Punjab Gender Women in Punjab record mixed progress. On the bright side, maternal mortality — already lower than the national average — is improving. And, although fewer adult women have secondary education compared to adult men, the gap in schooling between boys and girls is narrowing. On a less positive note, however, the state has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country. In addition, fewer women work in Punjab than in many other states. What’s more, women’s participation in the state’s labor force has declined dramatically after 2005, especially in rural areas. While rural women work mostly on the farm, when urban women work, they tend to have similar jobs as urban men. Punjab has one of the lowest child sex ratios in the country Child sex ratio, 2011 (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 972 970 970 969 964 962 957 957 956 948 948 950 943 943 942 941 939 936 935 919 918 909 902 900 894 890 890 888 871 862 850 846 834 800 AR MG MZ CG KL AS SK TR WB KA JH NL TN GA OD AP MN BH AI MP HP UP MH GJ UK RJ DL JK PJ HR Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Punjab’s child sex ratio, which worsened during the 1990s, increased after 2001 Child sex ratio, (age 0-6) females per 1,000 males 1,000 950 900 875 846 850 798 800 750 700 1991 2001 2011 1 June 20, 2017 Punjab Gender Since 2009, maternal mortality has been declining at a faster pace in Punjab Maternal mortality ratio maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 200 178 172 141 100 0 2003 2009 2013 Punjab’s maternal mortality rate is below the national average Maternal mortality ratio, 2013 maternal deaths per 100,000 live births 300 300 285 285 244 221 221 222 208 208 200 167 141 127 133 112 113 100 92 79 68 61 0 KL MH TN AP GJ WB HR KA PJ AI BH JH MP CG OD RJ UP UK AS Data for 19 large states and All India. Low income states are highlighted in orange and AI is All India. 2 June 20, 2017 Punjab Gender There are more women in Punjab with secondary schooling than in many other states Secondary education attainment among women, 2012 (% adults) 70 60 57 52 50 46 43 41 40 38 38 35 34 34 33 31 30 30 28 28 26 26 26 26 22 21 21 20 20 20 20 16 16 16 15 14 10 0 DL GA NL KL HP MN PJ MH TN HR KA UK MG MZ AR JK AP AI GJ SK AS UP JH WB MP CG OD RJ BH TR Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. There are gender disparities in education in Punjab, rural women lag behind urban Education attainment, 2012 (% adults) 50 44 Rural Females 40 38 35 23 12 30 30 30 20 21 20 20 Urban Females 15 12 22 15 11 52 10 0 Males Females 0 20 40 60 80 100 ■ Illiterate ■ Literate or primary school completed ■ Middle school completed ■ Secondary school or higher completed 3 June 20, 2017 Punjab Gender Gender gaps in secondary schooling and above are narrowing for the young in Punjab Enrolled in education institutes, (%) 2005 21-23 10 10 0 Female Male 18-20 30 25 -5 15-17 57 62 5 Age 12-14 84 86 2 9-11 93 94 1 6-8 88 86 -2 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 Enrolled in education institutes, (%) 2012 21-23 23 21 -2 Female Male 18-20 42 45 3 15-17 75 76 1 Age 12-14 92 95 3 9-11 95 98 3 6-8 93 91 -2 100 80 60 40 20 0 20 40 60 80 100 4 June 20, 2017 Punjab Gender Fewer women participate in the labor force in Punjab than in many other states Female labor force participation rate, 2012 (%) 70 63 63 60 55 55 49 50 47 43 41 40 40 38 38 37 37 36 33 33 32 32 31 31 30 30 27 25 25 25 24 20 19 17 15 10 9 0 HP SK CG MG MZ AP RJ NL TN MH AR TR UK MN KA OD JK KL AI MP GJ PJ JH WB UP GA HR AS DL BH Low Income States are highlighted in orange, AI is All India. Low urban and declining rural female labor force participation in Punjab Labor force participation rate, (%) 100 84 84 79 80 84 80 78 Rural Male 60 Urban Male 47 Rural Female 40 Urban Female 33 32 20 21 18 15 0 1993-94 2004-05 2011-12 5 June 20, 2017 Punjab Gender A large majority of rural women work in farming in Punjab, more non-farm jobs for rural men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Rural Males Rural Females 4 9 20 12 44 18 75 18 ■ Farm - All ■ Non-farm Self Employed ■ Non-farm Salaried ■ Non-farm Casual Wage When urban women work in Punjab, they have similar types of jobs as urban men Share of employed, 2012 (%) Urban Males Urban Females 4 4 8 12 41 30 46 54 ■ Farm - All ■ Non-farm Self Employed ■ Non-farm Salaried ■ Non-farm Casual Wage 6 June 20, 2017