ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK (ESMF) FOR RURAL ACCESS & AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) IN ABIA, AKWA-IBOM, ANAMBRA, BAUCHI, BENUE, BORNO, CROSS RIVER, KANO, KATSINA, KEBBI, KOGI, KWARA, OGUN, ONDO, OYO, PLATEAU, SOKOTO AND TARABA STATES BY FEDERAL MINISTRY OF AGRICULTURE & RURAL DEVELOPMENT (FMARD) FEDERAL PROJECT MANAGEMENT UNIT (FPMU) RURAL ACCESS & AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (FINAL REVISED REPORT) JULY, 2018 FINAL REVISED REPORT 0 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents....................................................................................i-iv List of Tables………………………………………………………………………………………….v List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………………..vi List of Plates………………………………………………………………………………………….vii Glossary of Abbreviations......................................................................viii-ix Executive Summary…………………………………………………………………………… x-xxi CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION………………………….........................1 1.1 Project Background………………………………………………………………………..1 1.2 Overview of Nigeria Road Network…………………………………………………..1 1.3 Project Development Objective………………………………………………………..3 1.4 Project Beneficiaries and Field Visits…………………………………………………4 1.5 Project Financing and Lending Instrument..........................................5 1.6 Purpose of the ESMF………………………………………………………………………6 1.7 Objectives and Application of the ESMF……………………………………………6 1.8 Methodology and Consultation...........................................................7 1.9 Pictures of Consultations & State Visits…………………………………………….8 CHAPTER TWO: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK………15 2.1 Introduction....................................................................................15 2.2 Nigeria Legislations/Regulations/Policy……………………………………………15 2.2.1 Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv)……………………………………….15 2.2.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Act 2007………………………………………………………….17 2.2.3 Land Use Act 1978……………………………………………………………………….17 2.2.4 Forestry Act CAP 51 LFN 1994……………………………………………………….18 2.2.5 The Endangered Species Act CAP E9, LFN 2004………………………………18 2.2.6 The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act, No 88 of 1992…………18 2.2.7 The State Legislations…………………………………………………………………..18 2.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies………………….18 2.3.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)…………………………………………….19 2.3.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04)……………………………………………………………20 2.3.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)……………………………………………….20 2.3.4 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11)……………………………………….21 2.4 Environmental and Social Risk Management Policy for AFD-funded Operations…………………………………………………………………………………..22 2.5 International Conventions……………………………………………………………..22 2.6 Harmonization of Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guideline……………………………………………………………………………………..23 2.7 Institutional Analysis…………………………………………………………………….26 FINAL REVISED REPORT i ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER THREE: PROJECT DESCRIPTION.......................................27 3.1 Project Components……………………………………………………………………..27 3.1.1 Component 1: Farm to local agricultural market connectivity Program………………………………………………………………………………………27 3.1.2 Component 2: Connecting Farms to Rural Agro-Logistics Centers..……28 3.1.2.1 Sub-component 2.1: Establishing Agro-Logistics Centers………………29 3.1.2.2 Sub-component 2.2: Enhancing the performance of the agro-logistics centers and empowering women by developing strategies for marketing and facilities management; packages for off-agriculture season income and employment generation activities; creating digital commodity exchange platforms; as well as provision of TA and seed capital……….30 3.1.2.3 Sub-component 2.3: Provision of TA and post-harvest implements to women and young girls and creating off-agriculture season income and employment generating activities…………………………………………………..30 3.1.3 Component 3: Strengthening the Financial and Institutional Base for Sustainably Maintaining Rural Access and State Roads, Including Support for………………………………………………………………………………….31 3.1.4 Component 4: Institutional Development, Road Safety and Project Management Support……………………………………………………………………32 3.1.4.1 Sub-component 4.1: Institutional Development and Project Management………………………………………………………………………………..32 3.1.4.2 Sub-component 4.2: Pilot Road Safety Initiatives to Establish Crash Database and Data Management System and Road Safety Audit………32 3.1.4.3 Sub-component 4.3: Block Preparation Fund to Pre- Finance Output Associated Studies, Planning (Prioritization, Design and Procurement), Systems Development and Safeguards Instruments Development Required for the Entire Project (Both Tranches)………………………………32 3.1.4.4 Sub-component 4.4: Climate Resilience……………………………………….33 3.2 Analysis of Project Alternatives………………………………………………………34 3.3 Characteristics of Road Network in the Beneficiary States…………………35 3.4 Road selection in the RAAMP States……………………………………………….35 3.5 Applicable Safeguard Policies…………………………………………………………35 3.6 Sustainability of RAAMP………………………………………………………………..37 3.6.1 Successes and Lessons Learnt Under RAMP 2…………………………………38 3.6.2 Utilisation of Community-based Maintenance………………………………….41 3.6.3 RAAMP - A Catalyst for Enhancing Rural Development and Growth….42 3.6.4 Role conflicts across MDAs - Participation Agreement………………………43 CHAPTER FOUR: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE............44 4.0 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………44 4.1 Physical Environment……………………………………………………………………44 4.1.1 Topography…………………………………………………………………………………44 4.1.2 Hydrology……………………………………………………………………………………44 4.1.3 Soil……………………………………………………………………………………………..44 FINAL REVISED REPORT ii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 4.1.4 Geology……………………………………………………………………………………….44 4.1.5 Seismic peak ground acceleration………………………………………………….46 4.1.6 Climate……………………………………………………………………………………….46 4.1.7 Air Quality and Noise Level Survey…………………………………………………47 4.2 Biological Environment………………………………………………………………….47 4.2.1 Vegetation…………………………………………………………………………………..47 4.2.2 Fauna………………………………………………………………………………………….48 4.3 Social Environment……………………………………………………………………….49 4.3.1 Population and Demographics…………………………………………………….…50 4.3.2 Labour Influx……………………………………………………………………………….51 4.3.3 Gender Based Violence…………………………………………………………………53 4.3.4 Road Safety and Disability Inclusion……………………………………………….55 4.3.5 Land Use Pattern, Agricultural Production and Livelihoods……………….57 4.3.6 Employment, Economy and Poverty……………………………………………….57 4.3.7 Water Supply and Sanitation………………………………………………………….58 4.3.8 Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases in Nigeria……………..59 4.3.9 Access to Health in Nigeria……………………………………………………………60 4.4 State Specific Baseline Data of RAAMP Participating States………………60 CHAPTER FIVE: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES...........................................................81 5.1 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………81 5.2 Environmental and Social Screening Process……………………………………81 5.2.1 Basis for Screening……………………………………………………………………….82 5.2.2 Scoping……………………………………………………………………………………….83 5.3 Impacts Identification…………………………………………………………………..84 5.4 The Potential Impacts…………………………………………………………………..86 5.4.1 The Potential Positive Impacts……………………………………………………….86 5.4.2 The Potential Negative Impacts……………………………………………………..88 5.5 Mitigation Approach………………………………………………………………………88 5.6 Mitigation Measures………………………………………………………………………89 5.6.1 Potential Environmental Impact & Mitigation Measures…………………….89 5.6.2 Social Impact & Mitigation Measures/Social Impact Management Plan…………………………………………………………………………………………..123 5.7 Integrating Mitigation Measures in Project Design and Tender Documents…………………………………………………………………………………156 5.7.1 Project Design……………………………………………………………………………156 5.7.2 Project Contract…………………………………………………………………………156 5.7.3 Bill of Quantities…………………………………………………………………………156 5.7.4 Supervision and Monitoring…………………………………………………………156 5.8 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Monitoring…………………………………………………………………………………160 FINAL REVISED REPORT iii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER SIX: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION/PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT PROCEDURES……………………………………………….164 6.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….164 6.2 Objectives of Consultation/Public Engagement………………………………164 6.3 Stakeholders Identification………………………………………………………….165 6.4 Stakeholder/Public Involvement in RAAMP ESMF……………………………166 6.5 Consultations in the Participating RAAMP States…………………………….166 6.5.1 Common Issues and Differences in the RAAMP States……………………187 6.6 Stakeholder Engagement/Public Consultations and Information Disclosure Process………………………………………………………………………187 6.6.1 Stakeholder Engagement & Information Disclosure for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP)……………………………………………188 6.6.2 Disclosure of Safeguard Instruments…………………………………………….189 6.7 Grievances Redress Mechanism2…………………………………………………..189 6.7.1 Purpose of Grievances Redress Mechanism………………………………….189 6.7.2 Members of the Grievances Redress Committees (GRC)…………………189 6.7.3 Community Expectations When Grievances Arise…………………………..190 6.7.4 Steps in Carrying out a Grievances Redress Mechanism…………………191 6.8 Gender Based Violence (GBV) Risk Management Mechanism………….193 CHAPTER SEVEN: ESMF IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS…….195 7.1 Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….195 7.2 Environmental and Social Management Unit………………………………….195 7.3 Management Support Consultants………………………………………………..196 7.4 Project Supervision Consultants……………………………………………………196 7.5 Contractor………………………………………………………………………………….196 7.6 Project Monitoring………………………………………………………………………197 7.7 Roles & Responsibilities for the ESMF Implementation…………………..198 7.8 Capacity Building………………………………………………………………………..200 7.9 Project Environmental and Social Due Diligence Implementation Budget………………………………………………………………………………………203 7.10 Nigeria EIA Procedure and Environmental Approval……………………….204 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………..206 ANNEXURES…………………………………………………………………….208 FINAL REVISED REPORT iv ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1 2009 Statistics for Road Networks of Nigeria and Benchmark Countries (2012, RAMP II ESMF)…………………………………………….2 Table 2.1 FMEnv Regulations/Policy…………………………………………………….15 Table 2.2 World Bank Categorization of subprojects................................19 Table 2.3 Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines………………25 Table 3.1 Likely Triggered Safeguard Policies with RAAMP…………………….36 Table 4.1 Projected Population Statistics of the Project Areas (States)…….51 Table 4.2a Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States……………………………………………………………..61 Table 4.2b Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States……………………………………………………………..68 Table 4.2c Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States……………………………………………………………..74 Table 5.1 Impactable Components and Associated Impact Indicators……..83 Table 5.2 Phases of Project Dev. Activities and Sources of Impact………….83 Table 5.3 Associated and Potential Impacts and Indicator Parameters for the Sub projects………………………………………………………………….85 Table 5.4a Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures………90 Table 5.4b Potential Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures…………………123 Table 5.5 Estimated Mitigation Cost of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for RAAMP………………………………….153 Table 5.6 Categorized Mitigation Measures and Its Implementation……..157 Table 5.7 Details of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan……………..161 Table 6.1 Stakeholders Identification Guide………………………………………..165 Table 6.2 Summary of Public Consultation in each Participating State…..167 Table 7.1 Roles & Responsibilities for Implementation of the ESMF………198 Table 7.2 Training Modules on Environmental & Social Management…….201 Table 7.3 Estimates of Project Environmental and Social Due Diligence Implementation Budget……………………………………………………..203 FINAL REVISED REPORT v ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.1 Administrative Map of Nigeria Highlighting Participating States…5 Fig. 1.2 ESMF Preparation Approach…………………………………………………..8 Fig. 2.1 Integration of WB EA Requirements with Nigeria EIA Act……….25 Fig. 4.1 Geological Map of Nigeria…………………………………………………….46 Fig. 7.1 Federal Ministry of Environment’s EIA Procedure………………….205 FINAL REVISED REPORT vi ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) LIST OF PLATES Plate 1.1: With Abia State RAAMP PIU……………………………………………………8 Plate 1.2: At Bende – Ntalakwu Road, Abia State……………………………………8 Plate 1.3: With Akwa Ibom State RAAMP PIU…………………………………………9 Plate 1.4: Palm Oil Mill Near Omogho-Okpueze Road, Anambra State………9 Plate 1.5: Palm Oil Mill, Oku Abak, Akwa Ibom State……………………………….9 Plate 1.6: With Bauchi State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………..9 Plate 1.7: With Anambra State RAAMP PIU…………………………………………….9 Plate 1.8: Dry Bed Of River Nahuta On Durum – Kafin Yarima – Taka Dangiwa Road, Bauchi State…………………………………………………..9 Plate 1.9: With Benue State RAAMP PIU……………………………………………….10 Plate 1.10: With The Commissioner & Permanent Secretary Min. of Agriculture Borno State & State Project Cordinator…………………10 Plate 1.11: North Bank – Zango – Aner Road, Benue State…………..………….10 Plate 1.12: With Cross River State RAAMP PIU………………………………………..10 Plate 1.13: Consultation At Zango Community, Benue State…………………….10 Plate 1.14: Akim – Akim Road, Cross River State…………………………………….10 Plate 1.15: With Ogun State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………..11 Plate 1.16: Lalopun – Edun Road, Oyo State…………………………………………..11 Plate1.17: Ibara – Orile – Ilewo – Kereku Road, Ogun State…………………..11 Plate 1.18: With Katsina State RAAMP PIU……………………………………………..11 Plate 1.19: With Oyo State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………….11 Plate 1.20: Tsanni – Jilawa Road Across Tsanni Dam, Katsina State…………11 Plate 1.21: With Kano State RAAMP PIU…………………………………………………12 Plate 1.22: With The Paramount Ruler of Ogori Mangongo, Kogi State…….12 Plate 1.23: With Farmers At Unguan Rimi, Kano State…………………………….12 Plate 1.24: With Ondo State Raamp Piu (Centre is Special Adviser to the Governor, Special Duties)…………………………………………………….12 Plate 1.25: With Kogi State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………….12 Plate 1.26: Molege – Ute – Owo Road, Ondo State………………………………….12 Plate 1.27: With Kwara State Project Cordinator……………………………………..13 Plate 1.28: With Sokoto State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………13 Plate 1.29: Alakolo Stream Across Oke-Oyi – Jokolu Road, Kwara State……13 Plate 1.30: Wajake Local Rice Processing, Sokoto State…………………………..13 Plate 1.31: With Plateau State RAAMP PIU……………………………………………..13 Plate 1.32: With Rice Farmers At Wajake, Sokoto State…………………………..13 Plate 1.33: Maji – Feyei – Denya Road, Plateau State………………………………13 Plate 1.34: With Kebbi State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………..13 Plate 1.35: Kardi – Wasada – Mairongo - Basaura Road, Kebbi State………..14 Plate 1.36: Wukari Road Junction – Mayo Reneyow Road, Taraba State……14 Plate 1.37: Basaura Market, Kebbi State…………………………………………………14 Plate 1.38: Consultation At Aku Community, Kogi State…………………………..14 Plate 1.39: With Taraba State RAAMP PIU………………………………………………14 FINAL REVISED REPORT vii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) GLOSSARY OF ABBREVIATIONS AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome ALARP As Low As Reasonably Practicable AP Affected Persons APS Accessible Pedestrians Signals ARAP Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plan CBOs Community Based Organizations CDD Community Driven Development CESMP Contractor Environmental and Social Management Plan CHS Community Health and Safety CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CLO Community Liaison Officer CPS Country Partnership Strategy DBM Design, Build and Maintain DHS Demographic Health Survey EA Environmental Assessment EAR Environmental Audit Report EIA Environmental Impact Assessment ePMS Electronic Project Management System ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESMS Environmental and Social Management System ESIA Environmental and Social Impact Assessment ESMF Environmental and Social Management Framework ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit ESS Environmental and Social Safeguards FDRD Federal Department of Rural Development FERMA Federal Roads Maintenance Agency FMARD Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development FMEnv Federal Ministry of Environment FGN Federal Government of Nigeria FPMU Federal Project Management Unit GBV Gender Based Violence GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Green House Gas GIS Geographic Information System GRC Grievance Redress Committee GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus IDA International Development Ass ILO International Labour Organization IPV Intimate Partner Violence ITCZ Inter Tropical Convergence Zone ITD Inter Tropical Discontinuity FINAL REVISED REPORT viii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) ITF Inter Tropical Front LGs Local Governments LGA Local Government Area MDAs Ministries, Departments and Agencies MEnv Ministry of Environment NESREA National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency NGO Non Governmental Organization NPC National Population Commission OHS Occupational Health and Safety OP Operational Policy (of the World Bank) PAPs Project Affected Persons PDO Project Development Objectives PHL Post Harvest Losses PIU Project Implementation Unit PPA Project Preparation Advance PMS Project Management Support PMU Project Monitoring Unit PMS Project Management Support PS Procurement Specialist (of the FPMU) PWD People With Disabilities RAAMP Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project RAM Random Assessment Matrix RAMP Rural Access and Mobility Project RAMS Road Asset Management System RAPs Resettlement Action Plans RoW Right of Way RPF Resettlement Policy Framework RTC Road Traffic Crashes RTTP Rural Travel and Transport Policy SD Surface of Discontinuity SEA Sexual Exploitation and Abuse SEPA State Environmental Protection Agency SMEs Small and Medium Level Enterprises SPIU State Project Implementation Unit SRF State Road Fund SRRA State and Rural Roads Administration TA Technical Assistance TC Tropical Continental TM Tropical Maritime ToR Terms of Reference VAC Violence Against Children WB World Bank WHO World Health Organization FINAL REVISED REPORT ix ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 0.1 Project Background The Federal Government of Nigeria has initiated the preparation of the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) the successor of the Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP-2). The project will be supported with financing from the World Bank and French Development Agency (AFD) and will be guided by the Government’s Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP). The lead agency for the Federal Government is the Federal Department of Rural Development (FDRD) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD). The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) is overseeing the project on behalf of FDRD, while the respective State Government of eighteen (18) participating states will implement it. The overall objective of RAAMP is to improve rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating States whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The participating states are: Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto and Taraba States. The Nigeria road network is relatively dense consisting of about 194,000 km of roads. This includes 34,000 km of federal roads, 30,000 km of state roads and 130,000 km of registered rural roads. The road density is about 0.21 km of roads per square kilometer. In spite of the relatively high road density, the rural accessibility index for Nigeria which is defined as the proportion of the rural population living within 2 kilometers away from an all-weather road is low, at only 47 percent. This is due to deteriorated road infrastructure. These considerations stress the need to improve the condition of the existing road network and where necessary build new roads. Priority should be granted to road maintenance and the adoption of sound asset management practices. An improved rural access will no doubt enhance the agricultural potentials and marketing opportunities for the agrarian rural communities in Nigeria and by extension grow the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and help to improve the standard of living of the country’s rural populace. 0.2 Project Development Objectives. The Project Development Objectives (PDOs) are to improve transport conditions and sustain access to the rural population; enhance agricultural marketing potentials through rehabilitating, installation and maintenance of key rural infrastructure in selected Nigerian states. FINAL REVISED REPORT x ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 0.3 Purpose of the ESMF The ESMF is a statement of the policy, principles, institutional arrangements and procedures that the project management will follow in addressing environmental and social issues. ESMF, generally, is used in the case of operations with multiple sub-projects/sites whose detailed engineering designs, precise locations and the entire site specific environmental and social safeguard issues are not fully known. 0.4 Objectives and Application of the ESMF The objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the project will be carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. The difficulties inherent in defining what the real environmental and social impacts of the project in terms of scope, scale of activities and likely impacts necessitated the development of this ESMF. The ESMF will provide the project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts of the RAAMP projects. The ESMF is to be applied at all stages of project as in identification of sub-projects, screening to implementation and operation stage. The framework encourages participatory approach to preparation of sub- projects in respective States and locations. 0.5 Project Financing and ESMF Estimated Budget The RAAMP Project is proposed for 18 States of Nigeria. The Federal Ministry of Finance on behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria has applied for financing from the International Development Association (IDA) and French Development Agency (AFD) in the form of credit towards the cost of the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) in 13 participating states under the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD). The Federal Government of Nigeria will on-lent the financing through a subsidiary loan agreement to the 13 participating states and part of the proceed of the credit will be used to finance the rehabilitation of prioritized rural roads and river crossings, construction/rehabilitation support for the establishment of agro logistics hubs and institutional development under the project. The remaining 5 out of the 18 states are to be supported by African Development Bank (AfDB). The monitoring and coordination of project activities are the responsibilities of Federal Project Management Unit under the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD) and the physical implementation of the project activities is the responsibilities of the participating states. Therefore, the participating states are required to support the implementation of ESMP, ARAPs/RAPs as the case may be through provision of counterpart fund. The counterpart contribution as required by the financing agreement will among FINAL REVISED REPORT xi ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) others finance the implementation of all safeguards instrument prior to commencement of any civil works and related contracts. The indicative budget for ESMF implementation in the 18 states is about NGN561, 630,000.00 (Five Hundred and Sixty One Million, Six hundred and Thirty Thousand Naira) only. ((USD 1,835,738.39) One Million Eight and Thirty Five Thousand, Seven hundred and Thirty Eight Dollars, Thirty Nine cents). FINAL REVISED REPORT xii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 0.6 Administrative and Legal Framework The project will include a number of infrastructure activities, such as constructions and rehabilitation of rural access roads, river crossings, access to agro processing plants, storage facilities etc. which will potentially trigger a number of legal and administrative instruments. These include the following:  World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, "Environmental Assessment", and related guidelines such as Operational Policy 4.04, "Natural Habitats", and Operational Policy OP 4.12, “Involuntary Resettlement";  National laws and/or regulations of Nigeria on environmental reviews and impact assessments;  Selected States/LGAs environmental regulations; and  Environmental and Social Risk Management Policy for AFD Funded Operations.  International Laws and Conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory. 0.7 PROJECT COMPONENTS The project includes the following components: 0.7.1 Component 1: Farm to Local Agricultural Market Connectivity Program This component will finance the rehabilitation/upgrading of approximately a total of 3,550 km rural access roads and construction of about 130 river crossings in the 13 participating states. This intervention will increase connectivity/improve access to about 3,722 rural communities/villages and about 2,592 markets. This component will also finance expenses for supervision of the road rehabilitation and river crossings construction contracts. 0.7.2 Component 2: Connecting Farms to Rural Agro-Logistics Centers. This component will finance: (i) The establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas; (ii) Provision of Technical Assistance (TA) to ensure effective utilization of the facilities at the agro-logistics centers and enhance the engagement of women and young girls at the centers; and (iii) Provision of TA and simple post-harvest implements to women and young girls in households within the influence areas of the rural access roads to be rehabilitated under this Project. This component also finances expenditures for designing the facilities at the pilot centers/hubs, as well as supervision. 0.7.3 Component 3: Strengthening the Financial and Institutional Base for Sustainably Maintaining Rural Access and State Roads This component includes: (a) Establishing a State Road Fund (SRF) to finance state roads and rural roads; FINAL REVISED REPORT xiii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (b) Designating a state rural access and state roads (herein after called State and Rural Roads Administration entity (SRRA); and (c) Establishing a functional Road Asset Management System (RAMS) that will generate an annual prioritized investment and maintenance plan, and mainstreaming the plan in the state budgetary process. 0.7.4 Component 4: Institutional Development, Road Safety and Project Management Support. This component includes: (a) support to the provision of Technical Assistance (TA) for institutional development, designed to strengthen implementing entities and enhance organizational effectiveness and individual skills; (b) the establishment of crash database and data management system to better understand the nature, causes and locations of road accidents along the rural and state roads network in four pilot states; (c) block preparation fund to pre- finance output associated studies, planning (prioritization, design and procurement), systems development, and safeguards instruments development required for the entire project and (d) building on capacity and training provided under the previous World Bank and French Development Agency (AFD) - financed RAMP2, including the strengthening of the climate change responsiveness institutional capacity of the road sector agencies; increasing awareness activities on climate change and adaptation for the staff of road sector agencies, as well as SPIU and contractors; and providing On-the-Job training in preventive measure for climate change. 0.8 Baseline Environment and Social Conditions. 0.8.1 Labour Influx The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased drop-out rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice and lack of road safety. These risks require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include prevention, mitigation and response measures. 0.8.2 Gender Based Violence Nigeria has ratified or acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Nigeria is among the 10 percent of countries worldwide that exhibit the highest levels of gender discrimination according to the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index. FINAL REVISED REPORT xiv ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Gender – Based Violence (GBV) remains pervasive and under-reported in the country, largely constraining women’s autonomy and life chances. 0.8.3 Road Safety and Disability Inclusion. Rapidly increasing, deaths and injuries from road crashes are a major public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated 1.24 million people worldwide are killed in road crashes every year and that almost half are pedestrians, motorcyclists or cyclists. In Nigeria, the Federal Road Safety Corps 2016 Report indicated that 9,694 Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) were recorded out of which 2,638 cases were fatal, 5,633 were serious cases and 1,423 cases were minor with 5,053 persons killed. Disability inclusion approach requires mainstreaming disability in road safety at all levels, whereby the concerns and experiences of people with disabilities are integral to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of road safety policies and programmes. For the RAAMP project, this would be achieved through the provision of infrastructure for People with Disabilities (PWDs) which are aided facilities on the road. 0.8.4 State Specific Baseline Data of RAAMP States. The baseline environmental data of the RAAMP participating States are presented in Table 4.2, Chapter 4 of this ESMF. 0.9 Environmental and Social Risks Impact. The environmental and social risks identified in this ESMF are preliminary and generic in nature to the participating States. The potential for occurrence of the impacts identified has to be ascertained during further stages of project design and implementation. This ESMF only provides a guide for subproject impact identification, quantification and mitigation. Although there are various criteria for identification/quantification of impacts, the Random Assessment Matrix (RAM) for identifying significant environmental aspects/impacts is recommended. The impact ranking criteria are: Legal /Regulatory Requirements (L); Risk/Hazard rating; Environmental Impact Frequency (F); Importance of Affected Environmental Component and Impact (I); Public Perception (P). The RAAMP projects are envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts and include the following:  Socio-economic benefits such as accessibility and enhancement of commercial activities from road improvement.  Enhanced agricultural marketing potentials and access to agro processing centres leading to increased agricultural production and employment generation. FINAL REVISED REPORT xv ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  Improvement in the welfare and general well-being of beneficiary communities through increased access to health care, education and other social services, rendered closer due to enhanced accessibility.  Improvement of road safety or reduced accidents. The project activities that could have negative impact on the environment include project preparation, route planning, construction works, slope stability, excavation, blasting, compacting, burrowing, involuntary resettlement, water management, drainage management, chance finds of cultural resources, exclusion of local people from project activities, road maintenance, decommissioning, provision of agro-logistics hub etc. The negative social impact include labour influx related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased drop-out rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice and lack of road safety. Others are Gender Based Violence (GBV) and Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA). The mitigation approaches include such measures as avoidance, elimination or reduction of negative impacts to levels ‘as low as reasonably practicable’. The details of the project potential and associated environmental risks/impacts and proffered mitigation measures are presented in Table 5.4a while the details of the project potential and associated social risks/impacts and proffered mitigation measures are presented in Table 5.4b, Chapter 5 of this ESMF Report. 0.9.1 Integrating Mitigation Measures in Project Design and Tender Documents. This shall be achieved through subprojects environmental and social management procedure, from the screening through monitoring and evaluation of the specific ESMP (based on the nature of the subproject and the risk level), including specific criteria (site selection, exclusion of activity, additional studies, etc.), in accordance to national EA administrative procedure (including the review and clearance by the Bank). 0.10 Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) and Monitoring ESMP is an Action Plan that indicates which of the EA report recommendations and alternatives will actually be adopted and implemented. It will ensure incorporation of the relevant environmental/social factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. A guide to the ESMP of the project is presented as annex 6 of this report. An ESMP shall contain potential impacts, mitigation measures, implementing responsibility, monitoring responsibility and estimated cost for implementation. A detailed ESMP is presented in Annex 6, page 163. FINAL REVISED REPORT xvi ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Environmental monitoring involves keeping track of, on a regular or ongoing basis with a view to collecting information. It provides feedback about the actual environmental and social impacts of a project. It is also used to ensure compliance with environmental and social standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. A sample plan for Environmental Monitoring for the RAAMP subprojects is summarized in Table 5.6, Chapter 5 of this ESMF. These may differ depending on site specific peculiarities. 0.11 Stakeholders Consultation/ Public Engagement Stakeholder engagement is an essential criteria and important strategy for an integrated environmental and social analysis process, the project design and its implementation. Views of the project interested and affected persons have been fully taken into account during the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) preparation and shall continue to form a basis for further design and implementation of the subprojects throughout the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) implementation period. 0.11.1 Summary of the Stakeholder Consultation The preparation of the ESMF involved stakeholders’ consultation in all the eighteen (18) participating States. The major stakeholders identified and consulted consisted of various government (State and Federal) MDAs, State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs), Local Government Chairmen, Community leaders, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc. The issues canvassed for and concerns expressed in the stakeholder consultations in the participating RAAMP States are similar and include the following:  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times. FINAL REVISED REPORT xvii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project. 0.12 Disclosures of Safeguard Instruments. The ESMF has been prepared in consultation with relevant state MDAs and other stakeholders. Copies of this ESMF, like other safeguard instruments (such as ESIAs, ESMPs) that would be subsequently prepared for the project and its sub projects will be made available to the public by the PIU. The PIU will disclose the ESMF as required by the Nigeria EIA public notice and review procedures as well as the World Bank Disclosure Policy on the World Bank’s external website. Copies of other safeguards instruments (such as ESIAs/ESMPs) should be disclosed in like manner 0.13 Grievance Redress Mechanism A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be implemented to ensure that all complaints from local communities are dealt with appropriately, with corrective actions being implemented, and the complainant being informed of the outcome. It will be applied to all complaints from affected parties. The SPIUs will maintain a Complaints Database. The contractor, in coordination with the SPIU, shall set-up a grievance redress committee that will address any complaints during project implementation. Grievances should be resolved within 15 working days. 0.13.1 Steps in carrying out a Grievance Redress Mechanism There is no ideal method of approach to grievance resolution however; the best solutions to conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs, and the project state and its magnitude. The Grievance Redress Committees of the RAAMP will endeavor to be holding meetings with the aggrieved person(s) or groups within a maximum of 3 weeks from the time of receiving the complaint. The following steps will be followed throughout the Grievance Redress Mechanism process in the various Communities. 0.14 GBV/SEA Risk Management Mechanism RAAMP shall include specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures will include: i) GBV/SEA assessment of project. ii) Mandatory contractors’ Code of Conduct on sexual harassment. iii) Appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in RAAMP. iv) Community and workers’ sensitization on GBV/SEA. v) Provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA. vi) Provision in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against of completion. FINAL REVISED REPORT xviii ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) vii) Contractor and SPIU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards for the attainment of this target. 0.15 Project Monitoring and Capacity Building. The FPMU will be responsible for collecting the data required for monitoring and evaluation which will in turn be reviewed by implementing agencies. Indicators shall be measured against the agreed targets and compared to the defined baselines. RAAMP has a sub-component which covers capacity building measures to implementing agencies, as may be necessary in environmental and social safeguards and annual program planning. Capacity building can be achieved by: Training program for the existing staff and Technical Assistance: knowledge sharing and on-the-job training and mentorship. 0.15.1 Roles and Responsibilities (Focus on PIU). The environmental safeguards specialist and social safeguard specialist in the PIU will be responsible for the implementation of the ESMF in close collaboration with the Federal and State Ministries of Environment and relevant MDAs. Subsequently, they shall be required to prepare a quarterly audit on ESMF implementation in addition to the project reports as may be required. In addition, each sub-project requiring an ESMP will also be required to produce an annual audit report for delivery to the PIU. Table 0.1: Roles and Responsibilities for ESMF Implementation S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility 1 Identification and/or SPIUs FMA&RD siting of the • Local authority sub-project 2 Screening, Environmental • beneficiary; categorization and Safeguards • local authority identification of the Specialist (ESS) • Social required in the SPIUs Safeguards instrument Specialist (SSS) on the PIU 3 Approval of the SPIUs . ESS-PIU  FMEnv classification and coordinator SSS-PIU  The World the selected FPMU Bank instrument Preparation of the safeguard document/instrument (ESIA, Environmental Audit and simple ESMP, etc.) in accordance with the national legislation/procedure and the Bank policies requirements) 5. Preparation and Environmental FMEnv  The World approval of the Safeguards  Procurement Bank ToR Specialist (ESS) specialist (PS- in the SPIUs PIU) FINAL REVISED REPORT xix ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility  Social Safeguards Specialist Preparation of the  SPIU  Consultants report  LGAs  FPMU Report validation Procurement  FMEnv-EA and issuance of Specialist department the permit (when (PS-SPIU)  The World Bank required) Ministry of Env LGAs Publication of Project Media document coordinator The World Bank 6. (i) Integrating the Technical staff  Control Firm construction phase in charge of the  Environmental (Supervisor) mitigation measures sub-project (TS- Safeguard and E&S clauses in PIU) Specialist -PIU the bidding Social Safeguard document prior Specialist-PIU they’re advertised; • Procurement (ii) ensuring that Specialist-PIU the constructor prepares his ESMP (C-ESMP), gets it approved and integrates the relevant measures in the works breakdown structure (WBS) or execution plan 7 Implementation of ESS-SPIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant other  PS-PIU  National safeguards  TS-PIU specialized measures, including  Financial Staff laboratories environmental (FSPIU)  NGOs monitoring (when  Local authority relevant) and sensitization activities 8 Oversight of ESS and SSS- Monitoring and  Control Firm safeguards SPIU Evaluation (Supervisor) implementation specialist (M&E- (internal) PIU) • FS-PIU) FINAL REVISED REPORT xx ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility • Local authority 9 Public consultation PIU  SPIU  PIU on project State NGOs/CBOs  FMEnv safeguards Coordinator  MEnv/SEPAs performance and disclosure Reporting on project safeguards Coordinator M&E-PIU performance and • ESS-PIU disclosure • SSS-PIU 10 External oversight FMEnv • M&E-PIU of the project State Ministry of • ESS-PIU safeguards Environment • SSS-PIU compliance • PS-PIU • Supervisor 11 Building ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant stakeholders’ • PS-PIU • Other qualified capacity in public institutions safeguards management 12 Independent ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant evaluation of • PS-PIU safeguards performance (Audit) The Project Implementing Entity (PIE), and any institution participating in the implementation, will not issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) of any activity subject to Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), without the construction phase’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) inserted in, and will not authorize the works to commence before the contractor’s ESMP (C-ESMP) has been approved and integrated into the overall planning of the works. This entire section above, on the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the Framework ESMP, will be insert in the E&S safeguards management section the project implementation manual (PIM). FINAL REVISED REPORT xxi ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 PROJECT BACKGROUND The Federal Government of Nigeria has initiated the preparation of the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) the successor of the Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP-2,) to target agro-production areas, to reduce agro-logistic losses and increase logistic efficiency. The project will be supported with financing from the World Bank and French Development Agency (AFD) and will be guided by the Government’s Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP). The lead agency for the Federal Government is the Federal Department of Rural Development (FDRD) of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMARD). The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) is overseeing the project on behalf of FDRD, while the respective State Government of eighteen (18) participating states will implement it. The overall objective of RAAMP is to improve rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating States whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The overreaching target of RAAMP is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all- weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas, rehabilitate prioritized river crossings based on Design, Build and Maintain (DBM) approach. The project is structured around three main components and a provision for project management support, enhancing Road Safety and institutional development. 1.2 OVERVIEW OF NIGERIA ROAD NETWORK The Nigeria road network is relatively dense consisting of about 194,000 km of roads (2012, RAMP II ESMF). This includes 34,000 km of federal roads, 30,000 km of state roads and 130,000 km of registered rural roads. The road density which is about 0.21 km of roads per square kilometer is higher than that of Mexico which is about 0.19 roads per square kilometer and also almost twice the road density of Cameroon and Peru as illustrated in Table 1.1. (2012, RAMP II ESMF). However, only about 10 to 15 percent of the total road network is paved and only about 15 percent of the federal roads network can be considered to be in good condition (compared to 39 percent for Peru and 91 percent for Argentina). The exact condition of state and rural roads is unknown, as a result of the lack of periodic monitoring and aggregation of data at the federal level. Nevertheless, there is some evidence that in some states, state and rural roads are more deteriorated than federal roads while in some states, federal roads are more deteriorated than state and rural roads. In spite of the relatively high road density, the rural accessibility index for Nigeria which is defined as the proportion of the rural population living within 2 kilometers away from an all-weather road is low, at only 47 percent (2012, RAMP II ESMF). This is due to deteriorated road infrastructure. This is about the same level as for Peru but with a road density which is more than twice as much. These considerations stress the need to improve the condition of the existing road FINAL REVISED REPORT 1 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) network and where necessary build new roads. Priority should be granted to road maintenance and the adoption of sound asset management practices. In Nigeria, the Federal government is saddled with the responsibility of the management of federal roads, while the state and local governments are saddled with the responsibility of managing state and rural roads respectively. Yet, local governments have not been fully active in the development and maintenance of rural road network due to lack of capacity and inadequate funding. Although the state governments have better capacity and funding, they mostly focus on the higher-level state roads. This institutional structure has in effect led to rural roads not having a defined ownership structure and the steady deterioration of the rural roads once constructed or rehabilitated. On the other hand, the federal role in rural roads is not as effective as desired, since there is little sector-specific, conditional fiscal transfers from federal to state and local governments for rural roads. The Federal Ministry of Works has little or no role in the supervision or regulation of sub-national infrastructure. The rural road network was mostly constructed or improved through various agricultural and rural development programs and initiatives. The lead coordinating department of government for the implementation of these programs has been the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development. This institutional arrangement at the federal level has allowed better alignment of rural road programs with the country’s agricultural development policies. An improved rural access will no doubt enhance the agricultural potentials and marketing opportunities for the agrarian rural communities in Nigeria and by extension grow the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and help to improve the standard of living of the country’s rural populace. Table 1.1: 2009 Statistics for Road Networks of Nigeria and Benchmark Countries (2012, RAMP II ESMF). Country Total Paved Federal Road Rural Road Roads Roads Density(km Accessibility Network (%) (%) of Index (%) 2 (km) Roads/km Nigeria 193,200 10 - 15 17 0.21 47 Cameroun 56,100 9 13 0.12 20 Peru 127,320 11 21 0.10 43 Mexico 366,095 32 14 0.19 61 Although a road maintenance fund was constituted at the federal level, road maintenance for the federal, state and local roads infrastructures remains largely neglected as a result of lack of clear ownership structure and sustainable funding strategies. The Federal Roads Maintenance Agency (FERMA) has been investing significant efforts and resources to develop efficient maintenance mechanisms. However, it is estimated that 56 percent of the federal roads lack FINAL REVISED REPORT 2 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) maintenance. At the national level, a 2009 study estimated that actual spending in road maintenance in Nigeria achieved only 20 percent of the requirements, one of the lowest proportion observed among a pool of other African countries. The FERMA (Amendment) Act 2007 provides in theory a 5 percent user’s charge on pump price of petrol, diesel and of which 40 percent will accrue to FERMA and 60 percent to be utilized by the established State Roads Maintenance Agencies. This transfer of the accrued tax is based on the creation of the State Roads Maintenance Agency and the provision by the state agencies of detailed information about their planned maintenance program and institutional arrangements for road maintenance. Some states like Lagos State have constituted its own state roads maintenance fund. The Federal Government of Nigeria through the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD) in seeking solutions to poor rural access, has developed a Rural Travel and Transport Policy (RTTP) to improve accessibility in rural areas of Nigeria. The RTTP has the following key principles:  Follow an integrated transport planning and development approach, focusing on all classes of roads, including rural access roads, patch/tracks, and community roads to provide inter-connectivity to a wider area;  Promote the provision of transport services not only just building roads;  Improve local government capacity to ensure maintenance of roads; and  Improve governance through better transparency and participation of beneficiary and community groups. Since 2008, the World Bank, in close coordination with other donors, has piloted, a Rural Access and Mobility Program (RAMP-1). Its success led to the Rural Access and Mobility (RAMP 2) - project. In order to further promote agricultural productivity and thus contribute to the country’s Transformation Agenda for the agriculture sector as well as poverty reduction, it has been considered that there is need to enhance Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing for selected states in the Nigeria, hence the need for the proposed project. 1.3 PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE The Project Development Objective (PDO) is to improve transport conditions and sustain access to the rural population; enhance agricultural marketing potentials through rehabilitating, installation and maintenance of key rural infrastructure in selected Nigerian states. The ultimate objective of the proposed project is to promote a diversification outside of the oil sector – through increased agricultural productivity and marketing of agricultural produce/products thereby reducing rural poverty. It FINAL REVISED REPORT 3 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) will thus contribute to the country’s Transformation Agenda for the agriculture sector. These productivity gains should promote the economic growth of the non-oil sectors and increase the average income of poor rural households who mostly depend on agriculture for subsistence. Furthermore, the proposed project supports the three development pillars of the Country Partnership Strategy (CPS) for 2010-2013. The CPS for 2010-2013 focuses on three themes to transform and diversify Nigeria’s economy. These themes are: (i) improving governance; (ii) maintaining non-oil growth; and (iii) promoting human development. The RAAMP project will contribute to maintaining non-oil growth by supporting productivity gains in the agriculture sector, which accounts for the greatest share of Nigeria’s non-oil economy. The proposed project will also contribute to improving governance at state level through its performance -based approach, based on the CPS governance criteria. 1.4 PROJECT BENEFICIARIES AND FIELD VISITS The project beneficiary States are Abia, Akwa-Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Kano, Katsina, Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Ogun, Ondo, Oyo, Plateau, Sokoto and Taraba States. Geographically, the eighteen states fall within the six geopolitical zones of the country, namely: North-East, North West, North Central, South-East, South-West and South-South as shown in fig.1.1. The eighteen (18) participating States were visited and the issues covered include:  State by state surveys  Environmental and Social Screening of proposed sub projects.  Risk assessments  Safeguard measures  Environmental and Social Impact assessment  Stakeholders’ consultations with MDAs, State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs), Local Government Chairmen, Community Leaders, Community Based Organisations (CBOs) etc. FINAL REVISED REPORT 4 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Fig. 1.1: Administrative Map of Nigeria Highlighting Participating States. 1.5 PROJECT FINANCING AND LENDING INSTRUMENT The RAAMP Project is proposed for 18 States of Nigeria. The Federal Ministry of Finance on behalf of the Federal Government of Nigeria has applied for financing from the International Development Association (IDA) and French Development Agency (AFD) in the form of credit towards the cost of the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) in 13 participating states under the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD). The Federal Government of Nigeria will on-lent the financing through a subsidiary loan agreement to the 13 participating states and part of the proceed of the credit will be used to finance the rehabilitation of prioritized rural roads and river crossings, construction/rehabilitation support for the establishment of agro logistics hubs and institutional development under the project. The remaining 5 out of the 18 states will be supported by African Development Bank (AfDB). The monitoring and coordination of project activities are the responsibilities of Federal Project Management Unit under the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development (FMA&RD) and the physical implementation of the project FINAL REVISED REPORT 5 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) activities is the responsibilities of the participating states. Therefore, the participating states are required to support the implementation of Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), Abbreviated Resettlement Action Plans (ARAPs)/Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) as the case may be through provision of counterpart fund. The counterpart contribution as required by the financing agreement will among others finance the implementation of all safeguards instrument prior to commencement of any civil works and related contracts. The indicative budget for ESMF implementation in the 18 states is about NGN561, 630,000.00 (Five Hundred and Sixty One Million, Six hundred and Thirty Thousand Naira) only. ((USD 1,835,738.39) One Million Eight and Thirty Five Thousand, Seven hundred and Thirty Eight Dollars, Thirty Nine cents). 1.6 PURPOSE OF THE ESMF The ESMF is a statement of the policy, principles, institutional arrangements and procedures that the project management will follow in addressing environmental and social issues. ESMF, generally, is used in the case of operations with multiple sub- projects/sites whose detailed engineering designs, precise locations and the entire site specific environmental and social safeguard issues are not fully known. The ESMF spells out corporate environmental and social safeguard policy frameworks, institutional arrangements and capacity available to identify and mitigate potential environmental and social safeguards issues and impacts that could be due to the project, generally. It does not attempt to address impacts related to individual undertakings (in any specific form) as the locations and extent of impacts or activities are not fully known at this preparatory stage. 1.7 OBJECTIVE AND APPLICATION OF THE ESMF The objective of this ESMF is to ensure that the implementation of the project will be carried out in an environmentally and socially sustainable manner. The difficulties inherent in defining what the real environmental and social impacts of the project in terms of scope, scale of activities and likely impacts necessitated the development of this ESMF. The ESMF will provide the project implementers with an environmental and social screening process that will enable them to identify, assess and mitigate potential environmental and social impacts of the RAAMP projects. The ESMF is to be applied at all stages of project as in identification of sub- projects, screening to implementation and operation stage. The framework encourages participatory approach to preparation of sub-projects in respective states and locations. The consultation & participation framework as part of the FINAL REVISED REPORT 6 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) ESMF provides an overview of consultation and participation activities to be carried out in various stages of the project. Application of ESMF to the project enables the preparation of a standardized environmental and social assessment documents for appraisal and implementation. Projects triggering significant environmental / social impacts shall undergo the necessary environmental and social assessments, as stipulated by the statutory laws of Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the safeguard policies of the World Bank. The ESMF therefore is a guide for assessing the environmental, socio-economic, and health impacts of the project, as well as recommending appropriate mitigation measures and monitoring plans. 1.8 METHODOLOGY AND CONSULTATION This ESMF was prepared in accordance with standard procedures for environmental and social assessment including the applicable World Bank safeguard policies and Nigerian environmental assessment guidelines. The preparation of the ESMF started with a review of the Terms of Reference as seen in Annex 1 of this report and formulation of a work plan for the field visits. This was followed by a literature review of World Bank Safeguard Policies, Environmental and Social Regulations of French Development Agency, Nigeria Environmental laws and Regulations, the 18 participating States Environmental Regulations, ESMF of Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP 1 & 2), ESMF of Nigeria Electricity Transmission Project (NETP) etc. These literatures were received from the Project Implementation Unit (PIU), field visits and consultations were thereafter embarked on which led to environmental and social identification screening, formulation of environmental and social Safeguard measures and preparation of the draft ESMF Report. Field visits were undertaken in the 18 participating States. Stakeholders consulted include relevant MDAs, participating State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs), Local Government Chairmen, Community Leaders, Community Based Organizations (CBOs). The draft ESMF Report was reviewed to produce the Final Revised ESMF Report. The sites visited and pictures taken during the field visits are presented in section 1.9 below. The main approach/activity for preparing the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is shown in Fig.1.2. FINAL REVISED REPORT 7 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Review of ToR/Formulation of work plan Literature Review Stakeholder Consultations & field visits Inception Report Environmental and Social Identification screening Formulation of Safeguard measures/Report preparation Draft Report ESMF Draft Report Review Final Report Fig. 1.2: ESMF PREPARATION APPROACH 1.9 PICTURES OF CONSULTATIONS & STATE VISITS The pictures taken during the consultations and state visits are shown in Plates 1.1 – 1. Plate 1.2: At Bende – Ntalakwu Road, Plate 1.1: With Abia State RAAMP PIU Abia State. FINAL REVISED REPORT 8 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.3: With Akwa Ibom State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.4: Palm Oil Mill Near Omogho – Okpueze Road, Anambra State Plate 1.5: Palm Oil Mill, Oku Abak, Akwa Ibom State Plate 1.6: With Bauchi State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.8: Dry Bed Of River Nahuta On Durum – Kafin Yarima – Taka Dangiwa Plate 1.7:With Anambra State RAAMP Road, Bauchi State. PIU FINAL REVISED REPORT 9 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.9: With Benue State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.10: With The Commissioner & Permanent Secretary Min. of Agriculture Borno State & State Project Cordinator. Plate 1.11: North Bank – Zango – Aner Road, Benue State. Plate 1.12: With Cross River State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.13: Consultation At Zango Community, Benue State. Plate 1.14: Akim – Akim Road, Cross River State FINAL REVISED REPORT 10 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.15: With Ogun State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.16: Lalopun – Edun Road, Oyo State. Plate1.17: Ibara – Orile – Ilewo – Kereku Plate 1.18: With Katsina State RAAMP Road, Ogun State. PIU Plate 1.20: Tsanni – Jilawa Road Across Plate 1.19: With Oyo State RAAMP PIU Tsanni Dam, Katsina State. FINAL REVISED REPORT 11 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.22: With The Paramount Ruler of Ogori Mangongo, Kogi State. Plate 1.21: With Kano State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.24: With Ondo State Raamp Piu Plate 1.23: With Farmers At Unguan (Centre Is Special Adviser To The Rimi, Kano State. Governor, Special Duties) Plate 1.25:With Kogi State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.26: Molege – Ute – Owo Road, Ondo State FINAL REVISED REPORT 12 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.27: With Kwara State Project Cordinator. Plate 1.28: With Sokoto State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.29: Alakolo Stream Across Oke-Oyi – Plate 1.30: Wajake Local Rice Processing, Jokolu Road, Kwara State. Sokoto State. Plate 1.32: With Rice Farmers At Wajake, Sokoto State. Plate 1.31: With Plateau State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.34: With Kebbi State RAAMP PIU Plate 1.33: Maji – Feyei – Denya Road, Plateau State FINAL REVISED REPORT 13 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Plate 1.36: Wukari Road Junction – Mayo Plate 1.35: Kardi – Wasada – Mairongo – Reneyow Road, Taraba State Basaura Road, Kebbi State. Plate 1.38: Consultation At Aku Plate 1.37: Basaura Market, Kebbi State. Community, Kogi State. Plate 1.39: With Taraba State RAAMP PIU FINAL REVISED REPORT 14 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER 2: ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 2.1 INTRODUCTION The Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) aims to identify the range of required environmental management measures that need to be taken during the planning, design, implementation and operation phases of the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) in order to ensure compliance with the World Bank requirements as well as that of the Nigerian government. The project will include a number of infrastructure activities, such as constructions and rehabilitation of rural access roads, river crossings, agro processing plants, storage facilities etc. which will potentially trigger a number of legal and administrative instruments. These include the following:  National laws and/or regulations of Nigeria on environmental reviews and impact assessments;  Selected States/LGAs environmental regulations  World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, "Environmental Assessment", and related guidelines such as Operational Policy 4.04, "Natural Habitats", and Operational Policy OP 4.12, “Involuntary Resettlement" and  Environmental assessment regulations of French Development Agency (AFD). 2.2 NIGERIA LEGISLATIONS/REGULATIONS/POLICY 2.2.1. Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) This section provides an identification of the Nigerian administrative framework and summarizes the relevant national legislation/regulations. These are highlighted in Table 2.1. Table 2.1: FMEnv Regulations/Policy S/N Policy/Regulation Highlights 1. National Policy on Environmental management in Nigeria is based on the National Environment Policy on the Environment (1989), as revised in 1999. The goal of this policy is to achieve sustainable development, in particular to:  Secure for all Nigerians a quality of environment which is adequate for their health and wellbeing;  Conserve and use the environment and natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations;  Restore, maintain and enhance the ecosystems and ecological processes essential for the functioning of the biosphere to preserve biological diversity and the principle of optimum sustainable yield in the use of these natural resources and ecosystems;  Raise public awareness and promote understanding of essential linkages between environment and development FINAL REVISED REPORT 15 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Policy/Regulation Highlights and to encourage individual and community participation in environmental improvement efforts; and  Co-operate in good faith, with other countries, international organizations/agencies to achieve optimal use of trans-boundary natural resources and effective prevention or a statement of trans-boundary environmental pollution. 2. Environmental The EIA Act CAP E12, LFN 2004 stipulates that the public or Impact Assessment private sector of the economy shall not embark on or undertake (EIA) Act CAP E12, or authorize projects or activities without prior consideration, at LFN 2004 an early stage of their environmental effects. The Act makes EIA mandatory for any major development project, prescribes the procedure for conducting and reporting EIAs. The Act also clearly stipulates among other things the objectives of an EIA, list of project activities for which an EIA is mandatory; minimum content of an EIA, regulatory authority of FMEnv; offences and penalties. 3. National In response to the promulgation of the EIA Act of 1992, the Environmental FMEnv developed a National EIA Procedure in 1995. The Impact Assessment procedure provides steps to be followed from the stage of project Procedural and conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project Sectoral Guidelines, is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. 1995. It states the EIA Process starting with the onset of EIA Registration with the Federal Ministry of Environment to Audit stage when a project becomes operational. 4. S.I.9, 1991 - The National Environmental Protection (Pollution Abatement National in Industries Generating Wastes) Regulations, S.1.9 of 1991 Environmental (No. 42, Vol. 78, August, 1991) impose restrictions on the Protection release of toxic substances and stipulate requirements for (Pollution pollution monitoring units, machinery for combating pollution Abatement in and contingency plan by industries; submission of lists and Industries details of chemicals used by industries to FMEnv; requirement Generating Wastes) of permit by industries for the storage and transportation of Regulations 1991 harmful or toxic waste; the generator’s liability; strategies for waste reduction; permissible limits of discharge into public drains; protection of workers and safety requirements; environmental audit (or EIA for new industries) and penalty for contravention. 5. Harmful Waste The Harmful Waste (Special Criminal Provisions etc) Act CAP 165 (Special Criminal LFN 1990 prohibits and declares unlawful all activities relating to Provisions etc) Act the purchase, sale, importation, transit, transportation, deposit, CAP 165 LFN 1990. storage of harmful wastes. Appropriate penalties for contravention are also prescribed. FINAL REVISED REPORT 16 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Policy/Regulation Highlights 6. S.1.15, 1991: The National Environment Protection (Management of National Hazardous and Solid Wastes) Regulations, S.1.15 of 1991 (No. Environment 102, Vol. 78, August, 1991) define the requirements for Protection groundwater protection, surface impoundment, land treatment, (Management of waste piles, landfills, and incinerators. The Regulations describe Solid and the hazardous substances tracking programme with a Hazardous Wastes) comprehensive list of acutely hazardous chemical products and Regulations 1991. dangerous waste constituent. The requirements and procedure for inspection, enforcement and penalty are also described. 2.2.2 National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA), Act 2007 The National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) was established by the Federal Government of Nigeria as a parastatal of the FMEnv. The NESREA Act was accented to by Mr. President on July 30, 2007. NESREA is charged with the responsibility of enforcing all environmental laws, guidelines, policies, standards and regulations in Nigeria. It also has the responsibility to enforce compliance with provisions of international agreements, protocols, conventions and treaties on the environment. The vision of the Agency is to ensure a cleaner and healthier environment for all Nigerians, while the mission is to inspire personal and collective responsibility in building an environmentally conscious society for the achievement of sustainable development in Nigeria. Eleven (11) regulations for pollution abatement in all categories of industries have been published up to date. Some of the regulations relevant to this project include: National Environmental (Sanitation and Wastes Control) Regulations, 2009 (S. I. 28), National Environmental (Noise Standards and Control) Regulations, 2009 (S.I.35), National Environmental (Soil Erosion and Flood Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.12), National Environmental (Surface and Groundwater Quality Control) Regulations, 2010 (S.I.22), National Environmental (Ozone Layer Protection) Regulations, 2009 (S.I.32). 2.2.3. Land Use Act 1978 The Land Use Act of 1978 vests all land in the territory of each state (except land vested in the Federal government or its agencies) solely in the hand of the Governor of each state, who would hold such land in trust for the people and would henceforth be responsible for its allocation in all urban areas while similar power in non urban areas are conferred on Local Governments. 2.2.4. Forestry Act CAP 51 LFN 1994 This Act provides for the preservation of forests and the setting up of forest reserves. It is an offence, punishable with up to 6 month imprisonment, to cut FINAL REVISED REPORT 17 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) down trees over 2ft in height or to set fire to the forest except under special circumstances. 2.2.5. The Endangered Species Act CAP E9, LFN 2004 This Act prohibits, except under a valid license, the hunting, capture or trade in animal species, either presently or likely to be in danger of extinction and defines the liability of any offender under this Act. It also provides for regulations to be made necessary for environmental prevention and control as regards the purposes of this Act. 2.2.6. The Nigerian Urban and Regional Planning Act, No 88 of 1992 This Act makes it mandatory for proposed development of certain categories including industries to have Environmental Impact Assessment as part of the Planning Approval Application. 2.2.7 The State Legislations In accordance with Section 24 of the FMEnv Act, Chapter 131 of the Laws of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, 1990, the State Environmental Protection Edicts are enacted. The edict empowers the state environmental protection agency to establish such environmental criteria, guidelines/specifications or standards for the protection of the state’s air, lands and waters as may be necessary to protect the health and welfare of the people. The functions of SEPAs among others include:  Routine liaison and ensuring effective harmonization with the FMEnv in order to achieve the objectives of the National Policy on the Environment;  Co-operate with the FMEnv and other relevant regulatory agencies in the promotion of environmental education;  Be responsible for monitoring compliance with waste management standards; and  Monitor the implementation of the EIA and Environmental Audit Report (EAR) guidelines and procedures on all developmental policies and projects within the State. 2.3 World Bank Environmental and Social Safeguard Policies The World Bank requires that an ESMF be prepared whenever the Bank’s OP 4.01 ‘’Environmental Assessment’’ is likely to be triggered for any proposed subproject where the exact dimensions and location of the subprojects is not yet defined so as to clarify the EIA development guidelines prior to appraisal of the project. A review of the proposed projects and a rapid assessment of the project locations in the participating states indicated that the World Bank Safeguard Policies listed below will be triggered. Additional Bank policies may apply while not all policies selected above may apply simultaneously as more detailed plans and designs for the proposed subprojects are laid down. Therefore, a complete description of the FINAL REVISED REPORT 18 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Bank safeguards and their triggers for applicability can be found on the World Bank’s official web site www.worldbank.org. 2.3.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01) This policy requires Environmental Assessment (EA) of projects proposed for the Bank financing so as to help ensure that the investments made are environmentally sound and sustainable. The EA is seen as tool to improve decision making, and as a process whose breadth, depth, and type of analysis depend on the nature, scale, and potential environmental impact of the proposed investments under the specific project. The EA process takes into account the natural environment (air, water, and land); human health and safety; social aspects (involuntary resettlement, vulnerable peoples, and cultural and archaeological property) and trans-boundary and global environmental aspects. The Bank Operational Policy 4.01 requires that the ESMF report must be disclosed as a separate and stand alone document by the Nigerian government and the Bank as a condition for bank appraisal. The disclosure should be both in Nigeria where it can be accessed by the general public and local communities and at the Info-shop of the World Bank. It is also a requirement of this policy that the date for disclosure must precede the date for appraisal of the program. The policy also calls for the RAAMP to be environmentally screened to determine the extent and type of the EA process required. In this regard, the World Bank system assigns a project to one of three project categories, as defined in Table 2.2: Table 2.2: World Bank Categorization of subprojects Category This category has mandatory full ESIA requirement for the investments “A� planned since the impacts are considered severe and adverse to the Projects environment and likely irreversible and diverse with attributes such as pollutant discharges large enough to cause degradation of air, water, or soil; large-scale physical disturbance of the site or surroundings; as well as including extraction, consumption or conversion of substantial amounts of natural resources; measurable modification of hydrological cycles; use of hazardous materials in more than incidental quantities; and involuntary displacement of people and other significant social disturbances. Category Under Category B an ESIA is not always required, but careful consideration “B� through Environmental Screening is required, and if founded necessary a Projects full EIA must be undertaken. Category B projects have impacts that are ‘less significant’ and not as sensitive, numerous, major or diverse. Few, if any, impacts are irreversible, and remedial measures can be more easily designed.’ Typical projects include rehabilitation, maintenance, or upgrades, rather than new construction. FINAL REVISED REPORT 19 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Category No ESIA or other analysis is required. Category C projects result in “C� negligible or minimal direct disturbance of the physical environment. Projects Typical projects include education, family planning, health, and human resource development. 2.3.2 Natural Habitats (OP 4.04) This Bank Operational Policy recognizes that conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long term sustainable development. The Bank therefore supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats. Natural habitats are land and water areas where (i) the ecosystems biological communities are formed largely by native plant and animal species, and (ii) human activity has not essentially modified the areas primary ecological functions. All natural habitats have important biological, social, economic, and existence value. Therefore, the Bank natural habitats operation policy (OP 4.04) is triggered in all cases where the proposed investments are likely to have potential adverse impacts on Nigeria’s natural habitats including wetlands, underground water sources, open water bodies, and forests. The Bank natural habitats operational policy requires that any activities funded under the RAAMP that adversely impacts these ecosystems, must have a successfully mitigation plan so as to maintain the overall balance and integrity of the ecosystems impacted. This requires that RAAMP designs appropriate conservation and mitigation measures to remove or reduce adverse impacts on these ecosystems or their functions, keeping such impacts within socially defined limits of acceptable change. Specific measures may depend on the ecological characteristics of the affected ecosystem. Such measures must include provision for monitoring and evaluation to provide feedback on conservation outcomes and to provide guidance for developing or refining appropriate corrective actions. Activities that risk significantly degrading or converting critical natural habitat will not be funded under the project. 2.3.3 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12) The objective of the Involuntary Resettlement Operation Policy (OP 4.12) is to avoid, where feasible, or minimize, while exploring all viable alternative project designs, displacement and having to resettle people. This policy is triggered in situations involving involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated parks and protected areas and or socioeconomic places. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts. Involuntary Operation Policy (OP 4.12) covers direct economic and social impacts that both result from Bank-assisted investment projects, and are caused by (a) the involuntary taking of land resulting in (i) relocation or loss of shelter; (ii) loss of assets or access to assets, or (iii) loss of income sources or means of livelihood, whether or not the affected persons must move to another location; or (b) the FINAL REVISED REPORT 20 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) involuntary restriction of access to legally designated parks and protected areas resulting in adverse impacts on the livelihoods of the displaced persons. For project activities that impact people and livelihoods in this way, RAAMP will have to comply with the requirements of the disclosed RPF and RAPs to comply with this policy. The Involuntary Resettlement Operational Policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments prior to project appraisal of proposed projects. OP 4.12 requires the displaced persons and their communities, and any host communities receiving them, are provided timely and relevant information, consulted on resettlement options, and offered opportunities to participate in planning, implementing, and monitoring resettlement. Appropriate and accessible grievance mechanisms are established for these groups. In new resettlement sites or host communities, infrastructure and public services are provided as necessary to improve, restore, or maintain accessibility and levels of service for the displaced persons and host communities. A stand-alone Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) has also been prepared and adopted to complement this ESMF to comply with Nigeria safeguards framework (national legislations and procedure on environmental and social) and to satisfy the requirements of the applicable World Bank environmental and social safeguards policies. The RPF therefore establishes standards and procedures for identifying the project affected persons (PAPs), mechanisms and processes for contesting the developed list, valuation of land and property thereon, communication of the processes and results, an elaborate grievance redress mechanism and process, and the preparation of Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), as required. The RAPs would be prepared by RAAMP participating states. In this case, the World Bank will review and also approve this RAP as a condition for RAAMP investments to be financed. 2.3.4 Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) The term “cultural resources� includes sites having archeological (prehistoric), paleontological, historical, religious, and unique natural values. The Bank’s general policy regarding cultural property is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. Specifically, the Bank (i) normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non-replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage; and (ii) will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. The management of cultural property of a country is the responsibility of the government. The government’s attention should be drawn specifically to what is known about the cultural resources aspects of the proposed project site and appropriate agencies, NGOs, or university departments should be FINAL REVISED REPORT 21 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) consulted; if there are any questions concerning cultural property in an area, a brief reconnaissance survey should be undertaken in the field by a specialist. 2.4 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL RISK MANAGEMENT POLICY FOR AGENCE FRANÇAISE DE DÉVELOPPEMENT (AFD)-FUNDED OPERATIONS In response to major challenges facing the world today, the primary purpose of French Official Development Assistance (ODA) is to promote economic, social, environmental and cultural dimensions of sustainable development in developing countries. The main objectives of French ODA are to fight against poverty and inequalities, including gender inequalities; to promote human rights, education and health; to support processes of ecological, energy, demographic, digital, territorial and participatory transitions; to prevent and respond to crisis; to encourage joint migration management. These objectives were confirmed during the Inter-ministerial Committee on International Cooperation and Development (CICID) held on 30 November 2016. Projects funded by Agence Française de Développement (AFD) contribute to France’s ODA strategy, the implementation of the 2030 global agenda and the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), as well as the 2015 Paris Climate Agreement. AFD mainstreams corporate social responsibility into its governance system and activities. In this context, AFD takes measures to assess and manage environmental and social risks for all AFD-funded operations. AFD has developed operating procedures to identify, prevent or mitigate environmental and social risks and impacts, as well as any human rights violation that could result from AFD-funded activities. However, any project co- founded by AFD and the World Bank, the AFD adopt the World Bank safeguard policies. The link below gives access to AFD safeguard policies. https://www.afd.fr/en/environmental-and-social-risk-management-policy-afd- funded-operations. 2.5 INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS The Nigerian government is an important player in the international support for the protection of the environment. As such, the country is a signatory to some international laws and conventions, which are targeted towards conservation and protection of the environment in order to ensure sustainable development. Such conventions and laws clearly state the responsibilities, attitudes, contributions, etc of signatory nations towards that particular cause. Some of the international conventions to which Nigeria is a signatory include: African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968; Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage, 1972; Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals, 1979; Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, 1987; The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, 1987; Basel Convention on the Control of Trans-boundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, 1987; The United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, 1994; The United Nations Convention on Climate Change, 1992; Endangered Species Act 11, 1985; FINAL REVISED REPORT 22 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) United Nations Guiding Principles on the Human Environment, 1972; Declaration of the United Nations Conference on Human Environment, 1972 etc. 2.6 HARMONIZATION OF NIGERIA EA GUIDELINES AND WORLD BANK EA GUIDELINES The Environmental Impact Assessment Act CAP E12 LFN 2004 requires that development projects be screened for their potential impact. Based on the screening, a full, partial, or no Environmental impact assessment may be required. Projects are classified under any of the three categories as follows:  Category I projects will require a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA).  Category II projects may require only a partial EIA, which will focus on mitigation and Environmental planning measures, unless the project is located near an environmentally sensitive area--in which case a full EIA is required.  Category III projects are considered to have “essentially beneficial impacts� on the environment, for which the Federal Ministry of the Environment will prepare an Environmental Impact Statement. With regard to environmental assessment, the World Bank has also categorized projects based on the type of EA required, namely:  Category A - projects are those whose impacts are sensitive, diverse, unprecedented, felt beyond the immediate project environment and are potentially irreversible over the long term. Such projects require full EA.  Category B - projects involve site specific and immediate project environment interactions, do not significantly affect human populations, do not significantly alter natural systems and resources, do not consume much natural resources (e.g., ground water) and have adverse impacts that are not sensitive, diverse, unprecedented and are mostly reversible. Category B projects will require partial EA, and environmental and social action plans.  Category C - Projects are mostly benign and are likely to have minimal or no adverse environmental impacts. Beyond screening, no further EA action is required for a Category C project, although some may require environmental and social action plans.  Category FI - A proposed project is classified as Category FI if it involves investment of Bank funds through a financial intermediary, in road projects that may result in adverse environmental impacts. The World Bank categorization ( A, B, & C) corresponds in principle with the Nigeria EIA requirements of Category I, II and III, which in actual practice is done with regard to the level of impacts associated with a given project. An ESIA or FINAL REVISED REPORT 23 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) ESMP is prepared for the proposed project and subjected to an appraisal process and in line with specific country requirements to produce the final reports before project implementation can start. However, in the event of divergence between the World Bank safeguard policies and the Nigerian EA laws, the World Bank safeguard policies shall take precedence over Nigeria EA laws, guidelines and or standards. The EA procedures of Nigeria and the World Bank are summarized in Table 2.3 and highlighted in Fig.2.1. As shown in Fig. 2.1, the World Bank safeguard policies and the Nigerian EA laws procedures are similar. In Nigeria, a proposed project starts with a feasibility study followed by submission of a draft EIA Report which is appraised in a panel/public review and the findings incorporated into project design with the preparation of the final EIA Report. Thereafter, an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) or Permit is issued and project can proceed to obtain other construction permits. A World Bank ESIA report is disclosed according to country disclosure procedures and at the Banks external website before project implementation can commence. FINAL REVISED REPORT 24 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Fig. 2.1: Integration of WB EA Requirements with Nigeria EIA ACT. Table 2.3: Nigeria EA Guidelines and World Bank EA Guidelines EIA STAGES NIGERIA EIA WB ESIA REMARKS Screening/categorization Category I, II, A, B, C Corresponds in principle and III done with regard to the magnitude of impact associated with a given project. Scooping (ToR) Required Required Environmental Baseline Required Required studies Assessment of Project Required with Required Required for ‘A’ discussions Alternatives project of alternative for project Justification includes a ‘Do nothing’ scenario Description of Impact Required Required Assessment and Mitigation measures Public consultation Required Required Monitoring Required Required Monitoring plan with specific indicators, frequency of measurements, estimated costs, institutional responsibilities FINAL REVISED REPORT 25 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 2.7 INSTITUTIONAL ANALYSIS An analysis of the applicable administrative and legal framework for this ESMF shows that there are adequate legal and regulatory instruments for environmental management in the participating states. The States have considerable experiences in the ESIA/EIA process. In addition to the National EIA law there exist important environmental laws and guidelines such as waste management law, forestry law, etc. The likely challenge could be in monitoring and enforcement due to inadequate capacity with regard to skill, knowledge, manpower and equipment. Therefore, enhancing the knowledge of project staff, especially those charged with the responsibility to implement safeguards instruments shall be paramount. The interaction with these officers (the environmental specialists in the States show that there are knowledge gaps that could impede the implementation of the instruments. Capacity building on environmental management will go a long way to ensure the adequacy. In addition, the selected staff from the State Ministries/Environmental Protection Agencies, LGAs, and other MDAs and CBO/NGOs will also need to be strengthened through training, capacity and awareness building on environmental management including legal requirements and ESIA/EIA methodology. CHAPTER 3: PROJECT DESCRIPTION FINAL REVISED REPORT 26 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 3.1 PROJECT COMPONENTS The project includes the following components: 3.1.1 Component 1: Farm to local agricultural market connectivity program - This component will finance the rehabilitation/upgrading of approximately a total of 3,550 km rural access roads and construction of about 130 river crossings in the 13 participating states. This intervention will increase connectivity/improve access to about 3,722 rural communities/villages and about 2,592 markets. This component will also finance expenses for supervision of the road rehabilitation and river crossings construction contracts. In the northern states (Kano, Katsina, Sokoto, Kebbi, Bauchi and Plateau) due to climatic condition, natural ground soil and availability of lateritic material, as well as the desire of the states to reach more rural population, earth/natural gravel road was identified as an appropriate standard. Sealing will be considered depending on the level of traffic, as well as topographic, environmental, health and safety considerations, including sealing of sections crossing villages/towns. Accordingly, in the northern states, this component will finance the rehabilitation/upgrading of approximately 300 km rural access roads and construction of about 10 river crossings in each state. In the southern states (Abia, Akwa Ibom, Kogi, Ogun, Oyo, Kwara and Ondo), due to climatic condition, which is dominated by high intensity and long duration rain period, low volume sealed road option was identified as an appropriate standard. Accordingly, in the southern states, this component will finance the rehabilitation/upgrading of approximately 250 km rural access roads and construction of about 10 river crossings in each state. Access Roads Improvement Planning Process and Enhancing Climate Resilience: The State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) have identified about 500 km of access roads using a multi-criteria analysis focused on strategic value chains production and agro-logistics, as well as reducing isolation. The SPIUs will further prioritize the identified roads and prepare concept design and bidding documents, out of which a package of 300 km and 250 km of access roads will be selected for improvement, respectively for the northern and southern states. In addition, the SPIUs will prioritize and prepare design and bidding documents for about 10 river crossings in each participating state. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) and SPIUs will develop a GIS based database for the rural access and state roads, giving priority to the 500-km set of roads. The database shall include electronic records of the existing road condition (photos), strategic value chains, land use, markets and services (hospitals, etc) along the road segment. An Electronic Project Management System (ePMS) will be developed to support the monitoring of physical and financial progress, quality of works and safeguards. FINAL REVISED REPORT 27 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) The contract administration module will be backed by digital photos of the pavement and bridge structures construction at all stages, as well as records of payments to contractors. The safeguards monitoring module will have digital records of land acquisition; Labor Influx, including Gender Based Violence (GBV)- Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA); Bio-Engineering Solutions; Occupational Health and Safety (OHS); Community Health and Safety (CHS); Worksites Incidence Reporting, etc. created as sub-modules. The ePMS will set-up a web based platform for citizen engagement, operational Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), Beneficiary Assessment and Social Survey. The ePMS will also have a module for monitoring the agro-logistics aspects of this Project. These tasks will be carried out by a block allocation to be provided to undertake planning tasks (studies, design, procurement, baseline data survey and systems development) This component will apply the funds from the climate resilience co-benefits for the provision of technical advisory services to: (i) take in to account the climate adaptation dimensions of the drainage structures to extreme rainfall variability; (ii) prepare design for making roads, bridges/river crossings and drainage structures climate change resilient; (iii) develop monitoring indicators and methodology for climate change mitigation and adaptation measures for transportation services and output and performance-based contracting approach; and (iv) supervise the work contracts and develop the project monitoring system to ensure accountability in managing works. 3.1.2 Component 2: Connecting Farms to Rural Agro-Logistics Centers This component will finance: (i) The establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas; (ii) Provision of Technical Assistance (TA) to ensure effective utilization of the facilities at the agro-logistics centers and enhance the engagement of women and young girls at the centers; and (iii) Provision of TA and simple post-harvest implements to women and young girls in households within the influence areas of the rural access roads to be rehabilitated under this Project. This component also finances expenditures for designing the facilities at the pilot centers/hubs, as well as supervision. 3.1.2.1 Sub-component 2.1: Establishing Agro-Logistics Centers: The focus will be on upgrading the existing traditional markets into agro-logistics centers/hubs. The rural agro-logistics centers/hubs will be provided at two levels. FINAL REVISED REPORT 28 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Lower level centers at primary markets close to the small family farms, hereinafter, called “primary agro-logistics centers�, serving as points for aggregation, storage and marketing consumables, as well as a digital platform for exchange of commodities and market information. Medium level centers/hubs serving cluster of agro-logistics areas located close to processing plants and consumer markets, hereinafter called “primary agro-logistics centers�. To ensure delivery of agricultural services that require sufficient scale, the secondary agro- logistic centers also provide a platform/space for delivering agricultural inputs, agricultural technology, credit, veterinary services, market and production information, etc., while the facilities and services will be provided by the private sector. The number and locations, as well as the model facilities to be provided at the pilot agro-logistics centers have been determined by the state level agro-logistics studies. Accordingly, about six (6) agro-logistics centers (three (3) primary and there (3) secondary agro-logistics centers) have been prioritized. The project considers financing the provision of basic infrastructure and model facilities, including: access roads to the centers; loading unloading facilities and space; credit facility for purchasing tri-cycle pickups or other appropriate means of transportation to be identified by the agro-logistics study; site and services (ground leveling and paving, perimeter fencing, power generators; water and sanitation); offices and market sheds; storage facilities; preservation facilities; and connection to high speed internet. The Project will establish model primary processing facilities for clearing, grading and packaging/bagging, including airtight sacking, based on the recommendation of the agro-logistics study. The facilities to be provided at the primary and secondary agro-logistics centers would vary depending on the need of the specific center. The facilities would also vary depending on the specific value chains to be promoted by each state. The model primary processing facilities will be leased and operated by women entrepreneurs that will engage young girls. Priority will also be given to lease out the sheds to current retailers at the traditional markets, whom are mainly women. Depending on the specific demand of the subject agro-logistics centers, availability of resources and potential for attracting private investment, the States, with the support of the project, could provide space and incentives for private processors to establish processing facilities. Group of women and young girls will be encouraged to participate as private entrepreneurs and trained to develop and provide the services. 3.1.2.2 Sub-component 2.2: Enhancing the performance of the agro- logistics centers and empowering women by developing strategies for marketing and facilities management; packages for off-agriculture season income and employment generation activities; creating digital FINAL REVISED REPORT 29 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) commodity exchange platforms; as well as provision of TA and seed capital. This include: (i) developing a commodity marketing and facilities management strategy that engages women and young girls in the ownership and employment in the facilities and Small and Medium Level Enterprises (SMEs); (ii) developing strategies for off-agricultural season engagement of the entrepreneurs and employees at the agro-logistics centers (including identifying potential nonagricultural produce and services, and developing skills training modules); (iii) agro-logistics centers financing studies and developing credit facility delivery mechanisms to women entrepreneurs and group of young-boys for the purchase of appropriate means of transportation; (iv) developing a model/template lease agreement for leasing out the model facilities to women entrepreneurs; (v) create a simple application/trade portal connecting the entrepreneurs at the center, as well as the rural households to whole sellers in the major domestic markets and processing plants; (vi) TA in support of leasing the model facilities and starting business, giving priority to women and young girls, as well as current retailers; (vii) provision of seed capital/credit through local banks; (viii) engaging women and young girls (not attending school) in off-agriculture season farm level income and employment generating activities and provision of associated skills development training; (ix) monitoring the effectiveness of the center by evaluating the increase in volume of traded agricultural commodity, improvement in quality and increase in price of commodities. 3.1.2.3 Sub-component 2.3: Provision of TA and post-harvest implements to women and young girls and creating off-agriculture season income and employment generating activities: This sub-component supports the provision of TA and implements for farm Level post-harvest agro-logistics services for women and young girls in households within the influence areas of the rural access roads to be rehabilitated under this Project. For example, the type of TA and implements to be provided under the Project is demonstrated using tomato value chain. According to the findings of Agrofair (www.agrofair.nl) of The Netherlands, carrying out a research project on the reduction of post-harvest losses (PHL) for tomato growers in Nigeria, tomato PHL are estimated to be as high as 40% - 50%, mainly due to poor transport conditions (bad roads) and packing facilities (raffia baskets). The Project intends to provide TA to women and young girls on tomato preservation and primary processing at farm level. The support for fresh tomato farm level processing, including: grading, cleaning, packing in crates or raffia, aggregation at cooperative level or Agro-logistics centers and transportation to the tomato paste processing plants within 24 hours will reduce post-harvest losses and help the produces get better price. To ensure just-in-time delivery of fresh tomato to agro- logistics centers/ aggregation points and processing plants the project will provide seed money to deploy appropriate means of transportation, such as tri-wheeler pickups that could be operated with group of young boys from the same FINAL REVISED REPORT 30 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) households and community. In addition, the Project will advise women and young girls to produce tomato off the rainy season, in irrigated fields or using ground water and supply to the processing centers that are obliged to close the plants due to lack of fresh tomato. This will help the producers get good price and have stable income and jobs throughout the year. Further, to enhance preservation of tomato, the project will support women and young girls to practice hygienic sun drying by using simple tarpaulin /canvas placed on bare earth, de moisturized packaging, aggregation and bulk delivery. The economic empowerment of women and young girls’ initiative attempts to address the income and employment gap during the off-agriculture season, in rural areas where non rain fed agriculture is practiced. This includes generating off-agriculture season farm level income and employment by engaging women and young girls (not attending school) in non-agricultural production and services delivery and developing training modules for the associated skills. The project will develop a simple app (digital trade platform) that could connect the women and young girls to processing plants, wholesalers and distributors at major domestic markets, and become out-growers and suppliers. The project will also finance technical assistance (TA) to be provided to farmers, intermediaries, small scale processors and key stakeholders. The TA could include legal advice to cooperatives. Attention will be given to help farmers willing to organize in professional associations (cooperatives, union or others). 3.1.3 Component 3: Strengthening the Financial and Institutional Base for Sustainably Maintaining Rural Access and State Roads, Including Support for: (a) Establishing a State Road Fund (SRF) to finance state roads and rural roads; (b) Designating a state rural access and state roads (herein after called State and Rural Roads Administration entity (SRRA); and (c) Establishing a functional Road Asset Management System (RAMS) that will generate an annual prioritized investment and maintenance plan, and mainstreaming the plan in the state budgetary process. Upon achieving the core outputs, each state will receive about US$2 million to carryout periodic and routine maintenance on about 50 km of selected rural access roads. The periodic mechanized maintenance will be carried out by small to medium contractors while the routine maintenance will be carried out by micro-enterprises and community based road maintenance groups, whose members shall be at least 50 percent women and young girls. 3.1.4 Component 4: Institutional Development, Road Safety and Project Management Support: FINAL REVISED REPORT 31 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) In addition to enhancing Road Safety on rural and state roads, the project will have provision for Technical Assistance (TA) for institutional development designed to strengthen the implementing entities and enhance organizational effectiveness and individual skills development. 3.1.4.1 Sub-component 4.1: Institutional Development and Project Management, including support to the provision of Technical Assistance (TA) for institutional development, designed to strengthen implementing entities and enhance organizational effectiveness and individual skills to support the achievement of the Disbursement Linked Indicators (DLIs) and the project outputs defined above. The institutional development and project management support covers: (i) Operating costs; (ii) Engagement of TA consultants in the areas of procurement, engineering and safeguards monitoring; (iii) Training for the State Project Implementing Units (SPIUs) staff and the Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU); (iv) Engaging an independent international technical audit firm; (v) Studies and TA to prepare follow-on RAAMP operations; (vi) TA to undertake rural infrastructure and agro-logistics improvement studies; (vii) Technical and Financial Audit; (viii) Gender analysis; and (ix) Monitoring and Evaluation, including conducting development impact evaluation. 3.1.4.2 Sub-component 4.2: Pilot Road Safety Initiatives to Establish Crash Database and Data Management System and Road Safety Audit. In four pilot states (Kano, Plateau, Oyo and Abia) the project will support the establishment of crash database and data management system to better understand the nature, causes and locations of road accidents along the rural and state roads network and prepare an action plan that will be implemented under the leadership of the state police. Road Safety assessment/audit applying iRAP will be conducted on the about 1,200 km rural roads and about 400 km state roads in the four pilot states. 3.1.4.3 Sub-component 4.3: Block Preparation Fund to Pre- Finance Output Associated Studies, Planning (Prioritization, Design and Procurement), Systems Development and Safeguards Instruments Development Required for the Entire Project (Both Tranches). The activities are summarized as follows:  Activity 1: Final prioritization, concept design and preparation of bidding documents for the 500 km of rural access roads, in each participating state, and determining the sections to be rehabilitated/upgraded under tranche 1 and tranche 2; (ii) preparation of safeguard instruments for the roads to be rehabilitated, including undertaking independent safeguards review; (iii) FINAL REVISED REPORT 32 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) developing ePMS with all the modules for all the components; (iv) establishing GIS based roads database for the entire state rural roads network in the participating states; and (v) provision of technical advisory services on climate resilience, using the funds (USD100,000) from the climate resilience co- benefits. The TA is outlined under component 1 above.  Activity 2: (i) State level agro-logistics studies verification; concentration workshops and studies for the establishment of a transparent, inclusive governance framework for each hub; concept design and bidding document preparation for the agro-logistics centers to be established under tranche 1 and 2; (iii) developing a commodity marketing and facilities management strategy; (iv) developing strategies for off-agricultural season engagement of the entrepreneurs and employees at the agro-logistics centers; (v) agro- logistics centers financing studies and developing credit facility delivery mechanisms to women entrepreneurs and group of young-boys for the purchase of appropriate means of transportation; (vi) developing a model/template lease agreement for leasing out the model facilities to women entrepreneurs; (vii) create a simple application/digital trade portal for the agro-logistics centers and rural households; (viii) developing the TA package for farm level agro-logistics services; (ix) developing strategies for off- agricultural season engagement of the women and young girls (not attending school) at farm level and associated skills training modules.  Activity 3: (i) studies and drafting of legislation for establishing State Road Fund (SRF) and designation of State and Rural Roads Administration (SRRA), including model performance agreement to be signed between the SRF and SRRA; and (ii) development/adoption of Road Asset Management System (RAMS), including preparation of a maintenance plan.  Activity 4: (i) baseline survey on the proposed outcome (PDO), output and impact indicators; (ii) gender analysis; and (ii) studies and TA that will help the FPMU and SPIUs deliver the agreed outputs. 3.1.4.4 Sub-component 4.4: Climate Resilience. This component will also build on capacity and training provided under the previous World Bank and French Development Agency (AFD) - financed RAMP2, including the following activities: (i) strengthening of the climate change responsiveness institutional capacity of the road sector agencies; (ii) increasing awareness activities on climate change and adaptation for the staff of road sector agencies, as well as SPIU and contractors; and (iii) providing On-the-Job training in preventive measure for climate change. It is to be noted that detailed Environmental and Social Impact Assessments (ESIAs), Environmental and Social Management Plans (ESMPs) and/or Resettlement Action Plan (RAPs), as needed, will be carried out by the Government of the respective participating States for all project activities that FINAL REVISED REPORT 33 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) trigger them. All relevant documents will be disclosed in-country and at the Bank’s Info-shop before specific works could start. 3.2 ANALYSIS OF PROJECT ALTERNATIVES Introduction Analysis of alternatives is done to establish the preferred or most environmentally sound, financially feasible and benign option for achieving project objectives. This requires a systematic comparison of proposed investment design in terms of site, technology, processes etc in terms of their impacts and feasibility of their mitigation, capital, recurrent costs, suitability under local conditions and institutional, training and monitoring requirements. For each alternative, the environmental/social cost should be quantified to the extent possible and economic values attached where feasible, and the basis for selected alternative stated. The analysis of alternative should include a NO ACTION alternative. The following alternative actions were considered for the study areas – No Action Alternative The “No Action� alternative assumes that there will be no improvement in rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. Negative environmental effects of this option will include further deterioration or rural access roads, impeded access to farmers, post-harvest losses and economic losses to the local economy. A no-action alternative is certainly not recommended. The Delayed Project Alternative. This option implies that the planned RAAMP will be delayed until a much later date. Such option is usually taken when conditions are unfavorable for project implementation. For instance, in a situation where there is war or the proposed project areas are deeply resentful of the project. Also, if the economics of the project are unacceptable or unattractive at the time, then a delay may be feasible. But none of these conditions are applicable. In fact, on the contrary, both the economics and the political environment are favorably disposed towards the project. The delayed project alternative is therefore rejected. The ‘Project may proceed as proposed’ Alternative. In order to address the infrastructural deficit of the country and enhance economic growth, the Federal Government of Nigeria has proposed RAAMP This would serve as a catalyst for economic integration and thus bring the much needed economic growth and development of the country at large. With the other project alternatives disposed off, the project therefore can proceed as proposed. FINAL REVISED REPORT 34 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 3.3 CHARACTERISTICS OF ROAD NETWORK IN THE BENEFICIARY STATES Agriculture is an important economic sector in all the RAAMP participating states, with typical crop production of rice, cassava, sorghum, palm oil and livestock. The road network is relatively dense but highly deteriorated, causing major bottlenecks to the transport of agricultural outputs to markets or crop processing areas. A few of the state roads are paved and almost all rural roads are earth roads. Rehabilitation or construction works from the proposed sub-projects are expected to have a significant impact in the targeted areas. Investments would be concentrated in the areas of higher agricultural production, building on the strategic priorities of Nigeria’s Agriculture Transformation Agenda, with due attention paid to connectivity to the rest of the road network and or marketing and processing centres. Such a critical mass of infrastructure investments is needed in order to overcome possible threshold effects, as opposed to dispersed road investments. 3.4 ROAD SELECTION IN THE RAAMP STATES In each state, a project prioritization study was conducted in order to prioritize intervention areas based on a combination of selection criteria including the population of the communities living along the links, agricultural production, environmentally sensitive areas, markets and community preferences. Secondly, priority rural roads were identified within each prioritization area, using criteria such as connectivity, traffic levels, rural transport hubs or connection to processing facilities. Each state has used the results from these prioritization studies in order to come out with a list of projects under the RAAMP scheme. The list of the projects under RAAMP was reconfirmed through field visits. As part of project preparation, detailed design studies and safeguards studies are being prepared, financed by a Project Preparation Advance, so that the rehabilitation/construction works of these identified prioritized projects can be ready to be procured by project’s approval. 3.5 APPLICABLE SAFEGUARD POLICIES The four safeguard policies that may be triggered by the proposed projects are: Environmental Assessment (OP/BP 4.01), Natural Habitat (OP/BP 4.04), Physical Cultural Resources (OP/BP 4.11) and Involuntary Resettlement (OP/BP 4.12). Attentions to these safeguard policies will ensure that environmental and social issues are evaluated in the decision making, help reduce and manage the risks associated with the RAAMP Project and Provide a mechanism for consultation and disclosure of information. This is highlighted in Table 3.1. Table 3.1: Likely Triggered Safeguard Policies with RAAMP FINAL REVISED REPORT 35 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Safeguard Triggered Applicability to How Project Address Policy Policies by the Project Requirements? Project? Yes No Environmental [x] [] Construction of To mitigate this risk, specific procedures Assessment Agro logistic hub, (such as chance find procedures) have (OP/BP 4.01) Road been included in the ESMF. construction/reha Site specific mitigations in the ESMP will bilitation works ensure that identified impacts are could trigger site- adequately mitigated. specific impacts. Potential impacts include influx of people, hygiene/sanitatio n, social conflicts, noise by machineries and dust during construction and rehabilitation works. Natural [X ] [] Some of the To mitigate this risk, The ESMP will Habitats road/bridge ensure that impacts on natural habitats (OP/BP 4.04) construction/reha are mitigated by: bilitation and (i) Identifying natural habitats in project agrologistics sites hubs construction (ii) Preparing management measures for activities will roads/bridges passing through natural have impacts on habitats, such as monitoring and natural habitats. minimizing access to natural habitats, The ESMPs will sensitization campaigns, etc.. ensure that impacts on natural habitats will be mitigated Pest [] [x] NA NA Management (OP 4.09) Physical [x] [] The participating To mitigate this risk, specific procedures Cultural states have rich (such as chance find procedures) has Resources cultural heritage been included in the ESMF (OP/BP 4.11) resources and some road works/constructio n and agrologistics FINAL REVISED REPORT 36 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Safeguard Triggered Applicability to How Project Address Policy Policies by the Project Requirements? Project? Yes No hubs may be located in the area of influence of some sites. Involuntary [x] [] Interventions A standalone RPF shall be prepared Resettlement could lead to alongside this ESMF. It shall outline the (OP/BP 4.12) restriction of resettlement process in terms of access to sources procedures for preparing and approving of livelihoods. Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs), There could be institutional arrangements, likely encroachment to categories of affected people, eligibility farmlands criteria and categories, compensation rates, methods of valuing affected assets, community participation and information dissemination, Grievance Redress Mechanism and effective monitoring and evaluation. These arrangements are to ensure that there is a systematic process (as against an ad hoc one) for the different stages of implementation of a framework that assures participation of affected persons, involvement of relevant institutions and stakeholders, adherence to both World Bank and Government procedures and requirements. *NA= Not Applicable 3.6 SUSTAINABILITY OF RAAMP The environmental and social sustainability of the Sub projects shall be best assessed within the context of the overall program sustainability. Ensuring the sustainability of the proposed RAAMP projects shall be one of the most critical challenges. The Nigeria experience has shown that rural roads investments can be quickly lost if no sound and durable road maintenance mechanism is put in place. In acknowledging the complexity of this issue and the need to promote full ownership by state and local stakeholders, the proposed project has incorporated the establishment of a State Road Fund, designation of a State rural access administrating body and routine maintenance to be carried out by micro-enterprises and community based road maintenance groups. This approach is expected to contribute to the establishment in each participating state a sound maintenance mechanism. Community-based road maintenance has been widely and successfully used all over the world to maintain rural roads. In Latin America, countries like Peru have FINAL REVISED REPORT 37 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) put in place over the past 15 years, about 700 community-based microenterprises for road maintenance. These microenterprises are currently maintaining about 15,000 km of rural roads, resulting in an optimized life-cycle for these infrastructures. In addition to preserving road assets, these community-based schemes have been found to create numerous employment opportunities for men and women from poor rural communities living aside from the roads. While the proposed project will promote the use of community-based road maintenance, flexibility will be kept to adopt alternative road maintenance strategies. Osun state is the lead state to implement the community-based road maintenance scheme under a similar program – Rural Access Mobility Project (RAMP) in 2012 for the 12 km-long rural Pataara – Iwo road. This initiative is expected to be replicated in all the participating states. 3.6.1 Successes and Lessons Learnt Under RAMP 2 i) Environment and Social Safeguards Compliance - Lessons Learnt:  Consultation and sensitization process enhanced the perception of the local population about the RAMP-2 and strengthened sense of ownership, which was expressed by the strong cooperation and support of the local community leaders and the population to the contractors.  Consultations with Project Affected People (PAPs) by SPIUs helps to focus on livelihood restoration as demonstrated in Niger and Osun with advanced civil works.  Allocation of adequate counterpart funds for implementation of ARAPs: Due to the financial constraint the SPIUs, except Osun State, are not receiving adequate counterpart funds and delays in the implementation of ARAPs could affect the smooth progress of construction activities and contractors have to skip sites where the Right Of Way is not clear. Implementation of ARAPs may have to compete for funds with salaries of the staff of SPIUs and highly likely lose to the latter.  Recording sensitive social and environmental issues: The absence of a photograph showing the presence of the alleged orchard and lack of signed minutes of consultations with local communities on handling shrines in Enugu State has protracted the finalization of the ARAP.  Continuous dialogue with contractors enhances safeguards compliance - The HIV/AIDS prevention awareness helped in sensitizing contractors’ workers and the local community.  Suppressing dust to reduce health hazard: Local communities living in villages and small towns along the rehabilitated roads complained about the effect of dust on health of residents and hygiene. o Controlling effects of erosion - Nigeria is endowed with Intensive rain that stretches over four to five months. However, drainage structures are not normally designed based on hydrological analysis and there is no adequate drainage facility in many of FINAL REVISED REPORT 38 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) the roads under rehabilitation. As a result, erosion is creating gullies and siltation is blocking cross drains, impeding natural flow of streams.  Reinstating Borrow Sites and Proper Disposal of Unsuitable Material - Contractors are not often removing waste material from excavation away from the road, while contractors could stock such materials near borrow sites for a later reinstatement or spread the unsuitable material, which is commonly agriculture friendly on the nearby land or dispose at appropriate places.  Strengthening Gender Aspects - The inclusion of women in the community maintenance contracting groups is encouraging.  Stronger social safeguards monitoring capacity critical for effective consultation, implementation of mitigation measures and ensuring compliance The safeguard officers of the SPIUs have played critical role in the consultation and sensitization of local communities and contractors. They are also leading the implementation of the ARAPs and ESMPs satisfactorily. ii) Recommendations a) The SPIU core staff requires urgent additional technical assistants in project management, procurement, financial management as well as training in the use of modern work tools and methods. b) Although the SPIUs have supervision consultants for its works contracts, there are complaints that the consultants are mostly not on site. Therefore, the FPMU engineers should endeavour to visit the SPIUs/Project sites on quarterly basis for oversight functions to ensure that the SPIUs and their supervision consultants are complying with the design standards and maintenance activities. In addition, the supervision consultants should have social specialists on their team with knowledge of GBV. c) SPMCs, SPIUs and their respective State Ministries should continue advocacy visits to key members of the State Executive Council and legislators for the budgeting and release of counterpart funds on time to enable scaling-up on maintenance activities. d) Goods, works, non-consulting services, and consultants’ services under Part 2 (Component 2- Community-based maintenance and annual mechanized) of the Project will be financed by IDA i.e. 100% for expenditure incurred through June 30, 2015; thereafter 50% for expenditures incurred through June 30, 2017; and thereafter 0%. This provision of the finance agreement requires amendment of date for this clause to accommodate all participating states since they are lagging behind on the two subcomponents. e) With the exception of Osun State, counterpart fund contributions by the state governments did not match the budgeted amounts each year and this may jeopardize sustainability of the project due since scaling up maintenance activities require additional counterpart funding. It is recommended that State Governments increase counterpart funding to enable the SPIUs increase FINAL REVISED REPORT 39 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) maintenance activities in their respective states for the sustainability of the project. iii) Environment and Social Safeguards Compliance: � Allocation of Adequate Counterpart Funds for Implementation of ARAPs - The Federal Ministry of Finance and the FPMU (with the support of the Federal Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development) shall follow–up regularly, counterpart funds allocation issues with the participating State Governments. � Recording Sensitive Social and Environmental Issues - SPIUs have to draw lessons from these and ensure that written evidence and photographs support all sensitive social and environmental issues. � Continuous dialogue and sensitization of contractors should continue to enhance safeguards Compliance, including on topics related to HIV and GBV, including sexual exploitation and abuse. � Suppressing dust to reduce health hazard - the SPIUs should install speed- calming measures to suppress the dust. Also, SPIUs with the support of the State Government may consider sealing at least the road sections crossing villages and townships. Moreover, the FPMU in consultation with the appropriate federal and state ministries shall adopt a design standard that will address dust issues. � Controlling effects of erosion - SPIUs have to invest sufficient resources in designing and constructing adequate drainage facilities and control erosion. � Reinstating borrow sites and proper disposal of unsuitable material - As the road rehabilitation contracts are completed, the SPIUs and the supervision consultants should ensure that all borrow sites are properly reinstated and covered with vegetation. � Strengthening Gender Aspects - The SPIUs should consider increasing the participation of women in maintenance by trying to address the barriers that women face to participate. For instance, the development of gender sensitive recruitment and retention strategies and an Action Plan can contribute to address these barriers and enhance women’s participation. Also, during road prioritization, women groups should be consulted in setting priorities and inclusion of specific transport demands of women, elderly people, children and people with disabilities. In particular, women groups should be consulted during identification and prioritization of river crossings in order to give attention to river crossings providing access to health facility for women in labor, during the rainy season and taking into account women’s personal security needs. � Stronger social safeguards monitoring capacity critical for effective consultation, implementation of mitigation measures and ensuring compliance - In the absence of equally competent social development expertise and environmental expertise, the SPIUs and FPMU are advised to engage, a Social Safeguards Officer and an Environmental Safeguards Officer and should in place at all times. FINAL REVISED REPORT 40 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) iv) Need for Project Time Extension. Based on information from the participating states, the outstanding project component activities cannot be completed before the 31st December 2018 as planned. It is suggested that an additional 24 months of project closing date will be required to complete all activities planned for all the components. 3.6.2 Utilisation of Community-based Maintenance In order to leverage the impact and sustainability of road rehabilitation, the project will engage communities in the maintenance of rehabilitated roads. Community-based maintenance schemes have been piloted in Osun State in 2012. These schemes have considerable potential to enhance community ownership and the sustainability of the roads. The following aspects appear to be critical to the success of community-based maintenance schemes: 1. Reliance on existing community structures and consensus: The pilots shall rely on existing community structures (in particular community leaders) for the selection of members in the maintenance gangs. Decisions on selection remain largely consensus-based and the main selection criterion is the perceived capacity of community members to engage in maintenance activities. While the introduction of formal selection criteria will be examined (in particular to support the inclusion of youth, women and possibly strengthen the focus on unemployed community members), it is expected that the project will, as much, as possible, limit its interference in the design of the selection process, to ensure it remains community-led and owned. (Additional efforts will be carried out to promote an inclusive selection criteria, for instance through the gender sensitization of community leaders). Similarly, with regards to the functioning of the maintenance gangs, decisions shall be consensus-based, and processes shall remain largely informal. The project shall explore the development of guidelines with gender perspective for the functioning and management of the maintenance gangs but will look at formalizing existing tacit mechanisms rather than imposing exogenous practices. 2. Building on available community expertise and knowledge: The project shall build on existing expertise and knowledge within the sub projects host communities who were beneficiaries of similar World Bank-assisted project. Further linkages between an established community expertise and nearby project in other communities shall be explored, including facilitating the access of the maintenance gang to the micro-loans and technical assistance. Contact with women community based organizations will be key for the design and implementation of the project. 3. Exploring sustainable practices for financing and mobilization: The sub projects will explore ways to ensure the sustainability of maintenance gangs. The project will look at their financial sustainability: schemes for group savings will be discussed with communities and opportunities to invest such FINAL REVISED REPORT 41 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) savings, whether to maintain the tools used for their current operations or to invest in other productive activities, examined. The Project will also look at the structural sustainability of maintenance gangs, in particular through supporting linkages to existing community structures and conducting studies to assess opportunities and challenges for the involvement of local governments (LGs) in supporting community-based maintenance schemes. 4. Building knowledge on community-based maintenance in Nigeria: The community-based maintenance schemes are an innovative feature of this Project. There is little experience of and knowledge on such schemes in Nigeria. In order to inform project implementation, and more broadly participate in building a body of knowledge on community-based maintenance in Nigeria, the project will put in place a basic tracking system to document the social and technical performance of community-based maintenance schemes. Simple indicators shall include the average duration of community members’ employment in the gangs, the punctuality of monthly salary payments, the percentage of income saved by the groups, or the percentage of maintenance tools unrepaired. 3.6.3 RAAMP - A Catalyst for Enhancing Rural Development and Growth The project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas, rehabilitate prioritized river crossings based on Design, Build and Maintain (DBM) approach. The project, in addition, shall give special attention to the gender dimension, since routine maintenance contracts could offer employment opportunities to poor women living in the communities aside from the roads. Routine maintenance is generally highly labour-intensive (about one full-time, permanent equivalent worker per km of road) and it does not require a qualified labour force. In addition, in case a potential strategic partnership could be established with an existing community development program, the possibility of establishing synergies with other rural development initiatives will be explored. Such synergies could for example include the construction of small productive infrastructure (markets, bus stations, storage facilities) to complement the improvement of transport conditions in the areas where the proposed project would intervene, and seek an increased impact on agricultural marketing and rural poverty. Some of this however, will be done on RAAMP funds on Component 2. Such mechanisms – named Local Development Window or Territorial Development Window and based on Community Driven Development (CDD) principles, have been successfully used in other rural transport programs. This option will be explored during project preparation with the understanding that the objective is not to create a new CDD FINAL REVISED REPORT 42 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) mechanism in Nigeria but rather to build a strategic partnership with an existing program. 3.6.4 Role conflicts across MDAs - Participation Agreement To continually avoid any role conflict in implementing the projects according to the agreed terms and conditions, the existing agreement/harmonious relationship between the Implementing Agencies and other MDAs should further be reinforced to outline the tasks, responsibilities, schedules, procedures, deliverables, etc., required for preparation and implementation of the approved projects. CHAPTER 4: ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL BASELINE 4.0 INTRODUCTION This Chapter describes the overall baseline condition of Nigeria and the RAAMP participating states in particular in terms of bio-physical environment, as well as the socio-economic attributes. 4.1 PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT Nigeria is located in West Africa on the Gulf of Guinea between Benin and Cameroon. Size: Nigeria has an area of 923,768 square kilometers, including about 13,000 square kilometers of water. Nigeria shares borders with Cameroon FINAL REVISED REPORT 43 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (1,690 kilometers) in the East; Chad (87 kilometers) in the North East; Niger (1,497 kilometers) in the North and Benin (773 kilometers) in the West. Nigeria’s coastline along the Gulf of Guinea totals 853 kilometers. Nigeria claims a territorial sea of 12 nautical miles, an exclusive economic zone of 200 nautical miles, and a continental shelf to a depth of 200 meters or to the depth of exploitation. Nigeria is divided into thirty-six states and one Federal Capital Territory, which are further sub-divided into 774 Local Government Areas (LGAs). In some contexts, the states are aggregated into six geopolitical zones: North West, North East, North Central, South East, South South, and South West 4.1.1 Topography Nigeria has five major geographic regions: a low coastal zone along the Gulf of Guinea; hills and low plateaus north of the coastal zone; the Niger –Benue river valley; a broad stepped plateau stretching to the northern border with elevations exceeding 1,200 meters; and a mountainous zone along the eastern border, which includes the country’s highest point, Chappal Waddi (2,419 meters). 4.1.2 Hydrology Nigeria has two principal river systems: the Niger – Benue and the Chad. The Niger River, the largest in West Africa, flows 4,000 kilometers from Guinea through Mali, Niger, Benin, and Nigeria before emptying into the Gulf of Guinea. The Benue River and largest tributary flows 1,400 kilometers from Cameroon into Nigeria, where it empties into the Niger River. The country’s other river system involves various rivers that merge into the Yobe River, which then flows along the border with Niger and empties into Lake Chad. 4.1.3 Soil 4.1.4 Geology The Nigerian basement complex forms part of the Pan-African mobile belt and lies between the West African and Congo Cratons and south of the Tuareg Shield. It is intruded by the Mesozoic calc-alkaline ring complexes (Younger Granites) of the Jos Plateau and is unconformably overlain by Cretaceous and younger sediments. The Nigerian basement was affected by the 600 Ma Pan-African Orogeny and it occupies the reactivated region which resulted from plate collision between the passive continental margin of the West African Craton and the active Pharusian continental margin. The basement rocks are believed to be the results of at least four major orogenic cycles of deformation, metamorphism and remobilization corresponding to the Liberian (2,700 Ma), the Eburnean (2,000 Ma), the Kibaran (1,100 Ma), and the Pan-African cycles (600 Ma). The first three cycles were characterized by intense deformation and isoclinal folding accompanied by regional metamorphism, which was further followed by extensive Migmatization. FINAL REVISED REPORT 44 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) The Pan-African deformation was accompanied by a regional metamorphism, migmatization and extensive granitization and gneissification which produced syn- tectonic granites and homogeneous gneisses. Late tectonic emplacement of granites and granodiorites and associated contact metamorphism accompanied the end stages of this last deformation. The end of the orogeny was marked by faulting and fracturing within the basement complex of Nigeria four major petro- lithological units are distinguishable, namely: 1. Migmatite-Gneiss Complex (Migmatites, Gneisses, Granite -Gneisses) 2. Schist Belts (Metasedimentary and Metavolcanicrocks) (Phylites, Schists, Pelites, Quartzites, Marbles, Amphibolites) 3. Older Granites (Pan African Granitoids) (Granites, Granodiorites, Syenites, Monzonites, Gabbro, Charnockites). 4. Undeformed Acid and Basic Dykes (Muscovite-, tourmaline- and beryl-bearing pegmatites, applites and syenite dykes; basaltic, doleritic and lampropyric dykes). Fig. 4.1: Geological Map of Nigeria. Source: Omeje, 2013. FINAL REVISED REPORT 45 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 4.1.5 Seismic peak ground acceleration As no earthquakes happened since the foundation of Nigeria, no dedicated earthquake administrations are established to record data in this field and no seismic fortification is provided for local infrastructures like public works, roads, water and electricity works, the earthquake intensity in Nigeria could be considered as low intensity. Thus, seismic fortification is not considered in the ESMF. 4.1.6 Climate The climatic conditions of the RAAMP States like many parts of Nigeria are influenced by the North-South movement of a zone or surface of discontinuity (SD) between Maritime (Atlantic) air masses and dry continental (Sahara) air masses. The regular movement of these air masses creates distinct climatic seasons in the area. The influence resulting from existing seasonal winds, latitude, and apparent movement of the sun across the tropics and relative stability of the Inter Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) or Inter Tropical Front (ITF) over the area. The two dominating air mass are the drier Tropical Continental (TC) from the Sahara in the north and the humid Tropical Maritime (TM) from across the Atlantic Ocean in the south. An Inter Tropical Discontinuity (ITD) zone separates them. This zone oscillates seasonally depending on the apparent movement of the sun. The third air mass is the Equatorial Easterlies, a rather cool one that comes from the east and blows in the upper atmosphere along the Inter Tropical Zone of Convergence. Occasionally, it dives southwards undercutting either the tropical maritime or tropical continental air mass and gives rise to a line squall. The major climatic elements include rainfall, temperature, wind (speed and direction) and relative humidity. A minimum of 25 years data from the Nigeria Meteorological Agency (NIMET) shall be obtained for the sub-projects requiring Environmental Assessment (EA). Climatic elements to be studied and assessed include rainfall, wind speed and direction, relative humidity, temperature etc. 4.1.7 Air Quality and Noise Level Survey In-situ air quality assessment of project areas shall be conducted with the aid of digital equipment. The instruments are able to detect automatically (with the aid of sensors) the range of noxious gases present in the air, which is then read off automatically on the digital screen. The Gaseous parameters to be measured include the following, viz:  Carbon monoxide (CO)  Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)  Sulphur dioxide (SO2)  Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) FINAL REVISED REPORT 46 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  Oxygen  Ammonia  Methane (CH4) Since air quality parameters and noise levels are dynamic, real time values shall be obtained during the assessment reports. 4.2 BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT 4.2.1 Vegetation Nigerian vegetation Best known vegetations in Nigeria are (1) Savannah and (2) Forest. Forest is vegetation that is dominated by tall, mostly evergreen trees and there is hardly any grass to be found in the undergrowth. The undergrowth of evergreen woody species consist of trees, numerous shrubs and climbers, and few herbs. Fires are seldom seen in forest vegetation because the vegetation is too damp and the humidity too high. Fire lit by man as a prelude to farming could be seen. DIFFERENT FORMS Wood land: a lower growing, less dense and less luxuriant vegetation type compared to forest. Commonly seen as savannah wood land (wood land savannah) - a transition between forest and savannah vegetations. shrub is formed when the shrub layer or lower tree layer both form a canopy the upper tree layer being sparse and absent. Mostly found in local communities or disturbed ground and several forms are seen e.g shrub woodland, shrub grassland etc. Thicket describes pure local and limited clumps of dense shrub and climber’s vegetation and like shrub is usually found where biotic influences are heavy. Savannah: Originally called� savannah� is Caribbean word first used in grassland in which the herbs layer is 2feet 6in high forming a continuous ground cover. Both perennial and annual herbs are plentiful in the bare ground between the grass plants. There could be numerous shrubs up to 30 feet high each. Steppe: Originally a Russian term applied to the treeless temperate land of Russia and Siberia. In Nigeria only the Sahel zone has this type of vegetation (eg North –East Nigeria).The sparse grass is less than 2 feet 6 inch. VEGETATION ZONES OF NIGERIA These are; (a) Mangrove swamp forest (b) Dry coastal vegetation (c) Fresh water swamp forest (d) Moist low land forest (e) Forest savanna mosaic (f) North guinea savanna (g) Sudan savanna FINAL REVISED REPORT 47 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (h) Sahel steppe (i) Mountain vegetation The EA of sub projects shall give further specific details of the respective vegetation zones in specific sub project areas. 4.2.2 Fauna Uncontrolled development has been identified as one of the contributing factors that lead to the decline of wildlife habitats in the country. It is therefore imperative that impact of any development on the wildlife habitats should be evaluated before it is embarked upon. The studies on fauna are conducted by visual observation, and where necessary by information from the local people, especially hunters. The species present in all the subproject areas can be classified into major groups namely;  Herpetofauna  Invertebrates  Birds  Mammals Although there are laws protecting the wild animals, they are seriously hunted by the local hunters for meat and skin, which attract good market prices. a) Herpetofauna These animals are found both on land as well as in pools of water, and include species of amphibians and reptiles, namely, toads, frogs, snakes, skink and rainbow lizard. b) Invertebrates Insects make up the largest single group of animals that live in the subproject area. They include brightly colored butterflies, mosquitoes, camouflaged stick insects, and huge colonies of ants. Some invertebrates are present in very high number per 5m by 5m area such as the black ants, earthworm, termites’ woodlice and spiders. Present also are grasshoppers, millipedes and flies. The invertebrate fauna were the common and ubiquitous ones not deserving of any special conservation. Others include the Scorpion and the centipede. c) Birds Birds are present at both the Guinea and Sudan savanna with parrots and parakeets being dominant in numbers flying in small flocks or in pairs. The ‘ant bird’ are also evident especially after rainfall. The common birds include black kite, Egret, Robin, Song bird, Pigeon etc. d) Mammals The ground squirrel and bush rat are among the more frequently sighted mammals. Giant rat are recognized from their peculiar burrows and grass cutter from recently FINAL REVISED REPORT 48 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) eaten grass or cassava stem. Others include Hare, Shrew, Rat, Antelope, Porcupine and Wild cat. 4.3 SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT As a component of the Environmental Assessments (EAs), socioeconomic studies shall be conducted to assess the impact of the subprojects on the existing communities and settlements located within the respective subprojects neighbourhood or Right of Way (RoW). It is mandatory to integrate community - including women’s CBO- views at the project design stage. Socio-economics and community health impact assessment are tools designed to integrate the desires and aspirations of the community with those of the project proponent. In line with Environmental Assessment objectives, wide consultations shall be held and community aspirations shall be recorded. Using structured questionnaire, the respondents from the sub projects host communities shall be carefully selected to represent all sector of the community. The main objectives of the studies include among others:  To appraise the socio-economic and cultural structure of the communities within the subproject areas. This includes assessment of the population structure, settlement patterns, cultural practices, economic activities and existing infrastructural facilities.  To evaluate the possible impact of the project activities on the socio- economic and cultural structure of the communities.  To assess the perception of the affected people on the subproject, problems affecting their communities and their needs. 4.3.1 Population and Demographics Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and the seventh most populous country in the world. Nigeria has the third-largest youth population in the world, after India and China. Nigeria’s population is estimated to be over 182 million people as at 2017 (NPC, 2009). This is based on the annual exponential population growth rate of 3.18% between the period of the census of 1991 and the census of 2006 (14 years and 4 months) according to the Official Gazette of National Population Commission (NPC) published 2nd February 2009 which was based on the 2006 census figures. The total territorial area of Nigeria is 923,768 km2 (National Boundary Commission, (NBC)). The total territorial area of the eighteen RAAMP states is 459,351 km2, accounting for 49.7% of the total area of Nigeria. The population of the eighteen RAAMP states was 98,498,990 accounting for 51.96% of the total population of the country. The population density is 159 persons/ km 2, which is higher than the national average. The national population density is 152 persons/ km2. The population statistics of the country is presented in Table 4.1. The FINAL REVISED REPORT 49 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) environmental assessment reports for the subprojects shall give the estimated populations of the host communities/neighbourhoods. The country is viewed as a multinational state as it is inhabited by over 500 ethnic groups, of which the three largest are the Hausa, Igbo and Yoruba. These ethnic groups speak over 500 different languages and are identified with a wide variety of cultures. Table 4.1: Projected Population Statistics of the Project Areas (States) S/N Country Estimated Population Statistics (based on exponential growth rate of 3.18% from 2006 NPC Gazette). Male Female Total 1. Nigeria 93,252,690 96,302,139 189,554,829 2. Total Population of the 49,979,926 48,519,064 98,498,990 18 RAAMP States 3. Total Proportion of the 51.96% Population in relation to the nation 4. Total Proportion of the 49.7% project area (landmass) in the nation. 4.3.2 Labour Influx The project may face an influx of non-local labour and working conditions issues as skilled labourers might not be available in some of the project sites. The project will take concrete measures to mitigate potential labour influx related risks such as workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased drop-out rates from school, inadequate resettlement practices and fear of retaliation, failure to ensure community participation, poor labour practice and lack of road safety. These risks FINAL REVISED REPORT 50 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) require careful consideration to improve social and environmental sustainability, resilience social cohesion. Therefore, the project will include prevention, mitigation and response measures such as: (a) Assessing living conditions of workers camp and ensuring appropriate living conditions. (b) Establishing and enforcing a mandatory code of conduct for the sub project contractors, managers and workers and an Action Plan for implementation. The Code of Conduct should cover the commitment of the company, and the responsibilities of managers and individuals with regard to GBV, and ideally other key issues identified in the ESIA/ESMP/C-ESMP such as ESHS and OHS. Any CoC must be accompanied by an accountability and response framework which outlines how complaints will be handled, in what timeframe, and the range of possible consequences for perpetrators of GBV. (c) Mapping of services for survivors of GBV in the intervened project areas (d) Collaborate with NGOS, CBOs and other organizations as possible to define the prevention, mitigation and response strategy for GBV. (e) Ensuring appropriate location for these camps. (f) Taking countermeasures – indicated in the Social Management Plan – to reduce the impact of the labour influx on the Public services. (g) Conduct awareness raising the communities and capacity building in the SPIU (h) Devising and implementing a strategy for maximizing employment opportunity for local population including women. The following guidelines lays out the principles that are key to properly assessing and managing the risks of adverse impacts area communities that may result from temporary RAAMP induced labour influx:  The SPIU will have to hire to the maximum extent, skilled and unskilled workers from affected communities in the project area. The SPIU will adopt or implement all possible measures to avoid if not minimize labour influx into the project area.  The SPIU will assess and manage labour influx risk, based on appropriate instruments such as those based on risks identified in the ESIA , the Bank’s Guidelines and sector specific experience in the country.  Depending on the risk factors and their level, appropriate mitigation instruments need to be developed including the ESMP, site specific FINAL REVISED REPORT 51 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Labour Influx Management Plan and/or a Workers’ Camp Management Plan.  Risk factors to the SPIU that should be considered include those that are project related and country level violence:  Weak institutional capacity of the implementing agency  Predominant presence of contractors without strong worker management and health and safety policies.  Anticipated high volumes of labour influx.  Pre-existing social conflicts or tensions.  Weak local law enforcement.  Prevalence of different forms of gender based violence and social norms towards it in the community (acceptance of gender based violence.  Poverty levels  Difficulties to monitor GBV and SEA risks across the full span of the work  Prevalence of transactional sex.  Local prevalence of child and forced labour.  Existing conflict situations between communities.  Absorption capacity of workers to the community.  The SPIU will be required to incorporate social and environmental mitigation measures into the civil works contracts and responsibilities for managing these adverse. This will be a binding contractual obligation on the SPIU with appropriate mechanism for addressing non-compliance. The Supervision Consultant shall be responsible for monitoring the contactor performance and adherence to the labour influx guideline and that of its Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) obligations with a protocol in place for immediate, timely, mandatory and confidential reporting in case of incidents to sub project community. This allows the SPIU to enforce the implementation of such mitigation measures which are required to ensure the consultant’s own compliance with Bank policy requirements. While the Bank reviews and clears project – level safeguard instruments such as the ESIA/ESMP. It is the SPIU’s responsibility to: (i) Ensure the safeguard instruments are reflected in the contractor’s ESMP (CESMP). (ii) Ensure the project is implemented in accordance with the CESMP, safeguard instruments and other relevant contractual provisions. 4.3.3 Gender Based Violence FINAL REVISED REPORT 52 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Nigeria has ratified or acceded to the core international human rights treaties and is party to the major regional human rights instrument which obliged States to respect, protect and fulfill human rights of all persons within the territory and subject to the jurisdiction of the State, without discrimination. Rape may violate several human rights obligations enshrined in the instruments ratified by Nigeria and is also a form of gender-based violence and a brutal manifestation of violence against women. As a State party to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) and the protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ‘’Map uto Protocol’’, Nigeria has made legally binding commitments to exercise due diligence to combat gender - based violence and discrimination. Accordingly, Nigeria has an obligation to take all appropriate measures to prevent rape, ensure that there are adequate sanctions for rape in law and in practice and ensure access to reparation for the victims. Furthermore, several human rights instruments require Nigeria to take special measures to protect the rights of individuals who are vulnerable to sexual violence, namely, women, children and persons with disabilities. The United Nations Special Rapporteur on violence against women has provided guidance on States’ due diligence obligations in combating sexual violence noting that it must be implemented at both individual and systemic levels. Individual due diligence focuses on the needs of individual survivors and places an obligation on the State to assist victims in rebuilding their lives and moving forward’’, for instance through the provision of psychosocial services. Individual due diligence ‘’requires States to punish not just the perpetrators, but also those who fail in their duty to respond to the violation’’. As for systemic due diligence, it includes ensuring ‘’ a holistic and sustained model of prevention, protection, punishment and reparations for acts of violence against women. International Treaties.  The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR), 2004.  The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR), 2004.  The Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CAT), 1993.  The Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), 1984.  The Convention on the Rights of the Child (CRC), 1990 and the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD), 2012.  International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, (1976). Regional Treaties. FINAL REVISED REPORT 53 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (ACHPR), 1982.  The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC).  The Protocol to the ACHPR on the Rights of Women in Africa (the ‘’Maputo Protocol’’) (2007), National Policies.  The National Action Plan for the implementation of United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 (2009)  The National Gender Policy (2010). Nigeria is among the 10 percent of countries worldwide that exhibit the highest levels of gender discrimination according to the OECD’s Social Institutions and Gender Index with an assessment of ‘’high’’ or ‘’very high’’ in all the evaluated categories (discriminatory family code, restricted physical integrity, son bias, restricted resources and assets, restricted civil liberties). It also falls into the group of countries with highest gender inequality in human development outcomes (UNDP 2016). Gender – Based Violence (GBV) remains pervasive and under-reported in the country, largely constraining women’s autonomy and life chances. The 2013 Demographic Health Survey (DHS) indicates that nationally 38 percent of women between the ages of 15 – 49 have experienced some form of physical or sexual violence from the age of 15 and 11 percent experienced physical violence within the 12 months prior to survey. 45 percent of women who experienced violence never sought help or never told anyone about the violence. Besides interpersonal and sexual violence, child marriage and Female Genital Mutilation are the other culturally harmful practices prevalent across Nigeria. Conflict in the North East has further contributed a steep rise in targeted violence against women and children by Boko Haram increasingly for abduction and violence. Women are increasingly being used as instruments of war, making them vulnerable to stigmatization and rejection from their families and communities. 4.3.4 Road Safety and Disability Inclusion The objective of road safety is to reduce the harm (deaths, injuries, impairments and damage to property) resulting from crashes. This is achieved by using a safe system approach that typically involves three interactive elements, namely, safer road users, safer road environments and safer vehicle. Rapidly increasing, deaths and injuries from road crashes are a major public health issue. The World Health Organization (WHO) in 2006 has estimated 1.24 million people worldwide are killed in road crashes every year and that almost half are pedestrians, motorcyclists or cyclists. In addition, road crashes cause between 20 million and 50 million non-fatal injuries per year and are a major cause of disability. Deaths from injuries sustained in road crashes account for around 25% of all injury fatalities (Handicap International, 2006). More than 90% of all road crash deaths occur in low- and middle-income countries, even though these countries have only 48% of the world’s vehicles (Handicap International, FINAL REVISED REPORT 54 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 2006).. While road crash death rates in many high-income countries have stabilized or even declined in recent decades, research suggests an increase in most of the world’s regions and, should trends continue unaba ted, that they will rise to an estimated 2.4 million a year by 2030. Without appropriate action, road crash injuries are predicted to be the fifth foremost contributor to the global burden of disease and injury, behind cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases. The International Labour Organization (ILO) statistics confirm that road crashes are one of the main causes of occupational accidents and injuries and, as such, road safety is one of ILO’s strategies for Preventive Occupational Safety. In Nigeria, the Federal Road Safety Corps 2016 Report indicated that 9,694 Road Traffic Crashes (RTCs) were recorded out of which 2,638 cases were fatal, 5,633 were serious cases and 1,423 cases were minor with 5,053 persons killed which indicate a decrease in number of crashes by (0.4%) and fatalities by (7%) compared to the figures of 2015 with 9,734 crashes and 5,440 deaths. Generally, five (5) deaths were recorded in every ten (10) crashes as against six (6) deaths per ten (10) crashes in 2015 which is an indication of 16.7% reduction. Borno State witnessed the highest severity index of deaths per 10 crashes and followed by Yobe State with 11 deaths per 10 crashes. Delta and Oyo States ranked with 10. Gombe and Ondo States recorded 9 while Kogi and Jigawa States had 8 each. FCT and Bayelsa States recorded the least severity index with 2 deaths per 10 crashes. A total of 3,970 males constituting 79% were killed in RTCs in year 2016 while 1,083 females accounting for 21% lost their lives. Furthermore, 22,705 males constituting 75% sustained injuries while 7,400 persons sustained varying degrees of injuries in the female category accounting for 25% of total injured persons. In terms of persons killed, 79% were male while the remaining goes to the female. Also 94% of people injured were adults while 6% were children. In the same vein, 93% of victims killed were adult while the remaining 7% were children (FRSC, 2016) Road crashes are a major cause of physical and mental disability worldwide. Disability is defined as the interaction between personal and environmental factors stemming from causes and consequences of disease, trauma and other disruptions to a person’s integrity and development, with strong emphasis on social participation. Disability inclusion approach requires mainstreaming disability in road safety at all levels, whereby the concerns and experiences of people with disabilities are integral to the design, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of road safety policies and programmes in all political, economic and societal spheres. It is essential when adopting a disability mainstreaming approach to road safety to assess, implement and monitor project activities through a lens of cross- FINAL REVISED REPORT 55 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) impairment. In concrete terms, this requires road safety projects to take conscious and planned measures to address barriers systematically and promote facilitators for women and men with all types of impairments – physical, sensory, intellectual and mental – and at all levels – services, community, attitudes, policy and environment. For the RAAMP project, this would be achieved through the provision of infrastructure for People with Disabilities (PWDs) which are aided facilities on the road. This includes the following: The Green Man: This is a part of the traffic light that allows the pedestrian to cross the road at an intersection where the path of the vehicle crosses that of the pedestrian. It is usually depicted by the picture of a green man walking . Accessible Pedestrians Signals (APS): This is a device that communicates information about pedestrians timing in non-visual format such as audible tones, verbal messages and/or vibrating surfaces. This can also be referred to as audible pedestrian’s signals Braille Traffic light: This is a Pedestrian pushbutton that can be used by both the sighted and visually impaired. It is usually mounted on a light pole near a pedestrian crosswalk. The pushbutton has a front panel that lights up when depressed by a sighted person while a visually impaired pushes the raised Braille type pushbutton on the bottom of the box. When either panel is pushed, an electric signal is activate which changes the traffic light to give the pedestrian the right of way. 4.3.5 Land Use Pattern, Agricultural Production and Livelihoods The estimated land area of Nigeria is 923,768 km2. Land use varies based on location and the needs of the community. However, the different uses of land revolve around agriculture, industry and social needs such as the provision of infrastructure. Recent data shows that between 50%- 60% of the land area of Nigeria is under various forms of intensive rainfed small holder agriculture (crop and animal) production and forest plantation. Agriculture in Nigeria is largely subsistence and is characterized by intensive small holder rainfed and extensive grazing. Various schemes had been put in place to further boost agricultural production, these includes the Irrigation system, FADAMA projects, grazing zones/routes, and Agro-allied business such as fertilizer production. In addition to fish farming activity, some coastal/riverine communities also engage in fishing activities and other aquatic resources Agricultural produce in Nigeria vary from one region to the other. Major produce in the north are cereals ((such as millet, millet), rice, maize, beans, soya beans and vegetables. Irish potato, yam, potato are the main agricultural produce in the middle belt while cassava, cash crops such as cocoa, coffee, cola nuts and cashew FINAL REVISED REPORT 56 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) nuts are grown in the south-western Nigeria, also, red oil production and cassava are exceptionally produced at the south-eastern region. 4.3.6 Employment, Economy and Poverty Estimate from the Nigerian Bureau of statistics (NBS) indicates that unemployment rate in Nigeria within the period is 14.2% from 13.3% in (2Q 2016), while youth unemployment stands at 24.0%. It is therefore well conceived that the inclusion of the agricultural marketing component to the existing rural access function of RAAMP will unlock the agro sectoral constraints and stimulate the potentials of the agro value chains to support massive employment in Nigeria. The Nigerian economy rests on two pillars: oil/gas and agriculture. Both sectors contributes 65% - 70% of GDP, while the secondary sector (manufacturing contributes about 7% and the tertiary sector (transport, trade, housing etc) contributes about 25%. Nigeria’s major industries are located in Lagos, Agbara and Sango Otta(Ogun State), Port Harcourt, Ibadan, Aba, Onitsha, Calabar, Kano, Jos and Kaduna. From a GDP growth rate of 6.3% in 2014, Nigerian economy shrank 1.3% year- on-year in the fourth quarter of 2016, following a 2.24% decline in the previous period. Inflation rate in Nigeria as at September 2016 was 17.91% (NBS, 2016). According to the World Bank national account data file, the latest value for GNI per capita, Atlas method in Nigeria fell from US$2,970.00 as of 2014 to US$2820 in 2015 as against US$6050 for South Africa in the same period It is estimated that 60% of the total population of Nigeria live below the poverty line. The average percentage of the urban poor (i.e. % of population below national poverty line) is a staggering 45% compared with the USA average of 32%. 4.3.7 Water Supply and Sanitation Condition At the federal level, substantial progress has been made to define institutional roles and develop supporting policies for water supply and sanitation service delivery. The key challenge for Nigeria is to promulgate policy guidance at the state level as water supply and sanitation (WSS) is mostly the state governments’ responsibility. States have a high degree of autonomy —compared to other countries in Africa with a federal structure— and their adoption of national WSS policy guidance is uneven. While some states have created strong enabling environments (some more advanced than that at federal level), other states are yet to start the reform process. This uneven commitment to WSS and shaping its enabling environment is also reflected in vast disparities in rates of access to WSS services across states: from 81 percent in Lagos state to 13 percent in Sokoto state for water supply and from 97 percent in Kano to 12 percent in Bayelsa for sanitation (AMCOW, 2011). Whilst FINAL REVISED REPORT 57 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) there are differences among sources of data on access to WSS, and an array of sector targets, both the Water Supply and Sanitation Baseline Study (WSSBS) of 2007 and the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP) 2010 report provide estimates of national access indicating that Nigeria is unlikely to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets unless it takes drastic steps to improve current performance. In large part the ingredients for a reformed sector have been agreed upon at the federal level, but require rolling out in all states. These include sector policies and strategies and a review of legislation to conform with intentions regarding the roles of government and the private sector, and separation of policy formulation and regulation from service delivery. Estimates of the investment in WSS required to meet 2015 sector MDG targets range from US$2.5 billion (MDG Office) to US$4 billion annually (US$1.7 billion for water supply and US$2.3 billion for sanitation) (AMCOW, 2011). 4.3.8 Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases in Nigeria Communicable diseases along with maternal, parental and nutritional conditions in Nigeria accounted for an estimated 67 per cent of all mortality in 2008 (Common wealth online, 2018). Communicable diseases spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person. The spread often happens via airborne viruses or bacteria, but also through blood or other body fluid. The terms infectious and contagious are also used to describe Communicable disease. In Nigeria, as in other African countries, the challenge is to develop or reinforce mechanisms to detect, verify and respond rapidly and effectively to unexpected outbreaks and epidemics. WHO supports the government, working with Ministries, National Emergency Management Agency and other stakeholders to strengthen the national communicable disease surveillance and response systems through existing surveillance structures in the States and Local Government Areas (LGAs).  WHO has supported Nigeria in the prevention, control and eradication of communicable diseases over several years. WHO support has mainly been for: Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs); • Dracunculiasis (Guinea worm disease (GWD)), • Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), • Buruli Ulcer (BU), • Lymphatic filariasis (LF), • Onchocerciasis, • Schistosomiasis and • Leprosy. Non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers, chronic respiratory diseases and diabetes, are leading threats to human health and development in Nigeria. Africa’s most populous country contributes substantially to the global burden. Four modifiable risk factors are linked with these diseases, and primary prevention strategies are key to tackling them. The FINAL REVISED REPORT 58 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) World Health Organization (WHO) developed the 2013-2020 Global Action Plan for the Prevention and Control of NCDs, which recommends multi-sectoral actions (MSA) as an overarching principle to underpin formulation and implementation of NCD policies. The document also stresses the need to integrate highly cost- effective, feasible and culturally acceptable interventions – termed ‘best buys’ – into country-level NCD prevention, control policies and plans, to accelerate results in terms of lives saved, diseases prevented, and costs averted. Nigeria developed some NCD policies in line with this global recommendation. 4.3.9 Access to Health Services in Nigeria Healthcare provision in Nigeria is a concurrent responsibility of the three tiers of government in the country; Federal, States and Local Governments. Private providers of healthcare have a visible role to play in health care delivery. The Federal government’s role is mostly limited to coordinating the affairs of the university Teaching Hospitals, Federal Medical Centre (tertiary healthcare) while the state government manages the various general hospitals (secondary healthcare) and the local government focus on dispensaries (primary healthcare), which are regulated by the federal government through the NPHCDA. The total expenditure on healthcare as % of GDP is 4.6, while the percentage of federal government expenditure on healthcare is about 1.5% (Oladimeji et al 2017). A long run indicator of the ability of the country to provide food sustenance and avoid malnutrition is the rate of growth of per capita food production; from 1970–1990, the rate for Nigeria was 0.25% (Oladimeji et al 2017). Though small, the positive rate of per capita may be due to Nigeria's importation of food products. 4.4 STATE SPECIFIC BASELINE DATA OF RAAMP PARTICIPATING STATES The baseline environmental and social data of the RAAMP participating States are presented in Table 4.2 FINAL REVISED REPORT 59 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 4.2a: Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States. S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River 1 Location 50 25’N 70 30’E/ 50 00’N 70 50’E/ 60 20’N 70 100 30’N 100 70 20’N 80 50 45’N 80 30’E/ 5.4170 N 7.5000 5.0000 N 7.8330 E 00’E/ 00’E/ 45’E/ 5.7500N 8.5000 E E 6.3330 N 10.0000 N 7.3330 N 7.0000 E 10.0000 E 8.7500 E 2 Capital City Umuahia Uyo Awka Bauchi Makurdi Calabar 3 No of Local Seventeen Thirty one Twenty one Twenty Twenty three Eighteen Govt Areas 4 Region in South East South South South East North East North Central South South Nigeria 5 Bordered (by) On the North On the East by On the East by Kano and Jigawa Nasarawa Benue state to and North-East Cross River State, Enugu State, on to the North, state to the the North; by Anambra, on the West by the West by Taraba and North, Cross Ebonyi and Abia Enugu and Rivers State and Delta State, on Plateau to the River state to states to the Ebonyi states; Abia State, and on the North by South, Gombe the South, West; Cameroon on the West by the South by the Kogi and on and Yobe to the Taraba state to Republic to East Imo state; on Atlantic Ocean and the south by East and Kaduna the East, and the Atlantic the East and the southern-most Imo & River to the West. Enugu state to Ocean and Akwa South-East by tip of Cross River States. the South-west Ibom State to Cross River and State. and Kogi state the south. Akwa Ibom to the West. States and on the South by Rivers state. 6 Landmass 6,320 km2 7,081 km2 4,844 km2 49,119 km² 34,059 km² 20,156 km2 FINAL REVISED REPORT 60 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River 7 Nature of Soil The soils of Abia More than 75 per Three soil The soils are The soils are Cross River soils State fall within cent of Akwa lbom types can be well drained mainly oxisols are the broad group State con sists of recognised in shallow and ultisols predominantly of ferrallitic soils level-to-gently Anambra State. immature sandy (tropical of five types. of the coastal undulating sandy They are: (i) soils with ferruginous) These are: (i) plain sand and plains where rivers alluvial soils, evidence of little which vary the steep, escarpment. are few and far (ii) profile over space with shallow, Other soil types between. hydromorphic differentiation. respect to yellowish and include alluvial soils, and (iii) They are formed texture, red gravely soils soils found along ferallitic soils mainly from drainage, on the Oban the low ter- race unconsolidated composition Obudu Hills; (ii) of the Cross sands or Aeolian etc. They are the deep River and other drift and are highly lateritic, fertile rivers. characterized by weathered with soils on the critically low sandy surface Cross River organic matter, layer overlying Plain; (iii) the cation exchange clay mottled dark clayey capacity and subsoil. basaltic soils in available Ikorn; (iv) the phosphate. sandy, heavily leached soils on the older coastal plain which are highly susceptible to gully erosion; FINAL REVISED REPORT 61 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River and (v) the swampy hydromorphic soils of the lower deltaic coastal plain that is usually floated during the rains. 8 Vegetation The vegetation The native The natural Bauchi state is The vegetation The vegetation types in Abia State is vegetation has vegetation in one of the states of Benue State of Cross River ordinarily been almost the greater in the northern lies in the State ranges considered part completely part of part of Nigeria southern from mangrove of tropical rain replaced by Anambra State that span two Guinea swamps, forest which is secondary forests is tropical dry distinctive Savannah. through the dominant of predominantly or deciduous vegetation However, rainforest, to natural wild oil palms, forest, which, zones, namely, persistent derived vegetation in woody shrubs and in its original the Sudan clearance of savannah, and most parts of various grass form, Savannah and the vegetation montane southern undergrowths. comprised tall the Sahel for farming parkland. Nigeria. Mangroves cover trees with thick Savannah. The purposes has extensive parts of under growth Sudan savannah led to the the coastal Local and numerous type of development of Government Areas. climbers. vegetation re-growth Farmland mixed covers the vegetation. with oil palm and southern part of degraded forests the state. The predominate in the Sahel type of the FINAL REVISED REPORT 62 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Bauchi Anambra Benue Cross River rest of the state. savannah, becomes manifest from the middle of the state as one moves from the state's south to its north. 9 Average Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Temperature temperatures temperatures vary temperatures temperatures temperatures temperatures vary between between 26°C to vary between vary between vary between vary between 24°C to 37°C 36°C 27°C to 36°C 29°C to 40°C 28.9°C to 22°C to 33°C 40.9°C 10 Rainfall The total rainfall The total annual The total The total rainfall The total The total annual decreases from rainfall varies from annual rainfall varies from annual rainfall rainfall ranges 2200mm in the 4000mm along the averages 1828 1300mm in the ranges from from 2300mm south to coast to 2000mm mm south to 700mm 1100mm to to 3800mm 1900mm in the inland. in the north. 1800mm. north. 11 Geology/Terra There are nine The whole of Akwa Anambra State The state lies on Benue State The Cross River in: main geological lbom State is lies in the the Kerri falls within the State, Nigeria, is formations from underlain by Anambra formation, of Benue underlain by the south to north. sedimentary Basin, the first tertiary age, Valley/trough Precambrian- These include: formations of Late region where which is which is age crystalline The Benin Tertiary and intensive oil composed of believed to be basement formation (or Holocene ages. exploration sandstone, silt structurally complex and by Coastal Plain Deposits of recent was carried out stones, developed. rocks of FINAL REVISED REPORT 63 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River Sand), the alluvium and beach in Nigeria. kaolinites and During the Cretaceous to Bende-Ameki ridge sands occur About 6,000 m grits. Tertiary and Tertiary age. Group, the along the coast and of sedimentary Underneath this possibly the The Basement Nkporo Shale the estuaries of the rocks. The lies the Gombe interglacial Complex, which Group, the Imo and Qua lboe sedimentary formation, periods of the forms the Oban Nsukka Rivers, and also rocks comprise cretaceous age, Quaternary Obudu hills, formation along the flood- ancient composed of glaciation, the consists of (Upper Coal plains of creeks. Cretaceous sandstones, silt Benue and Precambrian Measures), the deltas, stones, and Niger Valleys, schists and Igali sandstone somewhat ironstones. otherwise gneisses, with (False- bedded similar to the known as the intrusives of Sandstone) etc. Niger Delta, Niger/Benue igneous rocks. with the trough, were The sedimen Nkporo Shale, transgressed tary basins, of the Mamu by the waters Cretaceous Formation, the of the Atlantic Tertiary age, are Ajali sandstone Ocean. As a found in the and the Nsukka result, marine Ikorn Formation as sediments form Depression the main the dominant (Mamfe Rift), deposits surface the Cross River geology of the Plain, and the area. Calabar Flank. 12 Major Ethnic Igbo Ibibio, Annang, Igbo Hausa, Fulani, Tiv, Idoma and Efik, Ejagham, Groups Eket, Oron and Gerawa, Sayawa, Igede Yakurr, Bette, FINAL REVISED REPORT 64 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River Obolo Jarawa, Kirfawa, Yala, Igede, Turawa Bolewa, Ukelle and the Karekare, Kanuri, Bekwarra. Fa'awa, Butawa, Warjawa, Zulawa etc. 13 Main Native Igbo Ibibio, Annang, Eket Igbo Hausa Tiv, Idoma and Boki, Ejagham language and Oron Igede and Efik 14 Population 2,845,380 3,902,051 4,177,828 4,653,066 4,253,641 2,892,988 (2006 national census) 15 Population 450.2 persons/ 551.1 persons/ km2 862.5 persons/ 94.7 persons/ 124.9 persons/ 143.5 persons/ Density km2 km2 km2 km2 km2 16 Major Agriculture, Farming, Crafts Farming , Farming, fishing, Agriculture, Farming, fishing occupation Crafts making, making, trading, fishing, crafts blacksmithing, fishing Trading fishing making and crafts & trading trading 17 Cultural/ Arochukwu National Museum, Agulu Crocodile Yankari & Gurgul water Ikom Monoliths, Unique Cave, Akwete Uyo, Lord Lugard Lake, Ogbunike Premier game fall on Katsina the Mary Slessor Resources Weavers, residence, Mbo Caves, Igbo reserves, Rock – Ala River, Tomb, Calabar Azumini Blue Forest Reserve, Ukwu Museum, Paintings at Goji Enumabia Drill Monkey River, National Maryu Slessor etc. & Shira etc. Warm Spring, Sanctuary, Cross War Museum, House TomSlave Tombs of the River National Umuahia, Masters Lodge, first Dutch Park, Afi FINAL REVISED REPORT 65 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Abia Akwa Ibom Anambra Bauchi Benue Cross River International Okopedi, Itu etc. missionaries Mountain Conference etc. walkway Centre in canopy, Kwa Umuahia etc falls, Agbokim waterfalls, Tinapa Business Resort etc. 18 Total Casualty 425 232 655 1,458 1,068 328 of Road Accidents in 2016 (Courtesy: FRSC) 19 HIV/AIDs 3.3% (13th 6.5% (6th position) 1.2% (27th 0.6% (33rd 5.6% (8th 4.4% (10th Prevalence position) position position) position) position) 2016/2017 Table 4.2b: Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States FINAL REVISED REPORT 66 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara 1 Location 11 30’N 13 00’E/ 11 30’N 8 30’E/ 120 15’N 70 30’E/ 0 0 0 0 110 30’N 40 00’E/ 70 30’N 60 42’E/ 80 30’N 50 00’E/ 11.5000N 13.0000 11.5000 N 8.5000 12.2500 N 7.5000 11.5000N 7.5000 N 6.7000 E 8.5000N 5.0000 E E E 4.0000 E E 2 Capital City Maiduguri Kano Katsina Birnin - Kebbi Lokoja Ilorin 3 No of Local Twenty seven Forty four Thirty four Twenty one Twenty one Sixteen Govt Areas 4 Region in North East North West North West North West North Central North Central Nigeria 5 Boundary The State on the North West by Niger by Sokoto State Nasarawa state to Niger state to (by) occupies the by Katsina state, Republic to the to the North; to the North East, the North; greatest part of on the North East North, by Jigawa the East by Benue to the Republic of the Chad Basin by Jigawa State, on and Kano States Zamfara and East, Enugu state Benin to the and shares the South East by to the East, by Sokoto States; to the South East, West; Kogi borders with the Bauchi State and Kaduna State to to the South by Anambra to the state to East Republics of on the South the South and by Niger State and South, Edo state and Oyo, Osun Niger to the West by Kaduna Zarnfara State to to the West by to the South and Ekiti North, Chad to State. the West. Benin Republic. West, Ondo & States to the the North - East Ekiti states to the south. and Cameron to West, Kwara the East. Within state to the North the country, it is West and Niger bordered by state to the Adamawa to the North. South, Yobe to the West and FINAL REVISED REPORT 67 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Gombe to the Southwest. 6 Land mass 57,799km2 20,131 km2 24,192 km2 36,800 km² 29,833 km² 36,825 km2 7 Nature of Vertisols In their natural The soils are In the northern The flood plains A large Soil dominate the flat state, the soils difficult to work, part of the State of the Niger and proportion of plains close to divide into four tending to are the upland Benue river the land of the Lake Chad; and main groups. The become and fadama valleys in Kogi state is also in the ferruginous waterlogged soils. While the State have the characterized depressions. tropical soils with heavy rains upland soils are hydromorphic by ferruginous These are 'heavy formed on and to dry out sandy and well soils which tropical soils dark clay soils crystalline acid and crack during drained, the contain a mixture on crystalline which develop rocks occupy the dry season. fadama soils are of coarse alluvial acid rocks. The wide cracks about two fifth of In the north, the generally clayey and colluvial northeastern during the dry the State to the drift deposits are and hydro deposits. The part of the season. On the south, southwest coarser, morphic. alluvial soils along state is dunes are and south east; resulting in light In the south and the valleys of the dominated by regosols which the brown and sandy soils of southeastern rivers are sandy, red ferralsols are shallow with reddish brown buff or reddish parts, the while the on loose sandy weakly developed soils and litosols colours of low weathering of adjoining laterite sediments. profiles. The occur in the medium fertility. the Basement soils are deeply volcanic and northern half; the These soils are Complex weathered and Basement brown and easily worked rocks has grey or reddish in Complex areas reddish soils are and well suited given rise to colour, sticky and have fertile in the to crops such as three types of permeable. clayey loamy soils northeastern millet and soils. These are in the valley corner; and the groundnut which the ferruginous FINAL REVISED REPORT 68 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara bottoms, but juvenile and are less tropical soils, skeletal soils and hydromorphic demanding in black cotton rock outcrops soils occur along their soils and occur along the the alluvial requirement lithosols gentle and steep channel than cotton, slopes. complexes maize and guinea corn. 8 Vegetation Generally, two The natural The southern The natural The rain forest The vegetation types vegetation zones vegetation half of the state vegetation of belt covers of Kwara state are identified in consists of the belongs to the the State Dekina, Ofu, falls into two the state: Sudan Sudan and the Northern Guinea consists of a Ankpa, categories, savannah and guinea savannah Savannah Zone, Northern Guinea Olamaboro, Idah namely, Rain southern Sahel. both having been while the north Savannah in the and Bassa Local forest in parts In the wetter replaced by belongs to the south and Government of Irepodun, south shrub secondary Sudan Savannah southeast Areas with rich Ekiti and Oyun; vegetation is vegetation. Four Zone. The characterized by deciduous and and Wooded interspersed with fifth of the state is vegetation in the medium sized occasional Savannah in tall trees and now composed of south thus trees and the stunted trees other parts of woodland. farmed parkland, consists of broad Sudan Savannah including palms, the state. dotted with leaved species in the North Iroko, mahogany patches of shrub while the which consists of etc Other LGAs savannah. There northern open wood land are in the guinea are few forest districts consist with scattered savannah or plantations of of trees that trees parkland exotic trees. grow long tap savannah belt FINAL REVISED REPORT 69 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara roots and thick with tall grasses barks. and some trees. 9 Average Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Max. temperatures temperatures temperatures temperatures temperatures temperatures Temperature vary between vary between vary between vary between vary between vary between 30.2 C and 42.6 C 24.9 C and 40.5 C 23.7 C o o o o o and 28.9 C and 42 C 28.9 C o o o and 26.4oC and 40.8 C o 40.9 C o 39.4 C o 10 Rainfall The total annual The total annual The total annual The total annual The total annual The total rainfall ranges rainfall ranges rainfall ranges rainfall ranges rainfall ranges annual rainfall from 486mm to from 876mm to from 348mm to from 640mm to from 1200mm to ranges from 1046mm. 1789mm. 720mm. 1,140mm. 1,570mm 1200mm to 1,400mm 11 Geology/Terr A greater part of Generally Kano is Generally, the The geology of Kogi state has Kwara state is ain: the state lies on underlain by state has two Kebbi State is two main rock part of the the Chad basement geological dominated by types, namely, Basement Formation. This is complex rocks of regions. The two formations basement Complex of an area that was the Precambrian south and preCambrian complex rocks of Nigeria subjected to origin. Prolonged central parts of Basement the Precambrian considered by prolonged weathering of the the state are Complex in the age in the various continental and rocks produced underlain by south and south western half of workers to be lake deep clay rich crystalline rocks east and young the state and Precambrian to sedimentation as regoliths. The of the Basement sedimentary extending slightly lower Paleozoic a result of the lateritic soil in Complex (from rocks in the eastwards in age. The down warp of the some part of the Funtua to north. The beyond the lower basement Chad Basin in the upland plain area Dutsinma), but Basement Niger valley and rocks consist of Pleistocene caped the regolith in the northern Complex region the older a variety of FINAL REVISED REPORT 70 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara Period. The Chad hills A narrow parts cretaceous is composed of sedimentary both Formation is strip of the Chad sediments very old volcanic rocks in the migmatized to separated by Formation occurs overlap the and eastern half. The unmigmatised Cretaceous Bima to the east. crystalline rocks. metamorphic sedimentary rock gneisses, and Kerri rocks such as groups extend schists, sandstones. granites, schists along the banks amphibolite etc. There are of Rivers Niger and quartzites also and Benue and intruded by metasediments southeastwards granitic to such as phyllites through Enugu dioritic rocks. and and Anambra metaconglomera states, to join the tes. Udi Plateau. 12 Main Ethnic Kanuri Hausa Hausa-Fulani Hausa Igala, Ebira and Yoruba, Nupe, Groups Okun Bariba, Fulani 13 Main Native Kanuri, Hausa Hausa Hausa Hausa Igala, Ebira and Yoruba, Hausa language Okun 14 Population 4,171,104 9,401,288 5,801,584 3,256,541 3,314,043 2,365,353 (2006 national census) 15 Population 72.2 persons/ km2 467 persons/ km2 239.8 persons/ 88.5 persons/ 111.1 persons/ 64.2 persons/ Density km2 km2 km2 km2 FINAL REVISED REPORT 71 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Borno Kano Katsina Kebbi Kogi Kwara 16 Major Farmers, Farmers, Farmers, Farmers, Crafts Agriculture, Farmers, occupation herdsmen and craftsmen, Craftsmen men and Miners Craftsmen fishermen Traders fishermen 17 Cultural/ The Lake Chad Kurmi market, Durbar Festival, Kanta Museum Colonial Relics Owu Fall, Unique etc. Kano’s centuries- National Argungu, Zuru (Lord Lugard Imoleboja Resources old city wall, Museum Museum, Tomb House), the Rockshelter, Gidan Rumfa Katsina, Emirs of Abdulahi Confluence of R. Agan Festival, (Emir’s Palace) Palace in Katsina Fodio, Argungu Niger R. Benue Dada Pottery, etc & Daura Fishing festival Kainji Lake etc. National Park etc 18 Total 142 1,863 1,114 414 1,227 768 Casualty of Road Accidents in 2016. (courtesy: FRSC) 19 HIV/AIDs 2.4% (17th 1.3% (24th 0.8% (29th 1.4% (23rd 1.4% (22nd Prevalence position) position) position) position) position) 2016/2017 FINAL REVISED REPORT 72 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 4.2c: Baseline Environmental and Social Data of the RAAMP Participating States S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba 1 Location 7 00’N 3 35’E/ 0 0 7 10’N 5 05’E/ 0 0 8 00’N 4 00’E/ 90 10’N 90 45’E/ 0 0 130 05’N 50 80 00’N 100 30’E/ 7.0000 N 3.5830 E 7.1670 N 5.0830 E 8.0000 N 4.0000 9.1670N 9.7500 15’E/ 8.0000N 10.5000 E E E 13.0830 N 5.2500 E 2 Capital City Abeokuta Akure Ibadan Jos Sokoto Jalingo 3 No of Local Twenty Eighteen Thirty three Seventeen Twenty three Sixteen Govt Areas 4 Region in South West South West South West North Central North West North Central Nigeria 5 Boundary On the South by on the East by on the East by On the North To the south On the West by Lagos state; on Edo State, on the Osun State, on East by Bauchi and west by Nasarawa & the North by Oyo South East by the West by state, on the kebbi state, to Benue states, on & Osun states; on Delta state, on Ogun State and North West by the south and the North West by the East by Ondo the West by Osun the Republic of Kaduna state, on east by Plateau state, on State and on the and Ogun States, Benin, on the the South West Zamfara the North by West by the on the North by North by Kwara by Nasarawa state. The Bauchi & Gombe Republic of Benin. Kwara and Kogi state and on the state and on the state also States, on the states and on the south by Ogun South East by shares an North East by South by the State. Taraba state. international Adamawa state Atlantic Ocean and boundary to and on the East & the Bight of the North South by Benin. Cameroon FINAL REVISED REPORT 73 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba with Niger republic. 6 Landmass 16,980.55km2 15,500 km2 28,454 km2 30,913 km² 25,973 km² 54,473 km2 7 Nature of Soils in the The soils, Much of Oyo The major soil To the north Most of the Soil northern part of classified as Ondo State is covered units of Plateau of the state, lowland area is the state are Association, are by the fertile State belong to especially made up of derived from the of high loamy soils the broad along the ferruginous basement agricultural value. derived mainly category of border with tropical soils complex rocks But to the from the Pre tropical Niger which developed and they belong northeast, the Cambrian horn ferruginous Republic, the on crystalline acid to the red soils. soils are skeletal blende-biotite soils, which are undulating rocks and sandy Soils in the in nature and are gneiss. In the much thinner on plains are parent materials. southern part of of comparatively forest zone of the high plateau covered by The upland areas, the state are recent origin. In the southern but attain Aeolian especially the derived from the southern parts of the greater depths deposits of Mambilla Plateau, sedimentary part, the older state, the soils in the southern variable are covered by rocks. Soils in the sand ridge include clay, part of the state. depth. The humid ferrosols southwestern part complexes laterite and thick There are also Sandy soil and lithosols of the state and develop brown rich dark loamy sizeable pockets with clayey which are highly most of the and orange sandy and humus of loamy soil of subsoil is weathered and western part are soils, while the components. volcanic origin in common in markedly sandy. The river most recent ones Northwards, the the high Plateau. the south, lateralized, due to valleys have near the coast soils are lighter These soil except along leaching. alluvial soils. have light grey and become a groups respond the flood sandy soils. The mixture of quite well to plains of the FINAL REVISED REPORT 74 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba swamp flats laterite and fine fertilizers. Soil river valleys affected by tide grained loamy erosion is an where alluvial bear saline soils and humus environmental soils materials which problem on the predominate. support poorer Jos Plateau. vegetation. 8 Vegetation Ogun State has The natural The vegetation Plateau State Sokoto state The vegetation types two main types vegetation is the of the state falls largely occupies an may be classified vegetation, rain forest, consists of the within the area of short- into three broad namely, tropical composed of rain forest in the northern guinea grass types: the rain forest and many varieties of southern parts savannah zone savanna Northern Guinea, guinea savanna. hardwood timber of the state and which consists vegetation in the Southern The tropical rain such as Melicia derived mainly of short the south and Guinea and the forest is found in excelsa. In the savannah in the trees, grasses thorn scrub in Mountain the coastal areas northern districts, northern part of and the Plateau the north. A Grassland and and the southern the vegetation the state. The type of mosaic generally arid forest vegetation. part of the state. consists of woody composition of vegetation. Near region that The boundary Rain forests are savanna featuring the rain forest is some villages gradually between the found in some such tree species basically the are thick hedges merges into Northern Guinea parts of the as Blighia sapida. large tall of cacti, which the desert and Southern eastern parts The swamp flats crowned trees, have been across the Guinea while Guinea and are the domain of mixed with thick planted around border in corresponds fairly derived savanna the fresh water undergrowth. household farms Niger closely with the are found in most swamp forests in or compound republic, the 1300mm mean of the western the interior and lands. Fringing whole state annual rainfall and northern the units of woodlands or falls within isohyet, while the areas of the state. mangrove gallery forests mountain forest FINAL REVISED REPORT 75 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba vegetation near can be found the Sudan and grassland the coast. along some river Savannah. vegetation occur valleys. mainly on the Mambilla plateau. 9 Maximum Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Mean Max. Temperature temperatures temperatures temperatures temperatures Temperatures temperatures vary between vary between vary between vary between vary between vary between 29.7oC and 40.2oC 27.5oC and 40.0oC 26.5oC and 23.3oC and 28.9oC and 29.4oC and 35.0 C o 33.4 C o 41.9 C. o 39.6 C. o 10 Annual The total annual The total annual The total annual The total annual The total The total annual Rainfall rainfall ranges rainfall ranges rainfall ranges rainfall ranges annual rainfall rainfall ranges from 1000mm to from 1800mm to from 1200mm from 1300mm ranges from from 900mm to 2000mm. 2000mm. to 1800mm in to 1500mm. 630mm to 1,300mm. the South & 1,150mm. 800mm to 1500 in the North. 11 Geology/Terr Ogun State is an There are two Oyo State lies in The Jos Plateau, Within the The state may be ain: integral part of distinct geological the south- an erosional relic State, there is divided into three the Dahomey regions in Ondo western part of covering an area no outcrop of topographic basin to the south State. First, is the Nigeria. of about 7,780 basement regions, namely, and the western region of Underlain by sq.km., is a complex. the extensive flank of the sedimentary rocks three lithological product of Rather, it is Fadama swamps Nigerian in the south, and units of the distinct phases covered by a of the Muri plains, basement secondly, the crystalline of volcanic series of hills on complex to the region of basement activities when sedimentary sedimentary south. The south PreCambrian complex, younger granite rocks, which formations and is composed Basement comprising: (i) rocks have been the Plateau FINAL REVISED REPORT 76 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba predominantly of Complex rocks in Migmatite- extensively deposited developed on Cretaceous the north. Some Gneiss Complex intruded into the over the basement sediments deposit few kilometres (quartzite, older basement basement complex rocks. non-conformably north of Aaye gneissic rocks); complex rocks. complex. The Mambilla on the much older occurs the (ii) Low to Each phase of These Plateau forms the Nigerian basement medium grade volcanic sediments watershed from basement complex metasediments activities was were laid which the major complex to the sedimentary rocks (Green schists followed by a down under drainage systems north. This boundary. The facies, namely long period of varied in Taraba State western flank of sedimentary rocks quartz schist and weathering and environmenta take their source. the Nigerian are mainly of the mica schist). (iii) erosion when tin l situations basement post cretaceous The Pan African bearing rocks ranging from complex lies sediments and Granitoids (older were deposited continental to within the mobile the cretaceous granites) which in the valleys marine belts separating Abeokuta are late tectonic and buried by events. The the West African Formation. The intrusions. With floods of basalt sedimentary craton and Gabon basement these composite from subsequent rocks includes craton. complex is mainly of rocks, Oyo volcanic Gundumi, of the medium State has eruptions. Gwandu grained gneisses various minerals formations & ranging from Rima & metallic, non- Sokoto metallic, to groups. industrial minerals to various grades of gemstones. FINAL REVISED REPORT 77 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba 12 Main Ethnic Egba, Ijebu, Akoko, Akure, Oyo, Oke-Ogun, Multi ethnic and Sunni Multi ethnic and Groups Remo, Egbado, Okitipupa, Ilaje, Ibadan, Ibarapa includes Berom, Muslims includes Fulani, Awori and Egun Ondo, and Owo. Afizere, Amo, (Majority) and Mumuye, Jukun, Anaguta, Aten, Shia Muslims Jenjo, Kuteb, Buji, Chip, Fier, (Minority). Chamba and Gashish, Mambilla etc Goemai, Irigwe, Jarawa, Jukun, Kofyar etc. 13 Main Native Yoruba Yoruba Yoruba Hausa, English Hausa Fulfulde, Hausa, language Mumuye and Jukun etc. 14 Population 3,751,140 3,460,877 5,580,894 3,206,531 3,702,676 2,294,800 (2006 national census) 15 Population 220.9 persons/ 223.3 persons/ 196.1 persons/ 103.7 persons/ 142.6 42.1 persons/ km2 Density km2 km2 km2 km2 persons/ km2 16 Major Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture Agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture, occupation mining mining mining Livestock Livestock ProductionProduction, Fishing 17 Cultural/ Omo Forest Deji of Akure’s Agodi Botanical The Wildlife Sultan’s Mambilla Plateau Unique Reserve, Olumo Palace, Idanre Garden, Ado- Safari Park, Palace, Tomb Gembu, Barup Resources Rock, Ojude – Hills, Igbokoda Awaye National of Usman Dan Waterfalls, Oba Festival, Waterfront, Suspended lake, Museum Jos, Fodio, Waziri Marmara FINAL REVISED REPORT 78 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Parameter Baseline Conditions in the RAAMP Participating States Ogun Ondo Oyo Plateau Sokoto Taraba Abeokuta Ebomi Lake Cocoa House, Pandam Game Junaid History Crocodile Pond Museum etc. Tourist Centre, Oyo National Reserve, Assop & Culture Wukari etc. Owo Museum of Park etc & Kurra Falls etc Museum, Antiques etc Sokoto Museum etc 18 Total 1,672 1,139 1,578 748 537 551 Casualty of Road Accidents in 2016. (Courtesy: FRSC) 19 HIV/AIDs 0.6% (32nd 4.3% (11th 5.6% (8th 2.3% (18th 6.4% (7th 10% (2nd Prevalence position) position) position) position) position) position) 2016/2017 FINAL REVISED REPORT 79 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER 5: POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL/SOCIAL IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES 5.1 INTRODUCTION The Environmental and Social Management System (ESMS) sets up the criteria to identify the level of Environmental Assessment (EA) and the processes involved, the sequence to conduct the EA studies for various components of the planned RAAMP projects in the participating states including their legal requirements and implications. Understanding the required level of EA will help in assessing the requirements related to needs of the external services to be engaged at planning and design stages and requirements related to the Project Supervision Consultant during the project implementation stage. Once the need/justification of a sub-project is finalized based on the engineering parameters (like traffic, social, economic and financial analysis), the process of Environmental and Social Management System begins. First step in ESMS is the determination of the subprojects environmental aspects to ascertain the category of Environmental Assessment required (if any). The category of EA can be assessed by FDRD or can be assigned to an environmental consultant. It is important to note that the responsibility for the approval of EA and follow- up on the implementation of the ESMP rests principally with the FMEnv in Nigeria and not the environment expert or consultants. The impacts identified in this chapter are preliminary and generic in nature to the participating States. The potential for occurrence of the impacts identified has to be ascertained during further stages of project design and implementation. This ESMF only provides a guide for subproject impact identification. 5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL SCREENING PROCESS The screening process is the first step in the implementation of the ESMF. The objective of screening is to identify those sub-projects activities that have minimal/no environmental or social concerns. Environmental and Social screening process distinguishes sub-projects and activities that will require thorough environmental review to prevent/mitigate negative environmental impacts from those which will provide opportunities to enhance positive impacts. Thus one of the objectives of the screening process is to rapidly identify those sub projects which have little or no environmental or social issues so that they can move to implementation in accordance with pre-approved standards or codes of practices for environmental and social management. offices to understand environmental and social issues related to the project before they are considered for implementation and assist in the decision making process. Based on the screening, sub projects with no noticeable impacts are cleared to advance to implementation phase while those with some impacts proceeds to another level of conducting an Environmental Assessment or preparation of an FINAL REVISED REPORT 80 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) which will be evaluated before the subproject can proceed to implementation phase. Environmental Assessment or ESMP will determine the extent of impacts and how the impacts will be mitigated. 5.2.1 Basis for Screening In assessing the impacts of the subprojects the following information shall be used: (a) Knowledge of the project activities, construction activities, operational activities decommissioning/abandonment procedures. (b) The results of baseline studies (biophysical, health and socio-economic) (c) Findings of previous EA studies and Audits of similar projects and other literature findings on the primary project activities, (d) Comparison with FMEnv/World Bank guidelines and standards, (e) Series of expert group discussions and seminars, (f) Information from NGOS, CBOs, donors and other multilateral organizations (g) Past experience on other EA projects. The criteria applied to the screening of various activities are: (i) Magnitude - Probable level of severity. (ii) Prevalence - likely extent of the impact. (iii)Duration and frequency – likely duration - long-term, short-term or intermittent. (iv) Risks – Probability of serious impacts. (v) Importance - value attached to the undisturbed project environment. The various components of the subprojects environment likely to be impacted by project activities and the associated impact indicators are identified and are listed in Table 5.1 below. Likewise, the sources of probable impacts from the various stages of sub project are also outlined in Table 5.2. Table 5.1: Impactable Components and Associated Impact Indicators FINAL REVISED REPORT 81 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Impactable Components of the Impact Indicators Environment 1. Climate Humidity, temperature, rainfall, wind speed and direction 2. Air Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO, H2S 3. Surface Water Dissolved/suspended Solids, Nutrients, Heavy metals and pH. 4. Hydrology Drainage/Discharge, Hydrologic Balance, Sedimentation, Flooding. 5. Soil/Land Erosion, Fertility/Farming, Hunting, Recreation. 6. Ecology Diversity and abundance of terrestrial flora & fauna, habitats quality 7. Archaeological Sites Cultural relics, Cultural Sites. 8. Noise & Vibration Daytime disturbance, Hearing loss, Communication Interference, Night time disturbance. 9. Socio-Economic/Health Population, Social Structure, GBV, SEA, Labour Influx Income, Settlement pattern, Employment, Agriculture, Health, Safety and Security. 10. Wildlife & Forestry Habitat fragmentation, accessibility to conservation areas, loss of economic trees, Forced migration of species, endangered species. Table 5.2: Phases of Project Development Activities and Sources of Impact S/N Project Phase Activities/Sources of Impact 1. Site preparation Road traffic, bush clearing, waste disposal 2. construction Excavation, piling, compaction, waste disposal, Road traffic, Influx of people, GBV, SEA, Child Labour 3. Operation/Maintenance Noise, waste generation, influx of people, dust emission, traffic generation, 4. Decommissioning and Removal/dismantling of equipment and abandonment structures, waste disposal, residual contamination, Road traffic, scrap materials 5.2.2 Scoping Scoping identifies the various aspects (activities) of the subproject that could have significant impact on the environment. It identifies issues of critical concerns. Scoping also seeks to provide solutions to issues such as:  What are the potential impact from the execution and operation of the proposed project?  What will be the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts?  Of what relevance are the impacts on the environment within local, contexts? 1 GBV, including Sea information would not come from consultations or direct contact with community members and/or survivors, but from data collection from key secondary stakeholders such as NGOS, CBOs, governmental agencies, donors and other multilateral organizations 1 It is noteworthy that the GBV GRM will be different from the project-specific GRM. The GBVGRM shall be placed, as possible, within a NGO with expertise on GBV (ideally service provider) FINAL REVISED REPORT 82 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance. What are the potential impacts from the execution and operation of the proposed project?  What will be the magnitude, extent and duration of the impacts?  Of what relevance are the impacts on the environment within local, contexts?  What mitigation or amelioration measures can be put in place to reduce or avoid the negative impacts or to enhance and maximize positive impact? Consequently, scoping is used to identify the biophysical, health, and socio- economic components of the environment that will significantly be affected by the proposed project activities. The project activities that will have impact on the environment and people are:  Land Acquisition/Right of Way (RoW)  Material Procurement and Transportation  Site Preparation/clearing  Blasting/Excavation/piling  Civil works  Operation and maintenance activities  Decommissioning and abandonment 5.3 IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION The main effects of the residues and emissions from site preparation/bush clearing, construction, operations and abandonment shall be identified and analyzed in sufficiently clear and comprehensive manner. These residuals and emissions include but are not limited to: - Emissions to air. - Noise and vibrations. - Discharges to land and soil. - Effects on ecosystems. - Influx of job seekers - GBV, SEA, Child Labour - Disruption on local institutions and conflict inducing The potential/associated impacts and the indicator parameters for different sub project stages and activities are presented in Table 5.3. FINAL REVISED REPORT 83 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 5.3: Associated and Potential Impacts and Indicator Parameters for the Sub projects. Project Phase Project Activity Potential/Associated Impacts Indicator Parameters Pre-construction Land /geological surveys Vegetation loss, wildlife Plant density, wildlife migration, diversity, soil organisms density Acquisition of ROW Land take Compensation, ownership & conflict issues, Site preparation Loss of vegetation and economic Compensation, plant crops from vegetation clearing diversity, soil organism density. Soil Testing Exposure of soil to weather Soil organisms density conditions soil strata Inversion Construction & Access to site Bare soil, soil intactness, Alteration of hydrological pattern vegetation cover. leading to soil erosion Temporary obstruction of human Public complaints, traffic & vehicular movement during issues. clearing of pathway to site Increased access to restricted Poaching rate. areas (forest reserves) leading to poaching and ecosystem fragmentation Material Increased accident risk, vehicular Accidents rate, Air Transportation exhaust gas quality. Base Camps/ site offices Vegetation loss, life migration Plant density, soil fertility, habitat loss. and water quality Project security Armed attack, youth restiveness, Security incident rates kidnapping, and cases. Influx of people Increase in infectious disease Micro economic indices, especially STD, social conflicts conflicts & strife, health statistics etc GBV, SEA Exploitation, social conflicts Available statistics Engineering works Public nuisance from noise Ambient Air quality and generation and Air pollution from Noise levels. construction equipment Respiratory/ health hazards to Health statistics onsite personnel due to the release of fumes & dust from construction equipment Waste Disposal Soil/Water contamination, impact Water quality (TSS, TDS, on fisheries in nearby streams, DO etc.) soil fertility. Increased Income Operation and Air quality, waste Passenger and freight Maintenance Increase in noise, air emissions, generation, traffic impact, transport waste generation, Increased Accidents rate. Commercial activity, accident risk. urbanization FINAL REVISED REPORT 84 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Reduction in exhaust gas emission Air quality, traffic (clean air) within the region due to congestion. reduced traffic congestion on roads Boost in economic and business Income level, activities/ transactions within the unemployment rate, region. standard of living. Waste disposal and maintenance of hubs Availability of land for alternative Income Level, state of uses the economy Work place accidents/ incidents Accident rate, health statistics. Decommissioning Abandonment Alteration of hydrological pattern Bare soil, soil intactness, vegetation cover. Waste generation from Waste volume, waste decommissioning activities quality & characterization. 5.4 POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACTS It is to be noted that the environmental/social impacts identified at this stage are preliminary in nature and will need to be further elaborated in terms of potential for occurrence (likelihood) and severity when each sub project is screened. Usually during the various stages of project implementation - design, construction and operation, the nature of impact, extent, duration and severity would present itself and perhaps differs between similar sub projects and stages. In addition to the potential negative impacts, a wide range of positive environmental and social impacts (benefits) will also arise as a result of the sub project. These will include economic benefits, employment generation, social services, travel and transport, enhanced gender opportunities, fuel economy and reduced pollution. 5.4.1 The Potential Positive Impacts The RAAMP project is envisaged to have a range of positive environmental and social impacts. Some of these are a function of the objectives of the project, while others are a function of the way in which the project is designed to meet its objectives. The project beneficiaries are the population of poor rural communities living in the participating states. These rural communities rely almost exclusively on agriculture and livestock for their subsistence. A significant part of the agricultural works is performed by women. The lack of all-weather rural roads severely constrains the access of these communities to economic opportunities (agricultural inputs, markets, rural-urban linkages) but also to social services (health and education). The following are some of the potential positive social FINAL REVISED REPORT 85 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) benefits and positive environmental benefits that could arise from the sub project: Positive Social Impacts  Road improvement provides socio-economic benefits as accessibility and commercial activities are enhanced to facilitate economic integration at all levels. Road development will attract in-migration of people to settle along the road creating more settlements and increasing the population of the district that is benefiting from the road intervention. This in turn results in the increase in the demand for goods which causes more people to engage in various economic activities.  Enhanced agricultural marketing potentials and access to agro processing centres will lead to increased agricultural production which in turn will lead to increase in employment generation. It will also reduce out- migration in search of jobs in the urban centres. In the construction phase, opportunities for skilled as well as unskilled labour will be available to earn income. The impact on employment and income is considered to be significant and positive.  At the local level trading in farm produce will intensify as production levels are increased and diversified and access is gained to wider markets. This will contribute to GDP growth. New industry tends to locate where land is available and infrastructure exists; road corridors are logical choices. Roadside commercial development takes place in response to speculation that improved access and greater visibility will bring more customers. Incomes earned directly or indirectly will bring improvements in the standard of living of the people involved with the sub projects.  As more settlements spring up following the new road intervention, women will expand their opportunities for catering and trading, since there will be increased demand for food, goods and services, both in the construction and operation phases. Road availability will indirectly benefit women by easing the drudgery of long distance walking with children to health care centres, etc. Positive Environmental Impacts  The following are some of the potential positive environmental benefits that could arise from the implementation of sub projects:  Rural road improvements will reduce the tear and wear on vehicles. The effect on overall vehicle operational costs will be positive and significant. This will significantly reflect in improved travel and waiting times, increased frequency of transport services and reduced transport costs.  RAAMP will help to improve the welfare and general well-being of beneficiary communities through increased access to health care, education and other social services, rendered closer due to enhanced FINAL REVISED REPORT 86 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) accessibility during all seasons. It will provide benefits in respect of road safety or reduced accidents.  The transportation of people and products between the communities will become faster and safer.  The sub projects will bring new economic openings for women with the community based road maintenance scheme as well as improvement in the agriculture and trading sectors.  Developing new roads or rehabilitating existing roads often improve personal well-being. Access to educational opportunities and social services, including healthcare, is often a rationale for road improvements. 5.4.2 The Potential Negative Impacts The potential negative environmental impacts that could emanate from the sub projects are presented in Table 5.4a while the potential negative social impacts are presented in Table 5.4b. 5.5 MITIGATION APPROACH Upon completion of the impacts identification and evaluation for significance, mitigation measures shall be proffered for potential adverse significant impacts. These measures include avoidance, elimination or reduction to levels ‘as low as reasonably practicable’. In order to design cost-effective and acceptable mitigation, the significant adverse impacts are analyzed using Bow-Tie method. This analysis is by considering causes. Controls on-place to prevent controls or recovery measures from being effective (escalators) are also considered. The Bow-Tie analyses are performed for impacts that are within the direct control / influence of the subprojects. The mitigation measures developed from the analyses are meant to:  Prevent / eliminate (alternative sites, methods or design);  Reduce probability of occurrence;  Alleviate consequence through alternative methods, layout or processes and /or compensation; or  Restoration / curative activities. Administrative controls include rearranging work schedule to minimize length of time of exposure to hazards, and transfer or rotation of personnel, as may be necessary. Also included are supervision and possible reduction of potential/associated adverse impacts through engineering design and controls. Site specific mitigation measures shall be designed for all aspect that are identified as significant in the subproject in order to control and mitigate them to levels As Low As Reasonably Practicable (ALARP). Aspect, which may not be dealt with on the EAs shall be treated on individual basis and reported as appropriate. FINAL REVISED REPORT 87 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 5.6 MITIGATION MEASURES Based on the potential and associated project impacts and taking into consideration the above mitigation measure development approaches, appropriate mitigation measures suitable to the sub projects are suggested. The environmental impacts and their mitigation measures are presented in sub section 5.6.1 while the social impacts and their mitigation measures are presented sub section 5.6.2. The estimated cost of the mitigation measures for the proposed RAAMP is presented in Table 5.5. 5.6.1 Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures The potential environmental impacts and their corresponding mitigation measures are presented in Table 5.4a FINAL REVISED REPORT 88 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 5.4a: Potential Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank 1. All project Envisaged Follow recommended  Monitoring of  Inclusion of activities potential mitigation measures project/contractor relevant provisions impacts performance and in the ESMP and taking appropriate Legal Agreement. action to ensure  Provision of advice ESMP provisions are on expected or met. likely issues based  Inclusion of relevant on Bank provisions in the experience. ESMP.  Project monitoring  Inclusion of relevant and provisions in the implementation SPMU contract. support to verify compliance with the ESMP and CESMP. 2 Project  Damage or Major Preparation destroy  Incorporation of Site clearing sensitive environmental concerns and/or terrestrial in project preparation to levelling ecosystems avoid impacts in (Plants and (trees being construction and wildlife) removed & operation stages disturbance  Avoidance of roads to wildlife) through sensitive areas FINAL REVISED REPORT 89 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank  Produce as reserved areas of Medium forests/sanctuaries/wetl bare soil ands etc which cause  Compliance with legal erosion, requirements. siltation,  Chose or develop design changes in standards for each facet natural of construction and water flow, related activities—road and/or bed, road surface, damage to drainage, erosion aquatic control, re-vegetation, ecosystems stream crossing,  Damage or sensitive areas, steep destroy Major slopes, material sensitive extraction, transport terrestrial and storage, ecosystems construction camps, decommissioning.  Provide plans to identify, protect, and use sensitive habitats  Take into account problems in soil and slope stability and local weather and natural phenomena—fog, flooding, earthquakes, FINAL REVISED REPORT 90 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank heavy rain, mudslides, drought  Develop an erosion control plan for all projects. Route  Damage to Medium 3 planning local  In planning new routes, habitat, involve a compact multidisciplinary team soil, leading including (ideally) an to erosion. ecologist, geo-technical  Effect on and road engineer, soil local flora Low scientist, hydrologist, and fauna and other relevant  Effects on professionals such as farm lands. archaeologists or  Effects on tourism specialists paleontologi Medium  Avoid routing road cal, through sites of known archaeologi paleontological, cal, historic, archaeological, historic, religious, or religious, or cultural cultural significance. sites.  Avoid routing across agriculturally productive soils FINAL REVISED REPORT 91 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank  Take into account problems in soil and slope stability and local weather and natural phenomena—flooding, heavy rain, mudslides, drought  Whenever possible site roads to follow hill contours and avoid creating slopes greater than 10 degrees  Avoid gradients greater than 10 percent and long straight downhill stretches  Identify sites for temporary and permanent storage of excavated material and construction materials. Where excavated material will not be reused decide how it will be disposed of or shaped  Avoid environmentally sensitive areas, such as FINAL REVISED REPORT 92 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank wetlands, and sites near protected areas or relatively under graded forests. Explore possible compromise alternatives—a narrow, improved trail across protected area lands that provides access to foot, bicycle, or motorcycle traffic while constructing main access roads around these areas  Avoid constructing roads through forest areas, if possible. If clearing is unavoidable, protect or restore forests elsewhere in the drainage basin  Minimize aesthetic and scenic impacts by avoiding roads that cut long straight paths across valleys and plains. Instead, hide roads beneath forest FINAL REVISED REPORT 93 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank cover to minimize adverse aesthetic effects, and provide meanders where feasible  Avoid citing roads where they may disturb animal behaviour or migration patterns.  If sensitive areas cannot be avoided, involve ecologists and engineers in designing road, construction camp, quarries, and other areas 4 Construction Poor Medium Robust upfront risk contracts construction  Select or develop assessment. The Increase capacity of and guidelines and project will conduct a the Project rehabilitatio procedures to be risk assessment based Implementing Entity n works applied to each facet of on GBV contextual on SEA. The project with road construction or background and will support improved attendant rehabilitation and project related GBV management of consequenc incorporate them into risk related factors to project es on the contracts with have a better implementation and construction understanding of the supervision, social FINAL REVISED REPORT 94 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank environmen companies—site context and define and environmental t. clearing, bed and proper mitigation safeguards, surface construction, actions. identification and drainage, fuel and • Mapping of mitigation of GBV material usage, quarry services for survivors related risks, and site management, of SEA. A mapping of citizen engagement. construction camp and formal services work site operating (medical care, safe procedures, including accommodation, worker safety counselling, police  Include incentives for protection) for adhering to guidelines survivors of SEA and and penalties for Community Based violating them Organizations will be conducted for the intervened area of the project and will be used to enhance the GRM response to SEA cases and provide proper care for survivors.  Identification of NGOs in the 13 areas to be intervened • Reduction of labor influx. The FINAL REVISED REPORT 95 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank project will reduce the exposure to workers from outside the communities by including specific requirements in the bidding documents to minimize the use of expatriate workers. • Enhancement of the GRM. The project will strengthen the GRM as one of the entry points for complaints including SEA (the use of technology can be explored). The GRM will be trained to confidentially register SEA complaints and refer the survivor to a partner NGO and other services for proper care. • Enhanced monitoring: Through the supervision FINAL REVISED REPORT 96 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank engineer and hired NGOs 5 Slope  Landslides Medium stability/Exc or other  Stabilize slopes by avation, forms of planting vegetation. cutting, and mass Work with agronomists filling instability to identify native on slopes species with the best  Developme erosion control nt of Medium properties, root erosion or strength, site gulling adaptability, and other  Road Medium socially useful crosses properties. Set up major areas nurseries in project of deep- areas to supply seated necessary plants. Do instability not use non-native  Cause plants. Use soil erosion, Medium stabilizing chemicals or siltation, geo-textiles (fabrics) changes in where feasible and natural appropriate. water flow,  Minimize use of vertical and road cuts even though damage to they are easier to FINAL REVISED REPORT 97 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank aquatic construct and require ecosystems less space than flatter when slopes. The majority of excavated road cuts should have soil is piled no more than a 0.75:1 inappropriat or 1:1 slope to promote ely plant growth. Vertical  Expose cuts are acceptable in inhabitants Medium rocky landscapes and in and crew to well-cemented soils. risk of falls  Install drainage ditches and injuries or berms on uphill in slopes to divert water excavation away from roads and pits into streams .  Block water  Install drainage turnouts courses Medium at more frequent when fill is intervals and check inappropriat dams to reduce ditch ely placed erosion.  Destroy  If possible, use higher valuable Medium grade gravel that is ecosystems much less prone to when fill is erosion. inappropriat  If very steep sections ely placed cannot be avoided,  Cause land Medium provide soil stabilizers subsidence FINAL REVISED REPORT 98 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank or or surface with asphalt landslides or concrete. when fill is inappropriat ely placed, causing injuries and damages  Degrade Major water quality  Alter hydrology Major 6 Road  Reduced Medium surface is durability  Raise road surface with below grade and road stable fill material. of span Grade with in-slope, surrounding out-slope, or cambered shape. Install sufficient cross-drains ditches, FINAL REVISED REPORT 99 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank and settling ponds along the road 7 Deteriorated  Developme Medium road surface nt of  Determine cause of erosion or deterioration. If heavily gully on used, find a means of roads reducing traffic or upgrade road to more durable surface— gravel, asphalt, or concrete 8 High-speed  Increased Major driving risk to road  Realign road sections to accident meander; curving roads deter speeding  Add speed bumps in villages or populated areas 9 Road  Increased Major Sections risk to road  Generally caused by either with accident muddy/flooded roadway or multiple  Increased Low highly deteriorated tracks/off- traffic roadway. Maintain or road Medium upgrade road so section FINAL REVISED REPORT 100 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank driving  Increased’ no longer floods or wear and becomes muddy. tear’ on  Raise the road bed or vehicles define the roadway with rocks. Realign the road to a better area. Avoid very flat terrain 10 Road section  Remove surface and must be loosen soil of previous realigned track to accelerate regeneration of vegetation. Block access with rocks, branches, roadblocks, and signs. Narrow tracks usually re- vegetate naturally with no noticeable scars. Wider roads may require planting and reseeding. 11 Site  Damage to Medium Preparation public  Relocation of utilities, utilities and common property cultural resources and cultural resources. properties FINAL REVISED REPORT 101 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank  Effect on Low  Avoidance of affect on road side roadside vegetation vegetation 12 Construction  Adversely Low Camps affect local  Avoidance of sensitive flora and areas for location of fauna construction camps (especially  Ensure Infrastructure game and arrangements for fuel wood) workers and via poaching construction Equipment and collection by construction crews  Damage local habitat, Low compact soil, and create erosion via building and occupation of construction camp  Contaminate surface water Major and spread FINAL REVISED REPORT 102 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank disease via solid waste and faeces generated by camp Spread communicabl e diseases including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS via construction crew who come from outside the region 13 Burrow  Aesthetic Medium Areas nuisance  Avoidance of agriculture  Erosion lands as burrow areas prone Medium  Redevelopment of borrow  Safety risk areas due to Medium developed pond FINAL REVISED REPORT 103 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank 14 Compacting  Depletes Medium freshwater  Water the road resources immediately before  Improves compacting to strengthen road the road surface, otherwise traffic will soon beat back the road surface to pre-bladed condition.  When possible, delay compacting until the beginning of the wet season or when water becomes more available. 15 Blasting  Cause soil Low erosion  Minimize blasting.  Degrade  Take safety precautions water Medium to protect being injured quality by flying or falling rock  Alter hydrology  Damage valuable Low ecosystem s and habitats FINAL REVISED REPORT 104 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank 16 Water  Scour and managemen erosion Medium  Extraction of water in t below water scarce areas with unprotected consent of community drainage  Scheduling construction out falls activities as per water  Disruption Medium availability of drinking or irrigation water 17 Slope  Landslides Medium stability/Exc or other  Slope stability along hill avation, forms of roads cutting, and mass  Protection of land on hill filling instability side from stability loss on slopes due to cutting  Developm  Protection of lands on ent of Medium valley side from debris erosion or due to construction gully  Adequacy of drainage  Road for erosion control crosses Medium  Geological/geomorpholo major gical studies conducted areas of to investigate and deep- recommend best available options. FINAL REVISED REPORT 105 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank seated  Civil engineering instability Medium structures and bio-  Cause engineering measures erosion, used. siltation,  Measures taken to avoid changes in undercutting of slope natural toes. water  Quarrying prohibited in flow, and river beds, where flood damage to discharge is significant. aquatic ecosystem s when excavated soil is piled inappropri ately 18 Chance Excavation Finds of may reveal Medium .  Specify procedures for Cultural archaeologi archaeological “chance Resources cal or other finds� during the course of valuable construction activities in cultural contract document. resources  Ensure that the guidelines which could on chance finds are be adhered to. FINAL REVISED REPORT 106 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank physically damaged from construction activities 19 Involuntary  Displaceme Resettlemen nt of Major  Ensure adequate and t affected prompt compensation, persons rehabilitation or relocation living or of all project affected engaged in persons. livelihood  A stand alone RPF activity prepared for the project within the shall be used to address right of issues on land take. way; or for technical or safety reasons, the road departs from the existing alignment and affects persons living or FINAL REVISED REPORT 107 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank engaged in livelihood activities with the altered right of way. 20 Drainage  Cause soil Medium managemen erosion  Conduct of hydrological t  Degrade investigations during water Major project preparation quality  Provision of longitudinal  Alter and cross drainage as per hydrology Major requirements  Damage  Proper location of drainage valuable Medium outfall ecosystem  Install drainage structures s and during rather than after habitats construction. Most erosion associated with roads occurs in the first year after construction. Delaying installation of drainage features greatly increases the extent of erosion and damage during the first year. FINAL REVISED REPORT 108 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank  Clearly define the type of road surface shape and drainage method—in- sloped, out-sloped, or crown roadway—to be used for each section of roadway. Use outside ditches control surface water when necessary, but keep in mind that they concentrate water flow and require the road to be at least a meter wider. Install structures, such as berms or ditches, to divert water off the road before it directly reaches live stream channels.  Install diversion structures, such as cross drains, drivable, rolling dips, or water bars, to move water off the road frequently and minimize concentration of water.  Install drainage crossings to pass water from uphill to downhill. If using FINAL REVISED REPORT 109 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank culvert pipes, at least roughly design them using the Rational Formula or back-calculate using Manning’s Formula and high-water mark before or during construction to determine the anticipated flow, and select the correct size of pipe. Where flows are difficult to determine, use structures—such as fords, rolling dips, and overflow dips—that can accommodate any flow volume and are not susceptible to plugging.  Stabilize outlet ditches (inside and outside) with small stone riprap or vegetative barriers placed on contour to dissipate energy and to prevent the creation or enlargement of gullies.  Extend run out drains far enough to allow water to FINAL REVISED REPORT 110 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank dissipate evenly into the ground.  Visually spot check for drainage problems, such as accumulation of water on road surfaces, immediately after first heavy rains and at the end of the rainy season. Institute appropriate corrective measures. 21 Use of  Put heavy workers at  Maintenance of machinery equipment risk from Medium and equipment to avoid and exposure pollution hazardous to  Minimize use of heavy materials hazardous machinery. materials  Set protocols for vehicle  Cause maintenance, such as erosion Medium requiring that repairs and due to fuelling occur elsewhere or machinery over impervious surface tracks, such as plastic sheeting. damage to Prevent dumping of roads, hazardous materials, and capture leaks or spills with FINAL REVISED REPORT 111 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank stream drop cloths or wood banks shavings. Burn waste oil  Compact Low that is not reusable or soil, readily recyclable and does change not contain heavy metals surface and are flammable. and Prohibit use of waste oil as groundwat cooking fuel. er flows,  Investigate and use less and toxic alternative products. adversely  Prevent fuel tank leaks by affect a) monitoring and cross- future use checking fuel level for deliveries and use, b) agriculture checking pipes and joints for leaks c) tightening generator fuel lines, d) preventing over-filling of main storage and vehicle tanks 22 Spoil Aesthetic Low disposal nuisance  Minimize spoil by balancing cut and fill Land issues Medium wherever possible  Safe tipping areas identified and enforced. FINAL REVISED REPORT 112 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank  Spoil traps constructed.  Land owner compensated. 23 Hazardous  Contamina Major materials te ground  Checks to ensure that handling. or surface storage is good and that water there are no losses or when leaks. hydraulic  Checks to ensure that oil, motor protective clothing and oil or other safety measures are harmful used. mechanica l fluids are spilled or dumped 24 Dust  Effects Low on  Speed controlled using vegetati speed bumps. If water on, is available, the road health surface can be sprayed implicati on a frequent schedule. ons and  Permanent speed material bumps installed in surfaces villages and bazaars to FINAL REVISED REPORT 113 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank reduce traffic speeds in inhabited areas.  Bitumen surface constructed in bazaars, with speed controls.  Dense vegetation planted on roadside. 25 Noise  Health Medium implicatio  Work schedule to ns due to minimize disturbance. exposure  Alert public when loud to loud noise will be generated noise 26 Worker’s  Accidents Medium Health & from  Provision of Personal Safety operation of Protective Equipment to construction workers equipment  Provision of basic necessities to workers 27 Public  Injury/ac Medium Health and cident  Public safety while Safety at due to travel along Construction lack of construction sites Site warning  Public safety during signs, operation of the road FINAL REVISED REPORT 114 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank site  Traffic safety measures barricade installed, such as d and warning signs, safeguar delineators and barriers. ds  Awareness of road  Exposure safety raised among to Medium affected communities. atmosph  Road safety audits eric carried out and emissions recommendations from implemented. construct  Contractor develops an ion acceptable construction equipme site Environment, nt Health and Safety Plan.  Exposure Medium  Reducing construction to site risks to the workers excessive and the public – safety and rules for work continuo operations shall be us noise instituted by the and Contractor, including, vibration but not limited to; from location of plant construct equipment away from ion sensitive locations activities (hospitals, schools, etc.), equipment FINAL REVISED REPORT 115 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank operation procedures, safety barriers, warning signs, first aid and medical kits and procedures, and safety training for the workers.  Reducing health risks from compound living conditions and interaction with the community – employee rules and information campaigns shall be instituted by the Contractor on health practices and communicable diseases. The Contractor shall also ensure that prevention and treatment facilities are made available to his employees.  HIV/AIDS awareness and treatment – in collaboration with the National or State Agencies for HIV/AIDS FINAL REVISED REPORT 116 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank or NGOs recognized by the NACA or SACA, the Contractor shall institute an HIV/AIDS Awareness Campaign, with links to the National Program for testing and treatment. 28 Land use Project Major and disruption  Compensation paid to resettlement house owners. issues  Compensation paid to land owners.  Check impacts are limited to compensated trees and products.  Resettlement Action Plan that provides information on involuntary resettlement  A stand alone RPF prepared for the project shall be used address issues on land take. FINAL REVISED REPORT 117 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank 29 Local people  Social Major excluded strife  Designs incorporate from project and methods within the activities conflicts skills of local people.  Youth restiven Major  Contractors encouraged ess using local labor wherever possible. 30 Promises  Project Major made to apathy  Managing of stakeholders local people by expectations through during local effective stakeholder feasibility people engagement and public and communication. planning phases 31 Cultural  Social Major properties conflicts  Avoid disturbance through: and (i) adjustments to alignments; community and/or strife (ii) drainage and other design measures to avoid excessive runoff or erosion onto the graveyard or burial.  If any impact is unavoidable, the appropriate FINAL REVISED REPORT 118 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank compensation measures will be applied as per the RPF/RAP 32 Road  Create Medium maintenanc gullies  Monitor and maintain e and drainage structures and standing ditches including pools culverts. Clean out  Create Medium culverts and side mud channels and run-outs holes, when they begin to fill potholes with sediment and lose  Breed Medium their effectiveness. disease  Fill mud holes and vectors potholes with good in quality gravel; remove settling downed trees and limbs basins obscuring roadways. and  Use water from settling retentio basins and retention n ponds ponds for road  Remove maintenance (O&M ruts, Medium  Ensure Maintenance potholes contracts that are , wash performance-based with boardin penalties in case of non- FINAL REVISED REPORT 119 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank g, and compliance with the standing agreed standards (e.g. water flouting safety rules, number of potholes per km of roads). 33 Upgrade of  Displacemen  Proper documentation of existing t of market Major market retailers and market, retailers. prompt handover of processing facilities upon sub facilities,  Waste project completion farm generation. Major  Adequate waste products collection bins are in aggregation, place at strategic points. agricultural  Temporal  Education & awareness inputs displacement Medium on use of waste bins provision, of subsistent through etc local posters/handbills to economies. avoid indiscriminate litters.  All other  Prompt evacuation of potential & waste bins to approved associated dumpsite. impact  Provision of alternative earlier temporal market during mentioned in construction and road projects FINAL REVISED REPORT 120 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank compensation where necessary.  Proper implementation of relevant mitigation measures for all environmental impacts. 34 Decommissi  Cause Medium oning soil  Break up old road surface erosion and soil. Remove and  Degrade Major dispose of surfacing water material if necessary and quality loosen soil of previous  Damage track to accelerate valuable Medium regeneration of vegetation ecosyst  Reshape eroded or ems and culled surfaces with out- habitat sloping, or add cross drains or water bars so water will no longer follow the course of the roadway Re-vegetate as needed. Narrow tracks will usually re-vegetate naturally with no noticeable scars or impact on the FINAL REVISED REPORT 121 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Activities Potential Degree of Mitigations N Envisaged Impacts Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank environment, but wider roads may require active planting and reseeding.  Block access with rocks, branches, roadblocks, and signs 5.6.2 Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures/Social Impact Management Plan A Social Impact Management Plan containing expected adverse social impacts, mitigation measures and responsible parties for implementation of mitigation measures is presented in Table 5.4b. Table 5.4b: Potential Social Impacts and Mitigation Measures. S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant 1. All Follow GRM  Establishment and operation of  Supportive  Inclusion of relevant Disputes provision an effective GRM accessible to provisions in the community members-ideally ESMP and Legal with involvement of the Agreement. community and district level  Provision of advice on committee and Community expected or likely Based Organizations to FINAL REVISED REPORT 122 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant facilitate early identification of issues based on Bank problems and targeted experience. mitigating interventions by  Implementation IIU/MPW. support to verify  Establishment and operation of compliance with the an effective GBV GRM (which ESMP and CESMP. will be different from the  Monitoring of GRM project specific GRM) resolution rates and accessible to community identification of members and project recurring issues to contractors – ideally with discuss with involvement of the Ministry of FPIU/SPMU. Women Affairs and Social Protection to facilitate confidentiality. The GRM shall be placed, as possible, within a NGO with expertise on GBV (ideally service provider).  Provision of information to communities on how to use the GRM to report issues.  Monitoring and taking appropriate action to ensure CESMP provisions are met. FINAL REVISED REPORT 123 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant  Inclusion of relevant provisions in the ESMP.  Inclusion of relevant provisions in the SPMU contract. 2. Land Medium  Fair  Ensure consultation with  Project prepares and Review and clear acquisition compensation PAPs, obtain RoW or implement Resettlement Action for the for affected permit, transfer title and standalone Plans project structures crops documentation Resettlement Action at current Plans market value.  Government to  Provision of provide funding for compensation the payment of RAP and assistance and livelihood to vulnerable restoration. groups.  Provision of differentiated treatment for vulnerable people.  Signing of agreement with local authorities FINAL REVISED REPORT 124 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant and communities.  Ensure the ownership of land is effectively established to mitigate the possibilities of taking land owned by women for public interest without ensuring the affected women are provided land for land replacement option. 3. Risk of Major  Awareness of  Consultations with and social the historical involvement of local conflict and cultural communities in project FINAL REVISED REPORT 125 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant nature of the planning and project area implementation process. when dealing  Awareness – raising with affected among local community communities. and workers.  Ensure that  Ensure the contractor communication adheres to Workers Code tools portray of Conduct and local correct and tradition. concise information.  Provision of information regarding Worker Code of Conduct.  Provision of cultural sensitization training for workers regarding engagement FINAL REVISED REPORT 126 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant with local community.  Provision of a one-paragraph Harassment Policy as an addendum to the Contractor Workers’ contract, to be signed as a commitment to adhere to Worker Code of Conduct and GBV prevention.  Commitment to prioritizing the hiring of competent locals to the maximum extent to avoid inter or intra – community FINAL REVISED REPORT 127 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant tension with migrant workers. 4. Increased Major  Paying  Ensure assignment of risk of illicit adequate adequate enforcement behaviour salaries to staff and crime workers to  Enforcement of laws on including reduce drug abuse and prostitutio incentive for trafficking. n, theft and theft.  Police monitoring to substance  Hiring of local prevent drug trafficking. abuse. workforce.  Sensitization campaigns  Creation of for both workers and supervised local communities. recreation areas in workers’ camp as well as temporary rest areas at work sites. FINAL REVISED REPORT 128 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant  Cooperation with local law enforcement.  Introduction of sanctions such as dismissal for workers involved in criminal activities.  Provision of substance (drug & alcohol) abuse prevention and management program for workers involved in the project site.  Hiring of young women in the project area to mitigate the FINAL REVISED REPORT 129 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant risk of prostitution and sexual transaction.  Pay equal wage to men & women on the basis of equal job performed and merit. 5. Adverse Medium  Provision of  Liaison with civil society  Investment in impacts on services in the organizations to create community community workers’ camp integrative action plans. participation and dynamics to reduce the  Provision of upfront engagement need for information on programs workers to use potentially detrimental local impacts on local community communities. facilities (internet, sports).  Provision of entertainment FINAL REVISED REPORT 130 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant and events for workers within camp to reduce incentives for mixing with local community.  Restriction of public access to camps and construction area, to be managed by:  Assigning security personnel to manage access.  Fencing of camps.  Installation of appropriate signage. FINAL REVISED REPORT 131 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant 6. Impact on Medium  Contractor is to  Provision of upfront Community ensure the information on Cultural strict potentially detrimental Traditions. implementatio cultural impacts on local n of Labour communities. Management  Liaise with Community Plan to Based Organizations to minimize create integrative action engagement plans. with the locals and to ensure workers are educated on the local traditions and proper interactions. Actions disapproved by the communities or by their FINAL REVISED REPORT 132 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant traditions must be corrected, improved and proper consultation must be held with the leaders to ensure satisfaction of redress mechanism. 7. Influx of Major  Contractor to  Communications Additional hire workers campaign to manage Population through a expectations and (“Followers systemic discourage spontaneous �) process influx of job seekers. managed by  Coordinate with Local HR Office and government to address avoid hiring “at this additional influx of the gate� to the “followers� to discourage ensure that no illegal spontaneous and unsafe settlements develop. FINAL REVISED REPORT 133 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant influx of job  Review and ensure seekers and adherence to labour migrant influx management workers. plan.  Development of a detailed and site- specific labour influx management plan.  Prioritize the hiring of the local for qualified skilled and unskilled work.  Train women in variety of skilled and non skilled jobs such as operating construction FINAL REVISED REPORT 134 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant equipment, involving them in supervisory jobs.  Inform communities of all hiring opportunities in construction areas. 8. Increased Medium  Workers’ camp  Contingency plans for  Investment in and burden on to include temporary rise in capacity building of public wastewater demand for utilities and local public service service disposal and public service provision. providers. Provision septic systems.  Identification of authorized water supply source and prohibition of use from other community sources. FINAL REVISED REPORT 135 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant  Identification of separate non- hazardous solid and liquid waste disposal sites.  Identification of separate service providers for community and workers’ camp/construc tion site.  Worker Code of Conduct on water and electricity consumption. 9. Increased Major  Vaccinating  Establishment or  Awareness raising risk of workers upgrade of health about public health communica against centers at camp and impacts from labour ble common and construction sites. This influx. FINAL REVISED REPORT 136 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant diseases locally should be included in (including prevalent contractor’s contract. STDs and diseases. The clinic should be HIV/AIDS)  In association approved by the Ministry with the of Health. National Action  Free testing facilities. Committee on  Provision of condoms; AIDs (NACA)  Monitoring of local Control population health data, program – in particular for contract a HIV transmissible diseases. service provider to be available on- site.  Implementatio n of HIV/AIDS education program.  Information campaigns on STDs among the workers and local FINAL REVISED REPORT 137 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant community in collaboration with NACA.  Education about the transmission of diseases; 10. Gender- Major  Ensure that  Instruction and  Increased security based GBV risks are equipping of local law presence in nearby violence, adequately enforcement to act on communities. including reflected in GBV complaints.  Reinforcement of sexual the CESMP  Information and police force where exploitatio  Prior to awareness raising needed. n and mobilization, campaigns for  Deployment of abuse, Codes of community members, female police sexual Conduct (CoC) specifically women and officers in project harassmen meeting girls. areas. t, and minimum  Provision of information  Application of long violence standards as to host community about term community against outlined in the the contractor’s policies based approaches to children SPDs are in and Worker Code of address the issue. place with Conduct (where  Enforcement of laws contractors, applicable). on sexual violence their sub- FINAL REVISED REPORT 138 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant contractors,  Supervision and human and any consultant’s team trafficking. consultants includes a GBV that have expert that can physical monitor GBV presence at mitigation measures. the project  Develop a site including communications supervising strategy which will be engineers. implemented over the  CoCs signed life of the project to keep by those with the local communities a physical and other stakeholders presence at informed on the project. the project site.  Mandatory and regular training for workers and contractors of their obligations under the Code of FINAL REVISED REPORT 139 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant conduct, including required lawful conduct in host community and on the work site and legal consequences for failure to comply with laws.  Disseminate CoC (including visual illustrations), discuss with employees and surrounding communities, and signed by all workers involved with the project FINAL REVISED REPORT 140 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant  Commitment / policy to cooperate with law enforcement agencies investigating perpetrators of gender-based violence.  Creation of partnership with Ministry of Women Affairs, local NGO, women groups to report workers’ misconduct and complaints/rep orts on gender-based violence or FINAL REVISED REPORT 141 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant harassment through the GBV GRM, always taking into account as a primary principle a survivor- centred approach.  Provision of opportunities for workers to regularly return to their families.  Provision of opportunities for workers to take advantage of entertainment opportunities away from rural host FINAL REVISED REPORT 142 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant communities.  As possible, include in the bidding documents requiremen ts to hire workers from the vicinity of the project  Commitment to providing alternative work schedules or shifts to accommodate the hiring of more local female workers. This ensures they can out their domestic FINAL REVISED REPORT 143 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant duties and avoid the potential domestic abuse.  Create a GBV Action Plan accompani ed by an Accountabil ity and Response Framework to ensure that the CoCs are implement ed effectively.  Ensure separate, safe and easily accessible facilities for FINAL REVISED REPORT 144 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant women and men working on the site. 11. Child Medium  Ensuring that  Communication on  Enforcement of labour and children and hiring criteria, legislation on child school drop minors are not minimum age, and labour. out employed applicable laws. directly or indirectly on the project. 12. Local Medium  Appropriate  Monitoring of local inflation of mix of locally prices and security prices and and non- of supply. crowding locally out of local procured consumers goods to allow local project benefits while reducing risk of crowding FINAL REVISED REPORT 145 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant out of and price hikes for local consumers. 13. Increased Medium  When local  Inclusion in contract of pressure on community funding for accommod accommodati establishment of ation and on supply is workers’ camp. rents limited, the project should establish workers’ camp facilities with sufficient capacity for workers— including sub- contractors— and associated support staff. FINAL REVISED REPORT 146 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant 14. Increased Medium  Preparation  Coordinating with Local Upgrading and traffic and and government, contractor maintaining roads rise in implementatio and communities to affected by project accidents n of a traffic identify accident (unless designated as management hotspots and formulation contractor plan to be of solutions responsibility) approved by supervision consultant.  Building additional/sepa rate roads to project and workers’ camp sites where necessary.  Organization of commute from camp to project to reduce traffic.  Road safety training and defensive driving training FINAL REVISED REPORT 147 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant for staff.  Sanctions for reckless driving. Risk of   In order to marginalizing mitigate impact vulnerable associated with groups age vulnerability, the SPC when conducting assessment under performance standard shall identify disadvantaged or vulnerable individuals or groups that will be directly or indirectly affected in the project area FINAL REVISED REPORT 148 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant and a process whereby differentiated measures will developed to address particular circumstances or needs of such individuals or groups. 15. Camp Medium  Placement of  Inclusion in contract related workers’ camp of requirements for land use, away from camp locations. access environmentall roads, y sensitive noise and areas to avoid lights impacts on the local wildlife.  Routing of new access routes for workers’ FINAL REVISED REPORT 149 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant camp to avoid/minimize environmentall y sensitive areas. 16.  Water  Inclusion in contract conservation of requirement for Major and recycling rainwater capture, of water. use of non-potable Increased  Consideration water for construction demand on of use of works, etc. freshwater rainwater resources where feasible.  Avoiding contamination of fresh water sources. 17. Road Medium  Integration of  Inclusion in road Education and Safety for disability contracts of awareness for people people concerns in requirement of with disabilities and with road designs. infrastructure the general public on disability.  Road designed for people the proper use of the construction to provided road safety with disabilities. FINAL REVISED REPORT 150 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant provide provision by CSOs, platforms for CBOs and relevant easy access of local authorities. people with disabilities.  Installation of speed barriers at designated road crossings.  Installation of traffic signs, symbols and markings (zebra crossings etc) on approaching road crossings.  Installation of infrastructure designed for people with disabilities such as Accessible FINAL REVISED REPORT 151 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/ Expected Degree of Potential Mitigation Measures N Adverse Impact Contractor FPMU/SPIU World Bank Impact Project – Specific - With Broader Enabling Support of the Environment Monitoring/Supervision Consultant Pedestrian Signals (Audible Pedestrians Traffic Signals), Braille Traffic Light, the ‘green man’ etc Table 5.5: Estimated Mitigation Cost of Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for RAAMP FINAL REVISED REPORT 152 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Issue/Potential Mitigation Measure(s) Implementing Monitoring Indicative Cost Indicative Cost Impact Responsibility Responsibility (₦) ($) Impacts on air Use of adequate PPEs, cover Design Consultant , FPMU/SPIU 27,000,000.00 88,235.29 quality materials during transportation, contractor, supervising consultant Impacts on noise proper servicing/maintenance of Design Consultant , FPMU/SPIU 18,000,000.00 58,823.53 level equipment, enclose area for on- contractor, site material mixing etc supervising consultant Impact on hydrology Use of good engineering Design Consultant , FPMU/SPIU 20,000,000.00 65,359.48 & surface water practice, stabilization of slopes, contractor, quality installation of adequate supervising drainages, minimal use of water consultant & chemicals. Impact of soil Use of good engineering Design Consultant , FPMU/SPIU 72,000,000,00 235,294.12 burrow pits practice, and reclamation of the contractor, burrow pits supervising consultant Waste generation & Provision of waste management contractor, FPMU/SPIU 54,000,000.00 176,470.59 disposal impact. plan, reduce, reuse and recycle supervising options, consultant Socioeconomic Payment of compensation, contractor, FPMU/SPIU 95,000,000.00 310,457.52 impact: loss of documentation of agreements. supervising source of income & consultant property, FINAL REVISED REPORT 153 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Issue/Potential Mitigation Measure(s) Implementing Monitoring Indicative Cost Indicative Cost Impact Responsibility Responsibility (₦) ($) GBV Ensure adherence to Code of contractor, FPMU/SPIU 20,000,000.00 65,359.48 Conduct for contractor & workers supervising consultant labour influx Ensure Management Plan & strict contractor, FPMU/SPIU 22,000,000.00 71,895.43 implementation of Labour supervising consultant incidence of STDs, Ensure Site/Camp Management contractor, FPMU/SPIU 18,000,000.00 58,823.53 STIs & HIV/AIDS Plan. supervising consultant Sub total 346,000,000.00 1,130,718.95 10% Contingency 34,600,000.00 113,071.895 Total 380,600,000.00 1,243,790.85 FINAL REVISED REPORT 154 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 5.7 INTEGRATING MITIGATION MEASURES IN PROJECT DESIGN AND TENDER DOCUMENTS This shall be achieved through subprojects environmental and social management procedure, from the screening through monitoring and evaluation of the specific ESMP (based on the nature of the subproject and the risk level), including specific criteria (site selection, exclusion of activity, additional studies, etc.), in accordance to national EA administrative procedure (including the review and clearance by the Bank). 5.7.1 Project Design. The mitigation measures should be integrated in the design of the project itself. Such a step will enhance the mitigation measures in terms of specific mitigation design, cost estimation of the mitigation measure, and specific implementation criteria. The mitigation measure integration in the design phase will also help in strengthening the benefits and sustainability of the sub projects. 5.7.2 Project Contract The project contractor should be bound by the parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment pertaining to specific mitigation measures in the contract. The final acceptance of the completed works should not occur until the environmental clauses have been satisfactorily implemented. 5.7.3 Bill of Quantities The tender instruction to bidders should explicitly mention the site-specific mitigation measures to be performed, the materials to be used, labour camp arrangements, and waste disposal areas, as well other site specific environmental requirements. Such a definition would clearly exhibit the cost requirement to undertake mitigation measures, which otherwise might be lost as the bidders in an attempt to be more competitive may not include the price realistic enough to fund mitigation measures and other protection measures. 5.7.4 Supervision and Monitoring The purpose of supervision is to make sure that specific mitigation parameters identified in the environmental and social assessment and as bound by the contract is satisfactorily implemented. Likewise, monitoring is necessary such that the mitigation measures are actually put into practice. A categorized mitigation measures and its implementation is given in Table 5.5. FINAL REVISED REPORT 156 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 5.6: Categorized Mitigation Measures and Its Implementation S/N Mitigation Implementation Responsibility Party Activity Project Contract Bill of Monitoring* Design Quantity 1 Land use Explore use of Contractor - Quantify actual marginal land. shall land Check comply with use pattern for impacts are clauses construction limited to pertaining and compensated to mitigation other activities. trees in Public and products. the contract complaints. 2 Camp Identify Contractor Amount to be Latrine operation camping shall included in construction grounds comply with contractor's and effective clauses own waste disposal. pertaining expense Check to mitigation through disruption in in work camp item water supply. the contract expense. Re-vegetation and rehabilitation of site. 3 Plants and Consider Contractor - Check habitats wildlife construction shall recreated affecting comply with on marginal forests and clauses roadside land. productive pertaining plots. to mitigation in the contract 4 Spoil disposal Identify mass Contractor Quantify Presence of balance shall disposal scouring, techniques. comply with and extraction erosion, Safe tipping clauses volume. damage to areas pertaining property, identified and to mitigation water supply enforced. in disruption. Design spoils the contract Complaints traps. from local people FINAL REVISED REPORT 157 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 5 Slope stability Specify Contractor shall Identify Adequacy, bioengineering comply with stabilization quality and relevant clauses area. of vegetation. techniques. pertaining Provide list Survival rate to mitigation in of of the contract. vegetation to plants. be planted. 6 Water Design safe Contractor shall Physical works Evidence of management discharge comply with for fresh drainage and clauses safe discharge surface techniques pertaining drainage listed. erosion, (check to mitigation in presence of dam) to natural the contract gullies, water increase in course. water turbidity, loss of agriculture forest land. Slope condition. Public complaints. 7 Hazardous Specify storage Amount to be Checks to materials facilities for included in ensure explosives and contractor's that storage is toxic own good materials. expense and that there through rate are no for supplying losses or leaks. materials. Checks to ensure that protective clothing and safety measures are used. 8 Quarries and Design bunds Contractor shall Quantify Check for water burrow pits to comply with restoration ponds, screen noise clauses costs and formation and dust. pertaining present of gullies, to mitigation in technical water FINAL REVISED REPORT 158 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Design re- the contract specifications. turbidity. grading Check slopes. unauthorized Use bio- quarrying engineering activities. techniques for rehabilitation. 9 Stone Contractor shall Amount to be Dust control crushing and comply with included in equipment asphalt plants clauses contractor's being pertaining own utilized. to mitigation in expense. Public the contract complaints. 10 Dust and Indicate use of Contractor shall Specify buffer Air pollution noise safe comply with area control pollution level clauses requirements. equipment. equipment. pertaining Amount to Dust to mitigation in be deposition on the contract included in crops and contractor's vegetation. own Survival rate expense of through plants. work camp Public item complaints. expense. 11 Social issues Incorporate Contractor shall - Check issues socially comply with pertaining to acceptable clauses social design pertaining concern. specifications to mitigation in the contract 12 Code of Develop and Contractor shall Specify Ensure that all conduct ensure comply with requirements contractors compliance to clauses of the sign and code of pertaining code of abide. conduct. to mitigation in conduct and Monitor the contract specify roles. adherence 13 Road Arrangement Penalties in case Specify relationship maintenance with of manner of with the various noncompliance maintenance well maintained communities on with and road the the agreed specific roles corridor and standards (e.g. private number of contractor FINAL REVISED REPORT 159 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Pot-holes per km of roads). 5.8 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (ESMP) AND MONITORING ESMP is an Action Plan that indicates which of the EA report recommendations and alternatives will actually be adopted and implemented. ESMP could be produced as a part of detailed design in the EA reports or as a free-standing document. It will ensure incorporation of the relevant environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project. ESMP also ensures that the environmental mitigation measures and their practical monitoring become a legal responsibility of implementing agencies. For each sub-project the EA Consultants shall produce a site-specific Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) document. Environmental monitoring involves keeping track of, on a regular or ongoing basis with a view to collecting information. It provides feedback about the actual environmental and social impacts. Monitoring results help judge the success of mitigation measures in protecting the environment and people. They are also used to ensure compliance with environmental and social standards, and to facilitate any needed project design or operational changes. By tracking a project’s actual impacts, monitoring reduces the environmental and social risks associated with that project, and allows for project modifications to be made where required. Monitoring will require sampling and analysis of environmental components like soils, water and air emissions. Monitoring will also involve community perception surveys, HIV/AIDS awareness, workers health, availability of facilities/skills, etc so as to identify issues of discontent and address them before they escalate. A sample plan for Environmental and Social Monitoring for the RAAMP subprojects is summarized in Table 5.7. These may differ depending on site specific peculiarities. FINAL REVISED REPORT 160 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Table 5.7: Details of Environmental and Social Monitoring Plan FINAL REVISED REPORT 161 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Scope Parameter Location Construction Operation Worker Camp FPMU, SPIU, TSP, NO2, SO2, & Settlement Environmental Air CO areas Monthly Bi-annual Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Effluent FPMU, SPIU, Wastewater TSS COD, DO, outlets and Environmental and surface pH, Oil, phenol important Consultants, water etc water bodies Monthly Quarterly FMEnv, SRA FPMU, SPIU, Sound level Sensitive Environmental Noise (dBA) spots Monthly Yearly Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Ignitability, Bi-annual for first FPMU, SPIU, Corrosivity, two years, then Environmental Solid waste Reactivity etc Disposal sites Quarterly annual thereafter Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Twice a year at FPMU, SPIU, start and end of Environmental Spoils Visual inspection Project area Bi-weekly wet season Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Twice a year at FPMU, SPIU, start and end of Environmental Soil Erosion Visual inspection Project area Biweekly wet season Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Quarterly for the Signs, culvert, first year, then FPMU, SPIU, incidence/accide annually Environmental Public Safety nt records Project area Monthly thereafter Consultants, FMEnv, SRA Land acquisition and population, structures resettlement (Note that Stand-Alone RAP shall be prepared for this as stated in RAAMP PRF Compensation, Relocated Middle and prepared income, housing, families and end of land FPMU, SPIU, alongside this employment, receiving acquisition and Environmental ESMF) social adaptation communities resettlement Annual Consultants, FMEnv, SRA FINAL REVISED REPORT 162 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Increased transportation of Socioeconomic local products ; Middle and FPMU, SPIU, benefit increased Entire project end of land Environmental. number of area acquisition and Consultants, tourists ; resettlement Annually FMEnv, SRA increased local revenue and increased income for the locals Project communities. Community Number of Mapping of Quartely Annually FPMU, SPIU, perception, participants services Environmental HIV/AIDS, available at Consultants, Health GRM entry FMEnv, SRA Statistics points. Codes of Conduct signed by all project related staff. Training on Codes of Conduct and SEA delivered throughout the project cycle Accountability structures for complaints of SEA clearly articulated. Complaints are swiftly address through previously established accountability mechanism FINAL REVISED REPORT 163 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Gender Based Violence (GBV), including Sexual Exploitation & Abuse (SEA), Sexual FPMU, SPIU, Harassement Quartely Annually for the Environmental and Violence first 5 years. Consultants, against FMEnv, SRA children. FPMU = Federal Projects Management Unit, SRA= State Regulatory Agencies, SPIU= State Project Implementation Unit, FMEnv= Federal Ministry of Environment. FINAL REVISED REPORT 164 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) CHAPTER 6: STAKEHOLDERS CONSULTATION AND PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT PROCEDURES 6.1 INTRODUCTION Stakeholder engagement is an essential criteria and important strategy for an integrated environmental and social analysis process, the project design and its implementation. Views of the project interested and affected persons have been fully taken into account during the Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) preparation and shall continue to form a basis for further design and implementation of the subprojects throughout the Rural Access and Agricultural Marketing Project (RAAMP) implementation period. The purpose of the stakeholder consultation is to identify the views of local communities, major institutions and other stakeholders, and to assess any mitigation measures which may be undertaken to minimize any adverse impacts of the proposals under consideration. Stakeholder consultation will be an on-going activity throughout the entire project life-cycle. Subject to the approval of the Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU), information about the project will be shared with the public, to enable meaningful contribution, and enhance the success of the project. The different channels for communication and consultation are: Meetings, filling of questionnaires/application forms, public readings and explanations of project ideas and requirements. Publication in print and electronic media, preferably local newspapers, notice boards near project sites, posters in strategic locations and many public places. The means of communication must also take into consideration the literacy levels in the rural communities by allowing enough time for responses and feedback and putting messages in local language(s). It is a requirement that appropriate mechanisms for ensuring full involvement and participation of the public is accorded priority and should be a continuous process from screening, scoping, during Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)/Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report preparation and during ESIA/EIA review and finalization 6.2 OBJECTIVES OF CONSULTATION/PUBLIC ENGAGEMENT Consultation/public engagement is essential because it affords the concerned stakeholders the opportunity to contribute to both the design and implementation of the project activities and reduce the likelihood for conflicts Thus, opportunities are created to: 1. Canvass their inputs, views and concerns; and take account of the information and views of the public in the project design and in decision making. 2. Obtain local and traditional knowledge that may be useful for decision-making; 3. Facilitate consideration of alternatives, mitigation measures and trade-offs; FINAL REVISED REPORT 165 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 4. Ensure that important impacts are not overlooked and benefits maximized; 5. Reduce conflict through the early identification of contentious issues; 6. Provide an opportunity for the public to influence the designs and implementation in a positive manner; 7. Improve transparency and accountability in decision-making; and 8. Increase public confidence in the project. 6.3 STAKEHOLDERS IDENTIFICATION The stakeholders are defined as all people and institutions that have an interest in the planning and execution of the project, potentially affected communities; traditional rulers/ religious leaders, Non Governmental Organizations (NGOs)/ Community Based Organizations (CBOs), Local Government officials, State Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs), local/social and professional groups e.g., farmers, market women, road transport workers etc. A guide on identification of stakeholders is presented in Table 6.1. Transhumant pastoral communities that are not present all year round should not be omitted. Table 6.1: Stakeholders Identification Guide. Who? How to identify them People living in the vicinity of the  Field Survey proposed works.  Identify the local government area(s) that the proposed corridor of work falls within.  Review available data to determine the stakeholder profile of the whole stakeholder or relevant group.  Use identified groups and individuals to tap into stakeholder networks to identify others. Women should be represented and specific women groups identified (It is important that women be consulted in a safe space where they are free to speak without interference from males colleagues) Special interest groups including  Identify key individuals or groups Transhumant pastoral through organised groups, local clubs, communities that are not present community halls and religious places. all year round  Organisations such as environmental groups will be aware of similar local groups or individuals. Individual people who own  Advertise in local newspapers, telling properties that will be directly or people that they may be affected and indirectly affected. asking them to register interest in FINAL REVISED REPORT 166 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Who? How to identify them attending meetings or receiving further information. Business (owners and employees).  Field Survey  Council lists or property registers. MDAs  Constitutional Responsibility/ministerial mandate 6.4 STAKEHOLDER/PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN RAAMP ESMF The preparation of the ESMF involved stakeholders’ consultation in all the eighteen (18) participating States. The major stakeholders identified and consulted consisted of various government (State and Federal) MDAs, State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs), Local Government Chairmen, Community leaders, Community Based Organizations (CBOs) etc. It is however considered that the stakeholder involvement initiated by the ESMF will be built upon at the various project levels in the participating States. This will afford the respective SPIU to:  Clarify the project's objectives in terms of stakeholders’ needs and concerns  Identify feasible alternatives (in particular alternative locations) and examine their relative merits in terms of environmental, social and economic factors  Identify and prioritize environmental and social issues and establish the scope of future studies and/or site specific management plan  Identify processes for continued stakeholders’ involvement. 6.5 CONSULTATIONS IN THE PARTICIPATING RAAMP STATES The issues canvassed for and concerns expressed in the stakeholder consultations in the participating RAAMP States are similar and are highlighted below:  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained. This can be mitigated by strict adherence to the legal agreement and framework for the project.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. FINAL REVISED REPORT 167 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project.  There should be adherence to both national and state/local laws in the execution of projects.  Fair opportunities should be given to local contractors in the execution of the sub projects.  Sub project contractors should give due cognizance to native customs and traditions in the execution of the projects.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan.  Sub project contractors should ensure adequate protection of the soil so as not to trigger erosion. The summary of the consultations in the participating states are as follows: Table 6.2: Summary of Public Consultation in each Participating State. Summary of Public Consultation for Abia State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from 24/10/17 – consultation 25/10/17 Name of SPIU, Bende, Etiti-Ulo & Amaorji Communities Stakeholders (community) Language of English and Igbo communication Introduction The Team leader of ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post-harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional FINAL REVISED REPORT 168 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be beneficiaries in the stakeholders proposed project and pledged their support towards the success of the about the project project especially the people from Amaorji community where the ESMF Team found many Palm Oil mills but with very bad roads leading to the community. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. This was made available by the ESMF Team. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who described the Stakeholders project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Compl  Fair opportunities should be given to local contractors in the aints execution of the sub projects.  Sub project contractors should give due cognizance to native customs and traditions in the execution of the projects.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures. Remarks/Recom In the communities visited youths were seen trying to manually repair mendations some very bad portions of the community roads ravaged by erosion. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of Public Consultation for Anambra State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 20/10/17 – 21/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Min. of Works, Min. of Agriculture, Omogho, Amankpu, (community) Ndiowu & Umuawulu Communities Language of English and Igbo communication Introduction The Team leader of ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the FINAL REVISED REPORT 169 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. This was made available by the ESMF Team. Feedback of the Stakeholders were happy with the proposed project and Stakeholders described the project as a laudable one. Concerns/Complaints  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project.  There should be adherence to both national and state/local laws in the execution of projects.  Fair opportunities should be given to local contractors in the execution of the sub projects. Remarks/Recommendatio There appears to be good synergy between the SPIU, Ministry ns of Works and Ministry of Agriculture in the State. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Cross River State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 07/11/17 – 08/11/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Akim-Akim, Ikot Ekpo and Awakada Communities (community) Language of English communication Introduction The ESMF Team through the Team Leader explained that the RAAMP project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road FINAL REVISED REPORT 170 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of stakeholders The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be about the project beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. The Akim Akim community particularly hopes that a road project will open up the fish market in the community. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  Sub project contractors should give due cognizance to native customs and traditions in the execution of the projects.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan.  Sub project contractors should ensure adequate protection of the soil so as not to trigger erosion. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. ns Summary of the Public Consultation for Akwa Ibom State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 06/11/17 – 07/11/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Oku Abak, Ibesit Ekoi and Uruk Obong Communities (community) Language of English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant in his introduction explained that the RAAMP project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical FINAL REVISED REPORT 171 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of stakeholders The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be about the project beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support towards the success of the project. They believe that proposed road projects and market upgrade will enhance their socio- economic life. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a laudable one that will further complement the State government’s effort in improving the standard of living of the people. Concerns/Complaints  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. ns Summary of the Public Consultation for Kogi State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 04/10/17 – 05/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Aku, Ogori & Ososo Communities (community) Language of English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. FINAL REVISED REPORT 172 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. The people of Aku community requested that their Market be upgraded. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training and re-training of the SPIU on the ns understanding of RAAMP and its components. One the selected road project was found not to be a rural road. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Ogun State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 13/10/17 – 14/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Ibara, Orile, Ilewo & Kereku Communities (community) Language of English, Yoruba communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with FINAL REVISED REPORT 173 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a welcomed development and hoped for its proper implementation. Concerns/Complaints  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project.  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Ondo State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 11/10/17 – 12/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Molege, Owo and Ifon Communities (community) Language of English, Yoruba communication FINAL REVISED REPORT 174 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training of the SPIU on the proposed RAAMP ns and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Oyo State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 10/10/17 – 11/10/17 FINAL REVISED REPORT 175 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Edun, Egbeda and Lalopun Communities (community) Language of English, Yoruba communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders were pleased to be considered in the stakeholders about the proposed project and pledged their support towards the project success of the project. They asked for proper oversight functions on the part of the SPIU to ensure that the contractors deliver quality work. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project. FINAL REVISED REPORT 176 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  There should be adherence to both national and state/local laws in the execution of projects.  Sub project contractors should ensure adequate protection of the soil so as not to trigger erosion. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training of the SPIU on the proposed RAAMP ns and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Bauchi State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 20/11/17 – 21/11/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Durum, Kafin Yarima and Taka Dangiwa Communities (community) Language of English, Hausa communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders consulted pledged their support towards the stakeholders about the success of the project and were happy to be beneficiaries of project the RAAMP Project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  Sub project contractors should give due cognizance to native customs and traditions in the execution of the projects.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures. FINAL REVISED REPORT 177 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training of the SPIU on the proposed RAAMP ns and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Benue State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 17/10/17 – 18/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Zango and Aner Communities (community) Language of English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders were pleased to be considered in the stakeholders about the proposed project and pledged their support towards the project success of the project. They asked for proper oversight functions on the part of the SPIU to ensure that the contractors deliver quality work. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan. FINAL REVISED REPORT 178 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. ns Summary of the Public Consultation for Katsina State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 12/10/17 – 13/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Lambar Rimi, Tsanni, Jilawa and Kwalace Communities (community) Language of English, Hausa communication Introduction The visiting ESMF Team through the Team leader explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centres/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building FINAL REVISED REPORT 179 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  There should be proper understanding of roles and collaboration between SPIUs and other MDAs in the entire management of the project.  There should be adherence to both national and state/local laws in the execution of projects. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. ns Summary of the Public Consultation for Kano State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 19/10/17 – 20/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Konar Gofan, Unguan Rimi and Makuntur Communities (community) Language of English, Hausa communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders consulted pledged their support towards the stakeholders about the success of the project and were happy to be beneficiaries of project the RAAMP Project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. FINAL REVISED REPORT 180 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  Fair opportunities should be given to local contractors in the execution of the sub projects.  Sub project contractors should give due cognizance to native customs and traditions in the execution of the projects.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training of the SPIU on the proposed RAAMP ns and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Plateau State Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 19/11/17 – 20/11/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Maji, Feyei,Gada Maigamu and Zandi Communities. (community) Language of English communication Introduction The Team leader of the ESMF Team explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of stakeholders The stakeholders consulted expressed their readiness to about the project support the project which they described as commendable. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of FINAL REVISED REPORT 181 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan.  Fair opportunities should be given to local contractors in the execution of the sub projects.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training of the SPIU on the proposed RAAMP ns and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Kwara State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 13/10/17 – 14/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Oke-Oyi, Jokolu, Lajike and Idofiam Communities (community) Language of English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & FINAL REVISED REPORT 182 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders were pleased to be considered in the stakeholders about the proposed project and pledged their support towards the project success of the project. They asked for proper oversight functions on the part of the SPIU to ensure that the contractors deliver quality work. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  The Federal Projects Management Unit (FPMU) should ensure strict adherence to project design and completion times.  Adequate compensation should be paid to all the Project Affected Persons (PAPs) who will lose their farmland, property and business shelters or structures.  Road accidents should be prevented during construction by the use of adequate signs, public sensitizations and implementation of a world-class traffic management plan. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. ns Summary of the Public Consultation for Sokoto State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 16/10/17 – 17/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU Wajake, wamako, Rekena Samawa, & Ummaruma (community) Communities Language of Hausa and English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics FINAL REVISED REPORT 183 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that they will be stakeholders about the beneficiaries in the proposed project and pledged their support project towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained. In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities. State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training and re-training of the SPIU on the ns understanding of RAAMP and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Kebbi State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 14/10/17 – 15/10/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Wasada, Basaura, & Mairogo Communities (community) Language of Hausa & English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained to the stakeholders that the project aims is at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local FINAL REVISED REPORT 184 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post-harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight at the opportunities and stakeholders about the benefits due to them in the proposed project and pledged their project support towards the success of the project. The SPIU raised the issue of components of the project and was agreed that they should be furnished with the written descriptions to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who believed Stakeholders the project is a total package and will do a lot good to their farming communities and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained. In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities. State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipment’s for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. They were also concerned on the maintenance of the road Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training and re-training of the SPIU on the ns understanding of RAAMP and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU on environmental management and social concerns. Summary of the Public Consultation for Taraba State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 22/11/17 – 23/11/17 FINAL REVISED REPORT 185 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Mayo Raneyow, karage, Bomi & Ndela Communities (community) Language of Hausa and English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained that the project aims at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post-harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight that the proposed project stakeholders about the will benefit their community in transporting their farm produce project to market and pledged their support towards the success of the project. The SPIU asked for written descriptions of the components of the project to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who Stakeholders described the project as a total package and long overdue and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities.  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipments for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism. FINAL REVISED REPORT 186 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training and re-training of the SPIU on the ns understanding of RAAMP and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU. Summary of the Public Consultation for Borno State. Items Description Date of Public Consultation was carried out during the field visit from consultation 21/11/17 – 22/11/17 Name of Stakeholders SPIU, Kumawa, & Gwange Communities (community) Language of Hausa & English communication Introduction The lead ESMF Consultant explained to the stakeholders that the project aims is at improving rural access and agricultural marketing in selected participating states whilst enhancing sustainability of the rural and State road network. The target is to connect small family farmers in participating States to local agricultural markets with all-weather access roads in selected and prioritized rural development areas and rehabilitate prioritized river crossings. The project will finance the establishment of pilot agro-logistics centers/hubs at strategic locations in selected agro-logistics areas and shall give special attention to the gender dimension enhancing the engagement of women and young girls and providing technical assistance to curb post-harvest losses. There is also a provision for strengthening the financial & institutional base for rural & state roads maintenance and also institutional development, road safety & project management support to implementing entities. Response of The stakeholders expressed delight at the opportunities and stakeholders about the benefits due to them in the proposed project and pledged their project support towards the success of the project. The SPIU raised the issue of components of the project and was agreed that they should be furnished with the written descriptions to assist them in their project prioritization approach. Feedback of the There was a lot of enthusiasm from stakeholders who believed Stakeholders the project is a total package and will do a lot good to their farming communities and were hopeful that it will see the light of the day. Concerns/Complaints  The political class should not take undue advantage to circumvent the essence of the project or cause undue influence such that the project objectives are not attained.  In the execution of the sub projects, drains should not be directed towards peoples gardens, farmland, houses, burial or cultural sites and toward sources of portable water of the beneficiary communities. FINAL REVISED REPORT 187 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  State Project Implementation Units (SPIUs) and related MDAs should be strengthened through capacity building (trainings, seminar, workshops etc) and also be assisted with air quality and noise monitoring equipment’s for the monitoring of air quality and noise levels particularly in areas that are very close to major landmarks such as schools, health centres etc so as to ensure adequate monitoring and enforcement mechanism.  They were also concerned on the maintenance of the road Remarks/Recommendatio There is need for training and re-training of the SPIU on the ns understanding of RAAMP and its components. There is also need for capacity building for staff of the SPIU on environmental management and social concerns. 6.5.1 Common Issues and Differences in the RAAMP States Interactions with the stakeholders were positive and they want the project to commence in earnest. Nevertheless, general knowledge of legal instruments on environmental and social (ESIA and ESMP) issues needs to be reinforced in the various SPIUs. While some of the State PIUs have more considerable experience in the management of ESIA/ESMP for instance, others do not have. There is a general recommendation for capacity building for staff of the SPIU on national environmental laws, project screening and categorization as well as World Bank Safeguard Policies. In other words, capacity to ensure environmental performance of the project needs to be enhanced as these seem inadequate in the participating States. 6.6 STAKEHOLDER ENGAGEMENT/PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS AND INFORMATION DISCLOSURE PROCESS As required by the Nigeria EIA requirements and the WB’s Safeguards Policies, stakeholder engagements (public consultations) will be undertaken for all sub projects under RAAMP. Site-specific ESMP documents will be produced for sub- projects not requiring Environmental Assessment. Stakeholder engagement and information disclosure will be obligatory for all site-specific ESMP documents which will be prepared under RAAMP. Consultations will be conducted during the design and later during the infrastructure construction/rehabilitation phase, and issues related to environmental and social issues raised and complaints received during consultations, field visits, informal discussions, written communications etc. will be followed up. The relevant records will be kept in the project offices of the respective SPIU. Information Disclosure Framework in case of any specific ESIA/EIA preparation (according to national legislation) shall be ensured during ESIA/EIA field study, draft EIA Report public display and draft ESIA/EIA Public/Panel Review. Each of FINAL REVISED REPORT 188 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) these stages has an adequate process of public consultations, in line with the national legal requirements. A project-specific grievance redress mechanism will be implemented to ensure that all complaints from the local communities are dealt with appropriately, with corrective actions being implemented, and the complainants being informed of the outcome. SPIUs as implementing agencies will maintain a ‘Complaints Database’, which will contain all the information on complaints or grievances received from the communities or other stakeholders. 6.6.1 Stakeholder Engagement and Information Disclosure for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) As required by the World Bank Safeguards Policies, stakeholder/public engagement is undertaken for draft version of the ESMP documents. Public consultation and information disclosure will be obligatory for all ESMP documents which will be prepared under RAAMP. For all ESMP documents, the following procedure will take place:  SPIUs will announce invitation for consultations for the public, institutions and organizations interested in ESMP for sub project works under RAAMP. Announcements will ensure to reach out to different members from the communities, including women and people with disabilities.  The in-country disclosure of ESMP document will start when invitation to the interested parties is published in the daily newspapers, inviting the citizens, authorities and relevant institutions to have an insight into the proposed sub project works and the associated/potential environmental impact with mitigation and monitoring measures.  Project affected and other interested parties and organizations will be invited to participate in process of public consultation on draft ESMP document.  Prior to announcement in the newspaper, the ESMP will be delivered to the respective concerned PIU.  Representatives of the sub project host communities will inform the public through their local media of the time and place of public consultations. Invitation will also be placed on the SPIU’s web site. Insight into the ESMP document will be ensured by display at the offices of the respective SPIU and the affected local government council offices during normal working days for a week.  Stakeholder Engagement and presentation of ESMP document will be held in the premises of the concerned SPIU.  Questions raised and clarification provided will be presented within the EMP’s Report on Stakeholder Engagement. FINAL REVISED REPORT 189 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  Detailed Report on stakeholder’s Engagement process will be presented within the final version of ESMPs documents. In advance of the work commencing, the SPIU will provide information in:  Newspaper articles in minimum one national and also in one local media.  Posters on main notice board at all affected community centres  Radio announcements of road diversions (where necessary). The SPIUs and relevant contractors will also provide contact details of community liaison officers who are appointed to work with local communities. 6.6.2 Disclosures of Safeguard Instruments The ESMF has been prepared in consultation with relevant state MDAs and other stakeholders. Copies of this ESMF, like other safeguard instruments (such as ESIAs, ESMPs) that would be subsequently prepared for the project and its sub projects will be made available to the public by the PIU. The PIU will disclose the ESMF as required by the Nigeria EIA public notice and review procedures as well as the World Bank Disclosure Policy on the World Bank’s external website. Copies of other safeguards instruments (such as ESIAs/ESMPs) should be disclosed in like manner. 6.7 GRIEVANCES REDRESS MECHANISM A Grievance Redress Mechanism will be implemented to ensure that all complaints from local communities are dealt with appropriately, with corrective actions being implemented, and the complainant being informed of the outcome. It will be applied to all complaints from affected parties. The SPIUs will maintain a Complaints Database, which will contain all the information on complaints or grievances received from the communities or other stakeholders. This would include: the type of complaint, location, time, actions to address these complaints, and final outcome. The contractor, in coordination with the SPIU, shall set-up a grievance redress committee that will address any complaints during project implementation. Grievances should be resolved within 15 working days. 6.7.1 Purpose of Grievance Redress Mechanism The people affected by the RAAMP will raise their grievances about actual or perceived impacts in order to find a satisfactory solution. This is an important aspect in this RAAMP because land acquisition is indispensable through the course of the project. These grievances, influenced by their physical, situational (e.g., employment), and/or social losses, can surface at different stages of the project cycle. Some grievances may arise during the project design and planning stage, while others may come up during project implementation. Not only should affected persons (AP’s) be able to raise their grievances and be given an adequate hearing, but FINAL REVISED REPORT 190 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) also satisfactory solutions should be found that mutually benefit both the APs and the RAAMP PMU. It is equally important that APs have access to legitimate, reliable, transparent, and efficient institutional mechanisms that are responsive to their complaints. 6.7.2 Members of the Grievance Redress Committees (GRC) The Grievance Redress Committees, GRC, will be mandated to deal with all types of grievances arising at the community level due to the RAAMP and its sub- projects. The GRC members will comprise of qualified, experienced, and competent personnel who will be able to interact and gain the trust of the AP’s in their communities. The GRC should consist of both male and female representatives. They should be able to accept complaints, provide relevant information on the process, discuss the complainants’ situations with AP’s, and explore possible approaches for resolution. The committee will include the following members: • The Resettlement Policy Framework Consultant • Social officer of the PMU; • A representative of women residing the affected Project study area; • A representative from the Private sector (if a private company is located within the affected area); • A representative of a voluntary organization, NGOs; • A representative of the World Bank; • Members of Local Government area included in the affected area; • A representative appointed by the Community head. The Grievance Redress Committee will be responsible for: • Communicating with the Affected persons (AP’s) and evaluate if they are entitled to recompense; • to publicize within the Communities the list of affected persons and the functioning of the established grievance redress procedure; • to recommend to the Social Officer of the PMU solutions to such grievances from affected persons; • to communicate the decisions to the AP’s; to acknowledge appeals from persons, households or groups who rightfully will not be affected by the RAAMP and its sub-projects, but claim to be, and to recommend to the PMU whether such persons should be recognized as AP’s, and to communicate back the decisions to the Claimants. 6.7.3 Community Expectations When Grievances Arise The members of the community will expect that their grievances will be addressed by the RAAMP PMU especially at the local level, which we will aim to FINAL REVISED REPORT 191 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) achieve through the GRC. When local people present a grievance, they generally expect to receive one or more of the following: • A concession in recognition of their problem • An honest response to questions about RAAMP activities • An apology • Compensation when applicable • Modification of the activities that caused the grievance • Some other fair remedy. 6.7.4 Steps in carrying out a Grievance Redress Mechanism There is no ideal method of approach to grievance resolution however; the best solutions to conflicts are generally achieved through localized mechanisms that take account of the specific issues, cultural context, local customs, and the project state and its magnitude. The Grievance Redress Committees of the RAAMP will endeavor to be holding meetings with the aggrieved person(s) or groups within a maximum of 3 weeks from the time of receiving the complaint. The following steps will be followed throughout the Grievance Redress Mechanism process in the various Communities. i. To Receive and Register a Complaint  The channels for receiving and registering complaints is a simple process where local people can inform the GRC about concerns directly and, if necessary, anonymously or via third parties. Reception procedures are most effective if they are convenient, culturally appropriate, simple to understand, and easy to use.  Multiple channels should be available to gather and forward the affected person’s concerns. At least one member of the committee should be independent of the Project team. The GRC will accept complaints, whether written or oral, record them on a simple form, to deal with the issue or if need be, forwarded to the focal point of contact at the RAAMP PMU for further action.  Diverse methods that are culturally appropriate should be used, including self-identified, confidential, or anonymous procedures (letters, suggestion boxes). A member of the GRC should be available to receive complaints and log them into a central register. ii. Screening for Eligibility of Complaints This process determines whether a complaint is eligible for inclusion in the grievance mechanism. The GRC should develop a screening procedure based FINAL REVISED REPORT 192 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) upon few simple eligibility criteria that do not involve judging the substantive merit of the complaint. Eligible complaints may include those where:  The complaint is related to the project.  The issues raised in the complaint fall within the approach scope of issues the grievance mechanism is meant to address.  The complainant has a standing to file a grievance. Ineligible complaints may include those where:  The complaint is not related to the RAAMP project ;  The nature of the issue is outside the mandate of the grievance mechanism;  The complainant has no standing to file;  Other community procedures are more appropriate to address the issue; If the complaint is rejected, the complainant is informed of the decision and the reasons for the rejection. If eligible, the complainant will be notified, and the grievance will be processed and the next stage, which implies that assessment, will follow. The GRC will ensure that that all grievances are truly understood before they are responded. It must be established that all complaints received from the AP’s receive a favorable judgment before rejecting. iii. Assess the Grievance At this stage the GRC will gathers information about the case and the key issues of concerns which will help to determine whether and how the complaint might be resolved. The Procedures for Assessing Grievance are as follows:  Determine who will conduct the assessment. A Complaints Coordinator will be appointed to perform this task or directs it to an appropriate person(s) for assessment (production, procurement, environment, community relations, human resources).  A representative from the GRC will endeavor to engage directly with the complainants to gain understanding of the nature of the complaint.  Clarify the parties, issues, views, and options involved which includes:  Identify the parties involved  ̩ Clarify issues and concerns raised by the complaint.  Gather views of other stakeholders, including those in the GRC and PMU.  Determine initial options that parties have considered and explore various approaches for settlement.  Classify the complaint in terms of its seriousness (high, medium, or low). Using this category, seriousness, will measure the potential to impact the FINAL REVISED REPORT 193 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) community. The factors to consider will include: the gravity of the allegation, the potential impact on an individual’s or a group’s welfar e and safety, or the public profile of the issue.  Engage more directly with the complainant in the assessment process, and involve the complainant in influencing the resolution process to be selected, and settlement options. iv. Formulate a Response Procedures to formulate responses are as follows:  The Complaint Coordinator will be responsible for preparing the response that will consider the complainants’ views about the process for settlement as well as provide a specific remedy. The response may suggest an approach on how to settle the issues, or it may offer a preliminary settlement.  Meeting may be coordinated which will serve as a forum for the complainant to present the persons complaints; discussion amongst the complainant, the Complaint Coordinator, member(s) of the GRC will follow. If a direct meeting is not possible, consider meeting with a neutral third party serving as facilitator. The group would also discuss appropriate next steps during this meeting. If the proposal is a settlement offer and it is accepted, the complaint is resolved successfully and there is no need to proceed to the next step of selecting a resolution approach. If the complainant is not happy with the response about a resolution process or substance, the group should try to reach an agreement that would be mutually acceptable.  If the case is complex and a resolution time frame cannot be met, provide an interim response facilitated through oral or written communication (best to the complainants preference) that informs the person of the delay, explains the reasons, and offers a revised date for next steps. Further details for the grievance redress mechanisms shall be in accordance to the guidelines outlined in the Resettlement Policy Framework (RPF) for RAAMP. 6.8 GENDER BASED VIOLENCE (GBV) RISK MANAGEMENT MECHANISM A GBV workshop was conducted to sensitize the SPIU staff on the key principle and specific requirements to address GBV/Sexual Exploitation and Abuse (SEA) have been included in the bidding documents (’pre -qualification and employers’ FINAL REVISED REPORT 194 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) requirement’). Thus including specific measures to reduce and mitigate the risk of GBV/SEA in the project. Such measures will include: viii) GBV/SEA assessment of project. ix) Mandatory contractors’ Code of Conduct on sexual harassment. x) Appointment of NGO to monitor GBV/SEA in RAAMP. xi) Community and workers’ sensitization on GBV/SEA. xii) Provision of referral units for survivors of GBV/SEA. xiii) Provision in contracts for dedicated payments to contractors for GBV/SEA prevention activities against of completion. xiv) Contractor and SPIU requirement to ensure a minimum target of female employment with incremental rewards for the attainment of this target. The following actions are recommended for immediate implementation:  Hiring a dedicated GBV/SEA specialist for the project.  Hiring NGOs at the state level to manage social risks associated with GBV/SEA in the project.  Building and improving FPMU/SPIUs, local communities and other relevant stakeholders’ capacities to address risks of GBV/SEA by developing and providing guidance, training, awareness and dissemination of relevant GBV/SEA materials to communities.  Developing a clear RAAMP specific internal ‘Reporting and Response Protocol’ to guide relevant stakeholders in case of GBV/SEA incidents.  Strengthening operational processes of RAAMP states project area on GBV/SEA.  Identifying development partners and cultivating pragmatic partnership on GBV/SEA prevention measures and referral services.  Developing Code of Conduct for civil works contractors with prohibition against GBV/SEA.  Strengthening consultations and making operational GBV/SEA specific grievance redress mechanism.  Providing financial support implementation of the GBV/SEA actions described here-in including training and awareness building for various stakeholders.  Establishing the inter-ministerial committee to advance GBV/SEA actions described above. Overall, GBV risks in the project target areas might include Intimate Partner Violence (IPV), public harassment including harassment, verbal insults, physical abuse, rape, harmful widowhood practices and women and child trafficking. Targeted support to women under the program could likely exacerbate these risks. Development and implementation of specific GBV risk prevention and mitigation strategies tailored to local contexts will be will be critical. Guidelines for situation analysis of GBV and safe reporting guidelines in line with FINAL REVISED REPORT 195 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) international best practices will be implemented. Further, all risks related to labour influx will have to be mitigated by participation of project beneficiaries/communities and involvement of project contractors and contractors’ workers and consultant employees in identifying mitigation and implementing measures, including developing mitigation instruments such as ‘Labour Influx Management Plan’ or Camp Management Plan. A sample Camp Management Plan is attached to this ESMF as Annex 11. CHAPTER 7: ESMF IMPLEMENTATION ARRANGEMENTS 7.1 INTRODUCTION This section captures the institutional arrangements for ESMF implementation by officials of executing and implementing agencies, their consultants and working contractors. An organizational structure shall be developed at the corporate and site level to aid effective implementation of the ESMF. The beneficiary states through their requisite agencies are the Implementing Agencies for the RAAMP and will be responsible for the implementation and compliance with the ESMF, ESMPs, EAs and Monitoring Plans. Implementing agencies shall also be responsible for: � Implementation of requests for environmental protection given by: Government environmental authorities in this case the FMEnv via EIA Studies, World Bank and other related institutions. � Compliance with the Laws on Environmental Protection. � Implementation of requests for environmental protection through contractors’ specifications. � Supervision of the project through the consulting services for supervision and implementation of the project. � Supervision of environmental monitoring through the consulting services. � Preparation of the final environmental reports. The Federal Project Management Unit (FPMU) within FDRD will be responsible for day to day project implementation, while the implementing agencies will use own staff to implement the Bank financed projects. The FPMU will be staffed with specialists to manage financial management, procurement, environmental, social and technical aspects. The FPMU shall be made of the following: Project Director, Project Coordinator, Project Procurement Specialist, Project Financial Specialist, Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist(s), Infrastructure Safety Specialist, Road Construction/Rehabilitation Manager, Rehabilitation and Construction Specialists. FINAL REVISED REPORT 196 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 7.2 ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL MANAGEMENT UNIT An Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) will be formed as a part of FPMU. In order to effectively manage the EA process and ESMP implementation, EMU shall be established and made operational prior to appraisal of the subprojects by the Bank. The Environmental and Social Safeguards Specialist of FPMU and the Rehabilitation and Construction Specialists shall be engaged during the project implementation period as an ESMU. 7.3 MANAGEMENT SUPPORT CONSULTANTS RAAMP includes Project Management Support (PMS) and capacity building to implementing agencies, as may be necessary in procurement, financial management, environmental and social safeguards including gender and GBV and annual program planning. Project will finance consultants to provide project management support to the FPMU during project implementation. The support to the FPMU shall include the Supervision of the implementation of civil works; Environmental and social supervision of safeguards implementation; Annual program planning and preparation including the economic analysis and overall project management. In addition to the consultants, the FPMU will draw staff members from other implementing agencies departments as necessary. Prior to project take off, the World Bank together with the FDRD shall provide a training workshop for the FPMU so as to manage the implementation of the Projects. 7.4 PROJECT SUPERVISION CONSULTANTS In respect to environmental/social requirements, the specific roles and responsibilities of Project Supervision Consultant shall include the following: � Supervision of the implementation of the ESMP by the Contractors; � Monitoring and review of the screening and categorization process for each sub-project. � Review and approval of site specific environmental enhancement/mitigation designs worked out by the Contractor. � Holding regular meetings with the ESMU. � Review of the Contractors Environmental Implementation Plans to ensure compliance with the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). � Development of good practice construction guidelines to assist the contractors in implementing ESMPs. � Preparation and submission of regular environmental monitoring and implementation progress reports. � Continuous interaction with the Environmental Engineers/Safeguard specialist of ESMU regarding the implementation of the environmental/social provisions; � Ensure that proper environmental/social safeguards are being maintained at all ancillary sites such as borrow areas, materials storage yards, worker's camps etc. from which the contractor procures material for subproject works. FINAL REVISED REPORT 197 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) � Ensure that al GBV mitigation and response measures are in place and working correctly. 7.5 CONTRACTOR The Contractor will be responsible for implementation of all environmental and social related activities under the subproject. Each Contractor is obliged to follow the ESMF and ESMP provisions during project implementation, including preparation and delivering to implementing agencies for approval of the site specific implementation plans. Construction Contractor will make proposal for environmental/social protection, including safety of persons associated with the works and the public, during a preconstruction period. The proposal will be reviewed and approved by implementing agencies. In this regard, attention will be given to:  Taking all reasonable steps to protect the environment on and off-site to avoid damage or nuisance to implementing persons or property arising from its operations,  Maintaining conditions of safety for all Implementing persons entitled to be on site, and  Provision of all lights, guards, fencing, warning signs, traffic control and watching for protection of the works and other property and for the safety and convenience of the public.  Ensure separate, safe and easily accessible facilities for women and men working on the site. Locker rooms and/or latrines should be located in separate areas, well-lit and include the ability to be locked from the inside. During implementation of the subprojects, a Community Liaison Officer (CLO), employed by the Contractor will establish communication with the local residents affected with the project and will be responsible to inform them about all project activities, especially related to environmental and social impacts of the project and planed mitigation measures. The Contractor will also be responsible for familiarizing themselves with the following “Chance Finds Procedures� in case culturally valuable materials are uncovered during excavation or any project activities, namely:  Stop work immediately following the discovery of any materials with possible archaeological, historical, paleontological, or other cultural value, announce findings to project manager and notify relevant authorities and implementing agencies;  Protect artefacts using plastic covers, and implement measures to stabilize the area, if necessary, to properly protect artefacts;  Prevent and penalize any unauthorized access to the artefacts; and  Restart road rehabilitation works only upon the authorization of the relevant authorities. FINAL REVISED REPORT 198 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 7.6 PROJECT MONITORING The FPMU will be responsible for collecting the data required for monitoring and evaluation which will in turn be reviewed by implementing agencies. Indicators shall be measured against the agreed targets and compared to the defined baselines. Project progress reports, including monitoring indicators and reporting on the implementation of the requirements set in the ESMPs will be prepared on a quarterly basis and submitted for WB review. Monthly progress reports prepared by the supervision consultants will be submitted by FPMU to World Bank for review upon a request. The Construction contractor or the consultant engaged is obliged to perform all monitoring activities (sampling, measurement, etc.) prescribed within the Monitoring Plan of ESMP document produced for sub- project on which the Contractor/consultant is engaged. 7.7 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES FOR THE ESMF IMPLEMENTATION The Project Implementing Entity (PIE), and any institution participating in the implementation, will not issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) of any activity subject to Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), without the construction phase’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) inserted in, and will not authorize the works to commence before the contractor’s ESMP (C-ESMP) has been approved and integrated into the overall planning of the works The environmental safeguards specialist and social safeguard specialist in the PIU will be responsible for the implementation of the ESMF in close collaboration with the Federal and State Ministries of Environment and relevant MDAs. Subsequently, they shall be required to prepare a quarterly audit on ESMF implementation in addition to the project reports as may be required. In addition, each sub-project requiring an ESMP will also be required to produce an annual audit report for delivery to the PIU. See table 7.1 below Table 7.1: Roles and Responsibilities for Implementation of the ESMF S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility 1 Identification and/or SPIUs FMA&RD siting of the • Local authority sub-project 2 Screening, Environmental • beneficiary; categorization and Safeguards • local authority identification of the Specialist (ESS) • Social required in the SPIUs Safeguards instrument Specialist (SSS) on the PIU 3 Approval of the SPIUs . ESS-PIU  FMEnv classification and coordinator SSS-PIU  The World FPMU Bank FINAL REVISED REPORT 199 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility the selected instrument Preparation of the safeguard document/instrument (ESIA, Environmental Audit and simple ESMP, etc.) in accordance with the national legislation/procedure and the Bank policies requirements) 5. Preparation and Environmental FMEnv  The World approval of the Safeguards  Procurement Bank ToR Specialist (ESS) specialist (PS- in the SPIUs PIU)  Social Safeguards Specialist Preparation of the  SPIU  Consultants report  LGAs  FPMU Report validation Procurement  FMEnv-EA and issuance of Specialist department the permit (when (PS-SPIU)  The World Bank required) Ministry of Env LGAs Publication of Project Media document coordinator The World Bank 6. (i) Integrating the Technical staff  Control Firm construction phase in charge of the  Environmental (Supervisor) mitigation measures sub-project (TS- Safeguard and E&S clauses in PIU) Specialist -PIU the bidding Social Safeguard document prior Specialist-PIU they’re advertised; • Procurement (ii) ensuring that Specialist-PIU the constructor prepares his ESMP (C-ESMP), gets it approved and integrates the relevant measures in the works breakdown structure (WBS) or execution plan 7 Implementation of ESS-SPIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant other  PS-PIU  National safeguards  TS-PIU specialized measures, including laboratories FINAL REVISED REPORT 200 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) S/N Activities Institutional Institutional Implementation Responsibility Collaboration Responsibility environmental  Financial Staff  NGOs monitoring (when (FSPIU) relevant) and  Local authority sensitization activities 8 Oversight of ESS and SSS- Monitoring and  Control Firm safeguards SPIU Evaluation (Supervisor) implementation specialist (M&E- (internal) PIU) • FS-PIU) • Local authority 9 Public consultation PIU  SPIU  PIU on project State NGOs/CBOs  FMEnv safeguards Coordinator  MEnv/SEPAs performance and disclosure Reporting on project safeguards Coordinator M&E-PIU performance and • ESS-PIU disclosure • SSS-PIU 10 External oversight FMEnv • M&E-PIU of the project State Ministry of • ESS-PIU safeguards Environment • SSS-PIU compliance • PS-PIU • Supervisor 11 Building ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant stakeholders’ • PS-PIU • Other qualified capacity in public institutions safeguards management 12 Independent ESS-PIU  SSS-PIU  Consultant evaluation of • PS-PIU safeguards performance (Audit) The State Project Implementing Units (SPIU), and any institution participating in the implementation, will not issue a Request for Proposal (RFP) of any activity subject to Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA), without the construction phase’s Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) inserted in, and will not authorize the works to commence before the contractor’s ESMP (C-ESMP) has been approved and integrated into the overall planning of the works. This entire section above, on the roles and responsibilities for the implementation of the Framework ESMP, will be insert in the E&S safeguards management section the project implementation manual (PIM). FINAL REVISED REPORT 201 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 7.8 CAPACITY BUILDING RAAMP has a sub-component which covers capacity building measures to implementing agencies, as may be necessary in environmental and social safeguards and annual program planning. Capacity building can be achieved by: Training program for the existing staff and Technical Assistance: knowledge sharing and on-the-job training and mentorship. Specific areas for effective institutional capacity requirements are given in Table 7.2. The indicative cost for capacity building in the 18 states is N 36,000,000 equivalent to $117,724.00 Table 7.2: Training Modules on Environment and Social Management Program Description Participants Form of Duration Training me Training / Conducting Location Agency Sensitizati Introduction to the Chief Engineer/ Workshop ½ day Safeguards on environment: Superintending Specialists, Workshop Basic concepts of the Engineers of external agency environment and Implementing engaged for sustainable development. Agency capacity Environmental and Project building. regulations and statutory Coordinator, requirements in Nigeria Safeguards unit, and World Bank Procurements & other relevant groups Module I Introduction to the Engineers of lecture ¼ day Safeguards environment: implementing Specialists, Basic concept of the MDAs Consultant/exter environment and (MEnv/SEPA. nal environmental agency engaged management. for Environmental capacity regulations and statutory building. requirements as per Governments and The World Bank. -Module II Environmental Engineers of Workshop 1 day Environmental & considerations in implementing Social Specialists sub-projects: MDAs of Environmental (MEnv/SEPA Design components affected by units), Consultant/exter urban development in community nal construction and leaders/CBOs/N agency engaged operation stages. GOs for Rural agricultural capacity practices and building. environmental FINAL REVISED REPORT 202 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Program Description Participants Form of Duration Training me Training / Conducting Location Agency degradation. Challenges of pest control and the environment. Environmental management practices in urban and rural projects. Stakeholders’ collaboration in rural project management. Module III Review of the EIA Engineers of Lecture ½ day Safeguards requirements implementing and field Specialists and its integration into MDAs visit of Design designs: Consultant/exter ESIA methodology nal Environmental agency engaged provisions. for Implementation capacity arrangements building. Methodology of assessment and pollution monitoring. Methodology for site selection of waste disposal area etc. Module IV Stakeholders Officials of Lecture 1 day Safeguards participation: MEnv/SEPA, and field Specialists Overview of RAAMP and other visit of Design Environmental & social relevant MDAs Consultant/exter impacts nal Statutory permissions – agency engaged procedural requirements for Co-operation & capacity coordination with other building. MDAs in monitoring FINAL REVISED REPORT 203 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Program Description Participants Form of Duration Training me Training / Conducting Location Agency Module V Stakeholders role in civil Officials of Lecture 1 day Safeguards works MEnv/SEPA, and field Specialists and agricultural and other visit of Design practices: relevant MDAs Consultant/exter Roles and nal responsibilities agency engaged of officials/contractors/ for consultants in capacity environmental protection building. and implementation arrangements. Monitoring mechanisms Module VI Monitoring and reporting Engineers of 1 day Safeguards system, implementing Specialists community participatory Agency, of Design monitoring and MEnv/SEPA, & Consultant/exter evaluation relevant nal MDAs, agency engaged Community for leaders/CBOs/N capacity building GOs Module Gender and GBV Chief Workshop 3 days WB/Partner VII Awareness rasing Engineer/ NGO Gender mainstreaming Superintending in transport operations Engineers of GBV prevention, Implementing mitigation and respose Agency and Project Coordinator, Safeguards unit, Procurements & other relevant groups 7.9 PROJECT ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL DUE DILIGENCE IMPLEMENTATION BUDGET The estimates of the Budget for the implementation of the project environmental and social due diligence (in local currency and US dollars, and source of financing) are presented in Table 7.3. Table 7.3: Estimates of Project Environmental and Social Due Diligence Implementation Budget. FINAL REVISED REPORT 204 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Unit Cost Total Source of S/ Item Unit financing N Local US$ Local US$ (NGN) 1 Mitigation Contract 21,144,444 69,099.49 380,600,000 1,243,790.85 IDA, ors in AFD/AfDB 18 Credits states 2 Manageme SPIUs/F 1,057,222 3,454.97 19,030,000 62,189.54 IDA, nt (5% of PMU/rel AFD/AfDB Mitigation evant Credits Cost) MDAs 3 Preparation 18 7,000,000 22,890.77 126,000,000 412,034.00 IDA, of specific states AFD/AfDB ESIA Credits 4 Capacity 18 2,000,000 6,540.22 36,000,000 117,724.00 IDA, Building states & AFD/AfDB FPMU, Credits 5 Implement 18 TBD TBD TBD TBD States ation of states Counterpart specific fund ESMP 6 Mid-term 18 TBD TBD TBD TBD IDA, audit of ES states AFD/AfDB performanc Credits e 7 Completion 18 TBD TBD TBD TBD IDA, audit of ES states AFD/AfDB performanc Credits e Total 561,630,000 1,835,738.39 Central Bank of Nigeria’s exchange rate at 1USD = 305.8 NGN as at 27th June, 2018 7.10 NIGERIA EIA PROCEDURE AND ENVIRONMENTAL APPROVAL In response to the promulgation of the EIA Act 86 of 1992 now EIA Act CAP E12 LFN 2004, Nigeria’s Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) developed a National EIA Procedure in 1995. The procedure provides steps to be followed from the stage of project conception to commissioning in order to ensure that the project is implemented with maximum consideration for the environment. Fig. 7.1 presents the EIA Process Flowchart showing the onset of EIA Registration with the Federal Ministry of Environment to Audit stage when a project becomes operational. The process is initiated when a proponent makes a project proposal or registers a project with the FMEnv. The FMEnv then carries out an initial environmental evaluation which includes a site verification exercise for the visual assessment of FINAL REVISED REPORT 205 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) a proposed project site. The outcome of the initial environmental evaluation categorizes a project as requiring mandatory EIA (category 1 of the EIA Act or category 2 if project is located in an environmental sensitive area/site) or not. For projects requiring EIA, scooping is carried out to determine the extent of EIA studies required. A draft EIA Report produced for a project is subjected to a 21 work days public display followed by Panel Review (Public or In-House). The review comments are addressed in a final EIA Report and an EIS/permit is issued by FMEnv to a project proponent. An impact mitigation monitoring is carried out during project implementation while an environmental audit is carried out every three years after project commissioning. PROPONENT PROPONENT FEASIBILITY STUDY OR PROJECT PROPOSAL FMENV EIA SECRETARIAT INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION MANDATORY CLASSIFIED PROJECTS EXCLUDED PROJECTS OTHERS PROJECTS PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT SCREENING SCOPING NO EIA REQUIRED DRAFT EIA REPORT PUBLIC REVIEW MEDIATION HEARING PANEL REVIEW REPORT PROPONENT FINAL EIA REPORT Not approved TECHNICAL COMMITTEE (Decision making committee) Approved ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT (EIS) AND CERTIFICATION ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT MONITORING PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION FINAL REVISED REPORT 206 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) COMMISSIONING GG AUDIT Fig. 7.1: Federal Ministry of Environment’s EIA Procedure. Bibliography 1. AMCOW (2011). Water Supply and Sanitation in Nigeria. Turning Finance into Services for 2015 and Beyond – An AMCOW Country Status Overview. African Ministers Council on Water. 2. Common Wealth Online (2008). Communicable Diseases in Nigeria.www.commonwealthhealth.org/Africa/Nigeria. 3. Federal Roads Development Project (FDRD), (2006) ESMF, Prepared by Enviro Quest Nigeria Ltd. 4. Federal Ministry of Works (2013). “Compendium Report on Road Infrastructure & Related Development in Nigeria – An Investor’s Manual�, Pison Housing Company. 5. Federal Roads Safety Corps 2016 Annual Report, published May 2017. 6. Federal Roads Safety Corps Road Use Manual for Persons with Disability 7. FPMU (2008). Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) For Rural Access and Mobility Project, covering Enugu and Osun State - Draft Final Report (Updated Edition) Prepared By Earth Guard. 8. FPMU (2012). Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) For Rural Access and Mobility Project, covering Adamawa, Niger, Enugu and Osun States - Draft Final Report (Updated Edition) Prepared By Eugene O. Itua. 9. Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (IUFMP) (2014). “Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for Ibadan Urban Flood Management Project (Final Report)�, Ibadan, Oyo State. FINAL REVISED REPORT 207 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 10. Imo State of Nigeria (2008). Imo State Environmental Transformation Commission Law No. 3 of 2008, Imo State of Nigeria. 11. Maxwell, Omeje. (2013). Comparison of Activity Concentration of 232Th, 238U and 40K in Different Layers of Subsurface Structures in Dei-Dei and Kubwa, Abuja, North central Nigeria. Elsevier. 91. 70-80. 12. Ministry of Local Development, Nepal, (2004). Environmental and Social Management Framework for Rural Access Improvement Project. 13. Nigeria Mineral Sector Support for Economic Diversification Project, MMSD, (2016), Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). 14. Oladimeji Oladepo, Mojisola Oluwasanu, Opeyemi Abiola (2017). Analysis of Non Communicable Diseases Prevention Policies in Nigeria – African and Health Research Centre 15. NPC (2006). National Population Census, National Population Commission, Abuja. 16. The World Bank (2012). Project Appraisal Document on A Second Rural Access and Mobility Project (RAMP 2) to Federal Republic of Nigeria Report No: 65586-NG. 17. The World Bank (2014). New Country Partnership Strategy in Nigeria Set to Spur Growth, Less Poverty, Strategy for the Federal Republic of Nigeria 20014 - 2017.www.worldbank.org/publication. 18. Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) for RAMP II States (Adamawa, Enugu, Niger, Osun and Imo) 19. USAID (2009). Environmental Guidelines for Small-Scale Activities in Africa. 20. World Bank (2010). Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF). FINAL REVISED REPORT 208 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 21. Youth Employment and Social Support Operation (YESSO), (2016). Environmental Social Management Framework, Federal Operation Coordinating Unit, Office of the Vice-President. ANNEX 1 Terms of Reference (ToR) for the ESMF An Environmental and Social Management Framework (ESMF) is required to address all environmental and social safeguards issues on subprojects from preparation, through review and approval, to implementation. It will identify the environmental/social impacts of the rural roads destined for rehabilitation and maintenance, and to ensure that project activities will contribute to environmentally sound use of the land and its resources. The services will cover the following states namely; Bauchi, Taraba, Kano, Sokoto, Katsina, Zamfara, Kebbi, Plateau, Kogi, Kwara, Benue, Abia, Anambra, Oyo, Ogun, Akwa Ibom, Ondo and Cross River In the course of carry out this consultancy the consultant should among others; Identify any regulations and guidelines, which will govern the conduct of the framework or specify the content of its report. They may include the following:  World Bank Operational Policy 4.01, "Environmental Assessment", and related guidelines such as Operational Policy 4.04, "Natural Habitats", and Operational Policy OP 4.12, “Involuntary Resettlement";  national laws and/or regulations on environmental reviews and impact assessments;  Selected States/LGAs environmental regulations; and  Environmental assessment regulations of French Development Agency (AFD) or any other financing organizations involved in the project.  ESMFs prepared for other recent World Bank projects in Nigeria and other comparable contexts e.g Rural Access Mobility Project (RAMP), FADAMA and Stable Crop Processing Zones (SCPZs). The ESMF should include:  A description of Proposed Project and Analysis of Alternatives where applicable; FINAL REVISED REPORT 209 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  A comprehensive assessment of the potential environmental and social impact of the RAAMP • E.g- Changes to existing land uses (legal and illegal), agricultural processing centers and resulting risk of pollution, Health and Safety of workers (accidents, etc) and communities, disease transmission (HIV/AIDs, STDs) to communities along route from construction workers;  Baseline Data • E.g- socio-economic profile of areas/communities, key cultural sites etc.;  Recommendations of practical and cost-effective actions and processes to mitigate any potential negative environmental and/or social impacts that could arise during project - implementation;  Identification of the capacity building needs for the RAAMP and recommendations of actions to strengthen the line Ministries to ensure sustained environmental and social compliance; and to successfully implement the provisions of the ESMF and;  An environmental and social assessment screening checklist for screening the potential impacts of site specific interventions which would provide guidance for the preparation of site specific safeguards instruments. Specifically the Consultant should work closely with:  RAAMP PIU Project Coordinator, State Ministry of Environment and Ministry of Works and Transport (MWT);  States Waste Management Authority;  States Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development  State Sustainable Development Agencies etc. Specifically the consultancy should carry out the following tasks. (1) Present an overview of Nigeria’s environmental policies, legislation, regulatory and administrative frameworks in conjunction with the World Bank’s safeguard policies. Where gaps exist between these policies, make recommendations to bridge the gaps in the context of the proposed project. (2) Develop a stakeholders’ consultation process that ensures that all key stakeholders are adequately consulted, including potentially affected persons, to ensure that they are aware of the objectives and potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed project, and that their views are incorporated into the projects’ design as appropriate. (3) Develop a comprehensive baseline for the project, including a review of the biophysical and socio-economic characteristics of the environment to be covered by the project, highlighting the major constraints that need to be taken into account in the course of the project implementation- FINAL REVISED REPORT 210 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (a) Physical environment: geology; topography; soils; climate and meteorology; ambient air quality; surface and ground water hydrology (b) Biological environment: flora; fauna; rare or endangered species; sensitive habitats, including parks or preserves, significant natural sites, etc (b) Socio-economic environment: land use, land tenure and land titling and human settlements. (c) Public Health condition of each project specific area- water and sanitation conditions, communicable and non- communicable disease profile, access to health services (4) Assess the potential environmental and social impacts (positive and negative) of the different project components, including, constructions/rehabilitation of rural roads, river crossings, agricultural processing plants, construction of market sheds, storage facilities etc. and recommend appropriate mitigation measures; (5) Develop a proposed Environmental and Social Management Plan for the project as a whole (understanding that site specific activities may require site specific plans). The ESMF should recommend feasible and cost- effective measures to prevent or reduce significant impacts to acceptable levels, estimate the impacts and costs of those measures. Institutional responsibility for mitigation and monitoring should be clearly specified and articulated. (6) Assess the current institutional ability at the community, local and state levels to Implement the recommendations of the ESMF and make appropriate capacity strengthening recommendations; (7) In light of the available information, develop an environmental and social screening process, including monitoring indicators for future rehabilitation and construction activities referred to above, capturing the below mentioned steps: (i) Screening of physical infrastructure investments; (ii) Assigning the appropriate environmental categories; (iii) Outline steps for carrying out environmental work, i.e. preparation of: a) Environmental and social checklist; b) Draft terms of reference to facilitate preparation of separate Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIAs) during project implementation; (iv) To develop an outline review and approval process for the screening results and as necessary for separate ESIA reports; FINAL REVISED REPORT 211 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (v) Procedures for public consultations and disclosure of project safeguard instruments prior and during project implementation; (vi) To develop an outline appropriate mitigation measures as well as a monitoring framework with key indicators for envisioned activities; describe relevant institutions in charge of monitoring and their capacity strengthening measures; ANNEX 2 General Environmental Management Conditions for Construction Contracts General 1. In addition to these general conditions, the Contractor shall comply with any specific Environmental Management Plan (EMP) or Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) for the works he is responsible for. The Contractor shall inform himself about such an EMP, and prepare his work strategy and plan to fully take into account relevant provisions of that EMP. If the Contractor fails to implement the approved EMP after written instruction by the State Project Implementation Unit (SPIU) to fulfil his obligation within the requested time, the FPMU reserves the right to arrange through the SPIU for execution of the missing action by a third party on account of the Contractor. 2. Notwithstanding the Contractor’s obligation under the above clause, the Contractor shall implement all measures necessary to avoid undesirable adverse environmental and social impacts wherever possible, restore work sites to acceptable standards, and abide by any environmental performance requirements specified in an EMP. In general these measures shall include but not be limited to: (a) Minimize the effect of dust on the surrounding environment resulting from earth mixing sites, asphalt mixing sites, dispersing coal ashes, vibrating equipment, temporary access roads, etc. to ensure safety, health and the protection of workers and communities living in the vicinity of dust producing activities. (b) Ensure that noise levels emanating from machinery, vehicles and noisy construction activities (e.g. excavation, blasting) are kept at a minimum for the safety, health and protection of workers within the vicinity of high noise levels and nearby communities. (c) Ensure that existing water flow regimes in rivers, streams and other natural or irrigation channels is maintained and/or re-established where they are disrupted due to works being carried out. (d) Prevent bitumen, oils, lubricants and waste water used or produced during the execution of works from entering into rivers, streams, irrigation channels and other natural water bodies/reservoirs, and also ensure that stagnant water in uncovered borrow pits is treated in the best way to avoid creating possible breeding grounds for mosquitoes. FINAL REVISED REPORT 212 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) (e) Prevent and minimize the impacts of quarrying, earth borrowing, piling and building of temporary construction camps and access roads on the biophysical environment including protected areas and arable lands; local communities and their settlements. In as much as possible restore/rehabilitate all sites to acceptable standards. (f) Upon discovery of ancient heritage, relics or anything that might or believed to be of archaeological or historical importance during the execution of works, immediately report such findings to the SE so that the appropriate authorities may be expeditiously contacted for fulfilment of the measures aimed at protecting such historical or archaeological resources. (g) Discourage construction workers from engaging in the exploitation of natural resources such as hunting, fishing, and collection of forest products or any other activity that might have a negative impact on the social and economic welfare of the local communities. (h) Implement soil erosion control measures in order to avoid surface run off and prevents siltation, etc. (i) Ensure that garbage, sanitation and drinking water facilities are provided in construction workers camps. (j) Ensure that, in as much as possible, local materials are used to avoid importation of foreign material and long distance transportation. (k) Ensure public safety, and meet traffic safety requirements for the operation of work to avoid accidents. 3. The Contractor shall indicate the period within which he/she shall maintain status on site after completion of civil works to ensure that significant adverse impacts arising from such works have been appropriately addressed. 4. The Contractor shall adhere to the proposed activity implementation schedule and the monitoring plan / strategy to ensure effective feedback of monitoring information to project management so that impact management can be implemented properly, and if necessary, adapt to changing and unforeseen conditions. 5. Besides the regular inspection of the sites by the SPIU for adherence to the contract conditions and specifications, the FPMU shall appoint an Inspector to oversee the compliance with these environmental conditions and any proposed mitigation measures. State environmental authorities may carry out similar inspection duties. In all cases, as directed by the SPIU, the Contractor shall comply with directives from such inspectors to implement measures required to ensure the adequacy of rehabilitation measures carried out on the bio-physical environment and compensation for socio-economic disruption resulting from implementation of any works. Worksite/Campsite Waste Management FINAL REVISED REPORT 213 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 6. All vessels (drums, containers, bags, etc.) containing oil/fuel/surfacing materials and other hazardous chemicals shall be enclosed in a bund wall in order to contain spillage. All waste containers, litter and any other waste generated during the construction shall be collected and disposed off at designated disposal sites in line with applicable government waste management regulations. 7. All drainage and effluent from storage areas, workshops and camp sites shall be captured and treated before being discharged into the drainage system in line with applicable government water pollution control regulations. 8. Used oil from maintenance shall be collected and disposed off appropriately at designated sites or be re-used or sold for re-use locally. 9. Entry of runoff to the site shall be restricted by constructing diversion channels or holding structures such as banks, drains, dams, etc. to reduce the potential of soil erosion and water pollution. 10. Construction waste shall not be left in stockpiles along the road, but removed and reused or disposed of on a daily basis. 11. If disposal sites for clean spoil are necessary, they shall be located in areas, approved by the SPIU, of low land use value and where they will not result in material being easily washed into drainage channels. Whenever possible, spoil materials shall be placed in low-lying areas and shall be compacted and planted with species indigenous to the locality. Material Excavation and Deposit 12. The Contractor shall obtain appropriate licenses/permits from relevant authorities to operate quarries or borrow areas. 13. The location of quarries and borrow areas shall be subject to approval by relevant local and national authorities, including traditional authorities if the land on which the quarry or borrow areas fall in traditional land. 14. New extraction sites: a) Shall not be located in the vicinity of settlement areas, cultural sites, wetlands or any other valued ecosystem component, or on high or steep ground or in areas of high scenic value, and shall not be located less than 1km from such areas. b) Shall not be located adjacent to stream channels wherever possible to avoid siltation of river channels. Where they are located near water sources, borrow pits and perimeter drains shall surround quarry sites. c) Shall not be located in archaeological areas. Excavations in the vicinity of such areas shall proceed with great care and shall be done in the presence of government authorities having a mandate for their protection. FINAL REVISED REPORT 214 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) d) Shall not be located in forest reserves. However, where there are no other alternatives, permission shall be obtained from the appropriate authorities and an environmental impact study shall be conducted. e) Shall be easily rehabilitated. Areas with minimal vegetation cover such as flat and bare ground, or areas covered with grass only or covered with shrubs less than 1.5m in height, are preferred. f) Shall have clearly demarcated and marked boundaries to minimize vegetation clearing. 15. Vegetation clearing shall be restricted to the area required for safe operation of construction work. Vegetation clearing shall not be done more than two months in advance of operations. 16. Stockpile areas shall be located in areas where trees can act as buffers to prevent dust pollution. Perimeter drains shall be built around stockpile areas. Sediment and other pollutant traps shall be located at drainage exits from workings. 17. The Contractor shall deposit any excess material in accordance with the principles of these general conditions, and any applicable EMP, in areas approved by local authorities and/or the SPIU. 18. Areas for depositing hazardous materials such as contaminated liquid and solid materials shall be approved by the SPIU and appropriate local and/or national authorities before the commencement of work. Use of existing, approved sites shall be preferred over the establishment of new sites. Rehabilitation and Soil Erosion Prevention 19. To the extent practicable, the Contractor shall rehabilitate the site progressively so that the rate of rehabilitation is similar to the rate of construction. 20. Always remove and retain topsoil for subsequent rehabilitation. Soils shall not be stripped when they are wet as this can lead to soil compaction and loss of structure. 21. Topsoil shall not be stored in large heaps. Low mounds of no more than 1 to 2m high are recommended. 22. Re-vegetate stockpiles to protect the soil from erosion, discourage weeds and maintain an active population of beneficial soil micro-organisms. 23. Locate stockpiles where they will not be disturbed by future construction activities. 24. To the extent practicable, reinstate natural drainage patterns where they have been altered or impaired. FINAL REVISED REPORT 215 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 25. Remove toxic materials and dispose of them in designated sites. Backfill excavated areas with soils or overburden that is free of foreign material that could pollute groundwater and soil. 26. Identify potentially toxic overburden and screen with suitable material to prevent mobilization of toxins. 27. Ensure reshaped land is formed so as to be inherently stable, adequately drained and suitable for the desired long-term land use, and allow natural regeneration of vegetation. 28. Minimize the long-term visual impact by creating landforms that are compatible with the adjacent landscape. 29. Minimize erosion by wind and water both during and after the process of reinstatement. 30. Compacted surfaces shall be deep ripped to relieve compaction unless subsurface conditions dictate otherwise. 31. Revegetate with plant species that will control erosion, provide vegetative diversity and, through succession, contribute to a resilient ecosystem. The choice of plant species for rehabilitation shall be done in consultation with local research institutions, forest department and the local people. Water Resources Management 32. The Contractor shall at all costs avoid conflicting with water demands of local communities. 33. Abstraction of both surface and underground water shall only be done with the consultation of the local community and after obtaining a permit from the relevant Water Authority. 34. Abstraction of water from wetlands shall be avoided. Where necessary, authority has to be obtained from relevant authorities. 35. Temporary damming of streams and rivers shall be done in such a way avoids disrupting water supplies to communities down stream, and maintains the ecological balance of the river system. 36. No construction water containing spoils or site effluent, especially cement and oil, shall be allowed to flow into natural water drainage courses. 37. Wash water from washing out of equipment shall not be discharged into water courses or road drains. 38. Site spoils and temporary stockpiles shall be located away from the drainage system, and surface run off shall be directed away from stockpiles to prevent erosion. FINAL REVISED REPORT 216 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Traffic Management 39. Location of access roads/detours shall be done in consultation with the local community especially in important or sensitive environments. Access roads shall not traverse wetland areas. 40. Upon the completion of civil works, all access roads shall be ripped and rehabilitated. 41. Access roads shall be sprinkled with sufficient water at least five times a day in settled areas, and three times in unsettled areas, to suppress dust emissions. Blasting 42. Blasting activities shall not take place less than 2km from settlement areas, cultural sites, or wetlands without the permission of the SPIU. 43. Blasting activities shall be done during working hours, and local communities shall be consulted on the proposed blasting times. 44. Noise levels reaching the communities from blasting activities shall not exceed 90 decibels. Disposal of Unusable Elements 45. Unusable materials and construction elements such as electro-mechanical equipment, pipes, accessories and demolished structures will be disposed of in a manner approved by the SPIU. The Contractor has to agree with the SPIU which elements are to be surrendered to the Client’s premises, which will be recycled or reused, and which will be disposed of at approved landfill sites. 46. As far as possible, abandoned pipelines shall remain in place. Where for any reason no alternative alignment for the new pipeline is possible, the old pipes shall be safely removed and stored at a safe place to be agreed upon with the SPIU and the local authorities concerned. 47. AC-pipes as well as broken parts thereof have to be treated as hazardous material and disposed of as specified above. 48. Unsuitable and demolished elements shall be dismantled to a size fitting on ordinary trucks for transport. Health and Safety 49. In advance of the construction work, the Contractor shall embark upon an awareness and hygiene campaign. Workers and local residents shall be sensitized on health risks particularly of AIDS. 50. Adequate road signs to warn pedestrians and motorists of construction activities, diversions, etc. shall be provided at appropriate points. FINAL REVISED REPORT 217 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) 51. Construction vehicles shall not exceed maximum speed limit of 40km per hour. Repair of Private Property 52. Should the Contractor, deliberately or accidentally, damage private property, he shall repair the property to the owner’s satisfaction and at his own cost. For each repair, the Contractor shall obtain from the SPIU, a certificate that the damage has been made good satisfactorily in order to indemnify the Client from subsequent claims. 53. In cases where compensation for inconveniences, damage of crops etc. are claimed by the owner, the FPMU has to be informed by the Contractor through the SPIU. FINAL REVISED REPORT 218 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) ANNEX 3 Sample Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Management Plan (HSE-MP) 1. Within 6 weeks of signing the Contract, the Contractor shall prepare a HSE- MP to ensure the adequate management of the health, safety, environmental and social aspects of the works, including implementation of the requirements of these general conditions and any specific requirements of an EMP for the works. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will serve two main purposes:  For the Contractor, for internal purposes, to ensure that all measures are in place for adequate HSE management, and as an operational manual for his staff.  For the Client (FPMU/SPIU) to ensure that the Contractor is fully prepared for the adequate management of the HSE aspects of the project, and as a basis for monitoring of the Contractor’s HSE performance. 2. The Contractor’s HSE-MP shall provide at least:  a description of procedures and methods for complying with these general environmental management conditions, and any specific conditions specified in an EMP;  a description of specific mitigation measures that will be implemented in order to minimize adverse impacts;  a description of all planned monitoring activities (e.g. sediment discharges from borrow areas) and the reporting thereof; and  the internal organizational, management and reporting mechanisms put in place for such. 3. The Contractor’s HSE-MP will be reviewed and approved by the Client before start of the works. This review shall demonstrate if the Contractor’s HSE -MP covers all of the identified impacts, and has defined appropriate measures to mitigate any potential impacts. HSE Reporting 4. The Contractor shall prepare bi-weekly progress reports on compliance with these general conditions, the project EMP if any, and his own HSE-MP. An example format for a Contractor HSE Report is given below. It is expected that the Contractor’s Reports will include information on:  HSE management actions/measures taken, including approvals sought from local or national authorities; FINAL REVISED REPORT 219 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP)  Problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects (incidents, including delays, cost consequences, etc. as a result thereof);  Lack of compliance with contract requirements on the part of the Contractor;  Changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects; and  Observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings. 5. It is advisable that reporting of significant HSE incidents be done “as soon as practicable�. Such incident reporting shall therefore be done individually. Also, it is advisable that the Contractor keeps his own records on health, safety and welfare of persons, and damage to property. It is advisable to include such records, as well as copies of incident reports, as appendixes to the bi-weekly reports. Example formats for an incident notification and detailed report are given below. Training of Contractor’s Personnel 6. The Contractor shall provide sufficient training to his own personnel to ensure that they are all aware of the relevant aspects of these general conditions, any project EMP, and his own HSE-MP, and are able to fulfil their expected roles and functions. Specific training should be provided to those employees that have particular responsibilities associated with the implementation of the HSE-MP. General topics should include:  HSE in general (working procedures);  Emergency procedures; and  Social and cultural aspects (awareness raising on social issues). FINAL REVISED REPORT 220 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) SAMPLE HSE REPORT FORMAT Contract: Period of reporting: HSE management actions/measures: Summarize HSE management actions/measures taken during period of reporting, including planning and management activities (e.g. risk and impact assessments), HSE training, specific design and work measures taken, etc. HSE Incidents: Report on any problems encountered in relation to HSE aspects, including its consequences (delays, costs) and corrective measures taken. Include relevant incident reports. HSE compliance: Report on compliance with Contract HSE conditions, including any cases of non- compliance. Changes: Report on any changes of assumptions, conditions, measures, designs and actual works in relation to HSE aspects. Concerns and observations: Report on any observations, concerns raised and/or decisions taken with regard to HSE management during site meetings and visits. Signature (Name, Title Date): Contractor Representative SAMPLE FORMAT: HSE INCIDENT NOTIFICATION Provide within 24 hrs to the Supervising Engineer Originators Reference No: Date of Incident: Time: Location of incident: Name of Person(s) involved: Employing Company: Type of Incident: Description of Incident: Where, when, what, how, who, operation in progress at the time (only factual) FINAL REVISED REPORT 221 ESMF FOR THE RURAL ACCESS AND AGRICULTURAL MARKETING PROJECT (RAAMP) Immediate Action: Immediate remedial action and actions taken to prevent reoccurrence or escalation Signature (Name, Title, Date): Contractor Representative ANNEX 4 Indicative Framework for Assessing and Mainstreaming Gender Concerns Preamble Nigeria made several commitments to ensuring that gender issues are not only a part of the national discourse but also that they are integrated into policies and development programs. These commitments are contained in frameworks such as the Vision 20:2020 Plan, the National gender Policy and the United Nations’ MDGs framework. To this end and as part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads. Objective 1. Ascertain how to promote women’s participation in the project and in particular in road maintenance activities. 2. Determine under what conditions women could participate in the community- based road maintenance activities. As part of project preparation, a gender study and consultations with communities should be conducted to assess the challenges and opportunities for the mainstreaming of gender concerns in the use of, access to and maintenance of roads. Focus/Scope of the Study In particular, the study should provide information on: - Women’s transport needs: aims to assess women’s transport needs and identify ways to address such needs, including during road selection. - Women’s voice in community consultation: aims to identify mechanisms to ensure women’s preferences are reflected in community consultations, whether for consultations on social safeguards or road selection. - Women’s participation in community-based maintenance: aims to identify context-specific entry points and mechanisms (e.g. quotas) for women’s participation in the maintenance of rehabilitated roads. - Project impact on women’s livelihoods: recommend indicators or give indications on sex-disaggregation of existing indicators to reflect the project direct and indirect impact on women’s livelihoods. FINAL REVISED REPORT 222 ANNEX 5 Standard Format for Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1.1. Overview of the State (s) where the specific road is passing through 1.2. List of Selected „Unity‟ roads 1.3. Environmental Screening Category 2. POLICY AND ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL FRAMEWORK 3. ROAD-SPECIFIC ESMPs (FOR EACH ROAD IN A PHASE): 3.1. Location and Existing Alignment 3.2. Proposed Works 3.3. Estimated Cost 3.4. Baseline Data 3.4.1. Land Resources 3.4.2. Hydrology and Water Resources 3.4.3. Air and Noise 3.4.4. Biological Resources 3.4.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural 3.5. Potential Impacts 3.5.1. Land Resources 3.5.1.1. Construction Phase 3.5.1.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.2. Hydrology and Water Resources 3.5.2.1. Construction Phase 3.5.2.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.3. Air Quality and Noise 3.5.3.1. Construction Phase 3.5.3.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.4. Biological Resources 3.5.4.1. Construction Phase 3.5.4.2. Post Construction Phase 3.5.5. Socio-Economic and Cultural 3.5.5.1. Construction Phase 3.5.5.2. Post Construction Phase 3.6. Analysis of Alternatives 3.7. Mitigation Measures 3.7.1. Construction Phase 3.7.2. Post Construction Phase 3.8. Monitoring and Supervision Arrangements 3.9. Summary ESMP Table 4. ATTACHMENTS 4.1. Photos 4.2. Summary of Consultations and Disclosure 4.3. Other FINAL REVISED REPORT 223 ANNEX 6a ESIA Terms of Reference (ToR) Rural Access Roads Rehabilitation and River Crossings INTRODUCTION A Terms of Reference (ToR) is essentially a document that describes the purpose and structure of a project, committee, meeting, negotiation, study or contract. Nigeria's EIA Process requires that project proponents prepare Terms of Reference (ToR) for projects that require Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA). The ToR should be submitted to the authorizing agency (Federal Ministry of Environment) for review and approval. 1. Typical Terms of Reference of an ESIA of Proposed Sub Project. Introduction The environmental screening and scoping exercise shall classify the Sub Projects into the appropriate ESIA Categories. This Terms of Reference (ToR) is designed to guide the project proponent in the preparation of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) in line with the national (FMEnv) regulatory requirement and the World Bank safeguard policy on environmental assessment (OP. 4.01). Scope of ESIA Report FPMU will prepare and submit an ESIA report in accordance with these Terms of Reference and the environmental information prescribed by the FMEnv regulations and World Bank.  the study area for the ESIA shall include the Project Corridor, as well as, the spatial and temporal limits of individual environmental components outside the corridor where an effect can be reasonably expected;  the ESIA report will assist the public and government in understanding the environmental and socioeconomic consequence of the roads rehabilitation  the ESIA shall include data gathering on the existing baseline (climate, air quality, surface water, soil, flora and fauna, geology) of the project area and a discussion on the measures to address  project impacts,  prevent or mitigate impacts  mitigation options, and  residual effects relevant to the assessment of the Project  As appropriate for the various types of impacts, the ESIA shall discuss impact predictions in terms of magnitude, frequency, duration, seasonal timing, reversibility, and geographic extent.  The preparation of the ESIA report will include a public consultation program (agencies, departments, communities, NGOs and other stakeholders) to assist with project scoping and issue identification. The results of these consultations will be documented as part of the ESIA report.  The ESIA report will include a glossary of terms and a list of abbreviations to assist the reader in understanding the material presented. FINAL REVISED REPORT 224 ESIA Studies / Report Preparation ESIA studies and report preparation are the responsibilities of the project client. In the course of preparing an EIA Report of a proposed sub-project, all stakeholders should be consulted. The objective of such consultation is to identify early in the ESIA process, the worries of stakeholders regarding the impacts of the proposed sub-project in order to address such issues during the actual study and to reflect such comments in the sub-project’s ESIA report. ESIA Review Process To establish the type of review to be adopted, a draft ESIA report should be submitted to the Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Habitat and also the Federal Ministry of Environment by a client for evaluation. There are different forms of reviews, depending on the nature, scope, anticipated impact, risks, etc that may arise in project planning and implementation, and an ESIA report may be subject to any or a combination of these reviews. The various types of review are an in-house review, public review, panel review and mediation. In – House Review In order to assess how far issues raised in the Terms of Reference (ToR) have been addressed and to determine if the draft ESIA reports are suitable for public review (if necessary), all draft ESIA reports forwarded to the Ministry are reviewed in-house. If the in-house review finds that the issues in the report do not merit putting it on public display, the review process may be terminated at the in-house review stage. Some projects (e.g. those that fall under Category III of the EIA Act) may be recommended for approval by the Ministry’s In-House Panel of Experts. Public Review (Public Display) The provisions of Section 25 of the EIA Act states that, ‘interested members of the public are given the opportunity to participate in the ESIA review process through comments on project reports that are put on display’. Displays are usually done for a 21 working day period at strategic locations. Notices of such venues of display are usually published in the National and relevant State daily newspapers and information about such display are complemented with further announcements on the relevant state electronic media. Often times, the venues of displays include the Local Government Headquarters, where a project is located, the State Ministry of Environment or Environmental Protection Agency(s), The Federal Ministry of Environment. Comments received from the display venues are forwarded to the Federal Ministry of Environment Headquarters as well as the Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Habitat for collation and evaluation preparatory to the Review Panel meeting for the project. Review Panel FINAL REVISED REPORT 225 After the public display exercise, The Federal Ministry of Environment and Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Habitat may decide to set up a review panel to review the draft ESIA report depending on the sensitivity or significance of the comments received. The review panel meetings are held in the public so that stakeholders can utilize this opportunity to put forward their views and concerns for consideration. The choice of members of the review panel depends on the type of project, its scope as well as the ecosystem to be affected. However, the Chairman of the affected Local Government(s) and the Commissioner of Environment of the project location are always included in the Panel. Mediation Projects that are likely to cause significant negative effects that are immitigable, or of public concerns are referred to Federal Ministry of Environment Ministerial council for subsequent referral to mediation. For a mediation to be set up, Ministerial Council would have been convinced that the parties involved are willing to participate in the mediation and to abide by its decisions. ESIA Approval After the submission of a satisfactory final ESIA report, the Federal Ministry of Environment and Oyo State Ministry of Environment and Habitat could decide to set a number of conditions for the approval of the implementation of the project. Such conditions usually include a statement that mitigation measures highlighted in the projects ESIA report shall be complied with. Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) The following are the objectives of an ESIA Impact mitigation monitoring:  Check that mitigation measures are implemented as appropriate;  Determine whether environmental changes are as a result of project developments and/or natural variation;  Monitor emissions and discharges at all stages of project development for compliance with regulatory standards;  Compare effluent quality/quantity with design specifications and statutory standards;  Determine the effectiveness of Environmental Management Plans, Environmental Monitoring Plans and especially the mitigation measures to predicted impacts and to also act as a feedback mechanism towards the improvement of the ESIA Evaluation and Approval process;  Determine duration of identified impacts;  Create a data bank for future development of predictive tools. The Legal requirements for Impact Mitigation Monitoring in the EIA process are specified in Sections 16 (c), 17 (2) (c), 37 (c), (1), 40 (1) (a) (2), 41(1) and 41 (2) of the EIA Act as well as Section 11 of the EIA procedural guideline FINAL REVISED REPORT 226 Environmental Impact Monitoring is designed to monitor the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP), and concerns during project operations. It is also designed to ascertain the extent to which commitments contained in EIA reports are reflected during the various phases of project development and operations. Impact Mitigation Monitoring (IMM) exercises are conducted to assess the degree and effectiveness of the mitigation measures offered in an ESIA report. Hence, relevant documents, in-house monitoring records as they affect the project, the project implementation schedule, as well as all other documents to support the environmental good housekeeping of the project are scrutinized and verified. In a typical Impact Mitigation Monitoring exercise, the following statutory actions are carried out,  Facility inspection;  Interactive session with project managers on the Mitigation Checklist for the ESIA of that sub-project;  Interview and interaction with the action party responsible for ensuring full implementation of a particular action;  Inspection and Verification of the parameters that shall be monitored to ensure effective implementation of that action;  Check the timing for the implementation of the action to ensure that the objectives of mitigation are fully met;  Interact with project Engineers and Technicians on mitigation measures that are not applicable, or not enforceable or still not practicable in line with good environmental principles with a view to finding out practical alternatives. At the conclusion of an IMM exercise, a report should be written for the Minister/Head of Department’s approval, after which, necessary suggested corrective measures would be communicated to the client. ANNEX 6b Terms of Reference (ToR) of an ESMP of Rural Access Roads Rehabilitation and River Crossings Guidelines for an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The ESMP would have the following format: FINAL REVISED REPORT 227 1. Description of adverse impacts: The anticipated impacts are identified and summarized. 2. Description of Mitigation Measure: Each measure is described with reference to the effects it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, equipment description, and operating procedures are described. 3. Description of monitoring program: Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of impacts. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental impacts are monitored is discussed below. 4. Responsibilities: The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies. 5. Implementation Schedule: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measure and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall sub project schedule. 6. Cost Estimates and Source of Funds: These are specified for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a sub project is implemented. 7. Monitoring methods: Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or environmental impacts should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information, so that the sub project implementer can apply them. For instance, they could just be regular observations of the sub project activities or sites during construction and then when in use. Are plant/equipment being maintained and damages repaired, does a water source look muddier/cloudier different than it should, if so, why and where is the potential source of contamination. Most observations of inappropriate behaviour or adverse impacts should lead to solutions. ANNEX 6c Sample ToR for Detailed ESIA for Agro-Logistics Hubs The ToR shall include the following: • Identify relevant regulations, guidelines and standards • Establish the existing baseline ecological socio-economic and health condition of the project area. FINAL REVISED REPORT 228 • Identify, evaluate and predict the project environmental impacts, including the social and health impact assessment aspect. • Develop mitigation measures that will address significant impacts the project would have on the environment. • Assist project design and planning by identifying those aspects of location, construction, operation and decommissioning which may cause adverse environmental, social, health and economic effects • Recommend measures during operations to avoid and ameliorate these effects and increase beneficial impacts. • Identify the best practicable environmental options or alternatives. • Identify any environmental/social issues and concerns that may affect the development which may include Gender Based Violence (GBV), labor influx, Child labor and underage girls abuse, community health, safety, GRM, Beneficiary feedback, etc. • Recommend an environmental management plan (EMP) for the life of the development, including compliance, monitoring, auditing and contingency planning. Minimum content of an ESIA study Section 4 of the EIA Act specifies the minimum content of an EIA to include the following;  A description of the proposed activities;  A description of the potential affected environment, including detailed information necessary to identify and assess the environmental effects of the proposed activities;  A description of the practical activities;  An assessment of the likely or potential environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and the alternatives, including the direct or indirect, cumulative, short-term and long-term effects;  An identification and description of measures available to mitigate negative environmental and social impacts of the proposed activity and assessment of those measures;  An indication of gaps in knowledge and uncertainty, which may be encountered in computing the required information;  An indication of whether the environment of any state or local government areas outside Nigeria is likely to be affected by the proposed activity or its alternatives and non technical summary of the report. ANNEX 6d Sample ToR for Detailed ESMP for Agro-Logistics Hubs Guidelines for an Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) The ESMP would have the following format: FINAL REVISED REPORT 229 1. Description of adverse impacts: The anticipated impacts are identified and summarized. These include displacement of market retailers (market men & women), labour influx, Gender Based Violence, temporary displacement of local subsistent economies, child labour, waste management, environmental impacts etc. 2. Description of Mitigation Measure: Each measure is described with reference to the effects it is intended to deal with. As needed, detailed plans, designs, construction equipment description and operating procedures are described. 3. Description of monitoring program: Monitoring provides information on the occurrence of impacts. It helps identify how well mitigation measures are working, and where better mitigation may be needed. The monitoring program should identify what information will be collected, how, where and how often. It should also indicate at what level of effect there will be a need for further mitigation. How environmental and social impacts are monitored is discussed below. 4. Responsibilities: The people, groups, or organizations that will carry out the mitigation and monitoring activities are defined, as well as to whom they report and are responsible. There may be a need to train people to carry out these responsibilities, and to provide them with equipment and supplies. 5. Implementation Schedule: The timing, frequency and duration of mitigation measure and monitoring are specified in an implementation schedule, and linked to the overall sub project schedule 6. Cost Estimates and Source of Funds: These are specified for the mitigation and monitoring activities as a sub project is implemented. 7. Monitoring methods: Methods for monitoring the implementation of mitigation measures or social and environmental impacts should be as simple as possible, consistent with collecting useful information, so that the sub project implementer can apply them. For instance, they could just be regular observations of the sub project activities or sites during construction and then when in use. Are there Gender Based Violence (GBV), labor influx, Child labor and underage girls abuse, community health, safety issues associated with the project? Does a nearby water source look muddier/cloudier different from what it use to be, if so, why and where is the potential source of contamination. Is there a report of a social survey of the existing market users and beneficiaries? Check to see if they were integrated into the current users/retailers or primary beneficiaries. ANNEX 7a Generic Checklist of Potential Impacts of a Proposed Project. This list includes direct and indirect, secondary, cumulative, short, medium and long-term, reversible and irreversible, positive and negative potential impacts. FINAL REVISED REPORT 230 POTENTIAL IMPACTS Estimated Magnitudes Effects on Human beings, buildings and man- made features: Change in population arising from the development, and consequential environmental effects. Visual effects of the Project on the surrounding area and landscape. Levels and effects of emissions associated with project implementation. Levels and effects of noise from the Project implementation Effects of the Project on local roads and transport. Effects of the Project on buildings and cultural properties. Effects of the project on public health and safety Effects on flora, fauna Loss of, and possible damage to, habitats and animal species. Loss of, and possible damage to, geological, palaeontological and physiographic features. Effects on land Physical effects: change in local topography, erosion control problems. Effects of chemical emissions and deposits on soil from project machinery. Land use effects: quality and quantity of Agricultural land taken up.  Deprivation of mineral resources  Waste disposal  Effects on surrounding land uses including agriculture. Effects on water Effects of the project on the drainage pattern of the project area. Changes in ground water level, water courses, flow of underground water. Effects of pollutants on water quality. Effects on air and climate Level of concentration of gaseous emissions and their environmental effects. Particulate matter FINAL REVISED REPORT 231 Offensive odours General climatic changes Effects on ambient temperature of the Project Area Social issues & other indirect and secondary effects associated with the Project. Social issues associated with the project such as Gender Based Violence, Labour Influx, social conflicts etc. Effects from traffic (road, air) related to the Project.. Effects arising from the extraction and consumption of materials, water, energy or other resources by the Project. Effects of other activities associated with the Project e.g., inflation, chance finds, road safety issues for people with disabilities etc Secondary effects resulting from the interaction of separate direct effects listed above. *Magnitude = low, medium or high ANNEX 7b Steps for Environmental Assessment (EA) The screening determines whether the proposed sub project requires a further EA (EIA/ESIA) or not. If it is determined that the project requires an EA, then the scoping is carried out to determine the coverage or scope of the EA study. The necessary steps in conducting an EA are listed below: FINAL REVISED REPORT 232  Step 1: Scoping and Terms of Reference - a process to identify issues relevant for EA consideration and determine assessment methods to be used. - Terms of Reference (ToR) for the EA study is normally prepared as an output of the scoping exercise. The ToR needs to be approved by the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and the World Bank before proceeding with the EA.  Step 2: Baseline Data Collection Baseline data pertaining to physical, biological, cultural domain is collected to describe the status and trends of environmental factors against which predicted changes can be compared and evaluated.  Step 3: Identify Environmental Impacts The EA exercise will identify potential impacts and assess its significance. The categories of impacts, direct, indirect or cumulative, should be indicated.  Step 4: Design Mitigation Measures The mitigation measures should include analysis of project alternatives, compensatory measures, corrective measures and preventive measures.  Step 5: Public Consultation and Participation The EA should consider public perspective and include them in the entire assessment process and should start early in the process.  Step 6: Develop Environmental Management Action Plan (EMP) The EMP should be developed primarily to document key environmental issues likely to arise from project implementation, prescribe mitigation measures to be integrated in the project design, design monitoring and evaluation schedules to be implemented during project construction and operation, and estimate costs required for implementing mitigation measures. This plan must be reviewed by the project management and approved before any construction activity is initiated by the sub- project.  Step 7: Prepare EA Report An EIA/ESIA report should be prepared in line with the Federal Ministry of Environment (FMEnv) and World Bank Format.  Step 8: Clearance All EIA/ESIAs or EMP will be sent to the World Bank for review and clearance to ensure compliance with OP4.01 and any other relevant policies, procedures and guidelines. ANNEX 7c DESCRIPTION/CONTENT OF AN ESIA REPORT An ESIA report shall be presented in chapters and shall include the following: 1. Chapter one shall be introduction; giving background information about the project proponent, the legal and administrative framework, the scope of work and terms of reference as well as the objectives of carrying out this EIA study. FINAL REVISED REPORT 233 2. Chapter two discusses justification for the project, stating the need and value of the project including the envisaged sustainability of the project. 3. Chapter three shall give the description of the project, project design, project works, operations, waste streams/handling and project schedule. 4. Chapter four describes the ecological, socio-economic and health baseline data acquired. 5. Chapter five discusses associated/potential impacts of the proposed project. 6. Chapter six proffers mitigating/ameliorating measures for addressing negative impacts of the project. 7. Chapter seven presents a pragmatic Environmental Management Plan (EMP) including a monitoring program to be adopted for the project. 8. Chapter eight presents the decommissioning/abandonment plan for the project while Chapter nine presents the conclusion of the report. 9. A list of literature consulted shall be presented in bibliography while all the other relevant descriptive materials and environmental data are presented as appendices. ANNEX 8 Sample Chance Find Procedure for the Protection of Physical Cultural Resources. The Federal Ministry of Culture and Tourism is responsible for the protection of Physical Cultural Resources. Chance find procedures will be used as follows: a) Stop the construction activities in the area of the chance find; FINAL REVISED REPORT 234 b) Delineate the discovered site or area; c) Secure the site to prevent any damage or loss of removable objects. In cases of removable antiquities or sensitive remains, a night guard shall be present until the responsible local authorities and the equivalent take over; d) Notify the supervisory Engineer who in turn will notify the SPIU and FPMU who in turn will notify the national authority responsible for Antiquities immediately (within 24 hours or less); e) Responsible local authorities and the national authority for Antiquities would be in charge of protecting and preserving the site before deciding on subsequent appropriate procedures. This would require a preliminary evaluation of the findings to be performed by the archaeologists of the national authority of Antiquities (within 72 hours). The significance and importance of the findings should be assessed according to the various criteria relevant to cultural heritage; those include the aesthetic, historic, scientific or research, social and economic values; f) Decisions on how to handle the finding shall be taken by the responsible authorities. This could include changes in the layout (such as when finding are irremovable remain of cultural or archaeological importance) conservation, preservation, restoration and salvage; g) Implementation for the authority decision concerning the management of the finding shall be communicated in writing and h) Construction work could resume only after permission is given from the responsible authority for Antiquities concerning safeguard of the heritage. These procedures must be referred to as standard provisions in construction contracts, when applicable. During project supervision, the SPIU and FPMU shall monitor the above regulations relating to the treatment of any chance find encountered. ANNEX 9 LIST OF THOSE CONSULTED IN THE ESMF FOR RAAMP S/N NAME COMMUNITY/ORGANISATION TELEPHONE NO. 1. Engr. Say Onabanjo SPC Ogun RAAM,P 0803 711 7333 2. Segun Adeleye Dcom Specialist, Ogun RAAMP 0803 405 0367 FINAL REVISED REPORT 235 3. Engr. Olaniran O.R Infrastructure Engr., Ogun 0803 719 2101 RAAMP 4. David O. Abiola Procurement Specialist, Ogun 0803 539 5751 RAAMP 5. Adeniram S.O Auditor , Ogun RAAMP 0803 333 3192 6. Erhunmwunfe O.M Project accountant 0803 377 3524 7. Engr Funmi Monitoring and Evaluation 0806 300 394 Adegbesan Specialist 8. James Eze Senior Special Assistant Media, to 0803 309 0972 Anambra Governor 9. Engr Joe SPC Anambra RAAMP 0803 653 6170 Onyejekwe 10. Engr Obiudu Chidi Ministry of Works, Anambra 0806 400 1560 11. Engr Ifedi Odera Ministry of Agriculture, Anambra 0803 733 2841 12. Augustina RAAMP Anambra 0803 751 7347 Chukwura 13. Angela Okoli RAAMP Anambra 0803 430 8378 14. Engr Ifeanyi Ministry of Works, Anambra 0806 890 8586 Anaredo 15. Dr. John Babington SPC, Abia RAAMP 0818 798 5653 16. Obinna Aguoche Procurement Officer, Abia RAAMP 0806 887 7353 17. Engr Justin Nwogu Infrastructure Engr. Abia RAAMP 0803 084 3959 18. Enwereji Ijeoma P. Internal Auditor, Abia RAAMP 0806 547 9758 19. Kalu Chinyere C. Project Accountant, Abia RAAMP 0803 543 0734 20. Orji Daniel O. M/E Specialist, Abia RAAMP 0806 6285637 21. Mr. Olorunnegan Z. SPC, Ondo RAAMP 0803 352 9540 22. Dada Olusola Procurement Officer, Ondo 0803 350 0474 RAAMP 23. Yomi-Martins A. Communication officer, Ondo 0806 043 9074 RAAMP 24. Adelanmi Femi Project Engr Ondo RAAMP 0703 551 8607 25. Owolabi Olufunke ESG, Ondo RAAMP 0803 584 8675 26. Elder Gideon C. SPC, Akwa Ibom RAAMP 0808 034 5445 Akpan 27. Ekong J. Inyang Akwa Ibom RAAMP 0806 254 3943 28. Nse Abasi R. Udom Akwa Ibom RAAMP 0803 573 4014 29. Eminor Elebe Akwa Ibom RAAMP 0803 760 3800 30. Charles N. Okongoh SPC, Cross River RAAMP 0803 702 9993 31. Nkebem Alice A. Project Secretary, Cross River 0806 360 8317 RAAMP 32. Engr. Benson Cross River RAAMP 0803 549 3335 Ogban 33. Engr. R.O Alabi SPC, Kogi State RAAMP 0803 587 2378 34. Oseni Amos Kogi State RAAMP 0803 630 7029 FINAL REVISED REPORT 236 35. Rogbesan A.J Kogi State RAAMP 0803 626 8606 36. Engr. Sheidu Kogi State RAAMP 0803 608 5517 Obansa 37. Hussein Kogi State RAAMP 0803 662 7589 Mohammed 38. Ndamodn Ali Kogi State RAAMP 0803 618 5357 39. Chidiebere Youth Leader, Amaogwugwu 0814 400 3509 Emmanuel community Abia state 40. Blessing Chinedu Palm oil Processor Amaogwugwu community Abia state Engr. Fadare Oyo state RAAMP 0803 465 9219 41. MR. Rahman Oyo state RAAMP 0802 597 4995 42. Malami U. RAAMP Sokoto 08036067476 Tambuwal 43. Abdulrazaq RAAMP Sokoto 08038338056 Abubakar 44. Muhammad N. RAAMP Sokoto 08067870879 Adamu 45. Nasiru Bello RAAMP Sokoto 08067786524 46. Abubakar Abbas RAAMP Sokoto 07038689397 47. Mustapha A.S. RAAMP Sokoto 08068238271 48. Engr. Idris Adamu SPC Kebbi RAAMP 08060053452 49. Engr. Bello B. Civil Engineer 08065955345 Mohammed 50. Engr. Mohammed Procurements 08032405733 Jega 51. Alh. Ahmadu Sarkin Kebbi Kandi Hodiyo 52. Engr. Falalu SPIU, Katsina RAAMP 08066202459 Hussaini 53. Engr. Yusuf Yahaya SPIU, Katsina RAAMP 08069522287 54. Hussaini Usman K & A Ltd, Katsina State 07034610513 55. Engr. Sunusi S. RAAMP Kano 08053303749 Sulaiman 56. Engr. Rabiu Sanka RAAMP Kano 08028714000 57. Naziru Abba Yusuf Envrt. Specialist RAAMP Kano 08174141177 58. Aminu Adamu RAAMP Kano 08050571959 59. Adamu Abdullahi RAAMP Kano 08039629251 60. Engr. Matawal D. SPC, Plateau RAAMP 08037000081 Magwil 61. Yakubu Baleri M & E Plateau RAAMP 08020869686 62. Thomas G. Environmental Officer, Plateau 08036187940 Muopshin RAAMP FINAL REVISED REPORT 237 63. Davida Kaze Project Accountant Plateau 08035074268 RAAMP 64. Samuel Obadiah Roads Engr. Plateau RAAMP 08036275828 65. Engr. Akorede SPC, Kwara RAAMP 08035815091 Wahab 66. Mohammed Dily Borno State Commissioner for 0803 548 5752 Agriculture 67. Malami Umar SPC, Sokoto RAAMP 0803 606 7476 68. Mr. Chuntai SA on Agriculture to Taraba 0803 786 9819 Governor 69. Zaki Tor Julius Benue community leader Nege ANNEX 10 Sample Company Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children The company is committed to creating and maintaining an environment in which gender based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) have no place, FINAL REVISED REPORT 238 and where they will not be tolerated by any employee, associate, or representative of the company. Therefore, in order to ensure that all those engaged in the project are aware of this commitment, and in order to prevent, be aware of, and respond to any allegations of GBV and VAC, the company commits to the following core principles and minimum standards of behaviour that will apply to all company employees, associates, and representatives including sub-contractors, without exception: 1. The company — and therefore all employees, associates, and representatives — commit to treating women, children (persons under the age of 18), and men with respect regardless of race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status. Acts of GBV and VAC are in violation of this commitment. 2. Demeaning, threatening, harassing, abusive, culturally inappropriate, or sexually provocative language and behavior are prohibited among all company employees, associates, and its representatives. 3. Acts of GBV or VAC constitute gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, which may include penalties and/or termination of employment. All forms of GBV and VAC, including grooming are unacceptable, regardless of whether they take place on the work site, the work site surroundings, at worker’s camps or at worker’s homes. 4. In addition to company sanctions, legal prosecution of those who commit acts of GBV or VAC will be pursued if appropriate. 5. Sexual contact or activity with children under 18—including through digital media—is prohibited. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child is not a defense. Consent from the child is also not a defense or excuse. 6. Sexual favors—for instance, making promises or favorable treatment dependent on sexual acts—or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior are prohibited. 7. Unless there is full consent1 by all parties involved in the sexual act, sexual interactions between the company’s employees (at any level) and members of the communities surrounding the work place are prohibited. This includes relationships involving the withholding/promise of actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community members in exchange for sex—such sexual activity is considered “non-consensual� within the scope of this Code. 8. All employees, including volunteers and sub-contractors are highly encouraged to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC by a Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance or agreement to do something. No consent can be found when such acceptance or agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Bank considers that consent cannot be given by children under the age of 18, even in the event that national legislation of the country into which the Code of Conduct is introduced has a lower age. Mistaken belief regarding the age of the child and consent from the child is not a defense. FINAL REVISED REPORT 239 fellow worker, whether in the same company or not. Reports must be made in accordance with GBV and VAC Allegation Procedures. 9. Managers are required to report suspected or actual acts of GBV and/or VAC as they have a responsibility to uphold company commitments and hold their direct reports responsible. To ensure that the above principles are implemented effectively the company commits to ensuring that: 10. All managers sign the ‘Manager’s Code of Conduct’ detailing their responsibilities for implementing the company’s commitments and enforcing the responsibilities in the ‘Individual Code of Conduct’. 11. All employees sign the project’s ‘Individual Code of Conduct’ confirming their agreement not to engage in activities resulting in GBV or VAC. 12. Displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct prominently and in clear view at workers’ camps, offices, and in in public areas of the work space. Examples of areas include waiting, rest and lobby areas of sites, canteen areas, health clinics. 13. Ensure that posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language. 14. An appropriate person is nominated as the company’s ‘Focal Point’ for addressing GBV and VAC issues, including representing the company on the GBV and VAC Compliance Team (GCCT) which is comprised of representatives from the client, contractor(s), the supervision consultant, and local service provider(s). 15. Ensuring that an effective Action Plan is developed in consultation with the GCCT which includes as a minimum: a. GBV and VAC Allegation Procedure to report GBV and VAC issues through the project Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM); b. Accountability Measures to protect confidentiality of all involved; and, c. Response Protocol applicable to GBV and VAC survivors and perpetrators. 16. That the company effectively implements the Action Plan, providing feedback to the GCCT for improvements and updates as appropriate. 17. All employees attend an induction training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure they are familiar with the company’s commitments and the project’s GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct. 18. All employees attend a mandatory training course once a month for the duration of the contract starting from the first induction training FINAL REVISED REPORT 240 prior to commencement of work to reinforce the understanding of the project’s GBV and VAC Code of Conduct. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Company Code of Conduct, and on behalf of the company agree to comply with the standards contained therein. I understand my role and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Company Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Company Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action. Company name: _________________________ Signature: _________________________ Printed Name: _________________________ Title: _________________________ Date: _________________________ FINAL REVISED REPORT 241 Sample Manager’s Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children Managers at all levels have particular responsibilities to uphold the company’s commitment to preventing and addressing GBV and VAC. This means that managers have an acute responsibility to create and maintain an environment that prevents GBV and VAC. Managers need to support and promote the implementation of the Company Code of Conduct. To that end, managers must adhere this Manager’s Code of Conduct and also sign the Individual Code of Conduct. This commits them to supporting and developing systems that facilitate the implementation of the Action Plan and maintain a GBV-free and VAC-free environment at the workplace and in the local community. These responsibilities include but are not limited to: Implementation 1. To ensure maximum effectiveness of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct: a. Prominently displaying the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct in clear view at workers’ camps, offices, and in in public areas of the work space. Examples of areas include waiting, rest and lobby areas of sites, canteen areas, health clinics. b. Ensuring all posted and distributed copies of the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct are translated into the appropriate language of use in the work site areas as well as for any international staff in their native language. 2. Verbally and in writing explain the Company and Individual Codes of Conduct to all staff. 3. Ensure that: a. All direct reports sign the ‘Individual Code of Conduct’, including acknowledgment that they have read and agree with the Code of Conduct. b. Staff lists and signed copies of the Individual Code of Conduct are provided to the GCCT and the client. c. Participate in training and ensure that staff also participate as outlined below. d. Staff are familiar with the Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) and that they can use it to anonymously report concerns of GBV or VAC incidents. e. Staff are encouraged to report suspected or actual GBV or VAC through the GRM by raising awareness about GBV and VAC issues, emphasizing the staff’s responsibility to the Company and the country hosting their employment, and emphasizing the respect for confidentiality. 4. In compliance with applicable laws and to the best of your abilities, prevent perpetrators of sexual exploitation and abuse from being hired, re-hired or deployed. Use background and criminal reference checks for all employees. FINAL REVISED REPORT 242 5. Ensure that when engaging in partnership, sub-contractor or similar agreements, these agreements: a. Incorporate the GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct as an attachment. b. Include the appropriate language requiring such contracting entities and individuals, and their employees and volunteers, to comply with the Individual Codes of Conduct. c. expressly state that the failure of those entities or individuals, as appropriate, to take preventive measures against GBV and VAC, to investigate allegations thereof, or to take corrective actions when GBV or VAC has occurred, shall constitute grounds for sanctions and penalties in accordance with the Individual Codes of Conduct. 6. Provide support and resources to the GCCT to create and disseminate internal sensitization initiatives through the awareness-raising strategy under the Action Plan. 7. Ensure that any GBV or VAC issue warranting police action is reported to the client and the World Bank immediately. Training 8. All managers are required to attend an induction manager training course prior to commencing work on site to ensure that they are familiar with their roles and responsibilities in upholding the GBV and VAC Codes of Conduct. This training will be separate from the induction training course required of all employees and will provide managers with the necessary understanding and technical support needed to begin to develop the Action Plan for addressing GBV and VAC issues. 9. Ensure that time is provided during work hours and that staff attend the mandatory project facilitated induction training on GBV and VAC required of all employees prior to commencing work on site. 10. Ensure that staff attend the monthly mandatory refresher training course required of all employees to combat increased risk of GBV and VAC during civil works. 11. Managers are required to attend and assist with the project facilitated monthly training courses for all employees. Managers will be required to introduce the trainings and announce the self-evaluations. 12. Collect satisfaction surveys to evaluate training experiences and provide advice on improving the effectiveness of training. Response 13. Managers will be required to provide input to the GBV and VAC Allegation Procedures and Response Protocol developed by the GCCT as part of the final cleared Action Plan. 14. Once adopted by the Company, managers will uphold the Accountability Measures set forth in the Action Plan to maintain the confidentiality of all employees who report or (allegedly) perpetrate incidences of GBV and VAC (unless a breach of confidentiality is required to protect persons or property from serious harm or where required by law). FINAL REVISED REPORT 243 15. If a manager develops concerns or suspicions regarding any form of GBV or VAC by one of his/her direct reports, or by an employee working for another contractor on the same work site, s/he is required to report the case using the GRM. 16. Once a sanction has been determined, the relevant manager(s) is/are expected to be personally responsible for ensuring that the measure is effectively enforced, within a maximum timeframe of 14 days from the date on which the decision to sanction was made. 17. Managers failing to report or comply with such provision can in turn be subject to disciplinary measures, to be determined and enacted by the company’s CEO, Managing Director or equivalent highest-ranking manager. Those measures may include: a. Informal warning. b. Formal warning. c. Additional Training. d. Loss of up to one week's salary. e. Suspension of employment (without payment of salary), for a minimum period of 1 month up to a maximum of 6 months. f. Termination of employment. 18. Ultimately, failure to effectively respond to GBV and VAC cases on the work site by the company’s managers or CEO may provide grounds for legal actions by authorities. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Manager’s Code of Conduct, do agree to comply with the standards contained therein and understand my roles and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Manager’s Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Manager’s Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action. Signature: _________________________ Printed Name: _________________________ Title: _________________________ Date: _________________________ Individual Code of Conduct Preventing Gender Based Violence and Violence Against Children FINAL REVISED REPORT 244 I, ______________________________, acknowledge that preventing gender based violence (GBV) and violence against children (VAC) is important. The company considers that GBV or VAC activities constitute acts of gross misconduct and are therefore grounds for sanctions, penalties or potential termination of employment. All forms of GBV or VAC are unacceptable be it on the work site, the work site surroundings, or at worker’s camps. Prosecution of those who commit GBV or VAC may be pursued if appropriate. I agree that while working on the project I will:  Consent to police background check.  Treat women, children (persons under the age of 18), and men with respect regardless of race, color, language, religion, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, disability, birth or other status.  Not use language or behavior towards women, children or men that is inappropriate, harassing, abusive, sexually provocative, demeaning or culturally inappropriate.  Not participate in sexual contact or activity with children—including grooming, or contact through digital media. Mistaken belief regarding the age of a child is not a defense. Consent from the child is also not a defense or excuse.  Not engage in sexual favors—for instance, making promises or favorable treatment dependent on sexual acts—or other forms of humiliating, degrading or exploitative behavior.  Unless there is the full consent2 by all parties involved, I will not have sexual interactions with members of the surrounding communities. This includes relationships involving the withholding or promise of actual provision of benefit (monetary or non-monetary) to community members in exchange for sex—such sexual activity is considered “non- consensual� within the scope of this Code.  Attend and actively partake in training courses related to HIV/AIDS, GBV and VAC as requested by my employer.  Consider reporting through the GRM or to my manager any suspected or actual GBV or VAC by a fellow worker, whether employed by my company or not, or any breaches of this Code of Conduct. With regard to children under the age of 18:  Wherever possible, ensure that another adult is present when working in the proximity of children. 2 Consent is defined as the informed choice underlying an individual’s free and voluntary intention, acceptance or agreement to do something. No consent can be found when such acceptance or agreement is obtained through the use of threats, force or other forms of coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, or misrepresentation. In accordance with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child, the World Bank considers that consent cannot be given by children under the age of 18, even in the event that national legislation of the country into which the Code of Conduct is introduced has a lower age. Mistaken belief regarding the age of the child and consent from the child is not a defense. FINAL REVISED REPORT 245  Not invite unaccompanied children unrelated to my family into my home, unless they are at immediate risk of injury or in physical danger.  Not sleep close to unsupervised children unless absolutely necessary, in which case I must obtain my supervisor's permission, and ensure that another adult is present if possible.  Use any computers, mobile phones, or video and digital cameras appropriately, and never to exploit or harass children or to access child pornography through any medium (see also “Use of children's images for work related purposes� below).  Refrain from physical punishment or discipline of children.  Refrain from hiring children for domestic or other labor which is inappropriate given their age or developmental stage, which interferes with their time available for education and recreational activities, or which places them at significant risk of injury.  Comply with all relevant local legislation, including labor laws in relation to child labor. Use of children's images for work related purposes When photographing or filming a child for work related purposes, I must:  Before photographing or filming a child, assess and endeavor to comply with local traditions or restrictions for reproducing personal images.  Before photographing or filming a child, obtain informed consent from the child and a parent or guardian of the child. As part of this I must explain how the photograph or film will be used.  Ensure photographs, films, videos and DVDs present children in a dignified and respectful manner and not in a vulnerable or submissive manner. Children should be adequately clothed and not in poses that could be seen as sexually suggestive.  Ensure images are honest representations of the context and the facts.  Ensure file labels do not reveal identifying information about a child when sending images electronically. Sanctions I understand that if I breach this Individual Code of Conduct, my employer will take disciplinary action which could include:  Informal warning.  Formal warning.  Additional Training.  Loss of up to one week’s salary.  Suspension of employment (without payment of salary), for a minimum period of 1 month up to a maximum of 6 months.  Termination of employment.  Report to the police if warranted. FINAL REVISED REPORT 246 I understand that it is my responsibility to avoid actions or behaviors that could be construed as GBV or VAC or breach this Individual Code of Conduct. I do hereby acknowledge that I have read the foregoing Individual Code of Conduct, do agree to comply with the standards contained therein and understand my roles and responsibilities to prevent and respond to GBV and VAC. I understand that any action inconsistent with this Individual Code of Conduct or failure to take action mandated by this Individual Code of Conduct may result in disciplinary action and may affect my ongoing employment. Signature: _________________________ Printed Name: _________________________ Title: _________________________ Date: _________________________ FINAL REVISED REPORT 247 ANNEX 11 SAMPLE CAMP MANAGEMENT PLAN Company X (the Company) has developed this Camp Management Plan as part of its Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP) outlining a range of mitigation measures designed to avoid or reduce undesired camp management impacts during construction. This document establishes a basis and template for use by the Contractor(s) to develop their own plans outlining not only mitigation measures but to also incorporate the roles and responsibilities described in the ESMP. The objectives of the Camp Management Plan are:  Avoid or reduce negative impacts on the community and maintain constructive relationships between local communities and workers’ camps; and  Establish standards on worker welfare and living conditions at the camps that provide a healthy, safe and comfortable environment. This Plan should be read in conjunction with other environmental and social management plans (ESMPs), if available including: - Traffic Management Plan - Security Plan - HSSE Management System - Stakeholder Engagement Plan Legal Requirements and Grievances The Contractor is required to operate within the parameters of the Nigeria Labour Law and the International Labour Organization guidelines. The World Bank Performance Standards are applicable to RAAMP and its sub projects. Furthermore, the Grievance Redress Mechanism contained in this ESMF is required to be adhered to by the Contractor. Contractor personnel shall conduct regular safety walks and an HSE committee will track performance against requirements stipulated in this plan. The Contractor will also have its grievance mechanism developed for the project. Additionally, Contractor would be required to sign and acknowledge the Code of Conduct and agree to abide by its provisions. Management and Monitoring Figure 1 presents a flow chart summarising key management steps associated with implementation and review of this Plan, including steps to allow for continued improvement. Table 1 presents a summary of the potential impacts related to camp activities, together with mitigation and management measures to avoid or reduce these impacts, and the monitoring required to assess the performance of these measures. FINAL REVISED REPORT 248 The Contractor shall develop a Contractor Plan which shall, as a minimum, incorporate the camp management measures described in Table 1. The Contractor shall not be limited to these measures. Monitoring to be undertaken as part of this Plan is described in Table 1.The Contractor is responsible for developing area or site-specific procedures for the monitoring program (where necessary) based upon the final design details of the infrastructure FINAL REVISED REPORT 249 Figure 1: Camp Management Process FINAL REVISED REPORT 250 Table 1: Management and Monitoring Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Community Unauthorised movements of 1. Contractor shall enforce a 'closed' camp policy 1. Monitoring 1. On-going 1. Contractor Relations construction workers (during and unless otherwise agreed and approved by 2. Verification 2. Every 3 2. Contractor after working hours) could result Company. Workers will comply with the agreed 3. Verification months 3. Contractor in trespassing, damage to local camp closure hours. 4. Verification 3. Every 6 4. Contractor land and property and create 2. Contractor shall implement suitable measures to 5. Notification months 5. Contractor amongst local residents a sense of maintain the closed camp policy which may 6. Verification 4. On-going and their privacy being invaded. include perimeter security fences, security 7. Verification 5. On-going FPMU/SPIU controls and guard houses, monitoring transfer 8. Verification 6. On-going 6. Contractor Residents may feel vulnerable and of goods into and out of camps for contraband 9. Verification 7. Every 3 and there may be increasing incidents and stolen goods. Contractor should refer to the months FPMU/SPIU of crime and or violence (GBV etc) Project Security Management Plan. 8. On-going 7. Contractor and threats to the safety of 3. Contractor, as appropriate, shall provide 9. Every 3 and community members. adequate recreation facilities for workers to months FPMU/SPIU reduce incentive for leaving camps during 8. Contractor Disparity of pay, increase in leisure time. and disposable income and potential 4. Contractor shall limit workers interaction with FPMU/SPIU availability of illegal substances, the community when outside the camp e.g., by 9. Contractor illicit or culturally inappropriate organising transport directly to and from the and lifestyle choices, leading to worksite. FPMU/SPIU increased tension between local 5. If community members or local businesses communities and the workers at express grievances in relation to camp related camps. activities/operations, the Project shall respond to the grievance in accordance with the Grievance Redress Mechanism contained in the ESMF. 6. FPMU/SPIU may request that camp related activities/operations be amended to address community grievances. Contractor shall comply with these requests. 7. Workers shall abide by camp rules which include a disciplinary process to be developed by the contractor once appointed. 8. The Project shall, be cognisant of the FINAL REVISED REPORT 251 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility environment in which it works and shall, where practicable, respect local cultural events such as religious events, funerals and the like. 9. The Project shall provide training to all workers on camp management including: a. A briefing on camp rules, including closed camp policy, behaviour between fellow workers and the community; b. Procedures for dealing with camp related complaints, worker issues and community issues and c. Community relations orientation. The objective of this orientation will be to increase awareness about the local area and cultural sensitivities. Health Potential interaction between 1. Contractor shall comply with the Minimum Health Verification 1. Every Contractor workers, persons engaged in illicit Requirements for Project Execution and the three activities and the community Community Health and Safety Management Plan months increases the risk of spreading which set out requirements and management 2. On-going communicable diseases, measures on controlling communicable diseases 3. Every particularly in more remote within camps and to outside communities three communities. 2. Contractor shall enforce the closed camp policy months Camp operations have the to limit interaction with community potential to develop favourable 3. The Contractor shall develop a Pathogen and conditions for pests and disease, Pest Management Plan to prevent pathogens and which could impact the health of pests from entering the camps and spreading workers and the community, as outside the camps. well as affect community 4. Posters and informational sessions will be livelihoods (e.g. rodent infestation conducted to raise awareness among the affecting crops). workforce and communities locally around the worker camps. FINAL REVISED REPORT 252 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Waste Camp has the potential to have 1. Contractor shall exercise all reasonable due 1. Verification On-going Contractor management, off site pollution impacts from diligence to conduct its operations in a manner 2. Verification pollution and waste disposal, emissions and that will minimize pollution. 3. Notification environmental spills. Camp operations may also 2. Contractor shall comply with the Waste impacts cause environmental issues Management Plan and Hazardous Materials including deteriorating water Management Plan which define requirements to quality, erosion, sedimentation, contain, transport, handle and dispose of camp noise and air quality issues. These wastes and hazardous materials to avoid impacts factors have the potential to to human health and the environment. affect the community if not 3. Contractor shall also apply appropriate mitigation adequately managed. measures as contained in this ESMF. Community  Any infrastructure, services or 1. Contractor shall utilise water sources for camp 1. Verification 1. Prior to 1. Contractor resources resources used by camps use in a manner that minimises impacts on local 2. On-going establishin 2. Contractor (e.g. water abstraction) that supply and use. Where necessary, water supply 3. Verification g the 3. Contractor & result in reductions/ should be sought outside of the community camps SPIU shortage/interruptions for the source(s). 2. Every 3 local community will have a 2. The Project shall routinely monitor quality and months negative impact. supply of water source used by camp through 3. Annual  There is potential for social quarterly sampling exercises. envy and increased 3. Contractors shall be encouraged to extend resentment from the Corporate Social Responsibility projects to host community towards the communities. Project and project team if camp facilities are perceived to be superior to those in the community. Services of note include camp health facilities, power supply, clean running water. Restricted ability to access these services may increase frustration at the level of the services available to them. FINAL REVISED REPORT 253 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Procurement Increased demand for food and The Project shall not purchase products in the local Verification On-going Contractor and supply of other provisions may deplete community unless through formal contracts with goods natural resources e.g. agriculture, approved suppliers. fisheries, etc. potentially causing shortages of supply in the local community, and/or increasing the price of goods, affecting affordability for local communities. Camp location  Siting of camps may result in 1. Potential camp locations will be selected in 1. Prior to Contractor and/or displacement of residents, consultation with FPMU/SPIU and affected establishin Company loss of productive lands and communities will be subsequently consulted. g the the resources upon these Necessary permits will be obtained from the camp lands. Camps may also relevant Local Authorities for the approved camp 2. On-going restrict or impede access to location. areas for the local 2. The Project shall refer to those Environmental & community. Social Management Plan's (ESMP) that include  Construction camps may mitigation/avoidance measures that relate to the result in a noticeable increase local community, including: in traffic, noise, air emissions  Noise and Vibration Management Plan; and light intrusion which  Air Emissions Management Plan; and could negatively affect the  Waste Management Plan. amenity and lifestyle of nearby communities and pose a potential safety issue. Labour Influx There is a likelihood of influx of  Contractor shall enforce a ‘closed’ camp policy. Verification On-going Contractor and non local labour into areas around This is intended to deter individuals setting up FPMU/SPIU the construction camps. However, near camp. people from outside of the local  Contractor shall develop a Labour Influx area may migrate into existing Management Plan. settlements or develop new  Contractor is to coordinate with Local government settlements in proximity to camps to ensure that no illegal and unsafe settlements and the Project area. Labour develop. Influx can result in disputes and  Contractor shall eview and ensure adherence to FINAL REVISED REPORT 254 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility sometimes violence between the labour influx management plan. new settlers and the resident community. Migrants moving into existing settlements may increase demand and inflate prices for housing, goods and services. Increased population and development of new and uncontrolled settlements increase pressure on infrastructure, services and resources. Major labour influx related risks include workers’ sexual relations with minors and resulting pregnancies, presence of sex workers in the community, the spread of HIV/AIDS, sexual harassment of female employees, child labour and abuse, increased drop out rates from school, poor labour practice and lack of road safety. Worker welfare Construction workers living in Contractor shall comply with minimum standards for Verification On-going Contractor and living camps may encounter stresses camp buildings, facilities and services in line with the conditions and discomforts that negatively Bank standard or as contained in the Project impact their health and welfare. Invitation to Tender (ITT) requirements. These stressors or discomforts may be caused by Poor living conditions (accommodation, ablution and sanitary, health, recreation catering and laundry). Cultural issues (nationality,  Contractor shall ensure that applicable ESMF Verification On-going Contractor religion, discrimination, GBV and mitigation measures for specific issues are harassment, etc.). applied. FINAL REVISED REPORT 255 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility  Contractor may provide prayer rooms and other facilities, as necessary and to the extent practicable, to satisfy the religious needs and customs of its workforce.  Contractor’s personnel shall not engage in any discrimination, GBV, SEA or harassing behaviour. Contractor shall establish an Equal Opportunity Policy to promote non-discrimination in accordance with Labour and Worker Conditions Management Plan.  Contractor shall implement a worker grievance procedure to address grievances between workers. . Mental health issues (morale, 1. Camps will be treated as closed camps. Camp Verification 1. On-going Contractor isolation, family attachments, rules in relation to alcohol consumption and drug 2. Every 6 boredom). prohibition will be complied with. months 2. Contractor shall provide recreational facilities where practicable. 3. Contractor will provide counselling for all workers, with no discrimination by race, sex or religion. Personal security (crime, and  Camps will be controlled by security to avoid Verification Prior to Contractor emergencies). intrusions from outside community. establishing  Work Site Security Plan to be developed by camp Contractor shall include security measures to be provided at the camps which may include fencing, locks, alarms, pass card systems, badge and pass system, access points, safe transport of personnel as appropriate.  Contractor shall develop an Emergency Response Plan that meets requirements set out in ITT package FINAL REVISED REPORT 256 Aspect Potential impact Mitigation & Management Monitoring Frequency Responsibility Environmental stress (climate, Contractor shall comply with Minimum Health Verification On-going Contractor noise etc.). requirements for Project Execution including the following:  Accommodation will be designed to suit climatic conditions;  Accommodation and surroundings shall be constructed so that noise does not interfere with sleep to the extent that is reasonably practicable; and  Health and hygiene inspections shall be carried out. Decommissio Decommissioning of camps has  Contractor is to follow retrenchment procedure Verification On-going Contractor and ning several potential impacts: contained in Labour and Worker Conditions FPMU/SPIU • Local employment and provision Management Plan (if available) of local goods and services at  Where Community requests, some infrastructure camps will no longer be required; and services may be retained as advised by the • Locals employed and previously FPMU and the World Bank: accommodated in camps will no o Disturbed areas will be reinstated; longer have access to services o Where practicable, Contractor will return and benefits available at camps camp areas to former landforms; (e.g. health services, recreation o No facilities will be maintained in or near facilities); and especially environmentally or socially • Infrastructure which provides sensitive areas; and benefits to communities may no o Where there are negative consequences longer be maintained (e.g. roads, of induced access, the facility will also be camp boreholes ) and may be decommissioned and the area reinstated. decommissioned and removed. FINAL REVISED REPORT 257 Roles and Responsibilities The implementation of this plan requires consistent and committed resources from the FPMU/SPIU and Contractor. Below are the expectations of roles and responsibilities for this Plan:  Contractor shall ensure sufficient resources are allocated on an on-going basis to meet the requirements of this Plan.  The Contractor Plan shall describe the resources allocated to and responsible for the execution of each task and requirement contained therein, and shall describe how roles and responsibilities are communicated to relevant personnel.  FPMU/SPIU shall ensure sufficient resources are allocated on an on-going basis to achieve effective implementation of its responsibilities in the Camp Management Plan. Training, Awareness and Competency Training is a critical component to raise awareness on the various impacts and associated management functions of the Plan. As such, it is expected that:  Contractor shall ensure that all personnel responsible for the execution of the tasks and requirements contained within this Plan are competent on the basis of education, training and experience.  The Contractor Plan shall describe the training and awareness requirements necessary for its effective implementation.  Contractor’s training activity associated with the Contractor Plan shall be appropriately documented by means of a training needs assessment, training matrix/plan and records of training undertaken.  Project shall ensure that personnel responsible for the execution of tasks and requirements in the Camp Management Plan are competent on the basis of education, training and experience.  Project training activity associated with the Camp Management Plan shall be appropriately documented by means of a training needs assessment, training matrix/plan and records of training undertaken. FINAL REVISED REPORT 258