WDP-1 41 141 - ! World Bank Discussion Papers China's Foreign Trade and Comparative Advantage Prospects, Problems, and Policy Implications AlexanderJ. Yeats Recent World Bank Discussion Papers No. 84 Implementing Educational Policies in Ethiopia. Fassil R. Kiros No. 85 Implementing Educational Policies in Kenya. C. S. Eshiwani No. 86 Implementing Educational Policies in Tanzania. C. J. Galabawa No. 87 Implementing Educational Policies in Lesotho. T. Sohl Thelejani No. 88 Implementing Educational Policies in Swaziland. Cisco Magalula No. 89 Implementing Educational Policies in Uganda. Cooper F. Odaet No. 90 Implementing Educational Policies in Zambia. Paul P. W. Achola No. 91 Implementing Educational Policies in Zimbabwe. 0. E. Maravanyika No. 92 Institutional Reforms in Sector Adjustment Operations: The World Bank's Experience. Samuel Paul No. 93 Assessment of the Private Sector: A Case Study and Its Methodological Implications. 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The complete backlist of publications from the World Bank is shown in the annual Index of Publications, which contains an alphabetical title list (with fill ordering information) and indexes of subjects, authors, and countries and regions. The latest edition is available free of charge from the Publications Sales Unit, Department F, The World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A., or from Publications, The World Bank, 66, avenue d'Iena, 75116 Paris, France. ISSN: 0259-210X Alexander J. Yeats is principal economist in the International Trade Division of the World Bank's International Economics Department. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Yeats, Alexander J. China's foreign trade and comparative advantage: prospects, problems, and policy implications / AlexanderJames Yeats. p. cm.-(World Bank discussion papers; 141) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-8213-1960-4 1. China-Commerce. 2. East Asia-Commerce. 3. Comparative advantage (International trade) I. Title. II. Series. HF3824.Y43 1992 380.1'0951-dc2O 91-33304 CIP iii ABSTRACT This study undertakes a detailed analysis of secular trends in the People's Republic of China's trade and 'revealed" comparative advantage for roughly two decades starting in the mid-1960s. Statistical problems associated with a lack of comparable Chinese data (over time and with other countries) are resolved using a special Trade Analysis and Retrieval System (TARS) developed by the World Bank to access United Nations trade records. This system allows one to reconstruct historical data on China's exports -- classified on the basis of the SITC system - from U.N. partner country import statistics. Similarly, data on China's imports can be derived by aggregating all partner countries' reported exports. The empirical analysis shows China has a revealed comparative advantage (RCA) in a relatively broad range of products, and that almost all of these items are labor intensive in production or require inputs of specialized natural resource materials. Aside from Japan, Singapore and Malaysia, China's RCA profile resembles those of other regional economies like Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand and Taiwan (China) which have largely built their export base on labor intensive products. These data suggest that unless intra-industry trade is accelerated the potential for regional trade conflicts is greater than that for regional integration. Separate tabulations for the EC(10), Japan and United States show that products in which China has a revealed comparative advantage often face major forms of 'bard core" nontariff barriers, particularly in textiles, clothing and processed agricultural products. By relating the shape and position of its RCA index profile to those of other countries, China's relative maturity as an exporter can be established. The results suggest that China is currently one of the least mature of the Asian economies and that its future revealed comparative advantage will likely experience a high degree of change. Several procedures for monitoring and analyzing these potential changes are suggested. V Foreword Given the global dimensions of its lending and development programs, the World Bank has an obvious interest in major factors influencing world trade, production and growth. There are several reasons why the World Bank maintains a special interest in the People's Republic of China. China now possesses approximately one-fifth of the world's population and is also well endowed with important natural resources such as coal, petroleum, iron ore, tin and tungsten. China's recent international trade performance has also been remarkable. Between 1980 and 1987 the value of Chinese trade tripled; over the 1987-90 period the trade value doubled. With this remarkable trade expansion China, became the third largest developing country exporters of manufactures. When China's trade is combined with those areas over which it has territorial claims (Hong Kong and Taiwan (China)) its manufactured exports are twice those of Canada and about one-quarter larger than those of the United Kingdom. The main objective of this study was to develop information that provides an improved understanding of why China's trade developed along the lines it did, and also to provide some indication of its likely future composition and magnitude. While this report's primary focus in on the global implications of these trends, the regional implications of similarities (and differences) between Chinese and other South-East Asian countries' trade and revealed comparative advantage is also analyzed.. In deriving this information the report presents, statistics on Chinese trade that previously was not available to thcse without access to United Nations Comtrade Statistics. It is hoped that this material will be of considerable use to individuals currently undertaking or planning research of China. D.C. Rao Director International Economics Department vii Table of Contents Paee Chapter 1. Introduction ...................................... 1 Chapter 2. Scope and Methodology of the Study ............................... .. . 3 Chapter 3. Secular Trends in China's Exports ................................... . 6 Chapter 4. Chinese and Asian Regional Comparative Advantage .......... . .. .. . .. . .. . . . 15 Chapter 5. The Maturity of China's RCA Profile ......................... ...... . . 26 Chapter 6. Trade Barriers and China's Comparative Advantage ....................... . 30 Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions ...................................... 38 References ..39 Statistiscal Annex 1: Statistics on the Level, Composition and Trends in China's Exports ..... . . . . 41 Statistiscal Annex 2: Industry Level Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Taiwan (China); 1970-72 to 1986-87 ......................... . 49 viii Tables 1. Composition and Destination of the People's Republic of China's Exports, 1965 to 1987 2. Major Developing Country Exporters of Manufactures, 1965 to 1987 3. Major Developing Country Exporters of Foodstuffs, 1965 to 1987 4. People's Republic of China's Trade and Revealed Comparative Advantage in Manufactures and Processed Commodities. 5. Industries in which both China and other Asian Countries have a Revealed Comparative Advantage 6. Industries in which only Other Asian Countries have a Revealed Comparative Advantage 7. Correlation Coefficients Between China's Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices and those of Other Selected Countries. 8. Nontariff Measures Applied by the European Community(10), Japan and the United States in Two-Digit SITC Industry Groups in which China has a Revealed Comparative Advantage in one or More Major Component Products. 9. Average Post-Tokyo Round Tariffs Facing China and Other Exporters in the European Cormnunity, Japan and United States. Statistical Annex Al-i. The Destination of People's Republic of China's Total Exports (1965 to 1987) A1-2. The Destination of People's Republic of China's Manufactures Exports (1965 to 1987). A1-3. The Destination of People's Republic of China's Food Exports (1965 to 1987) A1-4. Major Three-Digit SITC Manufactured Products Exported by the People's Republic of China. Al-5. Major Three-Digit SITC Food Products Exported by the People's Republic of China. Statistical Annex A2-1. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for China (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-2. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Taiwan (China) (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-3. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Hong Kong (1970-72 to 1986-87). ix TaLbles (cont'd) A2-4. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Singapore (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-5. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Malaysia (1970-2 to 1986-87). A2-6. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Thailand (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-7. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for the Philippines (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-8. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Japan (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-9. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Indonesia (1970-72 to 1986-87). A2-10. Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for Republic of Korea (1970-72 to 1986-87). x Figures 1. The People's Republic of China's Changing RCA Profile, 1970-72 and 1986-87. 2. The Relative Maturity of Countries' Revealed Comparative Advantage Profiles (Japan, Taiwan (China), Philippines, People's Republic of China). Chapter 1. Introduction 1. During the last three decades, a few relatively small newly industrialized economies (NIEs), Hong Kong, Singapore, Taiwan (China) and the Republic of Korea, rapidly expanded their exports of a diversified range of labor intensive manufactures as well as some relatively capital intensive products. The fact that part of this rapid, and to some extent unforeseen, trade expansion coincided with a worldwide recession in the 1970s made industrial countries' structural adjustment problems more difficult and also produced increased demands for protection that continued into the 1980s. In response to these pressures, governments adopted measures likes "voluntary" export restraints and orderly marketing arrangements that ran counter to GATT principles for international trade.' 2. If four relatively small NIEs could cause such major trade and structural adjustment problems, there are certainly grounds for concern about the potential influence of other (larger) developing economies. In particular, the People's Republic of China should become an increasingly important factor in world markets. China's sheer size is a consideration -- this nation accounts for over one fifth of the world's population -- and it is endowed with important diversified natural resources.2 If China were to fully and effectively utilize these human and natural resources for expanding exports (and imports), the global implications would be significant, the consequences for the East Asian region could be even more important. A key question is whether China's future trade will evolve in a manner that will primarily compete with other countries in the region, or whether it will produce opportunities for further regional integration. 3. In order to examine the available evidence on emerging secular trends, this study undertakes a detailed empirical analysis of China's trade profile from the mid-1960s to late 1980s. In particular, several measures of trade performance and comparative advantaLge are computed for China and other East and South-East Asian economies. The objective is to determine the extent to which similarities or differences exist in the comparative advantage of China and economies like Hong Kong, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia or Taiwan (China). 1 Using two 'inventories' of nontariff barriers (NTBs) prepared prior to the Kennedy and Uruguay Round negotiations, Laird and Yeats (1990b) determined that the share of OECD countries' imports affected by NTBs was 25 percent in 1966 and about 48 percent in 1986. Agriculture, steel, textiles and clothing were sectors registering the largest expansion of nontariff barriers. Also, NTBs grew faster in the EC than in Japan or the United States largely due to the extension of the Communities' Cornimon Agricultural Policy to new countries and products. 2 Aside from being the largest producer of tungsten and antimony (with 20 to 25 percent of the world output), China provides 20 percent or more of world output of mercury, tin, graphite, magnesite, anthracite and bituminous coal. China produces between 6 percent and 8 percent of world iron ore and fluorspar and also has sizeable reserves of these minerals. China's exports of petroleum reached over $6 billion in 1985. 2 The analysis also seeks to determine whether China's export expansion is centered on traditional labor intensive products -- as Asian NIEs exports were in the 1970s and 1980s -- or whether the Chinese case is different in important respects. Differences may arise if China's exports were influenced largely by its relative abundance of some natural resources (i.e., coal, petroleum, iron ore, tin, etc.), or by its ability to shift from exports of primary commodities to processed commodities. Finally, the study will attempt to determine the extent to which protectionism in international markets has (or will) influence the natural development of China's comparative advantage. 3 Chapter 2. Scone and Methodologv of the Studv 4. A major problem one encounters when attempting to analyze trends in China's trade is that this country only reported highly aggregated statistics (i.e., two-digit SITC level) on imports and exports in terms of Revision I of the Standard International Trade Classification System to the United Nations Statistical Office for one year (1984), and for four years (1984 to 1987) for the system's Revision 2. Furthermore, attempts to fill the gaps by deriving concordances between available Chinese statistics for other years and the SITC have not been satisfactory because some trade data are incomplete or reported only at very aggregate levels. As a result, essential data are often not readily available, or are not in a format that permits direct international comparisons. 5. As an alternative to using (unavailable) C(hinese trade statistics, a special information retrieval system - the Trade Analysis and Retrieval System (TARS) - available within the World Bank was used to estimate China's export profile by utilizing partner-country trade data reported in official United Nations records.' Specifically, the computerized United Nations Series D trade tapes have been expanded to the point that they include over 100 individual countries and cover approximately 90 percent of world trade. Given the extent of the coverage of these records (which, for many countries, go back to the early 1960s), and the fact that they are all on the basis of the common SITC system, reported imports from China can be aggregated over countries and product groups and used to analyze the Chinese export performance.4 Similarly, other countries' exports can be aggregated using TARS to analyze China's import profile. 6. After estimation of China's import and export statistics using United Nations records, two measures of trade performance were computed. The first was developed by Balassa (1965) and is based on the concept of "revealed' comparative advantage. Stated simply, the revealed comparative advantage (RCA) of country i in the trade of productj is measured by the item's share in the country's exports relative to its share in world trade. That I There are several advantages and limitations with this approach. The partner country import data normally include freight and insurance charges (Canada, New Zealand, Australia and the United States are important exceptions) while national export data are normally valued on an f.o.b. basis. Furthermore, the time lag in shipment, valuation problems, classification errors and other factors could cause differences in partner country trade statistics. However, it has been suggested that import data may be more reliable than export statistics given that the former are used in the application of tariffs and other trade control measures. See Yeats (1978) (1990b) for analyses of factors producing discrepancies in partner cotntry trade data. I Since the current analysis was undertaken for a faiirly extended time frame (i.e., the mid-1960s to the late 1980s) several modifications were required in the trade data base. First, there were major gaps in the statistics for some poorer (African) countries so these nations had to be excluded from the analysis as reporters. Second, Series D records were not available for several socialist countries like the Soviet Union and German Democratic Republic so Chinese trade with these destinations is also excluded. However, the countries that were available as reporters (see the notes to Table 1 for a listing) account for about 90 percent of China's exports. A final point is that gaps appear in the 1988 Series D trade data at the time this report was being prepared so China's export profile could not be reconstructed beyond 1987. 4 is, if xi. is the value of country i's exports of j, and Xt. is the country's total exports, its revealed comparative advantage index is: (1) RCA.. = (xIXiXti* (Xiw /Xtw) where the w subscripts refer to world totals. The index RCA i has a relatively simple interpretation. If it takes a value of less than unity (which indicates that the share of product j in i's exports is less than the corresponding world share) this implies that the country has a revealed comparative disadvantage in the product. Similarly, if the index exceeds unity this implies that the country has a revealed comparative advantage in the item.5 7. In some studies equation (1) has been used with a supplemental index of trade performance. Specifically, the relationship between a country's exports and imports of a product can be accounted for by a measure (nx..) of net exports as a percentage of total trade: (2) nx. =(X.- M..) (Xi + M.) (-1 < nxi. . 1) where X and M denote export and import values respectively. This index ranges between two extreme values of - 1 (characterizing items that are imported but not exported) and 1 (for products exported but not imported).6 The interpretation of equation (2) as a measure of comparative advantage is subject to criticism, however, because the 5 The standard methodological approach is to examine the RCA indices of a given country for different industries. However, Yeats (1985) shows that additional useful information can be derived by analyzing these results by industr across countries. Specifically, this approach distinguishes between industries where a broad range of countries has developed a comparative advantage as opposed to those where only a few countries predominate. It also allows one to determine if particular types of countries (high income, low income, resource endowed, etc.) are likely to develop a comparative advantage or disadvantage in the sector. 6 Questions may arise as to whether the RCA or net trade concept is appropriate for analyzing the revealed comparative advantage of a country like China with a substantial government presence in trade. The same concern relates to applications of the RCA approach in developing countries where government policies have, to varying degrees, affected trade (see UNIDO 1982). The key question for China is whether government involvement produced a major change in the composition of exports from that which otherwise would have occurred. Statistics generated in this study do not appear to support such a contention (see Table A2-2). Also, according to Martin (1990, p.2) 'a major thrust of the reforms in China's economy since 1978 has been to decentralize economic decision making away from central planning toward producing enterprises." According to Naughton (1985) and Wong (1985) this process has substantially increased the use of markets as a means of allocating resources. The World Bank (1988) also documents the substantial progress that has been made in decentralizing the foreign trade sector. 5 level and structure of imports may be very sensitive to national protection. Nevertheless, it can shed some light on trade performance if it is employed in connection with the standard RCA index.7 8. In order to determine the extent to which China's RCA follows lines predicted by factor proportions theory, labor intensity indices were computed for the same goods for which RCA indices were derived.8 The factor intensity index for industry j (L.) is defined as, J (3) L. = (V. - N.)V x 100 Where V. and V represent value added in industry j and all United States manufacturing respectively, while N. and J j N represent the number of workers in the industry and all manufacturing activity.' The index takes a value of 100 for industries whose labor intensity is average for the United States, with lower values indicating more labor intensive products. This approach identified some 119 three--, four- and five-digit SITC products (see Lary (1968) or Yeats (1990a) that were labor intensive in their production characteristics.'" 7 In general practice, RCA indices have been computed only for processed goods or manufactures because trade in agricultural products is so distorted by export incentives and trade barriers that they are likely to obscure whether a country has a real comparative advantage or disadvantage in these goods. The present analysis does not attempt to derive revealed comparative advantage indices for agricultural products and other primary commodities. See the annex for a full list of the products for which RCA indices were computed. I Factor intensity indices for 1965 were drawn directly from Lary (1968) or were computed from United States Census data for various years through 1982. See Yeats ('1990a) for details. The use of United States data is appropriate for identifying labor intensive products if these items are generally produced by similar processes in other countries. Lary (1968, Appendix D) analyzed U.S.-U.K., U.S.-Japan and U.S.-India production data and determined this was generally the case. However, based on these comparisons several additional products were added to the list derived from United States data. I This index was employed by Lary (1968) in a major NBER study of developing countries' manufactures exports. The reader should note that there is an inverse relation between the numeric value defined in equation (3) and the labor intensity of a product. That is, the lower the wumeric value of the index the hi2her the labor intensity. It follows that products with very high index values are calpital intensive in production. '° There are several factors that might cause the revealed comparative advantage indices to behave differently from what would be expected on the basis of NBER indices of labor intensity. First, protectionism in major markets could limit exports of a labor intensive product to a sufficient extent that the RCA index is constrained below levels (above unity) that it would reach in the absence of trade barriers. This could be the case, for example, where developing country textile and clothing exports are restricted by quota limits established under the Multifibre Arrangement. Second, intemational transport costs could be a factor. If freight costs are particularly high for an industry, this may have a locational influence that would override the effects of labor intensity. Third, there are certain products that must be located close to centers of raw material production or in areas where relatively cheap energy sources exist (aluminum smelting is an example of the latter activity). For products where these considerations are important, labor intensity may not be the major factor determining the location of production. National government policies, like import substitution or the structure of trade barniers, may also produce important differences between expected RCAs and labor intensity. 6 Chapter 3. Secular Trends in China's Exports 9. Table 1 provides aggregate information on changes in the destination and broad composition of Chinese exports from 1965 to 1987 as derived from partner country import data. As indicated, the value of trade roughly tripled three times over this period, first between 1965 and 1975, second between 1975 and 1980, and again between 1980 and 1987. These dramatic increases were accompanied by important changes in the destination of China's exports; the share going to industrialized countries rose from about 45 percent in 1965 to over 53 percent in 1987, a shift that is largely explained by the opening of the United States market to China's exports during the Nixon administration. Overall, Japan is the largest consumer of Chinese exports and accounts for one third of industrial country imports followed by the United States with 31 percent. However, the United States has been the most dynamic market for Chinese exports which grew from roughly $500,000 in 1965 to almost $7 billion in 1987. During the same period, the relative importance of the EC(10) market declined to the point that it absorbed only 13 percent of Chinese exports (down from 22 percent in 1965). 10. The expansion of Chinese-United States trade has been particularly dynamic for manufactures, with the United States absorbing about 20 percent of China's exports of these products -- more than double Japan's share (9 percent). " However, China differs from most of the Asian NIEs in its stronger orientation toward non- industrial country markets, although this may be due to transshipment of products through Hong Kong. In 1987, approximately 51 percent or $14 billion in manufactures exports were destined for "other countries" with Hong This finding parallels the observed tendency for other newly industrialized economies to 'target" the United States as a major outlet for manufactures exports. Approximately $60 billion of the $128 billion in total 1986 developing country exports of labor intensive products went to the United States while the EC(10) accounted for about $33 billion. Japan was a distant third with only about $10 billion in imports of these goods. Similarly, the United States now imports about 40 percent of its labor intensive products from developing countries while the corresponding share for the EC is about 12 percent. Since the United States market was essentially closed before the Nixon administration, China had to develop a different geographic pattern of trade from the Asian NIEs. 7 Table 1. COMPOSMTION AND DESTINATION OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S EXPORTS, 1965 to 1987 Industrial Countries Other Commodity Group Year World' Total EEC(10) EPTA Japan USA Others2 Countries3 (value in US dollar million) AU Products4 1987 42,074 22,067 5,562 762 7,386 6,910 1,446 20,007 (SlTC 0 to 9) 1985 26,530 14,606 2,824 301 6,483 4,222 776 11,923 1983 19,603 10,761 2,394 251 5,087 2,477 552 8,842 1980 16,178 8,926 2,627 274 4,323 1,161 541 7,252 1975 5,136 2,814 809 123 1,533 159 190 2,322 1965 1,339 603 289 43 225 - 45 736 An Foods 1987 5,390 2,811 837 66 1,461 310 137 2,580 (SITC 0+1+22+4) 1985 3,281 1,884 454 43 1,121 186 80 1,983 1983 3,364 1,411 447 45 715 138 67 1,953 1980 2,974 1,249 511 46 560 69 63 1,725 1975 1,738 610 2261 34 292 18 40 1,128 1965 527 222 72 6 135 - 9 305 Fuels 1987 4,167 2,749 82 11 2,107 530 19 1,418 (SITC 3) 1985 6,886 4,188 92 1 2,970 1,053 73 2,698 1983 4,561 3,287 28 4 2,779 469 8 1,274 1980 3,751 2,709 156i 4 2,377 151 21 1,042 1975 842 769 2 1 765 - 1 73 1965 14 10 It - 9 - - 4 Manufacure 1987 28,420 14,043 3,869 647 2,642 5,721 1,164 14,377 (5 to 8 less 68) 1985 13,022 6,610 1,604 223 1,513 2,711 559 6,413 1983 9,899 4,781 1,389 178 1,060 1,718 435 5,118 1980 7,712 3,618 1,34) 177 940 741 420 4,094 1975 1,896 927 346 64 301 80 135 969 1965 554 159 67 21 40 - 31 395 Agricultural 1987 2,455 1,452 546 18 699 94 95 1,003 Raw Materials 1985 1,754 1,146 529 21 489 63 45 608 (SITC 2-22-27-28) 1983 1,215 854 438 17 318 52 28 361 1980 1,142 878 457 25 297 71 28 264 1975 442 327 170 10 127 12 7 115 1965 178 153 120 10 18 1 5 25 (percentage shares by destination) All Products 1987 100 53 13 2 17 16 4 47 (SITC O to 9) 1985 100 55 11 1 24 16 3 45 1983 100 55 1.2 1 26 13 3 45 1980 100 55 16 2 27 7 3 45 1975 100 55 16 2 30 3 4 45 1965 100 45 22 3 17 - 3 55 8 All Foods 1987 100 52 16 1 27 6 2 48 (SITC 0+1+22+4) 1985 100 49 12 1 29 5 2 51 1983 100 42 13 2 21 4 2 58 1980 100 42 17 2 19 2 2 58 1975 100 35 13 2 17 1 2 65 1965 100 42 14 1 26 - 1 58 Fuels 1987 100 66 2 - 51 13 - 34 (SITC 3) 1985 100 61 2 - 43 15 1 39 1983 100 72 1 - 61 10 - 28 1980 100 72 4 - 63 4 1 28 1975 100 91 - - 91 - - 9 1965 100 71 7 - 64 - - 29 Manufactures 1987 100 49 14 2 9 20 4 51 (5 lto 8 less 68) 1985 100 51 12 2 12 21 4 49 1983 100 48 14 2 11 17 4 52 1980 100 47 18 2 12 10 5 53 1975 100 49 18 4 16 4 7 51 1965 100 29 12 4 7 - 6 71 Agricultural 1987 100 59 22 1 28 4 4 41 Raw Materials 1985 100 65 30 1 27 4 3 35 (SITC 2-22-27-28) 1983 100 70 36 2 26 4 2 30 1980 100 77 40 2 26 6 3 23 1975 100 74 38 2 29 3 2 26 1965 100 86 67 6 10 - 3 14 Sou: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). I World data is the sum of the industrial economy countries and those countries listed in footnote 3 below. 2. Includes Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Portugal and Spamn. 3. Includes Algeria, Argentina, Bangladesh, Bolivia, Brazil, Cameroon, Colombia, Cyprus, Egypt, Faeroe Islands, French Guiana, Greenland, Guadeloupe, Hong Kong, Hungary, Indonesia, Israel, Jordan, Rep. of Koera, Malaysia, Malta, Martinique, Mexico, Morocco, Taiwan (China), Pakistan, Poland, Reunion, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Thailand, Trinidad and Togabo, Tunisia, Turkey, Uruguay and Yugoslavia. 4. Ores and Metals (SITC 27+28+67+68) are included in the Al Products group, but details on trade in these parts are not shown separately. In 1987 China's exports of ores and metals totaled about $1, 488 million. 9 Kong accounting for over $12 billion of this trade (see Table A1-2.)"2 In trade with both developed and developing countries, clothing (SITC 841) is by far the single key product, accounting for more than one quarter of manufactured exports, while textile fabrics and yarns (SITC 65) adds a further 20 percent (see Table A1-4). Toys and sporting goods (SITC 894) and telecommunications equipment (SITC 724) -- items that are normally labor intensive in production have been expanding rapidly with 1987 combined exports exceeding $3 billion. 11. The dramatic rise in China's exports of manufactures changed it from a relatively unimportant supplier of these goods in the mid-1960s to a key developing country producer by 1987. As Table 2 shows, China exported over $28 billion worth of manufactures (defined as products falling in SITC 5 to 8 less 68) in 1987 which placed it third among all developing economies behind the Republic of Korea and Taiwan (China), but ahead of Hong Kong, Mexico and Singapore."3 China, along with Taiwan (China), Republic of Korea, Hong Kong, Mexico, Singapore and Brazil, accounts for 72 percent of all manufactures exported from developing economies in 1987, up from about 46 percent in 1965. Table 2 also shows that, with current manufactures exports of $28 billion, China's trade is now roughly on a par with Sweden's ($34 billion), about one half that of Canada's exports and about one third that of the United Kingdom. However, when economies on which China has territorial claims are included, i.e., Hong Kong and Taiwan (China), China's manfuactured exports 12 There appear to be problems with Hong Kong's historical statistics that make it difficult to determine precisely the destination of Chinese exports. Specifically, in 1987 Hong Kong reported some $15 billion in exports from China which accounted for about 36 percent of the C'hinese total (see Table Al-1). Since this trade contained a very high share of textiles, clothing and other labor intensive goods of the sort that Hong Kong had a comparative advantage in, and was exporting, it appears that they may have been largely imported for re-export. There is no way that the composition or destination of these re-exports can be netted out from normal trade reported in Hong Kong's United Nations trade statistics. However, in 1988 and 1989 Hong Kong came under increased pressure to supply more accurate information on this exchange by concerned countries in the Uruguay Round negotiations. As a result, the value of reported re-exports rose by almost 21 billion (from $23.4 to $44.4 billion) while Hong Kong's exports experienced only a modest rise (from $25.0 to $28.7 billion). 13 Approximately 60 percent of Mexico's manufactures exports originate in special 'free trade" processing zones established along the United States border. Here, components or unprocessed products are imported from the United States, assembled and then re-exported to the United States under special tariffs that apply only to the value added component of the final good. Mexico does not record these shipments in its official exports, yet the United States records these shipments as originating in M:exico. Since Table 2 is based on partner country (United States) statistics it includes goods produced in those free trade zones. Table 2. MAJOR DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF MANUFACTURES, 1965 TO 1987 Exports to Industrial Countnes Exports to AU Countries Dewdopng Country or Terntory 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 (value in US dollar million) Taiwan (Cfn) 84 3,184 12,690 17,476 23,977 41,072 130 3,990 16,169 20,996 28,327 49,632 Korea, Rep. of 60 3,136 10,070 13,392 17,094 33,280 72 3,448 12,669 16,604 19,509 39,020 China Peops Rep. of 158 927 3,618 4,781 6,610 14,043 554 1,896 7,712 9,899 13,022 28,420 Hong Kong 764 4,161 11,812 12,879 14,990 21,417 861 4,560 13,163 14,558 16,592 24,037 Mnico 129 1,783 4,110 6,048 9,119 13,944 145 1,951 4,480 6,446 9,483 14,636 Singapore 3 948 3,553 4,566 5,919 9,934 57 1,442 5,143 7,141 8,683 13,990 Brazil 57 1,118 3,503 4,775 7,200 8,623 132 1,452 5,206 6,413 8,776 10,844 Malaysia 24 430 1,978 2,539 3,111 4,432 24 476 3,010 3,847 4,786 7,466 India 496 1,035 3,180 2,947 3,530 5,553 607 1,331 3,877 3,591 4,160 6,666 Thailand 10 242 1,100 1,292 1,879 3,868 36 349 1,606 1,874 2,496 5,455 Philippines 70 295 1,757 2,134 2,359 3,071 72 358 2,149 2,569 2,960 3,800 Indonesia 9 50 357 709 1,074 2,560 10 66 466 948 1,357 3,277 Pakistan 80 297 722 777 1,073 1,892 108 436 990 1,121 1,218 2,246 Saudi Arabia 10 32 601 501 682 1,208 5 43 725 740 994 2,182 Argentina 43 232 765 722 789 1,067 67 463 1,306 1,095 1,202 1,661 Morocco 17 132 407 500 602 1,190 25 172 463 652 693 1,421 Tunisia 7 132 705 649 661 1,194 15 168 785 752 767 1,395 AU Developing 3,084 23,311 75,386 90,779 118,539 197,621 4,238 29,787 98,119 117,280 147,253 250,711 (share of total developing countries' exports of manufactures) Taiwan (t2ha) 2.7 13.7 16.8 19.3 20.2 20.8 3.1 13.4 16.5 17.9 19.2 19.9 Kora, Rep. of 1.9 13.5 13.4 14.8 14.4 16.8 1.7 11.6 12.9 14.2 13.2 15.6 China, People's Rep. of 5.1 4.0 4.8 5.3 5.6 7.1 13.1 6.4 7.9 8.4 8.8 11.3 Hong Kong 24.8 17.8 15.7 14.2 12.6 10.8 20.3 15.3 13.4 IZ4 11.3 9.6 Mexico 4.2 7.6 5.5 6.7 7.7 7.1 3.4 6.5 4.6 5.5 6.4 5.8 Singapore 0.1 4.1 4.7 5.0 5.0 5.0 1.3 4.8 5.2 6.1 5.9 5.6 Brazil 1.8 4.8 4.6 5.3 6.1 4.4 3.1 4.9 5.3 5.5 6.0 4.3 Malaysia 0.8 1.8 2.6 2.8 2.6 2.2 0.6 1.6 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.0 India 16.1 4.4 4.2 3.2 3.0 2.8 14.3 4.5 4.0 3.1 2.8 2.7 Thailand 0.3 1.0 1.5 1.4 1.6 2.0 0.8 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.7 2.2 Philippines 2.3 1.3 2.3 2.4 2.0 1.6 1.7 1.2 2.2 2.2 2.0 1.5 Indonesia 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.3 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.8 0.9 1.3 Pakistan 2.6 1.3 1.0 0.9 0.9 1.0 2.5 1.5 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 Saudi Arabia 0.3 0.1 0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.9 Argentina 1.4 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.5 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.0 0.8 0.7 Morocco 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.6 Tunisia 0.2 0.6 0.9 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 i Memo item (emvo tS in Smillions) Sweden 2,311 10,517 19,383 16,726 20,219 31,594 2,432 11,450 21,690 18,916 22,145 34,231 Canada 2,657 13,528 26,619 34,493 47,172 52,232 2,372 14,321 28,136 36,093 48,621 54,119 United Kingdom 7,549 22,529 449,872 37,732 44,962 69,285 8,289 25,552 57,376 44,761 51,749 79,399 United States 11,040 45,164 94,294 92,693 107,025 130,088 13,220 58,162 131,271 126,641 138,687 167,400 China.vl"s Konz.[on 1,006 8,272 28,120 35,136 45,577 76,532 1,545 10,446 37,044 45,453 57,941 102,087 I Taiwan C a) Note Manufactures are defined as items classified in SITC 5 through 8 less S1TC 68 (nonferrous metal products). Sourc United Nations, TARS (World Bank). 12 exceed those of the United Kingdom and are over 60 percent of shipments from the United States (see the memo item in Table 2). 4 12. While China has become a major supplier of developing country manufactured exports, Table 3 shows that it is also a key trader of foodstuffs. In 1987, China exported some $5.4 billion in foods which placed it second behind Brazil -- whose exports were concentrated in coffee and cocoa beans -- and about $2.2 billion less than Canada and Italy. More than 16 percent of China's exports consisted of fresh fish (SITC 031), while oilseeds, preserved vegetables, and animal feeds each accounted for a further 9 to 10 percent. Rice has declined steadily in importance -- the share of this product fell from over 11 percent in 1965 to about 1 percent in 1987 (see Table Al- 5). As was the case with manufactures, China (relative to developing countries as a group) exported a higher share of foods to developing and socialist countries than to the developed market economy countries. 14 Analysis of individual OECD countries reported trade shows that Chinese exports continued their remarkably rapid growth over the 1987-90 period. United States imports of manufactures from China more than doubled (from $5.7 to $14.5 billion) as did Japan's (from $2.6 to 5.9 billion). While 1990 data from the EEC(10) are not yet available imports of manufactures from China rose by 70 percent over 1987-89. Although the data do not provide a clear indication there is some indication that Chinese trade was displacing exports from several other Asian countries, i.e., China's share of these OECD countries manufactured imports doubled while the corresponding shares of Hong Kong, Republic of Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan (China) were static or declined. Table 3. MAJOR DEVELOPING COUNTRY EXPORTERS OF FOODSTUFFS, 1965 TO 1987 Exports to Industrial Countries Exports to All Countries Developing Country or Territory 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 (value in US dollar million) Bmzil 965 3,617 6,983 6,950 8,446 7,512 1,050 4,299 8,469 9,257 8,638 8,638 China, People's Rep. of 222 610 1,249 1,411 1,884 2,811 527 1,738 2,974 3,821 5,390 5,390 Thailand 131 835 1,515 1,812 1,876 2,912 298 1,302 2,574 2,868 3,879 3,879 Taiwan (ahna) 204 712 1,347 1,370 1,663 3,162 248 953 1,830 1,933 3,489 3,489 Argentina 1,009 1,412 2,614 2,551 2,833 2,481 1,165 1,927 3,557 3,811 3,157 3,157 Mexico 412 906 1,976 2,034 2,041 2,927 426 948 2,063 2,206 3,001 3,001 Colombia 434 938 2,881 1,873 2,127 2,507 440 975 3,073 1,821 2,595 2,595 Indonesia 202 622 1,659 1,200 1,506 1,789 219 718 1,839 1,407 2,302 2,302 Malaysia 59 511 936 921 1,100 1,005 61 599 1,898 1,811 2,523 2,243 Korea, Rep. of 18 511 878 984 1,064 2,009 23 576 1,061 1,177 1,146 2,155 C6te d'Ivoire 181 832 1,733 1,362 2,061 1,880 199 884 1,863 1,409 2,138 1,925 India 376 658 1,081 1,087 1,014 1,232 444 855 1,455 1,394 1,259 1,734 Philippines 444 1,554 1,845 1,528 1,507 1,554 449 1,641 2,266 1,746 1,637 1,729 LA Ecuador 210 367 821 760 1,124 1,369 215 440 1,032 826 1,226 1,470 Chile 41 100 477 672 816 1,273 47 170 661 821 945 1,468 All Developing 9,457 24,120 45,228 40,719 46,049 54,463 10,744 29,531 57,146 51,332 56,066 66,766 (share of total developing countries' exports of foodstuffs) Brazil 10.2 15.0 15.4 17.1 18.3 13.8 9.8 14.6 14.8 15.3 16.5 12.9 China People's Rep.of 2.4 2.5 2.8 3.5 4.1 5.2 4.9 5.9 5.2 6.6 6.8 8.1 Thailand 1.4 3.5 3.3 4.5 4.1 5.3 2.8 4.4 4.5 5.7 5.1 5.8 Taiwan, (atia) 2.2 3.0 3.0 3.4 3.6 5.8 2.3 3.2 3.2 3.5 3.4 5.8 Argentina 10.7 5.9 5.8 6.3 6.2 4.6 10.8 6.5 6.2 6.3 6.8 4.7 Mexico 4.4 3.8 4.4 5.0 4.4 5.4 4.0 3.2 3.6 4.1 3.7 4.5 Colombia 4.6 3.9 6.4 4.6 4.6 4.6 4.1 3.3 5.4 3.7 3.9 3.9 Indonesia 2.1 2.6 3.7 2.9 3.3 3.3 2.0 2.5 3.2 2.7 3.2 3.4 Malaysia 0.6 2.1 2.1 2.3 2.4 1.8 0.6 2.0 3.3 3.5 4.5 3.4 Korea, Rep. of 0.2 2.1 1.9 2.4 2.3 3.7 0.2 2.0 1.9 2.3 2.0 3.2 Cote d'lvoire 1.9 3.5 3.8 3.3 4.5 3.5 1.9 3.0 3.3 2.7 3.8 2.9 India 4.0 2.7 2.4 2.7 2.2 2.3 4.1 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.2 2.6 Philippines 4.7 6.4 4.1 3.8 3.3 2.9 4.2 5.6 4.0 3.4 2.9 2.6 Ecuador 2.2 1.5 1.8 1.9 2.4 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.8 1.6 2.2 2.2 Chile 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.7 1.8 2.3 0.4 0.6 1.1 1.6 1.7 2.2 Memo Item (eGnM-Vs in Smifhion) Canada 1,244 2,996 4,899 5,265 5,392 6,352 1,286 3,339 6,214 6,347 6,292 7,424 Italy 854 2,788 4,933 4,592 4,757 7,035 883 2,935 5,424 5,016 5,282 7,576 France 1,153 62,216 12,376 11,038 12,041 19,125 1,418 7,277 14,845 12,665 13,717 21,541 United States 3,792 12,870 22,449 19,516 15,725 18,852 4,741 17,333 33,040 28,403 23,630 27,828 sojgo United Nations, TARS (World Bank). 15 Chapter 4. Chinese and Asian Regional Comparative Advantage 13. Table 4 presents statistics on longer-term trends in the exports of China and other Asian economies in terms of broad (one-digit SITC) product groups. Employing equation (1), these data are used to derive China's revealed comparative advantage indices for selected years over 1965 to 1987. Similar 1987 indices were also derived for Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Rep. of Korea, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan (China) and Thailand. 14. These aggregate RCA indices indicate China has its greatest comparative advantage in the miscellaneous manufactures (SITC 8) group -- which is composed largely of labor intensive products -- while the RCA indices exceed unity for processed food (SITC O) and manufactures classified by material (SITC 6).15 Refined fuels (SITC 3) appear marginal as the RCA index for this aggregate group rose above one from 1980 to 1985, but dropped below unity in other time periods. Another point to note is that China's RCA indices for machinery and transport (SITC 7) are the lowest in the table. This is probably due to China's relatively low level of industrialization and lack of access to technology, given that the items in this SITC group are among the most capital intensive in their production processes.16 15 Aggregate results, such as those presented in Table 4, may be misleading if they are strongly influenced by a small number of component products that are not representative of the one-digit SITC group. Glazed rice had such a disproportionate influence on the RCAs for food exports (SITC 0) in 1965 and 1975. Within the miscellaneous manufactures group (SITC 8) no item (or small group of items) appears to be a source of similar bias as the industry level RCA indices are fairly uniform and among the highest, on average, of those for other one-digit groups. 16 In 1986-87, China had RCA indices above unity in only two three-digit SITC industries classified in this broad group; telecommunications equipment (SITC 724) and domestic electrical equipment (SITC 725). According to both Lary (1968) and Yeats (1990a), items in both these three-digit groups are manufactured by relatively labor intensive production processes while capital intensive procedures are employed for other products in SITC 7. Table 4. PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S TRADE AND REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN MANUFACTURES AND PROCESSED COMMODITIES Processed Products Classified by Major SITC Groups (SITC no. in parentheses)' Beverages & Crude Refined Animal and Manufactures Machinery and Miscellaneous Year Foods(0) Tobaao(l) Materials (2) Fuds(3) Vegatable Oils(4) Chemicals(5) by Material(6) Transport(7) Manufactures(8) (value of world trade in US dollar million)1 1987 94,792 18,877 34,635 64,141 8,058 196,952 330,041 715,248 273,430 1985 66,455 11,902 23,326 80,189 9,399 134,224 225,279 473,324 168,418 1983 67,137 11,281 22,730 81,277 7,211 119,623 209,936 398,696 141,554 1980 76,543 11,745 27,791 77,612 8,307 125,194 252,303 393,585 140,183 1975 40,133 5,052 12,459 24,865 5,257 49,828 109,994 168,677 53,108 1965 11,191 1,464 4,807 4,187 1,393 9,750 29,372 30,578 9,344 (value of China's trade in US dollar million) 1987 2,225 157 68 854 102 2,246 8,891 3,083 14,348 1985 1,497 86 22 1,508 96 1,377 4,708 844 6,171 1983 1,566 72 32 1,477 96 1,194 3,996 644 4,092 1980 1,349 52 18 1,195 55 1,112 3,479 446 2,678 _ 1975 834 22 2 77 34 275 1,045 112 489 1965 173 6 - 3 18 61 394 23 98 (China's revealed comparative advantage indices) 1987 1.27 0.48 0.11 0.72 0.69 0.62 1.46 0.23 2.82 1985 1.64 0.53 0.07 1.38 0.75 0.75 1.52 0.13 2.68 1983 1.88 0.52 0.11 1.46 1.07 0.80 1.53 0.13 2.43 1980 1.89 0.47 0.07 1.65 0.71 0.95 1.50 0.12 2.05 1975 3.37 0.70 0.03 0.50 1.05 0.90 1.54 0.11 1.50 1965 2.03 0.54 0.01 0.09 1.71 0.82 1.76 0.10 1.38 MemQitem 1987 reealed comparative advantagc indices Hong Kong 0.13 0.08 0.09 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.49 0.58 4.11 Japan 0.07 0.03 0.12 0.05 0.10 0.44 0.61 1.62 0.99 Indonesia 1.20 0.07 5.04 5.53 7.76 0.27 2.25 0.04 0.75 Malaysia 1.05 0.17 4.61 0.89 21.76 0.26 0.67 1.04 0.78 Pbilippines 2.54 0.28 3.68 0.77 22.09 0.48 0.73 1.01 2.81 Singapore 0.26 0.24 0.53 5.70 1.57 0.66 0.26 1.24 0.75 Thailand 4.62 0.08 0.42 0.25 0.43 0.24 0.93 0.51 1.99 Taiwan (China) 0.59 0.03 0.31 0.10 0.03 0.24 1.04 0.80 2.54 Sour: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). I See Table A1-4 and Al-5 for a list of three-digit SlTC products included in each of the one-digit SITC groups. 2 See note 1 to Table 1 for a list of countries included in "worldN totals. -Ij 18 15. Comparison of China's aggregate RCA profile with those of other Asian economies shows several important similarities and differences. First, China's profile most closely resembles that of Thailand and Indonesia (and to a lesser extent the Philippines) as these countries have RCAs exceeding unity in processed foods, refined petroleum (Indonesia), and in the miscellaneous manufactures group (Thailand). On the other hand, the Chinese profile differs most from that of Singapore, Japan and Malaysia, which have an overall RCA in the machinery and transport product group. Road motor vehicles (SITC 732) has a major influence on the aggregate Japanese RCA index -- exports of this industry exceeded $3.5 billion in 1986-87 -- with telecommunications, ships and boats, textile machinery, railway vehicles and electrical distribution machinery having RCAs over unity. (see Table A2-8). 16. The highest RCA indices registered for China were concentrated in labor intensive and resource intensive products. For example, of the 44 industries listed in Table 5, 29 (65 percent) are labor intensive in production, while 10 industries are classified by UNIDO as natural resource based manufactures e.g., processed tea (SITC 074) and glazed rice (042.2).'7 The implication is that China's RCA profile differs from most NIEs since it includes a number of natural resource based products as well as the traditional labor intensive goods (see annex tables for detailed information on this point)."8 However, labor intensity still has a strong influence on Chinese RCA. For example, when rank correlations were run between labor intensity indices for 129 industries and China's 1986-87 RCA indices, the results (r = - 0.62) were statistically significant at the 99 percent confidence level. 19 1? See UNIDO, (1982). For the 44 industries listed in Table 5 the average (trade weighted) factor proportion index was 0.85. This indicates that China has RCA indices above unity in products that are 15 per cent more labor intensive than the United States average. The reader should note that the trade data and RCA indices reported in Tables 5 and 6 and Tables A2-1 through A2-10 are based on average trade over 1986-87. An average was taken to smooth out any unusual results relating to a specific year. 18 For example, while one quarter of those industries in which China has RCAs above unity are classified as resource based (including, those cross-classified as also being labor intensive), the corresponding share is less than 10 percent in Hong Kong, Singapore and the Republic of Korea. In contrast, the proportion of resource based products in India and Brazil's most successful industries (measured by RCAs) was about the same as that for China. '9 Yeats (1990a) correlated RCA indices for all developing countries as a group with these labor intensity indices and achieved a somewhat weaker relation (r = -0.54). Other variables reflecting human skills and physical capital per man also appeared to have a major influence on the developing countries' RCA profiles. Table 5. INDUSTRIES IN WHICH BOTH CHINA AND OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES HAVE A REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE China's Exports RCA Indies - Other Asian Economies 1986-87 Net Hong Taiwan SITC Description' Value ($000) Exports RCA Kong Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand (Cina) 042.2 Rice Glazed or Polished 47,374 0.06 2.25 - 2.30 - - - - - 70.54 047 Meal and Flour Nonwheat 7,844 0.40 2.13 - - - - - 1.53 - 22.53 - 052' Dried Fruit 34,352 0.72 1.98 - - - - - - - 1.06 3.04 053' Preserved Fruit 109,184 0.99 1.07 - - - - 1.38 11.81 - 8.70 - 055* Prepard Vegetables 450,368 0.99 6.90 - - - - - - - 2.97 0612' Sugar Preparations 127,808 0.14 1.16 - 2.96 - - - 5.44 - 9.42 074 Tea and Mat6 299,297 0.97 10.59 - 18.36 - - - - - - 081' Animal Feeds 457,646 0.93 2.44 - 2.74 - - 1.44 3.21 - 2.37 099* Food Preparations, nes 80,934 0.83 1.13 - - - - - 1.03 - 2.26 111 Non,Alcoholic Beverages 64,030 0.45 3.61 - - - - 1.00 - 2.22 - 221.9 Oil Seed Flour and Meal 9,114 1.00 15.58 - - - - - 421/2 Vegetable Oils 97,182 0.12 1.02 - 10.86 - - 23.14 21.28 2.15 513 InorganicElements andOxides 214,475 0.45 1.30 - - - - - - - - - 514 Other Inorganic Chemicals 208,753 0.03 2.20 - 531 Synthetic Dyes and 89,004 0.23 1.16 - - 551* Essential Oils 84,823 0.86 2.39 - 4.87 571 Explosives and Pyrotechnics 172,807 0.99 10.45 1.16 - 613 Fur Skin Tanned or Dressed 44,229 0.75 1.80 - - - - - - - - - 632' Wood Manufactures, nes 70,463 0.77 1.06 - 2.56 - - 2.16 3.95 - 4.38 5.18 651' Textile Yarn and thread 1,239,878 0.57 4.53 - - - 1.58 - - - 2.25 1.59 652' Cotton Fabrics Woven 1,413,479 0.73 8.76 4.36 3.58 - 1.02 1.13 - - 2.82 1.23 653* Woven Textiles Noncotton 1,415,111 0.55 4.46 - 1.36 1.01 3.84 - - - 2.11 2.61 654' Lace, Ribbons, Tulle, etc. 60,697 0.25 2.50 1.27 3.06 - 2.09 - 1.66 - - 2.05 656' Textile Products, nes 795,840 0.98 9.94 1.73 - - 1.67 - 1.65 - 3.30 2.42 657* Floor Coverings 377,691 0.97 4.12 - 1.78 - - - - - - 666* Pottery 241,578 0.99 4.34 - - 1.39 1.77 - - - - 5.35 671 Pig Iron 114,642 -0.07 1.59 - - - 2 95 - - - 686 Zinc 53,984 0.55 1.82 - - - - - - - 1.23 687 Tin 81,093 0.97 4.12 - 32.42 - - 45.58 - 2.99 28.57 689 Non-Ferrous Base Metals 82,009 0.66 2.29 - - - - - _ - - _ 694' Iron and Sted Nails, Nuts, etc. 128,340 0.75 1.67 _ _ 1.16 1.75 - - - - 2.91 695* Hand Tools 168,411 0.45 1.37 - - - - - - - - 2.46 696* Cuttery 58,629 0.94 1.99 2.68 - 1.27 4.36 - - - - 3.11 697' Base Metal Household Equipment 99,641 0.91 1.64 3.06 - - 3.42 - - - - 4.60 724' TclecommunicatiorAs Equipment 915,619 40.14 1.27 2.04 - 2.54 2.80 3.54 - 3.15 - 2.51 725* Domestic Electrical Equipment 231,724 0.20 1.09 3.19 - 1.12 2.66 - - 1.60 - 1.21 831' Travel Goods and Handbags 921,193 0.99 9.84 4.34 - - 6.66 - 1.39 - 3.16 7.06 841' aothing not of fur 6,582,083 0.96 5.71 8.11 2.40 - 4.36 1.78 4.34 - 3.33 2.48 842' Fur aothing 86,375 0.97 2.83 16.26 - - 6.14 - - - - 851* Footwear 564,332 1.00 1.78 - - - 6.14 - 1.00 - 1.51 6.41 864* Watches and docks 367,141 0.34 2.70 10.61 - 2.11 1.29 - 3.28 1.04 2.23 - 894' Toys and Sporting Goods 1,527,257 0.78 6.20 7.00 - - 4.17 - 1.34 1.14 1.13 6.65 895* Office Supplies 49,984 0.86 1.24 - - - - - - - - 1.41 899' Other Manufactured Goods 867,961 0.77 7.26 3.69 - - 1.86 - 6.23 - 2.44 4.36 ' All or part of this threo- or four digit SITC product was classified by Lary (1968) or Yeats (1990a) as being manufactured by a relatively labor intensive product process. 1 The industries or products listed are those for which China had an RCA index above unity in 1987. The data indicate China had a comparative disadvantage in all other products. Sour United Nations, TARS (World Bank) R 21 17. While the RCA indices are above unity for over 34 percent (44 out of 129) of the products, in terms of export shares China's trade is not so diversified. Five textile groups listed in Table 5 (SITC 656, 652, 841, 653 and 651) account for almost 43 percent of China's total mnanufactured exports and this proportion rises to about 60 percent if telecommunications (SITC 724), travel goods (SITC 831), sporting goods (SITC 894) and other manufactures (SITC 899) are included. 18. A detailed analysis of world trade shares for the items in Table 5 reveals an interesting point relating to China's trade profile. Specifically, for the ten industries in which China exhibited its greatest RCA, seven registered declining world trade shares over 1970-72 to 1986-87 while two (travel goods and sporting goods) experienced very slight increases of less than one tenth of a percentage point. Similarly, out of the 44 products listed in Table 5, only 9 (20 percent) registered world trade share gains. However, in no case did the magnitude of these increases match the decline in world trade shares for products like woven textiles (SITC 653), meat preparations (SITC 011 to 013), or textile yarn (SITC 651) where the drop ranged from one to two percentage points. Thus, the underlying data show that China has generally evidenced its highest RCA in products whose relative trade growth was stagnant or were experiencing declining shares in world trade. m 19. Table 5 presents information for assessing the extent to which other countries in the region have developed a RCA in the same products as China, while Table 6 lists items in which one or more regional economies have RCAs exceeding unity and China does not. The former shows that there are only four products for which China has a unique comparative advantage -- dressed fur skins and three resource based chemical products classified in SITC 5. Table 6 indicates that, aside from Japan, other regional economies have developed RCAs over unity (and China has not) in specialized labor intensive products and a few resource intensive products like non-ferrous ' Conversely, a separate tabulation based on data provided in the annex shows that China's least successful exports (measured by the lowest RCAs) are almost evenly distributed among those gaining and losing world trade shares. The tendency for China's highest RCAs to be concentrated in items whose world trade shares are declining does not necessarily imply that this will relegate China to a declining share in world trade. A key factor relates to China's ability to displace other suppliers, thus offsetting the overall share losses of these items in world trade. A second point relates to how rapidly China's export profile may evolve out of these items into products whose shares are not evidencing such declines (see Chapter 5 of this paper). Table 6. INDUSTRIES IN WHICH ONLY OTHER ASIAN COUNTRIES HAVE A REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE China's Imports RCA Indices - Other Asian Economics 1986-87 Net Hong Taiwan SITC Desciption' Value ($000) Exports RCA Kong Indonesia Japan Korea Malaysia Philippines Singapore Thailand (Cina) 011-013 Prred Meat 4,343 0.97 0.82 - - - - - - 1.88 032 Prqeaed Fish 62 0.99 0.94 - - - 2.72 2.84 5.07 - 33.38 2.73 048 Cmcal Prepartions 4,505 0.82 0.62 - 1.27 - - - - - 2.89 - 072.2/3.073 Coooa and Chooolate 804 0.93 0.27 - - - - 2.49 - 1.97 - 091 Margarine and Shortening 6,318 -0.94 0.03 - - - - 3.76 - - 243* Wood Shaped 18,917 0.04 0.09 - 11.59 - - 9.63 4.29 _ _ _ 262.6/8 Worked Wool and Hair 60,180 -0.92 0.12 - - - - 3.16 - - 266 Synthetic Fibes 377,473 -0.98 0.06 - - - - - - - - 1.40 332 Petrolem Products 194,442 0.62 0.82 - 5.36 - - - - 5.87 - - 411 Anifnl Oils and Fats 23,758 -0.99 0.01 - 1.90 - - - - - - - 431 Prooessd Animal I Vetable Oil 69,621 -0.92 0.12 - 2.51 - - 42.98 3.11 1.89 - - 521 Petrokum Basd Chemicals 4,783 0.66 0.83 - 2.37 - 3.38 - 3.24 10.90 - - Nj 541 Medidnal Products 106,512 0.49 0.89 - - - - - - 1.00 - - N 561 Mnmufactured FerWlirs 429,952 -0.96 0.07 - 1.08 - - - 1.03 - - - 6110 Leather 90,513 -0.38 0.44 - 3.00 - - - - - 1.83 - 612' Leather Manufactures 12,022 0.16 0.63 - - - 2.23 - - - 7.81 3.01 621* Mateials of Rubber 8,047 -0.15 0.16 - - - - - - 629 Rubber Artides, nes 30495 0.20 0.21 - - 1.13 1.94 2.50 - - - 1.05 631'- Plywood and Veneers 165,691 -0.88 0.09 - 52.74 - - - 4.12 1.73 - 1.37 6550 Special Textile Products 86,603 -0.12 0.64 - - - 1.00 5.91 - - - 1.83 6610 Cemet 21,679 0.25 0.45 - 2.78 - 2.91 - - - - 1.00 662' Clay and Refractory Products 41,148 -0.46 0.22 - - - - _ _ 1.70 - - 665' Glassware 11,485 0.52 0.55 - - - - - - - - 1.02 672 Iron and Sted Forns 220,435 -0.99 0.01 - 1.72 - 1.86 - - - - - 674 Iron and Sted Plate 1,419,350 -1.00 0.01 - - 1.74 1.70 - - - - - 676 Iron and Steel Rais 52,062 -0.94 0.21 - - 1.26 1.47 - - - - - 677 Iron and Steel Wre 42,547 -0.17 0.86 - - - 1.40 - - - - - 678* Iron an Stcel Tubes 725,559 -0.91 0.21 - - 1.23 1.79 - - 1.53 - - 682 Copper 102,903 -0.44 0.21 - - - - - 5.43 - - - 683 Nickle 4,415 0.72 0.81 - - - _ - 2.35 684 Aluminum 174,154 -0.52 0.19 - 3.83 692 Metal Tanks and Boxes 59,038 -0.88 0.09 - - - - - - - 1.25 6930 WureProducts 72579 -0.51 0.64 - - - 3.17 698' Metal Manufactures, nes 102,164 0.34 0.91 1.05 - - - - - - - 2.11 714 Office Machines 438,882 -0.71 0.11 1.26 - 1.63 - - - 3.90 - 1.61 715' Metalworking Machinery 735,064 -0.87 0.26 - - 2.11 - - - - 717' Textile Machinery 910,967 -0.89 0.29 - - 1.49 - - - - - 1.24 718' Machines for SpecialIndusty 823,407 -0.92 0.08 - - 1.09 - - - - 719' Nonelectric Machines, nes 2,646,521 -0.87 0.12 - - 1.10 - - - - 722' lectri Power Machinery 617,590 -0.48 0.39 1.41 - 1.37 - 1.42 - 1.65 - 1.37 723' Elctrical Disbribution Machinery 153,703 -0.63 0.28 - - - - - 1.74 - 1.32 2.55 726 Electro-Medical Machinery 161,807 -0.95 0.05 - - 1.26 - - - - 72910 Electric Machinery, nes 1,089,017 -0.73 0.14 1.03 - 1.57 1.37 5.99 5.15 2.81 2.45 1.13 732' Road Motor Vehides 885,410 -0.94 0.01 - - 2.16 - - - - 7330 Road vehides, onmotor 24;797 0.41 0.68 - - 1.33 - - - - - 5.01 735 Ships and Boats 191,985 -0.40 0.56 - - 1.40 2.83 - - 2.14 812' Plumbing and Lighting Fixtures 21,189 0.50 0.75 1.70 - - - - - - 3.40 21' Fumiture 32,551 0.75 0.77 - - - - - 2.85 - 1.80 3.38 w 861 Instuments 387,014 -0.53 0.22 - - 2.17 - - - - _ _ 862 Photo Supplies 73,342 -0.72 0.8 - - 1.71 - 891' Sound Recorders 185,422 -0.03 0.39 1.59 - 4.27 2.87 - - 1.15 892' Printed Matter 127,402 -0.74 0.10 1.83 - - - - - - - - 893' Plastic Articles 141,231 0.21 0.92 2.40 - - - - - - 1.29 3.10 97O Jlewelry, Gold and Silver 11,675 0.82 0.92 7.16 - - 1.21 - 1.15 2.00 9.85 1.15 *AJl or part of this three. or four digit SITC product was classified by Lary (1968) or Yeats (1990a) as being manufactured by a relatively labor intensive product process. I be industries or products listed are those for which China bad an RCA index above unity in 1987. The data indicate China had a comparative disadvantage in all other produeb. Souce United Nations, TARS (World Bank) 24 metals. However, China should have the capacity to achieve a comparative advantage in many of these products when its export profile matures (see Chapter 5).2' 20. The question of regional similarities in trade profiles is of sufficient importance to warrant further analysis. Table 7 presents results when rank correlation coefficients were computed using paired economy RCA indices for 129 industries. Aside from the nine other Asian economies, Chinese correlations were also run with RCAs estimated for Brazil and India. The latter were selected as examples of large developing countries which, like China, had a diversified natural resource base. The correlations were run for two different time periods: 1975- 77 and 1986-87. The objective here was to determine if China's recent (1986-87) RCA profile closely matches that of the regional economies at an earlier stage of their development. If similarities exist, this could be useful for anticipating lines along which Chinese comparative advantage may evolve. 21. Perhaps the most surprising finding emerging from Table 7 concerns the diversity in results when China's RCA indices are correlated with other selected economies. For example, the Chinese-Indian and Chinese- Taiwan (China) correlation coefficients are in fact the highest and are significant at the 99 percent level. Significant positive correlation are registered between the Chinese and Thailand as well as Hong Kong indices, but for the other economies nations all the correlations are not significant. Thus, in terms of overall RCA profiles, major similarities appear between China, India, Taiwan (China) and, to a lesser degree, Hong Kong. The correlation results with Japan, and Malaysia (except for 1975-77) are insignificant. Another point indicated by these tests is that a clear case cannot be made that the regional economies' 1975-77 RCA indices are more strongly correlated with the 1986-87 Chinese data -- with the possible exception of Singapore and Thailand. Thus, the correlations do not show that China's RCA profile is closely evolving along the same general lines as that of the other Asian economies. This result may be due to a failure of the correlations to accurately reflect changes in certain key product groups or a failure to utilize an appropriate time lag. 21 In both Table 5 and Table 6, the standard RCA indices and net export ratios (equation 2) convey basically similar information about China's comparative advantage. Pig iron and telecommunications equipment are exceptions (Table 5) as the net trade ratio is negative although the corresponding RCA indices exceed unity. In the case of the latter, the three-digit specification appears too aggregate to reflect differences in China's import and export performance for the component four-digit SITC products. 22 While both India and Brazil were included in these tests as examples of large countries, the correlations with Brazil were weak and insignificant. The major differences between Brazil and China occur in the processed food group where Brazil has high RCAs for specific products and China does not. The author will send detailed data on Brazil and India's RCAs to interested readers upon request. 25 Table 7. CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS BETWEEN CHINA'S REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES AND THOSE OF OTHER SELECTED COUNTRIES Spearman Correlation Coefficients Comparator Economy Years China 1975-77 China 1986-87 Hong Kong 1975-77 0.410* 0.464* 1986-87 0.419* 0.538* Indonesia 1975-77 0.351* 0.359* 1986-87 0.309* 0.201 Japan 1975-77 -0.025 0.041 1986-87 -0.227* 0.174 Korea, Rep. of 1975-77 0.267* 0.269* 1986-87 0.084 0.363* Malaysia 1975-77 0.262* 0.165 1986-87 0.176 0.074 Philippines 1975-77 0.315* 0.217 1986-87 0.204 0.288 Singapore 1975-77 0.287* 0.286* 1986-87 0.013 0.086 Thailand 1975-77 0.495* 0.500* 1986-87 0.280* 0.377* Taiwan (China) 1975-77 0.601* 0.512* 1986-87 0.536* 0.481* Memo It 1975-77 0.227 0.168 Brazil 1986-87 0.050 0.011 India 1975-77 0.502* 0.473* 1986-87 0.485* 0.492* * Stastically significant at the 99 percent confidence level. Sour: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). 26 Chapter 5. The Maturity of China's RCA Profile 22. The previous analysis indicated that China has a rather broad revealed comparative advantage in natural resource based and labor intensive manufactures. However, is this profile stable? In other words, is it likely that China's comparative advantage will evolve into a large number of additional product lines, or is there evidence that the present structure is relatively stable? Some information about the possible degree of evolution may be gained from analysis of the shape and position of the Chinese RCA profile relative to those for other economies. 23. An economy's industrial evolution and the proportion of total manufactured products in which it exhibits a RCA appear to be related. When an economy is in an early phase of its industrialization, with a narrow capacity for manufactured exports, generally it has pronounced RCAs for a limited number of products, but low or zero indices for most manufactured goods. However, as its industrial base widens, total manufactured exports grow and the concentration of exports decreases. The RCA indices for most manufactured products, which had been low before, rise and the economy's comparative advantage profile levels out. So, the relative maturity or possible degree of future evolution of an economy's profile may be assessed through comparisons with other economies. 24. Figure 1 shows how the Chinese RCA profile has matured over the last two decades. The top curve ranks, on the horizontal scale, the 20 industries in which China had its highest RCAs during 1970-72 while the vertical axis records the actual revealed comparative advantage index values. Similar information for 1986-87 is shown on the lower part of the figure with the individual industries identified below the horizontal axis. The general downward shift of the 1986-87 profile, as well as the changing composition of products, indicates a less concentrated export structure and an increase in the maturity of the Chinese export profile over the period. An interesting question is where this change places China relative to other economies today. 25. Figure 2 provides some information on this point, through comparisons with RCA profiles for Taiwan (China) (an example of a semi-mature or newly industrialized economy) the Philippines (an economy at 23 For a theoretical and empirical demonstration of these points see Toshio Watanabe and Hirokazu Kajiwara (1983). E ~ ~ ~~o an o n CO W r Essenffol oils (551) - Preserved Fnuit (053) | Lace and Ribbon (6684) I Chemicals, nee (599) Watches and Clocks (864) - Mea and Flour Nonwheat (047) Fur Clothing (842) - Prepared Meat (01 1.013) Non-Alcoholic I Beverages (I 1 1) Floor Coverings (657) Floor Coverings (657) Cement and Building Products (661) CD Twn (687) ~ \\ Olice Supplies (895) CD O Potteny (666) _ ' Essential Oils (551) o ( m Textles (653) nOil Seed Flour and Meal (221.9) 0 r Textiles (653) Cereal Preparation (048) _ - 0 O Non-Fur Clothing (841) - I Other Manufactured (899) D 1 r m I~~~~~~~~~~ ( 'T-hn(687) Sporting Goods (894) - A > Preserved _I5 ) Pyrotechnics (571) g CO O ¶1 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-.4 2 Other Manufactures (899) Preserved Vegetable (oSS) D z 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~ ~ ~ 0 z 0 Cotton Fabrics (652) _ j Pottery (666) O D Tnauel Goods (831) - Uranium Alloys (688) Textle Products, nes (656) - Tanned Fur Slns (613) rI Pyrotechnics (571) Tea and Matte (074) Tea and Matie (074) _ Textile Products, nes (656) Oil Seed, Flour \ Glazed Rice (042.2) and Meal (221.9) _ Z < ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~n O3 n eOnX Z~~~~~~~~ RCAlIndex FIGURE 2: THE RELATIVE MATURITY OF COUNTRIES REVEALED Values COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE PROFILES 22 21 Ranking of the 20 industries with the highest RCAs in four countries 20 - 19 18 NOTE: Extensive empirical tests by the Institute for Developing Economies (Tokyo) Philippines indicate that the "maturity" of a country's revealed comparative advantage 1 7 profile can be assessed by its position relative to those of other nations. 16 Relatively immature countries, which have the potential for signfficant evolution, have very pronounced (high) RCAs in a few industries, but these ;i 15 decline as the country industrializes and the profile. evens out. So the higher and the closest to the left that an economy's RCA profile is the greater is the 14 potential for significant future evolution. In this figure Japan would be !, judged the most "mature" economy while the Peoples Republic of China and 13 the Philippines have the potential for the greatest degree of change. ! 12 People's Republic of China 1 0 - - - / 00 8 - j 76 -.o - - -< 5 - " "0 - - 4 - - - - _ --_. _._- Taian (China) 3 - - - - - - - ----- --- - Japan / 2 "r~~,gv~w, --- - -- -- ------------ 4 ~~~Lower RCA index values Higher RCA inidex values - EKAN49238A Source: Wowid Bankestimales. 29, a less advanced stage of industrialization), and Japan (a mature exporter). Based on these comparisons, it appears that the Chinese export structure is still in a relatively imrmature stage -- even when comparisons are made with the Philippines -- and will probably undergo considerable evolution.' Several approaches that might prove useful in attempting to monitor or predict the future pattern of China's export structure include experiments with surveys of country production and export plans.' These analyses could be supplemented by continuing studies of China's revealed comparative advantage -- or of dynamic products in its export trade -- in order to "flag" products and industries where comparative advantage was changing. 24 The Philippines has an abnormally high RCA index in sugar preparations (value of 33.6) and vegetable oils (24.9), but for the most part its RCA profile lies below that of China. The reader should note that Figure 2 only graphs the relative position of each country's top 20 industries. At some point (not shown) the RCAs for China, the Philippines and Taiwan (China) will drop below those for Japan. 2 For an illustration of the theory and methodology connected with this approach see Stephen Watkins and Jdhr Karlick (1978). o 30 Chapter 6. Trade Barriers and China's Comparative Advantage 26. As previously noted, protectionism in external markets has the potential to constrain or divert a country from developing its comparative advantage along lines that it would if trade were unrestricted (see Balassa 1965). Aside from tariffs, which have now been reduced to generally low levels, the problem of assessing the actual effects of external protection are notoriously difficult, since there are no standard approaches for estimating ad valorem equivalents for nontariff trade barriers (NTBs) that do not have serious methodological shortcomings (see Laird and Yeats 1990a). Many studies of international trade barriers have relied on so called "inventories" of NTBs to provide descriptive statistics on NTBs which are operative and the sectors that are subject to these restrictions. A major shortcoming of these NTB inventories, however, is that they merely record whether or not a nontariff barrier is in place, but they convey no information on its restrictiveness or trade effects.' 27. Using one such inventory of NTBs -- the UNCTAD Data Base on Trade Measures -- tabulations were made of the major "hard core" NTBs that are applied by the European Communities (10), Japan and the United States to industry sectors in which China has a revealed comparative advantage in one or more of the component three- or four-digit SITC products (see Table A2-1 for details).27 These tabulations were made at the two-digit SITC level under the assumption that China's comparative advantage could broaden to include related component products (see Chapter 5 for a discussion of this point). The results are summarized in Table 8.3 2f Chapter 2 in Laird and Yeats (1990a) describes the approximately 20 different procedures that have been tested for deriving NTB ad valorem equivalents and also discusses the conceptual and methodological problems associated with these approaches. Chapter 4 in this book outlines the procedures that have been employed for constructing NTB inventories and also analyzes the major limitations of this empirical approach. This chapter also describes the inventory -- the UNCTAD Data Base on Trade Measures -- that is employed in the present study. 27 Empirical analyses based on NTB inventories generally distinguish between 'hard core" or Type I restrictions and other types of trade interventions. Examples of the former include quotas, variable import levies, prohibitions, etc., whose intent is clearly to influence or restrict international trade. The inventories also record Type II measures like health and safety import requirements or packaging or labelling regulations, but these measures are normally not included in empirical analyses. I The figures in parentheses given after the NTB description show the percentage of total imports in the two- digit SITC which are covered by that specific type of nontariff measure. In some cases, the trade coverage ratios may sum to more than 100 percent -- this would occur where multiple forms of NTBs were applied or "stacked" on a given product. This phenomenon of "stacking" is fairly common in agriculture, textiles and clothing groups. Another point to be noted is that Balassa (1986a) (1986b) argues that NTB inventories do not fully reflect the extent of Japanese protection since many of Japan's barriers are informal measures that would not be included in UNCTAD's Data Base. This problem would cause levels of Japanese protection reflected in Table 8 to be understated. 31 28. The results shows a mnixed picture, but in some key sectors the evidence clearly suggests that protection has not had, and should not have an influence on China's comparative advantage. In most of the chemical products classified in SITC 5, as well as the important nonferrous metals (SITC 68) group, there are few important nontariff measures. However, in processed agricultural goods, textiles and clothing, Table 8 suggests that protectionism should be a major source of concern. The European Communities' imports of fruits and vegetables encounter nine different types of hard core NTBs (variable import levies, global quotas, "voluntary" export restraints, minimum import prices, etc.) as well as post-Tokyo Round tariffs that average over 10 percent. Textiles and Clothing (SITC 65 and 84) are other sectors where there should be concern that protectionism will have adverse effects. Aside from the quantitative limits established under the MFA, Table 8 shows that imports of these products often encounter other forms of hard core NTBs ranging from "voluntary' export restraints to special textile quotas negotiated outside the Multifibre Arrangement.' 29. Table 9 examines the level of 'applied" post-Tokyo Round tariffs facing these two-digit products in the EC, Japan and United States. These statistics reflect applied rates in that they represent the average of the Most Favored Nation (MFN) or preferential tariff rate actually encountered by Chinese exports.' In general, the tariff rates on Chinese exports are below 10 percent but there are a few sector where higher duties are encountered. Several two-digit agricultural products imported by Japan have tariffs ranging from 12 percent to 27 percent -- as well as the NTBs listed in Table 8. In the United States, tariffs averaging 10 percent to 18 percent are applied to travel goods, clothing and footwear as well as dyeing and tanning materials classified in SITC 5. Table 9 also indicates that in the EC and Japan, the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) lowers China's tariffs below the I Compared to the trade coverage ratios for most other NTBs, the statistics reported for the MFA are misleading due to the discriminatory nature of these restrictions. MFA quotas generally apply only to developing countries (Japan is an exception) with textile and clothing traded among developed countries facing no restrictions. As a result, the trade coverage ratios shown understate the coverage of these barriers on developing country products. Similar problems will arise for other discriminatory (country specific) restrictions like "voluntary" export restrictions. 3I These figures may understate the importance of some tariffs in that they do not account for any quotas or ceilings on preferential duties. That is, some GSP or Lom6 Convention preferences have limits on imports. After these are reached additional imports are taxed at the prevailing MFN rate. Due to the nature of existing trade data sources -- which do not report imports at the level of the tariff line -- it was necessary to assume all trade in preference- receiving items entered at the more favorable duty rate. Table 8 NONTARIFF MEASURES APPLIED BY THE EUROPEAN COMMUNMES(10), JAPAN AND THE UNrTED STATES IN TWO-DIGIT SITC INDUSTRY GROUPS IN WHICH CINA HAS A REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE IN ONE OR MORE MAJOR COMPONENT PRODUCTS SITC Description Hard Core Nontariff Barrier and Trade Coverage Ratio (in parentheses)' Country Applying NTB 04 Cereals and preparations Variable levies (99), Minimum import prices (1), Non-automatic import European Communities authorization Tariff quotas (16), Global quotas (33) Japan Special import tariffs (6), Anti-dumping duties United States 05 Fruits and Vegetables Tariff quotas (4), Seasonal tariffs (20), variable levies (13) European Communities Special import tariffs (9), Reference import prices (5), Minimum import prices (49), Non-automatic authorization (20), Global quotas (18), "Voluntary" export restraints (10) Seasonal tariffs (2), Global quotas (16), Non-automatic import Japan w authorizations (3) Tariff Quotas (1), Seasonal tariffs (18), Anti-dumping duties (4) United States Anti-dumping investigations (7), Special import taxes (12), Global quotas (1) 06 Sugar preparations & honey Variable import levies (90), Non-automatic import authorizations (85) European Communities Global quotas (1) Variable import levies (85) Japan Variable import levies (92), Global quotas (92) United States 07 Coffee, tea, cocoa, spices Variable import levies (7) European Communities Global quotas (2) United States 08 Animal Feeds Variables import levies (4), Non-automatic import authorizations (12) European Communities Non-automatic import authorizations (14) Japan 09 Misc. food preparations Variable import levies (53), Minimun import pnces (5), Non-automatic European Communities authorizations (7), Global quotas (3) Non-automatic authorizations (16), Global quotas (15) Japan Anti-dumping duties (1) United States 11 Beverages Special import tariffs (74), Reference import prices (22), wVoluntaryw European Communities price restraints (71), Non-automatic import authorizations (74), Global quotas (3) Special inport tames (97) United States 22 Oilseeds and nuts Non-automatic authorizations (24), Global quotas (1) European Communities Global quotas (4) Japan Global quotas (74) United States 42 Fixed vegetable oils Vanable import levies (9), Special import tariffs (92), Non-automatic European Communities w import authorizations (9) W 51 Chemical elements Anti-dumping duties (3), 'Voluntary' price restraints (1), Global European Communities quotas (1) Non-automatic import authorizations (14), Global quotas (3) Japan Anti-dumping duties (1) United States 53 Dyeing & Tanmng Materials Global Quotas (2) European Communities 55 Essential Oils Tariffs Quotas (1) United States 57 Explosives & Pyrotecinics Global quotas (16) Japan 61 Leather Global quotas (7) European Communities Tariff quotas (4), Global quotas (10) Japan 63 Wood manufactures Tariff quotas (35), Global quotas (1) European Communities Anti-dumping duties (1) United States 65 Textile yarn & fabrics Prices surveillance (2), Anti-dumping duties (1), Non-automatic European Communities authorizations (3), Global quotas (3), MFA quotas (24), Spcial textile quotas (7) Japan Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global quotas (2) Anti-dumping duties (1) United States 66 Non-metallic mineral mfgs. Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global quotas (2) European Communities Anti-dumping duties (1) 67 Iron and steel products Anti-dumping duties (3), Reference import prices (47), 'Voluntary" European Communities prices restraints (9), Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global quotas (5), "Voluntary" export restraints (41) Special import tariffs (1), Anti-dumping duties (14), "Voluntary" prices restraints (1), Global quotas (2), 'Voluntary" export restraints (75) 68 Non-ferrous metals No non-tariff barriers reported 69 Metal manufactures nes. Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global quotas (1) European Communities Non-automatic import authorizations (1) Japan Anti-dumping duties (9), "Voluntary" export restraints (11) United States 72 Electrical machinery "Voluntary" price restraints, (14) Global quotas (4), "Voluntary" European Communities export restraints (8) Anti-dumping duties (11), "Voluntary" price restraints (1) United States "Voluntary" export restraints (1) 83 Travel goods and handbags Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global quotas (1) European Communities Anti-dumping duties (39), MFA quotas (8), Special textile quotas (11) United States 84 Clothing Prices surveillance (7), Non-automatic import authorizations (1), Global European Communities import quotas (11), "Voluntary" export restraints (1), MFA quotas (50) Special textile quotas (11) Anti-dumping duties (2), MFA quotas (60), Special textiles quotas (17) United States 85 Footwear 'Voluntary" price restraints (5), Global quotas (11) European Communities Tariff quotas (7), Global quotas (7) Japan 86 Scientific Instrtments Anti-dumping duties (2), "Voluntary" price restraints (1), Global European Communities quotas (1), "Voluntary" export restraints (3) Japan Global Quotas (14) 89 Misc. manufactures Global quotas (1), NVoluntary" export restraints (19) Eopan Commuitis Global quotas (2) Japan Anti-dumping duties (1) United States w Source, Author's computations using the UCNTAD Data Base on Trade Measures. I The NTB trade coverage ratio represents the ratio of 1986 imports subject to nontariff barriers against toal imports to the two-digit product group. If "stackingW or the multiple application of NTBs occurs, the ratios for indiviual measures may sum to more than 100 percent. See Laird & Yeats (1990b) for a discussion of the utility of this measure for trade barrier analysis as well as extensive empfrical information dreived from its application. 36 Table 9. AVERAGE POST-TOKYO ROUND TARIFFS FACING CHINA AND OTHER EXPORTERS TO THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES, JAPAN AND UN1TED STATES Average Applied Tariff 1986 Chinese Exports (Smill.) EC Japan US SITC Description EC Japan US World China World China World China 04 Cereals and preparations 8.6 374.3 3.7 0.5 0.0 14.2 12.7 2.8 2.8 05 Fruits and vegetables 271.4 298.4 66.4 10.5 9.0 15.2 12.7 6.5 7.8 06 Sugar and honey 23.2 35.0 15.3 7.0 25.0 33.5 27.3 4.9 5.1 07 Coffee, tea and spices 76.8 62.8 - 3.0 1.7 7.4 5.2 - - 08 Animal feeds 195.0 63.2 115.2 1.4 0.6 2.8 1.5 3.1 3.4 09 Misc. food preparations 4.4 29.3 2.3 6.6 5.4 16.1 16.1 2.8 3.2 11 Beveags 3.5 7.2 7.8 15.5 22.1 17.0 12.0 4.6 6.0 22 Oilseds and nuts 87.4 160.4 1.0 1.8 2.3 1.1 0.9 1.5 1.5 42 Fixed vegetable oils 50.5 10.8 1.1 6.5 6.6 8.0 10.0 7.2 7.4 51 Chemical elements 189.2 215.3 69.5 3.5 0.2 3.3 0.9 5.8 6.1 53 Dyeing and tanning materials 12.5 4.8 6.9 2.9 0.0 3.5 0.0 11.7 11.9 55 Essential oils 27.7 6.6 16.3 1.9 0.0 3.2 0.0 2.3 2.8 57 Explosves and pyrotechnics 17.1 14.9 4.8 2.0 0.0 6.4 0.0 3.4 4.1 61 I.eather 19.1 4.9 4.3 1.2 0.5 13.1 5.0 3.3 3.3 63 Wood manufactures 9.9 17.0 11.4 1.6 0.0 2.6 1.8 3.1 4.3 65 Textle yarn and fabric 461.5 583.5 530.3 2.3 0.0 5.6 3.2 9.1 9.3 66 Nonmetallic mineral mfgs. 32.8 27.0 60.9 3.0 0.8 2.1 0.0 7.6 8.0 67 Iron and steel product 10.2 30.0 11.1 1.6 1.6 2.3 0.0 4.6 4.9 68 Nonferrous metals 14.8 17.2 40.4 2.4 1.7 2.4 0.0 2.9 3.3 69 Metal manufactir 104.1 5.6 228.3 2.4 0.0 2.3 0.0 5.2 5.5 72 Electrical machinery 52.1 15.6 102.9 3.4 0.0 1.3 0.0 4.2 4.5 83 Travel goods 107.1 9.7 128.5 4.0 0.0 8.3 5.3 9.9 10.1 84 Clothing 613.5 560.0 1,632.2 2.4 0.0 7.2 5.3 13.4 13.7 8S Footwear 76.8 39.1 74.0 5.6 9.6 25.2 9.1 17.4 17.6 86 Scientific instuments 41.1 7.2 36.8 3.2 0.0 1.7 0.0 6.2 6.6 89 Misc. manufactur 276.1 121.3 509.0 3.0 0.0 1.9 0.0 5.0 5.5 jg : Computed from UNCTAD-World Bank SMART records 1 Average of the MfFN or preferential tanff actually applied to imports. In cases, the rates shown may understate the actual tariff Ievels since they fail to acotnt for any ceilinp or imits on preferential impors. 37 world average for most two-digit product groups, while hi the United States there is a tendency for China to encounter higher than average tariffs due largely to the fact that GSP treatment is not afforded many of China's exports. 38 Chapter 7. Summary and Conclusions 30. Various factors relating to size, population and availability of natural resources suggest that the role of the People's Republic of China will become increasingly important in world markets in the future. China has already become a major developing economy exporter of manufactures ranking third behind Taiwan (China) and the Republic of Korea, while the value of its food exports is second only to Brazil. This, coupled with the rapid expansion of its exports -- they tripled in dollar value three times between 1965 and 1987 -- accents the need for further analysis and information about the probable lines of China's future expansion of trade. 31. An analysis of industry-level RCA statistics shows that China has developed a revealed comparative advantage in a relatively broad base of labor intensive manufactures, and in this respect it parallels the situation in most of the Asian newly industrialized economies. Except for several natural resource based products (particularly chemicals) where China has high RCAs, these results suggest that -- unless intra-industry trade is accented -- countries in the region have largely competitive export profiles. Japan (and to a far lesser extent Singapore) appears to be the key to rational integration efforts as its revealed comparative advantage profile -- which is heavily weighted in the direction of capital intensive exports -- is markedly different from China's and those of other Asian economies. As far as inter-regional trade is concerned, the fact that many of the products in which China has a revealed comparative advantage face major forms of "hard core" NTBs in the EC, Japan and United States raises the possibility that external protection may constrain further development of some product lines. 32. On the basis of research undertaken at the Institute for Developing Economies (Tokyo), data was examined that suggests China's RCA profile has a major potential for significant change, although it is not possible to determine the time frame that will be required. The data presented in Table A2-1 indicate there is no evidence that China's RCAs are presently shifting to semi-capital intensive products; rather, the changes appear to be concentrated in increasing the base of labor intensive manufactures in which China has a comparative advantage. In this connection, it was noted that surveys of national production and export plans, as well as transnational company investment decisions or more recent shorter-term (two to three years) analysis of dynamic export products may be helpful for "flagging' products and industries where China's comparative advantage is changing. 39 References Balassa, Bela (1965), Trade Liberalization and Revealed Comparative Advantage, The Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies, vol. 33, no.2 May, pp.99-124. Balassa, Bela (1986a), Japanese Trade Policies Toward Developing Countries, Journal of International Economic Integration, vol. 1, no. 1 Spring, pp.1-19. Balassa, Bela (1986b), Japan's Trade Policies, Weltwirtschaftliches Archive, Band 122, Heft 4, pp. 745-790. Laird, Sam and Alexander Yeats (1990a), Ouantitative Methods For Trade Barrier Analysis, London, Macmillan Press. Laird, Sam and Alexander Yeats (1990b), Nontariff Barriers of Industrial Countries, 1966-1986, Weltwirthschaftliches Archiv, Band 126, Heft 2, pp.299-325. Lary, Hal (1968), Imports of Manufactures from Developing Countries, New York, National Bureau of Economic Research. Martin, Will (1990), Modelling the Post Reform Chinese Economy, China Working Paper No. 90/1, Canberra, Australian National University, National Centre for Development Studies. Naughton, B. (1985), "False Starts and Second Wind: Financial Reforms in China's Industrial System, in E. Perry and C. Wong (eds.), The Political Economy of Reform in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. UNIDO (1982), Changing Patterns of Trade in World Industry: An Empirical Study on Revealed Comparative Advantae, New York, United Nations. Watanabe, Toshio and Hirokzau Kajiwara (1983), Industrialization in Asian Developing Countries and Emereing Horizontal Economic Inte2ration, mimeo, a paper presented at the workshop on Trade and Industrial Cooperation in East and Southeast Asia, Tokyo, Institute for Developing Economies. Watkins, Stephen and John Karlik (1978), Anticipating Disruptive Imports, Washington, Joint Economic Committee, U.S. Congress, Government Printing Office. Wong, C. (1985), Material Allocation and Decentralization: Impact of the Local Sector on China's Industrial Reform, in E. Perry and C. Wong (eds.), The Political Economy of Reform in Post-Mao China, Cambridge, Harvard University Press. World Bank (1988). China: External Trade and Capital, Washington, World Bank, September. Yeats, Alexander (1978), On the Accuracy of Partner Country Trade Statistics, Oxford Bulletin of Economnics and Statistics, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 341-61, November. Yeats, Alexander (1984), China's Recent Export Perfornance: Some Basic Features and Policy Implications," Development and Change, January, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 1-22. 40 Yeats, Alexander (1985), On the Appropriate Interpretation of the Revealed Comparative Advantage Index, Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, Band 121, Heft 1, pp. 61-73.. Yeats, Alexander (1990a), Explaining the Composition of Developing Countries Exports... A Comparison of Balassas Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices with Traditional Measures of Labor-Capital Intensity, Washington, World Bank Policy, Planning and External Affairs Working Paper No. 320. Yeats, Alexander (1990b), On the Accuracy of Economic Observations.. .Do Sub-Saharan Trade Statistics Mean Anything?, World Bank Economic Review, vol. 4, no.2, pp. 135-156. 41 Statistical Annex 1 Statistics on the Level, Composition and Trends in China's Exports 43 Table Al-1. THE DESTINATION OF PEOPLE'S REPUJBLIC OF CHINA'S TOTAL EXPORTS (1965 to 1987) Importer 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 (value of imports from China in US$ million) Hong Kong 406 1,374 4,401 5,806 7,537 15,048 Japan 224 1,533 4,323 5,087 6,483 7,386 United States -- 1:59 1,161 2,477 4,222 6,910 Germany, Fed. Rep. of 73 224 803 768 872 1,925 Singapore 73 288 623 827 2,260 1,416 France 44 173 468 432 499 1,101 Italy 38 129 437 415 589 1,025 United Kingdom 83 131 356 351 397 643 Canada 13 55 132 199 295 582 Thailand -- 17 417 265 224 504 Australia 26 86 239 226 286 501 Indonesia 99 203 197 204 249 408 Brazil -- 1 263 596 502 402 Malaysia 75 148 253 270 257 376 Netherlands 25 81 274 179 189 351 Poland -- - 129 154 192 347 Pakistan 18 53 168 147 144 232 Denmark 11 22 60 96 111 232 Source: Compiled from United Nations COMTRADE statistics using reported partner country data. 44 Table Al-2. THE DESTINATION OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA'S MANUFACTURES EXPORTS (1965 to 1987) Importer 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 (value of imports from China in US$ million) Hong Kong 179 527 2,536 3,767 5,394 12,224 United States -- 80 741 1,718 2,711 5,721 Japan 40 301 940 1,060 1,513 2,642 Germany, Fed. Rep. of 9 84 435 490 598 1,452 France 13 84 280 258 289 808 Italy 6 47 187 174 220 606 Canada 8 41 108 161 240 466 Australia 20 71 193 187 228 450 United Kingdom 22 62 193 200 220 439 Singapore 37 191 343 365 269 435 Thailand -- 8 110 131 72 263 Saudi Arabia -- 5 214 -- -- 256 Netherlands 8 36 115 113 118 245 Poland -- - 78 63 93 186 Sweden 10 28 71 53 69 179 Norway 2 6 21 23 26 160 Malaysia 34 47 139 139 112 157 Indonesia 98 35 144 134 76 148 Pakistan 16 45 129 115 117 146 Hungary 6 25 46 22 53 141 Source: Compiled from United Nations COMTRADE statistics using reported partner country data. 45 Table A1-3. THE DESTINATION OF PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHtNA'S FOOD EXPORTS (1965 to 1987) hmporter 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 (value of imports from China in US$ million) Hong Kong 206 681 1,177 1,343 1,231 1,548 Japan 135 292 560 715 1,121 1,461 United States -- 18 69 138 186 310 Singapore 33 84 175 234 189 232 Germany, Fed. Rep. of 19 66 181 139 128 208 France 4 49 95 95 88 185 Indonesia 1 166 40 44 117 159 Malaysia 38 94 90 115 127 151 Italy 10 25 37 30 56 121 Poland -- -- 38 74 64 115 United Kingdom 21 34 54 75 75 111 Denmark 2 5 10 42 33 99 Thailand -- 1 36 34 30 79 Canada 5 11 20 31 41 77 Pakistan -- 2 24 16 11 70 Netherlands 11 24 46 42 37 60 Morocco 11 22 29 26 49 55 Belgium 4 22 81 21 30 41 Australia 3 9 23 26 28 33 Source: Compiled from United Nations COMTRAJfE statistics using reported partner country data. 46 Table Al4. MAJOR THREE-DIGIT SITC MANUFACTURED PRODUCTS EXPORTED BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 SITC Description value of exports in US $ million 841 Clothing, except fur 45 199 1,461 2,512 3,512 7,559 894 Toys, Games and Sporting Goods 6 26 87 135 643 2,014 653 Textile Fabrics, Woven not Cotton 38 109 453 681 865 1,633 652 Cotton Fabrics, Woven 114 245 632 722 938 1,618 651 Textile Yarn and Thread 18 83 261 479 728 1,452 724 Telecommunications Apparatus 1 4 40 107 252 1,280 831 Travel Goods 1 12 75 171 445 1,164 899 Manufactures, nes 19 111 382 454 521 1,049 656 Made-up Textile Articles 34 141 474 487 503 901 851 Footwear 9 36 176 241 305 708 512 Organic Chemicals 7 50 272 294 316 496 657 Floor Coverings 7 49 255 228 264 429 864 Watches and Clocks 2 11 72 118 182 421 541 Medicinal Products 5 44 170 203 236 345 725 Domestic Electrical Equipment 1 2 24 34 68 330 722 Electric Power Machinery 1 15 45 72 97 288 666 Pottery 12 53 119 144 138 287 513 Inorganic Chemicals, Elements & Oxides 6 17 56 105 138 261 514 Other Inorganic Chemicals 8 19 120 111 139 246 719 Machinery and Appliances 1 9 66 100 98 237 All Above Items 335 1,235 5,240 7,398 10,388 22,718 ALL MANUTFACTURES 554 1,896 7,712 9,899 13,022 28,420 Source: Compiled from United Nations COMTRADE statistics using reported partner country data. 47 Tabe Al-5. MAJOR THREE-DIGIT FOOD PRODU(CS EXPORTED BY THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA 1965 1975 1980 1983 1985 1987 SITC Description value of exports in US $ mlllion 031 Fresh Fish 43 147 342 271 341 863 221 Oi1 Seeds and Nuts 87 133 163 331 395 534 055 Preserved Vegetables 12 86 243 329 324 521 081 Animal Feeds 6 29 75 236 210 494 054 Fresh Vegetables 39 93 303 270 266 475 001 Live Animals 69 210 314 297 286 285 074 Tea and Mate 26 67 190 199 285 283 051 Fresh Fruit and Nuts 27 89 169 184 186 263 011 Fresh or Frozen Meat 14 124 245 278 195 219 044 Maize, Ummilled 17 17 16 8 383 172 061 Sugar and Honey 25 48 175 68 48 143 053 Preserved Fruit 8 31 69 87 72 129 075 Spices 5 27 54 114 130 117 099 Food Preparations, nes 3 19 36 58 68 87 111 Non-alcoholic Beverages -- 1 19 41 42 82 013 Preserved Meat 10 34 75 100 71 81 025 Eggs 25 58 81 72 59 81 042 Rice 60 308 116 74 86 57 421 Fixed Vegetable Oils 8 22 27 62 70 55 112 Alcoholic Beverages 6 20 31 30 37 50 All Above Items 490 1,563 2,743 3,109 3,554 4,991 ALL FOODS 527 1,738 2,974 3,364 3,821 5,390 Source: Compiled from United Nations COMTRAI2E statistics using reported partner country data. 49 Statistical Annex 2 Industry Level Revealed Comparative Advantage Indices for the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, Republic of Korea Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and ITaiwan (China); 1970-72 to 1986-87* Several points relating to the data reported in Tables A2-1 through A2-10 should be noted. First, the trade data and RCA indices are based on two and three year averages. This was done to smooth out any irregular results that might occur for a given year. Second, the definition of manufactures employed in these tables is somewhat broader than that normally employed by the World Bank (SITC 5 through 8 less 68) in that it also includes products like processed foods and refined petroluem. Third, some developing countries may not report trade for all three- and four-digit SITC products. So, the coverage of importers may not be as broad for some products as suggested in the notes to Table 1. TABLE A2-1. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR CHINA (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 85,244 171,493 336,099 308,685 0.08253 0.05502 0.02243 0.01151 3.36 2.89 1.59 0.82 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 1,001 1,174 4,792 11,140 0.00097 0.00038 0.00032 0.00042 0.10 0.04 0.04 0.05 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 4,657 14,714 29,553 62,782 0.00451 0.00472 0.00197 0.00234 1.57 1.90 0.88 0.94 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 45,487 194,507 65,509 47,347 0.04404 0.06240 0.00437 0.00177 36.33 30.30 4.05 2.25 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 145 612 1,376 2,419 0.00014 0.00020 0.00009 0.00009 0.25 0.26 0.17 0.20 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 665 1,880 5,535 7,844 0.00064 0.00060 0.00037 0.00029 3.39 2.73 1.99 2.13 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 7,891 22,309 41,686 44,719 0.00764 0.00716 0.00278 0.00167 3.05 2.63 1.09 0.62 052 DRIED FRUIT 6,357 15,456 26,635 34,352 0.00616 0.00496 0.00178 0.00128 6.33 5.59 2.57 1.98 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 15,122 35,761 84,464 109,184 0.01464 0.01147 0.00564 0.00407 3.13 2.88 1.40 1.07 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 30,600 98,089 330,092 450,368 0.02963 0.03147 0.02203 0.01679 8.62 9.28 8.35 6.90 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 20,036 46,007 60,681 127,808 0.01940 0.01476 0.00405 0.00476 1.56 1.11 0.78 1.16 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 1 5 29 193 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 414 6,840 20,651 21,011 0.00040 0.00219 0.00138 0.00078 0.16 0.66 0.47 0.27 074 TEA AND MATE 29,401 75,296 248,573 299,297 0.02847 0.02416 0.01659 0.01116 11.31 12.28 10.97 10.59 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 8,544 29,819 240,429 457,646 0.00827 0.00957 0.01604 0.01706 0.79 0.98 1.92 2.44 091 MARGAR!NE,SHORTENING 411 418 103 179 0.00040 0.00013 0.00001 0.00001 0.68 0.22 0.02 0.03 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 5,061 17,615 65,439 80,934 0.00490 0.00565 0.00437 0.00302 3.04 3.15 2.01 1.13 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 575 1,376 40,636 64,030 0.00056 0.00044 0.00271 0.00239 2.18 1.16 4.60 3.61 xn 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 10,129 21,951 33,473 48,496 0.00981 0.00704 0.00223 0.00181 0.94 0.87 0.31 0.25 -' 22 TOBACCO MFRS 219 660 2,812 19,432 0.00021 0.00021 0.00019 0.00072 0.13 0.12 0.08 0.31 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 247 41 1,073 9,114 0.00024 0.00001 0.00007 0.00034 5.62 0.40 3.78 15.58 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 7 18 2,213 794 0.00001 0.00001 0.00015 0.00003 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.01 243 WOOD SHAPED 677 3,342 9,942 20,356 0.00066 0.00107 0.00066 0.00076 0.05 0.09 0.07 0.09 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 31 202 658 2,693 0.00003 0.00006 0.00004 0.00010 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 39 1,095 2,190 2,538 0.00004 0.00035 0.00015 0.00009 0.03 0.30 0.16 0.12 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 20 39 2,764 3,588 0.00002 0.00001 0.00018 0.00013 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.06 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 5,798 105,424 1,516,714 846,388 0.00561 0.03382 0.10121 0.03155 0.17 0.62 1.42 0.82 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 12 51 241 141 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 16,771 29,997 100,247 97,182 0.01624 0.00962 0.00669 0.00362 2.40 1.45 1.23 1.02 431 PROCESO ANML VEG OIL,ETC 736 1,443 2,380 2,760 0.00071 0.00046 0.00016 0.00010 0.71 0.45 0.12 0.12 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 11,901 49,367 305,676 456,095 0.01152 0.01584 0.02040 0.01700 0.54 0.59 0.68 0.60 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 4,972 13,728 116,143 217,475 0.00481 0.00440 0.00775 0.00811 0.64 0.57 1.01 1.30 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 9,172 20,132 125,871 208,753 0.00888 0.00646 0.00840 0.00778 2.20 1.61 2.31 2.20 TABLE A2-1. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR CHINA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 46 138 16,072 44,421 0.00004 0.00004 0.00107 0.00166 0.03 0.01 0.23 0.43 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 4 559 20,469 23,215 0.00000 0.00018 0.00137 0.00087 0.01 0.22 1.12 0.83 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 3,097 15,106 39,567 89,004 0.00300 0.00485 0.00264 0.00332 0.79 1.51 1.10 1.16 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 93 947 1,341 1,840 0.00009 0.00030 0.00009 0.00007 0.27 1.14 0.36 0.27 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 3,642 11,009 24,130 51,376 0.00353 0.00353 0.00161 0.00192 1.14 1.12 0.48 0.48 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 12,243 45,909 214,061 312,825 0.01185 0.01473 0.01428 0.01166 1.02 1.33 1.23 0.89 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 10,022 25,724 71,132 84,835 0.00970 0.00825 0.00475 0.00316 5.34 5.40 3.77 2.39 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 1,882 5,005 12,174 19,331 0.00182 0.00161 0.00081 0.00072 1.26 0.93 0.36 0.26 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 3,093 11,731 18,280 17,413 0.00299 0.00376 0.00122 0.00065 1.47 1.73 0.58 0.30 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 189 488 2,783 8,909 0.00018 0.00016 0.00019 0.00033 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.07 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 5,086 29,009 129,551 172,807 0.00492 0.00931 0.00864 0.00644 7.69 15.86 14.81 10.45 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 467 2,414 42,801 79,247 0.00045 0.00077 0.00286 0.00295 0.02 0.04 0.12 0.12 599 CHEMICALS NES 34,438 65,813 118,470 175,736 0.03818 0.02111 0.00791 0.00655 3.30 1.79 0.65 0.52 611 LEATHER 4,728 12,969 23,599 40,309 0.00458 0.00416 0.00157 0.00150 1.26 1.26 0.50 0.44 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 98 255 6,711 16,659 0.00009 0.00008 0.00045 0.00062 0.15 0.12 0.51 0.63 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 12,599 49,467 39,598 44,229 0.01220 0.01587 0.00264 0.00165 11.21 15.25 3.03 1.80 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 410 1,003 4,921 5,912 0.00040 0.00032 0.00033 0.00022 0.28 0.23 0.25 0.16 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 2,335 5,519 29,715 45,535 0.00226 0.00177 0.00198 0.00170 0.30 0.21 0.26 0.21 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 3,032 5,735 5,299 10,639 0.00294 0.00184 0.00035 0.00040 0.47 0.33 0.08 0.09 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 3,624 10,548 39,213 70,463 0.00351 0.00338 0.00262 0.00263 1.51 1.23 1.11 1.06 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 142 460 2,451 3,552 0.00014 0.00015 0.00016 0.00013 0.45 0.53 0.75 0.58 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 19,993 38,784 85,855 133,386 0.01936 0.01244 0.00573 0.00497 0.93 0.66 0.32 0.26 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 5,078 14,283 73,591 98,093 0.00492 0.00458 0.00491 0.00366 1.39 1.20 1.15 0.76 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 29,761 89,393 656,302 1,239,878 0.02881 0.02868 0.04379 0.04622 1.96 2.52 4.49 4.53 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 110,515 264,332 891,584 1,413,479 0.10700 0.08480 0.05950 0.05270 14.76 12.25 10.46 8.76 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 45,209 122,913 791,926 1,415,111 0.04377 0.03943 0.05284 0.05276 2.40 2.91 4.90 4.46 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 1,668 5,786 35,214 60,697 0.00162 0.00186 0.00235 0.00226 1.30 1.97 2.82 2.50 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 5,813 16,378 52,653 67,450 0.00563 0.00525 0.00351 0.00251 1.16 1.27 0.95 0.64 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 49,956 168,734 499,882 795,840 0.04837 0.05413 0.03336 0.02967 17.14 17.94 11.84 9.94 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 18,246 68,131 252,485 377,691 0.01767 0.02186 0.01685 0.01408 3.76 4.97 5.31 4.12 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 10,109 28,769 24,013 36,247 0.00979 0.00923 0.00160 0.00135 3.86 3.10 0.49 0.45 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 4,833 8,216 16,951 15,371 0.00468 0.00264 0.00113 0.00057 1.49 0.81 0.43 0.22 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 2,221 6,642 18,066 23,546 0.00215 0.00213 0.00121 0.00088 0.73 0.73 0.38 0.29 TABLE A2-1. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR CHINA (Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(SOO) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/ComnoditY 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 2,315 4,738 7,894 20,418 0.00224 0.00152 0.00053 0.00076 0.57 0.48 0.17 0.22 665 GLASSWARE 5,089 9,498 29,951 36,946 0.00493 0.0030 0.00200 0.00138 1.81 1.18 0.82 0.55 666 POTTERY 20,588 54,925 142,412 241,578 0.01993 0.01762 0.00950 0.00901 9.87 8.77 4.75 4.34 671 PIG IRON ETC 787 7,395 14,937 114,642 0.00076 0.00237 0.00100 0.00427 0.16 0.47 0.31 1.59 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 1,776 5,350 1,431 1,241 0.00172 0.00172 0.00010 0.00005 0.24 0.27 0.02 0.01 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 10,516 14,544 53,613 44,918 0.01018 0.00467 0.00358 0.00167 0.72 0.39 0.43 0.23 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 307 714 4,247 5,057 0.00030 0.00023 0.00028 0.00019 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 22 212 1,091 2,717 0.00002 0.00007 0.00007 0.00010 0.01 0.03 0.04 0.06 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 16 2 320 1,708 0.00002 0.00000 0.00002 0.00006 0.03 0.00 0.05 0.21 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 4,682 6,807 20,000 30,069 0.00453 0.00218 0.00133 0.00112 2.16 1.15 0.98 0.86 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 1,858 3,693 20,483 32,567 0.00180 0.00118 0.00137 0.00121 0.21 0.12 0.18 0.21 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 72 106 1,920 2,247 0.00007 0.00003 0.00013 0.00008 0.10 0.05 0.29 0.19 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 1 3 11,567 14,195 0.00000 0.00000 0.00077 0.00053 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.15 682 COPPER 451 1,646 16,701 40,164 0.00044 0.00053 0.00111 0.00150 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.21 683 NICKEL 3 10 165 27,329 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00102 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.81 684 ALUMINIUM 808 1,176 18,427 55,597 0.00078 0.00038 0.00123 0.00207 0.08 0.04 0.11 0.19 685 LEAD 4 78 739 7,617 0.00000 0.00003 0.00005 0.00028 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.54 686 ZINC 153 4,613 2,216 53,984 0.00015 0.00148 0.00015 0.00201 0.07 0.67 0.10 1.82 687 TIN 19,350 50,844 88,738 81,093 0.01873 0.01631 0.00592 0.00302 7.35 7.38 3.89 4.12 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 41 0 55 24 0.00004 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 10.13 0.00 0.77 0.36 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 2,472 9,076 43,169 82,009 0.00239 0.00291 0.00288 0.00306 1.20 1.77 1.90 2.29 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 442 1,683 5,014 7,452 0.00043 0.00054 0.00033 0.00028 0.12 0.12 0.09 0.09 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 44 221 3,572 3,567 0.00004 0.00007 0.00024 0.00013 0.03 0.04 0.15 0.09 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 961 2,919 12,548 23,318 0.00093 0.00094 0.00084 0.00087 0.47 0.50 0.59 0.64 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 3,600 9,469 96,630 128,340 0.00349 0.00304 0.00645 0.00478 1.12 0.95 2.26 1.67 695 TOOLS 5,033 18,882 110,319 168,411 0.00487 0.00606 0.00736 0.00628 0.96 1.23 1.65 1.37 696 CUTLERY 2,891 8,582 35,424 58,629 0.00280 0.00275 0.00236 0.00219 1.82 2.12 2.16 1.99 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 3,559 11,529 75,459 99,641 0.00345 0.00370 0.00504 0.00371 1.47 1.53 2.10 1.64 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 7,100 22,649 121,036 206,653 0.00687 0.00727 0.00808 0.00770 0.80 0.86 1.01 0.91 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 1,752 10,377 29,755 41,448 0.00170 0.00333 0.00199 0.00155 0.07 0.15 0.09 0.07 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 165 1,205 7,651 10,801 0.00016 0.00039 0.00051 0.00040 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.07 714 OFFICE MACHINES 488 1,331 30,315 125,427 0.00047 0.00043 0.00202 0.00468 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.11 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 3,128 13,664 26,943 51,443 0.00303 0.00438 0.00180 0.00192 0.29 0.53 0.29 0.26 TABLE A2-1. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR CHINA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 6,372 25,888 25,716 54,366 0.00617 0.00831 0.00172 0.00203 0.49 0.96 0.30 0.29 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 1,090 5,705 21,447 33,537 0.00106 0.00183 0.00143 0.00125 0.06 0.10 0.10 0.08 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 3,509 12,349 99,091 179,470 0.00340 0.00396 0.00661 0.00669 0.06 0.07 0.13 0.12 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 2,792 15,904 86,375 217,847 0.00270 0.00510 0.00576 0.00812 0.16 0.28 0.29 0.39 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 255 2,791 15,977 34,489 0.00025 0.00090 0.00107 0.00129 0.07 0.26 0.25 0.28 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 1,044 6,204 185,065 915,619 0.00101 0.00199 0.01235 0.03414 0.05 0.08 0.49 1.27 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 1,204 2,527 55,158 231,724 0.00117 0.00081 0.00368 0.00864 0.17 0.11 0.52 1.09 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 137 323 2,011 4,019 0.00013 0.00010 0.00013 0.00015 0.09 0.05 0.06 0.05 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 6,096 19,046 76,357 170,644 0.00590 0.00611 0.00510 0.00636 0.22 0.20 0.12 0.14 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 24 92 7,431 4,467 0.00002 0.00003 0.00050 0.00017 0.01 0.01 0.28 0.11 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 261 2,148 12,422 26,713 0.00025 0.00069 0.00083 0.00100 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 4,346 7,691 34,612 59,564 0.00421 0.00247 0.00231 0.00222 1.31 0.73 0.75 0.68 734 AIRCRAFT 53 3,544 4,787 8,476 0.00005 0.00114 0.00032 0.00032 0.00 0.11 0.02 0.02 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 179 187 57,274 81,901 0.00017 0.00006 0.00382 0.00305 0.02 0.00 0.41 0.56 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 4,990 14,274 36,527 63,915 0.00483 0.00458 0.00244 0.00238 1.40 1.51 0.91 0.75 821 FURNITURE 9,746 34,821 160,449 230,505 0.00944 0.01117 0.01071 0.00859 1.40 1.33 1.15 0.77 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 4,670 15,696 309,917 921,193 0.00452 0.00504 0.02068 0.03434 2.61 2.23 7.05 9.84 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 73,508 264,268 3,074,411 6,582,085 0.07117 0.08478 0.20515 0.24539 2.42 2.59 5.74 5.71 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 1,266 15,483 43,740 86,375 0.00123 0.00497 0.00292 0.00322 1.96 4.97 2.89 2.83 851 FOOTWEAR 11,358 41,825 277,883 564,332 0.01100 0.01342 0.01854 0.02104 1.23 1.45 1.71 1.78 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 1,916 7,732 35,781 119,852 0.00186 0.00248 0.00239 0.00447 0.12 0.15 0.13 0.22 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 453 717 11,655 12,143 0.00044 0.00023 0.00078 0.00045 0.10 0.05 0.15 0.08 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 5,246 12,264 145,994 367,141 0.00508 0.00393 0.00974 0.01369 1.11 0.72 1.96 2.70 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 3,113 7,028 51,833 176,011 0.00301 0.00225 0.00346 0.00656 0.34 0.26 0.24 0.39 892 PRINTED MATTER 490 1,844 9,295 19,000 0.00047 0.00059 0.00062 0.00071 0.06 0.08 0.09 0.10 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 1,167 3,417 67,262 215,386 0.00113 0.00110 0.00449 0.00803 0.20 0.17 0.62 0.92 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 11,369 30,138 374,900 1,527,257 0.01101 0.00967 0.02502 0.05694 1.50 1.45 3.19 6.20 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 6,096 12,788 32,649 49,984 0.00590 0.00410 0.00218 0.00186 4.65 3.47 1.61 1.24 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 3,922 13,531 52,501 114,801 0.00380 0.00434 0.00350 0.00428 1.78 1.60 0.81 0.92 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 33,692 145,901 497,034 867,961 0.03262 0.04681 0.03317 0.03236 6.26 10.61 8.06 7.26 Source: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-2. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR TAIWAN (CHINA) (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Cnodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 8,923 55,655 195,460 575,62 0.00504 0.00844 0.00721 0.01280 0.21 0.44 0.51 0.91 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 138 58 391 1,362 0.00008 0.00001 0.00001 0.00003 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 4,677 50,243 177,485 306,394 0.00264 0.00762 0.00655 0.00682 0.92 3.07 2.94 2.73 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 1,184 25,583 51,817 1,659 0.00067 0.00388 0.00191 0.00004 0.55 1.88 1.77 0.05 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 92 3 60 126 0.00005 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.01 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 533 112 1,118 139 0.00030 0.00002 0.00004 0.00000 1.59 0.08 0.22 0.02 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 799 4,710 19,162 24,469 0.00045 0.00071 0.00071 0.00054 0.18 0.26 0.28 0.20 052 DRIED FRUIT 761 1,227 3,567 3,388 0.00043 0.00019 0.00013 0.00008 0.44 0.21 0.19 0.12 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 32,667 57,014 84,138 85,492 0.01847 0.00864 0.00311 0.00190 3.94 2.17 0.77 0.50 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 109,513 251,494 317,991 332,738 0.06191 0.03812 0.01174 0.00740 18.02 11.24 4.45 3.04 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 61,455 214,071 43,187 29,231 0.03474 0.03245 0.00159 0.00065 2.79 2.44 0.31 0.16 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 0 14 81 381 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 072-073 COCOA PRO. & CHOCOLATE 117 278 1,351 3,415 0.00007 0.00004 0.00005 0.00008 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.03 074 TEA AND MATE 14,538 22,112 25,480 34,772 0.00822 0.00335 0.00094 0.00077 3.27 1.70 0.62 0.73 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 1,429 3,822 22,111 37,469 0.00081 0.00058 0.00082 0.00083 0.08 0.06 0.10 0.12 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 2 44 232 149 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 2,292 7,744 36,434 49,497 0.00130 0.00117 0.00134 0.00110 0.80 0.65 0.62 0.41 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 52 191 3,524 7,366 0.00003 0.00003 0.00013 0.00016 0.11 0.08 0.22 0.25 1i2 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 402 1,140 3,938 4,905 0.00023 0.00017 0.00015 0.00011 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 122 TOBACCO MFRS 314 385 437 452 0.00018 0.00006 0.00002 0.00001 0.11 0.03 0.01 0.00 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 87 19 43 1 0.00005 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.15 0.09 0.08 0.00 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 7 373 29,538 41,770 0.00000 0.00006 0.00109 0.00093 0.00 0.02 0.50 0.46 243 WOOD SHAPED 24,121 44,689 46,154 75,607 0.01364 0.00677 0.00170 0.00168 0.95 0.57 0.18 0.19 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 6,393 8,352 14,837 24,849 0.00361 0.00127 0.00055 0.00055 0.32 0.12 0.07 0.07 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 4,622 5,394 19,985 29,744 0.00261 0.00082 0.00074 0.00066 1.96 0.71 0.81 0.84 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 805 13,624 97,003 146,343 0.00046 0.00207 0.00358 0.00326 0.11 0.66 1.46 1.40 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 8,098 49,649 209,363 160,022 0.00458 0.00753 0.00773 0.00356 0.14 0.14 0.11 0.09 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 67 1,032 1,351 1,405 0.00004 0.00016 0.00005 0.00003 0.02 0.09 0.05 0.05 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 105 3,566 3,295 2,487 0.00006 0.00054 0.00012 0.00006 0.01 0.08 0.02 0.02 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 276 247 1,579 2,060 0.00016 0.00004 0.00006 0.00005 0.16 0.04 0.04 0.05 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 6,470 36,636 137,931 222,550 0.00366 0.00555 0.00509 0.00495 0.17 0.21 0.17 0.18 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 1,088 7,892 19,874 39,182 0.00062 0.00120 0.00073 0.00087 0.08 0.15 0.10 0.14 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 2,007 10,337 37,407 49,253 0.00113 0.00157 0.00138 0.00110 0.28 0.39 0.38 0.31 TABLE A2-2. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR TAIWAN (CHINA) [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 4 13 58 1,630 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00004 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS ill 1,029 10,515 3,963 0.00006 0.00016 0.00039 0.00009 0.12 0.19 0.32 0.08 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 255 3,677 19,235 43,171 0.00014 0.00056 0.00071 0.00096 0.04 0.17 0.30 0.34 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 12 75 594 1,170 0.00001 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.02 0.04 0.09 0.10 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 380 1,937 17,814 32,139 0.00021 0.00029 0.00066 0.00071 0.07 0.09 0.20 0.18 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 2,915 17,938 30,765 36,838 0.00165 0.00272 0.00114 0.00082 0.14 0.25 0.10 0.06 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 4,453 4,899 3,472 3,875 0.00252 0.00074 0.00013 0.00009 1.39 0.49 0.10 0.07 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 1,230 4,192 17,865 60,989 0.00070 0.00064 0.00066 0.00136 0.48 0.37 0.29 0.49 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 573 2,535 8,901 15,365 0.00032 0.00038 0.00033 0.00034 0.16 0.18 0.16 0.16 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 869 4,085 4,250 6,402 0.00049 0.00062 0.00016 0.00014 0.09 0.09 0.03 0.03 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 2,904 6,264 9,186 8,981 0.00164 0.00095 0.00034 0.00020 2.56 1.62 0.58 0.32 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 18,322 72,248 386,250 643,396 0.01036 0.01095 0.01426 0.01431 0.55 0.51 0.62 0.57 599 CHEMICALS NES 1.036 7,224 36,479 58,449 0.00059 0.00110 0.00135 0.00130 0.05 0.09 0.11 0.10 611 LEATHER 298 5,326 54,517 125,719 0.00017 0.00081 0.00201 0.00280 0.05 0.24 0.64 0.82 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 973 8,503 84,938 133,831 0.00055 0.00129 0.00314 0.00298 0.85 1.95 3.58 3.01 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 57 131 223 751 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00002 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 390 2,234 11,598 15,594 0.00022 0.00034 0.00043 0.00035 0.15 0.24 0.32 0.25 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 4,793 41,841 248,620 381,290 0.00271 0.00634 0.00918 0.00848 0.37 0.75 1.21 1.05 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 96,876 166,124 280,205 271,446 0.05477 0.02518 0.01034 0.00604 8.83 4.50 2.43 1.37 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 27,881 138,514 406,077 574,889 0.01576 0.02100 0.01499 0.01279 6.78 7.65 6.34 5.18 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 27 46 392 1,025 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00002 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.10 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 4,618 25,224 59,858 91,483 0.00261 0.00382 0.00221 0.00203 0.13 0.20 0.12 0.11 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 1,469 10,818 53,054 123,468 0.00083 0.00164 0.00196 0.00275 0.24 0.43 0.46 0.57 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 59,368 248,747 518,441 730,872 0.03356 0.03770 0.01914 0.01626 2.28 3.32 1.96 1.59 k 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 66,557 154,082 232,756 331,365 0.03763 0.02335 0.00859 0.00737 5.19 3.37 1.51 1.23 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 62,404 237,705 678,060 1,388,691 0.03528 0.03603 0.02503 0.03089 1.94 2.66 2.32 2.61 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 2,134 7,439 39,228 83,338 0.00121 0.00113 0.00145 0.00185 0.97 1.20 1.73 2.05 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 10,788 48,146 169,681 324,576 0.00610 0.00730 0.00626 0.00722 1.26 1.76 1.70 1.83 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 7,934 43,121 192,385 325,309 0.00449 0.00654 0.00710 0.00724 1.59 2.17 2.52 2.42 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 3,525 13,551 48,475 84,199 0.00199 0.00205 0.00179 0.00187 0.42 0.47 0.56 0.55 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 7,534 25,981 140,227 134,632 0.00426 0.00394 0.00518 0.00299 1.68 1.32 1.57 1.00 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 985 3,174 18,961 27,523 0.00056 0.00048 0.00070 0.00061 0.18 0.15 0.27 0.23 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 942 4,960 16,363 33,727 0.00053 0.00075 0.00060 0.00075 0.18 0.26 0.19 0.25 TABLE A2-2. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR TAIWAN (CHINA) (Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($00Q) Share of Manufactured Exnorts Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 6,375 16,297 71,942 102,993 0.00360 0.00247 0.00266 0.00229 0.92 0.78 0.84 0.65 665 GLASSWARE 3,089 19,599 64,542 114,723 0.00175 0.00297 0.00238 0.00255 0.64 1.15 0.98 1.02 666 POTTERY 1,596 32,064 281,694 499,156 0.00090 0.00486 0.01040 0.01110 0.45 2.42 5.19 5.35 671 PIG IRON ETC 1,784 19,160 3,894 4,919 0.00101 0.00290 0.00014 0.00011 0.21 0.58 0.05 0.04 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 1,545 3,240 95,139 78,151 0.00087 0.00049 0.00351 0.00174 0.12 0.08 0.66 0.33 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 19,932 22,662 111,029 103,299 0.01127 0.00343 0.00410 0.00230 0.80 0.29 0.49 0.32 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 3,099 4,450 157,444 135,871 0.00175 0.00067 0.00581 0.00302 0.08 0.03 0.42 0.24 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 104 840 1,867 3,847 0.00006 0.00013 0.00007 0.00009 0.02 0.05 0.04 0.05 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 82 2,008 475 276 0.00005 0.00030 0.00002 0.00001 0.08 0.44 0.04 0.02 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL U ROD 1,511 2,312 7,345 17,352 0.00085 0.00035 0.00027 0.00039 0.41 0.18 0.20 0.30 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 10,327 26,793 103,266 142,804 0.00584 0.00406 0.00381 0.00318 0.67 0.39 0.51 0.55 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 273 1,302 2,904 2,590 0.00015 0.00020 0.00011 0.00006 0.21 0.30 0.24 0.13 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 2 66 1,516 15,774 0.00000 0.00001 0.00006 0.00035 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.10 682 COPPER 5,092 7,193 68,263 126,497 0.00288 0.00109 0.00252 0.00281 0.13 0.09 0.31 0.39 683 NICKEL 76 98 744 3,044 0.00004 0.00001 0.00003 0.00007 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.05 684 ALUMINIUM 3,329 7,602 57,530 79,294 0.00188 0.00115 0.00212 0.00176 0.19 0.13 0.19 0.16 685 LEAD 21 730 8,255 10,151 0.00001 0.00011 0.00030 0.00023 0.01 0.09 0.44 0.43 686 ZINC 76 231 508 5,350 0.00004 0.00004 0.00002 0.00012 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.11 687 TTIN 475 1.961 2,104 2,444 0.00027 0.00030 0.00008 0.00005 0.11 0.13 0.05 0.07 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 3 0 4 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.39 0.00 0.03 0=0o 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 107 246 4,388 6,494 0.00006 0.00004 0.00016 0.00014 0.03 0.02 0.11 0.11 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 396 1,489 16,893 26,865 0.00022 0.00023 0.00062 0.00060 0.07 0.05 0.16 0.19 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 478 2,880 7,939 11,444 0.00027 0.00044 0.00029 0.00025 0.17 0.24 0.19 0.17 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 3,212 7,377 13,955 26,154 0.00182 0.00112 0.00052 0.00058 0.92 0.60 0.36 0.43 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 1,740 24,923 188,955 374,329 0.00098 0.00378 0.00697 0.00833 0.32 1.18 2.45 2.91 .n 695 TOOLS 4,181 37,914 328,933 507,719 0.00236 0.00575 0.01214 0.01129 0.47 1.17 2.72 2.46 4 696 CUTLERY 7,049 18,735 83,345 153,308 0.00399 0.00284 0.00308 0.00341 2.59 2.18 2.81 3.11 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 11,821 65,821 328,521 466,876 0.00668 0.00998 0.01213 0.01038 2.86 4.12 5.07 4.60 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 6,861 45,602 453,233 802,530 0.00388 0.00691 0.01673 0.01785 0.45 0.82 2.08 2.11 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 1,492 13,389 48,646 77,638 0.00084 0.00203 0.00180 0.00173 0.04 0.09 0.08 0.07 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 571 1,570 11,385 20,210 0.00032 0.00024 0.00042 0.00045 0.04 0.02 0.06 0.08 714 OFFICE MACHINES 11,277 62,031 1,075,822 3,095,948 0.00638 0.00940 0.03971 0.06886 0.30 0.50 1.09 1.61 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 4,513 36,733 209,683 328,046 0.00255 0.00557 0.00774 0.00730 0.24 0.67 1.25 0.99 TABLE A2-2. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR TAIWAN (CHINA) [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITCICommodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 12,226 48,489 221,945 389,068 0.00691 0.00735 0.00819 0.00865 0.55 0.85 1.41 1.24 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 2,907 12,491 55,441 81,601 0.00164 0.00189 0.00205 0.00182 0.10 0.11 0.14 0.12 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 9,998 73,954 826,341 1,449,877 0.00565 0.01121 0.03050 0.03225 0.10 0.20 0.60 0.59 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 17,852 70,997 712,769 1,277,830 0.01009 0.01076 0.02631 0.02842 0.61 0.59 1.34 1.37 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 19,979 46,841 310,628 521,578 0.01129 0.00710 0.01147 0.01160 3.31 2.02 2.64 2.55 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 199,684 644,541 2,157,077 3,033,958 0.11289 0.09770 0.07962 0.06748 5.31 4.07 3.13 2.51 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 3,125 18,559 269,271 430,163 0.00177 0.00281 0.00994 0.00957 0.26 0.38 1.39 1.21 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 114 40 1,320 3,876 0.00006 0.00001 0.00005 0.00009 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.03 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 64,290 312,624 1,334,961 2,293,001 0.03635 0.04739 0.04927 0.05100 1.35 1.58 1.15 1.13 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 1,734 503 947 3,087 0.00098 0.00008 0.00003 0.00007 0.46 0.03 0.02 0.04 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 8,767 22,971 171,761 370,326 0.00496 0.00348 0.00634 0.00824 0.05 0.03 0.06 0.07 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 10,827 47,481 409,675 731,149 0.00612 0.00720 0.01512 0.01626 1.90 2.12 4.90 5.01 734 AIRCRAFT 572 507 5,706 6,647 0.00032 0.00008 0.00021 0.00015 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 4,399 32,125 157,550 232,351 0.00249 0.00487 0.00582 0.00517 0.22 0.33 0.62 0.94 812 PLUHBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 2,359 13,487 208,273 484,849 0.00133 0.00204 0.00769 0.01078 0.39 0.67 2.88 3.40 821 FURNITURE 14,073 92,475 884,048 1,690,191 0.00796 0.01402 0.03263 0.03759 1.18 1.67 3.49 3.38 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 15,086 133,845 832,873 1,108,231 0.00853 0.02029 0.03074 0.02465 4.93 9.00 10.48 7.06 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 341,838 1,048,369 3,334,244 4,785,129 0.19325 0.15891 0.12307 0.10644 6.57 4.86 3.45 2.48 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 107 338 5,074 11,667 0.00006 0.00005 0.00019 0.00026 0.10 0.05 0.19 0.23 851 FOOTWEAR 100,100 491,810 2,181,195 3,400,438 0.05659 0.07455 0.08051 0.07564 6.33 8.06 7.43 6.41 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 4,773 60,948 371,348 651,323 0.00270 0.00924 0.01371 0.01449 0.17 0.57 0.72 0.71 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 138 634 6,849 9,053 0.00008 0.00010 0.00025 0.00020 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.04 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 6,821 113,008 184,673 221,584 0.00386 0.01713 0.00682 0.00493 0.85 3.15 1.37 0.97 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 13,716 100,185 341,362 808,867 0.00775 0.01519 0.01260 0.01799 0.87 1.78 0.86 1.06 X-" 892 PRINTED MATTER 1,452 6,083 34,262 55,810 0.00082 0.00092 0.00126 0.00124 0.10 0.13 0.19 0.18 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 35,794 140,007 597,373 1,215,112 0.02024 0.02122 0.02205 0.02703 3.67 3.35 3.05 3.10 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 45,744 229,736 1,536,553 2,741,792 0.02586 0.03482 0.05671 0.06099 3.52 5.23 7.23 6.65 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 2,289 7,258 55,841 94,878 0.00129 0.00110 0.00206 0.00211 1.02 0.93 1.52 1.41 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 2,230 22,187 146,195 239,762 0.00126 0.00336 0.00540 0.00533 0.59 1.24 1.25 1.15 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 26,733 28,108 519,578 874,437 0.01511 0.01942 0.01918 0.01945 2.90 4.40 4.66 4.36 Sources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-3. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR HONG KONG (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average VaLue of Exports(SOOO) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SlTC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 460 1,672 3,395 5,251 0.00020 0.00028 0.00021 0.00025 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 163 547 184 446 0.00007 0.00009 0.00001 0.00002 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 2,987 7,325 12,723 14,816 0.00131 0.00123 0.00079 0.00069 0.46 0.50 0.35 0.28 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 53 18,577 16,069 517 0.00002 0.00312 0.00100 0.00002 0.02 1.51 0.92 0.03 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 524 1,188 547 787 0.00023 0.00020 0.00003 0.00004 0.41 0.26 0.06 0.08 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 214 257 443 476 0.00009 0.00004 0.00003 0.00002 0.49 0.20 0.15 0.16 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 2,034 4,468 13,355 16,739 0.00089 0.00075 0.00083 0.00078 0.36 0.28 0.32 0.29 052 DRIED FRUIT 398 667 1,695 2,994 0.00017 0.00011 0.00011 0.00014 0.18 0.13 0.15 0.22 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 2,696 6,504 10,596 12,703 0.00119 0.00109 0.00066 0.00059 0.25 0.27 0.16 0.16 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 2,489 8,055 36,185 40,569 0.00109 0.00135 0.00224 0.00190 0.32 0.40 0.85 0.78 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 1,964 4,163 6,681 7,587 0.00086 0.00070 0.00041 0.00036 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.09 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 3 191 139 104 0.00000 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.01 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 16 183 478 618 0.00001 0.00003 0.00003 0.00003 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 074 TEA AND MATE 2,403 1,666 6,239 5,783 0.00106 0.00028 0.00039 0.00027 0.42 0.14 0.26 0.26 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 624 1,620 5,276 5,170 0.00027 0.00027 0.00033 0.00024 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.03 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 1,192 1,151 645 709 0.00052 0.00019 0.00004 0.00003 0.90 0.31 0.10 0.14 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 4,144 10,601 32,920 44,348 0.00182 0.00178 0.00204 0.00208 1.13 0.99 0.94 0.77 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 22 66 7,057 9,935 0.00001 0.00001 0.00044 0.00046 0.04 0.03 0.74 0.70 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 442 526 3,747 4,546 0.00019 0.00009 0.00023 0.00021 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.03 122 TOBACCO MFRS 5,502 4,880 7,104 7,833 0.00242 0.00082 0.00044 0.00037 1.43 0.47 0.20 0.16 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 1 145 22 28 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.01 0.75 0.07 0.06 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 50 93 218 295 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 243 WOOD SHAPED 1,863 2,620 5,675 4,754 0.00082 0.00044 0.00035 0.00022 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.03 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 4,643 14,686 23,501 31,001 0.00204 0.00247 0.00146 0.00145 0.18 0.24 0.19 0.20 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 26 146 176 223 0.00001 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 2,222 1,726 654 737 0.00098 0.00029 0.00004 0.00003 0.24 0.09 0.02 0.01 -o 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 407 4,794 6,108 5,741 0.00018 0.00080 0.00038 0.00027 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 143 3,312 9,341 3,724 0.00006 0.00056 0.00058 0.00017 0.03 0.34 0.58 0.28 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 1,277 2,336 5,126 4,551 0.00056 0.00039 0.00032 0.00021 0.08 0.06 0.06 0.06 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 92 102 250 95 0.00004 0.00002 0.00002 0.00000 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.01 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 2,292 6,111 8,003 21,092 0.00101 0.00103 0.00050 0.00099 0.05 0.04 0.02 0.03 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 174 512 3,557 12,433 0.00008 0.00009 0.00022 0.00058 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.09 TABLE A2-3. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR HONG KONG [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 223 1,236 2,924 6,224 0.00010 0.00021 0.00018 0.00029 0.02 0.05 0.05 0.08 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 359 51 31 112 0.00016 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 3 9 1,248 15 0.00000 0.00000 0.00008 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.00 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 5,592 4,613 2,183 5,568 0.00246 0.00077 0.00014 0.00026 0.65 0.24 0.06 0.09 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 100 123 48 155 0.00004 0.00002 0.00000 0.00001 0.13 0.08 0.01 0.03 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 2,633 5,031 5,487 6,647 0.00116 0.00084 0.00034 0.00031 0.37 0.27 0.10 0.08 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 8,325 12,493 20,653 25,724 0.00366 0.00210 0.00128 0.00120 0.31 0.19 0.11 0.09 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 4,445 9,999 16,446 24,145 0.00196 0.00168 0.00102 0.00113 1.08 1.10 0.81 0.85 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 1,783 7,070 25,431 21,352 0.00078 0.00119 0.00158 0.00100 0.54 0.69 0.70 0.36 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 2,434 2,912 12,123 10,139 0.00107 0.00049 0.00075 0.00047 0.53 0.22 0.36 0.22 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 13 113 1,229 327 0.00001 0.00002 0.00008 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 1,230 1,527 8,403 15,332 0.00054 0.00026 0.00052 0.00072 0.84 0.44 0.89 1.16 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 1,888 7,049 37,922 56,262 0.00083 0.00118 0.00235 0.00263 0.04 0.06 0.10 0.10 599 CHEMICALS NES 2,357 4,822 8,028 16,823 0.00104 0.00081 0.00050 0.00079 0.09 0.07 0.04 0.06 611 LEATHER 328 1,680 5,969 11,171 0.00014 0.00028 0.00037 0.00052 0.04 0.09 0.12 0.15 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 1,779 2,713 7,019 9,939 0.00078 0.00046 0.00044 0.00047 1.21 0.69 0.50 0.47 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 251 2,099 6,905 9,451 0.00011 0.00035 0.00043 0.00044 0.10 0.34 0.49 0.48 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 140 903 3,117 2,675 0.00006 0.00015 0.00019 0.00013 0.04 0.11 0.14 0.09 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 346 1,578 6,176 9,194 0.00015 0.00026 0.00038 0.00043 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.05 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 508 1,231 1,994 2,159 0.00022 0.00021 0.00012 0.00010 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.02 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 4,874 8,756 20,221 26,840 0.00214 0.00147 0.00125 0.00126 0.92 0.54 0.53 0.51 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 73 111 333 234 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.11 0.07 0.10 0.05 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 1,165 1,419 3,488 4,535 0.00051 0.00024 0.00022 0.00021 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 3,612 10,666 46,646 71,011 0.00159 0.00179 0.00289 0.00332 0.45 0.47 0.68 0.69 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 22,041 59,794 43,833 84,930 0.00969 0.01004 0.00272 0.00398 0.66 0.88 0.28 0.39 Z" 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 125,176 278,417 419,109 560,748 0.05506 0.04674 0.02599 0.02624 7.59 6.75 4.57 4.36 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 39,624 93,825 172,604 248,217 0.01743 0.01575 0.01070 0.01162 0.96 1.16 0.99 0.98 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 3,894 11,615 15,222 24,534 0.00171 0.00195 0.00094 0.00115 1.38 2.07 1.13 1.27 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 3,201 8,552 11,350 14,654 0.00141 0.00144 0.00070 0.00069 0.29 0.35 0.19 0.17 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 37,740 60,617 102,492 110,454 0.01660 0.01018 0.00636 0.00517 5.88 3.37 2.26 1.73 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 4,261 10,889 27,291 32,846 0.00187 0.00183 0.00169 0.00154 0.40 0.42 0.53 0.45 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 363 2,795 1,136 1,829 0.00016 0.00047 0.00007 0.00009 0.06 0.16 0.02 0.03 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 114 143 849 1,026 0.00005 0.00002 0.00005 0.00005 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 TABLE A2-3. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR HONG KONG [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Vatue of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/CormoditY 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 285 927 1,849 2,538 0.00013 0.00016 0.00011 0.00012 0.04 0.05 0.04 0.04 664 GLASS 3,010 7,032 28,265 35,920 0.00132 0.00118 0.00175 0.00168 0.34 0.37 0.56 0.48 665 GLASSWARE 5,607 5,280 16,769 22,506 0.00247 0.00089 0.00104 0.00105 0.90 0.34 0.43 0.42 666 POTTERY 2,982 5,173 24,315 43,695 0.00131 0.00087 0.00151 0.00205 0.65 0.43 0.75 0.99 671 PIG IRON ETC 42 145 383 3,099 0.00002 0.00002 0.00002 0.00015 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 187 806 116 1,323 0.00008 0.00014 0.00001 0.00006 0.01 0.02 0.00 0.01 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 2,242 4,648 3,001 2,777 0.00099 0.00078 0.00019 0.00013 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.02 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 372 1,916 1,636 4,895 0.00016 0.00032 0.00010 0.00023 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 30 304 337 1,062 0.00001 0.00005 0.00002 0.00005 0.00 0.02 0.01 0M03 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 47 40 10 66 0.00002 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.04 0.01 0.00 0.01 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROO 136 580 297 337 0.00006 0.00010 0.00002 0.00002 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 469 545 1,288 1,232 0.00021 0.00009 0.00008 0.00006 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.01 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 46 255 244 292 0.00002 0.00004 0.00002 0.00001 0.03 0.06 0.03 0.03 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 60 5,690 50,837 27,353 0.00003 0.00096 0.00315 0.00128 0.01 0.21 0.66 0.35 682 COPPER 1,405 1,003 5,639 10,189 0.00062 0.00017 0.00035 0.00048 0.03 0.01 0.04 0,07 683 NICKEL 338 196 251 426 0.00015 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.02 684 ALUMINIUM 3,159 6,805 10,737 16,469 0.00139 0.00114 0.00067 0.00077 0.14 0.13 0.06 0.07 685 LEAD 119 235 414 616 0.00005 0.00004 0.00003 0.00003 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 686 ZINC 38 161 2,7 4,233 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00020 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.18 687 TIN 754 3,513 10,119 9,160 0.00033 0.00059 0.00063 0.00043 0.13 0.27 0.41 0.58 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 0 0 0 7 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.13 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 53 251 1,235 6,194 0.00002 0.00004 0.00008 0.00029 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.22 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 314 2,257 4,450 7,578 0.00014 0.00038 0.00028 0.00035 0.04 0.09 0.07 0.12 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 585 775 5,424 5,866 0.00026 0.00013 0.00034 0.00027 0.16 0.07 0.22 0.19 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 166 525 738 858 0.00007 0.00009 0.00005 0.00004 0.04 0.05 0.03 0.03 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 3,245 7,742 16,677 20,380 0.00143 0.00130 0.00103 0.00095 0.46 0.41 0.36 0.33 695 TOOLS 3,889 13,129 38,554 50,070 0.00171 0.00220 0.00239 0.00234 0.34 0.45 0.54 0.51 696 CUTLERY 7,582 16,949 42,868 62,905 0.00333 0.00285 0.00266 0.00294 2.16 2.19 2.43 2.68 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 19,787 47,398 121,994 147,708 0.00870 0.00796 0.00757 0.00691 3.72 3.29 3.16 3.06 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 19,035 53,073 146,581 190,557 0.00837 0.00891 0.00909 0.00892 0.98 1.06 1.13 1.05 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 1,044 7,448 41,358 49,866 0.00046 0.00125 0.00256 0.00233 0.02 0.06 0.11 0.10 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 123 270 1,116 1,240 0.00005 0.00005 0.00007 0.00006 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 714 OFFICE MACHINES 25,130 130,535 961,060 1,156,555 0.01105 0.02191 0.05960 0.05413 0.51 1.17 1.63 1,26 TABLE A2-3. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR HONG KONG (Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SlTC/Conmmodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 1,584 2,375 4,324 4,723 0.00070 0.00040 0.00027 0.00022 0.07 0.05 0.04 0.03 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 3,838 11,417 16,571 30,696 0.00169 0.00192 0.00103 0.00144 0.13 0.22 0.18 0.21 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 766 2,109 9,321 13,727 0.00034 0.00035 0.00058 0.00064 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 8,087 29,732 302,515 288,067 0.00356 0.00499 0.01876 0.01348 0.06 0.09 0.37 0.25 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 10,292 56,439 426,973 625,291 0.00453 0.00948 0.02648 0.02927 0.27 0.52 1.35 1.41 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 2,289 5,408 19,176 23,989 0.00101 0.00091 0.00119 0.00112 0.30 0.26 0.27 0.25 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 142,776 363,071 930,962 1,169,800 0.06280 0.06095 0.05 74 0.05475 2.96 2.54 2.27 2.04 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 5,732 67,252 391,627 539,413 0.00252 0.01129 0.02429 0.02525 0.37 1.51 3.41 3.19 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 27 134 3,332 5,529 0.00001 0.00002 0.00021 0.00026 0.01 0.01 0.09 0.09 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 97,803 233,570 692,967 996,601 0.04302 0.03921 0.04298 0.04664 1.59 1.31 1.00 1.03 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 578 997 1,851 762 0.00025 0.00017 0.00011 0.00004 0.12 0.07 0.06 0.02 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 2,284 4,090 8,777 8,453 0.00100 0.00069 0.00054 0.00040 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 596 1,723 2,603 4,627 0.00026 0.00029 0.00016 0.00022 0.08 0.09 0.05 0.07 734 AIRCRAFT 1,729 478 5,554 73,030 0.00076 0.00008 0.00034 0.00342 0.05 0.01 0.02 0.23 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 10,819 23,877 273,359 57,84 0.00476 0.00401 0.01695 0.00271 0.42 0.27 1.82 0.49 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 24,883 48,165 92,899 114,986 0.01094 0.00809 0.00576 0.00538 3.18 2.66 2.16 1.70 821 FURNITURE 10,783 40,062 63,604 86,667 0.00474 0.00673 0.00394 0.00406 0.70 0.80 0.42 0.36 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 52,175 132,074 294,214 323,536 0.02295 0.02217 0.01825 0.01514 13.26 9.84 6.22 4.34 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 875,458 2,513,338 5,515,669 7,449,043 0.38506 0.42195 0.34207 0.34864 13.10 12.89 9.58 8.11 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 401 38,690 247,222 394,863 0.00018 0.00650 0.01533 0.01848 0.28 6.50 15.20 16.26 851 FOOTWEAR 59,060 69,658 165,213 232,997 0.02598 0.01169 0.01025 0.01091 2.91 1.26 0.95 0.92 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 17,196 70,100 257,995 424,233 0.00756 0.01177 0.01600 0.01986 0.48 0.72 0.85 0.97 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 1,191 2,513 11,220 13,159 0.00052 0.00042 0.00070 0.00062 0.12 0.09 0.13 0.11 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 22,177 202,336 886,515 1,147,907 0.00975 0.03397 0.05498 0.05373 2.14 6.24 11.08 10.61 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 3,681 66,250 252,139 577,141 0.00162 0.01112 0.01564 0.02701 0.18 1.31 1.07 1.59 892 PRINTED MATTER 16,976 56,498 179,042 276,087 0.00747 0.00949 0.01110 0.01292 0.92 1.34 1.67 1.83 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 74,833 138,726 324,047 445,892 0.03291 0.02329 0.02010 0.02087 5.97 3.67 2.78 2.40 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 176,875 433,877 1,199,937 1,372,658 0.07780 0.07284 0.07442 0.06424 10.59 10.94 9.49 7.00 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 812 3,705 28,611 30,279 0.00036 0.00062 0.00177 0.00142 0.28 0.53 1.31 0.94 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 38,810 136,163 397,563 712,163 0.01707 0.02286 0.02466 0.03333 8.02 8.42 5.70 7.16 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 184,381 150,311 313,803 352,027 0.08110 0.02523 0.01946 0.01648 15.56 5.72 4.73 3.69 Sources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-4. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR SINGAPORE (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(SOOO) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Conmodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 557 2,529 7,732 7,065 0.00087 0.00071 0.00052 0.00043 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 1,724 4,615 11,887 15,001 0.00269 0.00130 0.00081 0.00092 0.27 0.14 0.10 0.11 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 1,198 2,468 7,387 13,973 0.00187 0.00070 0.00050 0.00086 0.65 0.28 0.22 0.34 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 249 982 3,916 685 0.00039 0.00028 0.00027 0.00004 0.32 0.13 0.25 0.05 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 1,953 3,232 395 433 0.00305 0.00091 0.00003 0.00003 5.44 1.19 0.05 0.06 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 62 239 888 715 0.00010 0.00007 0.00006 0.00004 0.51 0.31 0.32 0.32 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 890 4,315 27,460 32,036 0.00139 0.00122 0.00186 0.00196 0.55 0.45 0.73 0.73 052 DRIED FRUIT 263 614 410 443 0.00041 0.00017 0.00003 0.00003 0.42 0.20 0.04 0.04 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 9,144 12,563 14,291 13,769 0.01428 0.00355 0.00097 0.00084 3.05 0.89 0.24 0.22 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 737 1,743 2,040 2,590 0.00115 0.00049 0.00014 0.00016 0.34 0.15 0.05 0.07 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 1,521 8,414 7,645 6,672 0.00238 0.00238 0.00052 0.00041 0.19 0.18 0.10 0.10 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 10 43 64 53 0.00002 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.00 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 1,719 10,586 63,987 92,172 0.00268 0.00299 0.00434 0.00565 1.05 0.90 1.50 1.97 074 TEA AND MATE 350 1,202 13,849 10,944 0.00055 0.00034 0.00094 0.00067 0.22 0.17 0.62 0.64 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 12,294 21,536 14,236 13,770 0.01920 0.00608 0.00097 0.00084 1.84 0.63 0.12 0.12 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 355 1,279 3,341 889 0.00055 0.00036 0.00023 0.00005 0.95 0.58 0.55 0.23 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 2,061 4,352 13,441 21,409 0.00322 0.00123 0.00091 0.00131 2.00 0.68 0.42 0.49 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 460 2,557 12,505 23,984 0.00072 0.00072 0.00085 0.00147 2.81 1.89 1.44 2.22 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 1,568 2,926 3,544 6,478 0.00245 0.00083 0.00024 0.00040 0.24 0.10 0.03 0.05 122 TOBACCO MFRS 1.999 579 5,826 8,121 0.00312 0.00016 0.00040 0.00050 1.85 0.09 0.18 0.21 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 141 840 2 6 0.00022 0.00024 0.00000 0 f00000 5.16 7.29 0.01 0.02 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 159 928 414 1,267 0.00025 0.00026 0.00003 0.00008 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.04 243 WOOD SHAPED 16,420 56,464 109,137 133,425 0.02565 0.01595 0.00740 0.00817 1.79 1.34 0.80 0.94 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 385 1,436 6,701 18,260 0.00060 0.00041 0.00045 0.00112 0.05 0.04 0.06 0.15 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 0 15 118 34 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 93 100 833 960 0.00014 0.00003 0.00006 0.00006 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.03 os 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 198,228 1,521,646 5,903,556 3,680,433 0.30962 0.42986 0.40037 0.22543 9.58 7.93 5.63 5.87 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 157 305 668 343 0.00025 0.00009 0.00005 0.00002 0.13 0.05 0.05 0.03 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 31,074 29,585 144,483 125,198 0.04854 0.00836 0.00980 0.00767 7.18 1.26 1.80 2.15 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 176 3,780 28,928 26,062 0.00027 0.00107 0.00196 0.00160 0.27 1.04 1.44 1.89 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 1,682 11,614 222,238 268,439 0.00263 0.00328 0.01507 0.01644 0.12 0.12 0.50 0.58 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 854 3,460 22,510 29,770 0.00133 0.00098 0.00153 0.00182 0.18 0.13 0.20 0.29 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 921 2,400 8,995 7,327 0.00144 0.00068 0.00061 0.00045 0.36 0.17 0.17 0.13 TABLE A2-4. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR SINGAPORE [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 2 19 489 267 0.00000 0.00001 0.00003 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 621 2,645 76,407 186,542 0.00097 0.00075 0.00518 0.01143 1.78 0.91 4.26 10.90 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 388 1,899 1,828 4,087 0.00061 0.00054 0.00012 0.00025 0.16 0.17 0.05 0.09 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 165 496 1,324 1,643 0.00026 0.00014 0.00009 0.00010 0.79 0.53 0.36 0.39 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 1,442 4,924 17,945 27,201 0.00225 0.00139 0.00122 0.00167 0.73 0.44 0.37 0.42 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 3,490 58,139 104,569 214,246 0.00545 0.01642 0.00709 0.01312 0.47 1.48 0.61 1.00 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 1,067 3,971 8,070 10,454 0.00167 0.00112 0.00055 0.00064 0.92 0.73 0.43 0.48 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 1,029 2,955 7,844 10,618 0.00161 0.00083 0.00053 0.00065 1.11 0.48 0.24 0.24 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 2,526 6,041 19,362 22,931 0.00394 0.00171 0.00131 0.00140 1.93 0.78 0.63 0.64 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 1,400 7,395 4,489 448 0.00219 0.00209 0.00030 0.00003 0.39 0.30 0.05 0.01 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 109 304 2,562 1,735 0.00017 0.00009 0.00017 0.00011 0.27 0.15 0.30 0.17 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 3,700 12,933 126,903 295,022 0,00578 0.00365 0.00861 0.01807 0.31 0.17 0.38 0O72 599 CHEMIGALS NES 3,045 9,564 132,381 178,539 0,00476 0.00270 0.00898 0.01094 0.41 0723 0.74 0.87 61 I LEATHER 553 684 2,467 3,809 0.00086 0.00019 0.00017 0.00023 0.24 0.06 0.05 0.07 612 LEATHER ETC MANUJFACTURES 54 236 1,305 1,761 0.00008 0.00007 0.00009 0.00011 0.13 0.10 0.10 0.11 6153 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 3 68 6 4 0.00000 0.00002 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.,2 0.00 0.00 61?i" MATERIALS OF RUBBER 438 1,491 4,671 5,572 0.00068 0.00042 0.00032 0.00034 Q.48 0.30 0.24 0Q24 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 1,101 8,280 17,869 31,048 0.00172 0,00234 0.00121 0.00190 0.23 0.28 0,16 0,24 63i VENEERS,PLYWOCD,ETC 19,853 80,702 113,267 124, 220 0.03101 0.02280 0.00768 0.00761 .00 4.0 1.80 .73 632. WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 2,435 7 111 19,361 22,528 0.00380 0.00201 0.00131 0.00138 I64 0 3 0.56 00 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 72 113 308 290 0.00011 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.37 0.11 0.10 0d08 .61 PAPFR AND PAPERBOARD 950 4,459 33,620 63,030 0.00148 0.00126 0.00228 0.00386 C.07 0.07 0f.13 0.20 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 2,385 4,440 17,698 25,782 0.00372 0.00125 0.00120 0.00158 1.06 0.33 0.28 0.33 65i TEXTILE YARN AND 'THREAD 7,271 27,915 28,520 33,579 0.01136 0.00789 0.00193 0.00206 0.77 0.69 0.20 0.20 6 2 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 7,668 19,635 18,947 20,140 0.01198 0.00555 0.00128 0.00123 1.65 0.80 0.23 0,,21 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 4,092 14,013 25,954 38,242 0.00639 0.00396 0.00176 0.00234 0.35 0.29 0.16 0.20 654 LACE,RI8BONS,TULLE,ETC 185 1,128 1,141 1,795 0.00029 0.00032 0.00008 0.00011 0.23 0.34 0.09 0.12 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 1,266 4,051 5,968 5,413 0.00198 0.00114 0.00040 0.00033 0.41 0.28 0.11 0.08 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 3,623 13,237 6,381 5,489 0.00566 0.00374 0.00043 0.00034 2.01 1.24 0.15 0.11 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 138 861 2,773 2,473 0.00022 0.00024 0.00019 0.00015 0.05 0.06 0.06 0.04 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 1,985 10,979 32,364 8,022 0.00310 0.00310 0.00219 0.00049 1.22 1.04 0.67 0.16 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 460 606 1,419 1,211 0.00072 0.00017 0.00010 0.00007 0.23 0.05 0.04 0.03 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 260 849 12,798 9,466 0.00041 0.00024 0.00087 0.00058 0.14 0.08 0.27 0.19 TABLE A2-4. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR SINGAPORE ECont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average VaLue of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 206 2,486 12,213 14,963 0.00032 0.00070 0.00083 0.00092 0.08 0.22 0.26 0.26 665 GLASSWARE 2,235 3,306 9,742 7,184 0.00349 0.00093 0.00066 0.00044 1.28 0.36 0.27 0.18 666 POTTERY 1,009 366 819 1,489 0.00158 0.00010 0.00006 0.00009 0.78 0.05 0.03 0.04 671 PIG IRON ETC 57 302 1,431 890 0.00009 0.00009 0.00010 0.00005 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 45 894 580 1,782 0.00007 0.00025 0.00004 0.00011 0.01 0.04 0.01 0.02 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 1,314 6,446 6,119 37,205 0.00205 0.00182 0.00042 0.00228 0.15 0.15 0.05 0.32 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 2,410 4,027 5,473 8,330 0.00376 0.00114 0.00037 0.00051 0.17 0.06 0.03 0.04 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 98 65 1,168 2,405 0.00015 0.00002 0.00008 0.00015 0.06 0.01 0.05 0.09 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 87 168 218 637 0.00014 0.00005 0.00001 0.00004 0.23 0.07 0.03 0.13 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 211 214 6,581 504 0.00033 0.00006 0.00045 0.00003 0.16 0.03 0.33 0.02 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 2,709 14,761 41,971 38,872 0.00423 0.00417 0.00285 0.00238 0.49 0.41 0.38 0.41 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 60 601 1,890 2,909 0.00009 0.00017 0.00013 0.00018 0.13 0.25 0.29 0.41 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 127 282 2,974 2,311 0.00020 0.00008 0.00020 0.00014 0.05 0.02 0.04 0.04 682 COPPER 272 1,131 11,271 21,134 0.00042 0.00032 0.00076 0.00129 0.02 0.03 0.09 0.18 683 NICKEL 2 121 1,512 1,848 0.00000 0.00003 0.00010 0.00011 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.09 684 ALUMINIUM 769 1,027 20,001 22,773 0.00120 0.00029 0.00136 0.00139 0.12 0.03 0.12 0.13 685 LEAD 146 443 2,122 3,094 0.00023 0.00013 0.00014 0.00019 0.14 0.11 0.21 0.36 686 ZINC 816 3,586 1,109 1,570 0.00128 0.00101 0.00008 0.00010 0.62 0.46 0.05 0.09 687 TIn 1,295 5,683 42,790 35,818 0.00202 0.00161 0.00290 0.00219 0.79 0.73 1.91 2.99 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 0 1 3 2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.13 0.04 0.05 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 22 725 3,053 2,947 0.00003 0.00020 0.00021 0.00018 0.02 0.12 0.14 0.13 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 2,378 24,314 17,910 22,903 0.00371 0.00687 0.00121 0.00140 1.08 1.56 0.31 0.46 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 4,954 10,558 18,605 15,818 0.00774 0.00298 0.00126 0.00097 4.93 1.64 0.81 0.66 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 583 3,085 7,219 6,359 0.00091 0.00087 0.00049 0.00039 0.46 0.47 0.35 0.29 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 567 1,605 14,981 23,907 0.00089 0.00045 0.00102 0.00146 0.28 0.14 0.36 0.51 695 TOOLS 515 3,637 25,039 31,237 0.00080 0.00103 0.00170 0.00191 0.16 0.21 0.38 0.42 696 CUTLERY 315 1,897 6,639 7,754 0.00049 0.00054 0.00045 0.00047 0.32 0.41 0.41 0.43 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 715 3,113 4,630 4,287 0.00112 0.00088 0.00031 0.00026 0.48 0.36 0.13 0.12 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 4,907 12,506 62,950 92,334 0.00766 0.00353 0.00427 0.00566 0.90 0.42 0.53 0.67 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 2,946 14,011 63,049 79,127 0.00460 0.00396 0.00428 0.00485 0.20 0.18 0.18 0.21 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 773 1,307 1,874 2,491 0.00121 0.00037 0.00013 0.00015 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.03 714 OFFICE MACHINES 3,595 75,296 1,234,890 2,723,591 0.00561 0.02127 0.08375 0.16682 0.26 1.14 2.29 3.90 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 994 7,260 28,436 33,179 0.00155 0.00205 0.00193 0.00203 0.15 0.25 0.31 0.28 TABLE A2-4. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR SINGAPORE ECont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(SOOO) Share of Manufactured Exports BaLassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 438 4,361 12,953 23,512 0.00068 0.00123 0.00088 0.00144 0.05 0.14 0.15 0.21 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 4,176 17,371 124,717 82,359 0.00652 0.00491 0.00846 0.00504 0.38 0.28 0.59 0.34 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 10,099 72,899 389,836 557,214 0.01577 0.02059 0.02644 0.03413 0.28 0.36 0.52 0.63 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 8,656 78,270 369,413 558,037 0.01352 0.02211 0.02505 0.03418 0.82 1.22 1.27 1.65 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 831 4,150 27,001 44,071 0.00130 0.00117 0.00183 0.00270 0.38 0.33 0.42 0.59 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 25,208 202,294 1,048,539 1,380,120 0.03937 0.05715 0.07111 0.08453 1.85 2.38 2.80 3.15 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 2,191 20,571 171,219 206,673 0.00342 0.00581 0.01161 0.01266 0.51 0.78 1.63 1.60 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 37 414 6,824 12,334 0.00006 0.00012 0.00046 0.00076 0.04 0.06 0.19 0.26 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 90,119 395,810 1,603,858 2,067,683 0.14076 0.11182 0.10877 0.12665 5.21 3.72 2.54 2.81 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 295 414 736 1,440 0.00046 0.00012 0.00005 0.00009 0.22 0.05 0.03 0.06 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 7,813 7,524 26,591 35,186 0.01220 0.00213 0.00180 0.00216 0.12 0.02 0.02 0.02 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 186 3,258 9,855 18,198 0.00029 0.00092 0.00067 0.00111 0.09 0.27 0.22 0.34 734 AIRCRAFT 782 3,875 86,850 85,752 0.00122 0.00109 0.00589 0.00525 0.08 0.11 0.37 0.36 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 9,195 88,168 348,906 191,378 0.01436 0.02491 0.02366 0.01172 1.27 1.66 2.54 2.14 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 840 3,508 6,433 6,667 0.00131 0.00099 0.00044 0.00041 0.38 0.33 0.16 0.13 821 FURNITURE 1,336 12,022 73,969 89,252 0.00209 0.00340 0.00502 0.00547 0.31 0.41 0.54 0.49 831 TRAVEL GOOOS,HANDBAGS 535 2,780 13,035 15,007 0.00084 0.00079 0.00088 0.00092 0.48 0.35 0.30 0.26 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 37,004 149,680 427,553 639,479 0.05780 0.04228 0.02900 0.03917 1.97 1.29 0.81 0.91 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 7 46 44 175 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.01 841 FOOTWEAR 1,678 2,698 6,185 9,091 0.00262 0.00076 0.00042 0.00056 0.29 0.08 0.04 0.05 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 7,304 73,323 113,133 159,474 0.01141 0.02071 0.00767 0.00977 0.72 1.27 0.41 0.48 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 157 548 5,192 17,267 0.00025 0.00015 0.00035 0.00106 0.05 0.03 0.07 0.20 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 4,520 71,413 89,684 85,726 0.00706 0.02017 0.00608 0.00525 1.55 3.71 1.23 1.04 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 3,925 26,545 204,249 318,533 0.00613 0.00750 0.01385 0.01951 0.69 0.88 0.95 1.15 892 PRINTED MATTER 8,761 18,681 65,610 108,382 0.01368 0.00528 0.00445 0.00664 1.69 0.75 0.67 0.94 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 973 8,093 54,401 88,267 0.00152 0.00229 0.00369 0.00541 0.28 0.36 0.51 0.62 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 2,679 20,888 97,212 170,414 0.00418 0.00590 0.00659 0.01044 0.57 0.89 0.84 1.14 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 195 994 4,454 9,253 0.00030 0.00028 0.00030 0.00057 0.24 0.24 0.22 0.38 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 485 3,453 166,916 151,868 0.00076 0.00098 0.01132 0.00930 0.36 0.36 2.62 2.00 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 9,494 9,076 16,074 21,539 0.01483 0.00256 0.00109 0.00132 2.84 0.58 0.26 0.30 Sources: United Nations, TARS (WorLd Bank). TABLE A2-5. REVEALED COM4PARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR MALAYSIA (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of ExDorts(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Comnodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 66 647 752 3,951 0.00014 0.00028 0.00010 0.00042 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 108 4,506 11,811 17,982 0.00023 0.00194 0.00151 0.00191 0.02 0.20 0.19 0.24 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 7,543 34,201 49,064 66,639 0.01639 0.01470 0.00629 0.00709 5.70 5.92 2.82 2.84 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 14 21 4 133 0.00003 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 5 146 2,798 2,187 0.00001 0.00006 0.00036 0.00023 0.02 0.08 0.66 0.52 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 84 15 257 263 0.00018 0.00001 0.00003 0.00003 0.96 0.03 0.18 0.20 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 94 4,344 12,813 15,430 0.00020 0.00187 0.00164 0.00164 0.08 0.69 0.64 0.61 052 DRIED FRUIT 7 68 135 307 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00003 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.05 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 8,768 36,450 51,589 49,555 0.01905 0.01566 0.00661 0.00527 4.07 3.93 1.64 1.38 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 1,395 4,840 3,144 3,785 0.00303 0.00208 0.00040 0.00040 0.88 0.61 0.15 0.17 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 327 8,600 17,937 32,317 0.00071 0.00370 0.00230 0.00344 0.06 0.28 0.44 0.84 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 0 60 11 164 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00002 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.03 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 37 2,870 47,029 66,922 0.00008 0.00123 0.00603 0.00712 0.03 0.37 2.08 2.49 074 TEA AND MATE 1,074 1,009 1,595 1,206 0.00233 0.00043 0.00020 0.00013 0.93 0.22 0.14 0.12 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 1,398 24,581 82,785 94,797 0.00304 0.01056 0.01061 0.01009 0.29 1.09 1.27 1.44 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 3 4,209 10,609 8,292 0.00001 0.00181 0.00136 0.00088 0.01 2.91 3.28 3.76 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 129 2,283 12,874 20,670 0.00028 0.00098 0.00165 0.00220 0.17 0.55 0.76 0.82 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 13 664 3,736 6,190 0.00003 0.00029 0.00048 0.00066 0.11 0.75 0.81 1.00 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 15 3,032 6,787 10,103 0.00003 0.00130 0.00087 0.00108 0.00 0.16 0.12 0.15 122 TOBACCO MFRS 28 122 357 1,006 0.00006 0.00005 0.00005 0.00011 0.04 0.03 0.02 0.05 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 0 3 3 42 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.20 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 672 779 2,554 2,521 0.00146 0.00033 0.00033 0.00027 0.54 0.14 0.15 0.13 243 WOOD SHAPED 97,494 349,164 609,194 785,468 0.21182 0.15004 0.07806 0.08361 14.80 12.64 8.40 9.63 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 48 58 618 1,558 0.00011 0.00002 0.00008 0.00017 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.02 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 1 2,107 14,499 23,399 0.00000 0.00091 0.00186 0.00249 0.00 0.78 2.04 3.16 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 1 8,314 17,359 21,370 0.00000 0.00357 0.00222 0.00227 0.00 1.15 0.91 0.98 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 8,187 47,910 286,468 324,208 0.01779 0.02059 0.03671 0.03451 0.55 0.38 0.52 0.90 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 4 80 2,249 2,846 0.00001 0.00003 0.00029 0.00030 0.00 0.02 0.29 0.49 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 71,033 502,791 1,087,938 775,818 0.15433 0.21606 0.13941 0.08258 22.83 32.58 25.61 23.14 431 PROCESO ANML VEG OIL,ETC 209 38,556 504,709 340,499 0.00045 0.01657 0.06467 0.03624 0.45 16.16 47.31 42.98 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 172 1,691 24,215 83,791 0.00037 0.00073 0.00310 0.00892 0.02 0.03 0.10 0.32 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 46 791 7,430 9,138 0.00010 0.00034 0.00095 0.00097 0.01 0.04 0.12 0.16 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 126 1,213 1,613 1,258 0.00027 0.00052 0.00021 0.00013 0.07 0.13 0.06 0.04 TABLE A2-5. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR MALAYSIA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SlTC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 7 10 6,319 3,766 0.00002 0.00000 0.00081 0.00040 0.01 0.00 0.17 0.10 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 215 48 6,761 1,580 0.00047 0.00002 0.00087 0.00017 0.86 0.03 0.71 0.16 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 8 338 505 446 0.00002 0.00015 0.00006 0.00005 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.02 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 14 23 64 66 0.00003 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.09 0.04 0.03 0.03 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 300 987 3,216 5,223 0.00065 0.00042 0.00041 0.00056 0.21 0.13 0.12 0.14 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 674 4,846 13,811 20,319 0.00146 0.00208 0.00177 0.00216 0.13 0.19 0.15 0.17 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 379 657 735 667 0.00082 0.00028 0.00009 0.00007 0.45 0.18 0.07 0.05 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 51 1,731 10,969 13,448 0.00011 0.00074 0.00141 0.00143 0.08 0.43 0.62 0.52 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 31 4,150 6,943 15,239 0.00007 0.00178 0.00089 0.00162 0.03 0.82 0.42 0.74 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 1,383 1,083 803 16,739 0.00300 0.00047 0.00010 0.00178 0.54 0.07 0.02 0.39 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 2 108 862 1,099 0.00001 0.00005 0.00011 0.00012 0.01 0.08 0.19 0.19 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 674 7,282 17,186 24,918 0.00146 0.00313 0.00220 0.00265 0.08 0.15 0.10 0.11 599 CHEMICALS NES 517 3,857 68,248 97,294 0.00112 0.00166 0.00875 0.01036 0.10 0.14 0.72 0.83 611 LEATHER 26 158 884 1,130 0.00006 0.00007 0.00011 0.00012 0.02 0.02 0.04 0.04 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 6 451 4,453 4,024 0.00001 0.00019 0.00057 0.00043 0.02 0.29 0.65 0.43 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 1 2 64 59 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 2,619 7,212 25,818 33,059 0.00569 0.00310 0.00331 0.00352 4.00 2.19 2.48 2.50 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 1,227 8,197 18,591 30,617 0.00267 0.00352 0.00238 0.00326 0.36 0.42 0.31 0.40 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOo,ETC 23,386 82,932 192,714 244,680 0.05081 0.03564 0.02469 0.02604 8.19 6.37 5.80 5.91 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 5,815 13,612 51,325 50,235 0.01263 0.00585 0.00658 0.00535 5.44 2.13 2.78 2.16 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 7 70 27 12 0.00001 0.00003 0.00000 0.00000 0.05 0.11 0.02 0.01 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 86 797 5,551 9,558 0.00019 0.00034 0.00071 0.00102 0.01 0.02 0.04 0.05 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 91 2,089 10,265 31,319 0.00020 0.00090 0.00132 0.00333 0.06 0.24 0.31 0.69 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 532 13,560 28,860 40,970 0.00116 0.00583 0.00370 0.00436 0.08 0.51 0.38 0.43 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 3,520 32,278 55,268 63,712 0.00765 0.01387 0.00708 0.00678 1.05 2.00 1.25 1.13 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 143 35,718 86,842 97,285 0.00031 0.01535 0.01113 0.01036 0.02 1.13 1.03 0.87 2' 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 20 56 334 410 0.00004 0.00002 0.00004 0.00004 0.04 0.03 0.05 0.05 ° 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 62 1,148 3,881 5,207 0.00013 0.00049 0.00050 0.00055 0.03 0.12 0.13 0.14 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 340 5,080 8,667 7,812 0.00074 0.00218 0.00111 0.00083 0.26 0.72 0.39 0.28 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 15 521 344 618 0.00003 0.00022 0.00004 0.00007 0.01 0.05 0.01 0.02 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 383 991 10,535 21,601 0.00083 0.00043 0.00135 0.00230 0.33 0.14 0.41 0.77 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 47 2,108 5,376 4,697 0.00010 0.00091 0.00069 0.00050 0.03 0.28 0.26 0.19 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 7 930 7,304 6,719 0.00002 0.00040 0.00094 0.00072 0.01 0.14 0.29 0.24 TABLE A2-5. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR MALAYSIA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index ITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 64 GLASS 13 2,827 7,608 15,511 0.00003 0.00121 0.00097 0.00165 0.01 0.38 0.31 0.47 65 GLASSWARE 28 1,467 7,525 11,810 0.00006 0.00063 0.00096 0.00126 0.02 0.24 0.40 0.50 66 POTTERY 45 393 5,589 8,860 0.00010 0.00017 0.00072 0.00094 0.05 0.08 0.36 0.45 71 PIG IRON ETC 41 35 7,568 15,866 0.00009 0.00002 0.00097 0.00169 0.02 0.00 0.30 0.63 72 IRON, STL PRIMARY FORMS 77 95 69 7,934 0.00017 0.00004 0.00001 0.00084 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.16 73 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 91 517 4,509 48,489 0.00020 0.00022 0.00058 0.00516 0.01 0.02 0.07 0.72 74 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 37 790 2,189 5,128 0.00008 0.00034 0.00028 0.00055 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.04 75 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 3 85 155 171 0.00001 0.00004 0.00002 0.00002 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 76 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 14 12 160 226 0.00003 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.05 0.01 0.05 0.08 71 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 3 331 437 854 0.00001 0.00014 0.00006 0.00009 0.00 0.07 0.04 0.07 76 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 69 2,431 7,451 18,584 0.00015 0.00104 0.00095 0.00198 0.02 0.10 0.13 0.34 .79 8RW,STl CASTINGS UNWORKD 3 202 62 261 0.00001 0.00009 0.00001 0.00003 0.01 0.13 0.02 0.06 81 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 3 26 t18 171 0.00001 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 82 OPPER 104 222 2111 12,010 0.00023 0.00010 0.00027 0.00128 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.18 83 NICKEL 4 50 55 30 0.00001 0.00002 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 Z4 ALUMINflk. 90 1,628 17,117 19,587 0.00019 0.00070 0.00219 0.00208 0.02 0.08 0.19 0.19 85 iEAD 12 225 641 1,798 0.00003 0.00010 0.00008 0.00019 0.02 0.08 0.12 0.36 86 ZIN0 4 323 17 228 0.00001 0.00014 0.00001 0.00002 0.00 0.06 0.01 0.02 Ti TI 195,498 368,771 438 509 314,178 0.42692 0.15847 0.05619 0.03344 167.55 71.67 36.91 45.58 L 0URAN0UM,YHORIUX,ALL0S 4 0 5 0.00001 0o00000 0.00000 0.00000 2.05 0.00 0.o0 0.21 B9 RiON-FER SASE MEYALS NES 20 150 600 696 0.00004 0.00006 0.00008 0.00007 0.02 0.04 0.05 0.06 "9; NTRUCTUIRES AND PARTS NES 137 3,4%96 7,096 9,927 0.00030 0.00150 0.00091 0.00106 0.09 0,34 0.23 0.34 92 METAL TANI(S,BOXES,ETC 4 1,949 3,811 8,224 0.00018 0.00084 0.00049 0.000m 0.12 0.46 0.31 0.60 .93 WIRE PRWUCYS NON ELECTR 54 475 2,356 2,364 0,00012 0.00020 0.00030 0.00025 0.06 0.11 0.21 0.19 94 STL COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 59 725 2,398 6,541 0.00013 0.00031 0.00031 0.00070 0.04 0.10 0.11 0.24 ' 95 TOLS 68 455 1,096 2,135 0.00015 0.00020 0.00014 0.00023 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.05 96 CUTLERY 8 520 172 347 0.00002 0.00022 0.00002 0.00004 0.01 0.17 0.02 0.03 9'7 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 32 1,018 2,659 3,238 0.00007 0.00044 0.00034 0.00034 0.03 0.18 0.14 0.15 98 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 233 6,326 19,199 36,528 0.00051 0.00272 0.00246 0.00389 0.06 0.32 0.31 0.46 11 POWER MACHINERY NON'ELEC 304 5,378 48,093 45,549 0.00066 0.00231 0.00616 0.00485 0.03 0.10 0.27 0.21 12 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 1,391 443 919 1,778 0.00302 0.00019 0.00012 0.00019 0.34 0.02 0.02 0.03 14 OFFICE MACHINES 73 26,077 81,015 43,553 0.00016 0.01121 0.01038 0.00464 0.01 0.60 0.28 0.11 15 METALWORKING MACHINERY 123 330 1,978 3,059 0.00027 0.00014 0.00025 0.00033 0.03 0.02 0.04 0.04 TABLE A2-5. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR MALAYSIA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Conmodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 21 914 1,387 1,712 0.00005 0.00039 0.00018 0.00018 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.03 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 438 4,026 27,084 39,725 0.00095 0.00173 0.00347 0.00423 0.06 0.10 0.24 0.28 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 1,032 19,894 84,151 150,361 0.00224 0.00855 0.01078 0.01600 0.04 0.15 0.21 0.30 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 235 14,564 166,945 275,264 0.00051 0.00626 0.02139 0.02930 0.03 0.35 1.09 1.42 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 113 974 7,298 9,658 0.00025 0.00042 0.00094 0.00103 0.07 0.12 0.22 0.23 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 518 37,907 390,018 894,193 0.00113 0.01629 0.04998 0.09518 0.05 0.68 1.97 3.54 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 24 1,241 12,578 42,678 0.00005 0.00053 0.00161 0.00454 0.01 0.07 0.23 0.57 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 11 686 601 624 0.00002 0.00029 0.00008 0.00007 0.02 0.15 0.03 0.02 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 2,463 338,283 2,214,881 2,538,349 0.00535 0.14537 0.28381 0.27018 0.20 4.84 6.63 5.99 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 13 110 476 159 0.00003 0.00005 0.00006 0.00002 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.01 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 644 4,266 10,501 18,722 0.00140 0.00183 0.00135 0.00199 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.02 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 263 780 5,092 6,218 0.00057 0.00034 0.00065 0.00066 0.18 0.10 0.21 0.20 734 AIRCRAFT 1,380 811 17,562 11,451 0.00300 0.00035 0.00225 0.00122 0.21 0.03 0.14 0.08 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 913 1,782 71,886 10,005 0.00198 0.00077 0.00921 0.00106 0.17 0.05 0.99 0.19 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 72 1,468 4,382 4,724 0.00016 0.00063 0.00056 0.00050 0.05 0.21 0.21 0.16 821 FURNITURE 297 4,602 12,704 24,919 0.00065 0.00198 0.00163 0.00265 0.10 0.24 0.17 0.24 831 TRAVEL GOOOS,HANDBAGS 9 459 1,102 6,336 0.00002 0.00020 0.00014 0.00067 0.01 0.09 0.05 0.19 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 6,804 65,771 377,916 716,675 0.01478 0.02826 0.04843 0.07628 0.50 0.86 1.36 1.78 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 0 7 400 733 0.00000 0.00000 0.00005 0.00008 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.07 851 FOOTWEAR 1,704 2,306 21,127 34,664 0.00370 0.00959 0.00271 0.00369 0.41 1.04 0.25 0.31 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 268 12,342 45,229 76,639 0.00058 0.00530 0.00580 0.00816 0.04 0.33 0.31 0.40 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 21 369 2,754 4,834 0.00004 0.00016 0.00035 0.00051 0.01 0.03 0.07 0.10 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 13 25,056 12,377 21,430 0.00003 0.01077 0.00159 0.00228 0.01 1.98 0.32 0.45 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 134 3,232 22,766 68,961 0.00029 0.00139 0.00292 0.00734 0.03 0.16 0.20 0.43 892 PRINTED MATTER 280 2,324 5,695 12,557 0.00061 0.00100 0.00073 0.00134 0.08 0.14 0.11 0.19 l 393 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 915 5,265 22,586 42,675 0.00199 0.00226 0.00289 0.00454 0.36 0.36 0.40 0.52 394 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 54 1,609 37,709 75,896 0.00012 0.00069 0.00483 0.00808 0.02 0.10 0.62 0.88 395 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 74 1,371 5,367 13,449 0.00016 0.00059 0.00069 0.00143 0.13 0.50 0.51 0.95 397 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 28 2,604 10,926 5,848 0.00006 0.00112 0.00140 0.00062 0.03 0.41 0.32 0.13 399 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 110 5,142 8,789 11,482 0.00024 0.00221 0.00113 0.00122 0.05 0.50 0.27 0.27 3ources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-6. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR THAILAND (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Conmodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 163 4,282 57,290 164,475 0.00058 0.00316 0.01600 0.02659 0.02 0.17 1.13 1.88 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 58 1,942 4,638 5,349 0.00021 0.00143 0.00130 0.00086 0.02 0.15 0.16 0.11 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 1,562 21,346 259,760 514,950 0.00560 0.01577 0.07256 0.08324 1.95 6.35 32.52 33.38 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 79,748 285,718 380,112 342,182 0.28596 0.21112 0.10617 0.05531 235.87 102.51 98.30 70.54 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 3 40 31 82 0.00001 0.00003 0.00001 0.00001 0.02 0.04 0.02 0.03 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 2,702 8,659 19,809 19,115 0.00969 0.00640 0.00553 0.00309 51.02 28.92 29.74 22.53 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 4,087 18,063 44,441 48,125 0.01465 0.01335 0.01241 0.00778 5.84 4.90 4.85 2.89 052 DRIED FRUIT 49 255 1,648 4,239 0.00017 0.00019 0.00046 0.00069 0.18 0.21 0.67 1.06 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 2,526 28,140 145,887 205,016 0.00906 0.02079 0.04075 0.03314 1.93 5.22 10.10 8.70 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 6,929 14,151 25,850 44,728 0.02484 0.01046 0.00722 0.00723 7.23 3.08 2.74 2.97 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 24,520 303,403 217,219 239,292 0.08792 0.22418 0.06067 0.03868 7.06 16.82 11.72 9.42 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 0 7 14 13 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 18 12 80 122 0.00006 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.03 0.00 0.01 0.01 074 TEA AND MATE 179 270 828 1,040 0.00064 0.00020 0.00023 0.00017 0.25 0.10 0.15 0.16 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 19,940 25,250 90,154 102,651 0.07150 0.01866 0.02518 0.01659 6.84 1.92 3.02 2.37 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 2 1 1 0 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 626 2,406 20,199 37,499 0.00224 0.00178 0.00564 0.00606 1.39 0.99 2.60 2.26 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 10 1 772 1,839 0.00004 0.00000 0.00022 0.00030 0.14 0.00 0.37 0.45 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 29 915 1,497 3,030 0.00011 0.00068 0.00042 0.00049 0.01 0.08 0.06 0.07 122 TOBACCO MFRS 21 5 1,149 126 0.00007 0.00000 0.00032 0.00002 0.04 0.00 0.15 0.01 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 21 7 22 15 0.00007 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 1.74 0.17 0.33 0.11 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 3 337 488 1,112 0.00001 0.00025 0.00014 0.00018 0.00 0.10 0.06 0.09 243 WOOD SHAPED 8,452 29,526 8,854 37,343 0.03031 0.02182 0.00247 0.00604 2.12 1.84 0.27 0.70 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 22 131 708 5,844 0.00008 0.00010 0.00020 0.00094 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.13 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 0 0 0 7 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 4 1,210 5,852 3,321 0.00001 0.00089 0.00163 0.00054 0.00 0.29 0.67 0.23 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 1,722 2,646 25,019 71,601 0.00618 0.00196 0.00699 0.01157 0.19 0.04 0.10 0.30 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 6 17 142 140 0.00002 0.00001 0.00004 0.00002 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 649 1,509 15,935 8,266 0.00233 0.00112 0.00445 0.00134 0.34 0.17 0.82 0.37 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 60 514 1,652 3,808 0.00022 0.00038 0.00046 0.00062 0.22 0.37 0.34 0.73 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 281 2,873 10,161 18,408 0.00101 0.00212 0.00284 0.00298 0.05 0.08 0.09 0.11 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 28 386 2,534 2,666 0.00010 0.00029 0.00071 0.00043 0.01 0.04 0.09 0.07 TABLE A2-6. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR THAILAND tCont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 37 445 600 2,282 0.00013 0.00033 0.00017 0.00037 0.03 0.08 0.05 0.10 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 0 0 16 18 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 0 2 1 2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 78 568 3,068 6,362 0.00028 0.00042 0.00086 0.00103 0.07 0.13 0.36 0.36 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 2 44 364 1,477 0.00001 0.00003 0.00010 0.00024 0.02 0.12 0.41 0.93 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 27 219 1,250 3,112 0.00010 0.00016 0.00035 0.00050 0.03 0.05 0.11 0.13 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 787 6,141 10,057 10,362 0.00282 0.00454 0.00281 0.00167 0.24 0.41 0.24 0.13 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 60 188 4,881 6,293 0.00021 0.00014 0.00136 0.00102 0.12 0.09 1.08 0.77 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 258 779 3,275 6,051 0.00093 0.00058 0.00091 0.00098 0.64 0.33 0.40 0.35 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 123 176 1,502 3,402 0.00044 0.00013 0.00042 0.00055 0.22 0.06 0.20 0.25 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 9 40 997 48 0.00003 0.00003 0.00028 0.00001 0.01 0.00 0.05 0.00 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 1 9 123 283 0.00000 0.00001 0.00003 0.00005 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.07 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 202 3,050 18,120 45,193 0.00073 0.00225 0.00506 0.00731 0.04 0.11 0.22 0.29 599 CHEMICALS NES 5,145 18,855 67,452 76,248 0.01845 0.01393 0.01884 0.01232 1.59 1.18 1.55 0.98 611 LEATHER 1,387 5,531 13,347 38,603 0.00497 0.00409 0.00373 0.00624 1,37 1.24 1.18 1.83 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 34 3,094 24,784 47,824 0.00012 0.00229 0.00692 0.00773 0.19 3.46 7.91 7.81 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 20 25 40 38 0.00007 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.06 0.02 0.01 0.01 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 148 394 3,706 8,450 0.00053 0.00029 0.00104 0.00137 0.37 0.21 0.78 0.97 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 357 3,747 27,715 41,990 0.00128 0.00277 0.00774 0.00679 0.17 0.33 1.02 0.84 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 377 13,716 21,847 23,954 0.00135 0.01013 0.00610 0.00387 0.22 1.81 1.43 0.88 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 3,203 21,715 43,884 66,894 0.01149 0.01604 0.01226 0.01081 4.94 5.85 5.18 4.38 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 2 2 38 17 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.01 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 830 3,889 6,176 19,008 0.00297 0.00287 0.00173 0.00307 0.14 0.15 0.10 0.16 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 308 1,594 4,869 13,997 0.00110 0.00118 0.00136 0.00226 0.31 0.31 0.32 0.47 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 3,133 20,359 75,018 141,814 0.01123 0.01504 0.02095 0.02292 0.76 1.32 2.15 2.25 4 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 2,645 36,869 79,279 104,923 0.00949 0.02724 0.02214 0.01696 1.31 3.94 3.89 2.82 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 3,721 38,632 108,729 154,607 0.01334 0.02854 0.03037 0.02499 0.73 2.11 2.81 2.11 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 398 249 969 4,184 0.00143 0.00018 0.00027 0.00068 1.15 0.20 0.32 0.75 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 690 12,591 21,073 23,475 0.00248 0.00930 0.00589 0.00379 0.51 2.24 1.60 0.96 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 5,261 15,231 37,950 60,896 0.01886 0.01125 0.01060 0.00984 6.69 3.73 3.76 3.30 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 60 954 6,726 7,706 0.00021 0.00071 0.00188 0.00125 0.05 0.16 0.59 0.36 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 3,075 14,564 6,750 3,825 0.01103 0.01076 0.00189 0.00062 4.35 3.62 0.57 0.21 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 42 2,624 17,065 27,812 0.00015 0.00194 0.00477 0.00450 0.05 0.60 1.81 1.70 TABLE A2-6. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR THAILAND fCont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/CommoditY 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 20 490 3,172 5,155 0.00007 0.00036 0.00089 0.00083 0.02 0.12 0.28 0.28 664 GLASS 280 2,095 7,236 21,760 0.00101 0.00155 0.00202 0.00352 0.26 0.49 0.64 1.00 665 GLASSWARE 124 283 2,484 7,370 0.00044 0.00021 0.00069 0.00119 0.16 0.08 0.29 0.47 666 POTTERY 57 511 3,523 9,332 0.00020 0.00038 0.00098 0.00151 0.10 0.19 0.49 0.73 671 PIG IRON ETC 73 362 272 242 0.00026 0.00027 0.00008 0.00004 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.01 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 35 2 174 7 0.00013 0.00000 0.00005 0.00000 0.02 0.00 0.01 0.00 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 237 44 51 5,615 0.00085 0.00003 0.00001 0.00091 0.06 0.00 0.00 0.13 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 129 420 636 923 0.00046 0.00031 0.00018 0.00015 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.01 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 0 2 13 152 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 0 1 1 1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 27 74 82 81 0.00010 0.00005 0.00002 0.00001 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.01 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 1,039 4,781 22,075 54,550 0.00372 0.00353 0.00617 0.00882 0.43 0.34 0.82 1.53 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 6 168 158 508 0.00002 0.00012 0.00004 0.00008 0.03 0.19 0.10 0.19 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 1 3,798 15,013 14 0.00000 0.00281 0.00419 0.00000 0.00 0.62 0.87 0.00 682 COPPER 11 102 314 2,424 0.00004 0.00008 0.00009 0.00039 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 683 NICKEL 1 0 10 16 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 684 ALUMINIUM 219 2,632 7,077 7,676 0.00079 0.00194 0.00198 0.00124 0.08 0.21 0.17 0.12 685 LEAD 56 2,555 615 430 0.00020 0.00189 0.00017 0.00007 0.13 1.61 0.25 0.13 686 ZINC 37 7 1,517 8,407 0.00013 0.00001 0.00042 0.00136 0.06 0.00 0.29 1.23 687 TIN 76,096 157,780 221,990 129,702 0.27286 0.1658 0.06201 0.02097 107.0 52 72 40.73 28.57 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 189 590 355 1,183 0.00068 0.00044 0.00010 0.00019 0.3 0.27 0.07 0.14 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 9 95 2,312 5,854 0.00003 0.00007 0.00065 0.00095 0.0 0.02 0.17 0.31 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 354 1,592 5,244 11,343 0.00127 0.00118 0.00146 0.00183 0.8 0.65 0.94 1.25 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 5 386 1,505 6,574 0.00002 0.00029 0.00042 0.00106 0.0 0.15 0.30 0.79 4 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 15 319 2,444 10,685 0.00005 0.00024 0.00068 0.00173 0.0 0.07 0.24 0.60 695 TOOLS 62 763 2,264 3,383 0.00022 0.00056 0.00063 0.00055 0.0 0.11 0.14 0.12 696 CUTLERY 441 2,640 3,405 3,627 0.00158 0.00195 0.00095 0.00059 1.0 1.50 0.87 0.53 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 245 2,653 7,439 13,489 0.00088 0.00196 0.00208 0.00218 0.3 0.81 0.87 0.97 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 248 2,396 8,577 14,504 0.00089 0.00177 0.00240 0.00234 0.1 0.21 0.30 0.28 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 134 1,108 7,731 10,433 0.00048 0.00082 0.00216 0.00169 0.0 0.04 0.09 0.07 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 15 99 552 1,299 0.00005 0.00007 0.00015 0.00021 0.0 0.01 0.02 0.04 714 OFFICE MACHINES 38 606 54,087 260,551 0.00014 0.00045 0.01511 0.04212 0.0 0.02 0.41 0.98 TABLE A2-6. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR THAILAND [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SlTC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 57 283 657 816 0.00020 0.00021 0.00018 0.00013 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 48 623 1,284 2,344 0.00017 0.00046 0.00036 0.00038 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.05 718 MACKS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 393 2,826 5,096 5,742 0.00141 0.00209 0.00142 0.00093 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.06 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 846 3,811 54,026 145,916 0.00303 0.00282 0.01509 0.02359 0.05 0.05 0.30 0.44 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 111 2,892 9,308 45,384 0.00040 0.00214 0.00260 0.00734 0.02 0.12 0.13 0.35 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 24 94 6,007 37,239 0.00008 0.00007 0.00168 0.00602 0.02 0.02 0.39 1.32 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 108 1,124 7,080 12,544 0.00039 0.00083 0.00198 0.00203 0.02 0.03 0.08 0.08 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 27 460 2,826 8,301 0.00010 0.00034 0.00079 0.00134 0.01 0.05 0.11 0.17 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 8 10 255 934 0.00003 0.00001 0.00007 0.00015 0.02 0.00 0.03 0.05 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 139 42,429 361,512 683,782 0.00050 0.03135 0.10098 0.11053 0.02 1.04 2.36 2.45 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 66 55 189 16 0.00024 0.00004 0.00005 0.00000 0.11 0.02 0.03 0.00 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 458 1,621 4,966 14,492 0.00164 0.00120 0.00139 0.00234 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 41 54 1,314 5,438 0.00015 0.00004 0.00037 0.00088 0.05 0.01 0.12 0.27 734 AIRCRAFT 85 293 1,079 1,576 0.00030 0.00022 0.00030 0.00025 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 749 383 10,143 3,394 0.00269 0.00028 0.00283 0.00055 0.24 0.02 0.30 0.10 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 136 1,848 8,807 11,970 0.00049 0.00137 0.00246 0.00193 0.14 0.45 0.92 0.61 821 FURNITURE 162 4,525 54,094 123,975 0.00058 0.00334 0.01511 0.02004 0.09 0.40 1.62 1.80 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 256 2,080 18,542 68,327 0.00092 0.00154 0.00518 0.01104 0.53 0.68 1.77 3.16 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 4,477 73,203 442,558 885,567 0.01605 0.05409 0.12362 0.14314 0.55 1.65 3.46 3.33 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 67 122 51 708 0.00024 0.00009 0.00001 0.00011 0.39 0.09 0.01 0.10 851 FOOTWEAR 46 746 47,012 110,362 0.00016 0.00055 0.01313 0.01784 0.02 0.06 1.21 1.51 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 70 3,825 10,553 18,459 0.00025 0.00283 0.00295 0.00298 0.02 0.17 0.16 0.15 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 35 64 494 572 0.00013 0.00005 0.00014 0.00009 0.03 0.01 0.03 0.02 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 444 13,065 31,264 69,848 0.00159 0.00965 0.00873 0.01129 0.35 1.77 1.76 2.23 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 25 124 2,871 3,965 0.00009 0.00009 0.00080 0.00064 0.01 0.01 0.06 0.04 892 PRINTED MATTER 442 268 1,674 2,627 0.00158 0.00020 0.00047 0.00042 0.20 0.03 0.07 0.06 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 232 4,079 32,549 69,260 0.00083 0.00301 0.00909 0.01120 0.15 0.48 1.26 1.29 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 290 1,529 19,637 63,907 0.00104 0.00113 0.00549 0.01033 0.14 0.17 0.70 1.13 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 10 99 846 3,059 0.00003 0.00007 0.00024 0.00049 0.03 0.06 0.17 0.33 397 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 1,565 15,207 77,255 283,796 0.00561 0.01124 0.02158 0.04587 2.64 4.14 4.99 9.85 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 424 5,951 29,417 67,383 0.00152 0.00440 0.00822 0.01089 0.29 1.00 2.00 2.44 Sources: United Nations, TARS (Wortd Bank) TABLE A2-7. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR PHILIPPINES (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 40 491 1,483 1,595 0.00007 0.00030 0.00033 0.00034 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.02 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 272 1,164 1,434 1,084 0.00050 0.00071 0.00032 0.00023 0.05 0.07 0.04 0.03 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 593 1,968 56,997 59,562 0.00109 0.00120 0.01271 0.01265 0.38 0.48 5.70 5.07 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 0 1,592 5,902 5,658 0.00000 0.00097 0.00132 0.00120 0.00 0.47 1.22 1.53 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 1 1 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 141 74 28 7 0.00026 0.00005 0.00001 0.00000 1.36 0.21 0.03 0.01 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 131 866 4,060 5,208 0.00024 0.00053 0.00091 0.00111 0.10 0.19 0.35 0.41 052 DRIED FRUIT 9 145 455 578 0.00002 0.00009 0.00010 0.00012 0.02 0.10 0.15 0.19 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 35,131 79,135 186,678 211,828 0.06445 0.04837 0.04164 0.04500 13.76 12.14 10.32 11.81 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 58 888 2,340 1,497 0.00011 0.00054 0.00052 0.00032 0.03 0.16 0.20 0.13 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 228,207 504,966 245,380 105,158 0.41865 0.30863 0.05473 0.02234 33.62 23.16 10.57 5.44 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 6 1,647 395 240 0.00001 0.00101 0.00009 0.00005 0.01 0.95 0.12 0.07 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 610 3,787 14,852 8,690 0.00112 0.00231 0.00331 0.00185 0.44 0.69 1.14 0.64 074 TEA AND MATE 13 0 29 18 0.00002 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 26,515 60,439 76,641 105,707 0.04864 0.03694 0.01709 0.02245 4.65 3.80 2.05 3.21 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 59 86 994 918 0.00011 0.00005 0.00022 0.00019 0.18 0.08 0.53 0.83 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 268 2,783 20,516 13,023 0.00049 0.00170 0.00458 0.00277 0.31 0.95 2.11 1.03 1ii NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 40 30 323 344 0.00007 0.00002 0.00007 0.00007 0.28 0.05 0.12 0.11 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 880 1,345 3,665 4,099 0.00161 0.00082 0.00082 0.00087 0.15 0.10 0.11 0.12 122 TOBACCO MFRS 559 684 3,260 5,054 0.00103 0.00042 0.00073 0.00107 0.61 0.24 0.33 0.46 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 0 6 34 5 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.12 0.40 0.05 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 3 18 35 64 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 243 WOOD SHAPED 10,885 64,239 182,257 175,171 0.01997 0.03926 0.04065 0.03721 1.40 3.31 4.37 4.29 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 646 3,169 12,448 13,880 0.00119 0.00194 0.00278 0.00295 0.10 0.19 0.36 0.40 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 3 301 1,159 326 0.00000 0.00018 0.00026 0.00007 0.00 0.06 0.11 0.03 - 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 16,786 8,404 165,643 79,730 0.03079 0.00514 0.03695 0.01694 0.95 0.09 0.52 0.44 R 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 3 950 2,292 2,419 0.00000 0.00058 0.00051 0.00051 0.00 0.35 0.52 0.83 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 91,634 284,341 449,342 357,514 0.16810 0.17379 0.10023 0.07594 24.87 26.21 18.41 21.28 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 222 985 12,347 12,349 0.00041 0.00060 0.00275 0.00262 0.41 0.59 2.01 3.11 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 1,058 8,583 38,237 58,953 0.00194 0.00525 0.00853 0.01252 0.09 0.20 0.29 0.44 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 1,405 364 7,913 22,548 0.00258 0.00022 0.00176 0.00479 0.35 0.03 0.23 0.77 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 18 1,039 1,337 2,538 0.00003 0.00064 0.00030 0.00054 0.01 0.16 0.08 0.15 TABLE A2-7. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR PHILIPPINES [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average VaLue of Ex2orts(S000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 0 7 2 22 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 0 5 16,926 15,986 0.00000 0.00000 0.00378 0.00340 0.00 0.00 3.10 3.24 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 10 315 295 67 0.00002 0.00019 0.00007 0.00001 0.00 0.06 0.03 0.00 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 15 69 53 57 0.00003 0.00004 0.00001 0.00001 0.08 0.16 0.05 0.05 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 146 580 415 412 0.00027 0.00035 0.00009 0.00009 0.09 0.11 0.03 0.02 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 2,069 4,351 9,287 7,997 0.00379 0.00266 0.00207 0.00170 0.33 0.24 0.18 0.13 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 64 73 391 318 0.00012 0.00004 0.00009 0.00007 0.06 0.03 0.07 0.05 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 23 74 444 626 0.00004 0.00005 0.00010 0.00013 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.05 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 244 1,465 7,259 6,163 0.00045 0.00090 0.00162 0.00131 0.22 0.41 0.77 0.60 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 160 834 6,953 22,357 0.00029 0.00051 0.00155 0.00475 0.05 0.07 0.26 1.03 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 37 920 3,003 2,250 0.00007 0.00056 0.00067 0.00048 0.11 0.96 1.15 0.78 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 331 3,781 13,290 22,937 0.00061 0.00231 0.00296 0.00487 0.03 0.11 0.13 0.19 599 CHEMICALS NES 486 9,468 27,200 24,561 0.00089 0.00579 0.00607 0.00522 0.08 0.49 0.50 0.42 611 LEATHER 20 30 653 812 0.00004 0.00002 0.00015 0.00017 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.05 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 15 282 1,105 2,527 0.00003 0.00017 0.00025 0.00054 0.04 0.26 0.28 0.54 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 0 9 7 45 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 15 106 167 167 0.00003 0.00006 0.00004 0.00004 0.02 0.05 0.03 0.03 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 47 923 1,120 4,258 0.00009 0.00056 0.00025 0.00090 0.01 0.07 0.03 0.11 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 41,118 57,215 102,207 85,526 0.07543 0.03497 0.02280 0.01817 12.15 6.25 5.35 4.12 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 5,716 17,725 34,385 45,908 0.01049 0.01083 0.00767 0.00975 4.51 3.95 3.24 3.95 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 1 6 6 3 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 393 1,008 1,969 2,013 0.00072 0.00062 0.00044 0.00043 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 258 637 828 1,297 0.00047 0.00039 0.00018 0.00028 0.13 0.10 0.04 0.06 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 957 4,307 8,018 10,035 0.00176 0.00263 0.00179 0.00213 0.12 0.23 0.18 0.21 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 376 1,783 766 8,949 0.00069 0.00109 0.00017 0.00190 0.10 0.16 0.03 0.32 4 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 187 3,170 3,559 5,777 0.00034 0.00194 0.00079 0.00123 0.02 0.14 0.07 0.10 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 449 1,456 4,386 7,057 0.00082 0.00089 0.00098 0.00150 0.66 0.94 1.17 1.66 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 2,666 11,040 14,509 11,148 0.00489 0.00675 0.00324 0.00237 1.01 1.63 0.88 0.60 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 2,205 6,066 16,537 23,228 0.00404 0.00371 0.00369 0.00493 1.43 1.23 1.31 1.65 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 565 1,710 3,447 4,430 0.00104 0.00104 0.00077 0.00094 0.22 0.24 0.24 0.28 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 2,971 25,831 8,967 6,121 0.00545 0.01579 0.00200 0.00130 2.15 5.31 0.61 0.44 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 1,114 4,314 4,191 974 0.00204 0.00264 0.00093 0.00021 0.65 0.81 0.35 0.08 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 10 253 1,147 821 0.00002 0.00015 0.00026 0.00017 0.01 0.05 0.08 0.06 TABLE A2-7. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR PHILIPPINES tCont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Commoditl 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 342 1,928 3,757 4,705 0.00063 0.00118 0.00084 0.00100 0.16 0.37 0.27 0.28 665 GLASSWARE 200 8,125 3,687 3,424 0.00037 0.00497 0.00082 0.00073 0.13 1.92 0.34 0.29 666 POTTERY 41 1,666 6,231 7,155 0.00008 0.00102 0.00139 0.00152 0.04 0.51 0.69 0.73 671 PIG IRON ETC 0 1,438 36,913 37,236 0.00000 0.00088 0.00823 0.00791 0.00 0.17 2.58 2.95 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 17 125 209 85 0.00003 0.00008 0.00005 0.00002 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 30 53 424 890 0.00006 0.00003 0.00009 0.00019 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.03 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 7,076 2,597 84 42 0.01298 0.00159 0.00002 0.00001 0.59 0.08 0.00 0.00 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 1 3 8 10 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 1 1 5 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 1 9 5 59 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 37 329 1,076 646 0.00007 0.00020 0.00024 0.00014 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.02 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 5 135 1,044 234 0.00001 0.00008 0.00023 0.00005 0.01 0.12 0.52 0.12 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 171 1,158 4,747 1,827 0.00031 0.00071 0.00106 0.00039 0.08 0.16 0.22 0.11 682 COPPER 6 23 104,207 182,620 0.00001 0.00001 0.02324 0.03879 0.00 0.00 2.82 5.43 683 NICKEL 2 44,500 41,257 13,878 0.00000 0.02720 0.00920 0.00295 0.00 9.93 5.67 2.35 684 ALUMINIUM 852 2,778 3,569 1,111 0.00156 0.00170 0.00080 0.00024 0.16 0.19 0.07 0.02 685 LEAD 0 2 0 2 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 686 ZINC 41 4 15 0 0.00007 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 687 TIN 15 22 114 457 0.00003 0.00001 0.00003 0.00010 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.13 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 5 22 935 3,314 0.00001 0.00001 0.00021 0.00070 0.00 0.01 0.14 0.53 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 18 161 190 1,678 0.00003 0.00010 0.00004 0.00036 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.12 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 65 731 1,362 1,706 0.00012 0.00045 0.00030 0.00036 0.08 0.25 0.20 0.25 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 15 225 58 153 0.00003 0.00014 0.00001 0.00003 0.01 0.07 0.01 0.02 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 4 128 138 180 0.00001 0.00008 0.00003 0.00004 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.01 4 695 TOOLS 21 448 4,478 4,028 0.00004 0.00027 0.00100 0.00086 0.01 0.06 0.22 0.19 696 CUTLERY 20 25 201 475 0.00004 0.00002 0.00004 0.00010 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.09 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 87 193 501 2,742 0.00016 0.00012 0.00011 0.00058 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.26 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 171 831 3,894 6,510 0.00031 0.00051 0.00087 0.00138 0.04 0.06 0.11 0.16 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 438 1,216 14,965 57,661 0.00080 0.00074 0.00334 0.01225 0.04 0.03 0.14 0.53 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 12 104 522 260 0.00002 0.00006 0.00012 0.00006 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.01 714 OFFICE MACHINES 230 3,000 45,155 117,793 0.00042 0.00183 0.01007 0.02502 0.02 0.10 0.28 0.58 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 57 74 357 489 0.00010 0.00005 0.00008 0.00010 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 TABLE A2-7. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR PHILIPPINES [Cont'dl (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 761 1,433 797 854 0.00140 0.00088 0.00018 0.00018 0.11 0.10 0.03 0.03 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 103 2,002 4,606 3,906 0.00019 0.00122 0.00103 0.00083 0.01 0.07 0.07 0.06 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 722 2,177 11,725 18,684 0.00132 0.00133 0.00262 0.00397 0.02 0.02 0.05 0.07 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 52 2,821 15,487 12,914 0.00010 0.00172 0.00345 0.00274 0.01 0.10 0.18 0.13 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 12 694 12,103 37,383 0.00002 0.00042 0.00270 0.00794 0.01 0.12 0.62 1.74 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 103 3,281 33,804 27,037 0.00019 0.00201 0.00754 0.00574 0.01 0.08 0.30 0.21 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 5 57 3,204 7,004 0.00001 0.00003 0.00071 0.00149 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.19 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 1 88 75 34 0.00000 0.00005 0.00002 0.00001 0.00 0.03 0.01 0.00 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 1,139 78,694 1,230,200 1,094,729 0.00209 0.04810 0.27440 0.23254 0.08 1.60 6.41 5.15 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 2 10 62 3 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 255 9,472 20,027 11,268 0.00047 0.00579 0.00447 0.00239 0.00 0.06 0.04 0.02 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 6 7 46 34 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 734 AIRCRAFT 672 727 3,186 1,504 0.00123 0.00044 0.00071 0.00032 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.02 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 1,394 1,264 20,581 12,378 0.00256 0.00077 0.00459 0.00263 0.23 0.05 0.49 0.48 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 158 946 2,473 4,001 0.00029 0.00058 0.00055 0.00085 0.08 0.19 0.21 0.27 821 FURNITURE 1,576 15,092 115,399 149,062 0.00289 0.00922 0.02574 0.03166 0.43 1.10 2.76 2.85 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 543 7,660 10,165 22,809 0.00100 0.00468 0.00227 0.00485 0.58 2.08 0.77 1.39 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 39,913 169,424 614,532 878,447 0.07322 0.10355 0.13707 0.18660 2.49 3.16 3.84 4.34 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 27 41 86 785 0.00005 0.00003 0.00002 0.00017 0.08 0.03 0.02 0.15 851 FOOTWEAR 1,164 5,932 56,836 55,709 0.00214 0.00363 0.01268 0.01183 0.24 0.39 1.17 1.00 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 130 4,873 10,540 9,089 0.00024 0.00298 0.00235 0.00193 0.02 0.18 0.12 0.09 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 14 23 91 1,242 0.00003 0.00001 0.00002 0.00026 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.05 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 4 5,022 64,667 78,255 0.00001 0.00307 0.01442 0.01662 0.00 0.56 2.91 3.28 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 62 1,503 2,763 10,132 0.00011 0.00092 0.00062 0.00215 0.01 0.11 0.04 0.13 892 PRINTED MATTER 182 543 2,C43 2,222 0.00033 0.00033 0.00046 0.00047 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.07 4 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 681 6,417 11,382 21,581 0.00125 0.00392 0.00254 0.00458 0.23 0.62 0.35 0.53 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 738 9,003 52,209 57,915 0.00135 0.00550 0.01165 0.01230 0.18 0.83 1.49 1.34 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 9 40 348 761 0.00002 0.00002 0.00008 0.00016 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.11 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 273 5,110 15,642 25,190 0.00050 0.00312 0.00349 0.00535 0.24 1.15 0.81 1.15 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 5,567 35,415 96,155 130,829 0.01021 0.02165 0.02145 0.02779 1.96 4.91 5.21 6.23 Sources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-8. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR JAPAN (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports BaLassa RCA Index SlTC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 3,361 7,255 8,634 14,255 0.00020 0.00016 0.00006 0.00007 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 6,992 13,844 20,400 22,718 0.00041 0.00030 0.00015 0.00012 3.88 2.03 0.02 0.01 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 189,641 233,971 243,588 225,220 0.01116 0.00505 0.00180 0.00115 3.88 2.03 0.81 0.46 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 11,837 3,341 18,709 1,405 0.00070 0.00007 0.00014 0.00001 0.57 0.04 0.13 0.01 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 2,203 5,793 25,533 31,158 0.00013 0.00013 0.00019 0.00016 0.23 0.16 0.35 0.36 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 213 564 1,158 700 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.07 0.05 0.05 0.03 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 6,853 14,251 46,186 55,397 0.00040 0.00031 0.00034 0.00028 0.16 0.11 0.13 0.11 052 DRIED FRUIT 166 155 248 258 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 39,517 63,767 61,116 53,400 0.00233 0.00138 0.00045 0.00027 0.50 0.35 0.11 0.07 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 19,730 43,852 100,020 93,819 0.00116 0.00095 0.00074 0.00048 0.34 0.28 0.28 0.20 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 5,761 27,720 21,623 26,182 0.00034 0.00060 0.00016 0.00013 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.03 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 20 193 639 776 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 4,877 2,195 6,367 7,424 0.00029 0.00005 0.00005 0.00004 0.11 0.01 0.02 0.01 074 TEA AND HATE 1,082 2,704 3,951 3,365 0.00006 0.00006 0.00003 0.00002 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.02 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 14,633 32,797 90,319 138,258 0.00086 0.00071 0.00067 0.00071 0.08 0.07 0.08 0.10 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 1,311 1,475 3,174 3,224 0.00008 0.00003 0.00002 0.00002 0.13 0.05 0.06 0.07 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 10,348 125,026 131,912 182,831 0.00061 0.00054 0.00097 0.00094 0.38 0.30 0.45 0.35 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 584 987 38,203 9,537 0.00003 0.00002 0.00028 0.00005 0.13 0.06 0.48 0.07 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 4,321 9,570 40,774 55,337 0.00025 0.00021 0.00030 0.00028 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.04 122 TOBACCO MFRS 405 496 4,117 11,142 0.00002 0.00001 0.00003 0.00006 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 19 73 357 201 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.03 0.05 0.14 0.05 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 60,156 144,390 213,129 267,781 0.00354 0.00312 0.00157 0.00137 1.30 1.31 0.72 0.67 243 WOOD SHAPED 15,527 23,864 12,465 6,744 0.00091 0.00051 0.00009 0.00003 0.06 0.04 0.01 0.00 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 7,137 60,134 16,191 23,256 0.00042 0.00130 0.00012 0.00012 0.04 0.12 0.02 0.02 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 9,745 7,283 6,390 3,144 0.00057 0.00016 0.00005 0.00002 0.43 0.14 0.05 0.02 4 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 147,070 239,681 296,220 430,185 0.00866 0.00517 0.00219 0.00220 2.11 1.66 0.89 0.95 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 34,430 115,145 211,231 340,566 0.00203 0.00248 0.00156 0.00174 0.06 0.05 0.02 0.05 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 13,172 37,451 80,820 57,390 0.00078 0.00081 0.00060 0.00029 0.40 0.49 0.60 0.47 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 10,775 11,661 26,577 18,849 0.00063 0.00025 0.00020 0.00010 0.09 0.04 0.04 0.03 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 3,358 8,198 17,847 20,507 0.00020 0.00018 0.00013 0.00010 0.20 0.17 0.10 0.12 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 346,406 1,233,786 2,030,574 3,118,264 0.02039 0.02662 0.01500 0.01596 0.95 0.99 0.50 0.57 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 69,359 156,428 419,706 476,397 0.00408 0.00338 0.00310 0.00244 0.55 0.43 0.40 0.39 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 40,553 131,269 226,388 270,77 0.00239 0.00283 0.00167 0.00139 0.59 0.71 0.46 0.39 TABLE A2-8. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR JAPAN [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 194 5,417 17,999 13.693 0.00001 0.00012 0.00013 0.00007 0.01 0.04 0.03 0.02 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 1,988 9,680 28,837 37,901 0.00012 0.00021 0.00021 0.00019 0.21 0.25 0.18 0.19 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 34,280 98,749 270,444 431,040 0.00202 0.00213 0.00200 0.00221 0.53 0.66 0.83 0.77 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 1,338 1,807 5,027 9,578 0.00008 0.00004 0.00004 0.00005 0.24 0.15 0.15 0.19 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 28,055 83,719 270,441 468,011 0.00165 0.00181 0.00200 0.00240 0.53 0.57 0.60 0.60 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 54,987 137,450 393,709 685,948 0.00324 0.00297 0.00291 0.00351 0.28 0.27 0.25 0.27 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 4,509 13,761 46,847 75,868 0.00027 0.00030 0.00035 0.00039 0.15 0.19 0.27 0.29 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 6,942 13,140 64,738 108,031 0.00041 0.00028 0.00048 0.00055 0.28 0.16 0.21 0.20 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 10,282 39,468 90,626 122,400 0.00061 0.00085 0.00067 0.00063 0.30 0.39 0.32 0.29 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 34,180 84,886 79,255 70,163 0.00201 0.00183 0.00059 0.00036 0.36 0.27 0.10 0.08 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 3,051 4,450 7,987 7,311 0.00018 0.00010 0.00006 0.00004 0.28 0.16 0.10 0.06 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 327,749 818,689 1,639,184 2,392,100 0.01929 0.01767 0.01211 0.01224 1.03 0.83 0.53 0.48 599 CHEMICALS NES 68,406 189,107 575,296 960,149 0.00403 0.00408 0.00425 0.00491 0.35 0.35 0.35 0.39 611 LEATHER 27,128 150,768 262,099 251,981 0.00160 0.00325 0.00194 0.00129 0.44 0.99 0.62 0.38 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 10,891 9,348 12,892 20,618 0.00064 0.00020 0.00010 0.00011 0.99 0.31 0.11 0.11 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 332 4,949 12,964 15,454 0.00002 0.00011 0.00010 0.00008 0.02 0.10 0.11 0.09 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 11,282 26,658 92,839 128,811 0.00066 0.00058 0.00069 0.00066 0.47 0.41 0.51 0.47 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 137,778 430,330 1,368,953 1,781,066 0.00811 0.00929 0.01011 0.00912 1.09 1.10 1.33 1.13 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 82,550 73,270 66,955 50,027 0.00486 0.00158 0.00049 0.00026 0.78 0.28 0.12 0.06 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 38,752 31,367 34,060 36,604 0.00228 0.00068 0.00025 0.00019 0.98 0.25 0.11 0.08 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 157 531 1,056 1,197 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 104,427 296,327 608,772 797,057 0.00615 0.00639 0.00450 0.00408 0.30 0.34 0.25 0.21 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 47,412 71,997 208,169 309,750 0.00279 0.00155 0.00154 0.00159 0.79 0.41 0.36 033 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 319,034 371,592 688,065 847,504 0.01878 0.00802 0.00508 0.00434 1,27 0.71 0.52 0.43 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 170,061 246,959 597,174 716,864 0.01001 0.00533 0.00441 0.00367 1.38 0.77 0.78 0.61 &o 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 753,262 1,084,749 1,902,057 2,326,052 0.04434 0.02341 0.01405 0.01190 2.43 1.73 1.30 1.01 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 28,787 54,216 91,817 103,419 0.00169 0.00117 0.00068 0.00053 1.36 1.24 0.81 0.59 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 90,017 209,439 355,403 463,251 0.00530 0.00452 0.00263 0.00237 1.09 1.09 0.71 0.60 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 54,820 49,237 58,567 70,796 0.00323 0.00106 0.00043 0.00036 1.14 0.35 0,15 0.12 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 25,369 27,539 68,626 70,268 0.00149 0.00059 0.00051 0.00036 0.32 0.14 0.16 0.11 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 20,058 118,218 308,971 150,784 0.00118 0.00255 0.00228 0.00077 0.47 0.86 0.69 0.26 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 75,613 135,354 254,878 223,768 0.00445 0.00292 0.00188 0.00115 1.42 0.90 0.71 0.43 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 14,205 60,677 307,384 408,028 0.00084 0.00131 0.00227 0.00209 0.28 0.45 0.71 0.69 TABLE A2-8. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR JAPAN [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Batassa RCA Index SITC/CommoditY 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 39,919 81,764 354,305 540,866 0.00235 0.00176 0.00262 0.00277 0.60 0.56 0.83 0.78 665 GLASSWARE 23,600 30,706 94,879 142,032 0.00139 0.00066 0.00070 0.00073 0.51 0.26 0.29 0.29 666 POTTERY 129,508 249,080 540,625 563,727 0.00762 0.00538 0.00399 0.00289 3.78 2.68 2.00 1.39 671 PIG IRON ETC 28,498 148,727 49,394 62,029 0.00168 0.00321 0.00036 0.00032 0.35 0.64 0.11 0.12 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 250,681 724,920 516,565 623,895 0.01476 0.01564 0.00382 0.00319 2.07 2.45 0.72 0.60 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 321,397 1,114,862 1,517,684 1,216,434 0.01892 0.02406 0.01121 0.00623 1.34 2.03 1.34 0.87 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 1,223,964 3,119,814 3,800,366 4,298,943 0.07205 0.06732 0.02808 0.02200 3.26 3.49 2.02 1.74 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 66,856 171,474 212,325 260,909 0.00394 0.00370 0.00157 0.00134 1.42 1.56 0.93 0.80 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 10,925 57,961 109,283 76,016 0.00064 0.00125 0.00081 0.00039 1.10 1.81 1.90 1.26 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 106,937 202,784 240,034 232,859 0.00630 0.00438 0.00177 0.00119 3.00 2.30 1.31 0.91 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 370,829 1,240,846 1,933,877 1,382,353 0.02183 0.02678 0.01429 0.00707 2.51 2.60 1.90 1.23 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 4,089 22,634 33,400 37,483 0.00024 0.00049 0.00025 0.00019 0.33 0.73 0.55 0.45 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 9,387 54,572 54,148 21,486 0.00055 0.00118 0.00040 0.00011 0.14 0.26 0.08 0.03 682 COPPER 82,487 230,853 503,484 690,690 0.00486 0.00498 0.00372 0.00353 0.23 0.42 0.45 0.49 683 NICKEL 2,628 16,802 21,705 21,762 0.00015 0.00036 0.00016 0.00011 0.03 0.13 0.10 0.09 684 ALUMINIUM 31,994 144,554 506,958 575,233 0.00188 0.00312 0.00375 0.00294 0.19 0.34 0.33 0.27 685 LEAD 1,759 7,466 13,506 16,220 0.00010 0.00016 0.00010 0.00008 0.07 0.14 0.15 0.16 686 ZINC 17,915 41,217 27,964 22,949 0.00105 0.00089 0.00021 0.00012 0.52 0.40 0.14 0.11 687 TiN 693 31259 6,486 5,140 0.00004 0.00007 0.00000 0.00003 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 13 112 53 8 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0. 19 0.8A 0=08 0.02 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 24,797 52,712 112,370 156,366 0.00146 0.00114 0.00083 0.00080 0.73 0.69 0.55 0.60 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 53,246 203,964 578,451 332,870 0.00313 0.00440 0.00427 0.00170 0.91 1.00 1.09 0.55 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 23,445 79,235 127,233 66,436 0.00138 0.00171 0.00094 0.00034 0.88 0.94 0.61 0.23 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 62,748 148,139 208,348 210,974 0.00369 0.00320 0.00154 0.00108 1.87 1.72 1.09 0.80 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 141,084 354,095 601,498 650,640 0.00831 0.00764 0.00444 0.00333 2.67 2.38 1.56 1.16 c 695 TOOLS 91,813 237,801 557,244 843,651 0.00540 0.00513 0.00412 0.00432 1.07 1.04 0.92 0.94 696 CUTLERY 83,823 146,000 270,611 271,577 0.00493 0.00315 0.00200 0.00139 3.20 2.42 1.83 1.27 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 54,967 70,563 247,620 207,622 0.00324 0.00152 0.00183 0.00106 1.38 0.63 0.76 0.47 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 141,065 355,367 754,094 969,701 0.00830 0.00767 0.00557 0.00496 0.97 0.91 0.69 0.59 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 248,202 734,920 2,595,680 4,216,890 0.01461 0.01586 0.01918 0.02158 0.64 0.71 0.83 0.93 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 42,600 235,588 675,069 886,764 0.00251 0.00508 0.00499 0.00454 0.28 0.46 0.72 0.79 714 OFFICE MACHINES 361,551 1,091,112 7,230,492 13,636,977 0.02128 0.02355 0.05342 0.06979 0.99 1.26 1.46 1.63 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 98,931 397,610 1,738,920 3,031,943 0.00582 0.00858 0.01285 0.01552 0.56 1.04 2.08 2.11 TABLE A2-8. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR JAPAN [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($OO0) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 330,267 680,306 1,202,311 2,033,900 0.01944 0.01468 0.00888 0.01041 1.54 1.69 1.53 1.49 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 165,278 638,831 2,232,411 3,194,389 0.00973 0.01379 0.01649 0.01635 0.56 0.78 1.15 1.09 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 653,869 2,153,910 7,853,326 11,701,329 0.03849 0.04648 0.05803 0.05989 0.67 0.82 1.15 1.10 722 ELEC PUR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 268,562 865,830 3,601,048 5,553,376 0.01581 0.01868 0.02661 0.02842 0.95 1.03 1.35 1.37 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 83,741 220,077 653,219 777,506 0.00493 0.00475 0.00483 0.00398 1.45 1.35 1.11 0.87 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 1,385,336 3,897,567 9,339,301 13,336,375 0.08155 0.08411 0.06901 0.06825 3.84 3.51 2.72 2.54 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 110,235 385,066 1,465,369 1,729,622 0.00649 0.00831 0.01083 0.00885 0.96 1.11 1.52 1.12 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 11,334 47,905 370,538 710,350 0.00067 0.00103 0.00274 0.00364 0.46 0.52 1.13 1.26 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 434,393 1,521,619 8,465,271 13,845,478 0.02557 0.03284 0.06255 0.07086 0.95 1.09 1.46 1.57 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 37,274 133,322 265,392 284,802 0.00219 0.00288 0.00196 0.00146 1.03 1.26 1.11 0.92 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 2,487,274 8,554,198 33,064,768 51,734,446 0.14642 0.18460 0.24431 0.26477 1.40 1.76 2.21 2.16 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 82,328 159,401 715,608 846,124 0.00485 0.00344 0.00529 0.00433 1.51 1.02 1.71 1.33 734 AIRCRAFT 32,845 23,631 221,727 259,634 0.00193 0.00051 0.00164 0.00133 0.13 0.05 0.10 0.09 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 442,901 2,040,227 1,988,943 1,502,207 0.02607 0.04403 0.01470 0.00769 2.30 2.94 1.58 1.40 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 24,312 30,428 87,502 100,654 0.00143 0.00066 0.00065 0.00052 0.42 0.22 0.24 0.16 821 FURNITURE 31,507 43,943 217,016 316,149 0.00185 0.00095 0.00160 0.00162 0.27 0.11 0.17 0.15 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 51,468 48,602 65,244 77,917 0.00303 0.00105 0.00048 0.00040 1.75 0.47 0.16 0.11 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 368,859 318,730 743,537 775,628 0.02171 0.00688 0.00549 0.00397 0.74 0.21 0.15 0.09 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 297 715 1,967 2,462 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.01 851 FOOTWEAR 108,045 37,385 66,784 43,732 0.00636 0.00081 0.00049 0.00022 0.71 0.09 0.05 0.02 861 IUSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 553,790 1,642,488 5,647,974 8,621,447 0.03260 0.03544 0.04173 0.04412 2.06 2.18 2.21 2.17 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 48,843 240,596 1,183,946 1,792,690 0.00288 0.00519 0.00875 0.00917 0.63 1.12 1.65 1.71 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 141,963 557,959 1,734,617 2,088,475 0.00836 0.01204 0.01282 0.01069 1.83 2.21 2.58 2.11 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 726,993 1,688,756 10,217,132 14,203,108 0.04280 0.03644 0.07549 0.07269 4.79 4.28 5.18 4.27 892 PRINTED MATTER 41,051 84,851 322,138 474,495 0.00242 0.00183 0.00238 0.00243 0.30 0.26 0.36 0.34 0 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 95,893 131,627 415,958 671,245 0.00565 0.00284 0.00307 0.00344 1.02 0.45 0.43 0.39 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 236,501 363,750 868,026 1,176,290 0.01392 0.00785 0.00641 0.00602 1.89 1.18 0.82 0.66 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 33,387 82,369 323,056 492,091 0.00197 0.00178 0.00239 0.00252 1.55 1.50 1.77 1.68 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 25,010 53,366 146,137 178,214 0.00147 0.00115 0.00108 0.00091 0.69 0.42 0.25 0.20 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 151,764 308,157 408,199 467,471 0.00893 0.00665 0.00302 0.00239 1.71 1.51 0.73 0.54 Sources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). TABLE A2-9. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR INDONESIA (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of ExPorts(SOOO) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 1582 6892 9974 17691 0.00587 0.00612 0.00257 0.00353 0.24 0.32 0.18 0.25 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 4 4 2 11 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 206 3337 5767 15806 0.00076 0.00296 0.00149 0.00316 0.27 1.19 0.67 1.27 0422 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 20 77 1647 9019 0.00008 0.00007 0.00042 0.00180 0.06 0.03 0.39 2.30 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 0 84 0 0 0.00000 0.00007 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.10 0.00 0.00 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 37 63 0 6 0.00014 0.00006 0.00000 0.00000 0.72 0.25 0.00 0.01 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 2074 2728 5244 4688 0.00770 0.00242 0.00135 0.00094 3.07 0.89 0.53 0.35 052 DRIED FRUIT 11 70 64 161 0.00004 0.00006 0.00002 0.00003 0.04 0.07 0.02 0.05 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 192 2515 3511 13260 0.00071 0.00223 0.00090 0.00265 0.15 0.56 0.22 0.70 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 507 872 1107 4685 0.00188 0.00077 0.00029 0.00094 0.55 0.23 0.11 0.38 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 7815 8394 41833 60777 0.02901 0.00745 0.01078 0.01214 2.33 0.56 2.08 2.96 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 3 3 2464 3611 0.00001 0.00000 0.00063 0.00072 0.01 0.00 0.86 1.03 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 18 967 2156 5116 0.00007 0.00086 0.00056 0.00102 0.03 0.26 0.19 0.36 074 TEA AND MATE 30365 70065 141851 96802 0.11272 0.06222 0.03654 0.01934 44.79 31.63 24.18 18.36 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 22446 106273 108807 95980 0.08332 0.09437 0.02803 0.01917 7.97 9.70 3.36 2.74 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 0 0 12 141 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00003 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.12 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 716 1993 3031 5626 0.00266 0.00177 0.00078 0.00112 1.65 0.99 0.36 0.42 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 1 0 36 425 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00008 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.13 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 491 916 639 1068 0.00182 0.00081 0.00016 0.00021 0.17 0.10 0.02 0.03 122 TOBACCO MFRS 114 1200 5700 2820 0.00042 0.00107 0.00147 0.00056 0.25 0.62 0.66 0.24 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 16 5 1 1 0.00006 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 1.39 0.14 0.01 0.01 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 23 149 86 635 0.00009 0.00013 0.00002 0.00013 0.03 0.06 0.01 0.06 243 WOOD SHAPED 6200 61984 310389 503545 0.02301 0.05504 0.07995 0.10058 1.61 4.64 8.60 11.59 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 4 20 3417 1722 0.00002 0.00002 0.00088 0.00034 0.00 0.00 0.11 0.05 262.2-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HARIS 0 0 25 84 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00002 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 21 104 707 457 0.00008 0.00009 0.00018 0.00009 0.02 0.03 0.07 0.04 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 95912 456218 1377173 1030548 0.35603 0.40511 0.35474 0.20585 11.01 7.47 4.99 5.36 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 1 21 585 5895 0.00000 0.00002 0.00015 0.00118 0.00 0.01 0.15 1.90 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 42862 132205 198491 194047 0.15911 0.11740 0.05113 0.03876 23.54 17.70 9.39 10.86 431 PROCESO ANML VEG OIL,ETC 28 45 15626 10581 0.00010 0.00004 0.00403 0.00211 0.10 0.04 2.94 2.51 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 355 2996 21395 45039 0.00132 0.00266 0.00551 0.00900 0.06 0.10 0.18 0.32 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 131 1326 9252 14755 0.00049 0.00118 0.00238 0.00295 0.06 0.15 0.31 0.47 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 2 9 1095 4244 0.00001 0.00001 0.00028 0.00085 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.24 TABLE A2-9. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR INDONESIA tCont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 0 1 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 57 587 3 12415 0.00021 0.00052 0.00000 0.00248 0.39 0.63 0.00 2.37 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 13 611 438 1077 0.00005 0.00054 0.00011 0.00022 0.01 0.17 0.05 0.08 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 88 501 1337 951 0.00033 0.00044 0.00034 0.00019 0.99 1.67 1.39 0.74 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 1 18 41 132 0.00000 0.00002 0.00001 0.00003 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 3563 9087 14525 17619 0.01322 0.00807 0.00374 0.00352 1.14 0.73 0.32 0.27 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 6791 18355 30126 32253 0.02521 0.01630 0.00776 0.00644 13.88 10.66 6.16 4.87 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 2 56 894 1212 0.00001 0.00005 0.00023 0.00024 0.01 0.03 0.10 0.09 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 9 57 480 1963 0.00003 0.00005 0.00012 0.00039 0.02 0.02 0.06 0.18 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 3 5700 20072 24881 0.00001 0.00506 0.00517 0.00497 0.00 0.73 0.88 1.08 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 19 5 15 37 0.00007 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.11 0.01 0.01 0.01 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 27 69 515 4906 0.00010 0.00006 0.00013 0.00098 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.04 599 CHEMICALS NES 398 791 3547 6029 0.00148 0.00070 0.00091 0.00120 0.13 0.06 0.08 0.10 611 LEATHER 586 5207 35000 51082 0.00218 0.00462 0.00902 0.01020 0.60 1.40 2.86 3.00 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 36 25 234 750 0.00013 0.00002 0.00006 0.00015 0.21 0.03 0.07 0.15 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 1 13 8 34 0.00000 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.01 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 35 181 35 155 0.00013 0.00016 0.00001 0.00003 0.09 0.11 0.01 0.02 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 24 145 2753 10126 0.00009 0.00013 0.00071 0.00202 0.01 0.02 0.09 0.25 631 VENEERS,PLYWOOD,ETC 43 2966 475867 1163276 0.00016 0.00263 0.12258 0.23237 0.03 0.47 28.79 52.74 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 499 3744 13260 31707 0.00185 0.00332 0.00342 0.00633 0.80 1.21 1.44 2.56 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 0 0 0 1 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 10 48 9880 42431 0.00004 0.00004 0.00254 0.00848 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.44 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 4 32 86 1038 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00021 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.04 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 25 465 11285 36558 0.00009 0.00041 0.00291 0.00730 0.01 0.04 0.30 0.72 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 573 1165 53346 107688 0.00213 0.00103 0.01374 0.02151 0.29 0.15 2.42 3.58 0 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOlTON 47 206 43688 80679 0.00017 0.00018 0.01125 0.01612 0.01 0.01 1.04 1.36 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 2 9 3913 13848 0.00001 0.00001 0.00101 0.00277 0.01 0.01 1.21 3.06 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 254 548 356 2944 0.00094 0.00049 0.00009 0.00059 0.19 0.12 0.02 0.15 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 88 765 6543 14346 0.00033 0.00068 0.00169 0.00287 0.12 0.23 0.60 0.96 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 131 1491 10175 30425 0.00049 0.00132 0.00262 0.00608 0.10 0.30 0.83 1.78 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 10 537 12622 41602 0.00004 0.00048 0.00325 0.00831 0.02 0.16 0.99 2.78 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 3 0 323 505 0.00001 0.00000 0.00008 0.00010 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.04 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 8 4 83 172 0.00003 0.00000 0.00002 0.00003 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 TABLE A2-9. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR INDONESIA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exoorts(SOOO) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SlTC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 184 61 1580 6595 0.00068 0.00005 0.00041 0.00132 0.18 0.02 0.13 0.37 665 GLASSWARE 1 29 2917 6686 0.00000 0.00003 0.00075 0.00134 0.00 0.01 0.31 0.53 666 POTTERY 16 49 77 194 0.00006 0.00004 0.00002 0.00004 0.03 0.02 0.01 0.02 671 PIG IRON ETC 0 9860 26827 11607 0.00000 0.00876 0.00691 0.00232 0.00 1.74 2.17 0.86 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 2 1 274 46126 0.00001 0.00000 0.00007 0.00921 0.00 0.00 0.01 1.72 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 4 42 1240 26215 0.00002 0.00004 0.00032 0.00524 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.73 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 7 46 1600 32307 0.00003 0.00004 0.00041 0.00645 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.51 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 0 0 6 158 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00003 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 0 2 0 43 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 12 42 34 2188 0.00004 0.00004 0.00001 0.00044 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.08 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 1 0 23 54 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.02 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 255 88 64 3 0.00095 0.00008 0.00002 0.00000 0.25 0.02 0.00 0.00 682 COPPER 36 11 527 3949 0.00013 0.00001 0.00014 0.00079 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.11 683 NICKEL 0 9 245 18 0.00000 0.00001 0.00006 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 684 ALUMINIUM 3 183 190510 205761 0.00001 0.00016 0.04907 0.04110 0.00 0.02 4.31 3.83 685 LEAD 0 0 4 14 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 686 ZINC 21 132 0 1 0.00008 0.00012 0.00000 0.00000 0.04 0.05 0.00 0.00 687 TIN 35963 169545 257544 119077 0.13350 0.15055 0.06634 0.02379 52.39 68.09 43.57 32.42 6n8 URANIUM,THORiuN,ALLOYS 0 0 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 1 7 23 369 0.00000 0.00001 0.00001 0.00007 0.00 0.00 0.U0 0.06 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 1 112 38 21 0.00000 0.00010 0.00001 0.00000 0.00 0.02 0.00 0.00 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 28 27 61 207 0.00010 0.00002 0.00002 0.00004 0.07 0.01 0.01 0.03 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 7 22 3 30 0.00002 0.00002 0.00000 0.00001 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 5 13 29 2528 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00050 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.18 0 695 TOOLS 4 30 347 607 0.00001 0.00003 0.00009 0.00012 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 696 CUTLERY 4 5 16 58 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 22 69 143 569 0.00008 0.00006 0.00004 0.00011 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.05 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 23 126 395 1402 0.00009 0.00011 0.00010 0.00028 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.03 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 90 1626 5050 7161 0.00034 0.00144 0.00130 0.00143 0.01 0.06 0.06 0.06 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 6 11 43 59 0.00002 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 714 OFFICE MACHINES 81 193 907 1598 0.00030 0.00017 0.00023 0.00032 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 18 68 73 184 0.00007 0.00006 0.00002 0.00004 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 TABLE A2-9. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR INDONESIA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Vatue of Exports($S00) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 4 20 51 338 0.00002 0.00002 0.00001 0.00007 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 47 67 428 723 0.00018 0.00006 0.00011 0.00014 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 71 519 2339 2874 0.00026 0.00046 0.00060 0.00057 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 21 2036 3383 2070 0.00008 0.00181 0.00087 0.00041 0.00 0.10 0.04 0.02 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 2 9 15 41 0.00001 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 135 1659 2099 2300 0.00050 0.00147 0.00054 0.00046 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.02 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 1 3 62 197 0.00000 0.00000 0.00002 0.00004 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 1 14 74 106 0.00000 0.00001 0.00002 0.00002 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 913 10750 82258 24159 0.00339 0.00955 0.02119 0.00483 0.13 0.32 0.50 0.11 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 1 3 16 355 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00007 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 31 70 372 1213 0.00012 0.00006 0.00010 0.00024 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 1 19 152 803 0.00000 0.00002 0.00004 0.00016 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.05 734 AIRCRAFT 215 805 8979 23893 0.00080 0.00072 0.00231 0.00477 0.06 0.07 0.14 0.33 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 414 1102 2169 1807 0.00154 0.00098 0.00056 0.00036 0.14 0.07 0.06 0.07 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 4 68 139 2571 0.00001 0.00006 0.00004 0.00051 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.16 821 FURNITURE 149 1122 6456 19332 0.00055 0.00100 0.00166 0.00386 0.08 0.12 0.18 0.35 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 5 104 696 1578 0.00002 0.00009 0.00018 0.00032 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.09 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 732 6809 237999 515259 0.00272 0.00605 0.06130 0.10292 0.09 0.18 1.72 2.40 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 61 14 3 9 0.00023 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.36 0.01 0.00 0.00 851 FOOTWEAR 251 405 3172 14696 0.00093 0.00036 0.00082 0.00294 0.10 0.04 0.08 0.25 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 90 445 1251 5185 0.00033 0.00040 0.00032 0.00104 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.05 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 60 82 1631 1042 0.00022 0.00007 0.00042 0.00021 0.05 0.02 0.08 0.04 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 1 43 69 72 0.00000 0.00004 0.00002 0.00001 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 891 SOUND RECORDERS, PRODUCERS 20 101 4749 6019 0.00008 0.00009 0.00122 0.00120 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.01 892 PRINTED MATTER 479 333 578 472 0.00178 0.00030 0.00015 0.00009 0.22 0.04 0.02 0.01 0° 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 4 13 582 2766 0.00001 0.00001 0.00015 0.00055 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.06 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 1 8 924 1002 0.00000 0.00001 0.00024 0.00020 0.00 0.01 0.18 0.13 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 3290 1841 4627 8588 0.01221 0.00163 0.00119 0.00172 2.34 0.37 0.29 0.38 Sources: United Nations, TARS (WorLd Bank). TABLE A2-10. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR KOREA (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports BaLassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 011-013 PREPARED MEAT 4187 21196 5735 12155 0.00491 0.00372 0.00029 0.00036 0.20 0.20 0.02 0.03 022-024 PREPARED DAIRY PROD. 18 2 576 66 0.00002 0.00000 0.00003 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 032 FISH ETC TINNED,PREPARED 9272 59927 108379 230050 0.01088 0.01053 0.00555 0.00678 3.78 4.24 2.49 2.72 042.2 RICE GLAZED OR POLISHED 1 590 10 27 0.00000 0.00010 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.05 0.00 0.00 046 WHEAT ETC MEAL OR FLOUR 1 14 22 75 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 047 MEAL AND FLOUR NON-WHEAT 13 5 50 40 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.01 048 CEREAL ETC PREPARATIONS 855 6392 6879 17038 0.00100 0.00112 0.00035 0.00050 0.40 0.41 0.14 0.19 052 DRIED FRUIT 11 77 227 483 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.00001 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 053 FRUIT PRESERVED,PREPARED 161 4087 50312 93224 0.00019 0.00072 0.00257 0.00275 0.04 0.18 0.64 0.72 055 VEGTBLES ETC PRSVD,PREPD 6707 39456 33141 35975 0.00787 0.00693 0.00170 0.00106 2.29 2.04 0.64 0.44 061-062 SUGAR PREPARATIONS 578 27738 58605 38730 0.00068 0.00487 0.00300 0.00114 0.05 0.37 0.58 0.28 071.3 COFFEE ESSENCES,EXTRACTS 0 78 818 6054 0.00000 0.00001 0.00004 0.00018 0.00 0.01 0.06 0.26 072-073 COCOA PROD. & CHOCOLATE 0 240 134 4230 0.00000 0.00004 0.00001 0.00012 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.04 074 TEA AND MATE 10 116 529 774 0.00001 0.00002 0.00003 0.00002 0.00 0.01 0.02 0.02 081 ANIMAL FEEDING STUFF 143 3204 3570 7836 0.00017 0.00056 0.00018 0.00023 0.02 0.06 0.02 0.03 091 MARGARINE,SHORTENING 0 0 14 0 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 099 FOOD PREPARATIONS NES 1433 16222 27740 50595 0.00168 0.00285 0.00142 0.00149 1.04 1.59 0.65 0.56 111 NON-ALC BEVERAGES NES 11 472 2024 7058 0.00001 0.00008 0.00010 0.00021 0.05 0.22 0.18 0.31 112 ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGES 104 550 3749 6326 0.00012 0.00010 0.00019 0.00019 0.01 0.01 0.03 0.03 122 TOBACCO MFRS 9 928 11472 2478 0.00001 0.00016 0.00059 0.00007 0.01 0.09 0.27 0.03 221.9 OIL SEED FLOUR AND MEAL 1 1 6 27 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00Q00 0.04 0.01 0.02 0.04 221.2/3 SYNTHETIC-RECLAIMED RUBBER 11 7 6856 7760 0.00001 0.00000 0.00035 0.00023 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.11 243 WOOD SHAPED 2190 31577 18298 34699 0.00257 0.00555 0.00094 0.00102 0.18 0.47 0.10 0.12 251 PULP AND WASTE PAPER 31 180 445 299 0.00004 0.00003 0.00002 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 262.6-.8 WORKED WOOL AND HAIRS 974 7236 4079 4946 0.00114 0.00127 0.00021 0.00015 0.86 1.10 0.23 0.18 266 SYNTHETIC,REGENRTD FIBRE 1340 7226 34673 58253 0.00157 0.00127 0.00177 0.00172 0.38 0.41 0.72 0.74 332 PETROLEUM PRODUCTS 9727 110289 511766 422164 0.01142 0.01938 0.02619 0.01244 0.35 0.36 0.37 0.32 411 ANIMAL OILS AND FATS 39 33 97 453 0.00005 0.00001 0.00000 0.00001 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.02 421-422 VEGETABLE OILS 131 684 2044 986 0.00015 0.00012 0.00010 0.00003 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 431 PROCESD ANML VEG OIL,ETC 22 900 1336 2502 0.00003 0.00016 0.00007 0.00007 0.03 0.15 0.05 0.09 512 ORGANIC CHEMICALS 2343 41301 182838 264116 0.00275 0.00726 0.00936 0.00778 0.13 0.27 0.31 0.28 513 INORG ELEMNTS,OXIDES,ETC 131 954 14006 20365 0.00015 0.00017 0.00072 0.00060 0.02 0.02 0.09 0.10 514 OTHR INORGANIC CHEMICALS 2837 19124 32257 32350 0.00333 0.00336 0.00165 0.00095 0.82 0.84 0.45 0.27 TABLE A2-10. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR KOREA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average Value of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 515 RADIOACTIVE ETC MATERIAL 0 3 58 171 0.00000 0.00000 0.00000 0.00001 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 521 COAL,PETROLEUM ETC CHEMS 234 11520 79803 120471 0.00027 0.00202 0.00408 0.00355 0.50 2.46 3.35 3.38 531 SYNT DYE,NAT INDGO,LAKES 453 3387 16114 36274 0.00053 0.00060 0.00082 0.00107 0.14 0.18 0.34 0.37 532 DYES NES,TANNING PRODS 40 42 91 52 0.00005 0.00001 0.00000 0.00000 0.14 0.03 0.02 0.01 533 PIGMENTS,PAINTS,ETC 19 1268 7348 21032 0.00002 0.00022 0.00038 0.00062 0.01 0.07 0.11 0.15 541 MEDICINAL ETC PRODUCTS 2077 13293 32307 65747 0.00244 0.00234 0.00165 0.00194 0.21 0.21 0.14 0.15 551 ESSENTL OIL,PERFUME,ETC 26 324 140 404 0.00003 0.00006 0.00001 0.00001 0.02 0.04 0.01 0.01 553 PERFUME,COSMETICS,ETC 56 278 1788 8777 0.00007 0.00005 0.00009 0.00026 0.05 0.03 0.04 0.09 554 SOAPS,CLEANING ETC PREPS 156 1196 4615 10768 0.00018 0.00021 0.00024 0.00032 0.09 0.10 0.11 0.14 561 FERTILIZERS MANUFACTURED 2207 6447 77455 81427 0.00259 0.00113 0.00396 0.00240 0.46 0.16 0.67 0.52 571 EXPLOSIVES,PYROTECH PROD 0 1168 7462 13785 0.00000 0.00021 0.00038 0.00041 0.00 0.35 0.65 0.66 581 PLASTIC MATERIALS ETC 2355 14147 183193 337115 0.00276 0.00249 0.00937 0.00993 0.15 0.12 0.41 0.39 599 CHEMICALS NES 356 5686 22984 30257 0.00042 0.00100 0.00118 0.00089 0.04 0.08 0.10 0.07 611 LEATHER 223 720 6737 45087 0.00026 0.00013 0.00034 0.00133 0.07 0.04 0.11 0.39 612 LEATHER ETC MANUFACTURES 982 16065 52545 74897 0.00115 0.00282 0.00269 0.00221 1.78 4.27 3.07 2.23 613 FUR SKINS TANNED,DRESSED 552 985 997 2580 0.00065 0.00017 0.00005 0.00008 0.60 0.17 0.06 0.08 621 MATERIALS OF RUBBER 58 562 3396 9526 0.00007 0.00010 0.00017 0.00028 0.05 0.07 0.13 0.20 629 RUBBER ARTICLES NES 2972 63565 345611 530182 0.00349 0.01117 0.01768 0.01562 0.47 1.33 2.33 1.94 631 VENEERS,PLYWUOD,ETC 111535 283100 64829 37846 0.13091 0.04975 0.00332 0.00111 21.09 8.89 0.78 0.25 632 WOOD MANUFACTURES NES 1703 12025 30622 39880 0.00200 0.00211 0.00157 0.00117 0.86 0.77 0.66 0.48 633 CORK MANUFACTURES 1 681 966 445 0.00000 0.00012 0.00005 0.00001 0.00 0.43 0.23 0.06 641 PAPER AND PAPERBOARD 1647 19932 59201 172452 0.00193 0.00350 0.00303 0.00508 0.09 0.18 0.17 0.26 642 ARTICLES OF PAPER ETC 1447 30477 72512 100579 0.00170 0.00536 0.00371 0.00296 0.48 1.40 0.87 0.62 651 TEXTILE YARN AND THREAD 26728 200385 420631 548686 0.03137 0.03521 0.02152 0.01616 2.13 3.10 2.21 1.58 652 COTTON FABRICS,WOVEN 24340 64466 154851 209114 0.02857 0.01133 0.00792 0.00616 3.94 1.64 1.39 1.02 CO 653 WOVEN TEXTILES NONCOTTON 73568 306971 922923 1544275 0.08635 0.05394 0.04722 0.04549 4.74 3.99 4.38 3.84 654 LACE,RIBBONS,TULLE,ETC 6006 28199 47841 64224 0.00705 0.00496 0.00245 0.00189 5.67 5.26 2.93 2.09 655 SPECIAL TEXTILE ETC PROD 3678 19475 73677 133678 0.00432 0.00342 0.00377 0.00394 0.89 0.83 1.02 1.00 656 TEXTILE ETC PRODUCTS NES 3289 37787 99618 169211 0.00386 0.00664 0.00510 0.00498 1.37 2.20 1.81 1.67 657 FLOOR COVR,TAPESTRY ETC 3380 14817 18063 35205 0.00397 0.00260 0.00092 0.00104 0.85 0.59 0.29 0.30 661 CEMENT ETC BUILDING PROD 3477 65072 183119 299565 0.00408 0.01143 0.00937 0.00882 1.61 3.84 2.85 2.95 662 CLAY,REFRACTORY BLDG PRD 1250 19408 16540 18942 0.00147 0.00341 0.00085 0.00056 0.47 1.05 0.32 0.21 663 OTH NONMETAL MINERAL MFS 340 3158 15177 27732 0.00040 0.00055 0.00078 0.00082 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.27 TABLE A2-10. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR KOREA [Contd) (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average VaLue of Exports($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 664 GLASS 1506 6184 30443 56414 0.00177 0.00109 0.00156 0.00166 0.45 0.34 0.49 0.47 665 GLASSWARE 569 4543 17106 28888 0.00067 0.00080 0.00088 0.00085 0.24 0.31 0.36 0.34 666 POTTERY 458 13792 88461 124322 0.00054 0.00242 0.00453 0.00366 0.27 1.21 2.26 1.77 671 PIG IRON ETC 1089 8155 3055 1627 0.00128 0.00143 0.00016 0.00005 0.26 0.28 0.05 0.02 672 IRON,STL PRIMARY FORMS 1594 24291 281191 337329 0.00187 0.00427 0.01439 0.00994 0.26 0.67 2.71 1.86 673 IRON AND STEEL SHAPES 3722 17103 222035 232683 0.00437 0.00301 0.01136 0.00685 0.31 0.25 1.35 0.96 674 IRN,STL UNIV,PLATE,SHEET 24719 146375 630716 727810 0.02901 0.02572 0.03227 0.02144 1.31 1.33 2.33 1.70 675 IRON,STEEL HOOP,STRIP 20 1591 9054 16243 0.00002 0.00028 0.00046 0.00048 0.01 0.12 0.27 0.29 676 RAILWY RAILS ETC IRN,STL 24 252 9578 15410 0.00003 0.00004 0.00049 0.00045 0.05 0.06 1.15 1.47 677 IRN,STL WIRE EXCL W ROD 260 5595 24220 61931 0.00031 0.00098 0.00124 0.00182 0.15 0.52 0.91 1.40 678 IRON,STL TUBES,PIPES,ETC 2153 58770 423341 348983 0.00253 0.01033 0.02166 0.01028 0.29 1.00 2.88 1.79 679 IRN,STL CASTINGS UNWORKD 74 1527 4808 10271 0.00009 0.00027 0.00025 0.00030 0.12 0.40 0.55 0.70 681 SILVER,PLATINUM,ETC 522 3068 14174 14461 0.00061 0.00054 0.00073 0.00043 0.16 0.12 0.15 0.12 682 COPPER 437 2924 64728 70414 0.00051 0.00051 0.00331 0.00207 0.02 0.04 0.40 0.29 683 NICKEL 0 19 3140 4093 0.00000 0.00000 0.00016 0.00012 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.10 684 ALUMINIUM 3071 4410 30475 41118 0.00360 0.00077 0.00156 0.00121 0.36 0.08 0.14 0.11 685 LEAD 489 261 146 5727 0.00057 0.00005 0.00001 0.00017 0.36 0.04 0.01 0.32 686 ZINC 392 1772 665 15155 0.00046 0.00031 0.00003 0.00045 0.22 0.14 0.02 0.40 1-07 TIN 7 229 203 748 0.00001 0.00004 0.00001 0.00002 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.03 688 URANIUM,THORIUM,ALLOYS 0 1 0 0 0.00000 0.00000 o0=00Q0 0.00000 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.00 689 NON-FER BASE METALS NES 723 5285 6833 6935 0.00085 0.00093 0.00035 0.00020 0.42 0.57 0.23 0.15 691 STRUCTURES AND PARTS NES 229 4876 184252 101541 0.00027 0.00086 0.00943 0.00299 0.08 0.19 2.41 0.97 692 METAL TANKS,BOXES,ETC 23 1038 11341 17310 0.00003 0.00018 0.00058 0.00051 0.02 0.10 0.37 0.35 693 WIRE PRODUCTS NON ELECTR 1558 24415 112274 145273 0.00183 0.00429 0.00574 0.00428 0.92 2.31 4.07 3.17 694 STL,COPPR NAILS,NUTS,ETC 195 27454 131224 170045 0.00023 0.00482 0.00671 0.00501 0.07 1.50 2.36 1.75 0 695 TOOLS 468 8985 33853 46616 0.00055 0.00158 0.00173 0.00137 0.11 0.32 0.39 0.30 696 CUTLERY 5249 47872 106245 162658 0.00616 0.00841 0.00544 0.00479 4.00 6.47 4.97 4.36 697 BASE MTL HOUSEHOLD EQUIP 1077 31028 167373 262488 0.00126 0.00545 0.00856 0.00773 0.54 2.25 3.58 3.42 698 METAL MANUFACTURES NES 1085 23913 107965 194811 0.00127 0.00420 0.00552 0.00574 0.15 0.50 0.69 0.68 711 POWER MACHINERY NON-ELEC 260 3970 20959 74291 0.00030 0.00070 0.00107 0.00219 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.09 712 AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY 30 1691 2730 7800 0.00003 0.00030 0.00014 0.00023 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.04 714 OFFICE MACHINES 2543 32768 391951 1264895 0.00299 0.00576 0.02005 0.03726 0.14 0.31 0.55 0.87 715 METALWORKING MACHINERY 1234 495 23792 37458 0.00145 0.00009 0.00122 0.00110 0.14 0.01 0.20 0.15 TABLE A2-10. REVEALED COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE INDICES FOR KOREA [Cont'd] (1970-72 to 1986-87) Average VaLue of Exp2rts($000) Share of Manufactured Exports Balassa RCA Index SITC/Commodity 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 1970-72 1975-77 1983-85 1986-87 717 TEXTILE,LEATHER MACHNRY 1249 15403 22016 46179 0.00147 0.00271 0.00113 0.00136 0.12 0.31 0.19 0.20 718 MACHS FOR SPCL INDUSTRYS 228 3876 56038 36416 0.00027 0.00068 0.00287 0.00107 0.02 0.04 0.20 0.07 719 MACHINES NES NONELECTRIC 901 16439 199488 449799 0.00106 0.00289 0.01021 0.01325 0.02 0.05 0.20 0.24 722 ELEC PWR MACH,SWITCHGEAR 2428 63201 229775 401041 0.00285 0.01111 0.01176 0.01181 0.17 0.61 0.60 0.57 723 ELECTR DISTRIBUTING MACH 973 13333 81435 119253 0.00114 0.00234 0.00417 0.00351 0.34 0.67 0.96 0.77 724 TELECOMMUNICATIONS EQUIP 15896 273297 1475654 2555299 0.01866 0.04802 0.07550 0.07527 0.88 2.00 2.97 2.80 725 DOMESTIC ELECTRIC EQUIP 161 4532 251156 715237 0.00019 0.00080 0.01285 0.02107 0.03 0.11 1.80 2.66 726 ELECTRO-MEDCL,XRAY EQUIP 4 196 1373 2819 0.00000 0.00003 0.00007 0.00008 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.03 729 ELECTRICAL MACHINERY NES 52927 376955 1339960 2104770 0.06212 0.06624 0.06856 0.06200 2.30 2.21 1.60 1.37 731 RAILWAY VEHICLES 101 11157 24283 31393 0.00012 0.00196 0.00124 0.00092 0.06 0.86 0.70 0.58 732 ROAD MOTOR VEHICLES 194 4083 93705 1781832 0.00023 0.00072 0.00479 0.05249 0.00 0.01 0.04 0.43 733 ROAD VEHICLES NON-MOTOR 1003 10682 31027 63983 0.00118 0.00188 0.00159 0.00188 0.37 0.55 0.51 0.58 734 AIRCRAFT 14 130 21925 19619 0.00002 0.00002 0.00112 0.00058 0.00 0.00 0.07 0.04 735 SHIPS AND BOATS 2616 47503 523728 526691 0.00307 0.00835 0.02680 0.01552 0.27 0.56 2.87 2.83 812 PLUMBG,HEATNG,LGHTNG EQU 145 1892 15069 47480 0.00017 0.00033 0.00077 0.00140 0.05 0.11 0.29 0.44 821 FURNITURE 1017 18117 76092 151885 0.00119 0.00318 0.00389 0.00447 0.18 0.38 0.42 0.40 831 TRAVEL GOODS,HANDBAGS 4720 128761 452280 788709 0.00554 0.02263 0.02314 0.02323 3.20 10.04 7.89 6.66 841 CLOTHING NOT OF FUR 250683 1512633 3941394 6354747 0.29423 0.26580 0.20167 0.18720 10.01 8.12 5.65 4.36 842 FUR ETC CLOTHES,PROD 487 29591 167280 237088 0.00057 0.00520 0.00856 0.00698 0.91 5.21 8.49 6.14 851 FOOTWEAR 35056 377028 1435859 2459778 0.04115 0.06625 0.07347 0.07246 4.60 7.16 6.78 6.14 861 INSTRUMENTS,APPARATUS 2551 41712 140985 294227 0.00299 0.00733 0.00721 0.00867 0.19 0.45 0.38 0.43 862 PHOTO,CINEMA SUPPLIES 57 846 5517 24566 0.00007 0.00015 0.00028 0.00072 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.13 864 WATCHES AND CLOCKS 680 66218 169024 221185 0.00080 0.01164 0.00865 0.00652 0.18 2.14 1.74 1.29 891 SOUND RECORDERS,PRODUCRS 6801 116958 447485 1659111 0.00798 0.02055 0.02290 0.04887 0.89 2.41 1.57 2.87 892 PRINTED MATTER 672 5992 15385 36277 0.00079 0.00105 0.00079 0.00107 0.10 0.15 0.12 0.15 893 ARTICLES OF PLASTIC NES 4001 101934 121214 257278 0.00470 0.01791 0.00620 0.00758 0.85 2.83 0.86 0.87 t 894 TOYS,SPORTING GOODS,ETC 7222 137952 642964 1299591 0.00848 0.02424 0.03290 0.03828 1.15 3.64 4.20 4.17 895 OFFICE SUPPLIES NES 484 2172 6957 28929 0.00057 0.00038 0.00036 0.00085 0.45 0.32 0.26 0.57 897 GOLD,SILVER WARE,JEWELRY 846 21932 85595 191500 0.00099 0.00385 0.00438 0.00564 0.47 1.42 1.01 1.21 899 OTHER MANUFACTURED GOODS 83657 124343 165022 281892 0.09819 0.02185 0.00844 0.00830 18.84 4.95 2.05 1.86 Sources: United Nations, TARS (World Bank). 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So.I 8kEy.dI 11471 ST. VINCENT &GRENADINES P.O Bm.209 P)ww8 P00q ~ &.i. f NrALY C-Eb..oI..j Coop. DENUARE La.. Cr.if. S.-oi SPA Al Al. Bon ThINid.d. 1 ind S.o46od.Li8Io.Io. V1.S..o1.ioPB- Ed t20/10 R,eAll n1 Co.I.BPftbk 32 F.* FlOE UNTIED ARAB DEMRATES DX-I9MP.*.lkbrc 9DI25Pk- P.O.B57188 UIMR Cdl C T. R4-1h ~~~~~~~~P.O. 8o.6097 DOINIMCAN REPUBIC JAPAN 9PO n E61o,ST.MC BA.. B.ok So.. HI jAbdutl hAh- mid RI_ e Lln C3309 D-37,0 H 2-So 3c, Bokyo.k 113 Kin. KIoAld Bon UNTrED KINCDOM APo PoE012tS0 Tokyo POO. 31- 9 MiodNo taLd. S.wo Dandpto Dn P.O. 8o 3 KENYA Ak p U34 2P eL SALVADOR APi. B- Se.-. (LA) Lti 33. MUd-d He A-wd SBoo ' 'I.e F..da. P.O.B0014145 P1.3.uosws Aoo. U nud EolD A-o 853D N6bi P.dr h VENEZELA RiDicio SSk kw. ri O %0 So.I, KOREA.REPULIUCOF SINGAPORE,TAIWAN, Apb.6aD PO.K.oSokC..p-etA- MYANBIAKSRUNEI C.o810A EGYPT,ARAB REPUCOF LOPP.O.101. Kwn oni. P0b1dlti-C Y At A t._ S~d P*v4 Ltd. YLUCOSLAVIA AlG.I..~ Moe0-MBIASI. Pd.POI.dbW1 J,8I-.IoldOReft C`.o. KUWAIT 02 P.O, 1. 36 1451K,w S.W8 28 Ne=.A.W I.1.ld lI~ Rep46.1.o ThUidd1.EA e_a PEURp 1onSnv Sp153 YU-1I00B5d0d. Cu.. MALAYSIA UtilyA dMUnI..Coodisn P.r 1137.J.nP.nbiB.ru KRl. LoWo Recent World Bank Discussion Papers (continued) No. 114 Using Knowledgefrom Social Science in Development Prsjects. Michael M. Cemea No. 115 Designing Major Policy Reform: Lessonsfrom the Transport Sector. Ian G. Heggie No. 116 Women's Work, Education, and Family Wefare in Pent. Barbara K. Herz and Shahidur R. Khandker, editors No. 117 Developing Financial Institutionsfor the Poor and Reducing Barriers to Accessfor Women. Sharon L. Holt and Helena Ribe No. 118 Improving the Performance of Soviet Enterprises. John Nellis No. 119 Public Enterprise Reform: Lessonsfrom the Past and Issuesfor the Future. Ahmed Galal No. 120 The Information Technology Revolution and Economic Levelopment. Nagy K. Hanna No. 121 Promoting Rural Cooperatives in Developing Countries: The Case of Sub-Saharan Africa. Avishay Braverman, J. Luis Guasch, Monika Huppi, and Lorenz Pohlmeier No. 122 Performance Evaluationfor Public Enterprises. Leroy P. Jones No. 123 Urban Housing Reform in China: An Economic Analysis. George S. Tolley No. 124 The New Fiscal Federalism in Brazil. Anwar Shah No. 125 Housing Reform in Socialist Economies. Bertrand Renaud No. 126 Agricultural Technology in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Workshop on Research Issues. Suzanne Gnaegy and Jock R. Anderson, editors No. 127 Using Indigenous Knowledge in Agricultural Development. D. Michael Warren No. 128 Research on Irrigation and Drainage Technologies: Ffiteen Years of World Bank Experience. Raed Safadi and Herve Plusquellec No. 129 Rent Control in Developing Countries. Stephen Malpezzi and Gwendolyn Ball No. 130 Patterns of Direct Foreign Investment in China. Zafar Shah Khan No. 131 A New View of Economic Growth: Four Lecures. Maurice FG. Scott No. 132 Adjusting Educational Policies: Conserving Resources While Raising School Quality. Bruce Fuller and Aklilu Habte, editors No. 133 Letting Girls Leam: Promising Approaches in Primary and Secondary Education. Barbara Herz, K. Subbarao, Masooma Habib, and Laura Raney No. 134 Forest Economics and Policy Analysis: An Overview. William F. Hyde and David H. Newman, with a contribution by Roger A. Sedjo No. 135 A Strategyfor Fisheries Development. Eduardo Loayza No. 136 Strengthening Public Service Accountability: A Conceptual Framework. Samuel Paul No. 137 Deferred Cost Recoveryfor Higher Education: Student Loan Programs in Developing Countries. Douglas Albrecht and Adrian Ziderman No. 138 Coal Pridng in China: Issues and Reform Strategy. Yves Albouy No. 139 Portfolio Performance of Selected Social Security Institutes in Latin America. Carmelo Mesa-Lago No. 140 Social Security and Prospectsfor Equity in Latin America. Carmelo Mesa-Lago The World Bank Headquarters European Office Tokyo Office 1818 H Street, N.W. 66, avenue d'Iena Kokusai Building Washington, D.C. 20433, U.S.A. 75116 Paris, France 1-1 Marunouchi 3-chome Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo I00,Japan Telephone: (202) 477-1234 Telephone: (1) 40.69.30.00 Facsimile: (202) 477-6391 Facsimile: (1) 40.69.30.66 Telephone: (3) 3214-5001 Telex: wui 64145 WORLDBANK Telex: 640651 Facsimile: (3) 3214-3657 RCA 248423 WORLDBK Telex: 26838 Cable Address: INTBAFRAD WASHINGTONDC ISBN 0-8213-1960-4