EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES Results from large-scale adult skills surveys in urban areas in 12 countries By: Viviana V. Roseth, Alexandria Valerio, Marcela Gutiérrez © 2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because The World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; fax: 202-522-2625; e-mail: pubrights@worldbank.org. Learn More: STEP Skills Measurement Program http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about Publication design: www.doscuatroocho.net 3 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES Results from large-scale adult skills surveys in urban areas in 12 countries Viviana V. Roseth Alexandria Valerio Marcela Gutiérrez 4 Access curated Excel datasets used in this publication by: scanning this code clicking here or 5 Table of contents Acknowledgements 07 Introduction 08 Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History 13 Section 2 - Background Conditions 33 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills 55 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills 79 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills 107 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes 143 Appendix 1 – Country Sample Sizes 184 Appendix 2 – Population Size, Growth 184 Rate and Age Distribution Appendix 3 – Select Country Data 185 7 Acknowledgements This publication was prepared by a team led by Alexandria Valerio and composed of Viviana V. Roseth and Marcela Gutierrez. The team appreciates the leadership and technical support provided by senior management in the Education Global Practice, including Claudia Costin (senior director), Amit Dar (director), Luis Benveniste (practice manager), and Harry Patrinos (practice manager). This publication benefitted from comments provided by Omar Arias, Keiko Inoue, Igor Kheyfets and Maria Laura Sanchez Puerta. Myra Murad Khan and Carla Solis Uehara provided overall data and research support. We are also thankful for the general assistance received from Lorelei Lacdao, Fahma Nur and Marie Madeleine Ndaw. The data in this publication were gathered through the implementation of the STEP Skills Measurement Program, which sponsored large-scale skills surveys of adult populations residing in urban areas in 12 low- and middle-income countries. The World Bank Group’s regional teams responsible for coordinating the surveys’ operations in-country included Meskerem Mulatu (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia and Macedonia), Dandan Chen (Armenia and Macedonia), Ana Maria Oviedo (Bolivia), Pablo Acosta (Bolivia and Colombia), Peter Darvas (Ghana), Helen Craig (Kenya), Ximena del Carpio (Lao PDR), Johannes Koettl and Indhira Santos (Macedonia FYR and Ukraine), Halil Dundar (Sri Lanka), Christian Bodewig (Vietnam), and Xiaoyan Liang (Yunnan Province, China). The publication was designed by “Studio 248” and edited by Marc DeFrancis (DeFrancis Writing & Editing). The publication received generous financing from the ICT and Skills Trust Fund established with the Government of Korea and from the READ Trust Fund established with the Government of Russia. 8 Introduction In recent years, skills development has become a priority among developed and developing countries alike. Having a skilled workforce has been recognized as paramount to boosting competitiveness in an increasingly global and interdependent economic environment, fostering innovation and business creation and increasing productivity. Since individuals with the right skills and knowledge are more likely to find employment, skills development can also have positive effects in reducing unemployment, raising incomes, and improving standards of living. The World Bank Group, in its quest to end extreme poverty and promote shared prosperity, has joined efforts with countries and multilateral development partners to ensure that individuals have access to quality education and training opportunities and that employers can find the skills they need to operate. Several means have been used toward this end, including funding operations, convening policy dialogue, providing technical assistance, and conducting research and analysis. The Skills Towards Employability and Productivity (STEP) Skills Measurement Program is part of the World Bank’s portfolio of analytical products on skills. The STEP program consists of two survey instruments that collect information on the supply and demand for skills in urban areas: a household survey and an employer survey. Because it provides a set of core questionnaires and implementation materials, the STEP program not only offers information that can be used for country-level policy analysis but also builds comparable country databases on skills. STEP has been implemented in waves, the first surveys being implemented in seven countries in 2012 (Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Lao PDR, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province in China), and the second in five countries in 2013 (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya, and Macedonia FYR). The data presented in this publication correspond to these countries. 9 A third wave is currently under implementation in Serbia, Kosovo, Libya, and the Philippines. Information gathered by the STEP program makes possible a multitude of approaches to analysis. This publication, the first in a series, looks at the STEP household survey data through the lenses of educational attainment. It illustrates the similarities and differences among groups that have completed different education levels on a wide range of issues and outcomes. The second in the series will focus on gender. This publication is organized as follows. Section 1 analyzes the trajectory of skills acquisition: participation in early childhood education programs, educational attainment by gender, and participation in training and apprenticeship programs. Section 2 explores background conditions associated with educational attainment, including the socioeconomic status of survey respondents at age 15, the educational attainment of their parents, their households’ asset levels, their health (as expressed by the presence of chronic illness), and their overall satisfaction with life. Sections 3 to 5 look at skill levels as reported by survey respondents. Section 3 covers cognitive skills: writing, numeracy, and reading (which is also evaluated through a direct reading assessment). Section 4 covers job-relevant skills, which are task-specific and which respondents possess or use on the job; and Section 5 covers socio-emotional skills, using established metrics to measure personality and behavior. Finally, Section 6 covers the status of survey respondents in the labor market: whether they are employed, unemployed, or inactive. For the employed, this section also includes information on respondents’ opinions regarding the usefulness of their studies in their current job as well as information about those who own a business. 10 Each section opens with a brief explanation of relevant concepts and methodological details (gathered from the survey itself and the STEP methodology note available at the World Bank’s STEP website under the title “STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills.”). It includes a set of figures that zoom in on the relevant characteristics for two age groups: All adults, which comprises individuals between ages 15 and 64, and Youth, which comprises ages 15 to 24. Each sub-section includes one figure that allows for a quick cross-country comparison, and a set of figures that present data by education level for each of the 12 countries that have completed the STEP Household Survey. All figures have passed a minimum threshold in terms of number of observations, and all are based on weighted data that represent the features of the population in urban areas. For those interested in exploring the data further, this publication is accompanied by: (1) an annex with select data, and (2) two datasets with approximately 50 variables segmented by both educational attainment and reading proficiency. These datasets are available at: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26350363/education- skills-labor-market-outcomes-results-large-scale-adult-skills-surveys-urban- areas-12-countries This publication is an effort to present unique and diverse data about people with different educational levels that can be used by those interested in education and skills development analysis and policy making. More importantly, it is an invitation to use the rich datasets collected by STEP and available at the World Bank Group’s STEP Skills Measurement website: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 11 12 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 13 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES section 01 Skills Acquisition History 14 This section presents information on the trajectory of skills acquisition among survey respondents. It includes data on whether respondents participated in any form of early childhood education, their educational attainment in general and by gender, and their participation in training and apprenticeship programs. This information is gathered from Module 2 (“Education”) of the STEP Household Survey. When reading the figures and data, it is important to consider the following: • Participation in early childhood education: This category refers to survey respondents’ participation in some form of organized educational activity before entering primary school. The figures below show respondents’ answers to the question: “Before age 7, did you attend a… [kindergarten, creche, daycare, nursery school, Montessori]?” This is the first question in Module 2, and its wording was tailored to the levels and names used in each country. • Educational attainment: In order to measure educational attainment as accurately as possible, the survey was separately adapted to fit the education system of each country. Answers to question 8 in Module 2 -- “What is the highest grade of formal education that you have completed?” -- are mapped onto the International Standard Classification of Education 1997 (ISCED 1997) for the purpose of enabling international comparisons. Based on this classification, the data presented here are grouped under four categories: (1) Primary education or less (ISCED 0 and 1); (2) Lower secondary education (ISCED 2); (3) Upper secondary education (ISCED 3); and (4) Tertiary education (ISCED 4 to 6). Please note that, similar to the figures for all adults, figures for youth show only the highest grade completed, irrespective of whether the individual is currently enrolled in a formal education program or not. • Participation in training: The data on educational level provide an indication of the knowledge and skills of individuals, but they do not recognize the life- long nature of the skills acquisition process. To gain a better understanding 15 of each country’s human capital, the STEP survey includes information on respondents’ diplomas, non-formal qualifications, and participation in training activities. The figures in this section focus on training and show respondents’ answers to question 36 in Module 2: “In the past 12 months, have you participated in any training courses, such as work-related training or private skills training, that lasted at least 5 days/30 hours (not part of the formal educational system)?” • Participation in apprenticeships: Since on-the-job training activities are an important component of an individual’s skills-acquisition history, this section includes information on whether respondents participated in apprenticeships. More specifically, the figures in this section illustrate respondents’ answers to question 38 in Module 2: “Have you ever completed an apprenticeship -- that is, training for a trade in a work setting under the guidance of someone who is experienced in this kind of work?” (Further information about the nature of apprenticeships, including definitions of uncertified/informal and certified/formal, is available at the World Bank’s STEP website.) 16 Participation in Early Childhood Education All adults (ages 15 to 64) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 17 Yunnan Lao PDR Macedonia FYR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province (China) 18 Participation in Early Childhood Education Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 19 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 20 Educational Attainment SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History Youth (ages 15-24) PRIMARY OR LESS LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY TERTIARY Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) PRIMARY OR LESS LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY TERTIARY Percent 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 21 22 Educational Attainment by Gender Youth (ages 15-24) MALE FEMALE Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g 0 Colombia Georgia 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 23 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary 24 Participation in Training SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 25 26 Participation in Training Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 27 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 28 Participation in Apprenticeships SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 29 30 Participation in Apprenticeships Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 31 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 v Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 32 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 33 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES section 02 Background Conditions 34 The process of skills acquisition is inevitably influenced by the economic and social context of individuals. This section explores some background conditions that could have an impact on the educational attainment of respondents. These include the educational attainment of their parents, their own socioeconomic status when they were school-age, and whether their status was affected by any negative shock. This section also presents the current characteristics of respondents associated with educational attainment, such as their health, their households’ asset index, and their overall satisfaction with their lives. Following are some details about the information that each of these variables presents: • Educational attainment of parents: It is well known that the educational attainment of parents is correlated not only with their children’s educational attainment but also with their children’s participation in the labor force. In Module 7 (“Language and Family”), the STEP household survey asks two questions in this regard: (1) “What is the highest education level your mother obtained?” (question 15), and (2) “What is the highest education level your father obtained?” (question 18). As in the previous section, here the information is grouped under four categories using the classification of ISCED (1997): (1) Primary education or less (ISCED 0 and 1), (2) Lower secondary education (ISCED 2), (3) Upper secondary education (ISCED 3), and (4) Tertiary education (ISCED 4 to 6). • Socioeconomic status at age 15: The STEP household survey asks respondents to “Imagine a 10-step stairs where on the bottom, the FIRST step, stand the poorest people, and on the highest step, the TENTH, stand the richest. On which step do you think your family was when you were 15 years old?” (question 24 of Module 7 – “Language and Family”). The figures in this section present the answers to this question classified in three groups: low (levels 1 to 3), medium (levels 4 to 6), and high (levels 7 to 10). • Household shocks: In question 25 of Module 7 (“Language and Family”), respondents are asked whether, before they reached age 15, their household’s financial situation had been significantly worsened by shocks 35 such as the death, illness, or serious accident of a household member; a family breakup/separation/divorce; alcohol or drug problems; loss of employment, bankruptcy or loss of a family business; loss of crops, fire/drought/flood or other natural catastrophe; violence/theft; forced displacement; or others. Although the data allow specifying the type of shock faced by the household, the figures in this section show the data grouped by the number of shocks selected by the respondent. • Chronic illness: Physical condition affects an individual’s ability to learn and work. The STEP household survey devotes the entirety of Module 3 (“Health”) to gather indicators on this topic, including height, weight, health status, and health insurance coverage. The figures in this section show respondents’ answers to question 5 in this module: “Do you suffer from a chronic illness? (for example, diabetes, asthma, cancer, heart disease, high blood pressure, hepatitis)?” Further data on this topic can be found at the World Bank’s STEP website. • Household Asset Index: In Module 1 (“Household Level Information”), the STEP household survey collects information on dwelling characteristics and household assets in order to construct an asset index to be used as a proxy for wealth. The asset index was created on a country-by-country basis to reflect the underlying measures of welfare more accurately. Generated using factor analysis over a set of indicator variables for the different types of non-income related assets and dwelling characteristics, it allows the grouping of households into three levels: low, medium, and high. (For more details on the construction of the Household Asset Index, consult the STEP methodology note available at the World Bank’s STEP website.) • Overall satisfaction with life: The first question in Module 3 (“Health”) in the STEP household survey asks respondents to identify their general level of satisfaction with their lives at present, using a scale from 1 to 10, where 1 corresponds with “completely dissatisfied” and 10 with “completely satisfied.” 36 Educational Attainment of Parents Mother PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Father PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 M F M F M F M F M F M F Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 37 M F M F M F M F M F M F Lao PDR Macedonia FYR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 38 Educational Attainment of Parents Mother PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. % of adults with mothers who have achieved a given educational level. SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 39 PRIMARY SECONDARY TERTIARY Father Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. % of adults with fathers who have achieved a given educational level. 40 Socioeconomic Status at Age 15 Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS MEDIUM SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS LOW SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 41 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 v Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 42 Household Shocks before Age 15 Youth (ages 15-24) NO SHOCKS ONE SHOCK TWO OR MORE SHOCKS Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 43 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 44 Chronic Illness SECTION 02 • Background Conditions Youth (ages 15-24) DOESN’T HAVE A CHRONIC ILLNESS HAS A CHRONIC ILLNESS Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR FYR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) DOESN’T HAVE A CHRONIC ILLNESS HAS A CHRONIC ILLNESS Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR FYR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province (China) 45 46 Chronic Illness Youth (ages 15-24) DOESN’T HAVE A CHRONIC ILLNESS HAS A CHRONIC ILLNESS Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 47 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 48 Household Asset Index All adults (ages 15 to 64) PRIMARY OR LESS LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY TERTIARY Percent Low Medium High Percent Low Medium High Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Low Medium High Percent Low Medium High SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 49 Percent Low Medium High Percent Low Medium High Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Low Medium High Percent Low Medium High 50 Overall Satisfaction with Life SECTION 02 • Background Conditions Youth (ages 15-24) COMPLETELY DISSATISFIED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 COMPLETELY SATISFIED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Lao PDR Kenya Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) COMPLETELY DISSATISFIED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 COMPLETELY SATISFIED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 51 52 Overall Satisfaction with Life Youth (ages 15-24) COMPLETELY DISSATISFIED 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 COMPLETELY SATISFIED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 02 • Background Conditions 53 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 54 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 55 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES section 03 Cognitive Skills 56 The STEP household survey gathers unique data on cognitive skills, defined as the “ability to understand complex ideas, to adapt effectively to the environment, to learn from experience, to engage in various forms of reasoning, to overcome obstacles by taking thought.”1 The STEP household survey provides an indirect measurement of the use of reading, writing, and numeracy skills in daily life and at work. It also provides a direct measurement of reading proficiency. Indirect Measurement In Module 5 (“Work Skills”), Part A (“Self-reported Literacy/Numeracy”), the STEP household survey asks respondents to report on their use of those cognitive skills, in and out of their jobs, that consist of reading, writing, or using mathematics. For each skill, a score ranging from 0 to 3 is computed to reflect the intensity or complexity of use as illustrated in the tables below. The aggregation process and reliability testing are described in the STEP Methodology Note (available at the World Bank’s STEP website). Use of reading and writing skills Intensity of use Level Does not read/write Not used 0 Reads/writes documents of 5 pages or less Low 1 Reads/writes documents of 6 to 25 pages Medium 2 Reads/writes documents of more than 25 pages High 3 Use of numeracy skills Intensity of use Level Does no math Not used 0 Measures or estimates sizes, weights, distances Low 1 Calculates prices or costs. Performs any other multiplication or division Uses or calculates fractions, decimals or percentages. Medium 2 Uses more advanced math such as algebra, geometry, High 3 trigonometry. Source: G. Pierre et al., STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills, Social Protection and Labor Discussion Paper no. 1421 (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014). 1  From the STEP Methodology Note (page 7), which cites Neisser, Ulric, Gwyneth Boodoo, Thomas Jr Bouchard, Wade A. Boykin, Nathan Brody, Stephen J. Ceci, Diane F. Halpern, John C. Loehlin, R. Perloff, Robert J. Sternberg, and S. Urbina (1996) “Intelligence: Knowns and unknowns” (American Psychologist No. 51). 57 Direct Measurement In addition to self-reported data, this section includes the results of a direct literacy assessment designed by the Educational Testing Services (ETS). This assessment has three parts: • Basic Reading Assessment, Section A, which evaluates foundational reading skills, including word meaning, sentence processing and passage comprehension. • Basic Reading Assessment, Section B, which consists of a core literacy assessment with eight items that sorts the least literate from those with higher reading skill levels. Respondents with three or more correct responses are regarded as having met a minimum reading literacy threshold. • Extended Reading Assessment, using exercise booklets, which is only administered to respondents who have passed the Basic Reading Assessment (Sections A and B). This assessment evaluates reading proficiency in more depth using a variety of materials, focusing on non- school-based items encountered in daily life. It involves tasks that require respondents to access and identify information, to integrate and interpret information, and to evaluate information by assessing the relevance, credibility, or appropriateness of the material. The figure below outlines the structure of this direct literacy assessment: 58 Figures in this section show the results of the Extended Reading Assessment (that is, the results from the exercise booklets), which was conducted in eight of the 12 countries where the survey was implemented and finalized. Results from the STEP literacy assessment are presented in a proficiency scale ranging from 0 to 500, with tasks at the lower end of the scale being easier than those at the higher end. These results, centered on the reading skills of adults in the developing world, are comparable with those of adults in OECD countries, because the assessment used as its basis the Program for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIACC), the International Adult Literacy Survey, and the Adult Literacy and Life Skills Survey. The scale is divided into six levels of proficiency that explain literacy knowledge and skills as follows: Literacy Level 0 0 to 175 The tasks require the respondent to read brief texts on familiar topics to locate a single piece of specific information. Only basic vocabulary knowledge is required, and the reader is not required to understand the structure of sentences or paragraphs or make use of other text features. There is seldom any com- peting information in the text and the requested information is identical in form to information in the question or directive. While the texts can be continuous, the information can be located as if the text were non-continuous. Tasks below Level 1 do not make use of any features specific to digital texts. Literacy Level 1 176 to 225 Most tasks require the respondent to read relatively short digital or print continuous, non-continuous or mixed texts to locate a single piece of information which is identical to or synonymous with the informa- tion given in the question. Some tasks may require the respondent to enter personal information into a document, in the case of some non-continuous texts. Little, if any, competing information is present. Some tasks may require simple cycling through more than one piece of information. Knowledge and skill in recognizing basic vocabulary, evaluating the meaning of sentences, and reading of paragraph text is expected. Literacy Level 2 226 to 275 The complexity of text increases. Texts (digital or printed) may comprise continuous, non-continuous or mixed types. Tasks in this level require respondents to make matches between the text and information, and may require paraphrase or low-level inferences. Some competing pieces of information may be pres- ent. Some tasks require the respondent to (i) cycle through or integrate two or more pieces of informa- tion based on criteria, (ii) compare and contrast or reason about information requested in the question, or (iii) navigate within digital texts to access and identify information from various parts of a document. 59 Literacy Level 3 276 to 325 Texts are often dense or lengthy, including continuous, non-continuous, mixed or multiple pages. Un- derstanding text and rhetorical structures becomes more central to successfully completing tasks, especially in navigation of complex digital texts. Tasks require the respondent to identify, interpret or evaluate one or more pieces of information and often require varying levels of inference. Many require the respondent construct meaning across larger chunks of text or perform multistep operations in order to formulate responses. Often tasks also demand that the respondent disregard irrelevant text content to answer accurately. Competing information is often present, but it is not more prominent than the correct information. Literacy Level 4 326 to 375 Tasks at this level often require respondents to perform multiple-step operations to integrate, interpret, or synthesize information from complex or lengthy continuous, non-continuous, mixed, or multiple type texts. Complex inferences and application of background knowledge may be needed to perform success- fully. Many tasks require identifying and understanding one or more specific, non-central ideas in the text in order to interpret or evaluate subtle evidence claims or persuasive discourse relationships. Con- ditional information is frequently present in tasks at this level and must be taken into consideration by the respondent. Competing information is present and sometimes seemingly as prominent as correct information. Literacy Level 5 376 to 500 At this level, tasks may require the respondent to search for and integrate information across multi- ple, dense texts; construct syntheses of similar and contrasting ideas or points of view; or evaluate ev- idence-based arguments. Application and evaluation of logical and conceptual models of ideas may be required to accomplish tasks. Evaluating reliability of evidentiary sources and selecting key information is frequently a key requirement. Tasks often require respondents to be aware of subtle, rhetorical cues and to make high-level inferences or use specialized background knowledge. Source: World Bank and ETS, A Guide to Understanding the Literacy Assessment of the STEP Skills Measurement Survey (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014). 60 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Writing (intensity of use) SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 61 62 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Writing (intensity of use) Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills 63 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 v Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary 64 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Numeracy (intensity of use) SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 65 66 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Numeracy (intensity of use) Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills 67 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 v Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary 68 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Reading (intensity of use) SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 69 70 Self-reported Cognitive Skills - Reading (intensity of use) Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills 71 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary 72 Direct Literacy Assessment SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills Youth (ages 15-24) PRIMARY OR LESS LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY TERTIARY Average score (0-500) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Circle size represents the proportion of individuals at each education level. All adults (ages 15 to 64) PRIMARY OR LESS LOWER SECONDARY UPPER SECONDARY TERTIARY Average score (0-500) 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Circle size represents the proportion of individuals at each education level. 73 74 Direct Literacy Assessment SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills Youth (ages 15-24) LITERACY LEVELS 0-1 LITERACY LEVEL 2 LITERACY LEVEL 3 LITERACY LEVELS 4-5 Reading assessment scores at the primary level Reading assessment scores at the lower secondary level 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Reading assessment scores at the upper secondary level Reading assessment scores at the tertiary level 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. All adults (ages 15 to 64) LITERACY LEVELS 0-1 LITERACY LEVEL 2 LITERACY LEVEL 3 LITERACY LEVELS 4-5 Reading assessment scores at the primary level Reading assessment scores at the lower secondary level 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Reading assessment scores at the upper secondary level Reading assessment scores at the tertiary level 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam Percent Armenia Bolivia Colombia Ghana Georgia Kenya Ukraine Vietnam *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 75 76 Direct Literacy Assessment Youth (ages 15-24) LITERACY LEVELS 0-1 LITERACY LEVEL 2 LITERACY LEVEL 3 LITERACY LEVELS 4-5 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ukraine Vietnam 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 03 • Cognitive Skills 77 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ukraine Vietnam 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 78 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 79 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES section 04 Job Relevant Skills 80 Job-relevant skills are task-related and build on a combination of cognitive and socio-emotional skills. In Module 5 (“Work Skills”), Part B (“Skills at Work”), the STEP household survey asks respondents about their use of such skills on the job, including, among others, thinking and learning, computer use, supervision, contact with clients, and lifting heavy items. For each skill, a score ranging from 0 to 3 is computed. When a respondent reports not using a given skill, the score is set at 0. For respondents who do use a given skill, intensity or complexity of use is defined (1 for low, 2 for medium, and 3 for high). The STEP Methodology Note provides more information on the selection of this particular set of skills and on the way they are assessed in the STEP household survey. Below are some examples of skills and associated scales: Thinking and learning - Average of two items: Item 1. “Some tasks are pretty easy and can be done right away or after getting a little help from others. Other tasks require more thinking to figure out how they should be done. As part of this work, how often do you have to undertake tasks that require at least 30 minutes of thinking?” Intensity of Use Level Never Does not use 0 Less than once per month Low 1 Less than once a week but at least once month Medium 2 OR at least once a week but not every day Every day High 3 Item 2. “How often does (did) this work involve learning new things?” Rarely Does not use 0 At least every 2-3 months or at least once a month Low 1 At least once a week Medium 2 Every day High 3 Source: World Bank, STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills, Social Protection and Labor Discussion Paper no. 1421 (Washington, DC: World Bank Group, 2014). 81 Computer use: “As part of your work do you use a computer?” “As part of your life (outside work) have you used a computer in the past 3 months?” Intensity of Use Level Does not use a computer / almost never uses a computer Does not use 0 Uses computer less than three times per week Low 1 Uses computer three times or more per week Medium 2 Uses computer every day High 3 Source: World Bank, STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills. Contact with people other than coworkers: “As part of this work, do you have any contact with people other than co-workers, for example customers, clients, students, or the public?” (Scale ranges from 1 to 10, where 1 is little involvement and 10 means much of the work involves meeting or interacting with people other than co- workers) Intensity of Use Level Does not have any contact with people other than co- Does not use 0 workers Involvement scale ranges from 1 to 4 Low 1 Involvement scale ranges from 5 to 7 Medium 2 Involvement scale ranges from 8 to 10 High 3 Source: World Bank, STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills. Lifting heavy items: Item 1. As part of this work, do you regularly have to lift or pull anything weighing at least 50 pounds [25 kilos]? Yes/No Item 2. Using any number from 1 to 10 where 1 is not at all physically demanding (such as sitting at a desk answering a telephone) and 10 is extremely physically demanding (such as carrying heavy loads, construction worker, etc), what number would you use to rate how physically demanding your work is? Intensity of Use Level Does not lift heavy items Does not use 0 Physical demand ranges from 1 to 4 Low 1 Physical demand ranges from 5 to 7 Medium 2 Physical demand ranges from 8 to 10 High 3 Source: World Bank, STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills. 82 Self-reported Frequency of Thinking and Learning New Things SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 83 84 Self-reported Frequency of Thinking and Learning New Things Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 85 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 * Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 86 Self-reported Frequency of Overall Computer Use SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 87 88 Self-reported Frequency of Overall Computer Use Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 89 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 90 Self-reported Frequency of Computer Use at Work SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 91 92 Self-reported Frequency of Computer Use at Work Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 93 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 94 Self-reported Supervision of Others at Work SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Yunnan FYR Province (China) 95 96 Self-reported Supervision of Others at Work Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 97 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 98 Self-reported Contact With People Other Than Coworkers SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0   Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 99 100 Self-reported Contact with People Other Than Coworkers Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 101 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 102 Self-reported Lifting of Heavy Items at Work SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) HIGH SKILL NOT USED MEDIUM LOW LOW MEDIUM USED SKILL NOT HIGH Percent 100    80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 103 104 Self-reported Lifting of Heavy Items at Work Youth (ages 15-24) HIGH MEDIUM LOW SKILL NOT USED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 04 • Job Relevant Skills 105 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 106 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 107 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES section 05 Socio-Emotional Skills 108 One of the unique and valuable features of the STEP household survey is its inclusion of a series of questions to measure socio-emotional skills. This is done in Module 6 (“Personality, Behavior and Preferences”). These skills, also referred to as soft or non-cognitive skills, relate to traits covering multiple domains— social, emotional, personality, behavioral, and attitudinal among them. The survey builds on the “Big Five” personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (or its opposite, emotional stability). Measures of grit, which has been shown to have an impact in life outcomes, and of hostile attribution bias are also included, as well as questions pertaining to how individuals make important decisions. Information on socio- emotional skills is gathered through the 24 questions shown in the table below: The responses to these questions are scored. For positively scored items, a score of 4 signifies “almost always,” 3 signifies “most of the time,” 2 signifies “some of the time,” and 1 signifies “almost never.” For negatively scored items (mainly in “Emotional Stability” and “Hostility Bias”) the scoring is the inverse: a score of 4 is assigned for “almost never” and a score of 1 for “almost always”. The scores assigned to each question are averages to reach a single score for each of the eight factors. Figures in this section show the average score of all respondents in each country for each factor, as well as average scores by educational attainment. 109 Socio-emotional skill Items Openness Do you come up with ideas other people haven’t thought of be- fore? Are you very interested in learning new things? Do you enjoy beautiful things, like nature, art and music? Conscientiousness When doing a task, are you very careful? Do you prefer relaxation more than hard work? Do you work very well and quickly? Extraversion Are you talkative? Do you like to keep your opinions to yourself? Do you prefer to keep quiet when you have an opinion? Are you outgoing and sociable, for example, do you make friends very easily? Agreeableness Do you forgive other people easily? Are you very polite to other people? Are you generous to other people with your time or money? Emotional Stability (Neuroticism) Are you relaxed during stressful situations? Do you tend to worry? Do you get nervous easily? Grit Do you finish whatever you begin? Do you work very hard? For example, do you keep working when others stop to take a break? Do you enjoy working on things that take a very long time (at least several months) to complete? Hostile Bias Do people take advantage of you? Are people mean/not nice to you? Decision-making Do you think about how the things you do will affect you in the future? Do you think carefully before you make an important decision? Do you ask for help when you don’t understand something? Source: World Bank, STEP Skills Measurement Surveys: Innovative Tools for Assessing Skills. 110 Extraversion SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 111 112 Extraversion Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 113 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 114 Conscientiousness SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 115 116 Conscientiousness Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 117 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 118 Openness SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 119 120 Openness Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 121 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 122 Emotional Stability SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 123 124 Emotional Stability Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 125 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 126 Agreeableness SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 127 128 Agreeableness Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 129 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 130 Grit SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 131 132 Grit Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 133 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 134 Decision Making SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 135 136 Decision Making Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 137 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 138 Hostile Bias SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills Youth (ages 15-24) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Score 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 139 140 Hostile Bias Youth (ages 15-24) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Score Less Secondary Secondary Score Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 05 • Socio-Emotional Skills 141 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Colombia Georgia 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Ghana Kenya 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 0 0 Average Primary or Lower Upper Average Primary or Lower Upper Score Tertiary Score Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 142 SECTION 01 • Skills Acquisition History 143 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES Section 06 Labor Market Outcomes 144 Without a doubt, the benefits of education and training fall far beyond the ability of an individual to join the world of work. This publication has presented information on diverse aspects that can be affected by –-or have an impact on—the educational level of individuals, such as their satisfaction with life, their health, and their use of cognitive skills, among many others. It is also true that the knowledge and skills that individuals gather throughout their education and training experiences have an important effect in their ability to find employment, create their own firms, and increase their incomes. This final section explores the labor market performance of survey respondents: whether they are employed, unemployed, or inactive. For those who report having worked at least one hour in the week prior to the survey, this section also includes information on their opinions regarding the usefulness of their studies for the exercise of their main occupation as well as information about those who own a business. Below are some details to guide the reading of figures and data in this section: • Employment status: The STEP household survey devotes Module 4 (“Employment”), to look at the employment information of respondents. It begins by identifying those who are currently employed, that is, those who, during the seven days prior to the survey, have worked for at least an hour… … for wage or salary in cash or in kind for someone who is not a member of their household … on a farm owned or rented by themselves or a member of their household cultivating crops, caring for livestock, or in farm maintenance tasks … for profit or family gain, in cash or in kind, on their own account, in their business or a business that belongs to someone in their household. Those who have not worked during the seven days prior to the survey but have a long-term job from which they are temporarily absent are also considered employed. 145 • Type of employment: Using the above description of employed respondents, as well as direct questions regarding their type of employment, the survey also allows for the classification of this group into four categories: unpaid family worker, wage worker, self-employed, and employer. • Type of occupation: The STEP household survey inquires about respondents’ main occupations in Module 4 (“Employment”), Part C (“Main Job in Past Week”). Each answer is assigned a code and later grouped using ILO’s International Standard Classification of Occupations. For a quick reference, each category comprises: Military personnel Commissioned, non-commissioned, and other officer ranks in the armed forces Highly skilled white collar - Chief executives, administrative, production, commercial and services managers, senior officials and legislators - Professionals, technicians and associate professionals across disciplines (science, health, education, business, information, legal, social, etc.) Low skilled white collar Services, sales, and clerical support workers Plant/machine Stationary plant and machine operators, assemblers, Operator/assemblers and drivers across industries (building, metal processing, handicrafts, printing, electrical, electronic, food, wood working, garment, etc.) Elementary occupations - Cleaners, helpers, food preparation assistants, street sales and service workers, refuse workers, laborers in agriculture, mining, construction, manufacturing, trans- portation, etc. - Craft and related trades workers across industries (construction, metal, handicrafts, printing, electrics, electronics, food processing, garment, wood treaters, etc.) Skilled agriculture work Market-oriented skilled agricultural, forestry, fishery and hunting workers Source: International Labor Organization, “Resolution Concerning Updating the International Standard Classification of Occupations” (Geneva, Switzerland: ILO, December 6, 2007); and STEP data 146 • Inactive: The figures below show the proportion of working-age adults who stated that they were not looking for a job or trying to start a business during the four weeks prior to the survey. This information is gathered through several subsequent questions in Module 4 (“Employment”), Part A (“Labor Force Participation”). The figures in this section also show the proportion of those who are currently inactive and not participating in education or training activities, which provides a glimpse of the NEET phenomenon in the countries where the survey has been completed. There can be several underlying reasons for respondents’ decision not to participate in the labor market, and this module explores them. Some examples that the STEP household survey gathers data on include the proportion of respondents who are inactive because of health conditions, unwillingness to work, and negative perceptions of the labor market (see data available at the World Bank’s STEP website). • Individuals’ perception of own qualifications: The figures in this section illustrate respondents’ perception of the relevance of their education and qualifications, regardless of their type of employment (employer, self- employed, wage worker, or unpaid family worker). More specifically, the figures show the answers to the following questions from Module 5 (“Work Skills”), Part B (“Skills at Work”): “How useful were your studies during your formal education for this work?” (question 23, referring to the respondent’s main occupation) and “What minimum level of formal education do you think would be required before someone would be able to carry out this work?” (question 24, which matches the answer with the highest grade of formal education completed by the respondent) • Self-employed: Module 4 (“Employment”), Part C (“Main Job in Past Week”) of the STEP household survey gathers a range of data on self-employed individuals which, as shown in the figures below, includes information on their status, reflected in the proportion of them who work with paid employees – question 8, the size of their enterprises (in terms of the number 147 of employees – also question 8), and their perceived success (expressed in their stated intention to expand their businesses – question 10). (Further information on, for example, the net profits, the constraints to expansion, or the work history of entrepreneurs / business owners, can be found at the World Bank’s STEP website.) 148 Employment Status SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 149 150 Employment Status Youth (ages 15-24) EMPLOYED UNEMPLOYED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 151 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 152 Type of Employment SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) EMPLOYER SELF - EMPLOYED WAGE WORKER UNPAID FAMILY WORKER/OTHER Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) EMPLOYER SELF - EMPLOYED WAGE WORKER UNPAID FAMILY WORKER/OTHER Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 153 154 Type of Employment Youth (ages 15-24) EMPLOYER SELF - EMPLOYED WAGE WORKER UNPAID FAMILY WORKER/OTHER Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 155 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 156 Type of Occupation SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) MILITARY PERSONNEL HIGHLY SKILLED WHITE COLLAR LOW SKILLED WHITE COLLAR PLANT/MACHINE OPERATOR/ASSEMBLERS ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS SKILLED AGRICULTURE WORK Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) MILITARY PERSONNEL HIGHLY SKILLED WHITE COLLAR LOW SKILLED WHITE COLLAR PLANT/MACHINE OPERATOR/ASSEMBLERS ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS SKILLED AGRICULTURE WORK Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 157 158 Type of Occupation Youth (ages 15-24) MILITARY PERSONNEL HIGHLY SKILLED WHITE COLLAR LOW SKILLED WHITE COLLAR PLANT / MACHINE OPERATOR / ASSEMBLERS ELEMENTARY OCCUPATIONS SKILLED AGRICULTURE WORK Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 v Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * v Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 159 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 160 Inactive SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) NO YES Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) NO YES Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 161 162 Inactive Youth (ages 15-24) NO YES Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 163 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 164 Educational Status of Inactive Population SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) INACTIVE, IN EDUCATION INACTIVE, NOT IN EDUCATION Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 165 166 Educational Status of Inactive Population Youth (ages 15-24) INACTIVE, IN EDUCATION INACTIVE, NOT IN EDUCATION Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 * * Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 167 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 168 Usefulness of Studies for Current Work SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) VERY USEFUL MODERATELY USEFUL SOMEWHAT USEFUL NOT USEFUL AT ALL OTHER Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 * * * Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. All adults (ages 15 to 64) VERY USEFUL MODERATELY USEFUL SOMEWHAT USEFUL NOT USEFUL AT ALL OTHER Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 * * * Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 169 170 Usefulness of Studies for Current Work Youth (ages 15-24) VERY USEFUL MODERATELY USEFUL SOMEWHAT USEFUL NOT USEFUL AT ALL OTHER Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 171 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 172 Perception of Qualifications for Current Work SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) DOES NOT FEEL OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED FEELS OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) DOES NOT FEEL OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED FEELS OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 173 174 Perception of Qualifications for Current Work Youth (ages 15-24) DOES NOT FEEL OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED FEELS OVER/UNDER QUALIFIED Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 g * * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 175 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 176 Self-employed with Paid Employees SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) All adults (ages 15 to 64) YES NO Percent 100 80 60 40 20 0 Macedonia Yunnan Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) 177 178 Self-employed with Paid Employees Youth (ages 15-24) YES NO Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * 0 * Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 * * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * * * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * * * * 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes 179 All adults (ages 15 to 64) Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary Armenia Bolivia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 * 0 Colombia Georgia 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Ghana Kenya 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Lao PDR Macedonia FYR 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * Sri Lanka Ukraine 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 * * Vietnam Yunnan Province (China) 100 100 80 80 60 60 40 40 20 20 0 0 Percent Primary or Lower Upper Percent Primary or Lower Upper Tertiary Tertiary Less Secondary Secondary Less Secondary Secondary *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 180 SECTION 06 • Labor Market Outcomes MY SELF ONLY MORE THAN 26 16-25 6-15 2-5 Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka FYR *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. YES, NO CONSTRAINT YES, BUT CONSTRAINT NO Lao PDR Macedonia Sri Lanka FYR *Available data do not surpass threshold of minimum number of observations. 181 182 183 EDUCATION, SKILLS AND LABOR MARKET OUTCOMES Appendices 184 Appendix 1 – Country Sample Sizes The following table shows the sample sizes for each country where the STEP Skills Measurement household survey has been completed as of 2015, in total and separated by gender. The data for Bolivia, Colombia, Ghana, Lao PDR, Ukraine, Vietnam, and the Yunnan Province (China) in China were gathered in 2013; the data for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kenya and Macedonia FYR were gathered in 2014. All data used to build the figures in this publication were weighted to represent the features of the population in urban areas. Armenia Bolivia Colombia Georgia Ghana Kenya Male 847 1029 1086 980 1280 1853 Female 2145 1404 1529 2016 1707 2041 Total 2992 2433 2615 2996 2987 3894 Macedonia Yunnan Lao PDR Sri Lanka Ukraine Vietnam Province FYR (China) Male 771 1854 466 804 1368 924 Female 1261 2155 730 1585 2037 1093 Total 2032 4009 1196 2389 3405 2017 Appendix 2 – Population Size, Growth Rate and Age Distribution The STEP Skills Measurement initiative uses core questionnaires, applies standard implementation materials and protocols, and takes deliberate measures to ensure that data are comparable across countries. However, each country’s unique conditions must be taken into consideration when looking at the figures in this publication. As the data are presented for two age groups, in order to facilitate figure reading and interpretation below is a table with population data from the United Nations’ Population Division. 185 Average Annual Rate Total Population by Total Population Country of Population Change Age Group (thousands, 2012) (percentage, 2010-2015) (2010) Ages 15-24 Ages 15-64 Armenia 2,978 0.36 18.6 68.9 Bolivia 10,239 1.56 19.5 59.4 Colombia 46,881 0.98 18.4 67.7 Georgia 4,139 -1.21 16.1 68.8 Ghana 25,545 2.39 20.2 57.4 Kenya 42,543 2.65 20.8 54.7 Lao PDR 6,473 1.66 23.0 59.3 Macedonia FYR 2,069 0.16 15.0 70.6 Sri Lanka 20,422 0.50 15.9 67.2 Ukraine 45,320 -0.36 13.7 70.1 Vietnam 90,336 1.12 20.0 69.8 Appendix 3 – Select Country Data The tables below include a small selection of the data used to produce the figures for each country. All table values are in percent unless otherwise indicated. This publication is accompanied by two datasets with approximately 50 variables seen from the perspectives of educational attainment (used in this publication) and reading proficiency. These datasets are available at: http://documents. worldbank.org/curated/en/2016/05/26350363/education-skills-labor-market- outcomes-results-large-scale-adult-skills-surveys-urban-areas-12-countries Other data collected by the STEP Household Survey is also available at: http:// microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 186 Armenia Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ages 15 to 24 All adults ages 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 4.1 34.5 45.3 16.0 100 1.4 13.1 39.2 46.2 100 Female 1.9 20.2 45.8 32.1 100 0.7 8.1 38.8 52.4 100 Total 2.7 25.3 45.6 26.4 100 0.9 9.6 39 50.4 100 Participation in early childhood education No 39.5 32.7 39.5 30.4 35.4 41.8 42.8 44.9 37.6 41.0 Yes 60.5 67.3 60.5 69.7 64.6 58.2 57.2 55.1 62.4 59.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 100 99.3 96.3 89 95.2 100 99.1 97.7 89.9 93.9 Yes 0 0.7 3.7 11 4.8 0 0.9 2.3 10.1 6.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 46.4 8.6 10.9 1.8 8.9 41.7 10.9 10.9 6.4 8.9 Middle SES 39.4 54.3 58.2 59.5 57.0 49.2 52.2 57.2 46.3 51.2 High SES 14.2 37.1 30.9 38.7 34.1 9.1 37.0 31.8 47.3 39.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 64.6 73.1 67.1 76.7 71.1 61.7 72.6 73.0 80.6 76.7 One shock 23.6 15.4 21.2 17.8 18.9 30.7 17.4 17.1 12.1 14.7 Two or more shocks 11.8 11.6 11.7 5.4 10.0 7.6 10.0 9.9 7.3 8.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 15.9 5.7 7 3.6 6 29 5.5 6.5 4.5 5.6 Low 35.1 31.1 51.5 48.7 45.1 37.6 49 66.2 53 57.6 Medium 32.7 31.1 19.9 25.4 24.5 23 25.3 18.5 28.5 24.3 High 16.3 32.1 21.6 22.3 24.3 10.5 20.2 8.9 14.1 12.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 39.3 13.3 18.3 9.1 15.1 48.9 30.6 35 16.7 25.5 Low 21.3 9.8 8.8 9.5 9.7 26.5 14.5 18.1 14.1 15.8 Medium 26.7 20.2 14.8 26.8 19.6 16.7 14.9 16.8 26.2 21.4 High 12.7 56.8 58.1 54.7 55.7 7.9 39.9 30.1 43 37.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 187 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 68 30.6 29.7 5.5 20 44.5 27.7 27.1 11.6 17.2 Low 32 40.1 13.2 15.5 17.7 40.6 28.9 21.8 14.6 17.7 Medium 0 18.5 43 51.8 43.2 0 33.8 36.9 39.1 37.9 High 0 9.9 14 27.2 19.1 14.9 9.6 14.2 34.7 27.3 Total 100 100 100 100,0 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 100 63.1 60.6 43.6 54.1 100 84.6 77 45.6 57.1 Low 0 14.5 2.1 1 2.9 0 4.2 1.8 1.8 1.9 Medium 0 6.3 0.7 6 3.7 0 5.3 4 6.6 5.7 High 0 16.2 36.5 49.5 39.4 0 5.8 17.3 46 35.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.9 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 2.9 3.1 3 3.1 3 Conscientiousness 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 Openness 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.3 3 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.2 Grit 2.7 3 3 3.1 3 2.8 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 0 10 6 58.9 73.2 58.8 0 33.9 59.5 72.1 65.9 Yes 100 89.4 41.1 26.8 41.2 100 66.2 40.5 27.9 34.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 36 41 44 58 50 53 57 55 70 64 No 64 59 56 42 50 47 43 45 30 36 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 43 16 34 67 38 39 32 44 66 54 Yes 57 84 66 33 62 61 68 56 34 46 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 188 Bolivia Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 5.3 37.9 47.8 9 100 11.1 22.8 39.8 26.3 100 Female 5 31 53.3 10.7 100 18 20.2 40.9 20.8 100 Total 5.1 34.1 50.8 9.9 100 15.2 21.3 40.5 23.1 100 Participation in early childhood education No 37.11 16.57 20.86 27.12 20.7 72.1 33.9 36.3 32.5 40.4 Yes 62.89 83.43 79.14 72.88 79.3 27.9 66.1 63.7 67.5 59.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 99.9 88.3 82.6 56.9 82.9 95.6 90.7 80.3 62.3 80.7 Yes 0.1 11.7 17.4 43.1 17.1 4.4 9.3 19.7 37.7 19.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 24.1 9.6 13.2 21.6 13.2 60.9 21.6 24.4 20.9 28.5 Middle SES 64.7 72.2 67.8 69.5 69.4 34.1 65.0 63.1 68.4 60.3 High SES 11.2 18.2 19.0 8.8 17.5 5.0 13.4 12.5 10.7 11.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 25.5 52.2 44.1 47.1 46.3 24.4 41.4 42.0 51.4 41.3 One shock 20.8 20.7 25.4 24.2 23.4 19.4 22.2 23.1 22.4 22.2 Two or more shocks 53.7 27.1 30.4 28.7 30.3 56.2 36.4 34.9 26.2 36.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 6.9 0 1.6 8.3 2 7.4 0.6 2.1 2.6 2.7 Low 44.4 6.4 21.5 18.6 17.2 56.6 23.2 27.9 15.7 28.4 Medium 34.8 14.3 25.6 21.4 21.8 31 21.8 36.8 38.9 33.2 High 13.9 79.3 51.4 51.7 59.1 5 54.5 33.2 42.8 35.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 23.9 1.7 2.9 4 3.7 35.9 5.1 4.3 1.4 8.6 Low 30.7 14.3 9.2 2 11.3 46.3 26 17.7 6.4 21.2 Medium 26.5 14.3 15.8 15.5 15.8 8.7 17.9 18.5 20.2 17.3 High 18.9 69.6 72.2 78.5 69.2 9 51 59.5 71.9 52.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 189 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 16.5 23.0 13.5 3.6 15.7 24.1 23.9 11.8 6.1 14.3 Low 42.2 25.0 34.5 22.0 30.6 35.2 22.5 30.4 16.3 25.9 Medium 37.7 38.0 34.2 47.2 36.9 32.3 35.1 35.6 39.7 36.1 High 3.6 14.0 17.8 27.3 16.8 8.4 18.4 22.2 37.9 23.7 Total 100 100 100 100,0 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 100 88.1 77.6 23.1 75.4 98.4 90.5 75.8 31.7 70.3 Low 0 1.8 5.3 7.8 4.3 0 2 3.5 10 4.4 Medium 0 1.6 3 16.7 4.1 1 2 5.5 9.4 5.2 High 0 8.5 14.1 52.4 16.3 0.6 5.5 15.2 48.9 20.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.6 3.1 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.7 3 3 3.1 3 Conscientiousness 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 3 3 3 3.1 3.2 3.1 Openness 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.9 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.2 Grit 2.7 2.7 2.9 3 2.8 3 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.9 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Believes is over or under qualified No 23.7 25.6 37.7 64.3 58.7 24.2 20.3 31.3 57.6 35.3 Yes 76.3 74.4 62.3 35.7 41.3 75.8 79.7 68.7 42.4 64.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 78 69 90 91 92 94 82 92 96 83 No 22 31 10 9 8 6 18 8 4 17 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 61 49 67 91 61 79 62 78 93 78 Yes 39 51 33 9 39 21 38 22 7 22 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 190 Colombia Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 19.2 14.3 53.5 13 100 28.9 8 40.6 22.5 100 Female 20.1 16.8 50.9 12.2 100 33.9 8.7 36.2 21.2 100 Total 19.7 15.7 52.1 12.6 100 31.8 8.4 38 21.7 100 Participation in early childhood education No 25.3 4.7 13.5 9.6 13.9 66.4 28.6 32.9 38.0 44.4 Yes 74.7 95.3 86.5 90.4 86.1 33.6 71.4 67.1 62.0 55.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 94.8 89.7 82.4 73 84.8 95.1 90.5 82.5 72.6 85 Yes 5.2 10.3 17.6 27 15.2 4.9 9.5 17.5 27.4 15 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 35.2 16.5 17.5 13.0 20.4 52.4 26.0 24.1 16.1 31.6 Middle SES 58.3 51.6 69.8 69.2 64.5 42.4 48.4 64.1 65.9 56.2 High SES 6.6 31.9 12.6 17.8 15.2 5.3 25.6 11.9 18.0 12.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 42.7 54.3 50.3 61.1 50.7 37.3 58.6 53.9 64.9 51.3 One shock 18.8 32.2 26.9 22.2 25.6 26.2 24.6 23.8 22.0 24.2 Two or more shocks 38.5 13.5 22.8 16.7 23.7 36.5 16.8 22.2 13.1 24.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 5.8 0.6 5.1 1.5 4.1 8.8 1.3 5.5 1.7 5.4 Low 34.1 11.6 25.8 16.3 24 48.4 24.6 30.1 22.3 33.8 Medium 21.6 12.2 26.8 43.5 25.6 32.4 21.7 35.6 44.8 35.4 High 38.5 75.5 42.3 38.7 46.3 10.5 52.4 28.8 31.1 25.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 8.7 4 5.6 1.3 5.4 17.5 8.1 6 1.6 8.9 Low 44.3 14.8 16.3 16.5 21.6 47.6 24.4 25.7 16.3 30.5 Medium 19.8 18.1 22.4 17.1 20.5 18.1 20.2 24.5 21.7 21.5 High 27.2 63.2 55.7 65.2 52.4 16.8 47.3 43.8 60.4 39.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 191 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 17.7 17.1 12.6 8.2 13.4 22.4 19.1 13.4 5.5 14.8 Low 23.3 20 22.6 15.3 21.3 22 21.4 22.6 15.4 20.6 Medium 25.1 40 41.7 57.1 40.7 32.3 36.3 39.4 39.2 36.9 High 33.9 22.9 23.1 19.4 24.6 23.4 23.2 24.6 39.9 27.7 Total 100 100 100 100,0 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 94.7 76.6 62.4 44.2 67.5 94.2 83.5 67.8 30.1 68.3 Low 0.9 5.9 7.4 6.4 5.9 2.7 3.1 5.2 5.2 4.3 Medium 0 2.7 2.5 0.7 1.8 1 2.4 4.1 3.6 2.9 High 4.3 14.8 27.6 48.7 24.8 2 10.9 23 61 24.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 3 3.1 3 3 3 3 3 3 3.1 3 Conscientiousness 3.1 3 3.3 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 Openness 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.3 3.3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.3 3.2 Grit 2.6 2.7 3 2.9 2.9 2.9 2.8 3 3.1 3 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 3 25.1 62.3 0 37.4 6 28.5 61.8 2.2 27.7 Yes 97 74.9 37.7 100 62.6 94 71.5 38.2 97.8 72.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 74 74 73 75 74 87 81 84 89 86 No 26 26 27 25 26 13 19 16 11 14 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 59 42 74 81 67 75 59 78 85 77 Yes 41 58 26 19 33 25 41 22 15 23 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 192 Ghana Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 30.2 39.5 26.5 3.7 100 26.2 34.9 25 13.9 100 Female 32.7 40.1 23.3 4 100 40.4 36.4 16.5 6.7 100 Total 31.6 39.8 24.7 3.9 100 34.4 35.8 20.1 9.7 100 Participation in early childhood education No 30.2 12.7 4.3 0.0 15.9 56.9 27.9 19.9 27.0 36.1 Yes 69.8 87.3 95.7 100.0 84.1 43.1 72.1 80.1 73.0 63.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 98.1 97.2 88.7 76 94.6 98.2 96.3 90.3 69.7 93.2 Yes 1.9 2.8 11.3 24 5.4 1.8 3.7 9.7 30.3 6.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 27.6 11.1 11.2 6.0 16.3 33.1 20.3 14.7 9.6 22.6 Middle SES 56.7 63.0 57.1 50.1 59.1 50.5 57.7 59.6 63.4 56.2 High SES 15.6 25.9 31.7 43.9 24.5 16.4 22.0 25.7 27.0 21.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 47.7 51.2 69.3 68.1 54.9 49.9 53.7 60.0 65.8 54.8 One shock 29.7 36.1 19.4 27.1 29.7 29.6 30.3 25.5 22.0 28.3 Two or more shocks 22.7 12.8 11.3 4.8 15.4 20.4 16.0 14.5 12.3 16.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 7.1 4.6 4.9 1.7 5.4 6.6 5 5.2 2.3 5.3 Low 21.3 14.4 8.7 3.1 14.7 38.2 27.7 16.5 8.6 27.2 Medium 58.9 46.4 61.6 73.3 55.2 50.6 53.2 64.4 62 55.4 High 12.6 34.6 24.8 21.9 24.7 4.6 14.2 14 27.2 12.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 35.8 13.3 2.5 0 17.3 67 20.9 5.2 0.2 31.7 Low 27.9 30.3 25.1 18.6 27.8 18.5 46 35.2 18.4 31.7 Medium 17.7 20.5 27.3 35.9 21.9 7.7 15.9 26.6 29.6 16.5 High 18.6 35.8 45.1 45.5 33 6.7 17.2 32.9 51.8 20.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 193 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 46.5 39.4 22.9 3.2 34.7 44.7 34.1 20.7 6.7 31.8 Low 30.8 23.7 21.8 18.8 25 30 29 23.8 10.5 26.1 Medium 19.3 25.7 27.5 44 25.3 19.4 23.6 32.8 32.8 25.1 High 3.4 11.1 27.8 34 14.9 6 13.3 22.7 50 17 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 99.6 96.9 77.9 38.5 90.1 99.7 98.6 82.5 42.6 89.4 Low 0.4 0.7 5.1 13.1 2.3 0.2 0.3 3.3 6.8 1.6 Medium 0.0 0.3 1.7 3.5 0.7 0 0.2 1.9 3.5 0.9 High 0.0 2.1 15.3 44.9 6.8 0.1 0.9 12.3 47.1 8.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.4 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.5 Conscientiousness 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.5 3.2 3 3.1 3.3 3.4 3.2 Openness 3 3.1 3.2 3.4 3.1 3 3 3.2 3.3 3.1 Grit 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.8 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 41.6 31.4 56.6 55.7 42.9 58 30.6 44 59.1 45.9 Yes 58.4 68.6 43.4 44.3 57.1 42 69.4 56 40.9 54.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 90 87 76 72 84 95 94 89 93 93 No 10 13 24 28 16 5 6 11 7 7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 43 34 59 80 44 76 69 77 92 75 Yes 57 66 41 20 56 24 31 23 8 25 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 194 Georgia Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 3.9 29.2 45.6 21.3 100 1.4 11.7 36.8 50.2 100 Female 4 21.2 50.2 24.6 100 1.7 7 29.6 61.7 100 Total 4 24.4 48.4 23.3 100 1.6 8.5 31.9 58 100 Participation in early childhood education No 30.7 13.3 26.4 23.7 22.7 42.4 17.4 33.9 29.6 30.1 Yes 69.3 86.7 73.6 76.3 77.3 57.6 82.6 66.1 70.4 69.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 88.5 96.1 88.9 81.6 88.9 92.8 97.2 94.6 90.4 92.4 Yes 11.5 3.9 11.1 18.4 11.1 7.2 2.8 5.4 9.6 7.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 23.9 6.9 9.0 5.9 8.5 26.0 10.9 10.4 5.5 7.9 Middle SES 60.3 67.0 62.8 55.5 62.4 60.1 65.7 60.5 50.2 54.9 High SES 15.8 26.0 28.1 38.6 29.2 13.9 23.4 29.0 44.3 37.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 76.0 68.5 68.2 63.2 67.6 70.6 69.9 73.8 82.0 78.2 One shock 13.6 21.4 18.3 21.0 19.4 17.0 20.8 17.5 12.2 14.7 Two or more shocks 10.4 10.1 13.4 15.9 12.9 12.4 9.2 8.7 5.8 7.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 0 9.6 14.9 9.2 11.7 10.2 16.6 18.6 12.5 14.8 Low 0 7.8 12.3 17.6 12 14.3 11.8 21.1 19.8 19.5 Medium 28.4 21.1 40.8 50.2 37.7 30.7 26.4 45.9 55.7 49.7 High 71.6 61.5 31.9 23 38.6 44.8 45.2 14.4 11.9 16.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 28.4 25 20.3 12.3 19.9 45.3 31 33 19.9 25.5 Low 14.6 9.6 9.3 7.6 9.2 12.2 11.9 13.4 13.3 13.2 Medium 8.1 19 12.7 22.5 16.4 8.6 18.9 15.3 22.5 19.7 High 49 46.4 57.7 57.5 54.5 34 38.2 38.2 44.3 41.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 195 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 0.0 32.6 29.4 7.0 20.5 51.4 39.3 39.8 18.3 24.5 Low 100.0 48.1 46.3 28.8 39.7 48.6 37.9 37.6 34.7 35.6 Medium 0.0 0.0 16.0 50.6 27.4 0.0 18.3 17.7 35.0 29.9 High 0.0 19.2 8.3 13.6 12.4 0.0 4.6 5.0 12.0 9.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 100 76.9 52.5 22.4 41.8 100 92.9 74.9 47.4 56 Low 0 0 4 1.9 2.9 0 0 1.7 3.7 3.1 Medium 0 4.8 5.5 11 7.7 0 1.2 3.8 8.1 6.8 High 0 18.3 38 64.6 47.5 0 5.9 19.6 40.8 34.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.6 Conscientiousness 2.9 2.9 3 3.1 3 3 2.9 3 3.2 3.1 Openness 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3 3 3 3.1 3 Grit 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 2.8 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 0 6.2 52.1 74.6 58.9 15.4 23.6 58.9 66.9 63.4 Yes 100 93.8 47.9 25.4 41.1 84.6 76.4 41.1 33.1 36.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 100 50 36 44 60 52 47 43 63 57 No 0 50 64 56 40 48 53 57 37 43 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 8 6 43 67 37 22 20 47 62 53 Yes 92 94 57 33 63 78 80 53 38 47 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 196 Lao PDR Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 28.6 41.3 24.9 5.2 100 34.5 22.8 25.0 17.7 100 Female 32.1 39.0 21.0 7.9 100 49.1 23.6 20.3 7.0 100 Total 30.7 39.9 22.5 6.8 100 43.3 23.3 22.2 11.3 100 Participation in early childhood education No 78.7 58.8 41.5 29.5 59.0 90.4 75.5 71.0 65.8 79.8 Yes 21.3 41.2 58.5 70.5 41.0 9.6 24.5 29.0 34.2 20.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 100.0 97.3 91.0 92.8 96.4 99.5 97.9 89.9 76.5 94.4 Yes 0.0 2.7 9.0 7.2 3.6 0.5 2.1 10.1 23.5 5.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 28.6 12.0 7.7 5.3 15.7 47.6 23.3 17.7 24.7 32.7 Middle SES 52.9 76.4 84.6 75.7 71.0 44.9 68.2 74.5 59.7 58.5 High SES 18.5 11.7 7.7 19.0 13.4 7.6 8.5 7.8 15.7 8.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 56.0 55.1 69.8 67.7 59.5 41.6 55.2 62.6 62.4 51.8 One shock 16.7 23.8 11.5 22.2 18.7 17.7 16.3 12.5 14.1 15.8 Two or more shocks 27.3 21.1 18.7 10.1 21.7 40.8 28.5 24.9 23.5 32.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 10.5 4.7 0.9 3.6 5.6 9.4 2.9 2.0 1.1 5.3 Low 51.2 34.7 32.0 45.0 39.8 69.8 54.4 43.8 26.2 55.5 Medium 21.2 37.1 49.8 40.0 35.3 14.2 27.6 44.0 50.5 28.0 High 17.1 23.5 17.3 11.4 19.3 6.7 15.1 10.2 22.2 11.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 5.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 16.4 2.5 1.6 0.1 8.1 Low 82.9 78.4 66.6 74.1 76.8 78.3 84.6 75.0 55.6 76.5 Medium 9.0 16.2 30.0 25.9 17.7 4.1 10.2 19.8 40.2 13.1 High 3.0 5.4 3.4 0.0 3.9 1.2 2.7 3.6 4.1 2.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 197 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 63.6 39.1 27.5 32.1 43.9 47.8 37.8 20.5 16.1 35.1 Low 22.3 40.1 36.8 40.6 33.8 30.7 37.1 38.4 33.0 34.1 Medium 13.0 16.5 30.1 23.6 18.8 19.5 19.6 34.0 41.0 25.7 High 1.2 4.4 5.6 3.7 3.5 2.1 5.4 7.2 9.8 5.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 94.7 67.7 36.7 7.8 64.9 98.4 83.1 69.3 20.5 79.6 Low 2.4 12.1 15.3 27.5 10.9 0.5 6.4 6.5 11.4 4.4 Medium 0.2 11.2 21.5 10.6 10.1 0.2 6.1 9.0 18.1 5.6 High 2.7 9.0 26.5 54.0 14.1 0.9 4.3 15.2 50.1 10.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.8 3.0 2.8 Conscientiousness 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.7 Openness 2.8 2.8 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.7 Grit 2.3 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.5 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 29.8 18.5 26.3 52.4 26.8 50.2 17.3 25.7 67.3 39.7 Yes 70.2 81.5 73.7 47.6 73.2 49.8 82.7 74.3 32.7 60.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 97.5 96.2 94.0 98.0 99.1 99.1 98.0 98.7 97.8 99.6 No 2.5 3.8 6.0 2.0 0.9 0.9 2.0 1.3 2.2 0.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 71.0 64.6 63.5 94.6 68 84.7 77.9 84.2 97.4 84 Yes 29.0 35.4 36.5 5.4 32 15.3 22.1 15.8 2.6 16 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets. please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 198 Kenya Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 27.3 28.6 40.2 3.8 100 29.8 21.1 39.6 9.5 100 Female 34.8 17.2 42.9 5 100 42.2 13.5 38.1 6.1 100 Total 31.3 22.6 41.7 4.5 100 36.4 17.1 38.8 7.7 100 Participation in early childhood education No 33.1 33.2 13.4 16.2 24.5 41.5 38.0 17.9 14.3 29.6 Yes 66.9 66.8 86.6 83.8 75.5 58.5 62.0 82.1 85.7 70.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 94.3 94.6 88.7 62.1 90.6 96.2 94 86.5 63.2 89.5 Yes 5.7 5.4 11.3 37.9 9.4 3.8 6 13.5 36.8 10.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 31.7 22.7 15.2 21.9 22.5 34.0 25.0 16.8 15.4 24.3 Middle SES 59.5 63.1 73.0 49.4 65.6 57.7 60.9 70.9 59.7 63.5 High SES 8.9 14.1 11.8 28.7 11.9 8.3 14.1 12.3 25.0 12.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 37.5 38.8 56.3 51.8 46.0 38.8 41.6 49.9 60.1 45.2 One shock 26.2 31.2 19.9 15.6 24.5 26.5 28.7 23.1 18.8 25.0 Two or more shocks 36.4 30.0 23.9 32.6 29.6 34.7 29.7 27.0 21.2 29.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 15 12.1 7.9 0.0 10.8 17.5 12 7.3 2 11.4 Low 64.4 43.5 46.2 30.6 50.4 69 50.3 51.4 23.9 55.4 Medium 5.8 21.5 25.4 23.9 18.7 7.2 21.4 27.1 37.1 19.7 High 14.8 22.9 20.5 45.5 20.1 6.3 16.2 14.3 37 13.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 39.6 10.3 10.2 4.2 19.1 46 12.8 11.7 1.3 23.5 Low 19.5 26.4 13.2 4.5 17.8 24.4 24.1 16 4.5 19.6 Medium 16.5 25 21.8 13.8 20.5 14.4 26.3 22.2 14.4 19.5 High 24.3 38.2 54.9 77.4 42.6 15.2 36.8 50.1 79.7 37.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 199 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 33.5 30.1 13.9 0.0 22.3 30.9 25.3 13.5 2.5 20.3 Low 31 23.6 28.5 25.4 27.6 28.4 23.7 26.3 14 25.4 Medium 26.9 36 37.9 28.6 34 31.8 36.2 33.9 31.6 33.2 High 8.6 10.4 19.7 45.9 16.1 9 14.7 26.3 51.9 21 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 100 85.3 71.1 26.9 79.6 99.7 84.7 71.8 21.6 78.6 Low 0 3.1 3 8.5 2.4 0.1 1.9 2.2 2.6 1.4 Medium 0 1.2 6 3.8 3.5 0.2 2.4 5.1 7.9 3.2 High 0 10.3 19.9 60.7 14.5 0 11 20.9 67.9 16.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.2 Conscientiousness 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.7 1.7 1.8 Openness 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 1.9 2.1 2 1.9 1.8 2 Grit 2.4 2.4 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 17.5 30.2 32.1 57.6 32 19.0 32.0 33.7 76.7 33.9 Yes 82.5 69.8 67.9 42.4 68 81.0 68.0 66.3 23.3 66.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed (%) Yes 76 73 65 77 70 81 81 78 88 80 No 24 27 35 23 30 19 19 22 12 20 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive (%) No 55 35 61 83 54 72 58 76 92 73 Yes 45 65 39 17 46 28 42 24 8 27 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 200 Macedonia FYR Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 1.1 35.9 57.4 5.5 100 1.2 15.7 59.6 23.5 100 Female 2.0 34.0 54.1 9.8 100 2.9 20.8 49.9 26.3 100 Total 1.6 35.0 55.8 7.7 100 2.1 18.4 54.5 25.0 100 Participation in early childhood education No 40.8 25.2 17.6 22.0 21.0 83.2 63.4 46.3 39.6 48.54 Yes 59.2 74.8 82.4 78.0 79.0 16.8 36.6 53.7 60.4 51.46 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 100.0 90.7 87.4 70.2 87.4 100.0 96.7 92.3 78.4 89.79 Yes 0.0 9.3 12.6 29.8 12.6 0.0 3.3 7.7 21.6 10.21 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 36.4 9.1 6.0 7.8 7.7 32.9 18.4 9.4 7.9 11.2 Middle SES 42.7 60.6 56.6 55.5 57.7 50.2 55.8 61.5 56.4 58.9 High SES 20.9 30.3 37.4 36.8 34.6 16.9 25.8 29.1 35.7 29.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 80.7 84.0 88.8 85.9 86.8 83.7 84.5 87.9 90.2 87.8 One shock 13.1 11.8 8.6 13.7 10.2 13.8 11.8 9.8 8.2 9.8 Two or more shocks 6.3 4.2 2.5 0.4 3.0 2.5 3.7 2.3 1.6 2.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 45.4 22.0 15.5 14.3 18.1 41.31 26.64 12.68 7.60 14.58 Low 12.3 24.0 42.4 21.0 33.8 52.43 48.84 51.26 35.88 46.99 Medium 20.9 15.4 20.5 31.8 19.6 3.27 10.45 24.91 32.99 23.81 High 21.5 38.7 21.7 33.0 28.5 2.98 14.07 11.15 23.53 14.62 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 47.5 12.5 6.9 3.3 9.2 66.1 35.4 12.3 2.7 15.3 Low 0.0 24.7 25.8 8.3 23.7 21.9 27.9 30.4 14.3 25.7 Medium 0.0 11.3 18.1 11.5 14.9 2.8 11.4 22.2 18.3 18.8 High 52.5 51.4 49.2 76.9 52.1 9.3 25.4 35.1 64.7 40.2 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 201 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 48.3 30.7 23.2 0.0 21.5 54.8 38.0 19.3 5.6 16.5 Low 51.7 26.3 28.1 8.6 25.6 31.9 27.0 28.3 14.5 23.6 Medium 0.0 41.4 27.6 19.2 28.0 13.3 26.8 29.2 33.1 30.2 High 0.0 1.6 21.1 72.2 24.9 0.0 8.2 23.2 46.8 29.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 25.1 6.9 3.4 0.0 4.7 82.0 48.9 24.4 6.0 25.5 Low 0.0 1.1 2.1 0.0 1.5 1.2 5.5 5.5 3.2 4.9 Medium 0.0 8.4 5.8 0.0 6.2 0.6 7.4 9.9 5.0 8.0 High 74.9 83.6 88.7 100.0 87.6 16.2 38.2 60.2 85.8 61.6 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 Conscientiousness 2.6 2.8 2.9 3.0 2.9 2.9 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 Openness 2.9 3.3 3.3 3.4 3.3 2.8 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.3 Grit 2.6 2.7 2.9 3.0 2.8 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.0 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 0.0 36.6 63.4 74.3 60.4 26.6 50.4 72.9 75.8 71.7 Yes 100.0 63.4 36.6 25.7 39.6 73.4 49.6 27.1 24.2 28.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 66 49 55 38 53 62 71 78 83 79 No 34 51 45 62 47 38 29 22 17 21 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 13 13 34 84 30 24 34 70 88 67 Yes 87 87 66 16 70 76 66 30 12 33 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets. please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 202 Sri Lanka Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 2.0 24.3 71.8 1.9 100 11.8 20.2 60.7 7.3 100 Female 5.5 28.0 57.6 8.9 100 12.7 27.4 50.6 9.4 100 Total 4.1 26.5 63.3 6.1 100 12.3 24.5 54.7 8.5 100 Participation in early childhood education No 69.3 5.4 2.7 0 5.9 47.6 23.6 13.8 16.2 20.5 Yes 30.7 94.6 97.3 100.0 94.1 52.4 76.4 86.2 83.8 79.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 80.6 97.0 88.5 84.7 90.2 98.3 97.4 92.2 79.2 93.1 Yes 19.4 3.0 11.5 15.3 9.8 1.7 2.6 7.8 20.8 6.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 69.3 15.2 7.8 0 11.8 47.0 31.1 14.4 8.3 22.0 Middle SES 30.7 68.4 66.4 77.4 66.1 47.2 57.3 66.7 77.1 62.9 High SES 0 16.3 25.9 22.6 22.1 5.8 11.6 18.8 14.7 15.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 18.8 65.8 79.1 55.7 71.7 37.5 58.2 68.8 64.0 61.9 One shock 0 23.8 14.1 29.7 17.0 18.8 25.2 20.3 23.3 21.6 Two or more shocks 81.2 10.4 6.8 14.6 11.3 43.8 16.6 10.8 12.7 16.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 18.8 5.1 11.0 20.0 10.3 21.9 12.7 9.4 9.8 11.8 Low 61.7 20.3 18.0 18.8 20.4 48.7 35.1 26.9 17.6 30.8 Medium 19.4 21.8 33.7 46.8 30.8 26.3 36.8 43.2 48.8 40.0 High 0 52.8 37.4 14.4 38.5 3.1 15.4 20.5 23.8 17.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 18.8 18.0 10.8 29.1 14.1 57.1 32.7 11.2 9.3 21.9 Low 0 29.8 12.8 22.4 17.4 21.5 27.2 18.1 16.8 20.6 Medium 19.4 8.7 20.6 30.7 18.0 10.6 18.6 25.7 21.9 21.8 High 61.7 43.5 55.9 17.8 50.5 10.8 21.5 45.0 52.0 35.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 203 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 0 12.3 7.0 0 7.6 33.9 22.4 6.8 3.8 12.6 Low 0 30.2 17.2 48.3 20.5 30.8 26.7 26.8 11.6 25.4 Medium 100.0 45.0 46.3 51.7 47.8 29.3 39.9 37.7 39.8 37.4 High 0 12.5 29.4 0 24.2 5.9 11.0 28.7 44.7 24.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 100,0 100,0 44,3 48,3 56,7 100.0 94.5 63.3 37.0 71.4 Low 0 0 5,2 0 3,8 0 0 5.9 14.5 4.9 Medium 0 0 4,7 0 3,4 0 0.7 5.7 8.5 4.3 High 0 0 45,9 51,7 36,0 0 4.9 25.1 40.0 19.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.3 3.0 3.0 3.2 2.9 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 Conscientiousness 3.2 3.1 3.1 3.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.2 3.1 Openness 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.2 2.6 2.9 3.1 3.3 3.0 Grit 2.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 2.9 2.9 3.0 2.9 3.2 2.9 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 0 75.1 54.6 48.3 56.7 33.1 66.0 35.4 60.8 44.1 Yes 100.0 24.9 45.4 51.7 43.3 66.9 34.0 64.6 39.2 55.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 100.0 88.3 87.3 68.1 87 99.7 96.7 92.8 93.8 95 No 0 11.7 12.7 31.9 13 0.3 3.3 7.2 6.2 5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 19 21 36 28 31 55 45 53 74 53 Yes 81 79 64 72 69 45 55 47 26 47 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 204 Ukraine Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 0.5 25.3 47.3 26.8 100 0.4 7.1 52.7 39.7 100 Female 1.2 22.3 47.7 28.8 100 0.2 5.2 46.8 47.8 100 Total 0.9 23.8 47.5 27.8 100 0.3 6.1 49.6 44 100 Participation in early childhood education No 12.5 22.3 12.6 18.7 16.6 58.2 31.7 29.5 26.0 28.2 Yes 87.5 77.7 87.4 81.3 83.4 41.8 68.3 70.5 74.0 71.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 100 100 99.4 98.3 99.2 100 100 98.9 97.3 98.3 Yes 0 0 0.6 1.7 0.8 0 0 1.1 2.7 1.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 12.5 7.3 15.7 10.5 12.2 5.7 15.9 21.3 13.9 17.6 Middle SES 28.6 68.2 70.4 66.6 68.4 22.8 65.7 63.2 64.7 63.8 High SES 58.9 24.6 13.9 22.9 19.3 71.5 18.3 15.6 21.4 18.5 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 64.3 84.0 67.1 79.0 74.5 75.0 74.0 76.2 82.8 79.0 One shock 35.7 12.8 22.8 19.7 19.6 25.0 19.4 17.4 13.1 15.7 Two or more shocks 0.0 3.2 10.1 1.4 5.9 0.0 6.6 6.4 4.2 5.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 0.0 7.1 11.3 9.9 9.8 19.0 13.5 11.6 10.7 11.4 Low 12.5 8.3 18.6 34.5 20.6 42.9 25.3 40.7 25.2 32.9 Medium 0.0 7.7 38.4 36.9 30.4 0.0 10.8 36.5 43.6 38.0 High 87.5 76.9 31.6 18.6 39.1 38.1 50.4 11.2 20.5 17.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 30.9 14.0 8.6 3.5 8.6 69.9 24.4 14.6 7.7 12.3 Low 33.4 40.2 38.8 40.3 39.5 14.5 40.0 50.6 33.5 42.3 Medium 35.7 23.1 16.8 13.9 17.6 15.5 18.5 15.2 22.4 18.6 High 0.0 22.7 35.8 42.4 34.2 0.0 17.2 19.5 36.4 26.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 205 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used — — 44.2 7.2 26.3 100 75.0 33.8 13 23.7 Low — — 25.2 36.0 30.4 0 17.2 31.6 23.6 27.2 Medium — — 27.0 50.5 38.4 0 7.8 27.1 43.4 35.3 High — — 3.6 6.3 4.9 0 0.0 7.4 20 13.8 Total — — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used — — 74.4 35.9 55.2 100 90.4 77.1 38.5 57.6 Low — — 1.8 3.0 2.4 0 7.2 2.5 4.6 3.7 Medium — — 4.8 10.1 7.4 0 0 4.3 9 6.6 High — — 19.0 51.0 34.9 0 2.4 16.1 48 32.1 Total — — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.2 2.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 Conscientiousness 2.9 2.7 2.8 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.0 Openness 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.2 2.6 3.0 3.0 3.2 3.1 Grit 2.3 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.1 2.6 2.7 2.9 2.8 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No — 0 57.7 54.7 56.1 0 5.8 59.7 65.5 61.6 Yes — 100 42.3 45.3 43.9 100 94.2 40.3 34.5 38.4 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes — 0 77 90 89 100 89 86 92 82 No — 100 23 10 11 0 11 14 8 18 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 0 2 49 71 44 37 21 64 76 67 Yes 100 98 51 29 56 63 79 36 24 33 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 206 Vietnam Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 6 34.4 48.1 11.5 100 16.2 23.1 37.2 23.4 100 Female 4.5 28.8 49.7 17 100 18.5 25.6 33.7 22.2 100 Total 5.2 31.3 48.9 14.5 100 17.6 24.6 35.1 22.7 100 Participation in early childhood education No 35.8 8.5 7.7 6.4 9.0 59.9 29.4 22.8 19.9 30.3 Yes 64.2 91.5 92.3 93.6 91.0 40.1 70.6 77.2 80.1 69.7 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 100 96.3 90.8 75.7 90.8 99.7 97.7 94.3 88.1 94.7 Yes 0 3.7 9.2 24.3 9.2 0.3 2.3 5.7 11.9 5.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 45.3 9.9 10.4 18.3 12.8 51.5 28.6 23.5 23.9 29.8 Middle SES 51.5 74.9 76.3 66.1 73.4 46.0 63.3 67.9 65.0 62.3 High SES 3.2 15.2 13.3 15.6 13.8 2.5 8.1 8.6 11.2 8.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 51.4 79.3 79.5 88.6 79.5 55.5 67.0 72.2 79.3 69.6 One shock 35.3 15.1 11.7 9.9 13.6 24.2 19.1 14.1 13.9 17.1 Two or more shocks 13.3 5.6 8.8 1.5 6.9 20.4 13.9 13.7 6.8 13.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 10.4 4.2 3.5 4.7 4.2 12.3 6.7 5.2 4.6 6.7 Low 61.9 19.5 22.0 22.9 22.9 74.4 55.2 49.1 34.6 51.7 Medium 13.4 7.8 22.2 42.8 19.9 11.5 14.8 24.7 38.9 23.2 High 14.4 68.6 52.3 29.5 53.0 1.7 23.3 21.0 21.9 18.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 35.8 6.9 2.9 0.0 5.2 35.2 14.9 6.9 1.3 12.5 Low 18.4 14.3 15.4 11.7 14.7 39.4 33.8 31.6 17.3 30.3 Medium 25.8 22.5 15.6 22.6 19.2 16.6 25.5 24.3 26.7 23.8 High 20.0 56.4 66.1 65.7 60.9 8.8 25.8 37.3 54.8 33.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 207 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used 53.2 39.1 24.3 12.6 27.3 46.4 33.3 24 7.8 25.7 Low 34.4 36.6 25.0 17.8 26.9 31.5 32.7 29.6 21.2 28.3 Medium 12.5 18.7 33.5 41.3 30.1 19.8 24.9 28.9 39.2 29.2 High 0.0 5.6 17.2 28.3 15.7 2.3 9.1 17.5 31.7 16.8 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used 95.6 92.0 73.4 31.0 69.9 97.8 93.1 72.8 20.1 67.7 Low 0.0 1.2 4.0 1.8 2.5 0.8 0.2 3.1 3.4 2.1 Medium 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.2 1.6 0.2 0.3 3 4.2 2.2 High 4.4 6.8 19.6 65.9 25.9 1.3 6.4 21 72.4 28 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.7 2.7 Conscientiousness 2.9 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.8 Openness 2.9 2.9 3 3 3 2.4 2.8 2.9 3.1 2.8 Grit 2.7 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.7 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No 41.6 8.6 9.5 23.6 14.8 31.6 11 11.9 46 24.7 Yes 58.4 91.4 90.5 76.4 85.2 68.4 89 88.1 54 75.3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes 95 91 85 87 88 99 98 94 97 97 No 5 9 15 13 12 1 2 6 3 3 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 75 35 38 79 44 75 63 63 84 70 Yes 25 65 62 21 56 25 37 37 16 30 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about 208 Yunnan Province (China) Section 1 - Skills Acquisition History Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Educational attainment by gender Male 4.3 38.5 39.0 18.2 100 12.9 38.5 27.7 20.9 100 Female 4.1 24.7 39.4 31.8 100 12.3 32.5 30.3 24.9 100 Total 4.2 30.8 39.3 25.8 100 12.6 35.4 29.1 23 100 Participation in early childhood education No 0.0 35.9 16.9 8.9 20.0 87.9 73.4 46.4 32.1 58.0 Yes 100.0 64.1 83.1 91.1 80.0 12.1 26.6 53.6 67.9 42.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Participation in training No 86.4 94.5 92.5 81.5 88.9 96.3 94.4 88.4 77.7 89.1 Yes 13.6 5.5 7.5 18.5 11.1 3.7 5.6 11.6 22.3 10.9 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 2 - Background Conditions Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Socioeconomic status at age 15 Low SES 0.0 16.6 19.9 8.1 15.0 49.3 31.6 26.6 24.9 30.9 Middle SES 54.5 64.2 53.9 72.6 61.9 44.9 59.6 59.1 61.6 58.0 High SES 45.5 19.2 26.2 19.3 23.1 5.8 8.8 14.2 13.6 11.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Household shocks No shocks 100.0 78.4 73.8 75.6 76.8 65.8 74.6 79.3 83.6 76.9 One shock 0.0 14.9 15.1 17.0 14.9 16.1 15.0 13.4 12.7 14.1 Two or more shocks 0.0 6.7 11.1 7.4 8.3 18.1 10.4 7.3 3.7 9.0 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 3 - Cognitive Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Numeracy (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 0 8.0 11.1 9.3 9.1 32.7 23.7 14.8 10.4 19.2 Low 0 34.6 25.5 18.5 27.9 51.1 49.8 34.7 22.2 39.2 Medium 0 10.9 37.2 32.1 27.5 11.9 20.3 40.8 50.6 32.2 High 100 46.4 26.2 40.1 35.4 4.3 6.2 9.7 16.8 9.4 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Reading (self-reported, intensity of use) Skill not used 0.0 1.9 2.4 4.0 2.6 40.4 16.5 6.2 2 13.1 Low 10.5 31.2 26.8 14.9 24.4 34.2 41 28.5 14.7 30.5 Medium 36.8 18.4 27.5 16.1 22.1 12.5 20.8 28.1 22.7 22.3 High 52.6 48.4 43.3 65.0 50.9 12.9 21.8 37.2 60.6 34.1 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 APPENDIX 3 • Select Country Data 209 Section 4 - Job Relevant Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Frequency of thinking and learning Skill not used — 19.3 15.8 4.05 12.5 52.2 33 17.1 6.1 21.5 Low — 33.5 55.4 26.97 41.6 33.5 45.6 44.5 34.4 40.8 Medium — 47.2 19.0 56.63 37.1 11.6 19 31.3 49.2 31.4 High — 0.0 9.7 12.35 8.8 2.7 2.3 7 10.3 6.2 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Frequency of computer use at work Skill not used — 88.6 45.0 6.6 42.1 88.5 79 37.2 11 46.7 Low — 0.0 3.1 6.6 3.5 2.4 3.5 6.7 3.5 4.3 Medium — 0.0 4.7 3.9 3.4 5.5 3.9 10 8.7 7.3 High — 11.4 47.2 82.9 51.0 3.6 13.6 46.2 76.9 41.6 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Section 5 - Socio-Emotional Skills Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Average score (1 - 4) Extraversion 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.1 3 2.9 2.9 3 3 3 Conscientiousness 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3 3 3 3.2 3.2 3.1 Openness 3.3 2.9 2.9 3 2.9 2.5 2.7 2.9 3 2.8 Grit 2.9 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.7 2.6 Section 6 - Labor Market Outcomes Youth ageS 15 to 24 All adults ageS 15 to 64 Primary or Lower Upper Primary or Lower Upper Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Less Secondary Secondary Tertiary Total Perception of qualifications for current work No — 46.2 44.9 58.0 49.4 45 63.3 56 52.2 56.1 Yes — 53.8 55.1 42.0 50.6 55 36.7 44 47.8 43.9 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Employed Yes — 86 83 92 87 91 93 96 99 95 No — 14 17 8 13 9 7 4 1 5 Total — 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Inactive No 0 34 52 57 46 46 59 68 86 66 Yes 100 66 48 43 54 54 41 32 14 34 Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 This is a sample of available data. To access full datasets, please visit: http://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/step/about