability - POSITIVE Because incremental lining throughout the entire canal system, as well as re-aligning and strengthening these canals will have a positive effect of reducing soil erosion along the canal system, sedimentation is likely to be reduced within the canal system as well. The lining or other reinforcement of sections of the canals will be a positive effect on soils in the immediate vicinity of the engineering civil works. Erosion will be reduced at those locations and farmers will not have to continually contend with their land eroding along the canals. This will reduce sedimentation into the canals and surface waters of the Sub-Project. Disturbance of Sub-Project Soils During Expansion of Supplementary Emergency Spillway - MITIGABLE The disturbance to Sub-Project soils as a result of expanding the new emergency spillway will increase sedimentation into the Dau Tieng Reservoir and possibly the main canal as a result of construction activities, including site preparation and pumping. These effects can be mitigated with properly constructed and maintained sedimentation basins that would be used during the construction phase. Earth Excavation, Storage, and Disposal - MITIGABLE There will be considerable moving and handling of soils involved with dredging in the main canals as well as raising the canals and strengthening them at locations that have eroded over time. The quantities of soil likely to be involved are such that proper disposal and management of these soils is recommended in order to minimize incremental sedimentation into the canals and other water bodies of the Sub-Project. 3' All of the effects on erosion and sedimentation described below will be localized. The effects will not be detectable downstream of the command area and almost certainty not detectable in the Sai Gon River. 36 Disturbance of Sub-Project Soils During Implementation of Canal Engineering Works - MITIGABLE Most of the construction activities associated with upgrading the entire canal distribution system - completion of the canal distribution system at the lower levels, canal reinforcement, canal lining, and management road construction and upgrading - could cause local disturbance to soils and thereby increase sediment content of the main canals. Minimization of soil disturbance during the construction activities through the application of standard good practice techniques during construction is recommended in order to minimize additional sedimentation into the canals of the Sub-Project. SURFACE WATER OUALITY2 Reduction in Erosion and Sedimentation - POSITIVE Erosion and sedimentation are the major issues with respect to surface water quality in the Sub-Project for the above Sub-Project activities. The extent to which the Sub-Project activities listed above reduce erosion and sedimentation in the surface waters of the Sub-Project (discussed above) will be the extent to which these Sub-Project activities affect surface water quality in the Sub- Project Area. The following rmitigations are recommended in areas containing acid sulphate soils33: For spoil that is excavated using a grab dredger, it would be the neighboring farmers' responsibility to dig a small ditch between the spoil and their fields to direct sewage and runoff back into the canal For spoil that is excavated using a cutter dredger, containment with surrounding embankments would be built to control the spread of the spoil and to direct runoff back into the canal. o Where feasible and advantageous, contractors would be required to dredge one side of an existing canal to minimize exposure of and leaching from acid soils. The contractors would be responsible for mitigation and compensation for any damage to farmers' land or other assets due to excavation, based on conditions that would be specified in the contractual agreements. Compliance with contract specifications would be monitored during Project implementation. Increase in Erosion and Sedimentation - INSIGNIFICANT The extent to which the dredging the discharge channel temporarily increases erosion and sedimentation in the surface waters of the Sub-Project (see above) will be the extent to which this Sub-Project activity affects surface water quality in the Sub-Project Area. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Construction on Surface Water Quality - INSIGNIFICANT While there is some risk that surface waler quality in the command area may change significantly as a result of the project, it is unlikely that this will be the case with water quality downstream of the command area. Sediment, nutrient, and pesticide concentrations will almost certainly change in the surface waters within the Sub-Project, particularly in the dry season. This, however, is unlikely to significantly affect water quality downstream of the command area, in the Sai Gon River, because of the dilution of pollutants that would occur. However, the absence of any surface water quality monitoring information means that Ihese predictions are uncertain. It would be prudent, therefore, to conduct surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command area to confirm the assessments of cumulative impact made above. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES34 Alteration of Rates and Patterns of Water Exchange Between Canals and Shallow Groundwater Systems - UNKNOWN The issue related to groundwater and canal lining relates to groundwater availability for crop production and likely not to potential changes in the availability of groundwater resources for drinking water. Based on the socioeconomic survey results in the three pilot areas, all of the households in the Sub-Project Area use groundwater as a source of domestic water and drilled well water depth is 4.2 m and 1.2 m in the dry season and rainy season respectively (in the pilot areas). Lining sections of the main canals and lining the 1°, 20, 30 and on-farm canals will obviously prevent the exchange of canal water with the shallow groundwater system. This is likely to have different effects in different parts of the command area in different seasons of the year: Top End, Rainy Season - little change is expected with the Sub-Project as there is already rather good regulation of water supply for cropping in the top end of the command area in the rainy season. Any shortfalls in 32 The absence of any existing surface water quality monitoring program in the Dau Tieng Sub-Project area makes it difficult to make quantitative predictions of Sub-Project impacts on surface water quality. It will be necessary to implement a water quality effects monitoring program as part of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5) in order to ensure that the predictions and assessments made below are valid and appropnate. Adapted from the environmental management plan for the IDA-financed Mekong Delta Water Resources Project. 34 As with surface water quality, the absence of any existing groundwater quality monitoring program in the Dau Tieng Sub- Project area makes it difficult to make quantitative predictions of Sub-Project impacts on groundwater quality. Environmental effects monitoring conducted as part of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5) will need to include groundwater quality monitoring in order to ensure that predictions and assessments made below are valid and appropriate. 37 shallow groundwater resources that appear as a result of canal lining can be compensated relatively easily by increasing water supply from the canals. Bottom End, Rainy Season -Because the ground is so low in the botom end of the command area and because water in the canals finds its way very quickly into the groundwater through seepage, groundwater levels in the rainy season are very high, often so high in some areas that pumping is required to prevent negative effects on crop production. Lining the canals in the Sub-Project will limit and greatly reduce the infiltration of water from the canals to the groundwater and so the Sub-Project will lower groundwater levels in the bottom end of the Sub-Project. This is a positive effect as it should reduce drainage pumping costs in the rainy season. Throughout Command Area, Dry Season - water levels in the canals at the throughout the command area are low during the dry season due to system inefficiencies. There is likely a net movement of water from the shallow groundwater to the canal system during the dry season at the present time. This flow will be prevented because of canal lining with the Sub-Project. This, plus the expected increased availability of irrigation water throughout the command area during the dry season (particularly at the bottom end of the system) will increase groundwater levels in the dry season. It is worth noting that in the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme, Cu Chi District IMC indicated that groundwater levels had decreased near canals that were lined but that the decrease was marginal. However, because the magnitude of these effects can not be predicted and because of the importance of groundwater resources to Sub-Project beneficiaries, monitoring of groundwater levels in the vicinity of substantial canal lining activities is recommended. 4.6.2 Impacts on Biological Resources TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY Permanent Loss of Terrestrial Ecosystems - INSIGNIFICANT The upgrading of the management roads along the canals (Table 7, Page 14) will permanently alienate a small area relative to the total catchment area plus the full command area; these effects are assessed as Insignificant. The increase in the area of canals will convert land resources into water resources in the command area of the Sub-Project. The land to be converted is already agricultural land and therefore highly modified and extremely simplified terrestrial 'ecosystems". The command area contains no remaining natural terrestrial ecosystem and this effect is therefore assessed as Insignificant. In addition, because the command area contains no natural terrestrial ecosystems but only what can best be considered as highly modified and simple terrestrial "ecosystems' in the form of agricultural land, any changes in land use to more intensive agnculture will be an Insignificant effect of the Sub-Project on terrestrial ecosystems. Alteration of Landscapes During Extraction of Construction Materials - MITIGABLE Earth-fill, sand and other materials to be excavated will cause disturbance to landscapes and mitigation will be required to restore vegetation at these sites after construction is completed and to return the landscapes to their original condition. Disturbance of Terrestrial Ecosystems During Construction - MITIGABLE Construction activities will temporarily disturb terrestrial ecosystems within the Sub-Project Area at and downstream of the Dau Tieng Dam and into the command area. Also, areas used for earth storage will also disturb landscapes within the Sub- Project Area; it is estimated that about 150 ha of land will be temporarily required for construction activities (Table 8, Page 14). Even though compensation will be paid for the temporary use of this land, mitigation will be required to restore these sites after construction is completed and to return the landscapes to their original condition. The remaining natural terrestrial ecosystems in the Sub-Project area are found almost exclusively in Dau Tieng and Duong Minh Chau Districts, upstream and/or above the area of influence of any direct or indirect Sub-Project activity and the impact of the Sub-Project on natural terrestrial ecosystems will be negligible at most. The various protected areas within the Sub-Project Area are special cases, and they are addressed below. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND AQUATIC BIODIVERSITY There are expected to be no impacts of basic upgrading of the Dau Tieng Dam Complex, increasing its flood control capacity, or comprehensive and upgrading the main canal system on aquatic ecosystems and aquatic biodiversity in the Sub-Project. The most significant natural aquatic ecosystems in the Sub-Project area are the Dau Tieng Reservoir and the Vam Co and Sai Gon Rivers. The impact of these Sub-Project activities on these natural aquatic ecosystems will be negligible at most and completely undetectable. 38 Creation of New Canals - POSITIVE The completion of the canal system in the command area will increase the area of open water in the Sub-Project area. While these will be highly simplified and modified aquatic ecosystems, they represent an increase in the total area of aquatic ecosystems in the Sub-Project Area. Reduction in Erosion and Sedimentation - POSITIVE Erosion and sedimentation are the major issues with respect to surface water quality in the Sub-Project for the above Sub-Project activities and the extent to which the Sub-Project activities listed above reduce erosion and sedimentation in the surface waters of the Sub-Project (discussed above) will be the extent to which these Sub-Project activities affect aquatic ecosystems in the Sub- Project Area. Decrease in Nutrient Inputs from Eroding Soils - INSIGNIFICANT Lining of canal sections as well as re- aligning and strengthening sections of the primary canals will decrease the amount of nutrients entering the primary canals from Sub-Project soils and this will be an insignificant, negative effect of the Sub-Project on aquatic ecosystems. Increase in Erosion and Sedimentation - INSIGNIFICANT The extent to which erosion and sedimentation are increased as a result of various Sub-Project activities will be the extent to which these Sub-Project activities affect aquatic ecosystems in the Sub-Project Area. Generation of Acidity from Acid Sulphate Soils - MITIGABLE With respect to acid sulphate soils, the proper implementation of mitigation measures described above will ameliorate any effects acid generation on aquatic ecosystems. Earth Excavation, Storage, and Disposal - MITIGABLE There will be considerable moving and handling of soils involved with dredging in the canals as well as raising the canals and strengthening them at locations that have eroded over time. The quantities of soil likely to be involved are such that proper disposal and management of these soils is recommended in order to minimize additional sedimentation into the main canals of the Sub- Project and minimize consequent negative impacts on aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. Disturbance of Sub-Project Soils During Implementation of Canal Engineering Works - MITIGABLE Most of the construction activities associated with upgrading the entire canal distribution system - completion of the canal distribution system at the lower levels, canal reinforcement, canal lining, and management road construction and upgrading - could cause local disturbance to soils and thereby negatively affect the integrity of canal aquatic ecosystems by increasing sediment content in main canals. Minimization of soil disturbance during the construction activities through the application of standard good practice techniques during construction is recommended in order to minimize additional sedimentation into the canals of the Sub-Project. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Construction Activities on Aquatic Ecosystems Effects on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command area would be indirect and meditated through changes in surface water quality. As the effects of the Sub-Project on surface water quality outside of the Sub-Project are assessed to be likely insignificant (Section 4.6.1, Page 35), it is also likely that the impacts of the Sub-Project on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command area will also be significant. Again, however, the absence of any surface water quality or aquatic resources monitoring information means that these predictions are essentially uncertain. The recommended surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command area will enable these assessments of insignificant cumulative impact to be confirmed. NATURE RESERVES AND PROTECTED AREAS Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Construction Activities on Nature Reserves and Protected Areas - MITIGABLE There will be no impacts of the Sub-Project on the Le Go - Sa Mat Nature Reserve as this nature reserve is in the far upper end of the Dau Tieng Reservoir catchment area. Although the exact location and route of the additional canal works are unknown at this time, the incremental loss of important terrestrial ecosystems (in terms of ecological value) through canal dredging and other similar activities would be small with respect to the Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves, both of which are assessed by MARD as being unworthy of inclusion into the national system of protected areas. The planting of an area of forest elsewhere in the watershed of the Dau Tieng.Reservoir that would be equal to the area of natural forest lost through Sub-Project activities would be sufficient mitigation for nature reserves with such dubious biodiversity value and such an uncertain future in the National System of Protected Areas. Also, there will be no effect on the Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historic Site as it sits on a hill above the command area and is isolated from any effects of Sub-Project activities. 39 4.6.3 Impacts on Socioeconomic Resources INFRASTRUCTURE FACILITIES Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Construction Activities on Infrastructure Facilities - MITIGABLE There may be damage caused to existing infrastructure, particularly roads, road signage, and bridges, caused by construction activities associated with implementation of the Sub-Project. These impacts are assessed as Mitigable and are presented above in Section 4.3.3, Page 31. DOMESTIC AND DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND OUALITY The actual construction involved in upgrading the engineering works for the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme headworks will have no effect on the drinking water supply or quality of the Sub-Project. Change in Water Exchange Between Canals and Shallow Groundwater Systems - INSIGNIFtCANT Groundwater is the primary source of domestic and drinking water for the Sub-Project beneficiaries (Section 3.4.4, Page 26). Lining sections of the canal system wili obviously alter the exchange of canal water with the shallow groundwater system; the assessment of this effect is summarized below. The issue related to groundwater and canal lining relates to changes in groundwater availability for crop production and possibly also for domestic and drinking water uses. Based on the socioeconomic survey results in the two pilot areas, most of the households in the Sub-Project Area use groundwater as a source of domestic water. Lining sections of the canal system will obviously prevent the exchange of canal water with the shallow groundwater system. This is likely to be most apparent in the dry season. Water levels in the canals at the throughout the command area are low during the dry season due to system inefficiencies. There is likely a net movement of water from the shallow groundwater to the canal system during the dry season at the present time. This flow will be prevented because of canal lining with the Sub-Project. This, plus the expected increased availability of irrigation water throughout the command area during the dry season (particularly at the bottom end of the system) will increase groundwater levels in the dry season. Little change is expected with the Sub-Project in the rainy season. Any shortfalls in shallow groundwater resources in the rainy season that appear as a result of canal lining can be compensated relatively easily by increasing water supply from the canals. While the these Sub-Project activities are likely to not have a major effect on domestic and drinking water supply, because the magnitude of these effects can not be predicted and the importance of the groundwater resource to Sub-Project beneficiary well-being, monitoring of the ability of beneficiary households to access groundwater for domestic and drinking water purposes is recommended. TRANSPORTATION AND NAVIGATION Improvement of Management Roads Along Main and Primary Canal System - POSITIVE The roads running along the canals are the main transportation routes for Sub-Project beneficiaries, both to getting products to market and to obtain inputs for their economic activities. The upgrading of the canal road system will make it easier to transport goods and people, increase the quality of products produced by the beneficiaries that are sold at the market and these effects are therefore assessed as Positive. HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCES Disturbance from Construction Activities - MITIGABLE While the exact location of the each of the cultural and historic sites in the Sub-Project is known and the locations are maintained in the Tay Ninh DoCI (Section 3.4.8, Page 26), the location of many of the Sub-Project activities listed above is not yet known in detail. Despite this, it will be possible to mitigate against any possible loss of or damage to the cultural and historical sites listed above by adjusting the siting of Sub-Project civil works as necessary. It is recommended that this be incorporated into the detailed design of the physical works, in accordance with IDA Operational Policy OP 11.03 - Cultural Property. In addition, it is recommended that terms and conditions be included in the construction contracts to ensure the integrity of these historical and cultural resources. 40 4.7 Impacts During ODerational Phase 4.7.1 Impacts on Physical Resources SURFACE WATER QUALITY Increase in Application of Fertilizers - MITIGABLE Changes in land use and commodity production (Table 9, Page 14) will cause more fertilizer to be applied. It is estimated that approximately an additional 47,600 t of fertilizer will be required annually for the entire Sub-Project over and above estimates of current fertilizer application without the Sub-Project (Table 19), about an increase of about 77%. Without a good database of surface water quality, it is very difficult to even qualitatively predict the environmental impacts of this increased fertilizer use. The very sketchy surface water quality data suggest that the surface water quality of the Sub- Project is already or close to eutrophic (Section 3.2.6, Page 20). Therefore this level of incremental inputs may not substantially change the water quality status of the Sub-Project. Increase in Application of Pesticides from Changes in Land Use - MITIGABLE Changes in land use and commodity production (Table 9, Page 14) will cause more pesticides to be applied. It is estimated that an additional 196 t of pesticides and herbicides will be required annually for the entire Sub-Project over and above estimates of current pesticide and herbicide application (Table 20). This is about a 113% increase over estimated current pesticide and herbicide use throughout the Sub-Project. This impact is assessed as Unknown but potentially Significant without mitigation or monitoring. Existing baseline information on pesticide concentrations in the Sub-Project environment is non-existent and so current conditions can not be estimated, but the expected increase is substantial. Both mitigation and monitoring are recommended for incremental ferblizer and pesticide inputs. With respect to mitigation, IPM extension services should continue to be provided to Sub-Project beneficiaries as a part of the Sub-Project in accordance with the requirements of IDA OP 4.03 - Pest Management Safeguards. Extension services should include the topics of appropriate selection and application of pesticides and herbicides as well as basic techniques of and approaches to IPM. With respect to monitoring, pesticide monitoring in the surface It should be noted that environmental concentrations of pesticides in other agricultural areas of Viet Nam with less crop diversification (and therefore higher risk of pest buildup in mono-crop agricultural systems) and with higher cropping intensity than what is predicted for the Dau Tieng command area with the Sub-Projects are orders of magnitude lower than national or intemational standards (for example, please see Table 21). Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Operation on Surface Water Quality - MITIGABLE While there is some risk that surface water quality in the command area may change significantly as a result of the Sub- Project operation, this may not be the case with water quality downstream of the command area. Nutrient and pesticide concentrations will almost certainly change in the surface waters within the Sub-Project, particularly in the dry season. This, however, may not significantly affect water quality downstream of the command area, because of the dilution of pollutants that would occur. However, the absence of any surface water quality monitoring information means that these predictions are uncertain, It would be prudent to conduct surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command area to confirm the assessments of cumulative impact made above. GROUNDWATER RESOURCES Increased Application of Fertilizers - UNKNOWN The shift in land use to more intensive crop production and the increased use of fertilizers may cause shallow groundwater syslems to become increasingly eutrophic, but deeper groundwater systems will likely be unaffected. The absence of good groundwater quality baseline information, however, makes assessment of Sub-Project impacts on groundwater resources very difficult. Groundwater quality monitoring is recommended within the Sub-Project to confirm this assessment. Increased Application of Pesticides and Herbicides - UNKNOWN As with the increased use of fertilizers, the shift in land use to more intensive crop production and the likely increased use of pesticides and herbicides may cause shallow groundwater systems to become increasingly contaminated; deeper groundwater systems will likely be unaffected. Successful implementation of IPM extension services recommended above will be able to mitigate this potentially negative impact. However, the absence of good groundwater quality baseline information is a'severe constraint that makes this impact prediction somewhat uncertain, and periodic pesticide monitoring in shallow groundwater should therefore be a formal part of the overall Sub-Project monitoring program to confirm this prediction. 41 Table 19: Estimated incremental inputs of fertilizer required for Dau Tieng Subproject Fertilizer Cultivated Area( Predicted Fertilizer Applied (t) Land Use Required CurremenPe Cunet n Proet increment _________________ (t/ha)35 Projeccmnt Curet Wrjeth nrmn Winter. Spring Rice 0.65 13,691 19,583 5,892 8,899 25,458 16,559 Summer- Autumn 0.65 18,371 25.223 6,853 11,941 32,790 20,849 R ice__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Monsoon Rice 0.65 32,892 8,267 -24,626 21,380 10,747 -10,633 Peanut 0.55 17,132 18,322 1,191 9,423 20,154 10,732 Maize 0.55 6,128 10,575 4,447 3,370 5,816 2,446 Vegetables 0.65 1,895 3,626 1,730 1,232 2,357 1,125 Sugarcane 0.40 5,370 8,447 3,076 2,148 6,758 4,610 Tobacco 0.65 3,660 5,122 1,463 2.379 3,329 950 Total 99,139 99,165 26 60,772 107,409 46,638 Table 20: Estimated incremental inputs of pesticides required for Dau Tieng Subproject. Pesticide Cultivated Area (ha) Predicted Pesticide Apl Iied (kg} Land Use Required Current With Increment Current With Increment (kglhap Project Project Winter- Spring Rice 2 13,691 19,583 5,892 27,382 78,332 50.950 Summer- Autumn 2 18,371 25,223 6,853 36,742 100,892 64,150 R ice__ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ Monsoon Rice 2 32,892 8,267 -24,626 65,784 33,068 32,716 Peanut 1.2 17,132 18,322 1,191 20,558 43,973 23,414 Maize 1.2 6,128 10,575 4,447 7,354 12,690 5,336 Vegetables 2 1,895 3,626 1,730 3,790 7,252 3,462 Sugarcane 1.2 5,370 8,447 3.076 6,444 20,273 13,829 Tobacco 1.2 3,660 5,122 1,463 4,392 6,146 1,754 Total 99,139 99,165 26 172,446 302,626 195,611 Table 21: Results of organochlorine pesticide sampling in the 0 Mon Xa No Sub-Project in 2001 dry season. These data were gathered as part of Crd-3198: Mekong Delta Water Resources Project. The agriculture area of 0 Mon Xa No Sub-Project is about 36,000 ha, the cropping intensity is 2.6, and triple cropping is practiced on 78% of the agriculture land. Surface Water Total National Station Pesticides ConcenWater (uglL) Standard Concentraion(g/L) Og/L g L) oxoi DDE 0.015 0.033 HCHg 0.008 OX02 HCHdg 0.015 0.020 HCHg 0.005 Parathion 0.024 OX04 DDT 0.010 0.035 150 Quitozen 0.015 3 HCHg 0.080015 |OX05 HCCHd 0.025 0.105 OX06 HCHd 0.020 0.020 |0OX07 HCHd 0.020 0.035 ________ HCHg 0.015 _ _ _ _ OX08 DDE 0.008 0.008 35 Unit fertilizer inputs are taken from the economic analyses conducted for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project in the final Dau Tieng Sub-Project PFS. 36 From Table 9, Page 14. 37 Increases in pesticide inputs with the Sub-Project are assumed to be proportionately the same as increases in fertilizer inputs wilh the Sub-Project. 42 4.7.2 Impacts on Biological Resources TERRESTRIAL ECOSYSTEMS AND TERRESTRIAL BIODIVERSITY Changes in Land Use - INSIGNIFICANT There will be no conversion of natural terrestrial ecosystems into agricultural land. In addition, because the command area contains no natural terrestrial ecosystems but only what can best be considered as highly modified and simple terrestrial 'ecosystems" in the form of agricultural land, any changes in land use to more intensive agriculture will be an Insignificant effect of the Sub-Project on terrestrial ecosystems. AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND AOUATIC BIODIVERSITY Increase in Application of Fertilizers - MITIGABLE Any changes in the eutrophic status of surface waters of the Sub-Project Area caused by increases in fertilizer use (Table 19) as a result of changes in land use and commodity production (Table 9, Page 14) may negatively affect the integrity of the aquatic ecosystems of the Sub-Project. Mitigation and monitoring recommendations made above pertaining to provision of extension services for fertilizer pesticide use and IPM apply here as well and would likely mitigate any negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Application of Herbicides and Pesticides - MITIGABLE The application of pesticides and herbicides will increase with implementation of the Sub-Project (Table 20, Page 42). There is an extensive world literature on the effects of biocides on aquatic resources. There have been no monitoring programs or even surveys of bioaccumulation of biocides in aquatic resources in the Sub-Project Area and so predictions of the magnitude of any impacts of biocides on aquatic resources in the Sub-Project are difficult to make given the absence of baseline data, although first effects would likely be seen as bioaccumulation. Mitigation and monitoring recommendations made above pertaining to provision of extension services for pesticide use and IPM apply here as well and would likely mitigate any negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. Cumulative Environmental Effects of Sub-Project Operation Activities on Aquatic Ecosystems - Effects on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command area would be indirect and meditated through changes in surface water quality. As the effects of the Sub-Project on surface water quality outside of the Sub-Project are assessed to be likely insignificant (save for perhaps incremental effects of municipal and industrial water use, Section 4.3.5, Page 32), it is also likely that the impacts of the Sub-Project on aquatic ecosystems downstream of the command area will also be significant. Again, however, the absence of any surface water quality or aquatic resources monitoring information means that these predictions are essentially uncertain. The recommended surface water quality monitoring downstream of the command area will enable these assessments of insignificant cumulative impact to be confirmed. NATURE RESERVES AND PROTECTED AREAS Changes in Salinity Intrusion - NO IMPACT There-will be no impact of the Sub-Project on the Can Gio Biosphere Reserve at the mouth of the Sai Gon River from changes in salinity intrusion. Increased dry season flow will limit the extent of salinity intrusion but the Biosphere Reserve will not be affected by this as it will still be under complete salinity intrusion during the dry season. 4.7.3 Impacts on Socioeconomic Resources DOMESTIC AND DRINKING WATER SUPPLY AND OUALITY Increased Supply of Domestic and Drinking Water - POSITIVE The Sub-Project will provide an increased reliable supply of drinking water to a substantial number of residents of Ho Chi Minh City. Increased Use of Fertilizer and Pesticide - MITIGABLE Degradation of groundwater resources that may occur as a result of increased application of fertilizer and pesticides may negatively affect domestic and drinking water quality. Sub-Project effects on drinking and domestic water quality will depend on the source of water used for drinking and domestic water: Those households that rely on deep groundwater aquifers for drinking and domestic water supply will almost certainly be unaffected by any Sub-Project activities because the deepness of the wells and their relative disconnectedness of these aquifers from the surface situation; while 43 . Those households that rely on shallow groundwater aquifers for drinking and domestic water supply may be affected by the Sub-Project. Potential impacts are increases in nutrient and pesticide contamination. Successful application of IPM extension services will ameliorate any negative effects of increased application of chemical inputs to domestic and drinking water quality. The effects monitoring recommended for groundwater resources will enable confirmation of these assessments and of the success of the IPM extension services. BIOLOGICAL RESOURCE HARVESTING It is expected that any positive or negative changes in the status of biological resources within the Sub-Project will have similar effects on the levels of biological resource harvesting. The provision of additional aquatic ecosystems through increases and increases in canal area should improve resource harvesting. Decreases in surface water quality may have some effect on biological resources which would adversely affect biological resource harvesting by local households. No mitigation or monitoring additional to what is recommended for effects on aquatic resources (Section 4.7.2, Page 43) is recommended. 4.8 Main Conclusions of Impact Assessment The following are the main conclusions of the impact assessment of the Dau Tieng Subproject: . the Dau Tieng Subproject is environmentally feasible. The Sub-Project will have a number of significant positive benefits: - Increase in beneficiary income and reduction of poverty throughout the command area through improved and reliable water supply for agricultural production and domestic use; and - Increases in employment and labor in a region with very high levels of unemployment and underemployment. . All of the potentially significant environmental impacts identified in the impact assessment can be mitigated and they are described below in Chapter 6: Environmental Management Plan. . These conclusions apply to both phases of investments for the Dau Tieng Subproject: (i) first phase of investments consisting of headworks, main and primary canals and the two pilot areas that consist of secondary, tertiary and on-farm canal systems off the main and primary canals and which contain a total of about 20% of the total command area; and (ii) the remaining 80% of the command area. . At this stage of VWRAP design, it is expected that no separate environmental assessment will be required for the second phase of investments; . The programmatic framework for the environmental component of the second phase of investments needs to consist of a detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5) for the remaining 80% of the command area based on the findings of the environmental management program for the first phase of investments and the actual engineering works in the second phase of investments; and . The detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan (Chapter 5) for the remaining 80% of the command area should be done concomitant with the detailed technical and engineering design for the second phase of investments. 4.8.1 Summarv of Bank Operational Policies in Regards to Dau Tieng Subproject A summary of the IDA operational policies in regards to the Dau Tieng Subproject is provided in Table 22. 44 Table 22: Application of IDA Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies to Dau Tieng Subproject. Bank Operati Summary of Assessment and Rationale Recommendations PolicyReomnain While Dau Tieng Subproject is classified as Category A, requinng a full- scale environmental assessment, the results of this EIA indicate that the OP 4.01 - scale and magnitude of the expected environmental impacts of the Dau Environmental Tieng Subproject are more like that of a Category B project. Environmental Implement Dau Tieng Subproject impacts of the Dau Tieng Subproject are site-specific, none are irreversible; Environmental Management Plan Assessment very few direct impacts are on environmentally important areas such as E Triggered wetlands, forests, or other natural habitats, all are preventable, and mitigation measures have been designed for all possible environmental I____________ impacts OP 4.04 - Natural Rfrsano un ihCa n o Habitats - Natural no impacts predicted for Dau Tieng Reservoir watershed, where all of the Reforestation of Duong Minh Chau and 8i Loi Trig ered intact natural terrestrial habitats of the Sub-Project Area occur. losses of natural habitats Reforestation of an area of Duong Minh Chau OP 4.36 - There may be loss of natural habitats in the Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi and Boi Loi Local Nature Reserves to Forestry - Local Nature Reserves from the complebon of the canal system compensaue for losses of natural habitats that Triggered may be caused by completon of the canal system Mibigation recommended against any possible loss of or damage to nabonally or locally designated cultural and historical sites by OPN 11.03 - impacts are assessed as Unknown because, while the exact locabon of the adjusting the siting of Sub-Proect civil works; Cultural Property each of the cuitural and histonc sites in the Sub-Project is known, the to be incorporated into the detailed design of - Triggered locabion of the Sub-Project activities listed above is not yet known in detail. the physical works terms and conditions be included in construcbon contracts to ensure integrity of these historical and cultural resources OP 4.12 - Involuntary while there is no requirement for resettlement, there is a requirement to pay Resetlement and Compensabon Action Plan Resettlement - compensation for permanent and temporary land acquisibon prepared as part of Dau Tieng Subproject T rig g e redPfeasibility study OP 4.37- Safety Upgrading Dau Tieng Dam safety a major component of first investment phase. Specific engineerng works are provided for of Dams - increasing dam safety. Dam Emergency Preparedness Plan also prepared OP 4.20 - Indigenous There are some members of recognized ethnic minonty groups living in the Ethnic Minority Development Plan prepared as Peoples - command area of the Dau Tieng Subproject part of Dau Tieng Subproject Feasibility Study Triggered .I It is estimated that an additional 196 t of pesticides and herbicides will be . . I required annually for the entire Sub-Project over and above estimates of Both miigation and monitoing are OP 4.03 - current pesticide and herbicide application. This is about a 113% increase recommended. With respect to miigabton, IPM i OP 4.03 - over estimated current pesticide and herbicide use throughout the Sub- ex to servic es as a part Pesticide Project. This impact is assessed as Unknown but potenbally Significant provided to Sub-Project beneaiances as a par t Management - without mitigation or monitorng. Existing baseline information on pesticide of the Sub-Project in accordance with the Triggered concentrabions in the Sub-Project environment is non-existent and so requirements of IDA OP 4.03. Extension current conditions can not be estimated, but the expected increase is selecton and application of biocides as welt as substanbal, particularly as 61% of Sub-Project beneficiares have not yet basic techniques of and approaches to iPM. received training in IPM methods. basic_techniqes_of_and_appoaches_to_IPM OP 7.60 - Projects in Not triggered as none of the Sub-Project Area or the area of influence of the Sub-Project is part of a territory whose Disputed Areas - jursdiction is disputed by another country Not Triggered Not triggered as: OP 7.50 - - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject form a boundary between, or flow through the lIntemational territory of another country; - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject are a any tributary or component of any waterway Waterways - Not descrbed above; and Triggered - None of the water bodies associated with the Dau Tieng Subproject are recognized as a necessary channel of communication between the open sea and other states countries or of any rver flowing into such waters. 45 5: ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN This Chapter presents the Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. The purpose of the Dau Tieng EMP is to provide clear guidance on how to ensure the Sub-Project: e complies with Vietnamese environmental laws, environmental commitments, and IDA environment policies throughout pre-construction, construction, and operation phases; . employs a suitable organizational framework for environmental protection throughout pre-construction, construction, and operation; * manages and monitors mitigation measures described in the MoNRE and IDA-approved EIA report; can provide emergency response mechanisms to unanticipated environmental issues; . allocates appropriate financial resources to implement the EMP; and undertakes the transition in environmental management and protection from the first to the second phase of investments. To achieve these objectives, the EMP contains: o the Vietnamese legal and administrative framework under which the EIA will be approved and the EMP will be implemented; o IDA's EIA approval requirements; significant adverse environment impacts that are anticipated in all phases of the first and second phase of investments - pre-construction; construction; and operation - and a mitigation program for impact avoidance, minimization, rectification, or compensation; o a program to monitor the performance and effectiveness of the mitigation program; * a monitoring program to assess the overall environmental effects of the Sub-Project on the environmental resources of the Sub-Project area and the associated area of influence; o An organizational framework for the effective implementation of the mitigation and monitoring programs, including: collection of environmental information related to the Sub-Project, management, and reporting; project management decisions on the environment; implementation of project management decisions; and external review of EMP activities. This organizational framework contains implementation arrangements, implementation schedule, and responsibilities for the EMP; o EMP reporting requirements; o a programmatic framework which specifies how the specific mitigation and monitoring activities associated with the second phase of investments are to be designed in detail and implemented during overall VWRAP implementation; cost estimates for each component of the EMP; o requirements for technical assistance to support implementation of the Environmental Management Plan including supervision of mitigation and monitoring and training. The EMP is the 'master document' from which all other environment-related project documents and actions are guided. This includes construction method statements, tender documents, contractor specifications, general conditions of construction contract, site environmental management plans, ToRs for environmental specialists, and allocation of budgets for environmental protection and monitoring. If an ambiguity exists on how to deal with environmental issues in any project documents or activities, the EMP shall serve as the authoritative reference document. Any major changes to the Project or the legal and administrative frameworks that it operates under may require that MARD provide addenda to the EMP. These addenda should be reviewed and approved by MoNRE. 5.1 Vietnamese Le2al and Administrative Framework 5.1.1 The Le2al Framework for Environmental Management Viet Nam's framework for environmental management continues to rapidly evolve, with new policies being produced every year. This section introduces the Viet Nam's relevant environmental polices. Law on Protection of the Environment (LEP) was enacted in 1993. The LEP: . Identifies the responsibilities of the state centre, provinces, organizations and individuals to prevent and remedy environmental deterioration and pollution and carry out specified environmental protection functions; * Provides for the development of environmental standards and submission of environmental impact 46 assessment reports on new and existing facilities; o Provides for responsible parties to pay compensation for environmental damage; * Establishes the right of individuals and organizations to petition for enforcement of environmental regulations; . Calls for civil and criminal penalties for violations; and * Encourages intemational environmental co-operation. Decree 175/CP was promulgated in 1994 to guide implementation of the LEP and provides broad guidelines for division of responsibility among Ministries; environmental impact assessments; pollution prevention and disaster control, sources of finance; and environmental inspections and standards. Circular No. 490 was promulgated in 1998 to provide guidance on sefting up and appraising environmental impact assessment reports for investment projects. The Circular identifies the legal requirements according to the stages of implementation of a project and its category; defines the content of project subject to the EIA procedures; and specifies management of the EIA report appraisal. To supplement the above policies a large range of decisions, regulations, and standards may also be considered: Decree 2412000/ND-C specifies the implementation on the Law on Foreign Investment in Viet Nam (Article 82) concerning environmental protection as follows: 1) enterprises with foreign investment capital and joint ventures are obligated to observe regulations, satisfy standards in environment protection, and comply with Vietnam legislation on environment protection; 2) if investors apply intemational advanced environmental standards these standards should be registered with MoNRE. Resolution No. 5/19971QH10 identifies projects of national importance to be approved and decided by the National Assembly (Provision 2, Article 2) as 'projects which result in major or potentially serious impacts on the environment". For these projects, one of the contents to be submitted to the National Assembly for approval and decision on investment is fundamental issues that need to be solved in the project implementation: environment protection, population movement/resettlement..." Decree 52/1999/ND-CP was appended to include environmental considerations for construction management as follows: 1) for PFS, Provision 3 of Article 23 stipulates that requirements for environment study relating to the "selection of construction sites, estimation of land use area needed, in ways which comply to the principle of minimizing land use and environmental and social impacts, and resettlement to the lowest possible level". 2) Provisions 4 and 7 of Article 24 stipulate that FS must propose 'specific site options (or regions, routes) which much match with construction plans (including documents on site selection, together with proposed solutions for minimizing environmental and social impacts)," and 'architectural altematives, construction solutions, preliminary designs suggested for selection, environment management and protection solutions". 3) For technical design: Section B, Provision 1, Article 37 and Section A, Provision 2, Article 38, contain regulations on appraisal and approval of "techniques for the protection of environment and ecology; for prevention and combating of explosion and fire and for occupational safety and industrial sanitation." Decree 26/1996/CP provides regulations on the punishment of administrative violation of Environmental Protection Law. Chapter 1 descrbes the general provisions for punishment under the Environment Protection Law. Chapter 2, Article 6 details recommended punishments for parties who violate environmental pollution and prevention act. These punishments include financial penalties for not submitting an EIA report. Tieu Chaun Viet Nam (TCVN) are national standards established by MoNRE and applied to all govemment agencies. They include engineering, construction, scientific, and environmental standards. The environmental standards include acceptable limits of many air, noise, and water quality parameters. In general, the list of biophysical parameters is broad enough such that most monitoring programs can employ TCVN standards as metrics of evaluation. There are some exceptions - of most importance to the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, sediment, soil, and vibration standards do not yet exist. Most TCVN standards are direct translations of ISO standards. 5.1.2 The Administrative Framework for Environmental Management The country's administrative framework is undergoing substantial restructuring. The Govemment of Viet Nam is in the process of creating a new administrative framework for environmental management. For the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, the framework's relevant institutions are as follows: Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE). MONRE was established by a Prime Ministerial Decision on November 11, 2002. This new ministry will include four vice-ministers and 16 departments. The new MoNRE will merge numerous departments from several national agencies. These are outlined in Decree 47 91/2002/ND-CP: Providing for the functions, duties, powers and organizational structure of the Ministry of Natural Resources and the Environment. Environmental ImDact Assessment and ApDraisal DeDartment. This Department is under MoNRE. According to Decree 91/2002/ND-CP, the Department's function includes: To appraise environmental impact assessment reports of projects and of business and production establishments; to issue environmental standards; and to carry out uniform management of the issue and revocation of certificates of eligibility of environmental standards in accordance with the law. It is expected that the Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal Department will be guided by the Vietnam's established regulatory framework. Provincial Departments of Science, Technology and Environment (DOSTE). The Environmental Management Division (EMD) of each provincial DOSTE is responsible for ensurng environmental protection and management of provincial manters in accordance with LEP, Decree 175, and Circular 490. The decision to restructure DOSTEs will likely occur in 2003, after decisions have been made on how to restructure MONRE at the central level. It is expected that regardless as to where EMD is housed, its environmental protection function will remain intact. For this reason, the EMD will likely remain a key partner to the successful monitoring and implementation of the Project. 5.1.3 Vietnamese Environmental Requirements Due to the Dau Tieng Sub-Project's large irrigation and reservoir area, MARD is required to submit a detailed EIA report to MoNRE's Environmental Impact Assessment and Appraisal Department. The format for the detailed EIA report format is found in Appendix II of CP 175. MARD is required to submit this report with CP 490's Annex IV.I: Application for Appraisal of EIA Report. Once the report is received, MoNRE will establish a committee to review and evaluate the project's potential impacts and mitigation measures. The committee traditionally includes DoSTE and/or PC representatives from the affected provinces, senior technical experts from central-level organizations, and selected MoNRE staff. The commintee will review the detailed EIA and provide written comments to MoNRE. According to Section III (5) of CP 490, appraisal of the EIA report is due within 60 days of the date a sufficient and eligible document of the EIA report is received by the relevant Govemment Management Agencies of Environmental Protection. In case that the EIA report is unsatisfactory, the EIA report appraisal agencies have 5 days of the date the EIA report is received to notify the proponent requirements for adjustment or addition. Within 10 days following the date of the EIA report is approved, the relevant appraisal agencies will issue a decision on the approval of the EIA report of a proposed project. The format for a MoNRE decision on EIA reports is found in Annex V of CP 490. An original copy of this decision is the clearest indication that a project has been subject to a legally-sanctioned environmental assessment process. 5.2 IDA Environmental Requirements IDA considers this project as 'Category A" (projects with significant adverse environmental impact"). The EIA will be submitted to the appropriate IDA department for review and to the IDA Board of Directors at least 120 days prior to loan approval. 5.3 Overall Approach to Implementation The implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP will follow the implementation of the overall Dau Tieng Sub-Project. The Dau Tieng Sub-Project will begin with a Detailed Engineering Design (Pre-Construction) Phase for the first phase of investments (i.e., headworks, main and primary canals, pilot areas, and non-agricultural uses of the water resources provided by the Dau Tieng Irrigation Scheme), followed by a Construction Phase and an Operational Phase for the first investment phase. At some point during the Construction Phase for the first investment phase, the Detailed Engineering Design Phase will be implemented for the second phase of investments (i.e, the remainder of the command area, exclusive of the pilot areas), followed by the Construction and Operational Phases for this second investment phase. The implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP will follow the same pattem. The Detailed Design of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP for the first investment phase will be completed at the same time as the Detailed Engineering Design for the first investment phase. The Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP for the first investment phase will then be implemented during the Construction and Operational Phases of the first investment phase. Similarly, the Detailed Design of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP for the second investment phase will be 48 completed at the same time as the Detailed Engineering Design for the second investment phase based on the overall Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP as outlined in this EIA and the lessons leamed and results from the first investment phase. The Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP for the second investment phase will then be implemented during the Construction and Operational Phases of the second investment phase. 5.4 Institutions Responsible for Implementing the Dau Tien2 EMP The Dau Tieng EMP will be implemented within a comprehensive organizational framework under the overall VWRAP Project. VWRAP will engage several ministres, departments, and institutes, it will create a project management unit within MARD in Ha Noi (PMU) and Sub-Project Implementation Units (SlUs) in each province, and there will be numerous linkages between these institutions and numerous other existing institutions at the national, provincial, district, and commune levels3. The following institutions will be responsible for the successful implementation of the Dau Tieng Environmental Management Plan: VWRAP PMU - responsible for overall VWRAP implementation management and will contain environmental safeguard staff. VWRAP PMU will be responsible for overall quality assurance of EMP implementation. PMB 416 - and will be responsible for daily implementation activities of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. As a consequence, it will supervise and control the quality of construction and physical implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP Vietnamese Environmental Regulators - MoNRE and Tay Ninh/HCMC DoSTEs will be responsible for all regulatory reviews and approvals of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project in accordance with the national legal framework for environmental protection and management. Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations - Other Tay Ninh/HCMC provincial departments will have important responsibilities such as implementing specific components of the mitigation program (IPM), ensurng their particular safeguards are being properly implemented (i.e. DoCIs) and providing supplementary and secondary data to assist in the implementation of the Dau Tieng EMP (e.g., land use and commodity production data). IDA - IDA will review the implementation of the EMP. Problems and issues that are identified will be raised to MARD as part of the regular Dau Tieng Sub-Project review process. Environmental Safeguard Contractors - An Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be selected from the numerous national environmental consultant organizations in Viet Nam. The Environmental Safeguard Contractor will act as general contractor for primary data collection surveys and for preparation and submission of various compliance and effects monitoring assessment reports. They will also be responsible for undertaking some of the specific mitigation measures for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Consultant Environmental Specialists - some of the resources of the Design and Supervision Technical Assistance under VWRAP will be used to engage two environmental specialists who will take on substantial implementation tasks for the EMP: (i) the Consultant's intemational environment specialist; and (ii) the Consultant's national environmental specialist seconded from a nationally-recognized environmental management institution. The secondment could be in the form of a fixed-term, renewable contract during pre- construction, construction, and operation phases. It is expected that the services of the Consultant's international environment specialist will be required for VWRAP implementation until the completion of the Detailed Design of the Dau Tieng EMP for the second phase of investments, at which time sufficient training and capacity building will have been given that remaining institutions and personnel will be able to implement the remainder of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP. In this EMP, it is assumed that the Detailed Engineering Design for the second investment phase will occur in the third year of Dau Tieng Sub-Project implementation. 5.5 Environmental Mitigation Program for Dau Tieng Sub-Proiect Table 27 (Page 64) contains the environmental mitigation program for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, based on the assessment of environmental impacts contained in Chapter 4: Impact Assessment. Table 27 is organized according to the different phases of the Sub-Project - pre-construction, construction, and operation - for each of the two investment phases. 38 This assumes a decentralized modality for Sub-Project implementation and will need to be modified if a more traditional, centralized modality for Sub-Project implementation is selected. Under either modality, VWRAP PMU can be either CPO or another unit set up or designated by MARD. 49 5.6 Dau Tien2 Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring! Pro2ram The Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Program is designed to determine if the environmental mitigation measures for the Sub-Project (Table 27, Page 64) are being implemented properly and are having the intended effects of avoiding, limiting, or rectifying negative environmental impacts. If mitigation compliance monitoring indicates that mitigation measures are not being implemented effectively or are not being effective, the appropriate responsible institutions will need to take corrective action. Table 28 (Page 69) describes the Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Program for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. 5.7 Environmental Effects Monitoring Program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project The Environmental Effects Monitoring Program for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project will measure ambient biotic and abiotic indicators of Sub-Project activities on the environmental resources of the Sub-Project Area and the associated area of influence. Chapter 4: Impact Assessment describes a number of instances in which it is necessary to monitoring environmental conditions to determine if the Sub-Project is having any effects on the environment and the magnitude of those effects. The results of the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program will be used, if necessary, to modify the Sub-Project design or implementation to reduce unexpected environmental impacts and to confirm the predictions about Sub-Project environmental impacts made in this EIA. Table 29 (Page 70) describes the Environmental Effects Monitoring Program for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. 5.8 Reporting Requirements for Dau Tienm EMP Table 23 summarizes the reporting requirements for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project and the institutional responsibilities for preparing these reports. All annual reports produced as part of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan will be required to contain: . An assessment of the success of mitigation activities (in the case of Sub-Project performance monitoring) or an assessment of the actual environmental effects of Sub-Project implementation in comparison to predictions made in the original EIA (in the case of environmental effects monitoring); . An explicit assessment as to whether the existing EMP framework is sufficient or not; and . If it is concluded that the existing EMP framework is not sufficient, a description of the reasons why it is not sufficient and a detailed set of recommendations for re-design of the EMP framework, complete with revisions to data and information to be gathered, data analysis to be performed, reporting, and budgets. The technical and planning reports (Table 23) will be supported by a broad range of administrative policies and contractual agreements. They include but are not restricted to: . Inception reports; . terms of reference; . contractor specifications for environmental protection and mitigation; . general Conditions of Contract for protection of the environment; and . site Environmental Management Plans produced by construction contractors. Both the VWRAP PMU Environmental Specialist, on behaHf of the VWRAP PMU, and the PMB 416 will keep an electronic and paper library of all EMP planning, technical, and administrative reports produced by the Sub- Project. This information will be organized in a way that will be readily available for regulators, donors, government agencies, and other Sub-Project stakeholders as required. 5.9 Organizational Framework for Implementin2 the Dau Tien2 EMP 5.9.1 Kev Features of Or2anizational Framework The organizational framework for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP that is outlined in detail below: . works within the Sub-Project's overall organizational framework; . works within the practical human resource constraints of environmental management capacity in Viet Nam; . explicitly accounts for all aspects of what is required in successfully implementing the Environmental Management Plan: information collection, EMP management, reporting, and revision if necessary, management decisions on the environment, and implementation of EMP management decisions; 50 Table 23: Reporting requirements for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan. . . |~~~~~~~~~~~~ Institutions for Review and Report Responsibility for Preparation Frequency :n ADproval I -- . W . . .. . _ .__Aprova _________________________ _ Reports Prepared Once During EMP Implementation Detailed Design Document for Dau Tieng Consutant Envimnmental Once, during first year of PMB 416, VWRAP PMU, IDA, ub-Project Environmental Management Enviinmenstl Sauppuard Conbactors VWRAP implementaion, prior MARD, MoNRE, Tay Ninh/HCMC Ilan: oirs Investment Phase Enionmenta safeguard Contrcosunt- * _m 0 MRDMo E,TyNhCC [an: irst nvestent Pase nd PMB 416 to initiation of construction DoSTE tailed Design Document for Dau Tieng Environmental Safeguard Once, in year immediatey PMB 416, VWRAP PMU, IDA, ub-Project Environmental Management Contractor, supported by Consultant por to implementation of MARD, MoNRE, affecMC In: Second Investment Phase Environmental Specialists and PMB investments in remainirng 80% DoE a y Niniage M _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ ____ 416 of com mnand area Canal Lining Schedule and Detailed Once, during first year of Tay Ninh/HCMC PPC, vWRAP Implementation Plan: First Investment Phase PMB 416 vWRAP implementation, p8or PMU, IDA, MARDg MoNRE, affected _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ _____ __ to initiation of construction communes and villages Canal Lining Schedule and Detailed Oo,i erimdaey TyNn/CCPC WA Implementation Plan: Second Investment PMB 416 pinvestomlmentsireaionin 80% PMU, IDA, MARD, MoNRE, affected :hase inetet nrmiig8%communes and villages ocommand_area Reforestabon Feasibility Study for Duong T * Prepared during first year of WRAP PMU, MARD, IDA, Tay Ainh Chanh and Boi Loi Nature Reserves ay Nih DARD WRAP implementation Ninh DoSTE, MoNRE Irdnance Survey and Treatment Comoefion Once, during first year of Tay Nint/HCMC PPC, VWRAP rdnance Survey and Treatment Completon Ministry of Defence Contractor vWRAP implementation, prior PMU, IDA, MARD, MoNRE, affected eport for First Invesment Phase to initiation of construction communes and villages Once, in year immediately Tay Ninh/HCMC PPC, VWRAP Ordnance Survey and Treatment Complebon Ministry of Defence Contractor prior to initiationof constructon PMU IDA, MARD, MoNRE, affected Report for Second Investment Phase `reann 0 loDm dcmuesndvlgs Regular Reports During EMP Implementation _ nnual Report on Implementation of IPM Annual for each year that IPM rouram in Command Area Communes Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD program extension services PMB 416 rogram________________________________ m__Command____Area__Communes____are provided __re_rovde Sb-P t Mitigation Environmental Safeguard au lieng urogecs Rpt Contractor supported by Consultant Monthly PMB 416 Environmental Specialists nnual Report on Implementabon of nual for each year of P Reforestation in Duong Minh Chanh and Boi Tay Ninh DARD reforestabion program PMB 416 oi Nature Reserves Environmental Safeguard Contractor, supported by Consultant PMB 416, WvRAP PMU, IDA, Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Environmental Specalists for first Annual during construcuon MARD, MoNRE, Tay Ninh/HCMC Mitigation Compliance Monitonng Report three years, and supported by PMB peniod DoSTE 416throughout Sub-Project implementatbon Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Environmental Safeguard PMB 416, VWRAP PMU, IDA, Effects Monitong S Progress Reporo ta Contractor supported by Consultant Six months into each year MARD, MoNRE, Tay Ninh/HCMC Effects Monitoring Progress Report Environmental Specialists DoSTE Consultant Environmental Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Specialists, supported by Management Report, integrating all results Environmental Safeguard Contractor nual, beginning with pre- PMB 416, VNRAP PMU, IDA rom Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (mitgation, for first three years and nsbuction of first phase of MARD, MoNRE, Tay Ninh/HCMC itigation compliance monitoring, and Environmental Safeguard nvestments DoSTE nvironmental effects monitoring) into a Contractor supported by Consultant ingle annual report Environmental Specialists for remainder of implementahon .____________________________ Periodic Reports Required As Needed -_.. Consultant Environmental echnical Design of Revised Dau Tieng Sub- pecialists, supported by Required every time IDA, PMB 416, VWRAP PMU, redesign that is required . 51 * uses existing procedures within the GoVN and between the GoVN and IDA that are already in place for reviewing and approving modifications to the Environmental Management Plan that are required in the case of Sub-Project design modifications or strengthening of existing mitigation and monitoring programs (see below); . ensures that the reporting that is done as part of Environmental Management Plan implementation includes information that is needed by MARD, other concemed national agencies, and IDA to make decisions regarding the need for revisions to the Environmental Management Plan as may be required for the second phase of investments. 5.9.2 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation durine Pre-Construction Phases The Pre-Construction Phase will essentially be the detailed design phase for the first phase of investments. Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both pre-construction phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. VWRAP PMU VWRAP PMU will have overall responsibility for successful implementation of environmental management activities. VWRAP PMU will make management decisions that support effective implementation of the EMP; this will include: . approving ToRs, bidding documents, and contracts for the Environmental Safeguard Contractors, including the environmental review of provincial aquaculture program; . efficiently manage the reviews of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner: - Canal Works and Canal Lining Implementation Plans - Mitigation Reforestation Feasibility Study for Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves (1j' investment phase); - Detailed Design Documents for Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan: First Investment Phase - Set of terms and conditions for environmental mitigation to be included in construction contracts - Pre-Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline); and . Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). PMB 416 The responsibilities of the PMB 416 in the Pre-Construction Phase will be to: . review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre-construction phases: - Detailed Design Documents for Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan: First Investment Phase - Pre-Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline) . Implement the Dau Tieng Sub-Project RAP and EMDP; . in consultation with Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD, Dau Tieng IMC Tay Ninh IMC, and Cu Chi IMC, and the distrcts and communes with jurisdiction in the pilot areas of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project develop a canal lining program that has the signed agreement of all these stakeholders and prepare Canal Lining Implementation Plans; . Prepare Terms of Reference for Ministry of Defence contractors for survey and treatment of UXO; . Prepare terms and conditions to include in construction contracts: - Environmental management of construction camps - Canal lining (to be taken from approved canal lining implementation plans) - Minimization of effects of construction activities on local residents - Avoidance of cultural and historic sites . - Minimization of effects of dredged and excavated soils . Work with the Environmental Safeguard Contractor to prepare environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures; . provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors as required to complete the environmental baseline for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project area and the associated 52 area of influence; and . Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). TAY NINH/HCMC PROVINCIAL ORGANIZATIONS The responsibilities of the Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Departments in the Pre-Construction Phase will be to: e review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre-construction phases: - Canal Lining Implementation Plans (Tay Ninh/HCMC PPC, Tay Ninh/HCMC DoSTE, Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD) - Mitigation Reforestation Feasibility Study for Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves (1j' investment phase); - Detailed Design Documents for Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan: First Investment Phase (DoSTE); - Pre-Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline) (DoSTE) o participate in the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EIA approval process; * provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the environmental baseline for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project area and the associated area of influence (DARD, DoSTE, others); * advise MoNRE on any environmental concerns regarding project design, construction, and operation (DoSTE); and o Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS Construction contractors will commit to all proposed environmental protection and mitigation measures in key construction documents: general conditions of contract, contractor specifications, conditions of contract, etc. They will draft method statements for the Site EMP and any other relevant environmental protection measures and submit to the PMB 416 for approval. ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD CONTRACTORS Environmental Safeguard Contractor responsibilities during the Pre-Construction Phase will include: o providing technical support to the Consultant Environmental Specialists in preparing both Detailed Design Documents for Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan: First Investment Phase; D providing technical support to the Consultant Environmental Specialists in the preparation of the Pre- Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline) for review and approval (1" investment phase); o conducting the Pre-Construction Phase information gathering according to the Detailed Design Document; * conducting the following activities: - designing and establishing environmental monitoring database information and reporting system for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project - designing environmental reporting structures and formats, including environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures; and . Participating in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). CONSULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS The Consultant Environmental Specialists will verify as to whether or not major design changes have occurred since GoVN and IDA approval of the EIA report. If major design changes have occurred, then these changes will need environmental approval from GoVN and IDA. The Consultant Environmental Specialists will also: * Prepare a detailed Inception Report for all aspects of the consulting assignment, including a detailed training and capacity building program; * Assist VWRAP PMU to prepare and finalize the following ToRs for the Environmental Safeguard 53 Contractor: - Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring of construction contracts - Reforestation success in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves; - Environmental effects monitoring for effects of sedimentation, erosion, fertilizer, and pesticide application Prepare both Detailed Design Documents for Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan: First Investment Phase for review and approval; .supervise Pre-Construction Phase information gathering according to the Detailed Design Document (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation); provide assistance to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation) in: - designing and establishing environmental monitoring database information and reporting system for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project; - designing environmental reporting structures and formats, including environmental mitigation compliance monitoring report formats and reporting procedures o Provide technical assistance to PMB 416 in finalizing environmental terms and conditions for construction contracts: - Environmental management of construction camps - Canal lining (to be taken from approved canal lining implementation plans) - Minimization of effects of construction activities on local residents - Avoidance of cultural and historic sites - Minimization of effects of dredged and excavated soils; o preparing and submitting the Pre-Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (to serve as environmental baseline) for review and approval (11' investment phase); and o conducting environmental training programs for VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors (see Section 5.1 1, Page 58) (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). 5.9.3 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation during Construction Phases Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both construction phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. VWRAP PMU The responsibilities of the VWRAP PMU in the Construction Phases will be to: o efficiently manage the reviews with national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner: - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report, integrating all results from Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report . If necessary efficiently manage the review and approval by national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of technical modifications to the Dau Tieng EMP if required (please see Section 5.12, Page 59); and - Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). PMB 416 The responsibilities of the PMB 416 in the Construction Phases will be to: o Supervise the program for survey and treatment of UXO by the Ministry of Defence contractors; o Assist the Environmental Safeguard Contractor in conducting environmental mitigation monitoring activities; * provide Sub-Project construction progress information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports; . review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the construction phases: - Ordnance Survey and Treatment Completion Reports - Monthly Dau Tieng Sub-Project Mitigation Compliance Progress Reports - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Report - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report, integrating all results from Dau 54 Tieng Sub-Project EMP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). TAY NINH/HCMC PROVINCIAL ORGANIZATIONS The responsibilities of Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations in the Construction Phases will be to: * prepare an implementation plan for the IPM program to be conducted under the Sub-Project and submit to PMB 416 for approval (DARD) . provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports (DARD, DoSTE, others); . implement the reforestation program for the Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi local Nature Reserves (mitigation for loss of watershed protection forest with emergency spillway (Tay Ninh DARD); . review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the construction phases: - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Report (DoSTE) - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (DoSTE) . Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS The responsibility of the construction contractors will be to properly and effectively implement the environmental mitigation terms and conditions contained in their construction contracts. ENVIRON.MENTAL SAFEGUARD CONTRACTORS The responsibilities of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the Construction Phases will be to: . Monitor construction contractors during construction activities and report on their compliance with the environmental terms and conditions contained in their contracts; . Prepare the monthly Dau Tieng Sub-Project Mitigation Compliance Progress Reports . Prepare the annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Report . Conduct the Construction Phase environmental information gathering according to the Detailed Design Document for the following environmental effects monitoring: - Reforestation success in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi local Nature Reserves; - Water quality effects from erosion, sedimentation, fertilizers, and pesticides. . providing technical support to the Consultant Environmental Specialists in the preparation of the Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Reports (annual) for review and approval (1t investment phase); * Supervise and provide technical assistance to VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the implementation of their components of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (after Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation); * prepare and submit the Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Reports (annual) for review and approval (after detailed design of EMP for 2nd investment phase); . Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). CONSULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS The responsibilities of the Consultant Environmental Specialists in the Construction Phases up to Year 3 of Sub- Project implementation will be to: . Supervise and provide technical assistance to VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the implementation of their components of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP; * If necessary prepare environmental reviews of technical design modifications and revise the Dau Tieng EMP for approval (please see Section 5.12, Page 59); . prepare and submit the Construction Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Reports 55 (annual) for review and approval; and o conduct environmental training programs for VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors (see Section 5.11, Page 58). 5.9.4 Institutional Responsibilities for EMP Implementation durin2 Operational Phases Unless otherwise noted, all responsibilities detailed below apply to both operational phases, i.e., for both the first and second investment phases. VWRAP PMU The responsibilities of the VWRAP PMU in the Operational Phases will be to: ° efficiently manage the reviews with national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of the following documents and ensure they are approved in a timely manner: - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report, integrating all results from Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report e If necessary efficiently manage the review and approval by national environmental regulators, MARD, and GoVN of technical modifications to the Dau Tieng EMP if required (please see Section 5.12, Page 59); and * Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). PMB 416 The responsibilities of the PMB 416 in the Operational Phases will be to: o Assist the Environmental Safeguard Contractor in conducting environmental mitigation monitoring activities; • provide Sub-Project operational information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports; o review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the operational phases: - Annual Report on Implementation of IPM Extension Program - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report, integrating all results from Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (mitigation, mitigation compliance monitoring, and environmental effects monitoring) into a single annual report • Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). TAY NINH/HCNIC PROVINCIAL ORGANIZATIONS The responsibilities of Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations in the Operational Phases will be to: . implement the IPM program to be conducted under the Sub-Project (DARD) o provide physical, biological, and socioeconomic information to the Environmental Safeguard Contractors and Consultant Environmental Specialist as required to complete the annual monitoring reports (DARD, DoSTE, others); o review and approve the following environmental documents prepared during the pre-construction phases: - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Report (DoSTE) - Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Report (DoSTE) o Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). ENVIRONMENTAL SAFEGUARD CONTRACTORS The responsibilities of the Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the Operational Phases will be to: o Prepare the monthly Dau Tieng Sub-Project Mitigation Compliance Progress Reports * Prepare the annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Report 56 • Conduct the Operational Phase environmental information gathering according to the Detailed Design Document for the following environmental effects monitoring: - Reforestation success in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi local Nature Reserves; - Water quality effects from erosion, sedimentation, fertilizers, and pesticides. • providing technical support to the Consultant Environmental Specialists in the preparation of the Operational Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Reports (annual) for review and approval (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation); • Supervise and provide technical assistance to VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the implementation of their components of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP (after Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation); * prepare and submit the Operational Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Reports (annual) for review and approval (after Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation); * Participate in environmental training programs conducted by the Consultant Environmental Specialists (up to Year 3 of Sub-Project implementation). CONSULTANT ENVIRONMENTAL SPECIALISTS The responsibilities of the Consultant Environmental Specialists in the Operational Phases up to Year 3 of Sub- Project implementation will be to: * Supervise and provide technical assistance to VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors in the implementation of their components of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP; * If necessary prepare environmental reviews of technical design modifications and revise the Dau Tieng EMP for approval (please see Section 5.12, Page 59); * prepare and submit the Operational Phase Dau Tieng Sub-Project Erivironmental Management Reports (annual) for review and approval; and * conduct environmental training programs for VWRAP PMU, PMB 416, Tay Ninh/HCMC Provincial Organizations, and Environmental Safeguard Contractors (see Section 5.1 1, Page 58). 5.10 Policy Guidelines for Detailed Desi2n: Second Phase of Investments Preparation of the Detailed Design of the Dau Tieng EMP for the second phase of investments will proceed as follows: * While no separate and additional environmental assessment is required for the second phase of investments, VWRAP PMU will formally confirm this conclusion prior to the detailed design of the engineering works for the second investment phase and will obtain approval for this from MoNRE, MARD, and IDA. * VWRAP PMU, with the assistance of the Consultant Environmental Specialists, will be responsible for preparing a Detailed Design Document for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project: Second Investment Phase. This Detailed Design Document will use the lessons leamed from the results of the environmental management of the first investment phase of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project and will be prepared concomitant with the detailed technical and engineering design for the second phase of investments. - While no separate and additional environmental assessment is required, consultation with affected groups and communities in the remaining 80% of command areas will be required. This consultation will include, but not be restricted to: - Presenting the results and findings of the environmental management of the first phase of Dau Tieng Sub-Project investments to affected groups and communities - Description of engineering works to be implemented in second investment phase, expected environmental effects, and scope of proposed environmental management plan. - Receipt of comments and suggestions from affected groups and communities on environmental issues associated with second investment phase and scope of proposed environmental management plan. These will be documented as a consultation record as part of the final detailed design document for the Environmental Management Plan for the second investment phase. * The results of the consultation will be used to prepare a final detailed design document for the Environmental Management Plan for the second investment phase. * VWRAP PMU will submit and obtain approval for the final detailed design document for the second investment phase from MoNRE, MARD, and IDA. • Upon receiving the necessary approvals, VWRAP PMU will be responsible for ensuring that the Environmental Management Plan for the second investment phase of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project is implemented according to the detailed design document. 57 5.11 Trainiing and CapacitY Upgrading Requirements for EMP Implementation 5.11.1 Evaluation of Environmental Mana2ement Capabilities PMB 416 PMB 416 has received little training in environmental mitigation and project performance monitoring for environmental protection. PMB 416 has no environmental group in its organization and none of its staff have received any training in environmental mitigation and compliance monitoring39. Extensive capacity building will be required. Environmental Safeguard Contractors Envir6nmental Safeguard Contractors will be selected according to IDA procurement requirements. There are numerous national consultant organizations in Viet Nam that will be able to demonstrate strong capacity sampling and basic environmental information-gathering. Based on experience with national consultant organizations in previous IDA-financed water resources projects, capacities of these organizations are weaker in the area of analysis and interpretation of data that are gathered, drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis, and developing recommendations about environmental impacts of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project for future effects monitoring, as will be required in the reporting for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project EMP. VWRAP PMU This may be a new organization and so its capacity for environmental management is unknown at this time. Using CPO as a guide, it is likely that the environmental staff of VWRAP PMU will be very competent in providing coordination of environmental aspects of water resources investment projects, but will have less capability in the areas of analysis and interpretation of data that are gathered, drawing conclusions from the results of the analysis, and developing recommendations about environmental impacts of VWRAP. Government Environmental Regulators MoNRE has received extensive training and capacity building through multi-year donor projects from CIDA, Sida, and now DANIDA40 in EIA, environmental management, environmental protection, and environmental monitoring. Through these very large donor projects, MoNRE has been able to provide extensive training to all provincial DoSTEs, including Tay Ninh/HCMC DoSTE. No training or capacity building for these institutions is required and none is recommended. 5.11.2 Recommended Trainin2 and Capacitv Buildin2 It is expected that the budget for the recommended training and capacity building, below, will be provided by the VWRAP Training and Capacity Building Fund. PMB 416 PMB 416 will receive training and capacity building in the following areas: . preparing and working with terms and conditions to be included in construction contracts. These terms and conditions will include as required responsibility for mitigation and compensation for non-compliance; . for technical supervision staff training on how to conduct civil works monitoring and supervision to ensure environmental mitigation measures are being properly implemented (frequency of monitoring, type of works to be supervised, assessment and reporting); and . preparation of compliance monitoring reports in accordance with the reporting requirements outlined above in Table 23. Also, construction contractors may require training on the proper implementation of the environmental mitigation measures in order to meet the terms and conditions included in their contracts and on the preparation of Site Environmental Managemenl Plans. This training will need to be conducted at field locations with demonstrations of mitigation measures as required. The training will be designed so that technical supervision staff from the construction supervision entities-will be able to deliver such training to additional contractors as they are engaged for construction works. Environmental Safeguard Contractors Training and capacity building will be provided in environmental monitoring. This training will focus on detailed design of the environmental monitoring system, including: 39 The same is true for other construction supervision organizations operating in Viet Nam that have been consulted as part VWRAP EIA preparation and implementation of other water resources projects (i.e., all VWRAP Sub-Project IMCs and PHCM PMU, as well as SlO 418 and SIO 419 for the MDWRP). For example, CIDA has financed two phases {total of eight years) of the Viet Nam-Canada Environment Project (VCEP), with the National Environmental Agency as the Executing Agency and provincial environmental organizations receiving extensive training in EIA. environmental management, environmental information systems, and urban and industrial pollution control. Total CIDA grants forVCEP have been approximately US $10 million, 58 . specification of environmental impacts; . clear set of indicators or criteria, such as water quaiity standards, or species richness indices, for example, which are used to evaluate changes in environmental conditions; . preparation of environmental baselines for environmental conditions in the Dau Tieng Sub-Project against which changes in environmental conditions may be assessed; * spatial and temporal controls for environmental monitoring to make it possible to ascribe changes in environmental conditions to Sub-Project effects rather than changes in factors unrelated to the Sub-Project; . design for the data gathering or data analysis; . QAQC; . analysis and presentation of data and results; . development of database information systems; and * reporting structures and formats in accordance with reporting requirements outlined above in above in Table 23. VWRAP PMU Technical assistance will be provided to environment (and other) staff in VWRAP PMU in incorporating the results of environmental management programs (such as the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan) into water resources project management decision making. Considerable on the job training will be provided through implementation of the environmental components of the Design and Supervision Technical Assistance. 5.12 Requirements for Flexibilitv and Adaptability in EMP Implementation This Environmental Impact Assessment makes predictions about the environmental impacts of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project (Chapter 4) based on existing information and understanding of the environmental and social resources of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Area (Chapter 3) and the engineering works required for the Sub-Project as they are currently defined (Chapter 2). While the assessment concludes that the Dau Tieng Sub-Project is environmentally feasible, as with all predictions of environmental impacts, there-is some uncertainty in the reliability of these predictions, certainly not so much uncertainty as to not proceed with the Sub-Project, but uncertainty nonetheless. There are a number of sources of this uncertainty: . the actual impacts that occur as a result of Sub-Project implementation may be different than the predictions made in this EIA because of the limited data and information available for a number of the environmental and social resources of the Sub-Project area; . the recommended mitigation measures may not be able to prevent negative environmental impacts; . during Sub-Project implementation, various factors may require Sub-Project design modifications whose environmental impacts are beyond the scope of this EIA; or . the specific engineering works with regards io the second phase of investments are unknown. The organizational framework for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project is sufficiently flexible and adaptable to be very responsive to these unexpected situations. It is able to accommodate numerous situations during construction and operation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project as described below. This concept of requiring the organizational framework to be adaptable to changing Sub-Project circumstances is in fact supported by IDA OP 4.01 - Environmental Assessment. Scenario 1: Unexpected Environmental and Socioeconomic Impacts Trigger Sub-Project Design Modifications, Environmental Review of Design Modifications, and Possible Revisions to EMP There may be a need for modifications to the Sub-Project design in order to ameliorate or reduce unexpected environmental and/or socioeconomic impacts that were not predicted in this EIA. There is experience with this type of situation in water resources projects in Viet Nam. In the Mekong Delta Water Resources Project, for example, the South Mang Thit Sub-Project needed re-design as a result of unexpected and negative impacts of using an inappropriate sluice design that had been approved in the Sub-Project FS. If this scenario were to occur at any stage during implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, the institutional arrangements for implementing the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan (Section 5.9, Page 50) will ensure that: . The new FS that is required for the Sub-Project modifications will include an environmental review of the Sub-Project modifications. This environmental review will include a revision of the Environmental Management Plan if necessary, with adjustment of budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements; and . The new FS for the Sub-Project modifications and the associated environmental review and revised Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed and approved using existing review and approval procedures for feasibility studies and environmental assessments in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and . 59 IDA. Existing review and approval procedures are sufficient and adequate''. Scenario 2: Detailed Design of Second Phase of Investments Accompanied by Environmental Review and Possible Revisions to EMP Necessitated by the Investments There will be a requirement to review the detailed design of the second phase of investments for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project for environmental effects and, if necessary, modify the Environmental Management Plan. The institutional arrangements for implementing the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan (Section 5.9, Page 50) will ensure that: . An environmental review will be prepared as part of the detailed design for the second phase of investments for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. This environmental review will examine the lessons leamed from monitoring the environmental effects of the first phase of investments; . This environmental review will include a detailed design of the Environmental Management Plan for the second phase of investments, including budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements; and . The detailed design for the second phase of investments and the associated environmental review and revised Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed and approved using existing review and approval procedures in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and IDA. As above, existing review and approval procedures are sufficient and adequate. Scenario Situation 3: Review and Possible Revisions to EMP to Strengthen Existing Mitigation and Monitoring Programs Results from implementing the Environmental Management Plan may suggest that there is a need to modify the Environmental Management Plan for one of the following reasons: . Additional mitigation measures are required because the Sub-Project is having unexpected environmental effects that are not predicted in this EIA and these effects can be mitigated by modifying Sub-Project implementation rather than by modifying Sub-Project design; . mitigation measures that were specified in the original Environmental Management Plan are not proving to be effective and need to be strengthened or modified; . mitigation measures that were specified in the original Environmental Management Plan are proving to be too stringent and can be relaxed to improve cost-effectiveness; . the effects monitoring sampling regime needs to be adjusted to better detect impacts of the Sub-Project. Again, there is experience with this type of situation in water resources projects in Viet Nam. In the Mekong Delta Water Resources Project, for example, the water quality monitoring program was adjusted two years into Project implementation in order to better detect Project impacts downstream of the Project area. If this scenario were to occur at any stage during implementation of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project, the institutional arrangements for implementing the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan (Section 5.9, Page 50) will ensure that: . a revised Environmental Management Plan to suit the revised requirements for environmental protection will be prepared, with adjustment of budgets, sampling regimes, and reporting requirements to suit the new requirements; and . the revised Environmental Management Plan will be reviewed and approved using the existing review and approval procedures in Viet Nam and between the GoVN and IDA. Scenario 4: No Changes Required in EMP Results from implementing the Environmental Management Plan may suggest that no changes are required to the either the Sub-Project design or the Environmental Management Plan itself and the Environmental Management Plan can continue to proceed as designed. 5.13 Costs of Dau Tien, Sub-Proiect Environmental Management Plan The total cost of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan is US $408,041, consisting of US $186,300 for the environmental mitigation program and US $221,741 for the environmental mitigation compliance monitoring and environmental effects monitoring programs. Detailed costs are provided in Table 24 and Table 25 for the Environmental Mitigation Programs and the Environmental Monitoring Programs (compliance monitoring and environmental effects monitoring), respectively. Table 26 contains a list of the assumptions made in the preparation of the cost of the Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan. 41 These procedures were. followed in the case of the South Mang Thit Sub-Project. 60 Table 24: Detailed costs and schieduIle for Enivironmental Mitigation Program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Environmental Mitigation Cost Item Units US $ per Unit Year of ImplementationToa ___________________________________________________________ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Total~~~~~~~~~~I I - 1 1 4 1 5 PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASES COSTS ARE INCLUDED IN SUB-PRoJECT RESETTLEMENT AND DETAILED DESIGN COSTS CONSTRUCTION PHASES_____________ Detection and Clearing Unexploded Ordnance _urf Lnd Treatmentin_ First Investment Packa9a_ comuns 00015. AdminlLVA ~ Sub__investoec t Pac........ne.100 ---------- .20 Total ______ - 16,200 108,000 _ ___ ___ - 124,200 OPERATIONAL PHASES_________ Integ.rated Pest Management Program.for Command Area "tii- Einvestment Pkaje~,cmue .0 1 5 1PM Extesion in S con-in-s---t-----g -. ---------..... c'o mmu-nes ------------5'0"0 -------------0---000--- S u btotal ...,....:. . .......~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.........0 0. 2 5...0 00...2 5.0.0.... -...5-,500-- Adm!r~~~~stra~~~~on Fee (8% of Subtotal Costs) ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... ..... .... ......,,, . ..I.~............................ ..9 ...000. 2.... 00 ...... Total - ____ .8100 27,000 27,000 -- 62,100 Total, Environmental Mitigation Program - 16,200 11 6,100 7,0 0 27,000 186,300 Table 25: Detailed costs and schedule for Environmental Monitoring Programs for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Environmental Monitoring Cost Item Units US S per Unit 1 2Year of impleme.rtation6 Tta _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3 4 5 _ _ _ _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~2 4 67 T ta MITIGATION COMPLIANCE MONITORING Fees - National Sal guard Contractor -------- ..8,74 Travel Iun s 500 1 1 - 1- 1----- I-------- 3.500 Subtotal 5,37- 0 -- 10.240---- 10,240 - 0.40 10240 1024 5,370 61.943 Administration Fee (8% of Subtotal Costal 430 819 B19 819 81 81 43 495 Total~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~_______ 5,800 100 11,060 1 1,000 11,060 11W ---i,060F 5,880 66,898 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING ___ Monitoring Ref orestation Success In Local Nature Reserves ,. Personnel Costs, OSA and Travel 50 3 3- 3 3 3 3 900 Personnel Costs. Repor ting. 60 1 1 1 - i 1 1 360 Total, Personnel Costs 390 390 390 30 90 390 2,340 dministration 421 421 421 421 421 421 2,527~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~21 42 :::K2 41 21 2,2 Total .452 452 452 452 452 -452 -----2,714 61 *Table 25: Detailed costs and schedule for Enivironmental Monitoring Programns for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued Environmental Monitoring Cost Item Units US SPe r Unit 1 2 3ea otmp4m ala 6 7 Total Environmentat Monitoring for Effects of Sedimentation, Erosion, Fertilizers and Pesticides TSS Sam') 6 57 57 117 117 117 117 117 4 194 8005 Sampl 6 7 5 1 1 1 1 1 4,194 COD sample 8 7 5 117? 1.17 - 117 17 11 5~S92? Fe sample 5 5 117 117 117 117.117 5,592 P04- SamplS57 5 11 11 11 1117 3,9 Na4- sampl 5 57 57 117 117 117 117 117 3,9 -~~~~~~~~~~A2?PJP ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~------5 57 57 117 117 -117 117 117 3,495 Ca ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~AtUP29 5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~57 57 117 117 117 117 117 3.4195 TotaAnaj~yAsis osts, Surface Wafer 5,532 5,532 10,615 10,815 10,815 10,815 10,815 65. 140~ 2. Groundwater-------- Qua--lity------- M-on-Itorin-g----------------------- ---- ---------- ------- ------- ------ ... BOOS SA~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~pJp~~~~~'i 6 16 16 26 26 26 26 26 972 DO sample -----~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i6 - -----~d ----- g--------i--- 810...... i. ..... TotalAnalysis Costs. Groundwaler 2.576 2.576 4,186 4,186 4,186 4.186 4,186 26a082 ~~ Costs, Surface Water Plus Groundwater 8,108 8,108 15,001 15,001----------- 15,001-- 15,001 - ------ --------5,001---9-- ,222- §RTp!inCsS of7A Anly~sis Css) 1.622 1,622 3,000 3.000 3,000 3,00 300 8,4 Personnel Reportin Costs (2% of Samle and Analysis Costs) 1.9416 1,946 36O 3$0 360 360 36O 21pP 1,000 ..g_ 1.000 o 1, 500 1,500 1,500 1,500 1, 500 Subtotal Costs 12,676 12,676 23,102 23.102 23,102 23,102 23.102 140859~~~~~~~12,66 1,676 23,!U~ 2 - Total Costs, Water Quality Monitoring -----------------------____ 13,690 13,690F 24,95 24,950 i!2495 24,950 24,950iT-- 1152,128 Total Costs, Environmental Monitoring Programs 19,489 25,202 3462 36,462 36,462 1 _! 36,462 31.202 1~5 62 Table 26: List of assumptions made In cost estimation of Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan. Item No. Comments No. Communes in Pilot Areas 15 Socioeconomic information for Dau Tieng Sub-Project No. Communes in Remainder of Command Area 60 Socioeconomic information for Dau Tieng Sub-Project No. Surface Water Sampling Locations in Pilot Areas in First 10 Investment Phase No. Surface Water Sampling Locations Upstream and 9 Downstream of Command Area in First Investment Phase No. Surface Water Sampling Locations in Command Area in 30 Second Investment Phase No. Surface Water Sampling Locations Upstream and Downstream of Command Area in Second Investment 9 Phase No. Sufae atr amle preaaEchLoaon3 Requirements estimated using professional judgment and water No. Surface Water Samples per Year at Each Locahton o quality monitonng specialists at Sub-institute for Water Resources No. Groundwater Sampling Locations in Pilot Areas in First 10 Planning and Management Investment Phase No. Groundwater Sampling Locations Upstream and 6 Downstream of Command Area in First Investment Phase No. Groundwater Sampling Locations in Command Area in 20 Second Investment Phase No. Groundwater Sampling Locations Upstream and Downstream of Command Area in Second Investment 6 Phase No. Groundwater Samples per Year at Each Location 1 Rates for Water Quality Analyses and Associated Derved and extrapolated from Phuoc Hoa water Resources Project EMP and Percentages for Sampling Costs, Personnel Costs, etc. for Mekong Delta Water Resources Project EMP Water Quality Monitoring US $ per day for national consultant 60 Assumes a 22 day working month, market price DSA for national consultant 50_l US $ to survey and treat (if necessary) one commune for 1,000 Extrapolated from Phuoc Hoa Water Resources Project EMP Uxo ____ Final report of ADB 5712-REG: Coastal and Marne US $ to restore 1 ha of wetland or forest 500 Environmental Management in the South China Sea, Phase 2 US $ to implement IPM in a commune 1,000 Professional judgment 63 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. Pre-Construction Phases MrTIGATION OF RESETTLEMENT AND LAND ACQUISmON Populations and Communities - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 RESOURCES TO Infrastructure, Local Facilities - Section 4.6.3, Page 40l BE PROTECTED Local Employment Levels - Section 4.4.3, Page 33 Economic Activities and Income - Section 4.4,4, Page 34 detailed design, approval, and implementation of ResettementAction Plan for Sub-Proect affected households in accordance MMGATION with IDA Operational Policy 4.12 - Involuntary Resettement DESCRIPTION implementation of approved procedures for compensation for loss of land or other assets in accordance with IDA Operational l_____________ Pdlicy 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement PHASE OF SuB- Pre-Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT Pre-Constuction: Second Investnent Phase MMGATION Al Sb -Project-affected persons are fairly compensaled. TARGETS MONRIORING Monitoring ol RAP implementation required REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION REPORTING Implementation responsibility rests with PMB 416 REQRINT IDau Tieng Sub-Project RAP contains complete details on implementation responsibilities, costs, and reporting requirements MMGATION COSTS (US $) MITIGATION OF DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL WORKS, INCLUDING CANAL LINING, PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASES Surface Waler Hydrology - Section 4.6.1, Page 35 RESOURCES TO Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.2, Page 43 Domestic and Drinking Water Supply and Quality- Section 4.6.3, Page 40 BE PROTECTED Populations and Communities - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 Economic Activities and income - Section 4.4.4, Page 34 ensure lining occurs with minimal disruption to economic activities oa water beneficiaries by developing a canal lining schedule MITIGATION thal is a combinaton of constructon efficiency and minimal water user disrupbon develop a canal lining schedule using a thorough and welI-documented consultation process thal obtains approval for water DESCRIPTION disruption to water users and provincial govemment (responsible for implementing provincial economic development plans and responsible for meeting provincial economic output targets) PHASE OF SUB- Pre-Construction: First investment Phase PROJECT Pre-Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION Two canal lining plans, each complete with detailed implementation schedule and terms and conditions for construction contractors, one for each investment phase, that have the approval of Tay NinhiHCMC Province, affected districts and TARGETS communes, and with villages in the affected communes having been consulted and informed. MONITORING Monitoring required to ensure canal lining program proceeds as approved and affected households are satisfied with the disruption they endure. Monitorng results from first investment phase will be used to modify the design of the canal lining REQUIRED program for the second investment phase if required. PMB 416 will have primary responsibility for developing canal lining schedule. PMB 416 will have the responsibility for preparing RESPONSIBILITIES the appropriate terms and conditions to indude in the construction contracts for canal lining. These terms and conditions should FOR include specification of penalties for non-compliance with agreed lining schedule. IMPLEMENTATION VWRAP PMU, IDA, MARD will have the opportunity to review draft plans as they are prepared Tay Ninh/HCMC PPC will give final approval of each of the canal lining plans. REPORTING Two reports will be prepared, one for each investment phase. These reports wilt consist of the detailed implementation REOUIREMENTS schedule for the canal lining of each of the two investment phases It will be necessary obtain approval for canal lining for water supply disruption from water users and provincial govemment COMMENTS (responsible for implementng provincial economic development plans and responsible for meeting provincial economic output ltargets through an extensive and documented consultation process rMrrnGATION I COSTS (US S I Part oa detailed design costs for Dau Tieng Sub-Project MITIGATION OF EFFECTS THROUGH CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS: DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL LINING; EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS; AVOIDANCE OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES; DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNMES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTSMES Surfkae Water Hydrology - Secton 4.6.1, Page 35 Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.2, Page 43 RESOURCES TO Domestic and Drining Water Supply and Quality - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 BE PROTECTED Populations and Communities - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 Econornic Actvities and Income - Section 4.4.4, Page 34 Cultural and Historic Resources - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 64 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued. Pre-Construction Phases, continued MrrlGATION OF EFFECTS THROUGH CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS: DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL LINING; EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS; AVOIDANCE OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC l_____________ SITES; DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNMES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVMES MITIGATION Develop terms and conditions to be included in construction contracts to avoid or minimize the effects of construction activities DESCRIPTION on important environmental resources in the Dau Tieng Sub-Proiect and associated area of influence (see Table 27 below, under Construcfion Phase for details of terms and conditions to be induded) PHASE OF SUB- Pre-Construcfion: First Investment Phase PROJECT Pre-Construction Second Investment Phase MmGATION Approved set of terms and conditions included in all construction contracts TARGETs REOUIRED No monioring required at this time RESPONSIBILITIES PMB 416 will have primary responsibility for developing canal lining schedule iMPLEMENTAIoN Consultant Environmental Specialists will provide technical assistance to PMB 416 in preparing these terms and conditions REPORTING REQUIREMENTS none MrTIGATION Part of detailed design costs for Dau Tieng Sub-Project COSTS (US $ MrTIGATION OF Loss OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM CANAL WORKS IN DUONG MINH CHAU AND Bol Lot NATURE RESERVES, PRE-CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES TO Forest Resources - Section 4.6.2, Page 38 BE PROTECTED MITIGATION Forestation of 20 ha of degraded forest in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves to compensate for possible loss of DESCRIPTION forest resources in those reserves caused by canal works PHASE OF SUB- Construcbon: First Investment Phase PROJECT MITIGATION An approved detailed FS for the reforestation program TARGETS MONITORING No monitoring required at this stage REQUIRED RESPONSIBILITIES Consultant Environmental Specialist to prepare detailed Terms of Reference for reforestation FS as part of detailed design of FOR EMP: First Investment Phase Tay Ninh DoSTE will be executing agency for the environmental review IMPLEMENTATION Tay Ninh DARD will be the implementing agency for the reforestation FS REPORTING A completed and approved Reforestation Feasibility Study REQUIREMENTS Institutions to review feasibility study include: VWRAP PMU, MARD, IDA, Tay Ninh DoSTE, MoNRE GOSTS USS part of Tay Ninh Province contribution to Dau Tieng'Sub-Project Construction Phases MITIGATION OF RISKS FROM UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE RESOURCES TO Populations and Communities - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 BE PROTECTED Infrastructure, Local Facilibes - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 MITIGATION Carry out UXO detecgon survey in all areas of unproductive/unused land that is going to be disturbed from constructon DESCRIPTION activities or civil works that will require excavafion to below 2 m depth. DESCRIPTION Safely remove and secure all ordnance prior to beginning construction work. PHASE OF SUB- Pre-Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT Pre-Construction: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION No injuries or deaths caused by UXO detonation during construction phase TARGETS MONITORING No monitoring. is required REQUIRED RESPONSIBILMES Ministry of Defence will be responsible for implementing this component of the mitigabon program. They have undertaken IMPLEMENTATION similar activities for other infrastructure projects in Viet Nam. 65 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued. Construction Phases, continued ________MITIGATION OF RISKS FROM UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE, CONTINUED REQUIREMENTS Ordnance Survey and Treatment Completion Report to be submitted by Ministry of Defence contractors MMGATION COSTS uss r 124,200 - Please see Table 24 for detailed description of costs and implementation schedule. MITIGATION OF DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL LINING AND OTHER CANAL WORKS, CONSTRUCTION PHASES Surface Water Hydrology - Section 4.6.1, Page 35 RESOURCESTO Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.2, Page 43 Domestic and Drinking Water Supply and Quality - Secbon 4.6.3, Page 40 BE PROTECTED Populabons and Communites - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 . Economic Activities and Income - Section 4.4.4, Page 34 MSACTION Implement canal lining program according to implementation plan developed dunng pre-constructon (detailed design phases) PHASE OF SUB- Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT Construction: Second Investment Phase MmGATION Canal lining implemented according to two canal lining plans TARGETS All stakeholders consulted and informed durng design of canal lining programs, including those who signed the canal lining TARGETS plans are satisfied with results of implementation MoNnTORING _ Compliance monnonng required to ensure canal lining program proceeds as approved and affected households and REQUIRED communities are sabsfied with the disrupbon they endure. Monitonng results from first investment phase will be used to modify the design of the canal lining program for the seoond investment phase if required. RESP'ONSIelLmES Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction contracts. PMB 416 will be responsible for FOR overseeing the implementation of the canal lining plan IMPLEMETAR ON Construction contractors will be responsible for implementng the mitigation measures according to contract terms and IMPLEMETATION conditions REOUIREMENTS Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental mitigation compliance monitoring activities COSTS I UST Part of detailed design costs for Dau Tieng Sub-Project MITIGATION OF EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS Soils - Section 4.6.1, Page 35 RESOURCES TO Sedimentation and Erosion - Secton 4.6.1, Page 36 BE PROTECTED Surface Water Quality - Secton 4.6.1, Page 37 Aquatic Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity Section 4.6.2, Page 43 Use of the constructon area at the headworks site should be stnctly delineated and controlled. Remove topsoil before starting construction aclivities. Remove topsoil unrder the future stockpile. Separate topsoil stockpiles and earth stockpile to avoid mixing both soils. Create smali stockpiles with topsoil (less than 2 meters high) in order to conserve MrlIGATION its characteristics for future use after the construction works Where possible, used dredged and excavated soils in engineenng works such as road foundations. Identify and cleady DESCRIPTION delineate stockpiles for storage of excavated soils where required. Ensure stockpiles are a suitable distance from surface water sources. Remove topsoil under stockpile sites before starting construction activities. Separate topsoil stockpiles and earth stockpiles to avoid mixing. Create small stockpiles with topsoil (less than 2 m high) Construct sedimentation basins to capture water coming from pumping actvities and runoff from stockpiles. Maintain MITIGATION sedimentation basins in good working condition. DESCRIPTION, Rehabilitate all agrcultural and other land affected by construction actvities associated with engineenng civil works to pre- CONTINUED construction conditions l_______________ Compensate, according to the RAP, farmers living along canals who have been affected by the disposal of spoil. PHASE OF SUB- Constructon: First Investment Phase PROJECT Constructon: Second Investment Phase best practices' implemented according to specifications. MriIGATION No soil dumped outside of approved disposal areas. TAGT Borrow pits in environmentally suitable locations, sites re-vegetated to pre-construction condibions at end of construcbion l TARGETS 100% of agricultural land rehabilitated and 100% of damaged roads rehabilitaled Farmers living along canals are adeqtuately compensated for damage caused to their assets dunng construction MONrTORING Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILTIES Miligalion measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction contracts. PMB 416 will be responsible for FOR prepanng terms and conditions with technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. l FOR ~~~Construction contractors will be responsibie for implemenbing the mitigabon measures according to contract terms and IMPLEMENTATION conditions. REQUIREMENTS Reporting on compliance with mitigafon measures to be part of environmental mitgation compliance monitoring activities 66 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued. Construction Phases, continued MmGATION OF EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS, CONTINUED MMGATONT t;S) CsS for mitigabon measures are included as part of constnrution contract costs.l ____________ MmGATIoN TO AVOID DISRUPTION TO CULTURAL AND HISTORIC SITES RESOURCES TO Cultural and Historic Resources - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 BE PROTECTED AJl mitigation regarding cultural and histonc sites to be implemented in accordance with IDA Operational Policy 11.03 - Cultural Pmperty MmGATION Locate construction facilities (worker camps. etc.) to avoid permanent aliena6on of important cultural or historic sites DlSCRIPTION Where possible, locate engineering civil works to avoid permanent alienabon of important cultural or historic sites I DEsCRIPTON Mark and fence off important cultural and histonc sites that are adjacent or near to construction facilities and engineering civil works to prevent damage Construction contractors to include plan for avoidanoe of cultural and historic sites as part of their technical bids PHASE OF SUB- Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT Construction: Second Investment Phase MMGATION AJl cultural and histonc sites within the Sub-Project remain intact and in the same condibon as prior to construction TARGETS MONITORING Compliance monitonng will be required to ensure mitgation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILmES Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and conditions of construction contracts. PMB 416 witl be responsible for FOR preparing terms and conditions vith technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. IMPLEMENTATION Construction contractors will be responsible fcr implementing mitigation measures according to terms and conditions. REQUIREMENTS Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental mitigabon compliance monitorng activities MITIGATIOS Costs for mitigation measures are induded as part of construcbon contract costs. MITIGATION OF LOSS OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM CANAL WORKS IN DUONG MINH CHAU AND BOI LoI NATURE RESERVES, CONSTRUCTION RESOURCES TO Forest Resources - Section 4.6.2, Page 38 BE PROTECTED MITIGATION Reforestation of an estimated 20 ha of Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Local Nature Reserves to compensate for losses of DESCRIPTION natural habitats PHASE OF SUB- Construction: First Investment Phase PROJECT MITIGATION No net loss of forest resources in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves TARGETS MONITORING Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitigation targets are met REQUIRED Environmental effects monitorng will be required to assess the success of the reforestation activities RESPONSIBILmTlES FOR Tay Ninh DARD will be responsible for undertaking the reforestation actvities IMPLEMENTATION REPORTING Annual mitigation progress reports to be prepared by the implementing agency and submitted to PMB 416 Annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan report will include summary of implementabon progress and REQUIREMENTS documentation of rchanges in forest resources in Duong Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves. COSTS (US 10,800 - Please see Table 24 for detailed descrption of costs and implementation schedule. MITIGATION OF POSSIBLE DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNITIES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTMITIES RESOURCES TO Populabons and Communities - Section 4.3.6, Page 32 BE PROTECTED Infrastructure, Local Facilities - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 Ail vehicles must meet noise and air emission nabonal standards. Households, outside construction Right-of-Way ROW (inside is included in the RP) vrhich have suffered damage from roadl construction or road traffic impact should be compensated.l MrTIGATION Speed limits must be enforced on permanent and temporary roads. Safety signs and guard rails should be installed as needed. Specific security measures should be designed for village and DEScRIPTION school areas along the temporary and permanent project roads (e.g. speed bumps located at each end of residential areas or near schools). Compensate, according to the Resettlement Plan, households outside the ROW who have suffered damage from road constructon or construction-related traffic. PHASE OF SUB- Consruction: First Investment Phase PROJECT Construction Second Investment Phase 67 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued. Construction Phases, continued MInGATION OF POSSIBLE DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNrTIES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVIES, CONTINUED MIGATON No injuries or death to Sub-Project caused by construction actvites TARGETS Households outside of ROW are adequately compensated for disturbance caused by road traffic, other construction activibes TARGETS All inquiries and any complaints from local residents are promptly and properdy dealt with by construcbon contractors. MoNrrtoRING Compliance monitoring will be required to ensure mitgation targets are met REQUIRED RESPONSIBILmES Mitigation measures to be implemented as terms and cornditions of construcbon contracts. PMB 416 will be responsible for FOR preparing terms and conditions with technical assistance from the Consultant Environmental Specialists. IMPLEMENTATION Construction contractors responsible for implementing the mitgabon measures according to contract terms and conditions. REQUIREMENTS Reporting on compliance with mitigation measures to be part of environmental mibigation compliance monitorng activities MMGATION COSTS (US S) Costs for mitigation measures are included as part of construcbon contract costs. Operational Phases MMGATION OF INCREASED APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS DUE TO AGRICULTURAL ExTENSIFICATION AND I______________ INTENSIFICATION Surface Water Quality - Secton 4.6.1, Page 37 RESOURCES TO Groundwater Resources - Secton 4.6.1, Page 37 Aquabc Ecosystems and Aquatic Biodiversity - Section 4.6.2, Page 43 BE PROTECTED Domestic and Drinking Water Supply and Quality - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 i_______________ Human Health - Section 4.4.8, Page 34 MITIGATION strengthening existing IPM practices in the command area through the provision of training in IPM techniques, pesticide and DESCRIPTION fertilizer selection and use, and encouragement of crop diversification. IPM extension will be conducted in accordance with IDA DESCRIPTION OP 4.03 - Pesticide Management PHASE OF SUB- Operation: First Investment Phase PROJECT Operation: Second Investment Phase MITIGATION No change in eutrophic status of surface and groundwater resources within and immediately downstream of Sub-Project MTARGETS No change in pesbdde levels in surface and groundwater resources within and immediately downstream of Sub-Project Decrease or no change in amount of pesticide and fertilizer used in Sub-Project area per ha of crop cultivation REOUIRED Effects monitonng wilt be required to measure environmental conditions in surface and groundwater resources RESPONSIBILITIES IPM program to be implemented by Agrculture Extension offices under Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD, and involving comprising village FOR level extension officers, subject matter specialists, agnculture extension centers; provincial extension units; farmer association IMPLEMENTATION support organizations REPORQIRNG Annual IPM program implementation reports to be provided by Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD to PMB 416. IOSTS (US T S62,100 - Please see Table 24 for detailed descnption of costs and implementation schedule. MITIGATION OF INCREMENTAL EFFECTS OF PROVISION OF WATER FOR INDUSTRIAL USES, OPERATIONAL PHASE MITIGATION Implementabon of program for strengthening environmental govemance of industrial pollution control in Tay Ninh Province and DESCRIPTION Ho Chi Minh City PHASE OF SUB- OperaLon: First Investment Phase PROJECT Operation: Second Investment Phase MmTIGATION An approved detailed program for strengthening environmental govemance of industrial pollution control, including a detailed schedule and allocabon of responsibilities for implementaton, prepared in consultation with relevant departments of Tay Ninh TARGETS Province and Ho Chi Minh City MONITORING Strengthened enforcement and compliance monitoring of industrial pollubon regulations in Tay Ninh Province and Ho Chi Minh REQUIRED City RESPONSIBILITIES FOR IMPLEMENTATION This mitigation will be part of a mitigation program for environmental govemance of industrial pollubon control to be conducted REPORTING at the Project level within VWRAP REQUIREMENTS MITIGATION COSTS (US S) 68 Table 27: Environmental mitigation program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project., continued. Operational Phases, continued MITIGATION OF EFFECTS OF DAM SAFETY RISK RESOURCES TO Populalons and Communities - Sedion 4.3.6, Page 32 BE PROTECTED Infrastructure, Local Facilities - Section 4.6.3, Page 40 MESIGATION Implementation of Dau Tieng Dam Emergency Preparedness Plan PHASE OF SUB- Operation: First investment Phase PROJECT Operation: Second Investment Phase MmGATION TARGETS MONfTORING REQUIRED RESPONSIBILmES FOR Please see Dau Tieng Sub-Project FS for details regarding Dau Tieng Dam EPP IMPLEMENTATION REPORTING REQUIREMENTS MmGATION COSTS (US S) Table 28: Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Program. Pre-Construction Phases l____________________ MrrIGATION OF RESETTLEMENT AND LAND AcQUISITION MMGATION PERFORMANCE MONrTORING ACTrVITIES RESPONSIBILITIES FOR Dau Tieng Sub-Project RAP contains complele details on implementation responsibrlities, monitorng, costs, and MITIGATION PERFORMANCE reporting requirements MONITORING TOTAL ESTIMATED COST MITIGATION OF DISRUPTION TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL WORKS INCLUDING CANAL LINING MITIGATION PERFORMANCE Review and approval of Canal Lining Plan prepared by PMB 416 (one for each investment phase) MONITORING ACTIVrnfES ________________________________________ RESPONSIBILITIES FOR Tay NinhlHCMC Province and affected districts and communes will review and approve plans. MITIGATION PERFORMANCE All villages in the affected communes will have been consulted and informed regarding the pians prior to approval MONITORING TOTAL ESTIMATED COSr I Costs included as part of VWRAP implementation MITIGATION OF RISKS FROM UNEXPLODED ORDNANCE MMGATION PERFORMANCE Review and approval of Ordnance Survey and Treatment Completion Report prepared by Ministry of Defence MONITORING ACTVTlES contractors (one for each investment phase) RESPONSIBILmES FOR MITIGATION PERFORMANCE PMB 416 vill be responsible for appropriate review and approval of complebon reports MONITORING TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Costs included as part of VWRAP implementabon MITIGATION OF Loss OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM CANAL WORKS IN DUONG MINH CHAU AND BoI LoI NATURE RESERVES MITIGATION PERFORMANCE Review and approval of Reforestation Feasibility Study prepared by Tay Ninh DARD MONITORING ACTIVITIES RESPONSIBILITIES FOR MITIGATION PERFORMANCE institutions to review feasibility study include: VWRAP PMU, MARD, IDA, Tay Ninh DoSTE, MoNRE MONITORING TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Costs included as part of VWRAP implementaton 69 Table 28: Environmental Mitigation Compliance Monitoring Program., continued. Construction Phases MmGATION OF EFFECTS THROUGH CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTS: DISRUPTtON TO WATER USERS FROM CANAL LINING; EFFECTS OF DREDGED AND EXCAVATED SOILS; AVOIDANCE OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC _____________________ SmES; DISRUPTION TO LOCAL COMMUNMES FROM CONSTRUCTION ACTIVmES supervision of construction contractors dunng construction activities and reporing on their compliance with the environmental terms and conditions contained in their contracts. synoptic reports will be prepared for each construction contractor visit (approximately 10 inspections per month). These will be integrated into a monthly summary report that will be submitted to PMB 416. A twice-yearly Dau Tieng Sub-Project Performanre Monitoring Report, summanzing construction contractor MmGATIoN PERFORMANCE performance in the previous six months, will be prepared and submitted to PMB 416. MONITORING ACTIVMES All monthly summary reports and the twice-yearly Dau Tieng Sub-Project Performance Monitoring Repon will also be sent to VWRAP-PMU Annual compliance monitoring results will be integrated into the annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Monitoring Report Design of the reporting formats and supervision procedures will be completed during the Pre-Construction (Detailed l _________________________ Design) Phase An appropriate Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be engaged to conduct supervision visits to construction RESPONSIBILMES FOR sites, and prepare mitigation performance mondoring reports described above. Supervision visits will be conducted MITIGATION PERFORMANCE with technical supervision staff of PMB 416 to provide on-thejob training. MONITORING Consultant Environmental Specialists will assist in design of the reporting formats and supervision procedures dunng the Pre-Construction (Detailed Design) Phase. TOTAL ESTIMATED COST 66,898 - Please see Table 25 for detailed description of costs and implementabon schedule. MITIGATION OF INCREASED APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS DUE TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION MITIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING AcTIVmEs . Annual IPM implementation reports to be provided by Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD to PMB 416 RESPoNsIBILmEs FOR PMB 416 will be responsible for appropriate review and approval of progress and final comptetion reports of IPM MITIGATION PERFORMANCE program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project command area MONITORING l TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Costs included as part of VWRAP implementation MITIGATION OF LOSS OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM CANAL WORKS IN DUONG MINH CHAU AND Boi LoI NATURE RESERVES MITIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING ACTIVITIES Annual reports prepared by Tay Ninh DARD on progress of implementation of reforestation actvities in Duong Minh RESPONSIBILIMES FOR Chau and Boi Loi Nalure Reserves and submitted to PMB 416 and VWRAP PMU for review and approval MITIGATION PERFORMANCE MONITORING TOTAL ESTIMATED COST Costs included as part of VWRAP implementation Table 29: Environmental Effects Monitoring Sub-Program for Dau Tieng Sub-Project. MITIGATION OF LOSS OF FOREST RESOURCES FROM CANAL WORKS IN DUONG MINH CHAU AND Boi Loi NATURE RESERVES MONITORING Determine the success of the reforestation program in the Dung Minh Chau and Boi Loi Nature Reserves OBJECTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL INDICATORS TO BE Estimation of coverage, standing biomass, and regeneration success MEASURED SAMPLING All of the area reforested under the Dau Tieng EMP will be monitored SCAMLIONG SAMPLING Sampling will occur once per year, al the same time each year, for the entire VWRAP implementation period RESPONSIBILITIES Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be engaged to implement this component of the Environmental Effects Monitoring FORESPONSIBILITS Program. Detailed Terms of Reference for Ihe Contractor will be prepared by the Consultant Environmental Specialist during FOR Detailed Design Phase for Dau Tieng EMP. Consultant Environmental Specialist will oversee and guide Environmental IMPLEMENTATION Safeguard Contractor duing first three years of Sub-Project implementation. for first three years of Sub-Project implementation, Consultant Environmental Specialists, with the assistance of the REPORTING Environmental Safeguard Contractor, will include results in annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan REQUIREMENTS Report. After this, reporting responsibility wili lie solely with Environmental Safeguard Contractor. The Environmental ._________________ Safeguards Contractor will also be required to prepare a six-month progress report in each year of the monitoring. TOTALESTIMATED 2,714 - Please see Table 25 for detailed calculation of costs and implementation schedule. COST (U S$) 70 Table 29: Environmental Effects Monitoring Sub-Program continued. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY FOR EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION, EROSION DUE TO SUB-PROJECT ACTIVMES AND APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS DUE TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION Determine what are the effects of extensification and intensificabion of agrcultural land use and commodity produc6on on the MONITORING ability of surface and groundwater resources in the Sub-Project to: OBJECTiVE - meet ambient surface and groundwater quality standards OBJECTIVE ~~- meet irrigation water standards - meet domestic and drinking water stands With respect to ambient surface and groundwater quality; the following environmental indicators will be measured: - pH, conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, Fe, Al, nitrate-nitrite (N02-3), phosphate (PO4-P), dissolved oxygen, total pestidde and herbicide ENVIRONMENTAL With respect to irrigation water standards, the following environmental indicators will be measured in surface waters: - Na, Mg, Ca (enabling calculation of sodium absorption ratio [SAR]), fecal coliform (pH, TSS, Al, and dissolved oxygen INDICATORS TO BE will also be used to assess Sub-Project effects on ability of surface waters to meet irrigabon water standards) MEASURED The following environmental indicators, collected above, will be used to assess Sub-Project impacts on domestic and drinking water quality: - pH, conductivity (EC), total suspended solids (TSS), BOD5, COD, Fe, Al, nibrate-nitite (N02-3), phosphate (P04-P), dissolved oxygen, fecal coliform surface water quality sampling will be conducted in the following 19 locations (all stabons should be spabally referenced at establishment to enable mapping and spatial analysis of water quality results):: - Dau Tieng Reservoir as an upstream spatial control; SAMPUNG - Main canal system: two locations in each of the East and West Main Canals; one location in the Tan Hung Canal l LOCATIONS, FIRST - Pilot areas: a total of 10 locabtons in the pilot areas; LOCATIONS,e e in i u ieIRSTN t - Downstream (drainage area): 4 locabons outside of the command area as downstream spatial controls INVESTMENT PHASE Groundwater quality sampling (as well as groundwater level monitoring) will be conducted in the following 16 locations: - Pilot areas: 10 locations distributed throughout the pilot areas - Spabal Controls: 6 locations outside the command area to serve as spatial controls (two upstream and four downstream of irrigated areas) Surface water quality sampling will be conducted in the following 39 locations (all stabons should be spatially referenced at establishment to enable mapping and spabal analysis of water quality results): - Dau Tieng Reservoir as an upstream control; - Main canal system: two locations in each of the East and West Main Canals; one locabon in the Tan Hung Canal - Command area: a total of 30 locations in the command area - maintain pilot area sampling locations established in first SAMPLING investment phase; add sampling locabons in the remaining 80% of the command area, i.e., half the sampling density of LocATnoNs, the pilot areas in four times the total area to be sampled; SECOND - Downstream (drainage area): 4 locations outside of the command area as downstream spabal controls INVESTMENT PHASE Groundwater quality sampling (as well as groundwater level monitoring) will be conducted in the following 26 locations: - Command Akea: a total of 10 locations in the command area - maintain pilot area sampling locations established in first invesbment phase; add sampling locabions in the remaining 80% of the command area, i.e., % the sampling density of the pilot areas in four times the total area to be sampled; - Spabal Controls: 6 locations outside the command area to serve as spatial controls (two upstream and four downstreatn of irrigated areas) for surface water quality: pre-construction (for each investment phase, to establish pre-Sub-Project baseline): 3 times per year in each survey location (rainy season and two in dry season) SAMPLING - construction: 3 times per year in each survey location (rainy season and two in dry season) SCHEDULE, FIRST - operaton: 3 times per year in each survey location (rainy season and two in dry season) AND SECOND for groundwater quality: - pre-construction (for each investment phase, to estabiish pre-Sub-Project baseline): 1 time per year in each survey INVESTMENT location (dry season) PHASES - Construction: 1 time per year in each survey location (dry season) - operabon: 1 bime per year in each survey locabon (dry season) with respect to total pesicides and herbicides, for both surface and groundwater quality, monitorng to be done once per year, in peak of dry season (April) in each of three phases for each investment phase Up to date, bmely, and accurate information on: ADDITIONAL DATA - constructon and operabon of the Sub-Project. AND INFORMAn1ON - annual or seasonal land use and commodity production within the command area; ANDBE INCORMCTI - weather data from Hydrometeorological Stations; TO BE COLLECTED - IPM acivities from Tay Ninh/HCMC DARD - groundwater information from Hydrogeological Service an Environmental Safeguard Contractor will be engaged (CO selection recommended) to implement this component of the RESPONSIBILmES Environmental Effects Monitorng Program. Detailed Temis of Reference for the Contractor will be prepared by the FOR Consultant Environmental Specialist durng Detailed Design Phase for the Dau Tieng Sub-Project. The Consultant IMPLEMENTATION Environmental Specialist will oversee and guide Environmental Safeguard Contractor durng first three years of Sub-Project implementabon. 71 Table 29: Environmental Effects Monitoring Sub-Program continued. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS MONITORING OF WATER QUALITY FOR EFFECTS OF SEDIMENTATION, EROSION DUE TO SUB-PROJECT ACTNTIES AND APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES AND FERTILIZERS DUE TO AGRICULTURAL EXTENSIFICATION AND INTENSIFICATION, CONTINUED for first three years of Sub-Project implementation, Consultant Environmental Specialists, with the assistance of the REPORTING Environmental Safeguard Contractor, will indude results in annual Dau Tieng Sub-Project Environmental Management Plan REQUIREMENTS Report After this, reporting responsibility will lie solely wth Environmental Safeguard Contractor. The Environmental Safeguards Contractor witl also be required to prepare a six-month pmgress report in each year of the monitoring. it will be necessary to ensure that the pesdcides and herbicides that are monitored are representative of the entire suite of pesticides and herbiddes that are used in the Subect COMMENTS the sampling regime for second investmnenl phase will need to be reviewed during the detailed design (pre-construction) phase of the second investment phase 15% of budoet should be spent of QAIQC; MoNRE Cicular on QA/QC for environmental montoring should be followed. TOTAL ESnMATED COST, TOTAL OF FIRST AND SECOND 152,128 - Please see Table 25 for detailed calculation of cDsts INVESTMENT PHASES JUS S) 72 ANNEX 1: TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EIA TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR CONSULTING SERVICES FOR VWRAP EIA CONSULTANT I. BACKGROUND INFORMATION 1. The Govemment of Vietnam (GOVN) has requested a Credit from the Intemational Development Association (IDA) to help finance the proposed Vietnam Water Resources Assistance Project (VWRAP). In order to carry out VWRAP preparation, the GOVN through the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (MARD) has obtained a PHRD grant from the Japanese Govemment to procure the consultancy services. VWRAP is scheduled for IDA appraisal in mid-2003. The Central Project Office (CPO) under MARD will lead the overall coordination for VWRAP preparation and manage the grant. It will enter a contract with the Consultant to undertake the services specified herein. 2. VWRAP has three components: (1) Integrated Development of the Thu Bon Basin; (2) Irrigation Modemization; and (3) Dam Safety Management. VWRAP is classified as a 'Category A" environmental project, requiring an independent EIA report per IDA requirements. Preparation of the overall project is being done under another contract. The consultants responsible for overall VWRAP preparation are referred to as the 'Consultant". The consultant responsible for executing this TOR is referred to as the 'EIA Consultant", which includes an EIA intemational expert and a local EIA team, to complete the scope of work mentioned hereafter at the section of scope of work for the EIA consultant. 3. Some attached reference documents provide a comprehensive description of the VWRAP physical investments (i.e. subprojects) and should be considered an integral part of this TOR. The EIA Consultant and the Consultant are required to work together to integrate the EIA into the project's technical, economic, financial, social, and institutional analyses. The Consultant will carry the primary burden for collecting and analyzing environmental information, holding consultations, and producing an environmentally sound project. The Consultant will provide the EIA Consultant with technical analyses, reports, and engage in technical discussions with the EIA team on engineering analysis, etc. The role of the EIA Consultant is to work with the Consultant to help manage the EIA process, provide specialized environmental analysis where required, and independently produce an EIA report. The specific scope of work is presented below. 4. Component 1 of VWRAP is less well-defined at this time and subprojects in the Thu Bon Basin will be identified/confirmed during the formulation of the Thu Bon Integrated Basin Plan (TIBP). Possible subprojects in the Thu Bon Basin include: flood protection works, modemization of water delivery and drainage systems, small storage facilities for local irrigation, mini-hydropower generation, rural water supply, upper watershed management, improvement of flood preparedness and warning, etc. Total estimated investment cost of these sub-projects is around US$20 million. 5. Under Components 2 and 3 of VWRAP, the subprojects are relatively well defined: i) Dau Tieng-mainly in Tay Ninh province), ii) Ke Go-Ha Tinh province, iii) Cam Son-Cau Son-Bac Giang province, iv) Da Ban in Khanh Hoa province; and v) Yen Lap in Quang Ninh province. The schemes range in size from 10,000- 50,000 ha with investment needs estimated to be on the order of $5-20 million for each scheme. Infrastructure investments include: remedial dam safety works and possible installation of micro-hydropower plants; canal lining and improved water distribution systems; rehabilitation of pumping stations; etc. II. OVERALL SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE EIA CONSULTANT 6. The types of environmental issues that could occur are listed below. The EIA Consultant is expected to screen and rank the most pressing environmental impacts. - Water availability, basin water balances, and water use rights, water quality due to sedimentation, runoff and the use of agricultural chemicals - Dam safety - Downstream impacts from reservoirs and irrigation schemes, - Effects of water abstraction, flood control and salinity control structures on: aquatic ecology, particularly fish resources, hydrology including groundwater recharge and water quality, plant and animal ecology. - Involuntary resettlement and project affected people, including impacts on indigenous people. - Impacts of resettlement on the environment eg. forest cutting or wetland encroachment, new agricultural practice and livelihood pattems, land tenure - Impacts on cultural property - Impacts on natural habitats and nature reserves - Construction impacts, including: construction camps, disposal of dredged material, road safety, etc. 7. The EIA Consultant will help manage the EIA process and prepare an Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan (EMP) for VWRAP. The EIA will meet IDA requirements for 73 Environmental 'Category A" projects (OP 4.01 'Environmental Assessment' and associated annexes) and be in compliance with all Vietnamese laws and regulations, 8. The scope of work for the EIA Consultant is limited to ElAs for the investment subprojects only, meaning 5 subprojects in the component 2 and priority investment subprojects in Thu Bon river basin, and not the TIBP. (The TIBP can be considered a regional environmental study by itself.) The EIA Consultant will prepare a separate EIA/EMP for each subproject, which will then be merged into one final EIA report. The Consultant shall be the main source of information. The EIA Consultant may also request the Consultant (or request MARD to direct the Consultant if necessary) to collect additional information or, if more expedient and within the budget of the EIA Consultant, collect the information itself. The EIA shall cover the issues below, and other relevant matters. 9. Policy, legal and administrative framework. Review policy, legal, and administrative framework within which the EIA is carried out at the national and provincial levels. This includes, among other topics: environmental quality, water resources, dam safety, health and safety, protection of sensitive areas, protection of endangered species, siting, land use control, resettlement, protection of cultural property etc. 10. Define the Project and its Area of Influence: Define the proposed subproject and its geographic, ecological, social, and temporal context, including any off-site investments that may be required (i.e., access roads, construction camps, product storage facilities, sediment disposal areas, etc.). Ascertain the need for plans for resettlement, project affected people, or indigenous peoples. Develop maps showing the project site and the project's area of influence. 11. Collect Baseline Data: Assess the dimensions of the study area and describe relevant physical, biological, and socio-economic conditions, including any changes expected before the project commences. Also take into account current and proposed development activities within the project area, but not directly connected to the project. Data should be relevant to decisions about project location, design, operation, or mitigatory measures. The accuracy, reliability, and sources of data should also be assessed. 12. Assess Environmental Impacts: Predict and assess the project's likely positive and negative impacts, including possible cumulative impacts, in quantitative terms to the extent possible. Identify mitigation measures and residual impacts that can not be mitigated. Explore opportunities for environmental enhancements. Identify and estimate the extent and quality of available data, key data gaps, and uncertainties associated with predictions, and specific topics which require further attention. 13. Analyze Project Altematives: Systematically compare feasible alternatives to the proposed project site, technology, design, and operation including the 'without project" situation-in terms of their potential environmental and social impacts; the feasibility of mitigating these impacts, their capital and recurrent costs, suitability under local conditions, and their institutional, training, and monitoring requirements. For each of the alternatives, quantify the environmental impacts to the extent possible, and attach economic values where feasible. State the basis for selecting the particular project design proposed. 14. Environmental Management Capabilities. This would include issues relating to assessment of the existence, role and capability of environmental units on-site, or at the agency and ministry level, potential participation of project affected people in project implementation, local mass organisations, NGOs and/or academic institutions, and the role of the local population in maintaining the existing ecosystems. Based on these findings, recommendations should be made concerning the establishment and/or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to the point that EIA recommendations can be implemented. 15. Public Consultation and Disclosure: The EIA Consultant is expected, in conjunction with the Consultant, to plan, manage, and document the consultation and disclosure process. The Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan will be approved by MARD and should contain information on how stakeholders will be identified, key consultation points, objectives of the consultation, level of consultation, consultation techniques and methodology, and timetable. The Consultant will be requested to prepare necessary material to facilitate the consultations. The World Bank Environmental Assessment Sourcebook (Update 26, May 1999 'Public Consultation in the EIA Process") provides guidelines and techniques for effective consultation. The EIA Consultant, in conjunction with the Consultant, will also consult with affected groups throughout project implementation as necessary to address EIA-related issues. The disclosure of the EIA reports as required by the OP 4.01 and BP 17.50, should be approved by MARD in agreement with MONRE, which is in charge of EIA appraisal. 16. The Consultant will organize, in conjunction with the EIA Consultant and with the assistance of the IMC and Provincial authorities, at least two stakeholder consultation meetings for each subproject. The Consultant will cover the costs of the consultations. The first consultation should take place to discuss the conceptual approach to scheme improvements and the scope of work for the EIA, and the second consultation should review the Draft Final Feasibility Study/EIA. The Consultant shall cover the costs of these consultations. The Consultant shall cover the costs of these workshops. Relevant stakeholders should be invited to both workshops including: MARD officials, provincial authorities, IMC officers, local mass organizations, NGOs and/or academic institutions, farmer representatives, etc. per the Public Consultation and Disclosure Plan. 17. Environmental Management Plan: An EMP shall be prepared which consists of the set of mitigation, monitoring, and institutional measures to be taken during construction and operation to eliminate environmental and social impacts, off-set them, or reduce them to acceptable levels. The plan also includes the actions necessary to implement these measures. Specifically: 74 18. Mitigation: Identify feasible and cost-effective measures that may reduce potentially significant adverse environmental impacts to acceptable levels. The plan should include compensatory measures if mitigation measures are not feasible, cost-effective, or sufficient. The proposed mitigation measures should include technical details and an implementation plan for each mitigation measure and describe linkages with other mitigation plans (e.g., involuntary resettlement, indigenous peoples, cultural property, etc.) required for the project. 19. Monitoning: The monitoring program should provide information about key environmental issues and the effectiveness of mitigation measures during project construction and operation. The objectives and types of monitoring should be identified with clear linkages to the impacts assessed in the EIA and the mitigation measures described in the EMP. The monitoring program should provide a set of monitoring indicators, specify descriptions, technical details, and reporting procedures. Monitoring reports should also be submitted to the local environmental authorities (DOSTEs). Independent environmental monitoring is not necessary in general, but environmental monitoring should be a part of the project monitoring to be carried out by a sub- contractor to the Consultant. Independent environmental monitoring could be undertaken if required by the local authorities under certain circumstances. 20. Capacity Development and Training: The EMP draws upon the EIA's assessment of the existence, role, and capability of environmental unites on site or at the agency and ministry level. If necessary, recommend the establishment or expansion of such units, and the training of staff, to allow implementation of EIA recommendations. The EMP shall provide a description of the institutional arrangements-who is responsible for carrying out the mitigatory and monitoring measures (e.g., operation, supervision, enforcement, monitoring of implementation, financing, reporting and staff training). 21. Implementation Schedule and Cost Estimates: For all three aspects (mitigation, monitoring, and capacity development) the EMP shall provide (a) an implementation schedule for measures that must be carried out as part of the project, showing phasing and coordination with overall project implementation plans; and (c) capital and recurrent cost estimate and sources of fund for implementing the EMP. These figures should be integrated into the total subproject cost tables. Ill. SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE INTERNATIONAL EIA EXPERT 22. The international expert is responsible to coordinate with the local EIA consultant team (composing expert/specialist in the Table 1) to complete the General Scope of Work for the EIA Consultant. More particularly, the international expert will have following responsibilities: - To take the position of the EIA consultant team leader and will coordinate all activities of the EIA consultant team; - To review all data and information that were collected and processed by the local EIA consultant team and reasonably propose to the local team further needed data and information collections; - To guide the local EIA consultant team to co-prepare draft EIA reports; and - With the close assistance by the local EIA consultant team, the international expert will complete and submit final EIA reports, which have to be acceptable by both MARD and IDA, for all investment subprojects. IV. SCOPE OF WORK FOR THE LOCAL EIA TEAM 23. The local team is responsible to assist and coordinate with the international EIA expert to complete the General Scope of Work for the EIA Consultant. More particularly, the local team will have following responsibilities: - Based on data and information provided by the VWRAP Consultant and requirements for preparation of the EIA reports for investment subprojects, the local EIA consultant team will carry out further data and information collections, surveys, and investigations, if required. To be responsible for data inputs, data analyses and processes. Both primary and processed data will be conveyed to the international expert; - With the guidance by the international expert, co-prepare and submit draft EIA reports for investment subprojects. Assist the Intemational EIA consultant to complete final EIA reports, which have to be acceptable by both MARD and IDA, for all investment subprojects; and -To be liaison between the intemational EIA expert and local related agencies. V. EIA CONSULTANT STAFFING AND SUBMISSION OF REPORTS 24. EIA Consultant Team Profile. It is expected that the EIA Consultant team will compose an international expert with experience preparing international-level EIA reports as the team leader and a local team. Table 1 contains suggested areas of expertise for national/experts, and qualifications of key staff. The EIA Consultant may propose alternative staffing to match the proposed lines of action. Under no circumstance does acceptance of the staffing list in Table 1 release the EIA Consultant from any responsibility under these TOR. 25. Reports. Final EIA reports for all investment subprojects are to be submitted to MARD and IDA by February, 2003. The number of EIA reports to be submitted and schedule for report submission are in Table 2. The intemational EIA expert will bear all the cost for the reproduction of the English version of EIA report, whereas the local EIA team will be responsible for the reproduction of the Vietnamese version of the EIA reports. The local EIA consultant team will have to make sure that the meanings of the Vietnamese version of 75 EIA reports are matched with their English version. Electronic copies of all reports should be provided to both MARD and IDA, to the extent possible. Note: The EIA Consultant shall reach agreement with the Consultant and MARD during project implementation on how best to package the feasibility studies (FS), resettlement action plans (RAPs), management plans (MPs), and EMAs for each investment subproject. MARD will make extra copies of reports as required for consultationAvorkshop purposes. VI. INPUTS FROM THE GOVERNMENT 26. GoVN Input, Data and Coordination Arrangement. MARD, through CPO, will be the project coordinating unit. The CPO will coordinate with participating Ministries, agencies, and provincial authorities to provide counterpart inputs, and arrange review and participate in discussions with the EIA Consultant on issues related to the assignment. It will facilitate and assign counterpart staff to assist.the EIA Consultant in obtaining necessary visas, authorizations and access to facilities for carrying out the services. It will make available to the EIA Consultant all existing aerial photographs, maps, studies, plans, reports, drawings and information relevant to the execution of this assignment within the MARD. IDA will assist the GOVN in (i) supervision of PHRD grant implementation; (ii) VWRAP preparation; and (iii) liaison with other donors. 27. The intemational EIA expert will receive and inherit the EIA inception/ scoping report which was prepared by the previous intemational EIA expert in association with the local EIA consultant team. VIl. GUIDANCE TO EIA CONSULTANTS 28. The EIA Consultant will be based in Hanoi (unless otherwise agreed-upon with MARD), and will be provided by the Govemment with an office, preferably shared with the Consultant. The EIA Consultant will pay its costs for local transport, operational costs, office equipment (tel./fax/copying), secretarial support, required office equipment and supplies, translation and printing/copying. The EIA Consultant will submit the following items to the Govemment: (i) licensed copies of all proprietary computer software used together with manuals; (ii) copies of all software developed under the consultancy assignment in magnetic form, together with source listing and full documentation; (iii) satellite imagery and maps procured and used; (iv) copies of all data used in magnetic form and hard copy; and (v) complete description of all methodologies used and the assumptions made. Table 1: Suggested Staffing Profile for the EIA Consultant Expertise International (mm) Local (mm) Environmental Expert 3.5 6 Environmental Specialist 8 Social-Resettlement Expert 3 Total 3.5 17 Environmental Expert: The intemational environmental expert should have at least 10 years experience preparing ElAs for water resources projects in Asia which meet the requirements of international development agencies, such as the World Bank or the Asian Development Bank. Experience in Vietnam would be a plus. The local expert should have at least 10 years experience preparing ElAs in Vietnam, with significant experience in the preparation of water resources projects for international agencies. Environmental Specialist: Should have experience in the environmental assessment of water resources projects, including dams, flood control structures, and irrigation works in Vietnam. Social-Resettlement Expert: Should have practical experience in social assessment techniques and the preparation of resettlement plans. 76 Table 2: Reporting Obligations Of the Local EIA Team: Outputs Number of copies Draft EIA Reports for Dau Tieng and Cau Son- 10 Vietnamese, 10 English Cam Son subprojects_____________ Draft EIA Reports for Ke Go, Da Ban and Yen 10 Vietnamese, 10 English Lap subprojects and priority investment Isubprojects in Thu Bon river basin_____________ Of the Intemnational EIA Expert: Outputs ~~~Number of copies Final EIA Reports for Dau Tieng and Cau Son- 1 0 Vietnamese, 1 0 English Final EIA Reports for Ke Go, Da Ban and Yen 10 Vietnamese, 10 English subprojects in Thu Bon river basin _____________ Final EIA Report (integrating EIA Reports for all 1 0 Vietnamese, 1 0 English subprojects) 77 ANNEX 2: SUMMARY OF PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS IN SUPPORT OF EIA PREPARATION Consutatin.CosulttionTechniques How Results of Date Participants Objectives of Consultation and Methodologies Used Consultason Wered Local EIA consultants participated in larger Tay Ninh, Dau Tieng, and stakeholder consultabion fomial workshop and Cu Chi IMCs, CPO, Tay workshop secondary data review inputs to Dau Tieng 12 to 14 June Ninh DoSTE, DoF, presentabon of overview, field visits to TN 17, N20, and component of Scoping 2002 DARD, Chau Thanh and purpose, and requirements of N31a Pilot Areas and semi- Report and identification of Trang Bang CPCs, 19 EIA structured interviews with main issues for analysis WUGs additional scoping and farmers dunng field visits identification of environmental issues socioeconomic information obtained formed the basis twoIoDnsultative meeb .ng to for the socioeconomic two consultative meeting to descripbion of thre pilot | initiate socioeconomic surveys aeascin the prlna inform farming households (in TN17 and N20 pilot areas). areas f the preliminary 22 August to faener beneficiaries in about purpose of Sub-Project Meetings organized by Tay Project and for assessment 1 September proposed TN17, N20, and of EIA Ninh IMC Pojects fo 2002 and N31 a Pilot Areas obtain socioeconomic fomal interviews using socioeconomic resources informabon for Dau Tieng EIA socioeconomic questionnaire survey data will bes l as structure of interview. Total augmented by social l of 180 households surveyed. survey to be conducted in Dau Tieng Sub-Project by Consultant 23 and 24 Tay Ninh IMC, farmer Members of EIA Consultant semi-structured view tion of September beneficiaries in proposed participated in Consultant visit sMinsoructurnterviews with continued identificai 2002 TN1 7 and N20 Areas to discuss modemizabon issues farmers during field visit 78 ANNEX 3: POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR EIA THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN VIET NAM Environmental Impact Assessment Legislation The key environmental legislation in Vietnam consists of: Law on Protection of the Environment (LEP) - enacted in December 1993. The LEP: - Identifies the responsibilities of the state centre, provinces, organizations and individuals to prevent and remedy environmental deterioration and pollution and carry out specified environmental protection functions; - Provides for the development of environmental standards and submission of environmental impact assessment reports on new and existing facilities; - Provides for responsible parties to pay compensation for environmental damage; - Establishes the right of individuals and organizations to petition for enforcement of environmental regulations; - Calls for civil and criminal penalties for violations; and - Encourages intemational environmental co-operation. . Decree 175/CP - promulgated in October 1994 to guide implementation of the LEP and provides broad guidelines for: - Division of responsibility among Ministries; - Environmental Impact Assessments; - Pollution prevention and disaster control; - Sources of finance; and - Environmental inspections and standards. . Circular No. 490 - promulgated in April 1998 to provide 'Guidance on setting up and appraising environmental impact assessment reports for investment projects'. The Circular: - Identifies the legal requirements according to the stages of implementation of a project and its category. Projects are effectively divided into two categories; No. 1 type projects - all of which require EIA and include projects that have potential to pollute the environment, cause environmental degradation or may have difficulty complying with controls and standards, and No. 2 type projects - including projects which do not require EIA but require registration with the environmental standards registration board'. - Defines the content of project subject to the EIA procedures; and - Specifies management of the EIA report appraisal All projects must follow the process established in the circular: - Aplication for investment license - for No. 1 type projects this includes the submission of document that sets out the potential impacts of the project (to be appraised by relevant state agencies), and for No. 2 type projects requires the submission of the registration form and technical and economic feasibility report. On approval an investment license is issued; - Design stage - No. 1 type projects prepare and subrnit the EIA report and technical and economic feasibility report; and - Completion stage - prior to operation relevant agencies coordinated regarding the issuance of construction licenses, inspections and stipulation of environmental standards, and approvals and certifications by the environmental standards registration board. Once all of these processes have been completed the relevant environmental license is issued. The Circular establishes the timeframes for review and appraisal; examination of the environmental standard registration and issuance of a certificate shall be completed within 20 days of submission, and an EIA report must be reviewed within 30-60 days of submission (or three months for complex or controversial proposals), and the recommendations and decisions of the review must be ratified within 10 days. Vietnamese EIA Requirements for Dau Tieng Sub-Proiect According to Vietnamese legislation (Decree 175/CP, Circular 49011998/TT-BKHCNMT), the Dau Tieng Sub- Project requires an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as it consists of the upgrading of an existing irrigation scheme. The project owner must set up and submit an environmental impact assessment report to the Government Management Agencies of Environmental Protection for appraisal. . 79 Other Relevant Legislation ORDINANCE ON CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT OF LIVING AoUATIc RESOURCES Decree 18/1986, the Ordinance on Conservation and Management of Living Aquatic Resources prohibits all activities that are 'detnmental to aquatic resources and cause pollution to the living environment of all aquatic species,' including the use of destructive fishing methods (toxic and harmful substances, explosives, electric currents), the introduction of toxic substances into the marine environment, habitat destruction (mangroves, coral reefs, marine flora, etc.), and emplacement of installations or devices that are harmful to aquatic resources.42 For these purposes, the Minister of Fisheries is empowered to regulate habitat protection, total allowable catch, fishing areas, permissible fishing gear, endangered species, introduction 43 of alien species, and so on LEGAL INSTRUMENTS FOR PROTECTED AREAS The legal framework for terrestrial protected areas in Viet Nam dates to the 1 980s, but the system of protected areas in Viet Nam is currently guided by the 1991 Forestry Resource Protection and Development Act". This legal instrument authorizes the existence of three categories of forestland: protection forest (critical watersheds and wetlands); special use forests (protected areas); and production forests. The framework for the designation and management of special use forests is set out in Chapter 4, Part 2 of this Law. Implementation of the Act is done through a set of supplementary ordinances and decrees, such as Decision 1171, 1986, on Special Forest Management for Protected Areas, which defines permissible and prohibited activities in protected areas. A number of decrees to strengthen forest protection (national and provincial) have also been issued. They broadly specify the management principles of each forest category identified in the 1991 Forestry Resource Protection and Development Act; the separation of forest protection from production; and the nature of contractual arrangements with farmers and punishment of illegal use of protected forests. Vietnamese Environmental Mana2ement Administration The keys agencies and entities with environmental responsibilities in Viet Nam include: * Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MoNRE) - MoNRE is the lead agency for environmental review purposes. . National Environmental Agency (NEA) - Within MoNRE. the NEA has the responsibility to apply the LEP. . Provincial Department of Science, Technology and Environment (DoSTE) - Each province has a DoSTE which is in charge of Environmental Management. They also have formal authority to review and comment on environmental aspects of investment applications and to resolve pollution-related disputes. Requirements for Consultation and Disclosure Save for certain provisions, there are no specific requirements for consultation in the national legal, policy, and regulatory framework for environmental impact assessment in Viet Nam (i.e., National Law on Environmental Protection [NLEP, 1993]; Decree 175/CP/1994 on Implementation of the NLEP; Circular 490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on Setting Up and Appraising Environmental Impact Assessment Reports). Most of the provisions requiring consultation are related to the appraisal of environmental impact assessments: . The Ministry of Science, Technology, and Environment (MoNRE) is responsible for appraising reports on the assessment of environmental effects of projects and economic entities for larger projects (identified in Appendix II of Decree 175/CP). The National Environmental Agency (NEA) is assigned the responsibility for assisting MoNRE in performing these environmental management responsibilities45, MoNRE/NEA is required to complete appraisals within 60 days of receiving the required EIA reports and associated documentation; 42 Article 8, Ordinance on Conservation and Management, supra. 43 Articles 9-13, ibid. 44 No. 58 LCT/HDNN8 45 There may be changes in the responsibilities for environmental management at the national and provincial levels vith the recent formation of the new Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. However, the basic allocation of responsibilities between the central government and the provinces will not change. 80 . National govemment ministries are responsible for the implementation of state management of environmental protection. This means that they participate as required in the appraisal of environmental impact assessments for larger projects. . Provincial (and city) People's Commiftees are responsible for the implementation of state management of environmental protection. This includes appraising reports on assessment of environmental effects of projects and local economic entities for smaller projects. The provincial Departments of Science, Technology, and Environment (DoSTE) are responsible to the provincial (and city) People's Commiftees for this task and provincial govemment departments participate in appraisals as required. In addition, mass associations (such as Women's Union, Labour Union, etc.) are responsible for assuring the proper implementation and compliance with the legal, policy, and regulatory framework for environmental protection. Disclosure during the EIA process, as described in Circular 490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on Sefting Up and Appraising Environmental Impact Assessment Reports, consists of the EIA Appraisal Council to which the EIA documents are provided for review. This Council, acting as a Consultant to MoNRE/NEA, consists of scientists, managers who have appropriate subject-mafter knowledge, as well as social organizations and representatives of local people. Key National Policies and Plans GENERAL NATIONAL POLICIES Policies on Decentralization of Planning and Management The GoV has also been promoting decentralization through a series of laws, decrees and regulations. The major guiding principle has been to give greater power, autonomy and responsibility to districts and communes. The new Budget Law also aHtempts to bring greater transparency and stability into financing for local development. At provincial level there is also greater awareness of the need to involve local communities in planning and implementation of development activities. The February 1998 Politburo Directive on Grassroots Democracy (30-CT/TW) proposes that people at the community level should participate more actively planning and decision making by (a) being better informed about the law, (b) participating in local decision making before final decisions are made, and, (c) supervising, controlling, and evaluating the operations and activities of their local authorities. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES AND PLANS National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development (NPESD) In 1991, the State CommiHtee for Sciences, with the assistance of UNDP, Sida, UNEP and IUCN prepared a National Plan for Environment and Sustainable Development 1991-2000 - Framework for Action (NPESD), which was then adopted by the Government. The NPESD, together with complementary reports submitted by Viet Nam to the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development convened in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, provided a broad, wide ranging framework for environmental action in Viet Nam, including marine environmental protection. National Strategy for Environmental Protection for 2001 to 2010 This National Strategy replaced the NPESD which expired in 2000. Key strategic directions in the National Strategy are: . Pollution prevention * Conserve and sustainably use natural resources and biodiversity * Environmental improvement in the urban, industrial, and rural areas . Enhance environmental awareness and forest environmental morality National Biodiversity Action Plan On December 22, 1995, the National Biodiversity Action Plan (BAP) was approved by the Prime-Minister. The BAP identifies the major causes for loss biodiversity as: over exploitation, leading to deforestation, extinction of species, soil erosion and flooding, overfishing; water and marine pollution; degradation of coastal areas due to human activities; and transition to a market economy and the emphasis on development. The goals of the National Biodiversity Action Plan include: . a definition of and approach to biodiversity conservation and action which accommodates the multiple livelihood needs of the Vietnamese people, particularly rural populations residing in areas of high biodiversity; . reviewing and establishing priorities in provinces, special-use forests, and protected areas (terrestrial and coastal/marine), using detailed forest status maps, identifying necessary investments in infrastructure, 81 personnel, research, and community extension and economic programs for buffer zones; listing the necessary research, education, and extension activities in the environmental sector for central, provincial and local govemment agencies; and listing conservation activities required outside protected areas, e.g. integrated watershed management, biologically sound agricultural methods, particularly in hill and mountain areas, restoration of degraded lands, economic activities such as agricultural germplasm and marketing non-timber forest products, preservation of genetic material in zoos and botanical gardens, etc. The BAP identifies many acts required for the protection of biodiversity. Those relating to the coastal and marine environmental management are as follows: *establish news laws and regulations for biodiversity protection; *examine existing laws to identify weakness and propose amendments to promote sustainable development; *enact laws to protect sensitive terrestrial and aquatic areas; *identify and protect areas with high biodiversity and establish buffer zones around them; identify wetlands in need of protection; identify areas which should be designated as new reserves; establish a national network of databases and information on biodiversity; strengthen the role of local govemments in decision-making; strengthen the participation of local communities and non-governmental organizations. Decision No. 224/1999/QD-TTg of 8 Dec 1999 by the Prime Minister on the approval of the Aquaculture Program for 1999-2010, which includes: *an overall objective of achieving an aquaculture output of 2 million Vyr by 2010 from current levels of about 350,000 tVyr *plans for aquaculture in coordination with investments in water resource infrastructure to increase the efficiency of investment and use of land and water areas *policies of development of aquaculture cultivation, specifically: increasing utilization of land and water areas for cultivating marine products, favorable credit for poor farmers and fisherman; and preferential conditions for remote areas. 82 ANNEX 4: SOURCES OF INFORMATION USED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS EIA 1. Nippon Koei Co. Ltd. in association with Haskoning Nederland B.V HEC 2 Jan 2003 Final Pre-Feasibility Study of Dau Tieng Scheme Modernization II. B1. 65 Pages 2. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modemization and Dam Safety - Final report Water Balance. 25 pages and Annex 3. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modernization and Dam Safety - Final report Operation & Management Frame Work. 27 pages 4. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modemization and Dam Safety - Final report Dam-Break analysis. 11 pages and Annex 5. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modernization and Dam Safety - Report on Modernization of Main canals and Headwork. 46 pages 6. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modernization and Dam Safety - Final report Hydropower. 57 pages and Annex 7. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modemization and Dam Safety - Final report Dam safety. 32 pages 8. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modemization and Dam Safety - Report Modernization of Plot Area TN17. 72 pages 9. Hydraulic Engineering Consultant Corporation 2 (HEC 2) Jan 2003 Dau Tieng Irrigation Modemization and Dam Safety - Report Modernization of Plot Area N20. 71 pages 10. Black and Veatch International Experco Ltd 2001 Feasibility Study Report of PhuocHoa Water Resources Project Annex H Environmental Impact Assessment. 114 Pages 11. Black and Veatch International Experco Ltd 2001 Feasibility Study Report of PhuocHoa Water Resources Project Annex E Water Management and Institution. 34 Pages 12. UNEP NORAD CEETIA 2001 State of The Environment Vietnam 2001. 103 Pages 13. Vietnam National Environmental Agency 2001 Vietnam Environment Pressing Issues. 40 Pages 14. CLAIR N. SAWYER PERRY L. McCARTY GENE F.PARKIN 1994 Chemistry for Environmental Engineering. 658 pages 15. Michael C. Baltzer,Nguyen Thi Dao, Robert G. Shore 2001, Towards a Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in The Forests of The Lower Mekong Eco-region Complex. 109 Pages 16. Michael C. Baltzer,Nguyen Thi Dag Robert G. Shore 2001,Towards a Vision for Biodiversity Conservation in The Forests of The Lower Mekong Eco-region Complex Technical Annex. 228 Pages 17. WWF 2001 The Forests of The lower Mekong Ecoregion Complex. 42 Pages 18. Adrew W. Tordoff, Pham Trong Anh,Le Manh Hung,Nuyen Dinh Xuan,Tran Khac Phuc, 2002 Quick Survey Birds and Animals in LoGo-SaMat Special Forest and Chang Riec Protective Forest in Tay Ninh Vietnam. 27 Pages 19. ELC Electroconsult S.P.A Hydraulic Survey & Design Company 1994 Hocmon - North Binh Chanh Irrigation Project Environmental Impact Assessment. 130 Pages 20. Tay Ninh DoSTE 2002 Status Environment report in 2001 of Tay Ninh province. 89 Pages 21. Ho Chi Minh DoSTE 2002 Report on Environment Activities 2001 in Ho Chi Minh City. 28 Pages 22. Tay Ninh Statistic Department 2001 Tay Ninh Statistic Year Book 2001 23. Tay Ninh Statistic Department 2001 Tay Ninh Land Used Statistic Year 2000 24. Binh Duong Statistic Department 2001 Binh Duong Statistic Year Book 2001 25. Binh Duong Statistic Department 2001 Binh Duong Land Used Statistic Year 2000 26. Long An Statistic Department 2001 Long An Statistic Year Book 2001 83 27. Ho Chi Minh City Statistc Department 2001 Ho Chi Minh City Statistic Year Book 2001 28. Cu Chi Statistic Division 2000 Land Used Statistic Year 2000 29. Tay Ninh Hydro-meteorological Station 2002 Hydrology and Meteorology data record 30. Primary data conducted by the EIA group 31. National Law on Environmental Protection (29UCTN 1994) 32. Decree 175/CP/1994 on Implementation of the NLEP 33. Circular 490/1998/TT-BKHCNMT on Setting Up and Appraising Environmental Impact Assessment Reports 34. Operational Policy 4.01 (and accompanying annexes) - Environmental Assessment 35. Operational Policy 4.04 - Natural Habitats 36. Operational Policy 4.36 - Forestry 37. Operational Policy 11.03- Cultural Property 38. Operational Policy 4.12 - Involuntary Resettlement 39. Operational Policy 4.20 - Indigenous Peoples 40. Operational Policy 4.37 - Safety of Dams 41. Operational Policy 4.03 - Pesticide Management 42. Operational Policy 7.60 - Projects in Disputed Areas 43. Operational Policy 7.50 - International Waterways 44. Bank Policy 17.50 - Public Disclosure 45. General Policy 14.70: Involving Non-govemmental Organizations in Bank-Supported Activities 46. The Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 47. Would Bank The Environmental Assessment Sourcebook 48. TCVN 5592 National Surface Water Quality Standards 49. TCVN 5944 National Groundwater Quality Standards 50. TCVN 6980 (2001) Standards for Industrial Effluents Discharged Into Rivers Used for Domestic Water Supply 51. Decree 18/1986 the Ordinance on Conservation and Management of Living Aquatic Resources 52. 1991 Forestry Resource Protection and Development Act 53. Decision 1171 1986 on Special Forest Management for Protected Areas 54. Wortd Heritage Convention 1972 Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Natural and Cultural Heritage 55. CITES Convention 1973 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna 56. 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 57. 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity, including 2002 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 58. Finally a number of national environmental and natural resources programs and plans were considered in the preparation of this EIA 59. National Strategy for Environmental Protection for 2001 to 2010 60. National Biodiversity Action Plan (1995) 61. Forest Protection Department 1998 Protected Areas Plan of Vietnam to 2010 62. National Aquaculture Development Program (1999-2010) 84 ANNEX 5: DAu TIENG SOCIOECONOMIC SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE HOUSEHOLD SURVEY INTERVIEW Name of Respondent: Commune: District. Province: Ethnic group Date of Interview: Name of person conducting interview: 1. GENERAL INFORMATION 1.1 How many people usually live in this household? 1.2 How many males and females are in each age bracket Years Females Males M F 0- 17 18 - 60 Over 60 1.3 Is the head of the household (1) Male or (2) Female? 1.4 What is level of education the head of household? (1) no schooling (2) primary education (3) junior secondary education (4) senior secondary education (5) tertiary education 1.5 Is there a business operating out of this house? (1) Yes (2) No If no, go to Question 1.7 1.6 Labour inputs outside agriculture Types of off farm labour No. of days/year Hired labour (builder or mason coolie) 85 Trade Handicrafts Rice husking Transportation services Other (specify) .............. 1.7 Household Assets/ Weath (Tick the appropriate square where the household has any of the following) (1) Connection to electricity supply (2) Connection to other electricity sources (or to battery) (3) Trucks (4) Television (5) Radio/cassette recorder (6) Refrigerator (7) Motor cycle (8) Tractor (9) Rice husking machine (10) Buffaloes, cows, horses F M 1 .8a Source of water for domestic use (1) Domestic water (2) Digged well (3) Drilled well (4) Rain water (5) river/stream (canal) I .8b Is that source of water clean or not? (1) Yes (2) No 1 .8c. If using well water Water level in dry season (from the ground to well' surface water) m Water level in rainy season (from the ground to well' surface water) m 1.8d. Household fuel sources (1) Wood (4) Electricity (2) Charcoal (5) Other fuels (3) Gas 2. AGRICULTURE 2.1 Data on growing crop 86 Shortage of Low prod.ab Area Irrigation Irrigation water or productivity roby (Sao) sourcet form2 waterlogging3 due to 4 ' rop Total cultivated area (sao) 1) Spnng - Rice - Subsidiaries 2) Summer cro p_ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ - Rice - Subsidiaries 3) Winter crop 2.2. How many plots do you have for your forming? 2.3 How many are un-irrigated ? Reasons for non-irrigated? (1) Far from the source (2) High field (3) Degraded canals (4) Other reasons (specify) 2.2d. Area non-cultivated 2.2e. Reasons for non-cultivated (1) Shortage of water (2) Waterlogging (3) High field (4) Other reasons (specify) 2.3 Do you want to change the cropping pattern? (1) Yes (2) No if no, because (1) Land field not suitable (2) Irrigation and drainage not convenient (3) Do not like to change the cultivating practices (4) Risky (no insurance for the output...) 2.4. 5 If full amount of land not under winter crop, why? ...............................................I.......I............................................................................................................................ 2.5 Input for Agriculture production 46 Irrigation sources; (1I irrigation and drainage canals; 12) River, pond: (3)Well (4) Rain water: (5) Industriol waster water 2 Irrigation form: (1 ) Gravity; (2) partially: (3) Pump of by hand 3 Shortage of water of watertogging: (1i) Shortage of water: (2) woterlogging 4 Low productivity due to: (1) Shortage of irrigation water: (21 waterlogging: (3)Bad lond: (4) Pest. rat; (5) shortage of fertilizer; (6) Bad maintenance 87 2.5.1 Rice Input Kg/sao Pice (VND) Note Seeds Fertiliser Ure Phosphorous Kali NPK Pesticides Herbicides l Others 2.5.2 Winter crop Input Kg/soo Price (VND) Note /sao Seeds Fertiliser Ure Phosphorous Kali NPK Pesticides Herbicides Others 88 2.6 Labour inputs Agriculture Activity Men ays) Women (days) Rice By oneself Hire By oneself Hire Land preparation Seedling activities Transplanting Pesticiding Maintenance Provision of water and drainage . Harvesting Post-Harvest Winter Crop _ Land preparation Planting Maintenance Pesticiding Provision of water and drainage Harvesting Post harvest * Labour rate per day Man: VND Woman: VND 2.7 Contribution to irrigation system Kg VND Fees to Irrigation Company Fees for on-farm irrigation (O & M) Pumping Costs Labour contribution To system maintenance 89 2.8 Do you hand in full water fee every year? (]) Yes (2) No If no, why? 2.9 Does conflict often occur when taking water? (1) Yes (2) No If yes. at what level of canal? F?) On-farm canal (2) Tertiary canal (3) Secondary canal 2.9b. Who deals with the conflict? (1) Farmers (2) Imgation team (3) Person from Irrigation company (4) Commune authorities A. Annual income 1. Income from main crop (rice, subsidiaries) in VND Type Earni ng Kg VND Rice VND Dry foot crop F ru it _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Total 3.2 Earning from breading Earni ng Kg VND Cattle/buffalo Pigs Chickens/ducks Others 3. Other incomes Type Hired laborer Business Salary (clerk, pension ... J _II Handicraft Other incomes Total Amount earned per year from other income (VND) B. Household Expenses 90 1. Monthly Expenses 2. Annual Expenses Item VND Housing (construction/maintenance) Agricultural tools Electrical appliances and furniture Agricultural inputs leg seeds, fertiliser) Clothing Education Travelling Payment for farm labour Repayment of loans t Other Grand Total 4. CREDIT 4.1 Do you have access to credit? (1) yes (2) No If no, go to question 3.4 D 4.2 If yes, what sources do you have and what is the interest rate? Source Annual Interest Rate % 1. Bank for Agriculture and Rural development 2. Poverty reduction fund 3. Women association 4. Other associations 5. Private 4.3 Have you ever borrowed money for agricultural purposes? (1) Yes (2) No 4.4 Would you consider borrowing money (possibly collectively) to upgrade the condition of teriary canals directly serving your agricultural land? (1) Yes (2) No 5. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION AND IPM PROGRAMS 5.1 Do you take port in any IPM training ? (1) Yes (2) No If no . go to the Q 4.3 5.2 From where do you get information of IPM ? (1) Meeting (2) Neibour (3) Radio/TV (4) Village speaker (5) Other 5.3 Do you take part in any Training of Agricultural Extentsion ? (1) yes (2) No If no . go to the Q 5 91 5.4 From where do you get information of Agricultural Extension (1) Meeting (2) Neibour (3) Radio/TV (4) Village speaker (5) Extentsion centre/office 5.5 Do you get adequate Agricultural Extension Services Yes No sometime 6 RESPONSE TO PROPOSED SUB-PROJECT 6.1 How would you rank the following as priorities for improving agricultural production. Male Female I Flood control 2. On- farm Drainage 3. Piped water supply 4. Sanitation 5. Improved roads 6. Better housing 7. Education 8. Health 9. Greater agricultural production 10. Changing cropping pattern 6.2 What additional contribution would you be prepared to make for improvements to the irrigation and drainage of your fields? (1) Increased fees (1) Yes (2) No (2) Labour time on maintenance (1) Yes (2) No (3) Participation, without payment, in construction during Implementation (1) Yes (2) No (4) Committee member on WUA (1) Yes (2) No (5) Other (specify) .... ...... (1) Yes (2) No 7. COMPENSATION/RESETLLEMENT 7.1 Do you know the project of Dau Tieng irrigation system modernization? If yes, from where do you get the information? (1) Meeting (2) Neighbour (3) Radio/TV (4) Village speaker (5) Extension centre/office 7.2 Do you think that this project can badly affect to the cultivated land? (1) Yes (2) No If yes, can you suggest how to minimize the bad affect? (1) Select the suitable time to upgrade the system (beside main crops time) (2) Compensate for dry foot crop (3) Contribute labour days for affected households (4) Other forms 92 7.3 It is possible that a few people might lose some of their land due to the widening of an irrigation channel or building other structures. If some of your land were to be lost in this way would you expect compensation? (1) Yes (2) No 7.4 If yes, what form do you think that compensation should take? (1) Cash (2) Land (3) Other (specify) ....................................................... If response (2) or (3), interview completed, If (1) go to question 5.3 7.5 If money, how much compensation per sao do you think should be given to the farmer? 93 ANNEX 6: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY INFORMATION FOR DAU TIENG SUB-PROJECT Table 30: Water quality of Dau Tieng Reservoir, September 200247. Physical characteristics Chemical characteristics (mgA) No Station DphTern Tem Ho 51abon D¢ Transp. Tem air C pH COD NH4+ N03- N02- P04- SS I -Al 6 30 29 28 6 36 1.32 0.8 0.025 1.130 2 2 A2 8 50 28.5 31 6 12 1.1 0.54 0.007 0.115 999 3 A3 5.5 80 30.5 31 6 14 0.98 0.44 0.004 0.15 290 4 A3.1 25 65 29.5 30.5 6 14 1.1 0.38 0.002 0.13 230 5 A4 7.25 125 29.5 30 6 24 1.1 0.38 0.003 0.16 150 6 A5 13.8 300 30.5 33 6 26 0.66 0.34 0.002 0.05 250 7 B1 2.2 180 31.5 30 6 28 0.32 0.56 0.005 0.11 130 8 B.1 - - - ___ 10 0.66 0.184 0.005 0.15 310 9 82 3 185 30.5 33 6 12 0.44 0.13 0.002 0.1 1150 10 83 9 300 30.5 32 6 16 0.48 0.26 0.009 0.06 930 t1 84 6.30 210 29.5 30.5 6 18 0.6 0.3 0.005 0.105 200 12 85 2.85 190 28 29 6 36 1.22 0.188 0.004 0.11 920 13 la 2.1 145 30 32 5 148 1.2 0.54 0.003 0.15 1250 14 lb 2.3 150 30 32 5 140 1.28 0.46 0.003 0.125 1170 15 1c 2.2 165 30 31 5 66 1.08 0.44 0.002 0.12 840 16 C1 2 130 32 36 5 68 0.66 0.46 0.008 0.15 950 17 C2 1.8 40 30 32 5 152 1.0 0.48 0.005 0.12 1250 18 C3 1.9 35 29.5 29 6 176 1.44 0.42 0.04 0.194 1330 19 C4 2.4 140 29 31 6 60 0.92 0.44 0.004 0.11 940 Al, A2, A3, A3.1, A4, A5: sampling sites along west profile of Dau Tieng lake B1, 81.1 B2, B3, 84, B5: sampling sites along east profile of Dau Tieng lake C 1, C2, C3 sampling sites along Eastem flow of Dau Tieng Reservoir (Cu Chi) Cl, C2, C3, C4: sampling sites along Eastem flow of Dau Tieng lake Cl: Canal N31A, Gia Be hamlet, Trung Lap Ha commune, Cu Chi district C2: Cau Bong Sai Gon River, water access point of East main canal flow into Sai Gon river C3: Binh Dien bridge next to cement factory and fertilizer, this source is for C4: Kl 3 West main canal 1 a, 1 b, I c: sampling sites along Westem flow of Dau Tieng lake Table 31: Historical changes in water quality of Dau Tieng Reservoir, September 2002. No Parameter 1993 1997 1998 2001 2002 PH 6.2 - 7 6,3 - 7.3 6.9 - 7 6.1 - 6,5 6 2 Transpar'ency 30 cm 30-210 cm 3 toof water 30-31oC 28,5-30,50 4 Dissolved solids 30 200 -1330 5 Do Mg 4,96 - 6,24 5,8 - 6.6 6,1 - 7 4,8 - 5,4 6 COD mgi 5,8 - 8,4 9,8 - 70 14,7 - 30,5 8,1 -13,1 10 -148 7 BOD5 mgAi 6,5 - 29 3 - 5 3 - 6 6,08 - 76,8 8 P04 mg/l 0.17 - 0,3 0,04 - 4,35 0.01 - 0,02 0,06 - 0,08 0,11 - 0,25 9 NH4 mgIl 0,1 -0,15 1,4-3,4 0,01 -3,4 1,7-3.4 0,4-1,44 10 N03 mg/l 0,13-0,54 11 Fe+3 mg/l 0,32 - 0,45 . 0.003-0.23 12 Mg mgAi 1,45 - 2,9 13 Ca mg/l 2,4 - 3,2 14 SiO2 mg 1,5 - 5 15 C02 mgA 3,52 - 6,16 Source: Hanoi National Universily 47 Data collected as part of the preparation of this EIA. 94 Table 32: Sample sites for surface water quality. Ml - Quan bridge, Tay Ninh stream, Tay Ninh town M2 - Gio bridge, Tay Ninh stream, Tay Ninh town M3a - Suoi Da bridge, Hoa Thanh commune, Tan Bien district M4 - Can Dang bridge, Tan Bien district M5 - Tha La bridge, Tan Chau distict M6 - Suoi Ngo bridge, Suoi Ngo commune, Tan Chau district M7 - Ben Keo, Vam Co Dong river, Chau thanh district M8 - Go Chai ferry station, Thanh Dien commune, Chau Thanh M9 - Go Dau bridge, Go Dau district Ml0 - Bau Nau Moi bridge, Cam Glang commune, Go dau district Ml 1 - Bung Binh ferry station, Trang Bang district M12 - Bridge of Re Giua steam, Hoa Thanh district M13 - Weir on the East main canal (near by main dam), Duong Minh Chau district M14 -Main dam, at the round house, Duong Minh Chau district M15 - Weir on the West main canal, Phuoc Ninh commune, Duong Minh Chau district Table 33: Surface water quality in Tay Ninh Province, September, 2001, Stations MI to M8. Ho Parameter Unit Tay Ninh Town Tan Bien Tan Chau Thanh Ml M2 M3a M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 1 PH 5.6 5.5 6.3 6.3 6.1 5.9 62 6.5 2 Temperature oC 30.7 31.2 30.9 30.1 32.0 28.2 302 32.1 3 Turbidity NTU 26 9 31 83 30 18 10 12 4 DO Mo/l 1.3 3.8 4.9 4.5 4.8 4.8 5.6 4.9 5 N-NH4 + MgA 0.46 0.2 0.07 0.14 0.1 0.05 0.12 0.01 6 Hardness (CaCO3) Mg/ 19 13 19 28 16 9 38 31 7 BOD 5 MgA 4 3 3 3 4 4 6 5 8 COD gI 6 4 5 4 6 5 10 9 9 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml 240,000 2.300 2,300 9,300 9,300 1,500 15,000 3,900 10 Colifomm MPNIl00ml 240,000 4,300 4,300 24,000 9,300 4,300 : 21,000 9,100 Table 34: Surface water quality in Tay Ninh Province, September, 2001, Stations M9 to M15. No Parameter Unit Go Dau TBrang Thonh Duong Minh Chau M9 Mlo Mul M12 M13 M14 M15 1 PH 6.4 5.7 5.7 5.5 7.0 7.3 7.2 2 Temperature oC 32.6 32.4 31.7 32.4 29.3 31.1 30.2 3 Turbidity NTU 7 13 14 22 0 0 3 4 DO mgAl 3.7 5.1 3.6 4.7 4.4 5.0 4.5 5 N-NH4 + mgA 0.14 0.11 0.16 0.23 0.12 0.1 0.1 6 Hardness (CaCO3) mgA 31 16 25 16 16 16 13 7 BOD5 mg/A 6 3 3 5 3 4 4 8 COD mgA 10 4 6 9 4 6 6 9 Faecal Coliform MPN/100ml 110,000 4,300 2,300 110,000 9,300 900 400 10 Coliform MPN/100ml 110,000 9,300 2,300 110,000 9,300 4,300 900 95 Table 35: Surface water quality In Tay Ninh Province, January, 2001. No Parameter Unit Tay Ninh town Tan Bien Tan Chau TChahu Ml M2 M3a M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 I PH 5.7 5.8 28.6 6.5 6.5 6.0 6.1 6.2 2 Temperature oC 28.2 29.2 6.1 27.7 30.3 25.4 27.2 29.3 3 Turbidity NTU 18 12 60 320 28 15 8 33 4 DO mgA 4.4 4.8 5.4 5.0 6.2 6.2 5.8 5.4 5 N-NH4 + M 0.35 0.15 0.15 0.07 0.05 0.03 0.03 0.10 6 Hardness(CaCO3) -mg 54 50 50 57 50 44 40 57 7 BOD 5 mgA 3 3 5 4 3 3 4 4 8 COD mq/ 7 6 8 6 4 4 7 5 9 Total Fe mgA 0.74 0.62 1.71 10.12 1.85 0.80 120 1.76 10 Cu mgA < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 11 Pb m < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 12 Zn mgA < 0.01 < 0.01 < 001 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 13 Cd mgA < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 14 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml 1,500 46,000 24,000 9,300 400 4,300 9,300 11,000 15 ColiformI MPNJ100ml 24,000 46,000 24,000 9,300 4,300 9,300 11.000 24,000 Table 36: Additional surface water quality in Tay Ninh Province, January, 2001. No Parameter Unit Go Dau Trang Hoa Duong Minh Chau __________________ _______ ~~~~~ ~~~~~Bang Thanh __ _ _ M9 MIO M11 M12 M13 M14 M15 1 PH . 6.1 6.0 5.9 5.7 7.5 7.5 7.2 2 Temrnrature oC 29.2 28.2 29.3 27.5 28.5 29.5 28.2 3 Turbidity NTU 40 36 28 56 5 5 4 4 DO mcA 4.7 5.3 5.0 5.2 5.5 6.4 6.7 5 N-NH4 + mg 0.14 0.13 0.09 0.17 0.11 0.05 0.03 6 Hardness (CaCO3) mg/ 57 50 41 47 54 32 57 7 BOD 5 mgAl 4 4 4 5 3 3 3 8 COD mgA 5 5 7 7 7 7 5 9 Total Fe mgA 1.94 1.04 0.30 1.02 0.09 0.08 0.15 10 Cu me/ < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 11 Pb mgA < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 12 Zn mgA < 0.01 < 0.01 ' 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 13 Cd mg/l < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 < 0.01 14 Fecal Coliform MPN/100ml 240,000 1.500 900 110,000 0 0 0 15 Coliform MPN/100ml 240,000. 24,000 24,000 - 240,000 - 1,500 900 700 96 Table 37: Surface water quality at selected stations in Tay Ninh Province. 3E i/m 98 3 3. 1 24 60.5 44 75 4 - S/ 0 0 0 O 0 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ OUS~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ C0 8O 6- -ag 2 cnl. 2 . co. 2 . 2 U U T C O D m g EU 6.7 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.6 6M 2 6.8 10 Colion CM cr EP/0m 45 23 0 co 625 I -aa 11 cm mg 1311 . .4 1. 23 1. 12 MgmA1 l 1 . . . . . 16 Cu maA cm .0 .0 go - CD 1 Z 0 20 Temperature oC 29 30.3 30 28.8 29.3 30 28 30 2 pH 6.07 6.34 5.34 6 5.0 6.86 5.15 5 3 EC 21n 91.8 30 32.1 16 24.3 60.5 44 75 4 Salinity N/lo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 23 usonds mg/A 43 14 15 9.5 10.5 28 23 33 6 Turbidity NTU 3.7 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.85 0.8 0.42 0.55 7 DO gA 5.1 5.8 5.4 5.4 5.1 5.2 4.2 5.1 8 BOD5 mg 2.5 1.9 2 2.7 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.6 9 COD mg 6.7 6.2 6.1 6.5 6.5 6.6 6.2 6.8 10 Coilifaor MPN/1O0ml 450 230 _____625 ____ 1 1 Ca mA 13.1 12 1 1 8.8 9.4 12.6 12.3 13.3 12 Mqmj 10 I11 12 3.5 7.0 7.3 5.6 7.2 13 Fe total ffg 0.85 0.04 0.05 0.3 0.28 0.5 0.29 0.11 14 Na M 6.2 1.8 3.79 0.7 0.8 1.9 0.8 2.1 15 K T 8.1 0.55 0.75 0 0 0.4 0 0.8 16 Cu mq/ 0 0 0.0 0 0 0 0 0 17 Zn mg 0.12 0.09 0.1 0.1 0.09 0.11 0.12 0.11 18 NH4- mg 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.08 20 Cl- Tgl 3.7 1.2 1.29 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 3.7 21 S042- mgAl 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 22 N02- Mg 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.005 0.004 23 N03- MA 1.2 0.98 1.1 0.1 1.293 1.2 1.0 1.08 24 P043- Mg 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0 0.01 0.02 25 Cn mg 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 26 Ni imq 0 0 0 0 1 0 0.02 0 0 27 Mn 0gA .12 0.20 0.01J 0.4 0.02 0.28 97 Table 38: Sample sites for groundwater quality. Ni- dug well at Mr. Nguyen Thanh Hai house, near by PC's office of Binh Minh commune, Tay Ninh town N2- Bore well at Thai Chanh Kindergarten, commune No2, Tay Ninh town N3- Tap water at Tay Ninh DOSTE N4- 25m deep Bore well at Ta thanh Suong house, village Nol, Tan Bien town, Tan Bien distift N5- 7m deep dug well at Nguyen Thanh Binh house, vittage Nol, Tan Bien town, Tan Bien distid N6 -20 deep bore well at Tran Van Cau, viflage Nol, Tan Chau lown, Tan Chau district N7- Dug weli at Huynh Thi Thanh Xuan, village No1, Tan Chau town, Tan Chau district NB- 20 deep bore well in Ba Den mountain area N9- 6m deep dug well at Nguyen Quang Kim, Binh Phong village, Thai Binh commune, Chau Thanh district NIO- 30 m deep bore well at the office of Thai Binh PC commune, Chau Thanh district N1l- 86m deep bore well at Go Dau water supply plant N12- 10 m dug well at Ngo Van Tham, village No 2, Go Dau town, Go Dau district N13-45 rn deep bore well at Trung Nguyen Ltd. Conpany, Trang Bang distit N14- 10m deep dug well at Nguyen Ngoc Thu, Bung Binh village, Dong Thuan cormmune, Trang Bang district N15- 40m deep bore well at Hoa Thanh market, Hoa Thanh district N16- dug wet at Ngo Van Ngoc, Tan Lap ilage, Rung Dau commune, Ben Cau N17 - Bore well at Company No 61, Ben Cau distit N18 - 25m bore well at the police office in Moc bai harbour mouth, N19- Dug well at Phan Van Nghiep, village No 2, Duong Minh Chau town, Duong Minh Chau district N20- dug well at Do Van Duc, village Nol, Duong Minh Chau town, Duong Minh Chau distict Table 39: Groundwater quality in Tay Ninh Province, September, 2001, Stations NI to NI 0. No Parameter Unit Tay Ninh town Tan Bien Tan Chau Chau Thanh Ni N2 N3 144 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N1O I PH mci 4.7 4.0 5.4 4.8 5.2 4.9 4.2 5.3 4.2 4.4 2 N-NO2 -mg 0.02 < 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0 0.0 0.0 < 0.01 ' 0.01 3 N-N03 mgA 6.0 3.4 0.3 0.07 6.0 0.4 0.45 2.1 13 2.8 4 Hardness mgAl 13 16 31 25 62 19 19 53 53 38 (CaCO3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ 5 Fe miA 0.26 0.83 0.4 0.87 0.33 0.94 0.74 0.75 0.37 0.39 6 Mn mgA <0.02 0.05 0.02 0.05 0.88 < 0.02 < 0.02 '0.02 0.06 0.06 7 Hg _ uA <0.2 c 0.2 <0.2 < 0.2 c 0.2 c 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 < 0.2 8 Fecal Coliform MPN/iOOml 240 0 0 93 2,400 460 460 460 14 460 9 Coliform MPN)100ml 240 0 0 93 2,400 2,400 2,400 460 150 2,400 Table 40: Groundwater quatity in Tay Ninh Province, September, 2002, Stations Ni l to N20. | No Parameter Unit Go Dau Trang Bang - Ha Ben Cau Duong Minh Trn IBn Thanh I Chau = ___________ _________ Nil N12 N13 | N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 '119 1N20 1 PH m'l 6.t 4.3 4.7 49 4.9 4.0 4.0 4.7 4.6 4.4 2 I N-NO- m,1 0.0 < 0.01 0.0 < 0.01 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 < 0.01 3 N03. mgil 0.07 4.6 0.6 0.6 0.07 3.2 3.9 0.37 0.7 1.9 4 Hardness mgA 56 75 9 9 19 19 31 25 13 19 5 Fe mnA 0.38 0.23 0.26 2.5 0.55 0.27_ 0.22 0.71 0.22 0.27 6 Mn mcA '0.D2 <0.02 6 2 5 Suspended solids M 20 80 6 Asen MgA 0.05 0.1 7 Bari M/l I 4 8 Cadimi Mg/l 0.01 0.02 9 Lead Mg/l 0.05 0.1 10 Cr (V Mg 0.05 0.05 11 Cr (II) MgA 0.1 1 12 Cu MgA 0.1 I 1 3 Zn MgA 1 2 14 Mn Mg/i 0.1 0.8 15 Ni Mgl 0.1 I 16 Fe Mg/l 1 2 17 Hg mg/] 0.001 0.002 18 Tin Mg/l I 2 19 Amoniac (N) Mg/l 0.05 1 20 Flo MgAl 1 1.5 21 Nitrat (N) MgA 10 15 22 Nitrit (N) Mgl 0.01 0.05 23 Xianua MgA 0.01 0.05 24 Phenola (total) Mg/ 0.001 0.02 25 Oil Mg/l Nil 0.3 26 Detergent MgA 0.5 0.5 27 Coliformr MPN/100ml 5000 10000 28 Total pesticide (without Mg/I 0.15 0.15 DDT) 29 DDT Mg/i 0.01 0.01 30 Gross beta activity a Bq/l 0.1 0.1 31 Gross beta activity 1 Bqll 1.0 1.0 Note: A column can be supplied for domestic water source (have to be treated and follow the standard) B column is used in other purposes (specific standard for surface water supply for agriculture and aquatic breeding) 101 Sanitation standard for drinking water and domestic water on physical and chemical aspects (maximum limitation) Decision No 505BYT/QD, on 3/4/1992 No Parameter unit For city For rural and small plant (2) (3) (4) 5 I Pure Sneller cm >30 >25 2 Colour, scale: Cobalt units '10 <10 3 Smell, taste (air-tight after boll at point 0 0 50-60Qc) 4 Undissotvable mgll 5 20 5 Dry lees ma/l 500 1000 6 pH mg4I 6.5-8.5 65-98.5 7 Hardness (CaCO3) mg// 500 500 8 Salts: - coastal land mg/7 400 500 - main land mq/I 250 250 9 DO (organic) mg/J 0.52.0 2.0- 4.0 10 Amoniac - surface water me/l 0 0 _ _- groundwater mgAI 3.0 3 0 II Nitrit mg/I 0 0 _______ 12 Nitrat (N) mg/i 10.0 10.0 13 A/umium mg/l 0.2 0.2 14 Copper mg/l 1.0 1.0 15 Iron mg/l 0.3 0.5 16 Mangan mg- _ 0 f_ 0.1 17 Natri mg/I 200 200 18 Sunphate mg/n 400 400 19 Zinc mg/l 5.0 5.0 20 Hydrogen sulfide mg/? 0 _ 0 21 Chiorobenzen vd Cholorophenol mg 0 _ 0 22 Detergents mg/7 0 _e 23 A sen mgA7 0.05 0.05 24 Cadimi mO/I 0.005 0.005 25 Crom mgAI 0.05 0.05 26 Xyanua mgfi 0.1 0.1 27 Florua mg_ 1.5 1.5 28 Lead mg/ 0.05 0.05 29 _ Mercuy _ mgA 0.001 0.001 30 Seten mg17 0.01 0.01 31 Aldrin vd Dieidrin pgA 0.03 I 0.03 32 Benzene pg/l 10 1O 33 Benzo (a) pyrene pg// 0.01 0.01 34 Carbon tetrachloride pg/I 3.0 3.0 35 Chordane uq// 0.3 0.3 36 Chloroform Pg'' 30 30 37 2_4_D _/__ _100 100 38 DOT _Pg_ 1.0 1.0 39 1,2-dichlorethan pg/I 10 10 40 1,1 -dichlore than pg/l 0.3 0.3 41 Heptachlor v4 heptachlor pg/_ 0.1 0.1 epoxide 42 Gamme - HCH (lindane) pg/7 3.0 3.0 43 Hexachlorobenzene pg/9 0.01 0.01 44 Methoxych/or pg/li 30 30 45 Pentachloro phenol PgOI 10 10 46 Tetrachloroethene pgA 10 10 47 Trichloroethene pq/A 30 30 48 2,4,6 Trichlorophenol pg// 10 10 49 Trihalomethenes pgA 30 30 50 Gross beta aciivity BSq/ 0.1 0.1 51 Gross beta activity 3 Cq/A 1.0 1.0 102 Sanitation standard for drinking water and domestic water on bacterium and organism Decision No 505BYT/QD, on 3/4/1992 No Exponent Unit Standard Note I Bacterium standard A. Water supplied by pipeline A 1. Water has been treated at the plant -Faecal coliform NumberlOOmi 0 - Turbidity I NrU -Coliform organisms Number/ 100 0 - Pasteurized by clor, pH 8.0. ml To touch after 30 minutes. Surplus Clor 0.240.5 mg/l A2. Water has not been treated at the plant -Faecal colfform Number/lO0 ml 0 Ensure 98% of samples in the year obtain the standard. -Coliform organisms Number /100 ml <3 - Sometime Appearance, not always. A3. Water In pipeline -Faecal coliform Number/100 ml 0 Ensure 95% of samples In the year obtain the standard -Coliform organisms Number/100 ml S 3 - Sometime Appearance, not always. B. Not supply water by pipeline yet -Faecal coliform Number/100 ml 0 -Coliform organisms Number/100 ml 10 - Not always - ff always appearance, need to test sanitaton, repair, protection of water sources C. Botle water -Faecal coliform Number/I00 ml 0 -Coliform organisms Number/100 ml 0 D. Emergency water supply -Faecal coliform Number/100 ml 0 - need to be boiled in emergency cases -Coliform organisms Number /100 ml 0 I1 Organism standard -Protozoa 0 - Helminths 0 - Free organisms (alga,..) 0 103 Water quality guidelines for irrigation TCVN 6773 : 2000 Parameter Unit Standard 1. Total disoluted soild mg/l < 400 applied for salinity instrusion soil (water content EC S 0.75 pS/cm, 25oC) <1000 applied for area with good irrigation and drainage condition (water content EC < 1.75 pS/cm, 25oC) < 2000 and low ratio SAR (see Annex A) in water, applied for area which is grown by saline resistant plants, good irrigation and drainage condition. (water content EC <_ 2.25 p.S/cm, 25oC) 2. Ratio SAR in irrigation < 10, applied for areas of poor irrigation water and drainage condition. < 18, applied for areas of good irrigation and drainage condition > 18 applied for areas of poor nutrient soil 3. Bo (B) mg/l < 1, applied for soil that having very sensitive plants with Bo < 2, applied for soil that having medium sensitive plants with Bo s 4, applied for soil that growing other plants 4. Disloved Oxygen mg/l 2 2 5. pH 5.5 -8.5 6. Clorua (Cl-) mg/I < 350 7. Herbicide (for each type mg/l s 0.001 of herbicide seperately) 8. Mercury (Hg) mg/I < 0.001 9. Cadmi (Cd) mg/I 0.005 - 0.01 10. Asen (As) mg/l 0.05 - 0.1 1. Lead (Pb) mg/l s 0.1 12. Crom (Cr) mg/i S 0.1 13. Zin (Zn) mg/I Not more than 1, in case pH soil < 6.5 Not more than 5, in case pH > 6.5 14. Fecal coliform MPN/IOOml Not more than 200 (applied for soils which are grown vegetables and uncooked plants) No standard applied for soils that are grown other plants TCVN 6980: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for domestic water supply 104 Hanoi 2001 Foreword TCVN 6980: 2001 prepared by Technical Team TCVN / TC 147 "Water quality", recommended by General Department for Standards, Metrology and Quality (STAMEQ), issued by Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment (MOSTE). 1. Scope of application 1.1. These standards stipulate in detail limits values of parameters and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents by discharge volumes and flow rates of receiving rivers. In these standards, industrial effluent is understood as waste liquid or wastewater from production processes, processing, and business of industries. The distance between the discharge point and receiving body is in accordance with the current regulations. 1.2. These standards are applied concurrently with TCVN 5945: 1995 and used to control the quality of industrial effluents discharged into rivers or springs (hereunder comrnonly called "rivers") having water quality suitable for domestic water supply. 2. Reference standards TCVN 5945: 1995 Industrial effluents - Discharge standards 3. Limit values 3.2 Limit values of parameters and concentrations of pollutants in effluents by discharge volume when discharged into rivers with different flow rates, shall not exceed the values shown in Table 1. Parameters and concentrations of pollutants not stipulated in Table I are applied as stipulated in TCVN 5945: 1995. 3.2 Sampling, analysis, calculation and identification methods for each parameter and concentration are stipulated in the corresponding TCVNs or by other methods stipulated by competent environment agencies. 105 TCVN 6980: 2001 Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for domestic water supply Parameters Q> 200m 31s Q= 50-200m3Is _ _Q <_50m3/s Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2. Smell, sense No bad No bad No bad Na No bad No bad No bad No bad smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell 3. BOD5 (20° C), mg/A 40 35 35 30 25 25 20 20 20 4. COD, mgA 70 60 60 60 50 50 50 40 40 5. Total suspended solids, mg/A 50 45 45 45 40 40 40 30 30 6. Arsenic, As, mgAl 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.1 0.05 0.05 7. Lead, Pb, mgA 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 8. Mineral oil & grease, mgAI 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 9. Organic oil & grease, mg/l 20 20 20 10 10 10 5 5 5 10. Copper, Cu, mgAI 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 11. Zinc, Zn, mg/l 1 1 1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 12. Total phosphorus, mg/l 10 10 10 6 6 6 4 4. 4 13. Chloride, Cl-, mgfl 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 14. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Notes: Q is river's flow rate, m3/s F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) Fl - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 106 TCVN 6981: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into lakes used for domestic water supply Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into lakes used for domestic water supply Parameters V>100x I6 m3 V= (I0+ IO) X I06Om 3 V< lox lob m - Fl F2 F3 Fl I F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 2. Smell, sense No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell 3. BOD5 (20°C) mgA 30 30 30 20 20 20 15 15 15 4. COD, mgA 60 60 60 40 40 40 30 30 30 5. Total sus ended solids, m/l 50 50 50 40 40 40 30 20 15 6. Arsenic, As, mg/I 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 7. Lead, Pb, mg/A 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8. Chrome (Cr) 111, m 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.10 0.10 9. Mineral oil & grease, mg/l 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 -0. Organic oil &I grease, mg/A 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 i 1. Copper, Cu, mg/l 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 12. Zinc, Zn, mg/2 1 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 13. Total phosphorus, P, mg/l I 0 8 8 I 8 6 6 6 4 4 14. Chloride, Cl-, mg/l 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 15. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 3000 3000 | 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Notes: V is water volume of lake; m3 F is volume of wastewater, m3/day (24 hours) Fl - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 107 TCVN 6982: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for water sports and recreation Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for water sports and recreation Parameters Q> 200m 3/s Q=50-200m3/s Q < 50m3/s FI F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 2. Smell, sense No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell smell 3. BOD5 (20° C), mg/l 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 30 30 4. COD, mg/A 100 80 80 80 60 60 60 60 60 5. Total suspended solids, mg/i 100 90 90 90 80 80 80 70 70 6. Arsenic, As, mgA 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 7. Lead, Pb, mg/A 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 8. Chrome (Cr) 111, mgA 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 9. Total phosphorus, P, mgA 10 8 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 10. Chloride, Cl-, mg/A 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 600 11. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Notes: Q is river's flow rate, m3/s F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) Fl - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 108 TCVN- 6983: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into lakes used for water sports and recreation Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for water sports and recreation Parameters V> 100x 106m3 V=(10.IO)x106m3 V< 10x 106ml C Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 2. Smell, sense No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad No bad smell smell smell mell Smell sml smell smell smell 3. BOD5 (20'C), mg/A 50 40 40 30 30 30 30 20 20 4. COD, mg/l 100 80 80 70 60 60 60 40 40 5. Total suspended solids, mg1 80 80 80 70 70 60 60 50 50 6. Arsenic, As, mg/I 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.07 0.07 0.06 0.06 0.06 7. Lead, Pb, mg/l 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 8. Chrome (Cr) III, mg/I 0.] 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 9. Total phosphorus, P, mg/A 8 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 10. Mercury, Hg, mgA 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.005 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 0.004 11. Chloride, CI-, mg/I 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 500 12. Coliform. MPN'OO ml 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 3000 Notes: V is water volume of lake, m3 F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) Fl - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 109 TCVN 6984: 2001 Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into rivers used for protection of aquatic life Parameters Q> 200m Q = 50. 200m3/s Q < 50m3/s Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH-7 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 2. Smell, sense Light Light Light Light Light Light Light Light Light 3. pH 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 4. BODs (200 C), mgA 50 45 40 40 35 30 30 20 20 5. COD, mg/l 100 90 80 80 70 60 60 50 50 6. Total suspended solids, mg/l 100 100 100 90 80 80 80 80 80 7. Arsenic, As, mg/I 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.05 0.05 0.05 8. Cadmium, Cd, mg/A 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 9. Lead, Pb, mgA 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 I0. Iron, mg/l 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 11. Cyanide, CN-, mg/A 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 12. Mineral oil & grease, mg/l 10 5 5 10 5 5 5 5 5 13. Organic oil & grease, mgAI 20 20 20 20 10 10 10 10 10 14. Organic phosphorus, mg/I I I 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 15. Total phosphorus, mgA 10 8 8 6 6 6 5 5 4 16. Chloride, Cl-, mg/I 1000 1000 1000 800 800 800 750 750 750 17. Surface active substance, mg/l 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 18. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 19. PCB, mgA 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 Notes: Q is river's flow rate, m3/s F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) Fl - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 110 TCVN 6985: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into lakes used for protection of aquatic life Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into lakes used for protection of aquatic life Parameters V> 100x I m3 V=(10-* 100)x I o6m3 V< Ox 106 m Fl F2 F3 Fl Fl F2 PF3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 2. Smell, sense Light Light Light Light Light Light Light Light Light 3. pH 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 6-8.5 4. BOD5 (20° C), mg]l 50 40 40 40 30 30 30 20 20 5. COD, mg/l 90 80 80 70 60 60 50 50 50 6. Total suspended solids, mg/A 100 90 90 80 70 70 70 70 70 7. Arsenic, As, mg/I 0.1 0.07 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 8. Cadmium, Cd, mg/I 0.02 0.015 0.015 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.005 0.01 0.01 9. Lead, Pb, mg/A 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 10. Iron, mg/] 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 3 3 11. Cyanide, CN-, mg/I 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 12. Mineral oil & grease, mgA 10 10 10 5 5 5 5 5 5 13. Organic oil & grease, mgA 10 10 10 7 7 7 5 5 5 14. Organic phosphorus, mgA 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 15. Total phosphorus, mg/l 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 4 4 16. Chloride, Cl-, mA 750 750 700 650 600 600 500 500 500 17. Chloride free, mgA I I I 1 I 1 I I 1 18. Surface active substance, mg/I 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 19. Coliform, MPN/I100 ml 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 5000 20. PCB, mgA 0.05 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 Notes: V is water volume of lake, m3 F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) F1 - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day TCVN 6986: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into coastal waters used for protection of aquatic life 3. Limit values 3.1 Limit values of parameters and concentrations of pollutants in wastewater by discharge volume when discharged into rivers with different flow rates, shall not exceed the values shown in Table 1. Parameters and concentrations of pollutants not stipulated in Table 1 are applied as stipulated in TCVN 5945: 1995. 3.2 If the coastal area has coral ecosystem or other ecosystems sensitive with temperature, then the effluents discharged into that area should not raise the temperature of the receiving coastal area by more than 3 °C, measured at 100 m from the discharging point within the effluent propagation. 3.3 Wastes containing biphenyl polychlorinated (PCB), poliaromat hydrocarbon (PAH) may be discharged into coastal waters at "trace" level by current analytical methods. Wastes containing radioactive substance, inflanmmable solvents, floating solids of more than I mm, are not allowed to be discharged into coastal waters. 3.4 Central or local competent agencies can stipulate limit values and concentrations of the parameters in Table I more stringent depending on objectives, requirements on protection of a specific marine area. 3.5 Sampling, analysis, calculation, identification methods for each parameter and concentration are stipulated in corresponding TCVNs or by other methods stipulated by competent environment agencies. 112 Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial effluents discharged into coastal waters used for protection of aquatic life Parameters Permissible levels Fl F2 F3 1. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 50 50 50 2. Smell, sense No bad smell No bad smell No bad smell 3.pH 5 -9 5-9 5-9 4. BOD5 (20 °C), mgll 50 20 10 5. COD, mgAl _ _ _ 100 80 50 6. Total suspended solids, mg/l 100 80 50 7. Arsenic, As, mg/l 1 0.5 0.1 8. Lead, Pb, mg/A 1 0.5 0.5 9. Chrome VI, Cr, mg/A 1 0.5 0.1 10. Copper, Cu, mg/l 1 0.5 0.1 11. Zinc, Zn, mgl 2 1 1 12. Manganese, Mn, mg/I 5 5 1 13. Mercury, Hg, mg/l 0.005 0.001 0.001 14. Total nitrogen (by N), mg/l 20 15 10 15. Mineral oil & grease, mg/l 10 5 5 16. Organic oil & grease, mg/l 30 20 10 17. Organic phosphorus, P, mg/l 0.5 0.2 0.2 18. Surface active substance, mg/l 10 5 5 19. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 5000 5000 5000 Notes: F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) F I - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 113 TCVN 6987: 2001 Water quality - Standards for industrial effluents discharged into coastal waters used for water sports and recreation 3. Limit values 3.1 Limit values of parameters and concentrations of pollutants in wastewater by discharge volume when discharged into rivers with different flow rates, shall not exceed the values shown in Table 1. Parameters and concentrations of pollutants not stipulated in Table 1 are applied as stipulated in TCVN 5945: 1995. 3.2 Wastes containing biphenyl polychlorinated (PCB), poliaromat hydrocarbon (PAH) may only be discharged into coastal waters at '"race" level by current analytical methods. Wastes containing radioactive substance, inflammable solvents, floating solids of more than 1 mm, are not allowed to be discharged into coastal waters. 3.3 Sampling, analysis, calculation, and identification methods for each parameter and concentration are stipulated in corresponding TCVNs or by other methods stipulated by competent environnent agencies. Table 1. Limit values and concentrations of pollutants in industrial efMuents discharged into coastal waters used for water sports and recreation Parameters Permissible levels Fl F2 F3 1. Temperature, °C 50 50 50 2. Color, Co-Pt at pH=7 30 30 30 3. Smell, sense No bad smell No bad smell No bad smell 4. pH 5.5 - 8.5 5.5 - 8.5 5.5 - 8.5 5. BODs (20 °C), mg/l 50 40 30 6. COD. mg/I 100 80 50 7. Total suspended solids, mg/l 100 80 60 8. Arsenic, As, mg/l 1 0.5 0.1 9. Lead, Pb, mg/ 0.5 0.4 0.4 10. Chrome VI, Cr, mg/l 1 0.5 0.1 I1. Fluoride, F-, mg/A 25 25 15 12. Mercury, Hg, mgJ/ 0.005 0.004 0.004 13. Sulfide, mg/I 1 0.5 0.5 14. Total nitrogen (by N), mg/l 20 15 10 15. Total phosphorus, mg/A 6 5 4 16. Mineral oil & grease, mg/I 5 5 5 17. Organic oil & grease, mg/l 10 10 10 I18. Surface active substance, mg/l 10 5 5 19. Coliform, MPN/100 ml 3000 3000 3000 Notes: F is volume of effluent, m3/day (24 hours) F I - From 50 m3 up to 500 m3/day F2 - From 500 m3 up to 5000 m3/day F3 - equal or more than 5000 m3/day 114 Water quality - Fresh water quality guidelines for protection of aquatic lifes 1. Scope of application These standards applied as a guidline for assessment of suitable and safe surface water quality for aquatic life. 1.3. These standards applied as a foundation for requirement of water quality management to protect aquatic life. 2. Water quality for protection of aquatic Life In order to protect aquatic life, all socio-economic activities relating to waste water and surface water exploitation and use do not change value of any parameter in the Table 1. Parameters Unit Standard Note 1. Disoluted Oxygen mg/l 5 Average daily 2. Temperature oC Natural temperature in the Seasonal basin 3. BOD5, 2OoC mg/l <10 4. Pesticide (organic clo) Aldrin/ Dieldrin pg/l < 0.008 Endrin pg/l < 0.014 B.H.C pggA < 0.13 DDT pg/l < 0.004 Endosulfan pgA < 0.01 Lindan pg/l 0.38 Clordan pg/l 0.02 Heptaclo g/Il 0.06 5. Pesticide (organic Phospho) Paration pg/I S 0.40 Malation pg/l S 0.32 6. Herbicide 2,4 D mg/I S 0.45 2'4,5 D mg/l s 0.16 Paraquat mg/l s 1.80 7. CO, mg/l < 12 8. pH 6.5 - 8.5 9. NH. mg/l s 2.20 . pH = 6.5, t°C = 15 1.33 pH = 8.0, t°C = 15 1.49 pH = 6.5, t°C = 20 < 0.93 pH = 8.0, t°C = 20 10. Xyanua mg/I S 0.005 11. Copper mg/l 0.002 - 0.004 Depend on hardness of water (CaCO3) 12. Asen mg/l S 0.02 13. Crom mg/l 5 0.02 14. Cadmi pg/l 0.80 - 1.80 Depend on hardness of water (CaCO3) 15. Lead (Pb) mg/l 0.002 - 0.007 Depend on hardness of water (CaCO3) 16. Selen mg/I S0.001 17. Mercury (total) pgA 5 0.10 18. Oil (mineral) mg/l Not see oily film, emulsion 19. Phenol (total) mg/l 0.02 20. Disolved solid mg/I 5 1000 21. Suspended solid mg/ I 100 22. Surface active matters mg/I 0.5 115 Drinking water-quality (Promulgation based on Decision No 1329/2002/BYT/QD dated 18/4/2002 by Ministry of Health) A. Explaination of terminology - Drinking water: in these standards applied for drinking water, food processing, water in water treatment plants to provide for drinking and domestic uses. - The sense parameters: all parameters are impacted to the sense characteristic of water, if over the limited level making the difficulty for water users. B. Applied limitation The water uses for drinking, manufactory, food processing, water in pipe lines from urban water treatment plants, or water collection plants to provide for more than 500 people. C. Applied limitation The water uses for drinking, manufactory, food processing, water in pipe lines from urban water treatment plants, or water collection plants to provide for more than 500 people. 116 ANNEX 8: SUMMARY OF RARE AND ENDANGERED SPECIES IN TAY NLNH PROVINCE Notes for IUCN Redlist of Threatened Species: EX: Extinct EW: Extinct in the wild CR: Critically and Endangered EN: Endangered VU: Vulnerable LR/cd: Lower Risk JConservation Dependent LR/nt: Lower Risk /Near Threatened DD: Data Deficient Notes for Vietnamese Red Book: Level V: Vulnerable Level E: Endangered Level R: Rare Level T: Threatened Table 43: List of rare and endangered plants in Tay Ninh Province. Scientific name Vietnamese name English Name Redlist RVietnam Anisoptera costata Ven Yen EN Alcd+2cd Dillenia obovata So EN Alcd+2cd; Dipterocarpus a/atus DAu nu&c Dipterocarpus dyeni dau Song Nang CR Alcd+2cd; 81+__ _ _ _ _ Dipterocarpus Dau mft EN Alcd+2cd costatus _ _ _ _ _ _ Pelto phorum Lim st R pterocarpum R Shorea roxburghii S6n mu _ _- __ EN Alcd Table 44: List of rare and endangered mammals in Tay Ninh Province. IUCN Vietnam Scientific name Vietnamese name English Name 2002 Rednoo ______________________ ~ ~~~ ~~~~Redlist R d B o Buceros bDicomis H6ng hoang T Cynocepha/us variegatus Cl6n bay Weasel R Felis bengalensis meo rtng Leopard Cat E I Helarctos malayanus Gau ch6 Malayan Sun Bear DD E H-Iystrx hodgsoni NhimCrestless Himalayan porcupine V Macaca arctoides Khi mat do MonkeyV V Macaca nemestrina Khi duoilcon Monkey V VU Macasa fascicularis Khi duOi dai Monkey LR.nt T Menetes berdmorei S6c vin lung squirrel R Nycticebus pygmaeus Cu li d6 Lesser Slow loris VU V Lutra perspicillata Rai cd Otter V V Tragulus javanicus Cheo cheo T 11 7 Table 45: List of rare and endangered birds in Tay Ninh Province. Scientific name Vietnamese name English Name 2U02 Red Book Redlist RdBo Ducula aenea Gamn ghi lumg xanh Green imparial figeon R Grus antigone S&u c6 d6 Crane V Lophura diardi Ga 161 h6ng tia Cock of the wood V Pavo muticus imperator COng Peacock V Polyplectron bicalcaratum Ga tidn mat d6 Cock of the wood T Pseudibis papillosa Quim 16n T Pseudibis davisini Quam cal xanh T Table 46: List of rare and endangered reptiles in Tay Ninh Province. IUCN Vietnam Scientific name Vietnamese name English Name 2002 Red Book _____________________ ~ ~~~ ~~~~Redlist R d B o Cuora amboiensis Riia hOp Reptile T Gekko gekko Tac k6 Gecko T Hieremis annandalei Rua rang Turtle V V Elongated Tortoise EN Indotestudo elongata Rua ni vang Pineapple Tortoise Al cd+2 v ~~~~~~~ ~~(E) _ _ _ Naja naja Ran h6 mang Indian cobra T Ptyas korros Ran rao thtrung Grass-snacke V Varanus bengalensis Ky da van Varan V Varanus salvator Kv da hoa Varan V 11 8 ANNEx 9: PROTECTED AREAS IN DAu TIENG RIGATION SCHEME 119 INTERNATIONAL *PU tNUON AM1=POM DqrTI _ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ANnIOID ne1nulYI Lo Go Sa Mat Nature Reserve Altemative site name(s) Lo Go Xa Mat Province(s) Tay Ninh Status Decreed Management board established Yes Latitude 1 1°1I9'- 11°u40'N Lonqitude T15649i- 105'59'E Bio-unit 05a - Mekong Delta Forest of principally historical, rather than biological, interest (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh 2000). In 1997, it was decided that Lo Go Sa Mat no 194/CT of the Chairnan of the Council of Ministersi longer met the requisite standard to be included in the dated 9 August 1986, which decreed the establishment national protected areas network (MARD 1997), and of a 9 0,000 ha nature reserve (MARD 1997). Lo Go Sa the site was not included on the 2010 list (FPD 1998). Mat Nature Reserve was established in 1993 by However, a review of Vietnam's protected areas system matging N oature Hiesep wasn d ianBinhForestEnte s b by FIPI and BirdLife International identified Lo Go Sa (Le Trong Trai pers. comn.). In December 1996p Ho Mat as still supporting a sizeable and Important area of (Le rongTraipers Com.). n Deembe 199, Ho natural forest, and recommnended that the status of the Chi Minh City Sub-FIPI prepared an investment plan . f for Lo Go Sa Mat, which proposed establishing a site should be reassessed prior to removal from the 16,754 ha cultural and historicah site (Anonb 1996) protected areas system (Wege et al. 1999). In fact, FIPI This investment plan was approved by Official Le(er and BirdLife recommended expanding Lo Go Sa Mat No. 842nNN-PTLN-CN of MARD, dated 21 March Nature Reserve (Wege et al. 1999). Consequently, FIPI No. ndb ecso No.226N-PALQDCN of MR,d Ted 21 iarh and BiTdLife conducted a rapid field survey of Lo Go 1997, and by Decision No. 261A/QD-UB of Tay Ninh Sa Mat Nature Reserve in December 1999, which Provincial People's Comrnittee, dated 16 July 1997. SaMtNurRervinDcmr199whh Upovincippral Peoplhe' iommitmee, dlate 16 July 1 . concluded that the site had high biodiversity value and Provincial Peoplefs Committee, a managbment board that there was no reason to remove it from the was established, and the site was placed under the protected areas system (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu masagemestabli , TayNdthe srovitecaslDAceD(y u ind he Minh 2000). However, the authors concluded that the management of Tay Ninh Provincial DARD (Tay Nimh Provincial FPD 2000). current boundary of the nature reserve includes all the natural habitat in the area, and that it is not possible to Ho Chi Minh City Sub-FIPI were, however, expand the nature reserve as recommended by Wege et mistaken in proposing that the area be established as a al. (1999). As a result of the authors' cultural and historical site since Lo Go Sa Mat was recommendations, Lo Go Sa Mat has been included on originally listed as a nature reserve in Decision No. a proposed list of protected areas currently being 194/CT. During the Second Indochina War, Lo Go Sa prepared by FPD and FIPI as a 16,754 ha nature Mat was a base for liberation troops, hence the belief reserve, including 13,270 ha of forest (FPD and FIPI in by some authorities that Le Go Sa Mat is a Special-use prep.). Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101 Lo Go Sa Mat Nature Reserve cristatus, Bear Macaque Macaca arctoides, Asiatic Black Bear Ursus thibetanus, Dhole Cuon alpinus and Lo Go Sa Mat Nature Reserve lies in the lowlands Golden Jackal Canis aureus. Of particular note, of southern Vietnam. The topography of the site is very fishermen reported the continued occurrence of flat, with altitudes reaching only 20 m. The main Siamese Crocodile Crocodylus siamensis in the Vam hydrological system in the area is the Vam Co river. Co river. If confirmed, the occurrence of this species at The Vam Co river originates in Cambodia and the site would be of great significance for conservation constitutes 16 km of international border between (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh 2000). Vietnam and Cambodia. Within the nature reserve, a During a visit to the site in January 2001, the number of streams and small rivers feed the Vam Co presence of Green Peafowl Pavo muticus, Siamese river, including the Da Ha, Mec Mu, Xa Nghe, Ta Dot Fireback Lophura diardi and Great Hornbill Buceros and Ba Diec rivers. bicornis were all reliably reported by a member of staff. In addition, Woolly-necked Stork Ciconia . Se^ episcopus and Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria, two species that are rare and localised in Lo Go Sa Mat Nature Reserve contains the single Indochina, as well as Green Imperial Pigeon Ducula largest forested area in Tay Ninh province, and aenea, a lowland forest specialist, were observed. includes 26% of the province's total natural forest Based on the habitat present and the suite of species cover (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh 2000). The rcded a nme of other seesuof serion sitesupprtsa moaicof lwlad seii-ecidous recorded, a number of other species of conservation site supports a mosaic of lowland semi-deciduous concem may possibly occur at Lo Go Sa Mat. These forest lowland deciduous stu(which, baus o include Germain's Peacock Pheasant Polyplectron poor soil and hydrology, is stunted and without a germaini, Lesser Adjutant Leptoptilos javanicus, closed canopy), and snmaller patches of lowland gran,Lse duatLpotlsjvncs White-shouldered Ibis Pseudibis davisoni and Giant evergreen forest along watercourses and Melaleuca Ibis P. gigantea (J. Eames pers. comm.). forest. Close to the border with Cambodia, there are extensive patches of wet grassland with large sedge L , beds (J. Eames pers. comm.). The dominant tree species at Lo Go-Sa Mat include During the Second Indochina War, the Lo Go Sa Anisoptera costata, Dipterocarpus alatus, D. costatus, Mat area was subjected to extensive spraying of D. intricarus, D. dveri, Hopea odorara, Shorea defoliants. As a result, many valuable timber trees and roxburghii, Xylia xylocarpa, Afzelia xylocarpa, large mammals were killed (Vu Van Dung pers. Sindora siamensis, Dialium cochinchinensis, comm.). Conservation at Lo Go-Sa Mat today still Dalbergia sp., Prerocarpus macrocarpus, faces many obstacles. The nature reserve covers a Lagerstroemia sp. and Shorea cochinchinensis. There large, easily accessible area, which the management are also some monospecific stands of dipterocarp board has insufficient staff and resources to species, such as Dipterocarpus costatus and D. satisfactorily protect. Only nine forest guard stations, intricatus. The forest at Lo Go-Sa Mat supports a all in state of disrepair, are present at the nature reserve number of plant species listed in the Red Data Book of (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh 2000). Vietnam, including Afzelia xylocarpa, Pterocarpus Sixty households are still living inside the nature macrocarpus and Diospyros mcilis (Le Trong Trai and Sithosolsaetllivnisdeheaur macrocan rpius Minh Diospyrosmollis (Le TrongTraiand reserve, all of which depend heavily upon forest Tran Hieu Minh 2000). resources for their livelihoods. The management board The fauna of Lo Go Sa Mat Nature Reserve is not is currently collaborating with the border army and well studied, although Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu local communities in forest protection work. This Minh (2000) received reports of the occurrence of collaboration includes the donation of consumer goods several species of conservation concem, including to encourage compliance with forest protection Black-shanked Douc Langur Pygathrix nigripes regulations. At Lo Go Sa Mat to date, too little nigripes, Silvered Leaf Monkey Semnopithecus emphasis has been placed on protecting wildlife Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102/01 populations and conserving non-timber forest products Additionally, the forest within the nature reserve (Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh 2000). performs an important role in protecting the watershed According to the Annual Report on Agricultural of the Vam Co river. Many households depend upon and Forest Projects by Tay Ninh Provincial People's the aquatic resources, especially fish, of this river. Comminee, logging and other exploitative activities have not ceased inside the nature reserve. The timber requirements of some of the poorer households within the region are causing a certain amount of continued aThe budget for te activities of the nature reserve disturbance, and illegal loggers from Cambodia still management b rd eslfr the national 661 extract timber from the area (Le Trong Trai and Tran Programme, which replaced the national 327 Hieu Minh 2000). Programme in 1999. Currently, the biggest threat to the integrity of the __ site is human settlement. The road network has recently been extended into the centre of the nature Anon. (1996) [Agricultural plan for Lo Go Sa Mat reserve. Also, a one-kilometre-long drainage canal has Cultural and Historical Site]. Ho Chi Minh City: Ho been dug through one of the largest wet grassland Chi Minh City Sub-FIPI. In Vietnamese. areas, in order to drain it. These developments have taken place with the intention of settling people in the Ano ( istme]. pan for L a Mat Cultural and Historical Site]. Tay Ninh: Tay Ninh area and converting the wet grasslands into wet nce P cultivation(3. Eames prs. comm.).Provincial People's Comnittee. In Vietnamnese. cultivation (J. Eames pers. comrn.). The construction of roads into the area has Le Trong Trai and Tran Hieu Minh (2000) A rapid increased the accessibility of the core areas of the field survey of Kalon Song Mao Nature Reserve (Binh nature reserve. During January 2001, the following Thuan province) and Lo Go-Sa Mat Nature Reserve activities were observed at the site: coLlection of resin (Tay Ninh province), Vietnam. Hanoi: BirdLife from dipterocarps, hunting, fishing, cassava Intemational Vietnam Progranme and the Forest cultivation, grazing of cattle in the forest, collection of Inventory and Planning Institute In English and non-timber forest products and human settlement. Vietnamese. Given the topography of the site and unrestricted Tay Ninh Provincial FPD (2000) [FPD human access to it, if plans to settle people at Lo Go Sa questionnaire]. Tay Ninh: Tay Ninh Provincial Forest Mat continue, irreversible ecological damage to the Protection Department. In Vietnamese. wetlands will occur within one year. Furthermore, if current trends persist, there will be permanent human senlement in the nature reserve within three years, which will undenrnine the ability of the authorities to conserve the biodiversity value of the site, and ultimately lead to its destruction. In February 2001, however, the provincial authorities will convene a meeting to reassess the current development plans for the area, which may result in their revision or abandonment (J. Eames pers. comm.). During the Second Indochina War, Lo Go Sa Mat was a base for South Vietnam Liberation Radio and, also, a revolutionary base for liberation troops. Therefore, the site has historical significance. Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101 Birdlife~ | INTBNATIONAL E,JOPEAN UNION MM POIESTffl Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site Alternative site name(s) None Province(s) Tay Ninh Status Decreed Management board established Yes 11flaIW S Latitude 1 1 °2 1' - 1 1 °25'N Lon2itude 106 09'- 106°11'E Blo-unit 05b - South Annam 7? * ~ ~~~~ ~ ~ ~ - . . .: Nui Ba Den was included on Decision 194/CT of The vegetation cover at Nui Ba Den is mainly scrub the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, dated 9 vegetation dominated by shrubs, climbers and scattered August 1986, as a 2,000 ha cultural and historical site trees. Data on the flora and fauna of the site are scarce, (MARD 1997). In 1997, Ho Chi Minh City Sub-FIPI except for data on reptiles and amphibians. Between prepared an investment plan for the cultural and May 1998 and September 1999, the herpetofauna of historical site, which gave the area of the site as 1,638 Nui Ba Den was studied by Pham Van Hoa et al. ha. This investment plan was approved by MARD on (2000). The authors recorded a total of 59 species of 21 March 1997, following Official Letter No. reptile and 12 species of amphibian, including 14 842NN/PTLN/CV. On 16 July 1997, Decision No. species listed in the Red Data Book of Vietnam. 261D/QD of Tay Ninh Provincial People's Committee approved the investment plan and established a management board for the cultural and historical site. Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site is currently During the Second Indochina War, Nui Ba Den was under the management of Tay Ninh Provincial DARD sprayed with defoliants and heavily bombed by US (Tay Ninh Provincial FPD 2000). Nui Ba Den is not forces (Storey and Robinson 1995). Today, the included on the 2010 list (FPD 1998). remaining natural forest at Nui Ba Den is being converted into agricultural land, particularly fruit j _* gardens (Vu Van Dung pers. comm.). Tay Ninh Provincial FPD (2000) identify cutting of trees for Nui Ba Den is a montane isolate on the Tay Ninh timber and fuelwood, and hunting of mammals as the plain. The mountain has three summits, the highest of biggest threats to biodiversity at Nui Ba Den. The which, Mount Ba Den, is 986 m high. The lowest point populations of some animal species are being reduced in the cultural and historical site is 50 m, at the foot of as a result of over-exploitation by local people for the mountain. A few streams originate on the mountain domestic consumption or for sale to restaurants that and flow into the eastern branch of the Vam Co river. specialise in wild animal meat. Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 20102101 ______ Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site Over the centuries, Nui Ba Den, which means Black Lady mountain, has served as a shrine for various religious sects. There are several cave-temples on the mountain. As well as cultural value, the site also has historical value as it was used as a revolutionary base by Viet Minh and Viet Cong forces during the First and Second Indochina Wars (Storey and Robinson 1995). Each year Nui Ba Den Cultural and Historical Site receives a large number of domestic tourists, especially during religious festivals. No infomnation. Pham Van Hoa, Ngo Dac Chung and Hoang Xuan Quang (2000) The fauna of amphibian and reptile species living in Ba Den mountain (Tay Ninh province)]. Tap Chi Sinh Hoc [Joumal of Biology] 22(15) CD: 2429. In Vietnamese. Storey, R. and Robinson, D. (1995) Lonely planet travel survival kit: Vietnam. Third edition. Hawthom: Lonely Planet Publications. Tay Ninh Provincial FPD (2000) [FPD questionnaire]. Tay Ninh: Tay Ninh Provincial Forest Protection Department. In Vietnamese. Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 20102101 tlTERNATIONAL EUROEAN UIONE vD Duong Minh Chau Cultural and Historical Site Alternative site name(s) None Province(s) Tay Ninh Status Decreed Management board established No l Latitude I I020'N Lonqitude 1 06°20'E Bio-unit 05a - Mekong Delta s? Tnr/g o * -~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ . , ,_.*S Duong Minh Chau was included on Decision No. No information. 194/CT of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers, dated 9 August 1986 as a 5,000 ha cultural and 0 -Kso - -. - - historical site (MARD 1997). An investment plan for the cultural and historical site has never been prepared Duong Minh Chau Cultural and Historical Site was and a management board has never been formed. decreed for the purpose of "revolutionary anti- Duong Minh Chau is not included on the 2010 list Arnerican resistance relic preservation" (Cao Van Sung (FPD 1998). 1995). Duong Minh Chau Cultural and Historical Site is No information. located in Duong Minh Chau district. The site is situated on a flat plain on the western bank of the Saigon river. The whole site is below 50 m in elevation. None. All the forest at Duong Minh Chau is dipterocarp plantation. The site has little or no value for biodiversity conservation (Le Trong Trai pers. comrn. 2000). Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101 _ _ Bir*fe _ INTfiRWA1'ONAL EsUROPEN UNION 1IEIwtUT INVfLVrA Boi Loi Cultural and Historical Site Alternative site name(s) Chien Khu Boi Loi [Boi Loi resistance base] , Province(s) Tay Ninh Status Decreed Management board established Unknown nY Si Latitude A 11010'N Longitude 1 06024'E Bio-unit 0 05a - Mekong Delta 7 I _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ , _ Boi Loi was included on Decision No. 194/CT of No information. the Chairmnan of the Council of Ministers, dated 9 August 1986, as a 2,000 ha Cultural and Historical Site L 7 . _ _ (MARD 1997). Boi Loi is not, however, included on the 2010 list (FPD 1998), and the site can be Boi Loi was used as a resistance base during the considered to have been recommended for removal Second Indochina War. Because of this, Tay Ninh from the national system of Special-use Forests. Provincial Department of Culture and Information have designated Boi Loi as a historical and *_ * * * * * * * * * * *revolutionary site, and intend to develop the site for tourism. Boi Loi is located in Trang Bang district, Tay Ninh province. The site is situated in a flat, low-lying plain, - . . on the western bank of the Sai Gon river. No information. ~~~~~~~~~- _ Prior to the Second Indochina War, the site was covered by primary lowland evergreen forest None. dominated by tree species in the Dipterocarpaceae and Fabaceae families. However, during the war, the forest was extensively degraded by the spraying of defoliants, and the small area of remaining forest is all either heavily disturbed or secondary. Many seedlings and saplings of nationally threatened tree species can be seen in the forest, such as Sindora siamensis and Afzelia xylocarpa (Vu Van Dung pers. comm.). Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19/02101 B ird Li fe~ | NTERNATIONAL BDPEAN UNION TNE=4DEIctY -_____ ANDrlOWlTTA MANMM flr Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve Alternative site name(s) Lam vien Can Gio [Can Gio forest park] Province(s) Ho Chi Minh City Status Designated as a Man and the Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 2000 . Management board established Yes Latitude 10°22'- 10°40'N LLonaitude T06 46- 107°01'E Bio-unit7 rg,, 05a - Mekong Delta I ___ 2000b). The site is currently under the management of Can Gio District People's Committee and the management board for protected forests of Ho Chi The Can Gio area once supported natural mangrove Minh City DARD (UNESCO 2000). forest but this was almost fully destroyed by herbicides during the Second Indochina War. Between 1978 and = |_ 1986, the area was reforested with mangrove under the direction of Duyen Hai Forest Enterprise. Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve is located Subsequently, from 1986 to 1990, Ho Chi Minh City in Can Gio district (previously Duyen Hai district), in People's Committee allocated the land in the Can Gio the coastal zone of Ho Chi Minh City. The area is area to 23 forest enterprises and stale farms (ADB situated in a recently formed estuary complex of tidal 1999). On 29 May 1991, Can Gio was designated as a flats, where the Vam Co, Saigon and Dong Nai rivers coastal protection forest, following Decision No. discharge into the sea. The topography of Can Gio is 173/CT of the Chairnan of the Council of Ministers low-lying and dynamnic. The site is divided by a (Nguyen Dinh Cuong 1994). network of canals and rivers. In 1999, a proposal to designate Can Gio as a Man and the Biosphere Reserve was prepared and submitted : B 7 to UNESCO (ADB 1999). Can Gio was designated as Vietnam's first Man and the Biosphere Reserve on 21 The major habitat types found at Can Gio are January 2000, with a toLal area of 75,740 ha, plantation mangrove, of which there is about 20,000 Janar 2000 wihattlae'f7,4 a ha, and naturally regenerating mangrove, of which comprising a core zone of 4,721 ha, a transition zone haanntulyrenrtigmgov,fwic cof29,880ha andoarbuffer zone of 4 1,139 ha, a nd zone there is about 7,000 ha (ADB 1999). The principal of 29,880 ha and a buffer zone of 41,139 ha, and mangrove species used for replantation has been including a marine component of 4,370 ha (UNESCO mangra specie u a ou r.panaton has also 2000, Vietnam News 2000a). ADB (1999) give a Rhizophora apicata, although R. mucronata has also figure of only 42,630 ha as the total area of the site, been used in smaller amounts (Vien Ngoc Nam 1994). In addition to the mangroves, the site also supports In 2000, a management board for Can Gio Man and seagrass beds dominated by Halophyla sp., Halodule the Biosphere Reserve was established by Ho Chi sp. and Thalassia sp. (ADB 1999). Minh City People's Comminee (Vietnam News Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101 Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve A total of 18 mollusc, 27 crustacean, 45 fish and and the Biosphere Reserve has great potential as a site three amphibian species have been recorded at the site. for tourism, public education, scientific research and There are annecdotal reports of local farmers shooting training. Already, the site receives a large number of an Estuarine Crocodile Crocodylus porosus at the site visitors from Ho Chi Minh City. Can Gio could also in around 1990, although there have been no records serve as a demonstration site for mangrove since then. Also, Dugong Dugon dugong has been afforestation projects elsewhere in Vietnam. reported to occur seasonally in seagrass beds at the site, although these reports have not been confirmed * (ADB 1999). The mudflats and sandbanks at the Man and the Action for Mangrove Reforestation, Japan Biosphere Reserve are an important habitat for (ACTMANG), the European Union (EU), the John D. migratory shorebirds. ADB (1999) report that Wood and Catherine MacArthur Foundation, Oxfam America Sandpiper Tringa glareola, Common Redshank T and UNESCO/UNDP have all funded projects to totanus, Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleucos, Grey research or support mangrove rehabilitation activities Plover Pluvialis squatarola, Lesser Sand Plover at Can Gio. Between 1994 and 1996, for example, the Charadrius mongolus and Black-winged Stilt EU funded a two-year project from entitled Himantopus himantopus occur at the site. In addition, Environmental Assessment of Mangrove Reforestation several globally threatened and near-threatened as a Means of Improving Coastal Protection, Stability waterbird species have been recorded at Can Gio, and Fisheries Production. This project was including Nordmann's Greenshank Tringa guttifer, implemented by the Mangrove Ecosystem Research Asian Dowitcher Limnodromus semipalmatus, Spot- Division of the Centre for Natural Resources and billed Pelican Pelecanus philippensis and Painted Environmental Studies. Stork Mvcteria leucocephala (Eames and Tordoff in prep.). 7 ______________ _ _ __ _ I_I_ _I_ ADB (1999) Draft coastal and marine protected areas plan. Hanoi: Asian Development Bank. According to ADB (1999), the core and buffer Anon. (1998) Draft biosphere reserve nomination zones of Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve have form: Can Gio Mangrove Biosphere Reserve. Draft a human population of 1,500. There are several threats submission to UNESCO. In English. to biodiversity arising from the local population, the most significant of which are cutting mangrove trees Cao Van ong, survey in souVan Vietnam. Preliminar report on bat survey in southern Vietnam. for timber and fuelwood, and conversion of mangrove ry C S forest into aquacultural ponds. ADB (1999) report that, Tap Chi Sinh Hoc [Journal of Biology] 22(15)CD: in recent years, pressure to develop aquaculture has increased. ADB (1999) identify several other major Cheung, C.P.S. (1992) Report on a visit to the human impacts, including destructive fishing coasts of Vietnam. Unpublished report to WWF Asian techniques, oil spills and sewage discharge from Region. nearby urban areas. Eames, J. C. and Tordoff, A. W. (in prep.) Recent records and a conservation status review of some 6 , 3,L -_ -threatened and near-threatened bird species in Vietnam. The mangrove forest at Can Gio performs many valuable ecological functions, including coastal Le Kim Lien (1994) Woman's participation in the stabilisation, and protection against coastal erosion, oil mangrove protection at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp spills and storm surges. The mangrove forest is a 46-52 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh source of fuelwood and construction materials (ADB eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on 1999). Being close to Ho Chi Minh City, Can Gio Man reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101 |_____ Can Gio Man and the Biosphere Reserve Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation. Nguyen Dinh Cuong (1994) The management and protection of mangrove forests at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp 40-45 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation. UNESCO (2000) Vietnam Can Gio mangrove. UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Reserve Directory website. Vien Ngoc Nam (1994) Plantation to rehabilitate mangroves in Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. Pp 46-52 in: Phan Nguyen Hong and Phan Nguyet Anh eds. Proceedings of the national workshop on reforestation and afforestation of mangroves in Vietnam. Hanoi: Mangrove Ecosystem Research Centre and Action for Mangrove Reforestation. Vietnam News (2000a) UNESCO acclaims Can Gio mangrove reserve. Vietnam News 25 November 2000. Vietnam News (2000b) Can Gio Biosphere Reserve sets up management board. Vietnam News 9 September 2000. Sourcebook of Existing and Proposed Protected Areas in Vietnam Updated 19102101