Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia June 2003 by Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg Urban Development Working Papers East Asia Infrastructure Department Working Paper No. 6 Contents I. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 1 II. Key Findings .......................................................................................................... 1 III. Infrastructure, Environment, and Poverty Linkage .................................................... 4 IV. Data Collection ..................................................................................................... 5 V. Issues ................................................................................................................... 5 Annex A. Selected Tables Showing Collected Indicators................................................. 9 Annex B. Desk Review of Indicators Available Online................................................... 23 Annex C. Thematic Maps of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia................................... 25 List of Figures Figure 1. Rural Telephone Density ............................................................................... 1 Figure 2. Average Annual Cell Phone Cost .................................................................... 1 Figure 3. Rural Electrification Rate .............................................................................. 2 Figure 4. Cost of Rural Electricity................................................................................. 2 Figure 5. Percentage of Rural Population with Access to Improved Water Source ............ 3 Figure 6. Average Rural Water Tariffs ........................................................................... 3 Figure 7. Percentage of Rural Population that Lives Fewer than 6 Kilometers from an All-Weather Road.................................................................. 3 Figure C.1: Cambodia: Total Population and Road Network .......................................... 26 Figure C.2: Cambodia: Incidence of Poverty by District and Road Network .................... 27 Figure C.3: Cambodia: Population Without Access to Clean Water ............................... 28 Figure C.4: Cambodia: Population Without Toilets ....................................................... 29 Figure C.5: Cambodia: Incidence of Diarrhea in Children ............................................. 30 Figure C.6: Cambodia: Children Deaths ..................................................................... 31 Figure C.7: Lao PDR: Incidence of Poverty and Road Network ...................................... 32 Figure C.8: Lao PDR: Population Without Access to Clean Water .................................. 33 Figure C.9: Lao PDR: Total Diarrhea Cases ................................................................ 34 Figure C.10: Mongolia: Road Network ........................................................................ 35 Tables Table 1. Percentage of Data Not Available.................................................................... 6 Table A.1: National Health, Education, and General Poverty Indicators ......................... 10 Table A.2: Information, Communication, and Technology Indicators .............................. 12 Table A.3: Electricity and Heat Indicators ................................................................... 16 Table A.4: Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, and Drainage Indicators ............................ 17 Table A.5: Roads and Transportation Indicators.......................................................... 21 Table A.6: General Indicators .................................................................................... 22 Table B.1: Major Data Sources Used in Annex B. ........................................................ 23 iii Acknowledgements This report was prepared by Daniel Hoornweg, EASUR, and Philip Lam, EASIN, in consul- tation with Michel Kerf and Philip Gray of EASIN. This report is consistent with a broader Infrastructure Indicators program currently being undertaken by EASIN. Management in- put was provided by Christian Delvoie, Sector Director, EASIN, and Keshav Varma, Sector Director, Urban, EASUR. Valuable comments, data, and assistance were provided by Christina Malmberg Calvo and Peter Roberts, TUDTR; Vijay Jagannathan, Raja Iyer, and Inneke Herawati, EASUR; Imogene Jensen and William Paterson, EASTR; Salvador Rivera, EASEG; Tenzin Dolma Norbhu, CITPO; Santanu Lahiri and Rick Pollard, WSP-EAP; and Venkatesh Sundararaman, SASHD. In Cambodia, Mr. Han Phounim, Mr. Shivakumar, and colleagues collected the data. They met with Mr. Chea Dara, Director, Department of Planning, Ministry of Industry, Mines, and Energy (MIME); Mr. Long Chitha, Deputy Director, National Institute of Statistics (NIS), Ministry of Planning (MOP); Mr. Un Pros, Senior Officer of the Ministry of Post and Tele- communications (MPT); Mr. Ouer Sophal, Vice Bureau Chief of NIS, MOP; Mr. Sao Chivoan, Director of Planning and International Cooperation, Ministry of Rural Development (MRD); Mr. Heng Ngoun Eng, Bureau Chief of Road Department, MRD; Mr. Mour KimSan, Deputy Director General, MRD; Mr. Sim Sovansomethea, OfficerAngkor Telecommunication, MPT; Mr. Non Vanny, Vice Bureau Chief of Planning, MIME; Mr. Chea Bora, Deputy Director of Planning, Ministry of Land Management, Urban Planning, and Construction. In Lao PDR, collection of data was managed by Steve Kirby. The following people pro- vided valuable assistance: Mrs. Keobang A. Keola, Deputy Director General of the Cabinet, Prime Minister's Office, Science, Technology and Environmental Agency (STEA); Mrs. Singkham Khongsavanh, Deputy Director General, Committee for Planning and Coopera- tion, Department of General Planning; Mr. Snith Xaphakdy, Director, Telecommunication Division, Department of Post and Telecom; Mr. Keovisouk Solaphom, Chief of Data Plan- ning and Collection Section, Lao Telecommunications; Mrs. Phonesaly Souksavath, Deputy Director, and Mr. Yavang Vachoima, Head of Statistics Service Division, National Statistics Centre; Mr. Houmphone Bulyaphol, Director-General, and Mr. Morten Larsen, World Bank consultant, Department of Electricity; Chantaphone Phanvisouk, Head of the Secretariat, Road Maintenance Fund; Mr. Souksakhone Soutannouvong and Mr. Sengphet Thanongsakd, local consultants, Department of Roads, Local Roads Division, Participatory Rural Trans- port Planning; Mrs. Keoviengsan Khamkhosy, Director, Disbursement Division, Depart- ment of Roads; Dr. Soutsakhone Chanthaphone, Deputy Director, Dr. Bounpone Vannalath, Deputy Head of Administration Division, and Ms. Viengmala Sidanoumone, Planning and Statistics, National Centre for Environmental Health and Water Supply (Nam Saat); Santanu Lahiri, Country Team Leader, and Nalinthone Phonyaphanh, ProgramAssistant, WSP-EAP. In Mongolia, Mr. Bill Murray, Managing Director of Murray Harrison Ltd., managed the collection of data with the assistance of Director of Monconsulting Ltd., Ms. S. Oyun, Mr. S. Chimid-Oidov, and Ms. B. Enkhjargal. Government officers who kindly provided informa- tion include Ms. B. Dulamjav, economist, Energy Regulatory Authority; Mr. R. Bud, Direc- tor, Road Agency; Mr. Enkhmend, Director, Telecommunications Regulatory Council; Mr. T. Enkhtaivan, Director, Fuel and Energy Authority; Mr. T. Narmandakh, Deputy Director, Ministry of Infrastructure, Information, Technology, and Policy Coordination Department; Mr. L. Demberel, Deputy Director, Information, Monitoring, Evaluation, and Economic De- partment; various officers of the Government Implementation Agency for Construction, iv Urban Development and Public Utilities, and the Mongolian Telecom Company. Cover photo of Lao PDR taken by Francis Dobbs. I. INTRODUCTION This review presents rural infrastructure indicators (telecom; electricity and heat; water, wastewater, solid waste, and drainage; and roads) for Cambodia, Lao People's Democratic Republic (PDR), and Mongolia collected in April 2003 by the World Bank. A rapid assess- ment of the current state of infrastructure in the rural areas is provided through key infra- structure indicators. The utility of the collected data and ease of regular updates are also suggested where sufficient data warrants. With the collected data, and the findings outlined in the report "The Poverty­Environ- ment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic" by Susmita Dasgupta, Uwe Deichmann, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler of DECRG,1 a clear link among pov- erty, infrastructure service level, quality of life, environmental issues, and health is pre- sented. This link is visible in both urban and rural settings. The rural indicators are pre- sented here along with national indicators gleaned from public sources. Table A.1 provides national health, education, and poverty indicators for Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia and comparisons with East Asia and the Pacific and Sub-Saharan Africa as well as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development country averages. II. KEY FINDINGS Following are the key findings of the collected data. Annex A presents a complete set of collected indicators. Telecom Figure 1 shows that rural telephone density is low, ranging from 0.7 percent in Cambodia to 3.5 percent in Mongolia. Mongolia has the highest rural cell phone density of 6.8 percent. No rural residents in any of the three countries have regular access to the Internet. When available, Cambodia and Lao PDR have a greater than 95 percent success rate when placing phone calls, while Mongolia is 55 percent successful. Figure 2 shows that the average an- nual cell phone cost, including connection charges spread over three years, subscription Figure 1. Rural Telephone Density Figure 2. Average Annual Cell Phone Cost (percent) (U.S. dollars) Average cost Density 700 4.0 600 3.5 3.0 500 2.5 400 2.0 300 1.5 200 1.0 0.5 100 0.0 0 Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia 1. "The Poverty­Environment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic." Susmita 1 Dasgupta, Uwe Deichmann, Craig Meisner, and David Wheeler (DECRG). Policy Research Working Paper 2960. World Bank, Policy Research Department, Washington, D.C. January 2003. An October 2002 version of the paper, which includes similar data for Vietnam, is also available. Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia charges, and call charges for 300 minutes per month, is US$200 in Lao PDR, $500 in Cambo- dia, and $580 in Mongolia. The cost of cell phones would appear prohibitive: 183 percent, 68 percent, and 144 percent of annual per capita incomes, respectively, in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia, and yet their use is expanding quickly. Telecom data are particularly suscep- tible to quickly being out of date. The sector benefits from entrepreneurial inputs in areas such as sharing of cell phones, which may affect the accuracy and applicability of the data. Electricity and Heat Figure 3 shows that the rural electrification rate is low: 9 percent in Cambodia, 24 percent in Lao PDR, and 42 percent in Mongolia. Costs vary by an order of magnitude: $0.008/kWh in Lao PDR (although they are increasing by 2.3 percent per month), $.045/kWh in Mongolia, and $0.45/kWh in Cambodia (see figure 4). Rural house heating is a critical issue in Mongolia, with costs ranging from $0.07 to $0.36/Mt2 per month with an average of $0.14/Mt2 per month. More than 89 percent of the Mongolian rural homes use individual dung, wood, or coal stoves for heat. In Cambodia, inequity of access to electricity is high in the rural areas, although service coverage is comprehensive since much of it is provided by private sector suppliers able to supply services to anyone willing to pay.2 Figure 3. Rural Electrification Rate Figure 4. Cost of Rural Electricity (percent) (U.S. dollars) Cost Per Rate Kwh 50 0.50 40 0.40 30 0.30 20 0.20 10 0.10 0 0 Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Water, Wastewater, Solid Waste, and Drainage Access to an "improved" water source ranges from 25 percent in Cambodia, 32 percent in Mongolia, and 38 percent in Lao PDR, as shown in figure 5, while access to improved sani- tation ranges from 10 percent in Cambodia, 19 percent in Lao PDR, and 34 percent in Mongolia as shown in figure 6. Because of topography and climate, flooding is severe in Cambodia, where 37 percent of rural households are flooded at least annually. A compre- hensive set of data was obtained for water and sanitation service levels and cost in Lao PDR. Virtually all water is boiled in Lao PDR prior to consumption. Data collection was facilitated by the Water and Sanitation Program, which is well positioned to provide this type of information on an ongoing basis. Almost all rural areas in the three countries lack organized solid waste collection. 2 2. Author's personal communication with Vijay Jagannathan. Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg Figure 5. Percentage of Rural Population Figure 6. Average Rural Water Tariffs with Access to Improved Water Source (U.S. dollars per cubic meter) (percent) Tariff per cubic Access meter 40 1.20 1.00 30 0.80 20 0.60 0.40 10 0.20 0 0.00 Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia Roads Rural roads information was the most difficult to obtain. Mongolia's set of data was the most comprehensive. In Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia, 87 percent, 59 percent and 36 percent of rural residents, respectively, live within 6 kilometres of an all-weather road, as shown in figure 7.About 7 percent of Mongolia's rural roads is closed for about two months during the winter. Cambodia constructed almost 13,000 kilometres of rural roads between 1993 and 2002, 4,600 kilometres being paved, while in Mongolia only 1,183 kilometres of new rural roads were constructed between 1993 and 2002. Travel times are long in the rural areas of these countries. For example, in Lao PDR the average travel time to a hospital is 200 minutes; in Mongolia, it is 145 minutes. The end of this report presents a map of each country's road network. Figure 7. Percentage of Rural Population that Lives Fewer than 6 Kilometers from an All- Weather Road (percent) Percentage of population 100 80 60 40 20 0 Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia 3 Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia III. INFRASTRUCTURE, ENVIRONMENT, AND POVERTY LINKAGE During the preparation of this report, an important recent study, "The Poverty­Environ- ment Nexus in Cambodia and Lao People's Democratic Republic" by Susmita Dasgupta and others, was reviewed. Disaggregated data sets for incidence of poverty, population density, and environmental problems--that is, deforestation, slope stability, access to clean water and sanitation, and air pollution--and health impacts--respiratory ailments, child deaths, and diarrhea--were collected. In Cambodia, the study showed a close spatial correlation between poverty and the lack of access to clean water and revealed that poor households have much less access to safe water than higher income households. Cambodia's environmental problems were mainly household-level issues of indoor air pollution and water contamination. The study con- cluded that safe water is a poverty­environment nexus issue of great importance in Cam- bodia. Maps at the end of this report display the total Cambodian population by district, the correlation between incidence of poverty and road accessibility, water and sanitation indicators by district, and health indicators by district. In Lao PDR a strong correlation was identified between poverty and lack of access to safe water, which highlighted the strong relationship between infant diarrhea and poverty. The study concluded that poverty, safe water, sanitation, and infant mortality from diar- rhea may constitute another important poverty­environment linkage in Lao PDR. The lo- cus for this linkage appears to be the north and northeastern regions of the country. Maps at the end of this report display the correlation between incidence of poverty and road acces- sibility in Lao PDR, as well as water, sanitation, and health indicators by district. The report presents both the size of the poverty population in a district or province and the incidence of poverty.3 The report also presents settlement density of the poor. This is useful because providing infrastructure services to isolated households is more costly. Us- ing the report, plus the data collected in this study, a strategic program of infrastructure service provision to the poor can be developed. This approach can be verified with coun- trywide health and quality-of-life indicators, which were obtained from the Internet (see table A.1). A strategy focusing on reducing the number of people living in absolute poverty would start in Cambodia's densely settled central axis. The second target area would be the north- ern and northeastern (mainly rural) parts of Cambodia. In Cambodia, provision of services to the poor would have the lowest unit cost in the southeast. Cambodia would also likely benefit by having "growth corridors" anchored to transportation linkages to Phnom Penh that overlay these poverty corridors. In Lao PDR, the north and northeastern regions of the country appear to be the main locus for action among poverty alleviation, infrastructure services, and environmental poli- cies. Sufficient data to make these recommendations do not exist in Mongolia. Two other World Bank reports provide relevant information for Cambodia. The Private Solutions for Infrastructure in Cambodia4 report presents an overview of infrastructure service delivery in Cambodia and suggests ways in which the environment for private sector in- volvement in infrastructure could be improved. The review is based on service sectors and does not necessarily differentiate between urban and rural. 3. An extreme example clarifies the underlying logic between use of poverty population and poverty incidence: ten poor households might constitute the entire population of an isolated district, whose 4 poverty incidence would therefore be 100 percent. However, one million poor households might rep- resent no more than 40 percent of the population in a large urban area. 4. Private Solutions for Infrastructure in Cambodia: A Country Framework Report. The Public­Private In- frastructure Advisory Facility and the World Bank Group. Washington, D.C. 2002. Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg In 1997 a Poverty Profile of Cambodia was prepared that provides detailed poverty reviews disaggregated among rural, other urban, and Phnom Penh.5 Compared with other EastAsian countries, rural poverty was found to be slightly lower and urban poverty slightly higher than the averages for Lao PDR and Vietnam, although all three countries have a significant development gap with the rest of East Asia. IV. DATA COLLECTION In April 2003, the World Bank compiled a table of infrastructure indicators for telecom, water, wastewater, solid waste, electricity, and roads. This table was distributed to World Bank infrastructure sector specialists and revised according to their feedback. The table and approach to data collection were consistent with a broader and more comprehensive indi- cators program being conducted by East Asia Infrastructure (EASIN). The information in this report can be considered a "first instalment" on a broader indicators program. Because of the specific, specialized nature of the requested indicators, in-country con- sultants and local staff collected the desired indicators. In each country data were collected over three weeks. The consultants also assessed the degree of effort required to update the data on a regular basis. Discussions were also held with government officials on their data requirements and ease of acquiring relevant data. Data were gathered predominantly from available government agencies, statistical de- partments, private and public companies, and publicly available reports. For some indica- tors, no specific information was available but reasonable estimates could be made. In all cases, the data were confirmed to the extent possible. Tables A.2 through A.6 contain the collected data and associated sources. An important aspect of this review was to identify which data currently exist and are relatively easily available. This focus on readily available data is consistent with EASIN's larger indicators program, which is planned to be broadened over the next 18 months. Much useful information is available, but it is spotty, usually dependent on specific agencies post- ing relevant and current information (these collected data are proposed to be added to EASIN's website). The accuracy and relevance of data collected in the three countries' capi- tal cities were reviewed by World Bank staff and consultants. At this time, however, no detailed field reviews or new surveys were conducted. V. ISSUES Availability of Data The available data were relatively easy to collect. Data from government agencies were usually available within several days. Approximately 24 percent of the listed indicators was not available, with Cambodia having the least amount of data. Cambodia may not yet have significant experience in administrative and household data collection. Of the three countries, Mongolia had the most data available. Data on the roads sector were the most scarce with an average of 33 percent not available, while telecom information was the most available. Table 1 summarizes data availability by sector and country. 5 5. A Poverty Profile of Cambodia. Nicholas Prescott and Menno Pradham. World Bank Discussion Pa- per 373. Washington, D.C. 1997. Rural Infrastructure Indicators in Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia Table 1. Percentage of Data Not Available Cambodia Lao PDR Mongolia (percent) (percent) (percent) Telecom 5 10 -- Electricity and Heat 45 -- 9 Water and Waste 51 23 19 Roads 43 52 5 Total 39 24 10 Reliability of Data Telecom, electricity, and heat indicators appear to be the most reliable. These data are regu- larly collected and there is usually more precision and agreement on definitions. Telecom data, however, are most rapidly out of date. Data on water and roads are more vague and thus subject to more interpretation, and are perhaps less reliable. These data are also more difficult to collect. Data Trends Although collection methods and reliability of data may vary across countries, this review provides an important opportunity to assist in monitoring the trends of key infrastructure indicators. Collection costs were sufficiently inexpensive--fewer than $5,000 per country-- so that consideration should be given to collecting these data annually or biannually. Moni- toring key infrastructure service trends will provide important information on rates of im- provement, or deterioration. All three countries are overwhelmed by the pace of change in infrastructure service demands. They are responding admirably with increases in supply, but services can rarely keep up with demand. Rural Definition The definition of "rural" varies across countries and agencies. This caused difficulties in data collection, and the distinctions between rural and urban were often nebulous. Consid- erable data are not classified between rural and urban. The distinction between urban and rural is largely artificial and arbitrary, especially in Cambodia and Lao PDR. As in the pa- per by Dasgupta and others, a better approach may simply be to disaggregate by infra- structure service levels or numbers of poor rather than by rural and urban. Box 1 summa- rizes the definition of "rural" by country. 6 Philip Lam and Daniel Hoornweg Box 1. Definition of the Term "Rural" by Country Cambodia National Population Census "Rural" is defined as those areas having populations of fewer than, or equal to, 200 people per square kilometer, and those provinces that do not contain headquarter towns. Thus, all areas other than the municipal areas of Krong Preah Sihanouk, Krong Kaeb, and Krong Pailin, and the district areas (within Phnom Penh) of Khands of Doun Penh, Chamkar Mon, Prampir Meaqkkara, and Tuol Kouk are considered rural. Demographic and Health Survey Same as above. Mongolia The rural population is defined as that which is outside the capital city of Ulaanbaatar, includ- ing urban settlements of up to 70,000 people. These are usually classified as "urban" in Mongolia, but are designated as "rural" in this report for the purpose of greater consistency with data for Lao PDR and Cambodia. Lao PDR Although the definition of "rural" is subject to government guidelines, such as those of the National Statistics Centre, in practical terms the definition varies between agencies: Nam Saat Office A "rural" village has no market or piped water. National Statistics Centre A "rural" village is one that cannot satisfy at least three of the following five conditions: · There is a market in the village. · There is a road for motor vehicles to get access to the village. · The village must lie in the municipal vicinity where the district or provincial authority is located. · The majority of households in the village are electrified. · There is piped water supply service to the majority of households. Local Roads Department Any road with a population of fewer than 2,000 people along the road is a "rural" road. Department of Electricity The department initially said that "rural" meant anywhere outside of the main cities--places where there are no grid lines--but then said that it does not have a definition of "rural" for electrification purposes, and referred the consultant to the State Planning Committee for the official definition of "rural." Department of Post and Telecom It uses the definition of the National Statistics Centre. Lao Telecom "Rural" means anyplace using the Rurtel phone system as opposed to the Public Switching Telephone Network (PSTN). This is for areas where the number of customers is too small for the PSTN. Under normal conditions, this would properly identify rural areas, but they gave one example of a village very near Vientiane that only recently came onto the PSTN, although 7 by anybody's definition it would not be considered a rural village. Annex A. Selected Tables Showing Collected Indicators 9 4 9 7 5 6 4 2 3 0 17 81 75 78 61 2001 100 119 100 100 100 2,027 Average 89 98 5 9 4 7 1 10 10 CD 96 78 72 75 86 12 10 95 94 95 1985 167 n 27 26 5 2 6 9 and 56 62 49 47 48 10 89 40 37 2 31 2 1 1 73 71 72 n 2001 385 498 558 140 Average Souther 97 87 7 7 5 1 Easter 44 54 50 52 12 97 30 54 3 45 3 2 3 73 71 74 Africa 1985 349 430 159 94 24 8 6 82 72 67 70 10 30 41 22 16 12 96 87 91 2001 338 124 148 215 Average 87 98 EAP 80 67 63 65 10 39 68 26 26 13 19 11 91 91 91 1985 205 279 55 54 2 1 2 1 97 23 67 64 65 11 61 76 42 2001 216 199 280 Mongolia 09 89 4 2 3 1 1174 1195 8 1 62 59 60 10 87 16 1985 100 273 320 124 0 0 21 11 4 5 55 53 54 87 24 46 23 34 28 15 21 2001 160 299 355 100 PDR Lao 4 6 49 46 47 35 33 62 33 48 45 22 33 1985 439 531 128 182 Indicators 34 19 60 59 55 53 54 97 36 42 20 31 25 16 20 63 63 63 2001 572 264 373 138 ty Pover Cambodia 23 29 49 46 47 95 60 56 24 42 39 20 30 1985 356 473 153 t) t) t) General cohor adults) of cohor cohor total) and of ths) of of people) US$) ths) above) ths) male bir above) above) bir cent rent bir live and centage of live and and centage centage (per months) months) (years) 1,000 15 15­24) (per Education, f (cur 100,000 (years) (years) 15 15 15­24) 15­24) (per 12 12 (per cent 1,000 staf (per (per 1,000 ages ages female male total capita (per ages ages ages ages female male total under under (per Health, th, th, th, female adults) male (per 5, 5, 5, -5 health per en en nourishment female male total female male total e culosis bir bir bir females males people females males people by at at at babies DPT measles adult, adult, infant under grade grade grade childr childr female under population) adult of adult of adult of youth of youth of youth of tuber to to to National of of of of of rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, rate, attended expenditur thweight TION A.1: cent cent 1,000 cent centage centage centage centage centage centage TH expectancy expectancy expectancy tality tality tality tality ths (per (per (per evalence (per (per (per (per (per (per (per Table HEAL Bir Health Immunization, Immunization, Incidence Life Life Life Low-bir Mor Mor Mor Mor Pr EDUCA Illiteracy Illiteracy Illiteracy Illiteracy Illiteracy Illiteracy Persistence Persistence Persistence 10 7 2 7 6 6 42 42 57 2001 Average 9 7 8 CD 36 57 1985 & n 52 40 52 53 65 69 52 22 17 19 n 2001 Average Easter Souther 40 39 52 36 30 18 21 Africa 1985 6 6 5 47 44 57 11 29 34 18 2001 Average 5795 4 4 5 EAP 51 39 56 1985 . 6 5 6 51 48 53 year 2001 prior Mongolia 43 50 1985 closest s y' 45 45 51 26 39 41 27 2001 countr PDR the Lao 46 55 1985 using 786 48 53 53 36 40 21 2001 calculated e wer Cambodia 55 52 1985 ce) averages for , ce) ce) year for for labor available. population) labor 15-64) of population) labor year 15-64) population) indicated of female of prior the ages cent of male total 20% ages cent) cent of of for 20% (per cent (per cent (per closest female male (per cent cent to day (per highest lowest population a (per available by by rate, rate, population national rural (per urban refer not $1 female male total red held held female male in was Bank. e e activity e of activity of below orld ce ce figur W shar shar headcount, headcount, headcount, a for cent for cent ty ty ty Numbers If ce: (per (per Notes: 1. 2. Sour GENERAL Income Income Labor Labor Population Pover Pover Pover Unemployment, Unemployment, Unemployment, 11 g,e g,e f,f g,l g,g,a g,g g,g,b g,h g,i g,i g,i g,h g,i g,h g,l g,l g,l e,l g,k g,k g,k e e no only) but befor $11 essur e $71.24 e pr ranging prices popular d figur $0.18 Telecom Skytel, Micom, Skytel Mongolia 3.5% 44.1% 6.8% 0.0% $0.66 $115 $0.12 6.2 55% 39% essur election $9 competition others Bodicom , pr $40.71, expected $7­$20 most Company d reduce $0.02, 2004 for downwar easing (national will ovider Mobicom, Micom, Mobicom, typically $5 pr Mongolian Datacom, $5.04, Upwar change Incr Some 6.0% e,c g,d g,c g,c,c g,c g,c g,d g,c g,c g,c g,d g,c g,c g,c g,c g,c g,c g,c g,c will set be ease, to e y-wide PDR incr y-wide costs rates y-wide y-wide except futur Company Company (est) Lao will no in countr 3.0% 1.1% 0.0% access $0.95 $0.01 countr ease, (est) None $28.50 countr countr expected 100% USD No 2­5% costs distance ease, incr ges Telecom Telecom $40 $10 to easing 98­100% $0.02 No long decr char Lao Lao Local Decr d,a f,b d,a e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b f,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b e,b 2001 2001 (WLL), Indicators change change packages fs fs MPT MPT implemented (MPTC), Cambodia 0.7% 8.0% 1.3% 0.0% 1.0 8% CASAMCOM (MOBITEL) (TELSTRA), $7.00 $0.10 tarif $5.00 $0.12 tarif 95% , $50.00 $13.00 $90.00 pricing in in being GSM GSM CAMSHIN GSM signficant signficant ent Technology fer CAMNET CAM no no CAM BIGPONT Dif /options CASACOM, GSM, CAMSIN ISP and Costs month) Costs cent) Cost minute) oviders Cost (Per Lines oviders Pr (per Pr (per Phone Access Costs vice Main Lines Communication, Cost minute) Faults Lines vice Cost Cost net Calls Phone Ser Ser (per Access ted Lines Main Density Phone Connection Subscription Call Cellular Inter cent) Rural net in in net in mation, Density Inhabitants (Per Access Cost Repor Main Rural Month) Telephone Phone Phone Cellular Inter Phone Phone Phone Local Inter of Digital Connection Subscription a of oviders Infor Rural net Call of Rural ough of Change Change Change Rural Rural Pr Rural of Rate Thr of of of A.2: Telephone Inter month) Cellular Phone Phone Local Cellular Cellular Cellular Cost Hours Telephone 100 Disabled vice centage centage with ojected (per ojected (30 ojected per Going Ser Table Indicator ACCESS Rural Per Rural Number AFFORDABILITY Rural Rural Rural Pr Rural Rural Rural Pr Rural Pr QUALITY Rural Rural Success Per OTHER Names Names Names 12 costs installation extra applicable). (if minimal with Comment ce, Sour subscription , Year new a for mat: Towns for y $28.50 of following Secondar rate in the in flat a vices and Ser mation ea, ar infor Urban given a Basic denoting in of Utilities Public letters by subscriber and Development first followed the y, for Integrated Development countr by TA3685 Urban ces e ADB Sour Comments $8,000­$9,000 dinating Telecommunications uctur of om Census fr gy vey es Co-or Lao cost 2000 a value/description Technology Sur Infrastr Division population Technology Ener 2001 of gy on Agency y and and Health Telecom, and Statistics cheapest cheapest Ener 2001 of e questionnair based indicator is is Telecommunication estimates and Ministr ces Yearbook Mines and the t of t y, uctur and Sour Authority Post remote remote Institute Electricity gy esent of assessment Repor Repor of assessment household estimates Implementation pr Demographic Post Heat Industr Infrastr Tables Section Skytel Statistical Communication, of Co Co Co Communication, most most of of Ener y and y y all tment tment Tables applicable. Telecommunications 2 Telecommications National nment and for oviders levels, levels, Not 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 mation, Cambodia Ministr Depar Lao Telecom Telecoms Telecom Consultants' Mobicom, Micom Pr Telecom mation, 3 2 Lao DHS, Ministr Depar LECS Mongolian Ministr Fuel Consultants' Unpublished Consultants' Gover Notes: n.a. Years a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Infor a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. Infor a. b. c. Electricity a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. 13 to a not safe is was this water says e Theun Centr Nam Statistics though available. not even is National electrified use The ovince, Pr pump. generator Towns households y water rural Khammouan urban on of month Secondar y otected Data in pr 95% per District, electricity opower countr and eas. for vices ar is hydr the Nakai Ser in in deep-well, ural", kW-hours "r rural this mini 50 to of Urban and boiled all t systems drinking than goes e Basic e power Utilities being of population wer this mor almost Repor piped the of solar ork Towns water that W Public of all y town using via y es and 80% that not gravity-fed ead. Nakai e figur Development drinking 1997 ar assumes with eparator t, Secondar Saat) electricity pr pop in near eas yet widespr y rate, assuming ar Aid Center rural Repor as (p.29) (Nam community 2001 Development Integrated Utilities vices household ver rural of t be to villagers is Final Ser none based to ALL it 8% e der that Supply ces repor Urban TA3685 Public ar of or Statistics Analysis e some t vey) ater es applied vices, Urban electrification and known electrification, ovides Sour output W oject ADB Comments e ther and admitted o pr Sur Ser & pr figur dinating ar working rural) assumes WB, ratios om Basic National but hydr AS fr e of since + MIH Transpor pop Urban Co-or phenomenon but , gy/ gy es ther good Drainage Health Center Drainage plateau, PDR, mini , and y Health HASW in number Ener Ener 2001 Census Development but (urban and Basic and same the and to Agency Lao not -this electricity Statistics Travel and and 2001 0%, of e (Primar Bounpone, 2000 the t total electricity aste, Urban ar aste, of . solar of onmental Statistics + Towns questionnair Development e rate rural W fice e Dr par Sanitation W ved oughout 38% 3% and Mines Mines Of applied or y, Authority y, Center Envir & by uctur Comments uction, figur eam thr on on Solid , Rep 2001­05 for Solid a , obser systems sliding Institute Household National ovincial water 92% 2001­05 e ratios assessment a Supply estimates Pr Implementation household Integrated Heat Industr Industr II upstr gets and Constr Infrastr gives estimate based based of of Statistics Centr practice tar of and have ater for the an eatment ovides y Mangement y y Census collection astewater National II W Saat nment astewater Saat in tr fs includes pr TA2582 TA3685 is consultant WHO lot Continued W W , aste , f Estimate Estimate Tarif This EdL UN DHS, RGC/MRD/ILO Ministr W Ministr RGC/SEDP UNDP-Resident SEDP Consultant's National National Rural WSP-EAP Nam 2000 Consultants ADB Gover Unpublished Agency ADB Ministr Nam This This drink universal Of Most ater ater Notes Electricity a. b. c. d. e. W a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. W a. b. c. d. e. 14 water oved maintenance impr for lack budget of villages lack poor total all that 1.05) almost ror ,the er tment assumed d Depar was However standar . Roads year with y >51%--it ty Local ever 1999 the pover CSES access month in with a s the road for of #HH' 2 no or with discussion flooded e (Round ar education, villages personal minutes in ovinces time pr vices, 38.4% told long ser of 18.81 a e for ficially figur roads health ed 1.03); a Khammouan unof ror own er with and repair roads, , d e Iwas its be for as figur not water tment standar this may 0­5%, clean Borikhamsay 2003 Depar with ms om of they responsible of: fr ts , is MRD (IRAP) Division 1999 confir 2003­05 Roads par away less ranges oject, but defined pr CSES Local or 2001 1999. Planning e ently e criteria--lack t, Strategy the washed Ulaanbaatar ces and mor e loosely 2003 of e t flooded, five Disbursement e ar 1 is Centr Study Sour safety appar Repor Comments be Yearbook, of km tment Centr fic budget; tment rehabilitation Repor uctur tment not roads one Reduction Accessibility tation ty Roads, Traf tation (Round centage Mapping any estimate Depar ADB Depar of Statistical tment for Depar estimate Rural Infrastr tment would when 49,500 per budget Statistical Pover Statistics of of Transpor Development that ural Sector means 1999 Road 2003­05 2000 y minutes ces 1999/ 2 Roads tment Depar Depar Transpor Roads roads actual total WHO National Continued and and Sour Comments CSES MRD, NPRS CDHS Human HDR National LECS Integrated Local Depar National Consultant's Road Association Ministr Road 19.32 Local The Most means The State/r UN Lao Private Mongolian Consultants "Poor" supply Notes Road a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. Road a. b. c. d. e. f. Other a. b. c. d. e. Other a. 15 g,e g,f g,h g,j f,k g,g g,h f,i g,g g,g e dung om month but hours, mor diesel fr e systems limited 24 variuosly and individual only systems, stoves, systems per election nomads) expected population individual many Mongolia systems essur use generation, 42% 15% 100% ranging pr diesel individual and central $0.36 d 2004 systems central ­ e settled systems hours, distribution community diesel $0.04/$0.05 change excluding ge winter companies lar oviding transmission /wood/coal $0.14 for 79% 6% 89.2% Upwar no befor 3­6 pr systems, 10.8% (ie. diesel $0.07 7% 18 Central community other f,c,a g,c,b g,c g,c g,c g,c,c g,c g,c b,d,d g,c g,c,e Grid, 2.3% 4­6 above, or and 2005 (8%) PDR o of until solar MIH (est.) month Lao noted national solar ongrid, n.a. n.a. n.a. on on on $0.01 1.0% per eases 24% 24% e mini-hydr generator $1 incr (92%), month hours ar the 15% hours per 24 EdL Of Price 85% d,a d,a f,b f,b f,b f,b no or made under Shop Grid ee ms though been Fr Cambodia 9% 5 $0.45 refor has Generator Duty National % Price discussion, EDC, decision e ce on) on) ce so Indicators Sour so Sour and Power Costs oviders and expenditur Pr Heat kWh Solar 2 vice 2. Grid, and Electricity Heating HH's Availability Rate Stoves, per for Rate Mt f Electricity of ce Ser by by table in per Cost Tarif Sour for HOBs, Bill National , Heating Electricity Cost centage notes Grid, Change Electricity Population Population Per of See A.3: Electrification House Heat Electricity Electricity Electricity Electricity Local Rural (Generator Rural ( ojected in (Hours/day) Table Indicator ACCESS Rural % Rural % AFFORDABILITY Rural Rural Rural Pr Average Note: QUALITY Rural OTHER Names 16 page e,p e,p e,p e,p e,p,d e,p,e g,j g,j e,p g,q a,r next on nomads continues Mongolia 32.3% 34.1% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% 7.8% --% --% 26.3% 17.2% Table (excluding --unknown) 0.70 d,k d,k g,k,a g,l g,l g,l g,j PDR ucted Lao 37.6% 19.0% 7.8% --% 0.5% --% self-constr d,a d,a d,b d,b d,b d,b d,b d,c a,m a,m a,m f,m f,m f,m f,m Indicators Cambodia 25.0% 10.0% 0.7% 1.7% 5.6% 0.9% 5.7% 0.83 $150 $300 $466 $42 $40 $1,050 $5,050 Drainage and aste, W tank System Access Access Piped Piped flush flush latrine to unit tank tank per per per per per Jar' per System' Solid Fed septic ater otection' , with with with with with with with with with with W Practice' per cost cost ell' cost cost Pr cost ater Fed cost time) Pump' W W septic septic cost ce Latrine' Gravity vice tank unconnected travel `Dug `Hand `Spring `Rain `Gravity Pit astewater Sour Population Population Population Population Population Ser Population Population Population Population Population Collecting minimum Traditional y minimum minimum minimum minimum minimum W sewer/without septic vice `Dr , ater time, minimum sewer/with to sewer/with ucting ucting ucting ucting ucting Rural W Rural Sanitation Rural Community Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Ser Spent oved ater Dwelling to to pit/latrin of of of of of of of of of of wait Supply: Supply: Supply: Supply: Supply: Supply: ucting W oved oved om astewater without aste day `Impr constr constr constr constr constr fr Into W W ater ater ater ater ater ater for for for for for for A.4: per W W W W W W Sanitation: Impr Impr constr centage centage centage ater centage ater centage centage centage centage centage centage to to W W Rural connected unconnected connected traditional sewer/ Solid (including unit unit unit unit unit unit for Table Indicator ACCESS Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Per Hours AFFORDABILITY Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural 17 f,s f,s f,s f,s f,t f,t g,v g,v g,j for for be be $0.04 om month indicate of at for indicate of at for ficient not repairs ficient not repairs tments ranging fr $0.45 e e between basic basic $1.80 om per pay suf suf fr to households 2/3 would vices pay 2/3 would vices but but population apar households veys to mor veys to mor Mongolia ser ser only capital only capital and in $0.13 ed month ranging sur ed sur ed 100% ranging to $0.73 some 50% some 50% costs costs ranging per $0.10 tment settled to generally generally epar better epar cover cover $0.40 those better sewer om apar that needed needed $0.41 pr that least pr fs least to fs to For fr households households $1.00 For For $0.11 $0.23 For $0.05 Tarif Household Household operating Tarif operating much much g,l g,l g,l g,l g,n for for HH's-- HH's-- PDR Rate of pay of pay vice vice to to (est) Lao 5% -Flat n.a. n.a. ser 10% ser n.a. 70% of of 40% this this n.a. $0.05­$0.20 money money no no Estimate Estimate f,m g,l,b g,d g,e g,e continued ying (var Indicators (est) ovinces) month month pr Cambodia / / $75 on $1,500 Drainage $0.25 $0.70 based and $0.30­$0.50/m3 Pay Pay eas aste, to to Ar W unit unit month) y Rural per per y Solid Latrine' per , meter) for illingness illingness y cost cost W W Recover Flush Tank' cubic person Recover fs fs vice vice Cost astewater `Pour (per (per Tarif Tarif Recover Cost Ser Ser W minimum minimum `Septic fs fs , Cost aste aste eas eas ucting Tarif Tarif Latrine ater W W Ar Ar oving astewater ater W ater ater astewater astewater W W Pit 4: Sanitation: constr Sanitation: impr W W W Solid W Solid of Rural of of Rural for for for for Table Indicator Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural Rural PERFORMANCE Level Level Level 18 page g,j g,j g,j g,j g,v g,w g,v next of e of the on ving be ar to an 64% color for plants ratic the ser dwellers average less; pipes. with private f vices houses er of tment ficient, not the settled generally on old vices by common sites. ser is oblem. week is often by should outside eas, often into ser extension happen inef pr continues Mongolia for apar latrines sewage tment 12 / ar expectation 8, and ough at pit water boiled. no ead the total) dumping which supply Table self-built dilapidated) apar days piped thr ficial fective negligible coverage is domestic mally 5 of although of tment e vice other inef designated eas, wastefully that 25% 11% ater anticipated nor contaminated apar operators illegal widespr Ther beyond ar so Non-existent W (11% Most piped be nomads; population; safe, (mostly ser All the estimated patchy of g,l g,l g,o,c g,l g,l ound PDR (est) dumping 2005, 2020 Lao year-r None by by boiled ning, hours 66% 90% 90% Bur 24 g,f f,g g,e e,h f,i continued solid rural have other waste, want boiling some in In Indicators eas solid they ganized ar and households 2005 Cambodia 8 it as without or vice. put n 37% by no disposal Some ser to some bur away safe is 40% Drainage e eas. ow eas, holes waste 29% ar private and ar some thr Ther dig aste, W Practice boiled? om with Rural Solid vice Piped fr be e , to Ser Disposal Futur (hours/day) Need Availability Availability aste year W Households Meet astewater ces W to astewater last , (hours/day) W Sour (Safe? Solid Rural Supply Supply of ater on over Ability W Rural Demand ater ater Dwelling so Rural 4: of W W Quality ater into Communal and rent centage ater Flooding W Table Indicator Level Rural Rural W Cur Per OTHER Estimated 19 e ea. g,v g,v g,v g,v g,v ar squar total 200 of Pit in and of to o to eaten serious with is the oved some tipping, have period e es than critically ovided. cases zer thr eat . capital lack a health impacts. to capacity ar e cases. in associated yet vice. is thr and Impr as metr ar by es reasonable e eater ead as waste, a ser gr Mongolia self-pr illegal some they expectation above at extension, most e table e ecology close well if latrines but in transition of squar not no in ar works adverse health allocations places. requir sewage non-functioning See as is widespr Pit ywher local the e water ovements raw abbattoir levels with vices 1,000 constrained and eat. most the places, known including ever human dwindled financing buildings Ther sewerage latrines Budget impr finances eatment in The tr thr no Indiscriminate during ser building sustainable than uct eater g,l g,l gr constr or est buildings 2010; PDR inter by 20 uct renovations 2015; Lao by by villagers do 60% enough constr 80% om only 69% fr not 2005; may may $0--not and and e, e, f,i g,j g,j g,j efectur efectur e Pr Pr ar is eas, orks) risk eas ar vices, of public W eas ar at budget ar Vientiane Vientiane ficulties, ser om Indicators 2005 rural lack fr dif of Public and and Cambodia by in eness privatization urban people SWM lack awar (Min. at 20% urbanising to vices dedicated ts ger capitals capitals Drainage signficant Most ser ces lar No for and Most facing due no commitments ef sour ovincial ovincial pr pr in in aste, vice and W Impact Ser Bodies Rural operate operate Solid e , vice ater onmental onmental only W Allocation only Futur Ser ements astewater & 2. Envir W Envir aste ea. Meet Budget Requir table astewater and rent and W ar e to W to Aquifers , Cur aste total Demand Solid W Futur notes companies--may companies--may in ater Ability Human om Human Local fr W rent es on Solid See 4: Cur Class-II Class-II metr rent Sanitation Impact Estimated om Notes: 1. 2. Table Indicator Estimated Estimated Estimated fr Impact Cur 20 e,m e,m e,m f,n g,n g,q g,n,e g,n,e f,o g,m g,q g,m g,m g,m g,m g,m g,m g,m g,q,f g,p e ar all drive / injuries om vices fr closed months wheel State Mongolia 35.9% 35.9% 64.1% 410 906 1,183 3.4% 3.7% 818 7% 4 ser budgets accidents, 844 90% 19.1 19.1 145 20 26 of winter settlements. 9.30% and haps 2 rural 606 deaths, "public" established 100% Per for local 205 Minibus jeep well b,h,b d,i g,j g,l,d g,m d,i d,i g,j g,j,c g,k hand buses, PDR small Lao 0.0% 0 59.0% 38.4% 200 225 t, boat 10% 11­12 motorbike, 12.14% alking, W tractor+car c,a g,b g,c g,b g,b d,d g,b g,b c,e c,f g,g,a g,b to road, district available and linked urban Cambodia 87.0% 35% 8.7 7.0 20 data this. 1,500 4,599 and 1,438 1,000 161/year road) on 12,943 clear communes rural no ovincial All pr but (km) Indicators (km) (min) (min) (min) (km) Live Road Live Access Road or tation Over Deaths between Roads That That Road or Being Hospital School om eather eather Good no fr Hospital Marketplace All Marketplace W W uction Roads Roads 1993­2002 in est est Roads of Transpor All All Over rently est est est Linkages with om 2. uction Injuries, t Roads fr Near Near Maintenance rent Population om Population om Constr Rural Rural Cur Roads Near Near to to Near eas and fr fr Ar Roads Cur table uction Rural road to to to rent to km km (km) (km) constr Rural Rural Villagers Road (km) Road Paved Gravel year) Time Time 5 6 of (km) Rural Time Transpor Cur Total of of of of of of of Urban Rural Maintenance Roads Constr Years Years road Accidents, rural per of of notes Rural Rural Than Than Distance Distance Travel Travel for for 2 2 of Travel and Road rural Road Condition See A.5: paved centage centage centage centage centage viceability centage centage centage Less Less Last Next 1993­2002 (months Maintained Fair Rural Budget Budget Table Indicator ACCESS Per Per Per Rural Planned Total QUALITY Per Per Rural Ser Length Total Per OTHER Average Average Average Average Average Note: Description Per Per 21 in es than e,d e,d e,e e,e e,e e,e g,e g,e g,e g,e g,e g,e metr eater e gr squar not 1,000 Mongolia 5 buildings 331 --% -- 40 -- -- -- 8.2% 33.8% 5.8% than uct 1,630,000 eater gr constr or buildings e,b d,b f,c f,c f,c g,b,a g,b,a uct renovations do constr total) only of not PDR 18 may 142 may Lao (80% 290 77 64 of of and and 10,904 18 72 PDR), PDR), Lao 4,302,000 Lao (for (for e d,a y. efecture efectur Pr Pr countr in Vientiane ientiane V location Cambodia or and and 9,390,000 uction capitals capitals constr of ovincial ovincial . pr pr size in in . stay on day travel. . by night operate operate ea. by ms by days same over ar only only Fir on an 2­3 restrictions 2. n total municipality in after after Indicators uction indentified Table retur indentified es Sector: ovinces indentified the to villages pr districts villages and metr of Constr e WSS villages villages villages villages ovinces notes companies--no companies--may companies--may General 0 1 2 3 in pr poor districts poor villages poor ea. 0--Within 1--Go 2--Reached 3--Reached ar squar of as of as of as See Private A.6: Population number zone zone zone zone Zone Zone Zone Zone Class-I Class-II total Class-II 200 of Class-I Class-II Class-III of of of of involved NPEP NPEP NPEP Notes: Table Indicator Rural Total % % % % No. Number Number Number 22 Annex B. Desk Review of Indicators Available Online In addition to gathering the rural indicators, EASUR conducted a brief, separate desk re- view of social, environmental, industrial, and expenditure indicators available on the Internet for Cambodia, Mongolia, and Lao PDR. The review determined that an overwhelming amount of data is available; one individual was able to collect approximately 1,000 indica- tors per country in two days. The indicators are primarily at the national level for the pe- riod of 1995 to the present. Although more detailed data can be obtained if searching on a specific topic, the indicators in the annex give a sense of those that are readily available. The following table generally lists the major data sources used in the annex. Table B.1: Major Data Sources Used in Annex B. Organization Data Available Website UNESCO Social indicators, primarily education, science, www.unesco.org technology, culture, and communication FAO Food, agriculture, and water indicators www.fao.org ADB EAP indicators in all sectors www.adb.org UN General indicators in all sectors unstats.un.org UNFPA Population, health, and education indicators www.unfpa.org CIA General indicators in all sectors www.cia.gov WHO Social indicators, primarily health www.who.int USAID Specific country reports covering social indicators www.usaid.gov UNESCAP EAP indicators in all sectors www.unescap.org UNDP General indicators in all sectors www.undp.org UNICEF Social indicators for children and youth www.unicef.org World Bank Large, searchable database on all sectors; includes all (must be on SIMA Database WDI and numerous other organizations' World Bank databases sima intranet) It can be argued that there are almost too much data available. Without a specific query in mind, collecting data from the Internet can be overwhelming. However, often the more specific a request, the more difficult it is to find the required (exact) indicator. The informa- tion found in the main section of this report, for example, is too specific and would not be available online. Extremely specific information would be found in reports rather than in the indicator tables that are available on most websites. Searching these reports for a par- ticular indicator is time consuming, and it is possible that the indicator would not be in the desired form. Thus, Internet research is best suited for collecting general data on a specific but sufficiently broad sector or topic. Another limitation of online research is that no clear and explicit definition exists for some indicators. Without an accurate understanding of the indicator, a derivation using the indicator can be made with only limited reliability. This is also the case when making com- parisons using an indicator that is not clearly defined with an indicator from another source. In some instances, there have been different figures from different sources for what appears to be the same indicator. However, without an exact definition from the sources, no distinc- tions can be made among indicators. Generally, explicit definitions can be obtained by con- tacting the organization. However, this is likely to be a slow and tedious process, and many organizations will only be able to offer limited assistance. In general, there is a wealth of information available that is easily obtained through desk research. Each organization has a separate section on its website for data and statis- tics, and search engines can make specific requests simple. Furthermore, the amount of 23 indicators online will only increase as more organizations publish databases and tables on their websites. A complete copy of the indicators found and sources used in this separate review is available electronically. Annex C. Thematic Maps of Cambodia, Lao PDR, and Mongolia 25 Figure C.1: Cambodia: Total Population and Road Network 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S CAMBODIA THAILAND DEM. REP. 0 25 50 Miles TOTAL POPULATION OTDAR MEAN CHEY AND ROAD NETWORK To Paxé Samraong TOTAL POPULATION BY DISTRICT, 1998 14° PREAH 14° (in thousands)* 101-215 To Bangkok VIHEAR BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI Phnom Thbeng To Qui Nhg'n 75-101 MEAN CHEY Meanchey STUENG TRAENG 46-74 SIEM REAP Sisophon 18-46 Stueng Traeng Lomphat Siem Reap 2-17 NO DATA BAT *Source: Population Census, 1998 DAMBANG Bat Dambang Tonle PROVINCE CAPITALS KRONG Sap KRACHEH PAILIN PAILIN KAMPONG THUM NATIONAL CAPITAL Pailin Mekong MONDOL KIRI 26 Kompong Thom MAJOR ROADS RAILROADS Pousat Krachen Senmonorom RIVERS DISTRICT BOUNDARIES PROVINCE BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle KAMPONG CHAM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° To Ho Chi Minh City MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M To Ho Chi Minh City CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h KAEB 3002 boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 20623 Figure C.2: Cambodia: Incidence of Poverty by District and Road Network 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S CAMBODIA THAILAND DEM. REP. 0 25 50 Miles INCIDENCE OF POVERTY OTDAR MEAN CHEY BY DISTRICT AND To Paxé Samraong ROAD NETWORK 14° PREAH 14° % POPULATION POOR-WFP 2000* To Bangkok VIHEAR BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI Phnom Thbeng To Qui Nhg'n 50-75 MEAN CHEY Meanchey STUENG TRAENG 36-50 SIEM REAP Sisophon 25-36 Stueng Traeng Lomphat 5-25 Siem Reap 0-5 BAT NO DATA DAMBANG *Source: World Food Program, 2001 Bat Dambang Tonle KRONG Sap KRACHEH PROVINCE CAPITALS PAILIN PAILIN KAMPONG THUM Pailin Mekong NATIONAL CAPITAL 27 Kompong Thom MONDOL KIRI MAJOR ROADS RAILROADS Pousat Krachen Senmonorom RIVERS DISTRICT BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle PROVINCE BOUNDARIES KAMPONG CHAM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° To Ho Chi Minh City MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M To Ho Chi Minh City CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h KAEB 3002 boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 30623 Figure C.3: Cambodia: Population Without Access to Clean Water 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S CAMBODIA THAILAND DEM. REP. 0 25 50 Miles POPULATION WITHOUT OTDAR MEAN CHEY ACCESS TO CLEAN Samraong WATER 14° PREAH 14° VIHEAR # OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI Phnom Thbeng CLEAN WATER (IN THOUSANDS)* MEAN CHEY Meanchey STUENG TRAENG 72-179 SIEM REAP Sisophon 48-71 Stueng Traeng Lomphat 28-48 Siem Reap 13-28 BAT 0-12 DAMBANG NO DATA Bat Dambang Tonle *Source: Population Census, 1998 KRONG Sap KRACHEH PAILIN PAILIN KAMPONG THUM Pailin Mekong 28 Kompong Thom MONDOL KIRI PROVINCE CAPITALS NATIONAL CAPITAL Pousat Krachen Senmonorom RIVERS DISTRICT BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle PROVINCE BOUNDARIES KAMPONG CHAM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG KAEB 3002 a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 40623 Figure C.4: Cambodia: Population Without Toilets 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S THAILAND DEM. REP. CAMBODIA POPULATION WITHOUT 0 25 50 Miles OTDAR MEAN CHEY TOILETS Samraong 14° PREAH 14° # OF PEOPLE WITHOUT TOILET FACILITIES VIHEAR (IN THOUSANDS)* BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI Phnom Thbeng MEAN CHEY 91-185 Meanchey STUENG TRAENG SIEM REAP 63-90 Sisophon 39-61 Stueng Traeng Lomphat Siem Reap 15-39 2-15 BAT NO DATA DAMBANG Bat Dambang Tonle *Source: Population Census, 1998 KRONG Sap KRACHEH PAILIN PAILIN KAMPONG THUM Pailin Mekong 29 Kompong Thom MONDOL KIRI PROVINCE CAPITALS NATIONAL CAPITAL Pousat Krachen Senmonorom RIVERS DISTRICT BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle PROVINCE BOUNDARIES KAMPONG CHAM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG KAEB 3002 a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 50623 Figure C.5: Cambodia: Incidence of Diarrhea in Children 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S CAMBODIA THAILAND DEM. REP. 0 25 50 Miles INCIDENCE OF OTDAR MEAN CHEY DIARRHEA IN CHILDREN Samraong 14° PREAH PREVALENCE OF DIARRHEA (UNDER AGE 5) 14° (IN THOUSANDS)* VIHEAR BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI 29.8-33.7 Phnom Thbeng MEAN CHEY Meanchey STUENG TRAENG 22.2-29.8 SIEM REAP 16.3-22.2 Sisophon Stueng Traeng Lomphat 9.1-16.3 Siem Reap 3.1-9.1 BAT NO DATA DAMBANG *Source: Demographic Health Bat Dambang Tonle Survey (DHS), 2000 KRONG Sap PAILIN KAMPONG THUM KRACHEH Pailin Mekong 30 Kompong Thom MONDOL KIRI PROVINCE CAPITALS NATIONAL CAPITAL Pousat Krachen Senmonorom RIVERS DISTRICT BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle PROVINCE BOUNDARIES KAMPONG CHAM INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG KAEB 3002 a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 60623 Figure C.6: Cambodia: Children Deaths 0 25 50 Kilometers 104° 106° LAO PEOPLE'S THAILAND DEM. REP. CAMBODIA CHILD DEATHS 0 25 50 Miles OTDAR MEAN CHEY Samraong # OF CHILD DEATHS (CHILDREN UNDER 14° PREAH 14° AGE 5) (IN THOUSANDS)* VIHEAR 5-10 BANTEAY ROTANAK KIRI Phnom Thbeng MEAN CHEY 4-5 Meanchey STUENG TRAENG SIEM REAP 2-4 Sisophon 1-2 Stueng Traeng Lomphat Siem Reap 0-1 NO DATA BAT DAMBANG *Source: Population Census, 1998 Bat Dambang Tonle KRONG Sap PAILIN KAMPONG THUM KRACHEH Pailin Mekong 31 Kompong Thom MONDOL KIRI PROVINCE CAPITALS NATIONAL CAPITAL Pousat Krachen RIVERS Senmonorom DISTRICT BOUNDARIES PROVINCE BOUNDARIES POUSAT K.Chhnang T onle INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES KAMPONG CHAM 12° KAMPONG paS Kompong Cham CHHNANG 12° 100° CHINA 110° MYANMAR Krong Kaoh KAMPONG SPUEU KAOH KONG Kong Kampong PHNOM PENH 20° LAO 20° Speu PHNOM P.D.R. PENH Prey Veaeng VIETNAM Gulf Takhmau PREY of KANDAL VEAENG SVAY Thailand g ek no Svay Rieng VIETNAM Takaev cassaB RIENG THAILAND This map was produced by M CAMBODIA the Map Design Unit of The KAMPOT TAKAEV World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and Phnom Penh any other information shown on this map do not imply, on Sihanouk Kampot the part of The World Bank 10° Gulf 10° Group, any judgment on the KRONG PREAH of YLUJ legal status of any territory, SIHANOUK Krong Kaeb Thailand DRBI o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r KRONG a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h KAEB 3002 boundaries. 104° 106° 100° MALAYSIA 110° 70623 Figure C.7: Lao PDR: Incidence of Poverty and Road Network IBRD 32608 100° 102° 104° 100° 105° 110° CHINA CHINA LAO MYANMAR PEOPLE'S Gulf DEM. REP. 20° of Vientiane Tonkin 22 ° 22 ° THAILAND Phongsaly VIETNAM 15° Andaman 15° PHONGSALY VIETNAM MYANMAR Sea CAMBODIA Luang 21° Namtha 10° Gulf LUANG Muang of BOKEO NAMTHA Sai Sam Thailand Mekong Neua Ban OUDOMSAI 100° 105° 110° Huaisai HOUAPHAN LUANG PRABANG 106° This map was produced by 20° the Map Design Unit of The Mekong World Bank. The boundaries, Luang colors, denominations and SAYABOURY Prabang any other information shown XIANG on this map do not imply, on KHOANG the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the Xiang Sayaboury legal status of any territory, Khoang o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. THAILAND VIENTIANE Xisomboun XAISOMBOUN GULF Pone Paksane BOLIKHAMSAI Mekong Hong OF Mekong TONKIN 18° 18° VIENTIANE PREFECTURE OF VIENTIANE KHAMMOUANE Thakhek LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC INCIDENCE OF POVERTY SAVANNAKHET AND ROAD NETWORK Savannakhet % POPULATION POOR (WORLD BANK)* 16° 16° 53-70 PRINCIPAL HIGHWAYS SALAVANE 48-53 PROVINCE HEADQUARTERS Salavane 38-48 NATIONAL CAPITALS SEKONG 23-38 PROVINCE BOUNDARIES Sekong 14-23 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES *Source: G. Datt & L. Wang Champassak CHAMPASSAK (World Bank), 2001. Attapeu ATTAPEU Mekong 0 50 100 150 Kilometers 14° 0 25 50 75 100 Miles 14° CAMBODIA 102° 104° 106° JULY 2003 32 Figure C.8: Lao PDR: Population Without Access to Clean Water IBRD 32609 100° 102° 104° 100° 105° 110° CHINA CHINA LAO MYANMAR PEOPLE'S Gulf DEM. REP. 20° of Tonkin 22 ° THAILAND VIETNAM 15° Phongsaly Andaman 15° PHONGSALY VIETNAM MYANMAR CAMBODIA LUANG Sea NAMTHA Muang 21° Luang Sai Gulf Namtha 10° of BOKEO Sam Neua Thailand Mekong Ban OUDOMSAI 100° 105° 110° Huaisai HOUAPHAN LUANG This map was produced by 20° PRABANG 106° the Map Design Unit of The Mekong Luang World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and SAYABOURY Prabang XIANG any other information shown on this map do not imply, on KHOANG the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the Sayaboury Xiang legal status of any territory, Khoang o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. THAILAND VIENTIANE Xisomboun Pone Hong XAISOMBOUN BOLIKHAMSAI Paksane Mekong GULF OF 18° TONKIN 18° VIENTIANE PREFECTURE OF VIENTIANE KHAMMOUANE Thakhek LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC POPULATION WITHOUT ACCESS SAVANNAKHET Savannakhet TO CLEAN WATER # OF PEOPLE WITHOUT ACCESS TO PIPED 16° OR WELL WATER (IN THOUSANDS)* SALAVANE Salavane 207-227 PROVINCE CAPITALS 167-193 SEKONG NATIONAL CAPITAL Sekong 125-155 PROVINCE BOUNDARIES Champassak 60-110 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES 32-56 CHAMPASSAK Attapeu *Source: Lao Expenditure and Consumption Survey (LECSII), 1997/98 ATTAPEU 0 50 100 150 Kilometers 14° 0 25 50 75 100 Miles 14° 102° 104° CAMBODIA 106° JULY 2003 33 Figure C.9: Lao PDR: Total Diarrhea Cases IBRD 32610 100° 102° 104° 100° 105° 110° CHINA CHINA LAO MYANMAR PEOPLE'S Gulf DEM. REP. 20° of Tonkin 22 ° THAILAND VIETNAM 15° Phongsaly Andaman 15° PHONGSALY VIETNAM MYANMAR CAMBODIA LUANG Sea NAMTHA Muang 21° Luang Sai Gulf Namtha 10° of BOKEO Sam Neua Thailand Mekong Ban OUDOMSAI 100° 105° 110° Huaisai HOUAPHAN LUANG This map was produced by 20° PRABANG 106° the Map Design Unit of The Mekong Luang World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and SAYABOURY Prabang XIANG any other information shown on this map do not imply, on KHOANG the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the Sayaboury Xiang legal status of any territory, Khoang o r a n y e n d o r s e m e n t o r a c c e p t a n c e o f s u c h boundaries. THAILAND VIENTIANE Xisomboun Pone Hong XAISOMBOUN BOLIKHAMSAI Paksane Mekong GULF OF 18° TONKIN 18° VIENTIANE PREFECTURE OF VIENTIANE KHAMMOUANE Thakhek LAO PEOPLE'S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC SAVANNAKHET Savannakhet TOTAL DIARRHEA CASES AVERAGE NUMBER OF CASES OF 16° DIARRHEA (199302000)* SALAVANE 926-1920 PROVINCE CAPITALS Salavane 601-926 NATIONAL CAPITAL SEKONG 298-601 PROVINCE BOUNDARIES Sekong 268-298 INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES Champassak 85-268 CHAMPASSAK *Source: Ministry of Health, 2001 Attapeu ATTAPEU 0 50 100 150 Kilometers 0 25 50 75 100 Miles 14° 14° 102° 104° CAMBODIA 106° JULY 2003 34 Figure C.10: Mongolia: Road Network 100° 108° 116° This map was produced by the Map Design Unit of The World Bank. The boundaries, colors, denominations and any other information shown on this map do not imply, on the part of The World Bank Group, any judgment on the legal status of any territory, or any R U S S I A N F E D E R A T I O N endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. To Ulan-Ude To Borzya Ulaangom DARKHAN-UUL UVS KHÖVSGÖL KHÖVSGÖL Moron Darhan Ölgii ORKHON SELENGE DORNOD BAYAN- 48° ÖLGII ÖLGII Bulgan ZAVKHAN 48° Khovd KHENTII BULGAN Choibalsan ARKHANGAI ULAANBAATAR AR Uliastay Öndörhaan Tsetserleg TÖV TÖV KHOVD GOV'SUMBER Baruun Urt Altai 35 Bayan- SUKHBAATAR AR Khongor Arvayheer GOV'ALTAI AI Mandalgovi DUNDGOV' Saynshand ÖVÖRKHANGAI ÖVÖRKHANGAI 44° BAYANKHONGOR ANKHONGOR 44° DORNOGOV' MONGOLIA ROAD NETWORK Dalanzadgad To Hohhot ÖMNÖGOV' ÖMNÖGOV' PAVED ROADS RIVERS GRAVEL ROADS AIMAG (PROVINCE) CAPITALS IMPROVED EARTH ROADS NATIONAL CAPITAL EARTH ROADS C H I N A AIMAG (PROVINCE) BOUNDARIES RAILROADS 0 100 200 300 YLUJ INTERNATIONAL BOUNDARIES DRBI KILOMETERS 3002 92° 100° 108° 116° 11623