E1748 v 5 PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT (YUEP) ERHAI LAKE BASIN REGIONAL EA GROUP HUIT / SCE SOGREAH CONSULTANTS OCTOBER 2007 YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1. THE YUEP2................................................................................................................................................1 1.2. YUEP 2 SUBCOMPONENTS...........................................................................................................................1 1.3. ERHAI LAKE BASIN .....................................................................................................................................3 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE REA ...........................................................................................................................3 1.5. SCOPE OF THE REA....................................................................................................................................4 1.5.1. POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK............................................................................4 1.5.2. BASELINE CONDITIONS...................................................................................................................4 1.5.3. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & INVENTORY OF PLANS & PROJECTS.....................................................4 1.5.4. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT.................................................................................................4 1.5.5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES..........................................................................................................5 1.5.6. RECOMMENDATIONS & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY.................................................5 1.6. LAYOUT OF REPORT....................................................................................................................................5 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................... 7 2.1. DESCRIPTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK..........................................................................................7 2.2. ER'HAI LAKE PROTECTION ORGANIZATION ..................................................................................................8 2.3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICY ACTIONS OF LAKE PROTECTION.............................................................10 2.3.1. LOCAL ORDINANCE OF DALI PREFECTURE ....................................................................................10 2.3.2. POLICY ACTIONS ..........................................................................................................................11 3. BASELINE CONDITION.......................................................................................................................... 13 3.1. GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY....................................................................................................................13 3.2. CLIMATE...................................................................................................................................................13 3.3. AIR QUALITY.............................................................................................................................................13 3.4. HYDROLOGY.............................................................................................................................................14 3.4.1. ERHAI LAKE AND RIVER SYSTEMS IN THE BASIN............................................................................14 3.4.2. WATER LEVEL..............................................................................................................................15 3.5. WATER QUALITY.......................................................................................................................................16 3.5.1. CURRENT WATER QUALITY OF THE LAKE AND INFLOW & OUTFLOW RIVERS...................................16 3.5.2. HISTORICAL TREND OF WATER QUALITY.......................................................................................24 3.6. AQUATIC ECOLOGY...................................................................................................................................30 3.7. TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA..............................................................................................................31 3.8. SOCIO-ECONOMICS...................................................................................................................................31 3.8.1. ADMINISTRATION AND POPULATION...............................................................................................31 3.8.2. LAND USE.....................................................................................................................................32 3.8.3. ECONOMY ....................................................................................................................................33 3.8.4. WATER POLLUTION SOURCES AND EXISTING CONTROL FACILITY...................................................34 4. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & INVENTORY OF PLANS & PROJECTS............................................................ 37 4.1. DETAILS OF YUEP PROJECTS IN THE REGION............................................................................................37 G8/SCE- PAGE II 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.1. COMPONENT 7D...........................................................................................................................39 4.1.2. COMPONENT 8D...........................................................................................................................40 4.1.3. COMPONENT 10D.........................................................................................................................41 4.1.4. COMPONENT 11D.........................................................................................................................42 4.1.5. COMPONENT 9D...........................................................................................................................43 4.2. INVENTORY OF PLANS...............................................................................................................................44 4.3. ERHAI LAKE BASIN PROTECTION AND CONTROL PLAN (2003-2020) ..........................................................45 4.3.1. OVERALL OBJECTIVES..................................................................................................................45 4.3.2. PROPOSED PROJECTS ..................................................................................................................46 5. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT ...................................................................................................... 49 5.1. INTRODUCTION..........................................................................................................................................49 5.2. POLLUTANT LOADING ANALYSIS ...............................................................................................................49 5.2.1. DOMESTIC WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.......................................................................................52 5.2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER DISCHARGES.....................................................................................53 5.2.3. AGRICULTURE RUNOFF .................................................................................................................54 5.2.4. LIVESTOCK BREEDING...................................................................................................................57 5.2.5. SOIL EROSION ..............................................................................................................................58 5.2.6. SUMMARY OF BASELINE SENARIO 2005.........................................................................................58 5.2.7. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURES..........................................................................................62 5.3. POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION..................................................................................................................63 5.3.1. PROJECT EFFICIENCY...................................................................................................................63 5.3.2. OVERALL IMPACTS OF YUEP PROJECTS AND ALL PLANNED PROJECTS ON LOAD REDUCTION.......64 5.3.3. DISCUSSIONS ...............................................................................................................................70 5.4. WATER QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT .....................................................................................................75 5.4.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE 2D HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODEL.....................................75 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES ............................................................................................................... 85 6.1. INTROCUTION............................................................................................................................................85 6.2. ALTERNATIVE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPTIONS .................................................................86 6.3. ALTERNATIVE VILLAGE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS..................................................................87 6.3.1. ONSITE SYSTEM, CLUSTER SYSTEM AND CENTRALIZED TREATMENT...............................................88 6.3.2. COLLECTION SYSTEMS .................................................................................................................88 6.3.3. TREATMENT PROCESS..................................................................................................................89 6.4. ALTERNATIVES FOR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT............................................................................................92 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION....................................................................................................................... 94 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS............................................................................................... 95 8.1. CONCLUSTIONS ........................................................................................................................................95 8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................................................................................................96 G8/SCE- PAGE III 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1: WEEKLY AIR QUALITY OF DALI CITY (9-15 JUNE 2007)...............................................................................................................13 TABLE 2: HISTORICAL PHASES OF CONTROL OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE............................................................................................15 TABLE 3: ERHAI LAKE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN 2006......................................................................16 TABLE 4: ERHAI LAKE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN 2006......................................................................17 TABLE 5: WATER QUALITY OF MAJOR INFLOW RIVERS IN 2006 .................................................................................................................20 TABLE 6: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY OF OTHER LAKES IN THE BASIN...................................................................................................21 TABLE 7: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY OF XI'ER RIVER 2005.................................................................................................................22 TABLE 8: HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY AND TROPHIC LEVEL OF ERHAI LAKE..............................................................................................25 TABLE 9: AREAS OF DALI CITY AND ERYUAN COUNTY BEFORE AND AFTER THE CHANGE OF ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY .............................31 TABLE 10: LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN 2007...................................................................................................................................................32 TABLE 11: LAND USE PATTERN IN THE ERHAI LAKE BASIN 2006................................................................................................................32 TABLE 12: PROPORTION OF INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO GDP IN DALI AND ERYUAN...............................................................................34 TABLE 13: POLLUTANT LOADINGS PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT SOURCES 2004.............................................................................................35 TABLE 14: PROPORTION OF INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO GDP IN DALI AND ERYUAN...............................................................................36 TABLE 15: LIST OF PROJECTS INVOLVED IN YUEP II .................................................................................................................................37 TABLE 16: WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR MAJOR INFLOW RIVERS......................................................................................................45 TABLE 17: TOTAL POLLUTION LOAD AND LOAD REDUCTION OBJECTIVES: ...................................................................................................45 TABLE 18: LIST OF PROJECTS IN 2003-2020 ERHAI PROTECTION PLAN (MID TERM, MID TERM FOLLOWUP AND LONG TERM).........................47 TABLE 19: DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THE OVERALL IMPACT STUDY ERHAI LAKE REA......................49 TABLE 20: POPULATION OF TOWNS WITHIN THE BASIN 2005.....................................................................................................................52 TABLE 21: POPULATION PROJECTION FROM THE 2003-2020 PLAN COMPARING TO FIGURES USED IN THIS REPORT ......................................52 TABLE 22: LEVEL OF URBANIZATION IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN IN 2005...........................................................................................................53 TABLE 23: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN 2006.......................................................................................................................54 TABLE 24: AGRICULTURE LAND USE DATA FROM SATELITE IMAGE AND AGRICULTURAL BUREAU'S STATISTICS.............................................54 TABLE 25: AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER APPLIED IN 2005................................................................................................................................56 G8/SCE- PAGE IV 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 26: CHANGE OF AGRICULTURE LAND AND FERTILIZER APPLIED (AGRICULTURAL BUREAU STATISTICS)...........................................56 TABLE 27: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK IN ERHAI BASIN..................................................................................................................................57 TABLE 28: NUMBER OF COWS IN ERHAI BASIN .........................................................................................................................................57 TABLE 29: NUMBER OF COWS IN HAND (ACCORDING TO DALI ECONOMIC AND TRADE BUREAU).................................................................58 TABLE 30: LARGE SCALE COW BREEDING FARMS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN...................................................................................................58 TABLE 31: POLLUTION LOADING FROM WATER AND SOIL EROSION IN 2004...............................................................................................58 TABLE 32: POLLUTANT LOADINGS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN THE LAKE BASIN....................................................................................59 TABLE 33: AMOUNT OF POLLUTANT DISCHARGED INTO THE LAKE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES...................................................................59 TABLE 34: EXPECTED PROJECT EFFICIENCY OF YUEP INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS.................................................................................63 TABLE 35: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF YUEP PROJECTS AND THE PLAN ON POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION................................64 TABLE 36: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF YUEP PROJECTS AND THE PLAN ON POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION................................64 TABLE 37: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF XIZHOU, WANQIAO AND YINQIAO ..........................86 TABLE 38: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES........................................................87 TABLE 39: SUMMARY OF ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SEWERS..................................................................................89 TABLE 40: ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS FOR NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL...................................................................91 TABLE 41: COMPARISON OF NATURAL SYSTEM AND MECHANICAL SYSTEM ...............................................................................................91 G8/SCE- PAGE V 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS...................................................................................................................................2 FIGURE 2: LOCATION OF THE STUDY REGION..............................................................................................................................................3 FIGURE 3: ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN ..........................................................................7 FIGURE 4: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LAKE ERHAI BASIN WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION MANAGEMENT .........................................9 FIGURE 5: RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE ERHAI LAKE BASIN .............................................................................................................................14 FIGURE 6: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE............................................................................................................16 FIGURE 7: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE............................................................................................................17 FIGURE 8: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE............................................................................................................18 FIGURE 9: WATER QUALITY PROFILE ALONG THE XI'ER RIVER IN 2005......................................................................................................22 FIGURE 10: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF DO CONCENTRATION........................................................................................................................25 FIGURE 11: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF CODMN CONCENTRATION................................................................................................................26 FIGURE 12: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF BOD CONCENTRATION.....................................................................................................................26 FIGURE 13: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF TP CONCENTRATION ........................................................................................................................27 FIGURE 14: HISTORICAL TN CONCENTRATION ..........................................................................................................................................27 FIGURE 15: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF SECCHI DISK TRANSPARENCY ..........................................................................................................28 FIGURE 16: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF TROPHIC LEVEL MEASURED BY REVISED CARLSON'S INDEX.................................................................28 FIGURE 17 : CATEGORIES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN SURFACE WATERS ......................................................................................29 FIGURE 18 : N/P RATIO FOR ERHAI LAKE................................................................................................................................................30 FIGURE 19: CHANGE OF LAND USE PATTERN IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN 1990 ­ 2002 ­ 2006............................................................................33 FIGURE 20: INCREASE OF GDP AND CHANGE IN STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY IN DALI AND ERYUAN FROM 2000-2005......................................34 FIGURE 21: PROPORTION OF LOADING CONSTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES FOR TN, TP AND COD......................................................35 FIGURE 22: OVERALL LAYOUT OF YUEP II SUBCOMPONENTS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN..................................................................................38 FIGURE 23: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 7D.................................................................................................................................39 FIGURE 24: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 8D.................................................................................................................................40 FIGURE 25: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 10D...............................................................................................................................41 G8/SCE- PAGE VI 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 26: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS 11D........................................................................................................................42 FIGURE 27: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS 9D..........................................................................................................................43 FIGURE 28: DECOMPOSITION OF ERHAI INTO SUB-BASINS ........................................................................................................................51 FIGURE 29 CHANGE OF FERTILIZER APPLIED PER UNIT LAND ....................................................................................................................56 FIGURE 30 POLLUTANT LOADS DISCHARGE INTO THE LAKE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (*XIAGUAN TOWN EXCLUDED)................................60 FIGURE 31 P AND N RUNOFF FROM SUBCATCHMENT C8 ...........................................................................................................................61 FIGURE 32 P AND N RUNOFF FROM SUBCATCHMENT C15 .........................................................................................................................61 FIGURE 33 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANT LOADINGS.....................................................................................................................62 FIGURE 34 TP POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010.......................................................................................................65 FIGURE 35 TN POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 ......................................................................................................65 FIGURE 36 COD POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 ...................................................................................................66 FIGURE 37: NH4-N POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010...............................................................................................66 FIGURE 38 TP POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020.......................................................................................................67 FIGURE 39 TN POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 ......................................................................................................67 FIGURE 40 COD POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 ...................................................................................................68 FIGURE 41: NH4-N POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020...............................................................................................68 FIGURE 42 COMPARISON OF ABSOLUTE POLLUTION LOADING IN 2010 AND 2020 AGAINST THE BASELINE CONDITION .................................69 FIGURE 43 URBAN DOMESTIC LOAD WITH AND WITHOUT YUEP II PROJECTS IN 2010.................................................................................71 FIGURE 44 CHANGE OF POLLUTION LOADING COMPOSITION......................................................................................................................71 FIGURE 45 CONTRIBUTION OF TP LOADING OF DIFFERENT AREAS IN THE BASIN ........................................................................................74 FIGURE 46 STRUCTURE OF TELEMAC SYSTEM MODULES............................................................................................................................75 FIGURE 47 RUBENS POST-PROCESSOR SHOWN WITH THE BOTTOM ELEVATION OF ERHAI LAKE (LEFT) AND SURFACE WATER LEVEL PROFILE IN CERTAIN TIME STEP..................................................................................................................................................................................77 FIGURE 48 DIGITIZATION OF THE ERHAI LAKE BATHYMETRY (WITH THE TROUGH BOTTOM IN ORANGE COLOUR)............................................78 FIGURE 49 BATHYMETRY EDITION IN MATISSE FIGURE 50 GEO-LINES EDITION IN MATISSE ......................................................................79 FIGURE 51 ERHAI LAKE MESH WITH REFINED MIJU ESTUARY SHOWN .........................................................................................................79 FIGURE 52 SIMULATED LAKE CURRENT (2005 JUNE) COMPARED WITH THE SKETCH MAP.............................................................................80 FIGURE 53 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (2005 FEB) ......................................................................................................................81 FIGURE 54 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (THE NORTH PART, 2005 JUNE)..........................................................................................82 G8/SCE- PAGE VII 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 55 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (THE NORTH PART, 2005 JUNE)..........................................................................................82 FIGURE 56 INPUT TABLE OF TRACER VALUE AND CURVE FOR SIMULATION...................................................................................................83 FIGURE 57 TRACER'S BEHAVIOUR (PERIOD 28 DAYS, 2005 FEBRUARY) .....................................................................................................84 FIGURE 58 TRACER'S BEHAVIOUR (PERIOD 30 DAYS, 2005 JUNE)..............................................................................................................84 FIGURE 59 STAGES IN REA ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS................................................................................................................................85 FIGURE 60: ONSITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM...........................................................................................................................90 G8/SCE- PAGE VIII 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS AND UNITS BOD5 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (5 days) COD Chemical Oxygen Demand CSEMP Construction Site Environmental Management Plan EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan EMS Environmental Monitoring Station EPB Environmental Protection Bureau (of SEPA) GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System ISO 14001 Quality Standard for Environmental Management System NGO Non-Government Organization PAP Project Affected Person PIU Project Implementation Unit PMO Project Management Office PRC People's Republic of China RAP Resettlement Action Plan SA Social Analysis SEPA State Environmental Protection Administration SS Suspended Solids TA Technical Assistance WB World Bank WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant CURRENCIES RMB Chinese Yuan (Renminbi) USD United States Dollar G8/SCE- PAGE IX 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. THE YUEP2 The proposed project is a follow-up and an extension of the First World Bank Yunnan Environment Project. Appraised in 1996 and closed in 2004, the YEP carried out specific objectives aiming at: 1) strengthening policies, regulatory and institutional frameworks for pollution control, and municipal water, wastewater, solid waste and night soil management; 2) supporting the improvement of lakes environment in Gejiu and Kunming in order to allow waters to be used for potable supply, industry or agriculture, as appropriate; 3) facilitating complementary sustainable investments in pollution control and municipally-provided urban environmental services; and 4) introducing a comprehensive approach to planning, prioritization, management, and financing of urban environmental infrastructure investments. The components of the project were as follows: 1) Lake Dianchi basin water quality recovery; 2) industrial pollution control; 3) provincial urban environmental services; 4) environmental and water quality monitoring; and 5) institutional development, training and construction supervision. The total investment of the project was $319.9 million, of which $125 million from a World Bank loan. On completion of the YEP, the Yunnan Provincial Government, jointly with the Central Government, decided to continue its collaboration with the World Bank. Therefore a request was submitted for a new loan to finance the Yunnan Urban Environment Project (YUEP). The proposed Yunnan Urban Environment Project (Phase I) is a major part of both the "11th Five Year Plan" and the phased strategic plan for urban environmental improvement in Yunnan Province. 1.2. YUEP 2 SUBCOMPONENTS At this stage the YUEP comprises 28 subprojects located in four municipalities/prefectures, Kunming, Dali, Lijiang and Wenshan. The total project cost is around 2.25 billion RMB reduced from 4.66 billion RMB in July. It is divided into four categories (1) wastewater treatment: 24.6%; (2) river-Lake integrated renovation 45.6%; (3) solid waste disposal: 7.9%; (4) other infrastructure construction: 21.9% (percentage is based on estimation in July). Groupe Huit / SCE will be responsible for the individual review of 14 sub-projects: (i) 6 wastewater treatment projects, (ii) 4 river & lake integrated renovation projects, (iii) 2 solid waste disposal projects and (iv) 2 other urban infrastructure construction projects. The total cost of the 14 concerned projects is about 2.0 billion RMB, amounting to 250 million US dollar. The tentative loan from WB is about 1.27 billion RMB, amounting to 159 million US dollar that is 64% of the total investment. However, in terms of EA and RAP, G8/SCE will be responsible for providing DRA Services with respect to the whole scope of YUEP2. . G8/SCE- PAGE 1 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 1: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS G8/SCE- PAGE 2 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 1.3. ERHAI LAKE BASIN Erhai Lake, the 7th largest freshwater lake in China and second largest in Yunnan, locates in the core of "Cangshan Erhai State Level Nature Reserve" and "Cangshan Erhai State Level Scenic Site". It has significant environmental, economic and social values for the sustainable development of the basin and Dali Prefecture. It provides natural habitats for aquatic flora and fauna and maintains the biodiversity of the region; it is the major drinking water source for Dali City; and also a popular tourist destination which supports the local economy. Protection of the lake health and maintaining various functions of the lake is crucial for the region future development. FIGURE 2: LOCATION OF THE STUDY REGION Yunnan Province Dali Prefecture Kunming Municipality 1.4. OBJECTIVES OF THE REA The main purpose of the Regional EA will be to clarify investment decisions by bringing environmental considerations into the development planning at the lake basin level for Er'Hai. The Regional EA will provide supporting justification to the final selection of projects to be financed under YUEP. The Regional EA will be developed in full concertation with existing lake basin organisations and identified stakeholders to promote and build an integrated approach to water management at the lake basin level. The use of modern analytical tools such as GIS and mathematical modelling techniques will be developed/explored as part of the Regional EA. G8/SCE- PAGE 3 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 1.5. SCOPE OF THE REA 1.5.1. POLICY, LEGAL & ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK The Regional EA will detail the existing policy, legal and administrative framework with respect to the Er'Hai lake basin. Specific local ordinances and standards will be described in detail together with local institutional arrangements. The effectiveness of existing organisations, pollution control enforcement will be investigated. 1.5.2. BASELINE CONDITIONS Understanding of environmental baseline in the project region and project sites is critical to analyze alternative sites and evaluate the potential impacts in the later stage of the EA. The baseline conditions include existing air quality, water quality and hydrology, soil and hydro-geology, flora and fauna, acoustic conditions, and sensitive receptors such as drinking water sources, residential areas, natural habitats, cultural properties, etc. A complete inventory of sensitive receptors in the project area is important as they will be the focus of impact assessment and mitigation planning. Environmental baseline data are obtained through collection of historical data, supplemented by environmental monitoring programs designed specifically for the project. Detailed investigations of the project sites and the surrounding areas are essential for understanding environmental baseline. 1.5.3. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & INVENTORY OF PLANS & PROJECTS The REA will collect and review existing planning documents. In particular the following documents inter alia will be consulted: · Erhai Lake Basin Protection and Control Planning (2003- 2020) · The basin water pollution integrated control of Erhai Lake " Eleventh Five "Plan Review will be made of other available documentation. These documents will be used to define a "Base Scheme" consisting of the overall set of projects planned to protect and manage pollution in Erhai Lake over the short term and long term. Analysis will also be undertaken to develop upto two altenative scenarios which will be evaluated as part of the cumulative impact assessment. 1.5.4. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 1.5.4.1. POLLUTANT LOADING ANALYSIS & LOAD REDUCTION To determine the overall impact of the identified development scenarios ("Base Scheme" and Alternative Scheme 1 and 2) in terms of pollutant load reduction a waste load model will be developed projecting current estimates of pollutant loading rates from base line conditions to two future horizons (short term, 2010 and long term 2020). The waste load model will project mass loading rates of both point sources (domestic and industrial) and non point sources (agricultural, mining, ...) covering a range of parameters (SS, COD, BOD, NH4-N, Total N, Total P). The waste load model will be developed at such a scale to investigate individual sub basins within the lake basin and also identified sub projects. For each project forming part of the development scenario, pollution reduction rates will be estimated for each time horizon for each of the above parameters to derive the impact of each project in terms of load reduction. Overall load reduction of the development scenarios will then be assessed. The analysis will also provide data enabling a comparison of alternative load reduction strategies. G8/SCE- PAGE 4 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 1.5.4.2. LAKE HYDROLOGICAL BALANCE For the development scenarios the hydrological balance of the lake basin will be developed from the present baseline conditions to the proposed future horizons. 1.5.4.3. WATER QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT In general two (possibly three) dimensional coupled hydrodynamic and water quality models should be used to investigate impacts on lacustrine systems; the Consultant will undertake analysis using the TELEMAC 2D/3D modelling system (a description of which is provided in an appendix to this report). Analysis of the available water quality information for Erhai Lake indicates that there is little vertical stratification nor evidence of veritical changes in water quality within the lake's water body. For this reason the Consultant proposes the use of a vertically integrated 2D model of Erhai Lake. The water quality model will be primarily used for assessment of project impact and will be calibrated using available hydrological and water quality data. 1.5.5. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES On the basis of the foregoing analysis the Regional EA will undertake a · Comparison of alternatives in terms of impacts · Comparison of alternatives in terms of cost · Multi criteria analysis of different schemes and individual projects · Harmonisation of different Plans 1.5.6. RECOMMENDATIONS & ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT STRATEGY The results of the Regional EA will permit to provide environmental inputs into the overall planning process and the development of an environmental management strategy for the lake rive basin. Particular components to be developed will include: · Recommendations in relation to the subcomponents included as part of the Erhai Lake component of YUEP2 covering overall project scope and design, treatement process, etc. · Recommendations covering the proposals made as part of the integrated Lake Basin Plan and the 11th Five Year Planning · Capacity Building eg Improved Monitoring & Analysis (GIS, Modelling, ...) · Reinforced Institutional Set Up for lake basin management 1.6. LAYOUT OF REPORT The following chapters of this report present the detailed analyses conducted as part of the Overall Environmental Assessment. · Chapter 2 presents the policy, legal and institutional framework of the region's water management; · Chapter 3 introduces baseline condition; · Chapter 4 provides a summary of relevant environmental projects and detail of YUEP sub-components in the region; G8/SCE- PAGE 5 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Chapter 5 provides details of cumulative impact assessment for the identified development scenarios in terms of two aspects: o Pollutant load reduction o Water quality impact · Chapter 6 discusses and analyses alternatives · Chapter 7 describes the process of public consultation · Chapter 8 provides conclusions and recommendations on environmental management strategy The report is accompanied by a series of Appendices covering the following topics: · APPENDIX 1: List of references · APPENDIX 2: Maps · APPENDIX 3: Methodology for Load Estimation · APPENDIX 4: Meeting Minutes of First Public Consultation G8/SCE- PAGE 6 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 2. POLICY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK 2.1. DESCRIPTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK Administrative organization in China includes five main levels. This categorization determines the legal and institutional roles of the local government bodies. At each level correspond many types of units considering their urban or development degree, the ratio of minority people. From the upper level to the smaller: National level, territory where Party and Central Government exert authority. Publishing the fundamental law of Constitution of the People's Republic of China. Province level is the biggest territorial unit. At this level are provinces, autonomous provinces, municipalities under central government authority and special zones. Yunnan is one of the 18 provinces. Prefecture level: prefectures (rural), municipalities (mainly urban and/or containing province capital) and independent municipalities County level: districts (totality or part of a city), municipalities (key-development area at the sub- prefecture level), counties (rural) and minority counties. Township level: urban area, towns, villages, township entities and minority townships FIGURE 3: ADMINISTRATIVE ORGANIZATIONS AT DIFFERENT LEVELS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN Administrative Levels NB: Organization Province Province of Yunnan principle of administration and political systems are simila Prefecture Bai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture and very linked Dali City County Er'yuan County (Dali Municipality) Township In the Er'hai Lake basin, two entities at county level have to be considered: Dali City, the most important by its urban and economical development levels, including completely the lake surface and around two third of the basin surface. It's also the Bai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture capital. Er'yuan county, mainly rural. G8/SCE- PAGE 7 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 2.2. ER'HAI LAKE PROTECTION ORGANIZATION The standards of quality and the objectives for the lake had been defined in the 11th five-years plan (2006-2010). Prefecture level: The Government of Bai Nationality Autonomous began Er'hai Lake basin management publicising "Yunnan Dali Bai autonomous prefecture Er'hai lake management regulation ordinance" (Definition of protection objectives) in 1988. It had been revised in 2004. At this stage, both "Dali Prefectural Leading Group" and "Er'hai Lake Basin Protection Office" were created: "Dali Prefectural Leading Group" (originally named "Erhai Lake Water Pollution Protection and Control Leading Group", created in 1988). Its director is the one of "Dali Prefectural Environment Protection Bureau" and the members are members of prefectural administrations1 concerned by Er'hai lake catchment area management. The previous leads "Er'hai Lake Basin Protection Office", which belongs directly to the Government of Bai Nationality Autonomous Prefecture. The main responsibility at this level is to provide dedicated laws and regulations for lake's water pollution control, in accordance with national, provincial and other prefectural laws. In 2003, a long-term Master Plan regarding protection and control planning on Er'hai Lake was published, covering the period 2003-2020. Moreover, the eleventh five-years plan (2006-2010) integrate the ordinance orientations. County level: The governments of Dali City and Er'yuan county have in charge the organization of the framework for implementation of the project. In Dali City The "Er'hai Lake Management Bureau" (created by the 1988 Ordinance) is a specific institution and insure the responsibilities as follow: The publication and implementation of laws and regulations decided by "Er'hai Lake Basin Protection Office" The preparation of long term planning for the management of the lake (reviewed by municipal council and then approved by prefecture government) To insure unified management of inflow and outflow of water, to improve water resource at prefecture level The water distribution plan for Er'hai lake water Put into practice environment protection and water pollution prevention Put into practice results of scientific research To enforce laws and regulations application on protected areas 1DP Environment Protection Bureau, DP Water Resource Bureau, DP Forestry Bureau, DP Land Resources Bureau, DP Agriculture Bureau, DP Industry and Commerce Bureau, DP Construction Bureau, DP Sciences and Technology Bureau, DP Tourism Bureau, DP Finance Bureau, DP Transportation Bureau, DP Cangshan Mountain Reserve Bureau G8/SCE- PAGE 8 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT It's involved with relevant institutions for implementation of action plans, being a leading group for coordination. Township level : Er'hai Environmental Protection Stations (EEPS) had been created in both counties. They depend on county EPB, and, for Dali City in association with "Er'hai Lake Management Bureau". They're in relation with village co-managers to promote the Er'hai Lake management objectives at the local scale, aiming their integration to the development and infrastructure construction projects. FIGURE 4: INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK FOR LAKE ERHAI BASIN WATER RESOURCE PROTECTION MANAGEMENT Yunnan Province Government Province Yunnan Provincial Nine Plateau Lakes (YUEPB) Role: Dali Prefectural Government Prefecture - laws & regulation redaction Dali Prefectural Leading Group - legislative coordination Er'hai Lake Basin Protection Leading Group Office Coordination, organization for Er'yuan County Er'hai Lake County the enforcement of related laws Eryuan County EPB Dali City EPB Management Bureau and regulations and the implementation of actions Er'hai Environmental Er'hai Environmental Protection Stations Township Protection Stations (EEPS) (EEPS) Village co-managers Village co-managers intervene on: - rivers/streams - flood plains - rural solid waste management - wastewater management National and regional level: legislation, regulation and standards Basin management authority G8/SCE- PAGE 9 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 2.3. LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND POLICY ACTIONS OF LAKE PROTECTION 2.3.1. LOCAL ORDINANCE OF DALI PREFECTURE Since later 1970's and early 1980's, under the advice of the Provincial Standing Committee of the People's Congress, Dali Prefecture take the advantage of being autonomous prefecture, the improvement of local legal system for the protection of Erhai Lake. In 1982, Provisional Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was promulgated. In 1987 Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was prepared, approved by Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture Standing Committee of the People's Congress in March 1988, finally ratified by Yunnan Committee of the People's Congress and became effective since March 1st, 1989. With socio-economic development in the Erhai Lake Basin and the appearance of new events, particularly algae blooming on autumn 1996, Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture was fined to be unadaptive to the need of the lake protection and was amended during later 1990's to year 2000's, finalized in January 15th, 2004. In parallel to Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, for the protection of Mt. Cangshan and Erhai Lake, the national natural reserve and national tourist hot-spot, other relevant local ordinances were promulgated, including: Management Ordinance on Cangshan Natural Reserve of Bai Autonomous Prefecture Management Ordinance on Scenery and Key Point of Interests Management Regulation on Levy & Use of Pollution Discharge Fees In the mean time of amending Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, a series of government supportive and normative documents were also issued: Implementation Details of Erhai Lake Water Pollution Prevention and Control of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan, It clearly designated water quality of Erhai Lake and its inflowing rivers/streams should be protected to be in compliance with Class II of Chinese National Environmental Standard for Surface Water. Implementation Details of Erhai Lake Water Administration Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Implementation Details of Erhai Lake Fishery Administration Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Implementation Details of Erhai Lake Navigation Affairs Administration Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Yunnan Management and Implementation Measures on the Disposal of Solid Waste generated from Rural Village Generated or Dumped along River Courses in Erhai Lake Basin Management and Implementation Measures on Erhai Lake Floodplain, 1991 Notification on Strengthening the Management of Distribution and Application of Pesticides in Erhai Lake Catchment Area, issued by the People's Government of Dali Prefecture Stipulation on the Ban of the Production, Distribution and Use of One-off Foamy Plastic Tableware and Hazardous, Non-Biodegradable Plastic Products in Dali Municipality Based on National laws & regulations, the promulgation of Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, supported by local government decrees form a systematic legal framework for the protection and management of Erhai Lake, from national level town to local level. G8/SCE- PAGE 10 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 2.3.2. POLICY ACTIONS To enforce the national, local laws and regulations and various government decrees, policies were also practiced and policy actions were taken in Erhai Lake Basin: Any new heavy polluting industries or enterprises are prohibited to be located in Erhai Lake basin since 1980; Through environmental impact assessment system, any new projects that might have cause strong environment pollution impact have been forbidden to be located in the lake basin; Such heavy pollution industries as Dali Pulp & Paper Mill, Yunnan Synthetic Fibre Factory have been closed; 235 small sized enterprises that belongs to "15 small pollution industries" black listed by the State Council have been closed up. All the industries, through many years of environmental treatment, have been in compliance with national discharging standards. Any illegal encroachment of floodplain (within the Erhai Lake Protection boundary marker) and lake water body, land or fish ponds reclamation from the lake were prohibited since 1991; In the following years, "Three Eliminating" policies, namely, eliminating caged-fishes activity, eliminating fuel-engine boat fishing activity, eliminating sand/gravel excavation boat were established followed by actions, as the results, over 10,000 fish-cages, 3000 sets of fuel-engine boats, 9 gravel excavation boats were eliminated from the lake by 1997. In addition, the number of yachts were reduced and modified to minimize gas exhaust by 2003. Restructuring the administration zones. The lake water body used to be shared and managed by two administration zones (e.g. Dali Municipality and Eryuan County), to facilitate better and unified management of the lake water body, in 2005 two towns/townships that used to be under the jurisdiction of Eryuan County were re-arranged to be under the jurisdiction of Dali Municipality. Therefore, Erhai Lake Management Bureau is easily set up under Dali Municipality Government with clearer responsibilities and accountabilities (see figure on "Erhai Lake Basin Institutional Framework); Scientifically regulating the lake water level. In the past, in order to ensure full operation of hydropower stations located at the outlet of Erhai Lake, the lake water level had to be operated at lower water level while water quality in the lake had to be sacrificed: storing poor-quality water in summer and autumn seasons while discharging better-quality water in winter and spring seasons accelerated the deterioration of lake water quality. Since later 2006, for the protection of lake water quality, the amended Erhai Lake Management Ordinance of Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture stipulated the higher operation water level to sacrifice downstream hydropower generation. Dali Municipality is requested to work out the lake water level operation program once a season that is subject to the approval of prefecture government. Production and sale of phosphorus-detergent has been banned since February 1st, 1998; It was stipulated in Management and Implementation Measures on Erhai Lake Floodplain that area between contour lines of 1970.0~1974.0 are the lake floodplain. In order to protect floodplain, since 2002, "Three Returns Policy", namely the policy of return fishponds, farmlands, house buildings to lake or wetland, was established and actions were taken, as the results, by 2002, 4324.94 mu of fishponds, 7274.52 mu of farmlands and 616.8 mu of house building areas were returned, a 48 km long of lake shoreline wetland at west lakeside were restored. To promote the implementation of the "three returns", Government of Dali Prefecture, following the national relevant policies, provided compensations to the affected rural households for the "returns" at the rate of 100 kg foodstuff/mu. Year, the compensation will be continued for 8 successive years) . Establishment objective responsibility and strict award and punishment system. Governments from county level, down to town/township, administration villages need to make commitment and paid risk guarantee it respective higher level government for being responsible for achieving objectives of protecting and renovating Erhai Lake. The paid guarantee was used to prize the cadres who successfully achieved the assigned objectives. The failures would have no opportunity for being promoted and the paid guarantee will be submitted to financial bureaus. G8/SCE- PAGE 11 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT Charging tariff from yacht operation managers at rate of 30 yuan/ride for the protection of Erhai Scenic resort resources, since July 2006. Charging tariff gradually increasing tariff on water, including water supply, water resources management, wastewater, debt service for water diversion To control non-point pollution source in the lake basin, Notification on Strengthening the Management of Distribution and Application of Pesticides in Erhai Lake Catchment Area was issued by the People's Government of Dali Prefecture, This notification covers 18 townships with the lake basin, about 24 types of pesticides that are highly harmful to people's health and to environment were banned in terms of distribution and application, and over 30 biological pesticide that are high efficient with lower residues are encouraged for application. G8/SCE- PAGE 12 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 3. BASELINE CONDITION The studied Region defined by the geographical boundary of Erhai Lake Basin is within the political boundary of the Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture covers an area of 2565 km2. It contains 10 towns covering majority of the Dali City and 6 towns within Eryuan County. This chapter presents a baseline condition of the physical, biological and social-economic condition of the Erhai Lake Basin as a basis for the study. 3.1. GEOLOGY AND TOPOGRAPHY The basin is divided into two major geological regions by the Erhai Discordogenic Fault along Laojun Mountain ­ Diancang Mountain ­ Ai'lao Mountain. East part belongs to Yangtze Paraplatform Region. The elevation is around 2800 metres above sea level (masl). West part belongs to "Three-River" Folded Region. The elevation ranges from 3074 to 4122 masl. Erhai Lake is formed in this north-south discordogenic fault. The basin consists of three major topography types: mountain, basin and river valley. Cangshan Mountain is the highest peak at the south end of Yuling Mountain. 3.2. CLIMATE The climate of the region is typical low latitude plateau subtropical monsoon climate. It is characterised by clear dry season (Nov. to Apr. or May of the following year) and wet season (May to Oct.). The recorded several-year mean annual temperature is 15.3°C. The warmest month in a year is Jul. with a mean temperature of 19.7°C, and the coolest month is Jan. with a mean temperature of 8.9°C. Rainfall is monitored by Dali and Erhai Weather Station. Several-year mean annual rainfall is 720- 1066mm, where upstream in Eryuan is 719.2mm, and lake area within Dali is 1066.6mm. Maximum recorded rainfall in the upstream area is 1140mm in 1966, in the lake area is 1456mm in 1957. Minimum recorded rainfall is 469mm in 1958, in lake area is 650 mm in 1960. Most rainfall happens during May to October. The West-South wind is the dominant wind in the basin. 3.3. AIR QUALITY Regular air quality monitoring station of Yunnan Environment Protection Bureau provides basic information on air quality in the Basin. Most recent weekly report (June 9 to 15, 2007) shows that air quality in Dali City is good, classified as I Class. TABLE 1: WEEKLY AIR QUALITY OF DALI CITY (9-15 JUNE 2007) Station SO2 NO2 PM10 Air pollution Quality index (API) Classification Mean Max Mean Max Mean Max Dali EPB 0.024 0.039 0.009 0.017 0.017 0.024 24 I Information from Dali Environment Annual Report indicates that air quality in Dali has always been in good quality (Class I) in recent years. G8/SCE- PAGE 13 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 3.4. HYDROLOGY 3.4.1. ERHAI LAKE AND RIVER SYSTEMS IN THE BASIN Erhai Lake Basin belongs to the Lancang-Meigong River System. When water level at altitude 1974 m (Haifang level as datum), Erhai Lake covers 251km2. The total storage capacity is 2.74 billion m3. It is 42.5 km long from north to south, the deepest point is 21.3m, and the average depth is 10.6m. FIGURE 5: RIVER SYSTEMS OF THE ERHAI LAKE BASIN Haixihai Cibi Lake Miju River Donghu Lake Xihu Lake Erhai Lake Cang Mountain 18 rivulets Boluo River The basin consists of 117 river streams (or creeks) and 4 lakes (or reservoirs) namely Haixihai, Zibi Lake, Xihu Lake, and Donghu Lake. Erhai Lake locates in the southeast of the basin, major inflows include: Miju river from the north, Cangshan 18 streams from the west, Fengweijing and other small streams from the east and Boluo Jiang from the South. G8/SCE- PAGE 14 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Miju River, rising from Niujie Village in Eryuan County, it flows north to south and into Erhai Lake at Jiangweixiang Bridge. It is 71.1 km long with a catchment area of 1254.67km2. Several-year annual discharge is 368 million m3, which counts about 32.6% of the total inflow to Erhai Lake. · Cangshan Mountain 18 rivulets; rising from Cangshan Mountain. The catchment area is 357.1 km2. Having deep slope riverbeds (generally range from 2.4-9.3% at areas above mountain pass), most rivulets are small streams. During heavy rainfalls, runoff brings large amount of sediments filing up streams and estuary areas. Annual run-off is 276 million m3. · Boluojiang, locating south-east to Erhai Lake. The catchment area is 297.1 km2. Annual run-off is 114 million m3. · East lake side hills, having very little rainfall and few of rivers. Fengweijing and Haidongjing are the two major rivers in this area. The only natural outflow of the lake is Xi'er River in the south. A regulating sluice was built at the river junction. In 1994 a water transfer work was constructed bringing water from Erhai to Binchuan County for irrigation. The volume of outflow from Erhai is completely manual control. 3.4.2. WATER LEVEL According to the "Dali Prefecture Erhai Management Ordinance" revised in June 1st 2004, the operational water level for Erhai Lake is 1972.61m to 1974.31m (Haifang level as datum). Under natural condition, water resources of the lake follow the rule of "more inflow, more outflow and less inflow, less outflow". However, when manually controlled by human in the early years, the lake discharge more outflow during dry seasons but less during wet seasons to ensure the operation of power plant during low flow condition. The change of water level in Erhai experienced several phases as illustrated in the following table and figure. TABLE 2: HISTORICAL PHASES OF CONTROL OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE Major changes Control Water level Before 1963 Naturally adjusted Relatively small variation of annual mean water level 1963~1972 Construction of regulating sluice Naturally adjusted Increase water use on industry and on Xi'er River irrigation 1973~1989 Deepen riverbed of Xi'er River, Lack of control Lake was operated in a recorded and construction of hydro-power lowest level in 1983. plant 1990~now Government introduced Manually The water level increased and was legislation on the minimum and controlled controlled and changed in a relatively maximum operational water small span level of Er'hai (this was revised in 2004) G8/SCE- PAGE 15 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 6: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE Some of the major environmental consequences of low water level from the 80s include: · Change in natural habitat of the near shore area lead to damage on biodiversity · Lower capacity of receiving pollutants and fasten water quality degradation 3.5. WATER QUALITY 3.5.1. CURRENT WATER QUALITY OF THE LAKE AND INFLOW & OUTFLOW RIVERS Dali Prefecture Environmental Protection Bureau, Monitoring Centre is responsible for monitoring water quality of the Erhai Lake, major inflow rivers and other lakes in the basin. Monthly public release on water quality is made available to the public through Dali EPB's website. As Erhai Lake is drinking water source for Dali City, it is defined as protected zone. Water quality objectives for Erhai Lake and rivers flowing into the lake are set to be Class II. TABLE 3: ERHAI LAKE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN 2006 Erhai lake North part Middle part South part Jan-06 III TN, BOD III TN, BOD III BOD III TN, BOD Feb-06 II III BOD II III BOD Mar-06 III TN III TN III TN, CODmn III TN, NH4-N Apr-06 II II II II May-06 III TN III TN III TN III TN Jun-06 III TN, TP III TN, BOD III TN, TP III TN, TP Jul-06 III TN, BOD, TP IV BOD, TN, TP III TN, BOD, TP III TN, BOD, TP Aug-06 III TN, BOD, TP IV BOD, TN, TP IV TN, BOD, TP III TN, BOD, TP Sep-06 III TP, TN, DO IV DO, TP, TN III TP, TN, DO IV TN, TP Oct-06 III TP, TN, DO III TP, TN, DO III TP, TN, DO III TP, TN, DO Nov-06 III TN III TN III TN III TN Dec-06 III TN III TN III TP III TN G8/SCE- PAGE 16 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT Overall water quality of Erhai Lake is Class III for 2006. Water quality is generally better during winter and worse in summer which most rainfall happened. Especially from July to September, water quality in part of the lake is classified as IV. TN, TP, BOD, DO are major non-compliance parameters. There is also spatial difference in different part of the lake. Detail water quality measurement data for 2005 is used here to illustrate the seasonal and spatial variation. TABLE 4: ERHAI LAKE WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION AND MAJOR POLLUTANTS IN 2006 DO CODmn BOD5 NH4-N TP TN Transparency (Mg/L) (cm) February 7.921 3.408 2.523 0.099 0.020 0.658 220 June 6.168 3.527 2.686 0.118 0.029 0.714 128 The data shows overall water quality is better in Feb. than in June. This conclusion is consistent with the analysis on WQ classification for 2006. FIGURE 7: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE No Monitoring Point 280 Xizhou 281 Lake Centre 1 282 Kanglang 283 Longkan 284 Lake Centre 2 285 Tacun 286 Xiaoguanyi 287 Lake Centre 3 288 Shifangzi 631 Taoyuan 632 Lake Centre 0 633 Shuanglang G8/SCE- PAGE 17 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 8: HISTORICAL CHANGES OF WATER LEVEL IN ERHAI LAKE DO (mg/L) CODmn (mg/L) BOD5 (mg/L) G8/SCE- PAGE 18 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT NH4-N (mg/L) TP (mg/L) TN (mg/L) G8/SCE- PAGE 19 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT The figure illustrates the water quality in 2005 June representing the most unfavourable condition in the year. Points which fail to meet WQ standard Class II are highlighted in the maps, except for TN, as all points fail to meet Class II for TN, and Point 287 is recorded 1.16mg/L which is Class IV. Generally, northern part of the lake is in better water quality condition than southern part of the lake. Point 287 in particular has recorded the worst TN and TP among all points. Spatial variation of water quality in different part of the lake could be caused by the location of external pollution effluent, internal pollution sources and hydraulic condition of the lake. In detail it will be discussed in the chapter for water quality modelling later in this report. TABLE 5: WATER QUALITY OF MAJOR INFLOW RIVERS IN 2006 River Station Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Xishankou IV >V IV III IV >V IV III IV IV IV III Miju River Jiangwei Bridge >V IV IV V III >V IV IV III IV IV IV Lianhe Village >V >V >V >V >V >V V >V >V >V >V IV Luoshi Jiang Shaping Bridge >V >V >V >V >V V V V >V >V IV >V Donghu Inlet >V >V >V IV >V >V IV IV V >V >V >V Jiangweidong Yong'an Jiang Bridge >V >V >V >V >V >V >V V IV >V >V IV Boluo Jiang Inlet V V V >V V V V V V V >V >V Wanhua Stream Xizhou Bridge III III IV IV V Baishi Stream Baishixi Bridge V IV IV IV V IV Fengcheng Baihe Stream Village >V >V >V V >V >V >V V >V >V >V None of the rivers have achieved the water quality objective. Four major rivers flow into Erhai, namely Miju River, Luoshi Jiang, Yong'an Jiang and Boluo Jiang, are all in critical water quality condition. Wanhua stream, Baishi stream and Baihe stream occationally cut off during the year, however the water quality of those small streams are also mostly classified IV or worse. G8/SCE- PAGE 20 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 6: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY OF OTHER LAKES IN THE BASIN CODmn BOD5 TN TP WQ Classification WQ Objective 2001 I I III III 2002 I I II III III Cibi Lake 2003 I III II II III III 2004 II I III II III 2005 II I II II III 2001 III IV III IV 2002 III IV III IV IV Xihu Lake 2003 IV III III III IV II 2004 IV IV III V V 2005 III III V IV V 2001 I I III III 2002 I I I III III Haixihai Lake 2003 I I II III III II 2004 I I II III III 2005 I I II III III Cibi Lake, Xihu Lake and Haixihai Lake are major water source upstream of the Erhai Lake. Cibi Lake is also the drinking water source for Eryuan County Town. Overall water quality of Xihu Lake has gradually worsened from 2001 to 2005. Major parameters COD, BOD, TN and TP have all failed to comply with the water quality objective. For Haixihai Lake, the major non-compliance parameter is TP, and other major parameters can all meet Class II requirements. Besides, water quality of Xi'er River, the only outflow of Erhai Lake, is monitored by Dali City EPB. There're five monitoring sections along the Xi'er River. The following water quality data from year 2005 was provided by Dali City EPB. G8/SCE- PAGE 21 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 7: SUMMARY OF WATER QUALITY OF XI'ER RIVER 2005 Mg/L DO* CODmn BOD5 NH4-N TP TN** A Xi'er River 1st Level max 1.0 6.230 4.600 2.980 0.168 3.510 ave 4.8 5.350 3.150 1.300 0.117 2.153 B 4th Level max 4.4 8.840 7.850 4.230 0.189 6.140 ave 5.5 5.358 4.542 1.607 0.131 3.695 C Zhamen max 5.8 11.810 3.200 1.540 0.100 1.560 ave 6.1 6.563 2.250 0.695 0.059 0.883 D Museum (Bowuguan) max 5.5 5.260 2.900 0.610 0.068 2.650 ave 7.4 4.598 2.033 0.197 0.038 0.975 E Heilong Bridge max 2.6 6.320 4.000 6.190 0.145 13.210 ave 6.0 5.233 3.017 1.587 0.091 5.055 Class II 6 4 3 0.5 0.1 0.5 Class III 5 6 4 1 0.2 1 Class IV 3 10 6 1.5 0.3 1.5 Class V 2 15 10 2 0.4 2 *minimum for DO **water quality standard for TN is applicable for lake and reservoir, no specific requirement for rivers. Overall the water quality of Xi'er River is at a critical condition. Section A, B, C and E all have parameters being classified worse than Class V. Water quality at section D is better among all, which is Class III. Some of the extreme value, for example DO at section A, COD at section C and NH4-N at section E, might be a result of either a one-off discharge or measurement errors. Monthly river water quality profile along the Xi'er River is further illustrated by the figures below. FIGURE 9: WATER QUALITY PROFILE ALONG THE XI'ER RIVER IN 2005 DO 9 8 7 2005-3-1 6 2005-4-4 L/ 5 2005-7-4 mg 4 2005-8-1 3 2005-11-1 2 2005-12-5 1 0 A B C D E G8/SCE- PAGE 22 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT CODmn 12 10 2005-3-1 8 2005-4-4 L/ 2005-7-4 6 mg 2005-8-1 4 2005-11-1 2005-12-5 2 0 A B C D E BOD5 9 8 7 2005-3-1 6 2005-4-4 L 5 2005-7-4 mg/4 2005-8-1 3 2005-11-1 2 2005-12-5 1 0 A B C D E NH4-N 7 6 2005-3-1 5 2005-4-4 L 4 2005-7-4 mg/ 3 2005-8-1 2005-11-1 2 2005-12-5 1 0 A B C D E G8/SCE- PAGE 23 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TP 0.2 0.18 0.16 2005-3-1 0.14 2005-4-4 0.12 L/ 2005-7-4 0.1 mg 2005-8-1 0.08 0.06 2005-11-1 0.04 2005-12-5 0.02 0 A B C D E TN 14 12 2005-3-1 10 2005-4-4 L/ 8 2005-7-4 mg 6 2005-8-1 2005-11-1 4 2005-12-5 2 0 A B C D E The variation of water quality along the Xi'er River does not follow a clear format for all parameters. The concentration of TP, TN and NH4-N increase from A to B, then continuously decrease to downstream section C and D, and then increase again at section E. This pattern however only appears in some months in the year for COD and BOD. As section A and B are located within the boundary of the reservoir, the operation of the reservoir might have an impact on water quality. Which can be concluded is that along the section B to downstream D, water quality is generally improved due to the natural dilution and degradation of pollutants. The deterioration of water quality from D to E indicates the existence of pollution discharge along that session of the river. Xi'er River is not significant in this REA as it is situated downstream of the lake. However, according to the Plan, domestic wastewater of many upstream towns (Dali ancient town and Fengyi town in particular) will be brought to a new WWTP downstream and discharged into Xi'er River. The sudden increase of pollution loading will definitely have an impact on water quality of the river. Given the current water quality status of the river, the capacity of the river to handle more pollutant is limited. The selection of the new WWTP site therefore should be carefully examined in relevant environmental impact assessment to ensure the transport of pollutant does not bring irreversible environmental degradation to the downstream river. 3.5.2. HISTORICAL TREND OF WATER QUALITY The following table presents the changes of key parameters of water quality of Erhai Lake from 1992 to 2005. G8/SCE- PAGE 24 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 8: HISTORICAL WATER QUALITY AND TROPHIC LEVEL OF ERHAI LAKE Transparency Revised Carlson's DO CODmn BOD TP TN Classification (Secchi Disk) Index Mg/L m 1992 7.22 3.4 0.96 0.014 0.2 II 3.97 45 1993 7.04 1.65 0.86 0.017 0.3 II 3.36 45 1994 6.89 1.39 0.51 0.016 0.25 II 3.36 46 1995 6.73 1.39 0.57 0.015 0.29 II 3 46 1996 6.75 1.53 0.75 0.02 0.22 II 3.45 45 1997 7.42 1.64 1.34 0.02 0.28 II 3.22 47 1998 7.16 2.04 1.39 0.02 0.38 II 3.59 51 1999 7.25 2.53 1.37 0.03 0.3 III 3.34 52 2000 7.08 2.46 1.12 0.027 0.32 III 3.1 51 2001 7.14 2.59 1.57 0.025 0.34 II 3.63 52 2002 6.91 2.87 1.83 0.03 0.4 III 2.39 55 2003 7 3.45 2.68 0.034 0.57 III 1.52 62.4 2004 6.61 3.42 2.07 0.031 0.57 III 1.77 58 2005 6.81 3.46 2.71 0.026 0.54 III 1.87 58.2 Source: Erhai Basin Protection and Control Planning (2003-2020) plan & 11th 5 year plan Figures show the changes of DO, CODmn, BOD, TP, TN, transparency and adjusted Carlson's index. FIGURE 10: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF DO CONCENTRATION DO mg/L 7.6 7.4 7.2 7 6.8 6.6 6.4 6.2 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 DO concentration has experienced two low level period in 1995-1996 and 2004. G8/SCE- PAGE 25 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 11: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF CODMN CONCENTRATION CODmn mg/L 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 From 1994, CODmn has continued to increase from lower than 1.5mg/L to around 3.5mg/L; this has been stable from 2003-2005. This is still below the 4mg/L limit value of Class II. FIGURE 12: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF BOD CONCENTRATION BOD mg/L 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 There is a clear trend of increase of BOD concentration since 1994. G8/SCE- PAGE 26 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 13: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF TP CONCENTRATION TP mg/L 0.04 0.035 0.03 0.025 0.02 0.015 0.01 0.005 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TP concentration has gradually increased in the past. It reached its peak of 0.034mg/L in 2003, and experienced two-year decreased in 2004 and 2005. FIGURE 14: HISTORICAL TN CONCENTRATION TN mg/L 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 TN concentration continues to increase, and there is a major change from Class II to Class III in 2003, and continue to keep in a relatively high level in 2004 and 2005. G8/SCE- PAGE 27 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 15: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF SECCHI DISK TRANSPARENCY Transparency m 4.5 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Transparency of the lake decreased dramatically from 3.63m in 2001 to 1.52m in 2003, but didn't continue to decrease after that. FIGURE 16: HISTORICAL CHANGE OF TROPHIC LEVEL MEASURED BY REVISED CARLSON'S INDEX Revised Carlson's Index 65 60 55 50 45 40 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 A major change of the Lake's eutrophic level determined by adjusted Carlson's Index happened in 2003, from previous Mesotrophic to Eutrophic. Mesotrophic: Water moderately clear; increasing probability of hypolimnetic anoxia during summer Eutropic: Decreased transparency, anoxic hypolimnion during the summer, macrophyte problems evident, warm-water fisheries only Historical water blooms: once happened in Sep. to Oct. 1996, and recent one in July 2003. During the water blooms in 2003, number of algae reached its peak of 60 million /L in Sep., transparency decreased from 1.67m (June) to 0.88m, large area of submerged plant died and led to a significant change of structure of the aquatic ecosystem. A principle factor influencing the growth of aquatic plants (both fixed and planktonic) is the nutrients (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) necessary for the development of plant biomass. Not all forms of these nutrients are available for uptake by aquatic plants. G8/SCE- PAGE 28 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT Figure 17 illustrates the most important categories of nitrogen and phosphorus found in surface waters . In the case of nitrogen, it is the total inorganic nitrogen (the sum of ammonia, nitrites and nitrates) which is utilised for the growth of aquatic plants ; for phosphorus it is the dissolved orthophosphates. FIGURE 17 : CATEGORIES OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS IN SURFACE WATERS Particulate Detritus Organic Dissolved Phytoplankton Nitrogen Total Nitrogen Ammonia Inorganic Nitrogen Available for phytoplankton NO2 and NO3 growth Ortho- phosphates Total Complex Dissolved dissolved Organic Total Phosphorus Inorganic Total Particulate Detritus Organic Phytoplankton With regard to Lake Erhai, two important questions need to be answered : · Should inputs of P, N or both be controlled ? · What is the appropriate amount of nutrients to maintain plant biomass at an acceptable level ? The latter question requires the use of mathematical modelling techniques and is beyond the scope of this study. A simple method to answer the first question is to examine the relative requirements of plants for nitrogen and phosphorus (the N/p ratio). The nutrient that will control the amount of plant biomass is that which is used first. This nutrient is then termed the « limiting » or « controlling » factor. Targeting in particular the reduction of this factor can lead to lower biomass production and, thus, lower the risk of eutrophication. A very simplified analysis has been made of the Total Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen values available for Erhai as illustrated below. This analysis would suggest that the limiting nutrient would be phosphorus. However, this is based on both total average values of N and P. To provide conclusive analysis more detailed measurements of bioavailable N and P would be required. G8/SCE- PAGE 29 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 18 : N/P RATIO FOR ERHAI LAKE 1 0.8 Phosphorus Control (mg/l) ne 0.6 og nitr el 0.4 availab,N Nitrogen Control 0.2 0 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.1 p, available phosphorus (mg/l) 3.6. AQUATIC ECOLOGY Erhai is situated at the watershed of Yuangjiang River, Jinshajiang River and Lancangjiang River Basin and is located at a complex biota, and supports a large variety of organism. Aquatic Plants: So far, 61 species, which belongs to 44 genera 26 families, have been found. Among those, 19 species are submerged macrophytes, 7 species are floating-leaf plants, 6 species are floating or suspending plants, 11 species emerging plants and 18 species belong to other genera. The value of these aquatic plants is not only to provide as food source but also to purify water and improve scenery of the surroundings. Ottelia acuminate is the peculiar plant of the limnetic lakes at altiplanoes in southeast China. The number of species of algae in Erhai is 192 aggregately, which belongs to 8 phylum, 10 classes, 21 orders, 42 families and 89 genera. Zoobenthos: There are 30 species of zoobenthos in Erhai, which belong to 8 families and 16 genera. Common species include mussels, snail and Branchiura sowerbyi. Fishes: There are 30 species of fish live in Erhai and 17 of them are native species. Cyprinus, C.barbatus, Dali carp, C.carpio chila, Barbodes exigua Wu et Lin and Bigeye carp are endemic species in Erhai Lake, while the other 13 species are alien species. Dali Schizothoracin and C.barbatus are endemic species of Erhai, which are under second class of the national protection list. Dali carp and Cyprinus are under second class of Yunnan provincial protection list. G8/SCE- PAGE 30 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT After mid-1970s, great vicissitude happened to the aquatic environment of Erhai Lake, and biological diversity was severely damaged. Certain vicissitude caused the shoal for spawning migration of fish into land, the same time illegal fishing during migration period threatened the propagation of some native kinds of fish such as Dali Schizothoracin and C.barbatus, which result in the decreasing of quantity of the fish and even bring it to extinction. Because of the expansion of human activities, most of the wetland along the lakefront of Erhai has disappeared. Excessive using of aquatic resource breaks the ecological balance of Erhai and accelerated the water eutrophication. Fishing by dragging web results in destruction. Artificial controlling of water level and the way of storing during the flood season for using during low water period changes the living environment of hygrophyte in the zone connecting water and shore and destroys primary biological diversity. 3.7. TERRESTRIAL FLORA AND FAUNA Cangshan Mountain is the national protection zone for native flora and fauna. More than 2330 spermatophyte species are found in the mountainous areas. The natural reserve also provide habitat for 82 species of mammals, and 128 species of birds. Among which, 15 are national protected species. However, particular affected by human activities, the terrestrial environment within the basin was largely degraded. There is a lack of richness in age, species and appearance of the forest within the catchment area. It has more young trees than grown ones. The capability of water retention and soil conservation is weak. So the area is easy to become drought during dry seasons, and during rainy seasons it results serious soil erosion. Excessive farming also induces soil erosion. Most lands along the lake have been occupied by farmland and residential areas, which badly destroyed the primary terrestrial ecosystems and now the whole system become vulnerable. 3.8. SOCIO-ECONOMICS 3.8.1. ADMINISTRATION AND POPULATION The basin area embraces 16 townships, one economic development zone and one provincial level tourist zone covering majority of the Dali City and part of the Eryuan County. Registered population in Erhai basin is around 854,800 at the end of 2004, among which about 26.4% are non-agricultural population, and the population density is 333 person/km2. On Jan 1st, 2004, Eryuan County handed over the jurisdiction of Shuanglang town and Shangguan town to Dali City. Since then, the lake body of Erhai Lake was then wholly within the administrative boundary of Dali City. It is worth noticing that most statistics obtained for years before 2003 still follow the old administrative boundary. The areas within the boundary of Eryuan County and Dali City before and after this handover are shown in the table below. TABLE 9: AREAS OF DALI CITY AND ERYUAN COUNTY BEFORE AND AFTER THE CHANGE OF ADMINISTRATIVE BOUNDARY 2003 2004 Dali City (km2) 1468 1815 Eryuan County (km2) 2961 2614 Recently at the end of 2005, some further adjustment on administrative division has been made in Dali municipality and Eryuan County. In Dali: Qiliqiao Township was cancelled, areas south to Mocan rivulet were put under Xiaguan Town, and areas north to Mocan rivulet were put under Dali (ancient) Town. In Eryuan: Cibi township joined Yuhu town and then renamed as Cibihu town. G8/SCE- PAGE 31 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT Table 10 lists the most updated administrative division of Erhai Lake Basin. TABLE 10: LOCAL AUTHORITIES IN 2007 Townships Dali Xiaguan, Dali (old town), Yingqiao, Wanqiao, Xizhou, Shangguan, Shuanglang, Haidong, Wase, Fengyi 2 special zones: Economic development zone in Fengyi Provincial level tourist zone in Dali (the old town) Eryuan Dengchuan, Yousuo, Cibihu, Fengyu, Niujie, Sanying 3.8.2. LAND USE Land use pattern for the whole basin area is interpreted from a remote sensing image dated Feb. 2006. The land use categories follow the "National Land Use Classification for transition period" introduced by the Ministry of Land and Resources in 2002. The areas of each category are presented in the table below, the corresponding map can be found in a separate volume of this report. TABLE 11: LAND USE PATTERN IN THE ERHAI LAKE BASIN 2006 Main categories Sub categories Area (km2) Percentage (%) Paddy land 365.05 14.01 Crop land Dry land 79.79 3.06 Orchard 0.17 0.01 Garden plot Flower and herb 10.48 0.4 Forest 796.27 30.56 Forest (all types) Shrubbery 465.61 17.87 Residential 155.02 5.95 Town; village and commercial/industrial Industrial and mining 2.88 0.11 Roads 2.98 0.11 transportation Airport 0.36 0.01 water Water 275.94 10.59 Grassland 447.71 17.18 Barren Bare rock/sand 3.61 0.14 Total 2605.87 100 The following figure provides the change of land use pattern from 1990 to 2002 to 2006 in the Lake basin area. Data of 1990 and 2002 were also interpreted from satellite images. G8/SCE- PAGE 32 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 19: CHANGE OF LAND USE PATTERN IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN 1990 ­ 2002 ­ 2006 km2 1600.00 1400.00 1990 2002 1200.00 2006 1000.00 800.00 600.00 400.00 200.00 0.00 land den Crop Gar Forest com./ind. eand Transportation ter land Wa Barren wn; villag To From 1990 to 2006 the total forested land cover decreased for 14% from 1459 km2 to 1261 km2, while the town, village and commercial/industrial areas increased 219% from 49.3 km2 to 157 km2, and barren land increased for 38% from 326.5 km2 to 450.9 km2. The trend expansion of developed areas and shrink of forested land is clear, and might continue as the towns and cities continue to develop. 3.8.3. ECONOMY In 2005, the region achieves a total GDP of over 100 billion rmb, among which primary, secondary and tertiary industries each contributes 14%, 42% and 44%. In the past ten years, the region's economy has changed from mainly relying on agriculture to focusing on industrial and commercial activities. However, the economic development and status is very unevenly distributed in the region. G8/SCE- PAGE 33 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 12: PROPORTION OF INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO GDP IN DALI AND ERYUAN 2005 (10,000rmb) Dali % of GDP Eryuan % of GDP Total % of GDP Primary Industry 92785 10% 54207 43% 146992 14% Secondary Industry 427384 45% 28933 23% 456317 42% Tertiary Industry 435085 46% 44096 35% 479181 44% GDP 955254 127236 1082490 GDP per capita (rmb) 16112 4640 FIGURE 20: INCREASE OF GDP AND CHANGE IN STRUCTURE OF ECONOMY IN DALI AND ERYUAN FROM 2000-2005 1200000 Tertiary Industry 1000000 Secondary Industry Primary Industry 800000 600000 400000 200000 0 Dali Eryuan Dali Eryuan 2000 2005 Dali city as the capital city of Dali Prefecture is the economic, social and cultural centre of the region. Total GDP of Dali in 2005 has exceeded 95 billion rmb. Secondary and tertiary industry contributes 45% and 46% of the total GDP. Moreover during the 10th 5-year planning period, total GDP of Dali has increased more than 60%. Eryuan county is economically underdevelopment, mostly rely on primary industry. Although during the 10th 5-year planning period, secondary industry in Eryuan has increased from 12% to 28% of the total GDP, primary industry still counts 43% of the total GDP in 2005. And the economic growth indicated by GDP increase has been relatively slow. Due to different emphasis of local economy, both city/county are facing different environmental challenges. The crucial location of Eryuan County in terms of lake protection and its relatively poor economy also creates a topic for decision-makers in higher administrative level to introduce plans at the basin level for optimal environmental outputs. 3.8.4. WATER POLLUTION SOURCES AND EXISTING CONTROL FACILITY 3.8.4.1. POLLUTION SOURCES AND POLLUTANT LOADINGS Pollution sources can be considered at two levels: · Point Sources G8/SCE- PAGE 34 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Non Point Sources According to the "Erhai Lake Basin Protection and Control Planning 2003-2020" & "11th 5-year Plan for Erhai Lake Integrated Pollution Control", the amounts of pollutants from different sources in 2004 are shown in the table below. TABLE 13: POLLUTANT LOADINGS PRODUCED BY DIFFERENT SOURCES 2004 Water and soil Domestic Industrial Agricultural Tourist erosion Rainfall Total TP (t) 140.8 - 67 14.4 60.1 13.7 296 TN (t) 1185.6 - 267 115 592.2 265.0 2424.8 COD (t) 7410 5211 1201 720 - - 14542 FIGURE 21: PROPORTION OF LOADING CONSTRIBUTION OF DIFFERENT SOURCES FOR TN, TP AND COD TP (t) TN (t) Rainfall Rainfall 5% 11% Water and soil erosion 20% Water and soil erosion Domestic Domestic 24% 49% 47% Tourist 5% Tourist 5% Agricultural Agricultural 23% 11% COD (t) Tourist Agricultural 5% 8% Domestic 51% Industrial 36% G8/SCE- PAGE 35 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT The figures above indicate the pollution loadings produced by different sources, not pollutants actually discharge into the river. The major difference is that pollution loading above includes those from Dali city which actually is discharged to downstream of the Lake. It was concluded in the plan that in the Erhai Lake Basin, Domestic wastewater (including urban and village), agricultural runoff and soil erosion are major sources of pollution. 3.8.4.2. EXISITNG POLLUTION CONTROL FACILITIES Currently 2 municipal WWTPs are operating, one in Xiaguan Town (Dali City), and one in Eryuan County. TABLE 14: PROPORTION OF INDUSTRIES CONTRIBUTING TO GDP IN DALI AND ERYUAN design Actual wastewater Process capacity treated Dali (Dayutian) WWTP 54,000 t/d 52,350 t * General aerobic Eryuan town centre WWTP 4000 t/d 1300 ICEAS process; discharge in artificial wetland for further treatment, sludge go to landfill * from 2005 August to 2006 Sep. treated 18,322,200 ton (350 operating days), Major Issues of domestic wastewater treatment in the basin include coverage of network; treating capacity; level of treatment and performance of WWTP. The less concentration of villages and population also makes it difficult to collect wastewater for centralized treatment. The YUEP project 7D plans to build interceptors along the lake shore and bring wastewater from Dali old town and Fengyi Town to downstream for treatment, a new treatment plant is expected to be built. Most domestic wastewater from wide spread villages are still planned to be treated locally. Dali Dayutian WWTP is discharging wastewater downstream, eventually brings the wastewater out of the lake basin. However for WWTPs still discharging into the lake, the outflow has to meet strict discharge water quality standards. But applying advanced treatment for wastewater involves large capital and operational costs. G8/SCE- PAGE 36 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4. DEVELOPMENT PLANNING & INVENTORY OF PLANS & PROJECTS 4.1. DETAILS OF YUEP PROJECTS IN THE REGION In YUEP II, 5 subcomponents are proposed in the Erhai Lake Basin. The following table summarizes the content of each subcomponent and investment. The layout of those subcomponents is shown in Figure 22. Each subcomponent will then be described in detail quantity of the works and investment in individual project sheet. TABLE 15: LIST OF PROJECTS INVOLVED IN YUEP II Sequence Project Name Description Total Estimated Investment 7D Construction of interceptor and sewer network of about 48.2km, Urban drainage and drainage pipelines of about systems under Dali 8.0km, and rehabilitation 80.9 million RMB City Jurisdiction combined aqueduct of 3.14km in Ancient Town. (affected inhabitants 75,520) 8D Wastewater treatment plant and associated sewer network of 19.5 million RMB Dengchuan Town in Eryuan City 9D Solid waste management in 47.8 million RMB Eryuan County 10D Integrated water environmental management of Yong'an River, Luoshi River, Miju River, Boluo Integrated Water River and 18 rivulets from Environmental Cangshan Mountain, including Management of Dali solid waste collection, pollution 364.4 million RMB River control along rivers, ecological rehabilitation in upstream regions and along rivers, water purification of lake, construction of ecological embankment 11D Construction of wastewater collection and treatment facilities Rural non-point in 28 key villages, rural sanitary pollution control in public toilets and households 27.4 million RMB Erhai Lake Basin toilets of 50 and 2 545 respectively within the Erhai Lake basin G8/SCE- PAGE 37 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 22: OVERALL LAYOUT OF YUEP II SUBCOMPONENTS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN G8/SCE- PAGE 38 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.1. COMPONENT 7D FIGURE 23: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 7D G8/SCE- PAGE 39 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.2. COMPONENT 8D FIGURE 24: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 8D G8/SCE- PAGE 40 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.3. COMPONENT 10D FIGURE 25: PROJECT MAP AND INFORMATION OF 10D G8/SCE- PAGE 41 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.4. COMPONENT 11D FIGURE 26: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS 11D G8/SCE- PAGE 42 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.1.5. COMPONENT 9D FIGURE 27: OVERVIEW OF YUEP2 SUBCOMPONENTS 9D G8/SCE- PAGE 43 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.2. INVENTORY OF PLANS Information on development planning was provided by officials from Dali DRC and Construction Bureau. Within the Erhai Lake Basin, following plans have been completed by relevant government agencies: List of Plans in Erhai Lake Basin Area 11th 5-year plans Provincial, Prefecture, City/county level: Outline of the 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development Each department in the Prefecture Government: specific 11th Five-Year Plan Erhai Management Bureau: 11th Five-Year Plan City or Regional Master Plans Dali Prefecture City and Town System Plan (2003-2020), Dali City Master Plan (amended) 2006 Haidong District Master Plan, 2007 Plan for Dali National Level Scenery Site (revised) 2006 Dali City Land Use Master Plan (revised) 2007 Environmental Protection Plans Water Pollution Prevention Plan for Cibi Lake Centralized Drinking Waster Source, Eryuan County (2007) Dali Cang Mountain Protection and Management Plan (2003) Dali Cang Mountain Protection Bureau Erhai Lake Basin Soil Conservation and Ecosystem Rehabilitation Plan (2006-2020), a follow-up of the Erhai Lake Basin Protection and Control Planning (2003-2020). (dali EPB) Key Plans regarding Erhai Lake Protection Erhai Lake Basin Protection and Control Planning (2003-2020) Erhai Lake Basin Integrated Pollution Control 11th 5-year Plan (this plan is the specific implementation plan for the period 2006-2010 developed on the basis of the 2003-2020 Plan) Considering the scope of this report, cumulative environmental assessment for regional planning will focus on the "Erhai Lake Basin Protection and Control Planning (2003-2020)", which will later be refer to "the Plan", and projects proposed in this plan. And information from other plans has also been used as basis for load estimation and projection. Next chapter will provide a summary of the Plan and a list of projects proposed. G8/SCE- PAGE 44 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.3. ERHAI LAKE BASIN PROTECTION AND CONTROL PLAN (2003-2020) 4.3.1. OVERALL OBJECTIVES The overall objective for the Plan is to achieve improvement of water quality of Erhai from Class III to Class II, and eutrophic status from Mesotrophic to Eutrophic. The Plan targeted the key parameters TP and TN, and developed water quality objectives and total load reduction objectives as shown in the tables below. TABLE 16: WATER QUALITY OBJECTIVES FOR MAJOR INFLOW RIVERS Erhai Lake Miju River Luoshi JIang Yong'an Jiang Boluo Jiang 2002 TP (mg/L) 0.030 0.077 0.064 0.064 0.082 TN (mg/L) 0.40 0.69 1.73 2.09 0.94 TILc 55 2007 TP (mg/L) 0.026 0.06 0.05 0.05 0.06 TN (mg/L) 0.40 0.5 1.0 1.0 0.5 TILc 55 2010 TP (mg/L) 0.025 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 TN (mg/L) 0.38 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 TILc 50 2020 TP (mg/L) 0.025 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 TN (mg/L) 0.35 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 TILc 50 TABLE 17: TOTAL POLLUTION LOAD AND LOAD REDUCTION OBJECTIVES: Up to Total pollutant loads Total load reduction target Expected load reduction allowed through planned projects TN (t/y) 2007 690.4 1111.9 1096.3 2010 604.1 1469.8 - 2020 517.8 2036.7 1936.8 TP (t/y) 2007 86.3 55.34 73.0 2010 83.0 78.95 - 2020 83.0 111.42 119.7 The plan has introduced aggressive water quality improvement objectives. Some load reduction objectives and relations between load reduction and water quality improvement are lack of sufficient data support. It is necessary to develop a paralleled monitoring program and evaluation program to allow the participants to response to changes and achieve continuous improvement during the implementation of the plan. For eco-rehabilitation projects in particular, it is necessary to develop a performance evaluation mechanism to focus not only the level of completion of planned projects but also the efficiency of those projects in terms of impacts of the environmental status. G8/SCE- PAGE 45 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 4.3.2. PROPOSED PROJECTS Erhai Environmental Protection Plan 2003 ­ 2020 has proposed a list of mid-term and long-term projects focusing on the following six aspects: Urban environmental infrastructure projects: target mainly urban domestic wastewater through construction of interceptors, wastewater treatment plant and collection network. River course rehabilitation projects: prevent large area diffused pollutions and cropland runoff discharging into the rivers and lake by constructing artificial wetland, spill shield and conducting river banks rehabilitation. Agriculture and rural diffused pollution prevention projects: aim to control cropland runoff pollution bringing nitrogen and prosperous in fertilizer residual through introducing more effective fertilizing techniques, building biomass pool to treat animal wastes, and building sanitary waterless toilet. Ecological rehabilitation and construction projects: include lake shore eco- rehabilitation, recovery of the lake ecosystem Water and soil conservation projects: control nitrogen and prosperous pollution from soil erosion in the basin by increasing forest cover and water retention capacity Environmental management and capacity building projects: ensure the implementation of the above 5 categories of projects and provide support and complementary A detail list of projects and planned schedule are provided in the table below. The five YUEP subcomponents are on the list of plans identified in the Plan. G8/SCE- PAGE 46 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 18: LIST OF PROJECTS IN 2003-2020 ERHAI PROTECTION PLAN (MID TERM, MID TERM FOLLOWUP AND LONG TERM) Plan to Name Type Investment Start Finish I Urban Environmental Infrastructure Projects Mid term Dali south Erhe Road network construction New 12600 2002 2004 Interception from Dali Old Town to Xiaguan New 2500 2002 2004 Eryuan County network; Dechuan Town network and WWTP New 10300 2002 2007 Interception from Dali Shanghe to Denglong River New 16833 2004 2007 Dali Fengyi area, network along Boluo Jiang New 19155 2004 2007 Interception along the lake side from Dali to Xiaguan New 37500 2004 2007 Xiaguan area water supply and sewage network Expansion 26000 2002 2004 Wastewater collection in villages New 4000 2004 2007 Dali landfill for medical wastes New 1655 2004 2007 Eryuan Junmachang Landfill New 1000 2004 2007 Eryuan urban solid waste disposal and transport system Expansion 1000 2004 2007 Domestic solid waste collection and disposal system in villages Expansion 2600 2002 2004 Mid term follow-up Xiaguan east area water supply and sewage network Expansion 21000 2007 2010 Fengyi area water supply and sewage network expansion Expansion 20000 2007 2010 Manjiang area water supply and sewage network New 4000 2007 2010 Xizhou, Wanqiao, Yinqiao WWTP New 6000 2007 2010 Jiangwei area WWTP and network New 5000 2007 2010 Shuanglang area WWTP and network New 1500 2007 2010 Wase area WWTP and network New 1500 2007 2010 Eryuan Junmachang landfill expansion Expansion 1000 2007 2010 Eryuan urban solid waste disposal and transport system Expansion 1000 2007 2010 Long term - II River course rehabilitation Mid term Miju River New 7000 2004 2005 Yong'an River New 8000 2004 2005 Luoshi River New 6000 2004 2005 Boluo River New 5000 2004 2005 Cangshan Mountain 18 rivulets New 4020 2004 2005 Mid term follow-up G8/SCE- PAGE 47 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT Plan to Name Type Investment Start Finish - Eco-friendly Agriculture and Rural Environment III Improvement Mid term control and reduction use of N and P New 1000 2004 2007 Animal wastes treatment facility New 15000 2004 2007 Further strenghthen ban on "P products" Expansion 1000 2004 2007 Mid term follow-up Follow-up of control and reduction use of N and P Expansion 500 2007 2010 IV Ecological Rehabilitation and Construction Mid term Ecological rehabilitation of Lake shore Expansion 16045 2000 2007 Erhai Lake Eco-system restoration project New 2212 2004 2007 Construction of Haixihai, Zibuhu Lake Source Water Protection Zone New 7000 2004 2007 Mid term follow-up - Long term Follow-up of the construction of Source Water Protection Zone Expansion 2020 Lake Eco-system restoration project V Water and Soil Conservation Mid term Mountain side afforestration Expansion 1000 2000 2007 Water and soil conservation works Expansion 2500 2000 2007 Mid term follow-up - Environmental Management and Capacity VI Building Mid term Pilot project for new technology Expansion 1000 2000 2007 Erhai Lake information management system Expansion 1000 2004 2007 Capacity building of management of Cangshan Erhai Natural Reserve Expansion 1000 2000 2007 Capacity building of environmental monitoring in the basin Expansion 2000 2004 2007 Mid term follow-up Follow-up of Erhai Lake information management system Expansion 3000 2007 2010 Follow-up of capacity building of management of Cangshan Erhai Natural Reserve Expansion 2500 2007 2010 Follow-up of capacity building of environmental monitoring in the basin Expansion 2980 2007 2010 G8/SCE- PAGE 48 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5. CUMULATIVE IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.1. INTRODUCTION These scenarios are generally not the same as "before" the project and "after" the project as often other conditions (such as background conditions and other inputs) may well change during the implementation of the project. Three time horizons have been taken in the study: · Year 2005: representing the "existing" conditions used primarily to calibrate the hydraulic and later the pollution model (see the rest of this Chapter); · Year 2010: the major time horizon for comparing the effectiveness of the project; · Year 2020: for assessing the potential longer term effectiveness of the projects. Summary descriptions of the simulations undertaken are summarised in the following table. TABLE 19: DESCRIPTION OF SIMULATIONS TO BE UNDERTAKEN AS PART OF THE OVERALL IMPACT STUDY ERHAI LAKE REA Horizon (Year) 1 Baseline 2010 2010 2 With World Bank Funded Projects 2010 3 With World Bank Projects and Other Projects 2010 4 Baseline 2020 2020 5 With World Bank Funded Projects 2020 6 With World Bank Projects and Other Projects 2020 5.2. POLLUTANT LOADING ANALYSIS Continued development and exploitation of natural resources within the river basin from a range of anthropogenic activities are continuing to exert stresses and leading to impacts on both surface waters and groundwaters in the basin. Pollution sources can be considered at two levels: Point Sources typically considered as · Industrial Wastewater · Urban wastewater Non Point Sources, such as · Agricultural runoff · Livestock breeding · Village domestic wastewater G8/SCE- PAGE 49 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Soil erosion The exact demarcation between a point and non-point source can be rather vague, as in the case for example of livestock farms which can be alternatively classified as point/non point sources. In this study, livestock farms have been considered to be part of non-point sources. Different sources give rise to different pollution levels. Organic pollution for example is often predominantly related to point sources; pollution due to nutrients leading commonly to eutrophication of water bodies (such as nitrogen and phosphorus) are often commonly ascribed to agriculture; toxic pollutants covering a range of substances can arise from industrial sources, agriculture (in the case of pesticides) or from distributed hazardous waste deposits amongst others. Quantifying the relative importance of different sources is also difficult and prone to error, especially in light of the errors associated with monitoring equipment. Different approaches have been used in this study to quantify these sources based upon calculation of sources on the basis of driving parameters such as population, industrial output, agricultural yield, livestock densities, etc. This modelling approach is calibrated using measurements of pollution sources, generally only available for point sources. Both the gross and net pollutant loads will be described and estimated. The gross load represents the total amount of waste load per substance that is produced by various economic activities and by nature. The net pollutant loads represent the waste loads that enter the major water courses. This overall pollutant load inventory forms the basis to detect problem areas and to formulate mitigating measures and management strategies required to comply with the requirements for a sustainable environment. Knowledge about the pathways by which pollutants are transported through the area from source to their destination (e.g. reservoirs, groundwater) forms another important information source to define mitigating measures especially with respect to the preservation of the drinking water resources. A considerable amount of information that is require to set-up and implement the Waste Load Model application is available from the Statistical Yearbooks, various Agencies, and from the existing plans and related Feasibility Reports for the different proposed projects. This information has been extended by data collected in the field. Based on this available information, the Waste Load Model application for the Erhai lake basin has been set-up and implemented. The overall Lake Basin has been subdivided into 18 subcatchments as illustrated in the following figure. The following subchapters will discuss in turns the methods adopted in estimating gross and net pollutant loads for point sources (urban domestic, industrial) and non point sources (village domestic, agricultural run-off, livestock breeding and soil erosion). G8/SCE- PAGE 50 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 28: DECOMPOSITION OF ERHAI INTO SUB-BASINS G8/SCE- PAGE 51 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5.2.1. DOMESTIC WASTE WATER DISCHARGES Because of the difference in water use, unit loading of urban and village population, this report will estimate village domestic wastewater and urban domestic wastewater separately. Urban domestic wastewater is collected by sewage network, then treated in a WWTP or discharged directly to the lake through a pipeline. Therefore it is considered as point pollution sources. On the other hand, very little village wastewater is treated, and mainly enters the river or lake through ditches during rainy period, therefore is considered as non-point pollution source. 5.2.1.1. POPULATION PROJECTION For the analysis, population in 2005 provided by Dali EPB is used as baseline. Table below is the population of each town in 2005. TABLE 20: POPULATION OF TOWNS WITHIN THE BASIN 2005 Town / County Population Town / County Population 1 Xiaguan (DALI) 166767 11 Shangguan 40788 2 Dali 57574 12 Economic zone 36163 3 Fengyi 68873 13 Yuhu (ERYUAN) 29270 4 Xizhou 64192 14 Dengchuan 16281 5 Qiliqiao 34796 15 Yousuo 53313 6 Yingqiao 30165 16 Sanying 45441 7 Wanqiao 25603 17 Niujie 23479 8 Wase 21915 18 Cibi 19843 9 Haidong 22618 19 Fengyu 31695 10 Shuanglang 17943 The population projection was done based on annual growth rate from 1999 to 2005 for each town and the projected tourists in 2010 and 2020 in the initial plan. The following table summarised the population projection in this report and from the Plan. The projection in this report is close to the mid-increase scenario. This scenario was also defined as the most appropriate in the Plan. TABLE 21: POPULATION PROJECTION FROM THE 2003-2020 PLAN COMPARING TO FIGURES USED IN THIS REPORT Annual rate of Annual rate of Scenarios in the Plan 2007 increase 2010 increase 2020 High increase 887,554 1.60% 930,930 1.20% 1,048,873 Mid increase 868,413 0.87% 891,218 0.65% 950,866 Low increase 857,768 0.46% 869,596 0.34% 899,511 This report 2005 2010 2020 Permanent 846,719 1.09% 893,867 0.73% 961,102 Total (including temp. and tourist) 881,719 1.24% 937,703 0.80% 1,015,897 5.2.1.2. URBAN DOMESTIC WASTEWATER Urban population was estimated based on level of urbanization measured by percentage of urban population in the total habitants. The level of urbanization in 2005 is obtained from annual statistics. The levels of urbanization in 2010 and 2020 within the basin are defined by the consultant giving reference to development goal in Dali and Eryuan. G8/SCE- PAGE 52 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 22: LEVEL OF URBANIZATION IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN IN 2005 Level of urbanization 2005 2010 2020 Dali 51.10% - - Eryuan 16% - - Basin Total 40% 47% 56% The domestic waste loads have been calculated based on the present and projected number of urban inhabitants connected to the sewer. Domestic waste water discharges have been based on the number of inhabitants connected to a sewer, and takes into account whether the sewer is connected to a WWTP or directly discharging to the surface water system without additional treatment. 5.2.1.3. VILLAGE DOMESTIC WASTEWATER According to EA report for Dali village runoff project, village domestic wastewater enters the Erhai Lake Basin through the following paths: Wastewater Rivers Erhai Lake Ditches Ditches refer to those used for irrigation. The wastewater usually enters the rivers and lake during rainy days as a form of runoff, therefore is considered as non-point pollution sources. Similarly, the village domestic waste loads were calculated based on the present and projected village population. A 50% of runoff coefficient is applied in the estimation. 5.2.2. INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER DISCHARGES Wastewater flows and pollution loads for monitored industries have been obtained from Dali EPB and have been added to the former source of pollution. Pollution generation rates have been then calculated for each catchment as per Figure 28. In year 2006 total number of 21 industrial wastewater sources in Dali City and 2 in Eryuan County are monitored by Dali EPB. Major industries in the region includes dairy, food processing, medicine production, textile, cement and paper mill. Most of the factories are located in Xiaguan town and Yuhu town, which is catchment C10 and C15. The total wastewater discharged is 7000 t/d according to figures from 2006. G8/SCE- PAGE 53 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 23: INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER DISCHARGE IN 2006 Sub-catchment Wastewater discharge (t/y) Wastewater discharge (t/d) C5 37,064 102 C7 2,016 6 C9 34,020 93 C10 2,109,304 5,779 C11 88,520 243 C15 283,974 778 Total 2,554,898 7,000 In Dali city, majority of the industries are located in Xiaguan Town. As construction of the interceptor along the lake side, industrial and domestic wastewater from Xiaguan Town is transported to WWTP downstream of Erhai Lake and then discharge. Therefore, excluding industries in Xiaguan (C10), Diequan Dairy in Dengchuan town is the major source of industrial wastewater within the basin. Recorded in 2006, total discharge of wastewater from the dairy is 254,303t, and the major pollutant is COD, around 2797.3 kg during the year. 5.2.3. AGRICULTURE RUNOFF Agricultural run-off pollutes the lake by bringing fertilizer residuals mainly N and P to the water body. The amount of fertilizers applied and losses is a key factor to the actual pollution loads of agricultural runoff pollution. According to statistics of Agricultural Bureau, by the end of 2005, total cultivated land is 25908 ha within the whole basin. Among those about 2/3 are paddy land. There is a significant difference between the amount of paddy land interpreted from the satellite image in Feb. 2006 with the statistics provided by City and County Agricultural Bureau. TABLE 24: AGRICULTURE LAND USE DATA FROM SATELITE IMAGE AND AGRICULTURAL BUREAU'S STATISTICS Total Agricultural land (ha) Paddy land (ha) Dry land (ha) Eryuan 13,818 8,495 5,323 Dali 12,090 10,064 2,026 Basin Total (2005) 25,908 18,559 7,349 From Satellite (2006 Feb) 44,484 36,505 7,979 Some reasons can explain the difference: 1. Inconsistent statistical definition a. In regular annual statistic report, the areas of canals, roads and ridges of field below 1 meter width in southern part of China or below 2 meters width in northern part of China are not be counted. But these kinds of areas are counted in Land Use Detailed Survey, Agricultural Census and Satellite Remote Sensing. b. In regular annual statistic report, the areas of the grounds whose slopes are above 25 degrees are not counted. But these kinds of areas are counted in Land Use Detailed Survey, Agricultural Census and Satellite Remote Sensing. 2. No unified statistical standards G8/SCE- PAGE 54 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT a. Conventional mu is employed as measurement unit in regular annual statistic report. But standard mu is employed as measurement unit in Land Use Detailed Survey, Agricultural Census and Satellite Remote Sensing. 3. Restriction of working condition a. Due to insufficiency of labor and resources, regular annual statistic was based on indirect information which was gathered and reported form one level to the upper ones. And some information can not be counted due to lack of site survey, for instance, "help field"(field is not reported to upper departments) can not be counted. 4. Administration aspect a. Some local government understate area of the field, since agricultural tax is calculated according to area of field, for instance, some new field is not reported by local government in regular annual statistic in order to avoid agricultural tax. b. Since China government employs field policy as "Dynamic Balance of Total Amount of Cultivated Land", even though some local fields are occupied, this situation is not reflected in regular annual statistic in order to achieve task. c. Agricultural survey can not be carried out in all areas. By further discussion with GIS engineers, the paddy land figure from the interpretation of the remote sensing image was done based on a great number of real site visit therefore is considered closer to the real situation than annual statistics. However, total fertilizers used are from actual sales figures. The error of paddy land area has little impact on the figure of total fertilizers applied. But the actual fertilizer used per unit land should be smaller than results calculated from figures in the statistical yearbook. Some government actions have been taken to promote balance fertilizer application, however statistical figures suggest an increase in fertilizer used in the Lake Basin in general. In some area, the unit fertilizer applied is significantly high. The table below provides the total fertilizers applied within the basin. The average level of fertilizer applied per hectare is about 234 kg/ha for Yunnan Province and 393 kg/ha for China. It is clear that the amount of fertilizer applied per hectare in Erhai Basin is largely above the average level. The amount of fertilizer applied per land unit differs largely depending on the crops. G8/SCE- PAGE 55 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 25: AMOUNT OF FERTILIZER APPLIED IN 2005 Different nutrient applied 2005 Fertilizer (ha) applied (t) N (t) P (t) K (t) Combined Fertilizer (t) Dali (townships within the basin) 12068 12141 4606 2160 2279 3082 Per unit land 1006 382 179 189 255 Eryuan (townships within the basin) 13287 10193 4165 1332 1240 3456 Per unit land 767 313 100 93 260 Erhai Basin Total 25355 23340 9153 3671 3708 6793 Per unit land 921 361 145 146 268 Historical data on agricultural land and fertilizer applied were obtained from statistical yearbook. From 1999 to 2005, the agricultural land in Dali City and Eryuan County decreased by 15%, however the amount of fertilizer applied increased by 48%. As shown in the figure below, the fertilizer applied has significant increased in both Dali and Eryuan. Dali has doubled its unit fertilizer use from right above 400kg/ha to almost 1000kg/ha. Except in 2002, fertilizer applied per unit land in Dali is higher than in Eryuan. TABLE 26: CHANGE OF AGRICULTURE LAND AND FERTILIZER APPLIED (AGRICULTURAL BUREAU STATISTICS) Change from 1999 2002 2004 2005 1999-2005 Dali 12690 12365 12763 12571 Cropping land Eryuan 21804 21248 17519 17503 (ha) Total 34494 33613 30282 30074 -15% Dali 5374 5526 8802 12202 Eryuan 6969 10561 9202 11345 Fertilizer (t/y) Total 12343 16087 18004 23547 48% *Note: area of Dali and Eryuan changed in 2003. The figure below further illustrates the change of fertilizer applied per unit land from 1999 to 2005: FIGURE 29 CHANGE OF FERTILIZER APPLIED PER UNIT LAND Fertilizer Applied per Unit Land 1200 )ah/gk( 1000 d 800 ielppar Dali 600 Eryuan 400 ilizetreF 200 0 1999 2002 2004 2005 Year G8/SCE- PAGE 56 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT This significant increase in fertilizer applied per unit land might due to switch of cropping plants from majority food crops to economic crops. During interviews with officials from Agricultural Bureau, it is suggested that the crop area for wheat, horsebean, corn has continued to reduce, and the crop area for vegetables and oil plants has continued to increase. This change in crops structure has directly caused increase in fertilizer use in the Lake Basin. Although some pilot projects on advanced techniques on applying fertilizer, it has achieve very little still takes a long way to have a real impact on fertilizer use in the region. In the 2003-2020 plan, it is assumed that agricultural runoff pollution will not increase. The same hypothesis has been taken in this analysis. It should be recognized that this assumption is somehow optimistic considering the current effort devoted in fertilizer control. 5.2.4. LIVESTOCK BREEDING Eryuan is a town relying on mainly agriculture and livestock breeding. 6 townships within the Miju River Basin are the most developed areas in the county. The area is especially concentrated on cow breeding and dairy industry. Over 80% of the cows in the county are bred in this area. Table 27 summarised the number of livestock in hand at the end of year for Eryuan county and Dali City. This includes part of the Eryuan County and Dali City which is not within the Erhai Basin. Number of animals in hand is relatively stable for pig, goat/sheep and poultry over the past 3 years. As the increase of purchase price for milk, and the encouragement by the government to enhance dairy industry, the number of cows bred in the region has been continue to increase over the past 3 years. TABLE 27: NUMBER OF LIVESTOCK IN ERHAI BASIN Cows Scalper Buffalo Hog Goat/Sheep Poultry Eryuan 2004 43,355 38,798 7,845 213,250 156,595 485,523 2005 45,700 37,600 7,662 188,500 128,800 498,000 2006 51,420 47,659 9,401 197,762 126,722 484,835 Dali 2004 22,750 - - - - - 2005 28,247 - - 301,700 32,600 - 2006 29,058 12,133 1,910 294,758 32,405 1,422,281 Source: Dali Yearbook (data for Dali in 2004 and 2005 are not all available) TABLE 28: NUMBER OF COWS IN ERHAI BASIN Cow Eryuan Dali TOTAL Rate of increase (%) 2004 43,355 22,750 66,105 2005 45,700 28,247 73,947 12% 2006 51,420 29,058 80,478 9% According to the research on the development of dairy industry in Dali done by Dali Economic and Trade Bureau in 2003, by the end of 2006, the total cows in hand will be 62,000 heads, then 130,000 heads by the end of 2010, and 150,000 heads by the end of 2020. Recent statistics in 2006 have suggested a more rapid increase than the initial plan. Therefore, the study applied an annual increase rate of 10% before 2010 and 5% after 2010 to reflect this trend of increase in cow breeding in the region. G8/SCE- PAGE 57 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 29: NUMBER OF COWS IN HAND (ACCORDING TO DALI ECONOMIC AND TRADE BUREAU) 10,000 head 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2010 2020 Dali 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.9 3 3 Eryuan 3.1 3.35 3.5 4 4.4 5 10 12 Total 4.2 4.5 4.7 5.5 6.2 6.9 13 15 Although Erhai Lake Basin is a major area of cow breeding in Dali prefecture, the number of large scale centralized breeding farms is very limited. According to statistics provided by Dali Agricultural Bureau, only 16 farms in Erhai Basin had more than 50 heads of cows in hand in 2006, which counts only 2.49% of the total cows in hand in the region. TABLE 30: LARGE SCALE COW BREEDING FARMS IN ERHAI LAKE BASIN Heads in hand at % of total heads No of farm then end of 2006 in hand Basin Total 91095 >50 heads 16 2264 2.49% >100 heads 9 1541 1.69% The 9 livestock farms with over 100 heads of cows are situated in Xizhou Town, Wanqiao Town, Haidong Town and Fengyi Town. There isn't any farm with over 50 heads operating in Eryuan County. Most cow breeding activities are still household basis in the region. The Plan and 11th 5-year plan have brief discussion on livestock breeding. However, this part of pollution was not included in the pollution loading estimation. This is one reason that the estimation in this report is much larger than the initial estimation. 5.2.5. SOIL EROSION As very little information regarding soil erosion is available to the Consultant, the figure was extracted from the updated 11th 5-year Erhai Lake Basin Pollution Control Plan. It was calculated based on information of amount of sedimentation and content. TABLE 31: POLLUTION LOADING FROM WATER AND SOIL EROSION IN 2004 Water and soil erosion t/y kg/day TP 60.1 21.9365 TN 592.2 216.153 COD - - 5.2.6. SUMMARY OF BASELINE SENARIO 2005 Following the defined methodology as described in the previous chapters and in the Appendix, each pollution sources, pollutant loadings were calculated for each of the subcatchment. The table below provides a summary of the results. G8/SCE- PAGE 58 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 32: POLLUTANT LOADINGS FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES IN THE LAKE BASIN urban village agricultural domestic domestic industrial livestock runoff soil erosion total TP (kg/d) 281.2 198.0 42.0 502.8 224.4 164.7 1413.1 (t/y) 102.6 72.3 15.3 183.5 81.9 60.1 515.8 TN (kg/d) 1855.1 1306.1 280.0 1263.9 440.8 1622.5 6768.4 (t/y) 677.1 476.7 102.2 461.3 160.9 592.2 2470.5 COD (kg/d) 21089.3 14848.8 1399.9 7245.6 2204.0 0.0 44593.5 (t/y) 7697.6 5419.8 511.0 2644.6 804.5 0.0 16276.6 NH4-N (kg/d) 1366.9 962.4 210.0 421.6 44.1 0.0 2960.9 (t/y) 498.9 351.3 76.6 153.9 16.1 0.0 1080.7 As shown in the map of the catchment, Dali City (Xiaguan town) is situated at downstream of the Erhai Lake, and its pollutants are discharge mainly into Xi'er River and has no impact on the lake body. Therefore, in the actual calculation, loads from subcatchment C10 is excluded, and only 25% of pollution loads from subcatchment C9 is included. The table below summarized the actual pollution loads for Erhai Lake. TABLE 33: AMOUNT OF POLLUTANT DISCHARGED INTO THE LAKE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES urban village agricultural domestic domestic industrial livestock runoff soil erosion Total TP (kg/d) 133.6 181.2 6.9 481.3 204.4 150.0 1157.3 (t/y) 48.8 66.1 2.5 175.7 74.6 54.7 422.4 TN (kg/d) 881.3 1195.4 46.0 1217.3 409.1 1505.6 5254.8 (t/y) 321.7 436.3 16.8 444.3 149.3 549.6 1918.0 COD (kg/d) 10019.5 13589.9 230.2 6973.3 2045.3 0.0 32858.2 (t/y) 3657.1 4960.3 84.0 2545.2 746.6 0.0 11993.2 NH4-N (kg/d) 649.4 880.8 34.5 406.2 40.9 0.0 2011.9 (t/y) 237.0 321.5 12.6 148.3 14.9 0.0 734.3 The following figures summarize the contribution of each source to total pollution loadings discharged into the lake. G8/SCE- PAGE 59 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 30 POLLUTANT LOADS DISCHARGE INTO THE LAKE FROM DIFFERENT SOURCES (*XIAGUAN TOWN EXCLUDED) Total P Runoff Total N Runoff soil erosion urban domestic urban 13% 12% domestic 17% soil erosion 28% village domestic agricultural runoff 16% 17% industrial village 1% domestic agricultural 23% runoff 8% industrial livestock livestock 1% 41% 23% Total COD Runoff Total NH4-N Runoff agricultural agricultural runoff runoff 6% urban 2% livestock livestock domestic 20% urban domestic 21% 30% 32% industrial industrial 2% 1% village village domestic domestic 44% 42% In Erhai Lake, water pollution is dominated by non-point sources. Livestock breeding is a main source of nutrients into the lake, which contributes 41% of TP and 23% of TN. Village domestic wastewater also contributes 16% of TP and 23% TN. Agricultural runoff is also a major contributor of TP (17%). While on the other hand, point sources, urban domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater, only contribute 13% of TP and 18% of TN in total. Oxygen demand pollutants measured by COD is dominated by village domestic wastewater (42%) and urban domestic wastewater (30%). Livestock breeding contributing 21% of the COD comes at the third place. It is clear that industrial wastewater has very little contribution to the water pollution in the basin, most due to the low level of development in the basin especially in Eryuan County, and the industries located in Xiaguan discharge outside the basin. G8/SCE- PAGE 60 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT For the Basin as a whole, non-point pollution sources are dominated. Livestock breeding, agricultural runoff and village domestic wastewater are all important non-point sources. For each sub-catchment, the major sources of pollutant are largely different in terms of load contribution. Some typical examples are C8 and C15. C8 covers Dali Ancient Town, and C15 is upstream of the Lake around Eryuan. FIGURE 31 P AND N RUNOFF FROM SUBCATCHMENT C8 C8- P Runoff C8 - N Runoff soil erosion urban 11% soil erosion domestic 19% 25% urban agricultural domestic runoff agricultural 36% 15% runoff 5% village livestock domestic 14% 18% industrial livestock industrial 0% village 31% 0% domestic 26% FIGURE 32 P AND N RUNOFF FROM SUBCATCHMENT C15 C15- P Runoff C15 - N Runoff urban domestic 6% urban domestic soil erosion village 5% village 15% domestic 12% domestic soil erosion 18% industrial 35% 2% agricultural industrial runoff 2% 21% agricultural livestock livestock runoff 31% 44% 9% G8/SCE- PAGE 61 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT In the case of C8, livestock breeding, urban and village domestic wastewater, agricultural runoff and soil erosion all contribute to discharging nutrients into the water bodies. For phosphorous in particular, none of the sources are dominated. Urban domestic wastewater is major source for phosphorous and nitrogen. However, in the case of C15, urban domestic wastewater counts only small proportion of the pollution loading for P and N. Livestock breeding, soil erosion and agricultural runoff on the other hand are major sources of pollution in the subcatchment. Therefore, a clear understanding and assessment of the actual problem is essential to identifying appropriate solutions for the region. 5.2.7. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF PRESSURES Further group subcatchments, dividing the basin into east (C12-C14), south (C11), west (C6-C9) and north (C1-C5, C15-C18) regions, the relevant significance of the regions in contributing to lake pollution can be clearly seen in the figures below. The areas of C1-C5, C15-C18 belong to Eryuan County and the rest belong to Dali City. Therefore the figures below also show the pollution loadings contributed by the two administrative divisions. It is clear that for TP and TN, Eryuan County contributes to more than half of the pollution loads. For the purpose nutrient pollution control and the overall lake protection, equal or even more effort should be made at upstream Eryuan County. Considering the uneven economic development status between Eryuan and Dali, it could be a challenge in particular for Eryuan to take sufficient pollution control measures given the limited financial resources and needs for economic development. In the following chapter for cumulative impact assessment, the change of spatial distribution of pollution loadings in the future after implementing YUEP and projects in the Plan will also be discussed. FIGURE 33 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF POLLUTANT LOADINGS COD TP C12-14 C12-14 9% 11% C11 C11 17% 13% C1-5; C15-18 44% C1-5; C15-18 51% C6-C9 25% C6-C9 30% G8/SCE- PAGE 62 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TN NH4-N C12-14 C12-14 10% 9% C11 C11 12% 17% C1-5; C15-18 43% C1-5; C15-18 53% C6-C9 25% C6-C9 31% 5.3. POLLUTANT LOAD REDUCTION 5.3.1. PROJECT EFFICIENCY Based on the estimation by each individual project FS, the project efficiency on load reduction is summarized in the table below. TABLE 34: EXPECTED PROJECT EFFICIENCY OF YUEP INFRASTRUCTURE PROJECTS Dengchuan * Dali network Village Wastewater Total 2010 COD 209.88 2184.07 284.88 2678.83 TN 18.25 286.84 31.52 336.61 TP 2.28 26.46 2.85 31.59 2020 COD 419.75 3846.12 284.88 4550.75 TN 36.50 505.12 31.52 573.14 TP 4.56 46.60 2.85 54.01 * the second phase of the project is expected to be complete in 2025. In our analysis, project efficiency of urban and village domestic wastewater projects are estimated based on affected population. Efficiency of IRLBM (integrated river and lake basin management) projects are estimated based on baseline loading in each affected sub-catchment and estimation in individual project EAs. For overall efficiency of the Plan, the calculation is based on the following assumptions of load reduction of each type of pollution sources. Those assumptions are based on the pollution control objectives of the 11th 5 year plan and pollution reduction estimation of the Plan. G8/SCE- PAGE 63 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 35: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF YUEP PROJECTS AND THE PLAN ON POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION 2010 2020 Urban wastewater treatment rate 60% 80% Village wastewater treatment rate 20% 50% Agricultural runoff reduction 15% 30% Soil erosion 20% 40% *Livestock farm wastewater treated 10% 30% 5.3.2. OVERALL IMPACTS OF YUEP PROJECTS AND ALL PLANNED PROJECTS ON LOAD REDUCTION The table below summarized the cumulative impact of YUEP Projects and the Plan on pollution load up to 2010 and 2020. TABLE 36: SUMMARY OF CUMULATIVE IMPACT OF YUEP PROJECTS AND THE PLAN ON POLLUTION LOAD REDUCTION TP (t/y) TN (t/y) COD (t/y) NH4-N (t/y) 2005 baseline 422.4 1967.8 12242.1 739.3 2010 Without project 459.4 2013.5 12285.8 838.7 With YUEP Projects 424.8 1893.0 11466.3 689.8 % of reduction 7.54% 11.89% 17.03% 17.75% With All Projects 364.1 1603.4 9362.0 558.4 % of reduction 22.45% 28.79% 38.88% 40.64% 2020 Without projects 508.3 2382.0 14809.3 943.4 With YUEP Projects 464.5 2075.7 12924.5 780.6 % of reduction 8.63% 12.86% 12.73% 17.26% With All Projects 293.8 1239.4 6790.5 399.5 % of reduction 46.19% 55.05% 62.04% 69.67% Although it has been recognized that phosphorous and nitrogen runoff are major threats to lake water quality, the planned projects tend to be more effective in reducing COD loadings than achieving reduction of TP and TN loadings. First of all, most infrastructure projects dealing with domestic wastewater are more effective in terms of COD control than P and N control. Secondly, neither YUEP projects nor the Plan have devoted enough effort on reducing fertilizer use and dealing with livestock wastes. The result from the analysis does indicate a gap between the objectives of lake protection and measurements taken. Despite that, the implementation of YUEP projects and the Plan will clearly decrease a significant amount of pollutants discharged into the lake (see figures below). G8/SCE- PAGE 64 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 34 TP POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 TP (2010) 500.0 450.0 400.0 350.0 y) 300.0 (t/ 250.0 PT 200.0 150.0 100.0 50.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects FIGURE 35 TN POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 TN (2010) 2500.0 2000.0 )y 1500.0 (t/ NT1000.0 500.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects G8/SCE- PAGE 65 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 36 COD POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 COD (2010) 16000.0 14000.0 12000.0 )y 10000.0 (t/ D 8000.0 CO 6000.0 4000.0 2000.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects FIGURE 37: NH4-N POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2010 NH4-N (2010) 900.0 800.0 700.0 600.0 y) (t/ 500.0 D 400.0 CO 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects G8/SCE- PAGE 66 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 38 TP POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 TP (2020) 600.0 500.0 400.0 y) (t/ 300.0 PT 200.0 100.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects FIGURE 39 TN POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 TN (2020) 3000.0 2500.0 2000.0 )y (t/ 1500.0 NT 1000.0 500.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects G8/SCE- PAGE 67 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 40 COD POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 COD (2020) 16000.0 14000.0 12000.0 )y 10000.0 (t/ D 8000.0 CO 6000.0 4000.0 2000.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects FIGURE 41: NH4-N POLLUTION LOAD FOR DIFFERENT SCENARIOS IN 2020 NH4-N (2020) 1000.0 900.0 800.0 700.0 y) 600.0 (t/ D 500.0 CO 400.0 300.0 200.0 100.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP With All Projects Implementation of all projects in the Plan will have a great positive impact in terms of pollution loading reduction than alternative situation of not implementing the projects. It will also achieve a reduction of absolute pollution loading below the 2005 baseline level as shown in the figures below. In the next chapter we will examine how this reduction in pollution loading will lead to an improvement of water quality, and whether it will be sufficient to achieve water quality objectives. G8/SCE- PAGE 68 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 42 COMPARISON OF ABSOLUTE POLLUTION LOADING IN 2010 AND 2020 AGAINST THE BASELINE CONDITION TP (t/y) 450 400 350 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 2005 baseline 2010 (With All Projects) 2020 (With All Projects) TN (t/y) 2500 2000 1500 1000 500 0 2005 baseline 2010 (With All Projects) 2020 (With All Projects) G8/SCE- PAGE 69 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT COD (t/y) 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 baseline 2010 (With All Projects) 2020 (With All Projects) NH4-N (t/y) 800 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 2005 baseline 2010 (With All Projects) 2020 (With All Projects) 5.3.3. DISCUSSIONS The two sub-components of YUEP considering urban domestic wastewater will achieve a 35% reduction of TP produced by urban domestic sources by 2010 (see Figure 43). But the reduction is considerably small overall. Using TP as an indication, the YUEP projects will achieve a load reduction of 7.5%, which counts one-third of the overall reduction expected to be achieved by implementing all projects in the Plan. G8/SCE- PAGE 70 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 43 URBAN DOMESTIC LOAD WITH AND WITHOUT YUEP II PROJECTS IN 2010 TP (2010) 80.0 70.0 60.0 )y 50.0 (t/ 40.0 urban domestic PT 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 Without Projects With YUEP II The implementation of all projects will also change the composition of pollutant loading from different sources. As more wastewater treatment plants put into use, the amount of pollution loads contributed by urban domestic source will decrease to 8% of TP, 11% of TN 22% of COD and 24% of NH4-N by 2010, and further drop to 6% of TP, 10% of TN, 20% of COD and 22% of NH4-N in 2020. At the same time, livestock breeding will continue to increase its proportion in contributing to nutrient pollution in 2010 and 2020. It will contribute almost half of the total TP loads in 2010 and a further increase to 54% in 2020. It is a result of efficient control of urban domestic wastewater, but also indicates the importance of controlling the increase of livestock breeding activities and the proper management in livestock farms to minimize nutrient runoff and negative impact on water quality. FIGURE 44 CHANGE OF POLLUTION LOADING COMPOSITION TP 100% 90% 80% soil erosion 70% agricultural runoff 60% livestock 50% industrial 40% village domestic 30% urban domestic 20% 10% 0% 2005 baseline 2010 with all 2020 with all projects projects G8/SCE- PAGE 71 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TN 100% 90% 80% 70% soil erosion agricultural runoff 60% livestock 50% industrial 40% village domestic 30% urban domestic 20% 10% 0% 2005 baseline 2010 with all 2020 with all projects projects COD 100% 90% 80% 70% agricultural runoff 60% livestock 50% industrial 40% village domestic 30% urban domestic 20% 10% 0% 2005 baseline 2010 with all 2020 with all projects projects G8/SCE- PAGE 72 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT NH4-N 100% 90% 80% soil erosion 70% agricultural runoff 60% livestock 50% industrial 40% village domestic 30% urban domestic 20% 10% 0% 2005 baseline 2010 with all 2020 with all projects projects Figures below further illustrate the change of spatial distribution of TP loading after implementing YUEP and the Plan in 2010 and 2020. The figure shows that if equal effort was made for different sources of pollution in each subcatchment, the proportion of pollution loading contributed by C1-5, C15-18 (Eryuan County) in 2010 and 2020 after the implementation of YUEP and the Plan will continue to increase to over 55%. The reason for this phenomenon is that different from other regions the dominant pollution sources in Eryuan County (C1-5, C15-18) are agricultural runoff and livestock breeding. YUEP projects do not include components targeting these two types of sources. The Plan also devotes more effort on point source control and village wastewater control. G8/SCE- PAGE 73 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 45 CONTRIBUTION OF TP LOADING OF DIFFERENT AREAS IN THE BASIN 2010 2020 C12-14 C12-14 11% 10% C11 C11 12% 12% Without Projects C1-5; C15-18 C1-5; C15-18 52% 53% C6-C9 C6-C9 25% 25% C12-14 C12-14 11% 11% C11 C11 12% 12% With YUEP Projects C1-5; C15-18 56% C1-5; C15-18 57% C6-C9 C6-C9 20% 21% C12-14 C12-14 11% 11% C11 C11 10% 11% With All Projects C1-5; C15-18 C1-5; C15-18 55% 57% C6-C9 C6-C9 22% 23% G8/SCE- PAGE 74 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5.4. WATER QUALITY IMPACT ASSESSMENT 5.4.1. DESCRIPTION OF THE 2D HYDRODYNAMIC AND WATER QUALITY MODEL 5.4.1.1. TELEMAC SYSTEM The TELEMAC system is a set of programs based on numerical resolution of finite element method(FEM) and designed for the open channel flows using a string of common processes (digitization and graphics). It is developed by LNHE (Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement) Research department of EDF. It was decided to use finite elements technique for numerical modeling in the 1980s, and the first version TELEMAC-2D was born in 1987. New versions have been developed and released continuously since then. Now it is an integrated modelling system which contains two and three dimension modules for the study of hydrodynamic currents, waves, sedimentation, groundwater flows and water quality. FIGURE 46 STRUCTURE OF TELEMAC SYSTEM MODULES G8/SCE- PAGE 75 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5.4.1.1.1. MATISSE PREPROCESSOR Finite element method is based upon a space discretization, namely the "mesh", of the computational domain. The algorithm of the mesh generator MATISSE is based on the Delaunay automatic optimal triangulation method. All the modules in Telemac system are using the same mesh generator ­MATISSE- to produce their mesh. Mesh generation is not the only purpose of MATISSE. It could be used as well for interactively defining the boundary conditions along the domain borders for hydrodynamic computation. Matisse creates a project from input file, generates as output two kinds of files that are necessary for the computation modules of the TELEMAC processing sequence, namely the GEOMETRY (mesh) file and CONLIM (boundary conditions) file. 5.4.1.1.2. TELEMAC-2D The TELEMAC-2D code solves depth-averaged free surface flow equations as derived first by Barré de Saint-Venant in 1871. The main results at each node of the computational mesh are the depth of water and the depth-averaged velocity components. The main application of TELEMAC-2D is in free- surface maritime, river and lake hydraulics and the program is able to take into account the following phenomena: · Propagation of long waves, including non-linear effects · Friction on the bed · The effects of meteorological phenomena such as atmospheric pressure and wind · The effect of the Coriolis force · Turbulence · Supercritical and subcritical flows · Influence of horizontal temperature and salinity gradients on density · Cartesian or spherical coordinates for large domains · Dry areas in the computational field: tidal flats and flood-plains · Entrainment and diffusion of a tracer by currents, including creation and decay terms · Treatment of singularities: weirs, dikes, culverts, etc. The software has many fields of application. In the maritime sphere, particular mention may be made of the sizing of port structures, the study of the effects of building submersible dikes or dredging, the impact of waste discharged from a coastal outfall or the study of thermal plumes. In river applications, mention may also be made of studies relating to the impact of construction works (bridges, weirs and groynes), dam breaks, flooding or the transport of decaying or non- decaying tracers. TELEMAC-2D has also been used for a number of special applications, such as the bursting of industrial reservoirs, avalanches falling into a reservoir, etc. G8/SCE- PAGE 76 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TELEMAC-2D is complied with EDF-DRD's Quality Assurance procedures for scientific and technical programs. This sets out rules for developing and checking product quality at all stages. 5.4.1.1.3. POST-PROCESSOR RUBENS RUBENS is designed as the graphical post-processor for all the TELEMAC system modules. It is a very powerful tool in: The analyses of results The creation of high quality graphics FIGURE 47 RUBENS POST-PROCESSOR SHOWN WITH THE BOTTOM ELEVATION OF ERHAI LAKE (LEFT) AND SURFACE WATER LEVEL PROFILE IN CERTAIN TIME STEP 5.4.1.1.4. FUDAA PLATFORM Fudaa is an Object Oriented and distributed integration platform for scientific codes such as TELEMAC. The platform, written in JAVA/CORBA, makes it possible to provide a homogeneous environment and stable independent computer codes. It gives all the tools needed to build a communication interface and a graphic user interface for the scientific codes. Fudaa project is led by the Informatics and Modelling Department of CETMEF (Centre d'Etudes Techniques Maritimes Et Fluviales) under French government. For TELEMAC, the platform contains a Supervisor, a hydraulic project Editor, a Mesh viewer and a Postprocessor with even stronger functions in modelling operation and results visualization. It also has a convenient access from the platform to Matisse and Rubens. The Supervisor is a file explorer adapted to hydraulic modelling systems. This explorer allows starting up the applications of the Pre-processor. Furthermore, it enables to launch typical modelling system G8/SCE- PAGE 77 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT applications. The hydraulic project Editor contains editors for general parameters, boundary conditions, nodal parameters and initial conditions. Mesh viewer also contains the editing tools. The postprocessor could then give a graphic view on the simulation results, which could even give animated presentation. 5.4.1.2. MODEL CONSTRUCTION 5.4.1.2.1. BATHYMETRY AND TOPOGRAPHY The Erhai Lake bathymetric data were provided by the Dali Environment Protection Bureau. The Erhai basin topography data were provide by the Ecology Institute of Yunnan University. The Model has been built on the basis of the GPS digitization map generated in March 2002. The bathymetry of the Erhai Lake used in the model is presented in the figure 23. The process in Matisse is presented in figure 24; the mesh of the model is presented on the figures 25 and 26. FIGURE 48 DIGITIZATION OF THE ERHAI LAKE BATHYMETRY (WITH THE TROUGH BOTTOM IN ORANGE COLOUR) 5.4.1.2.2. GENERATION OF MESH After launch the Matisse Mesh Generator, a project has been created and loaded with the SINUSX file of bathymetry data which are points showed heights (X, Y, Z) which are presented as lines or points. Then editions in different modes are implemented. G8/SCE- PAGE 78 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 49 BATHYMETRY EDITION IN MATISSE FIGURE 50 GEO-LINES EDITION IN MATISSE FIGURE 51 ERHAI LAKE MESH WITH REFINED MIJU ESTUARY SHOWN G8/SCE- PAGE 79 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5.4.1.3. MODELLING RESULTS FIGURE 52 SIMULATED LAKE CURRENT (2005 JUNE) COMPARED WITH THE SKETCH MAP G8/SCE- PAGE 80 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 53 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (2005 FEB) G8/SCE- PAGE 81 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 54 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (THE NORTH PART, 2005 JUNE) FIGURE 55 LAKE CURRENT IN THE ERHAI LAKE (THE NORTH PART, 2005 JUNE) G8/SCE- PAGE 82 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 5.4.1.4. WATER QUALITY MODELING 5.4.1.4.1. DATA The POLLUTANTS taken in to account will be COD, NH4-N, TN and TP. The water quality model has the same domain as the hydraulic model, and should have calibration and validation data from the same period as the hydraulic model to have a corresponding validity.Pollution load data provided including the water quality indices concerned. 5.4.1.4.2. TRACER TEST With TELEMAC-2D it is possible to take the transport of a non-buoyant tracer into account. The definition of a "tracer" is those whose presence has no effect on the hydrodynamics, and may or may not be diffused. The tracer represents a temperature or other passive physical quantity that does not change or modify the flow. This tracer can be used to study thermal dilution or contaminant flow. Trying to make a presentation to see how the plume is advected and diffused, a tracer has been introduced in to the model system on the Miju River mouth. First given a constant value, and in latter simulations time-dependent variable values are applied for model examinations. Notably, any unit for the tracer is meaningless, since it is just a scalar. FIGURE 56 INPUT TABLE OF TRACER VALUE AND CURVE FOR SIMULATION (The blue curve is tracer value, and black one in the Miju River inflow discharge) The design of this curve is aim to have different situations to be examined in one simulation. Playing together with inflow discharge curve, we have 3 situations: the two values both are on their peak, discharge ascending with tracer in the trough, and also tracer's peak with a lower discharge. From these tracers' behaviour, the trend of the contaminant plume spreading (or dispersion) may be seen. The results could also be references for the later water quality model. The tracer's behaviour in the simulation of is shown below. G8/SCE- PAGE 83 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT FIGURE 57 TRACER'S BEHAVIOUR (PERIOD 28 DAYS, 2005 FEBRUARY) FIGURE 58 TRACER'S BEHAVIOUR (PERIOD 30 DAYS, 2005 JUNE) After calibration and validation of the model, some pollution scenarios (without any projects, with YUEP projects and with all projects in year 2010 and 2020) will be tested in the model. This is the final target of the modelling. The pollution situation of each scenario will be given by the model either in a form of graph, animation or table of figures. G8/SCE- PAGE 84 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 6. ANALYSIS OF ALTERNATIVES 6.1. INTROCUTION In the previous chapter of cumulative impact assessment, impacts of the proposed YUEP projects and the Plan have been compared against the "no plan" option for year 2010 and 2020. As there are no other plans under consideration other than the one the REA is related to. The analysis of alternatives in this REA will focus on comparing the plan with other broad strategic options for the region in relation to their environmental costs and benefits and investment options. The following figure demonstrates the general procedure in undertaking alternative analysis when conducting REA. FIGURE 59 STAGES IN REA ALTERNATIVE ANALYSIS Define regional development Stages in Regional EA objectives Alternative Analysis Identify alternative development strategies Identify None Identify Screen Evaluate Comparatively Proceed with alternative alternative alternative selected assess preferred technologies locations locations alternatives alternatives alternatives Define Screen Operational & `resource' alternative mitigation requirement technologies alternatives Implementation alternatives Design configuration alternatives Options on strategic level would include the following aspects: · Alternative point source pollution transport, treatment and disposal options · Alternative village wastewater collection, treatment and disposal options · Alternatives of nutrient management G8/SCE- PAGE 85 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 6.2. ALTERNATIVE MUNICIPAL WASTEWATER TREATMENT OPTIONS Wastewater Transport and Disposal Options Current difficulties for newly constructed wastewater treatment plant to meet discharge standards to the lake have become a major dilemma for the government and project participants. As required by the national policy, any new setup of discharge outlet is not allowed in a water quality objective Class II functional zone unless the discharge is compliance with surface water quality Class II standards. Although the lake is classified as Class III in recent years, the above rule is still applicable. According to the Plan, each major town centre around the lake, namely Xizhou, Wanqiao, Yinqiao, Jiangwei, Shuanglang, Wase, has planned to connect to centralized wastewater treatment plant. Progress of these proposed WWTP projects will be restricted by this rule. Unless SEPA take special consideration of the projects, those WWTP would have to reconsider its outlet or implement more advanced treatment or water reuse process. As planned, the current interceptor network will bring wastewater from Dali ancient town, Qiliqiao Town, and Fengyi Town to downstream and treated in a newly constructed WWTP discharging into Xi'er River. Including this base scheme, three options should be considered: Option 1: A new WWTP to be built in Xizhou, wastewater from Wanqiao and Yinqiao to be transported to this WWTP in the future Option 2: A new WWTP to be built in Xizhou; sewers of Wanqiao and Yinqiao to be connected to Dali ancient town and further transported to downstream of Xiaguan and treated in new WWTP Option 3: Sewers of Xizhou, Wanqiao and Yinqiao to be connected to Dali ancient town and further transported to downstream of Xiaguan and treated in new WWTP TABLE 37: COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVE OPTIONS FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT OF XIZHOU, WANQIAO AND YINQIAO Option 1 Option 2 Option 3 WWTP Advanced treatment Advanced treatment No centralized is needed for Xizhou is needed for Xizhou WWTP in Xizhou WWTP WWTP with relevant small capacity Collection network Local collection Main pipe need to be Main pipe need to be network extended up to extended up to Wanqiao town Xizhou town Environmental benefit Direct discharge into Direct discharge into No discharge into the the lake the lake with smaller lake loading Option 1 is considered as the most desirable option because the high cost of construction wastewater collection network. It is also more flexible considering the possible expansion of the region in the future. However, there is a potential risk that construction of Xizhou WWTP will not be compliance with national and regional development policy on critical lake protection. Alterative Wastewater Treatment Processes For those treatment plants that will discharge within the basin, nutrient removal is essential. Some of the well established treatment process including A/O, A2O, SBR and oxidation ditch. The following table provided some of the advantages and limitations associated with different process. G8/SCE- PAGE 86 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 38: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE WASTEWATER TREATMENT PROCESSES Process Advantages Limitations A/O Operation is relatively simple when compared to Phosphorus removal declines if nitrification other processes occurs Low BOD/P ratio possible Limited process control flexibility is available Relatively short hydraulic retention time Produces good settling sludge Good phosphorus removal A2O Removes both nitrogen and phosphorus RAS containing nitrate is recycled to anaerobic zone, thus affecting phosphorus-removal Provides alkalinity for nitrification capability Produces good settling sludge Nitrogen removal is limited by internal recycle Operation is relatively simple ratio Saves energy Needs higher BOD/P ratio than the A/O process SBR Both nitrogen and phosphorus removal are More complex operation for N and P removal (Sequencing possible batch reactor) Effluent quality depends upon reliable Process is flexible and easy to operate decanting facility Mixed-liquor solids cannot be washed out by Design is more complex hydraulic surges Skilled maintenance is required Quiescent settling may produce lower effluent TSS concentration More suitable for smaller flowrates Oxidation ditch Highly reliable process; simple operation Large structure, greater space requirement Capable of treating shock/toxic loads without Low F/M bulking is possible affecting effluent quality Requires more aeration energy than Economical process for small plants conventional CMAS and plug-flow treatment Uses less energy than extended aeration Plant capacity expansion is more difficult Adaptable to nutrient removal High-quality effluent possible Well-stabilized sludge; low biosolids production Selection of process for individual treatment plant is very site specific and should be done under full consideration of the economic, social and environmental status of the affected region. Besides the mechanical systems discussed above, natural systems such as constructed wetland can also be used where land is available. 6.3. ALTERNATIVE VILLAGE WASTEWATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS Despite the difference in wastewater flow and composition between urban wastewater and village wastewater, management of village wastewater are facing particular common challenges of economic/financial limitations; lack of economies of scale; lack of managerial competency and consistency. Therefore, when developing a village wastewater management program, it is necessary to consider a full range of options that are available. Some important decisions needed to be made in developing a village wastewater management program include: · Centralized, cluster, onsite treatment system or a combination of the three · Discharging or non-discharging · Collection systems G8/SCE- PAGE 87 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Plant size · Treatment process 6.3.1. ONSITE SYSTEM, CLUSTER SYSTEM AND CENTRALIZED TREATMENT Onsite system is usually applied in outlying areas, serves only one house or one lot. No collection system is needed. Pre-treatment of wastewater in a simple septic tank is required. Maintenance is essential to long-term operation. A well designed, installed, and cared onsite system can provide low cost and trouble free solution for wastewater. However a management program should be established to make sure that onsite system are properly installed, repaired and maintained. Minimum education of homeowners is also essential to the success of onsite system. Cluster system can be used in areas of small subdivisions. Wastewater is collected and transported a short distance to a small treatment facility. It is well suited for subdivisions that are far from central facilities and where the houses are too close together to allow onsite systems on each lot. Cluster system can be seen as a larger version of onsite system with some form of collection system. Centralized treatment is appropriate in areas of dense development. The system will include a full wastewater collection network. Therefore, the capital cost and operation cost is a lot higher than the other two systems. For operating and maintaining the network and treatment facility, a trained technical and management team is also essential. Most likely that a town/village will need to use a combination of onsite systems, cluster systems, and centralized treatment. Most local design institutes are lack of experience in designing onsite and cluster system or even considering them as alternative options when designing a treatment system. In the case of Erhai Lake Basin, areas with dense development and existing network, a centralized treatment might be a cost-effective option. But a detail examination on local needs and housing situation should be examined before starting project design. 6.3.2. COLLECTION SYSTEMS For centralized treatment, conventional gravity sewers are used. Those gravity sewers are costly to install but advantageous where population are dense. However for areas where people live farther apart, conventional sewers may not be a good choice. The cost for network per household will be much higher than it for urban areas. Some less costly alternative types of sewers are available for small communities and less developed areas, which include small diameter effluent sewers, grinder pump systems and vacuum sewers. Those alternative sewers are smaller in size than conventional sewers and are installed at shallower depths which can substantially reduce the installation cost. According to the US experience, the consideration of alternative collection systems is appropriate when: · The wastewater treatment system will only be serving a small community of 10,000 people or less. · Many of the properties currently have on-site systems such as septic tanks or aerobic treatment units. · The average lot size per property is more than one-half acre. · There will be fewer than 100 homes per mile of sewer pipe. · The system will serve a community on very hilly terrain. G8/SCE- PAGE 88 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · There are subsurface obstacles, such as bedrock or groundwater, close to the ground's surface. Major characteristics, advantages and limitations of conventional sewers and three types of alternative sewers are summarised in the table below. TABLE 39: SUMMARY OF ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS OF ALTERNATIVE SEWERS Characteristics Advantages Limitations Conventional sewers Use gravity to transport No pre-treatment is Costly to install sewage; essential Restricted to the Solids are not Less requirements for condition of landscape separated from power inputs wastewater before entering the network Can be economically sound in areas where Manholes are required population density is high and required length is short Small diameter gravity Use gravity to transport Low construction cost Septic tank required sewers sewage; comparing to conventional sewers Well maintenance of Light weight plastic the septic tank needed pipes Minimizing disruption of the landscape Buried at a relatively shallow depth Manholes are not required Grinder pump systems A grinder pump is used No need for septic tanks Electrical power inputs to grind up the solids at individual homes for grinder pumps and pump them with sewage Require a separate electrical connection at each home Vacuum sewers Wastewater from each Suitable for flat areas More skilled home or group of where soils are shallow maintenance than other homes travels by or where high alternative sewers vacuum through a groundwater exists special valve into small Electrical inputs for diameter pipes and then Use smaller pipe and vacuum station to a central vacuum permit flexible layout station. Alternative sewers can transport water directly to a treatment facility or to conventional sewers. For cluster and centralized wastewater treatment systems, the use of collection system could be a combination of the above systems. Substantial cost saving can be achieved by taking into account the different options available. 6.3.3. TREATMENT PROCESS Same as designing large scale wastewater treatment plant, the selection of a wastewater treatment process should take into consideration the following essential factors: · Wastewater flow and composition · Effluent Water Quality Requirements · Available technology options G8/SCE- PAGE 89 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Cost · Availability of Land · Availability of Operators and Repairmen · Flexibility for Process Changes or Expansion · Local Topography/Geology · Other Preferences An onsite or cluster system usually requires a pre-treatment unit such as septic tank. The figure below presents the various septic tank options for black and grey water. Effluent from the septic tank of individual homes will then be transported to an onsite, cluster or centralized wastewater treatment systems. FIGURE 60: ONSITE WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM Post treatment, reuse or disposal (either onsite or cluster) The conventional type of onsite wastewater treatment systems consist of a septic tank and a subsurface wastewater infiltration system. More strict performance requirements and site limitations have led to significant improvements in the design of wastewater treatment system, which might include aerobic or anaerobic biological reactors, physical/chemical treatment, soil infiltration, fixed-media filtration, and disinfection. Newer aerobic units which represent scaled down versions of municipal wastewater treatment systems are also widely used. In the case of Erhai Lake Basin, nutrient is the major concern of water pollution risk for the Lake. Nutrient: nitrogen and phosphorous removal should be one essential criterion for selecting treatment process. Some of the optional treatment methods are listed in the table below. G8/SCE- PAGE 90 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT TABLE 40: ALTERNATIVE TREATMENT METHODS FOR NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL Alternative treatment methods Nitrogen transformation Activated sludge Fixed film bio-reator Submerged vegetated bed Free-water surface constructed wetland Cation exchange Anion exchange Phosphorus removal Infiltration by soil and other media Chemical flocculation and settling Iron-rich packed-bed media filter Sequencing batch reactor (SRB) Sources: USEPA As soils have the innate ability to adsorb the nutrient for many years, most onsite system isn't designed to remove phosphorus. However, after several years of operation, there is a potential for serious environmental degradation. TABLE 41: COMPARISON OF NATURAL SYSTEM AND MECHANICAL SYSTEM Advantages Limitations Subsurface wastewater Effective to treat domestic and Pre-treatment required infiltration system commercial wastewater Requirement on topography, soil Minimum maintenance required texture, soil structure and depth to ground water or bedrock Low investment Phosphorous removal efficiency might decrease after several year of operation Occupy more land Local management and education program is essential to avoid failure of the system Other mechanical Mature technology Relatively higher installation cost and system (e.g. SBR) operation cost Effective to remove N and P Energy input required High skilled management needed Despite the various engineering and management alternatives for wastewater collection, transport and disposal discussed. Source reduction is another important aspect. Some of the wastewater flow reduction options for domestic wastewater include: G8/SCE- PAGE 91 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 6.4. ALTERNATIVES FOR NUTRIENT MANAGEMENT Major pollutants of concern in the Erhai Lake Basin are nutrients. Various management measures are available for nutrient management to improve the efficiency of nutrient use and thereby reduce the potential for nutrient loss to surface or ground waters. As discussed in the loading estimation, manures, commercial fertilizers and soil reserves are all major sources of nutrients. · Use of producer-documented yield history and other relevant information to determine realistic yield goals on a case by case basis · Application of N and P at recommended rates for realistic yield goals · Soil testing for pH, phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen · Manure, sludge, mortality compost, and effluent testing · Quantification of nutrient impacts from important nutrient sources G8/SCE- PAGE 92 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Use of proper timing, formulation, and application methods for nutrients that maximize plant utilization of nutrients and minimize the loss to environment · Use of small grain cover crops or deeply-rooted legumes to scavenge nutrients remaining in the soil after harvest of the principal crop · Use of buffer areas or intensive nutrient management practices to address concerns on fields where the risk of environmental contamination is high · Use of soil erosion control practices to minimize runoff and soil loss Some specific management measures for animal feeding operations should also fit in the overall nutrient management plan, and should consider the following options: · Feed management: reducing nutrients in manure by modifying animal diets · Manure Handling and Storage: proper handling and storage of manure · Land Application of Manure: utilizing the nutrients and organic matter in manure while minimizing the risk to water quality and public health · Land Management: installing best management practices to minimize movement of potential pollutants to surface or ground water · Record Keeping: recording the quantity of manure produced and how the manure was utilized · Other Utilization Options: finding alternative uses or markets for manure when land application is not feasible The nutrient management plan incorporating with the lake basin protection plan should implement and coordinate many of the above measures where needed, and should be developed on a site- specific basis. In order to ensure continuous improvement of the plan performance, the plan should be well monitored and reviewed annually to determine if adjustments are needed for the next cropping year. Development of a nutrient management plan requires large amount of data which is not available for Erhai Lake Basin at this stage. However, as shown in the water quality analysis and loading estimation, nutrient is the major water quality problem in the region. As less and less load reduction can be achieved through point source control, effective nutrient management plan is crucial for the future conservation of Erhai Lake. G8/SCE- PAGE 93 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 7. PUBLIC CONSULTATION First public consultation was conducted in Dali on 30th July, 2007. The following stakeholders were engaged during the public consultation workshop. Officials from Prefecture Government Department: Environmental Protection Bureau Water Resources Bureau Development and Reform Commission Agricultural Bureau Forestry Bureau Hydrology Bureau (Dali Sub-division) Lake Basin Management Authority Dali Prefecture Leading Group Office Erhai Lake Management Bureau Project Owners and Design Institute EA Institute: Dali Academy of Environmental Science Yunnan University Research Institute Dali Research Institute of Lake The workshop started with the presentation of the REA team on preliminary findings, and followed with question and comment from the audience. The key points from the workshop are documented in the meeting minutes which is provided as Appendix in this report. As planned, another public consultation would be undertaken during the draft final Regional EA prior to World Bank Appraisal of the YUEP. The Regional EA will also be made available on the web site for receiving comments from the general public. Each workshop will take the form of an overall presentation of key results of the assignment to the leading group, with detailed discussions held with expert working groups Review of the Regional EA will be coordinated through the Yunnan EPB in association with the Dali Prefecture ErHai Protection & Control Leading Group and the World Bank EA Safeguards Committee. The review process will involve the following steps: · Initial Review of the Regional EA by Yunnan EPB prior to dissemination to other stakeholders; · Review of Draft Final EA by all key stakeholders · Response/Integration of comments in Final Regional EA G8/SCE- PAGE 94 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT 8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 8.1. CONCLUSTIONS The deterioration in the eutrophic state of Er'hai Lake reported in the Erhai Lake Basin and Protection Plan for 2003 is confirmed by more recent data from 2004 and 2005; the lake from 2003 has been classified as eutrophic. Erhai Lake is generally now classified as Class III with localised deteriorations to Class IV particularly during the summer months and in some parts of the Lake. Analysis of the N/P ratio does not draw any clear conclusions as to whether the N or P is the controlling or limiting nutrient; this is in part due to the lack of detailed information concerning the bioavailability of both N and P, key nutrients leading to eutrophication of the lake. All major inflow rivers and outflow Xi'er River are all in critical water quality conditions. Effort on pollution control in the basin will have positive impact on inflow river water quality. However, the transport of wastewater to downstream of Xiaguan will put more pressure on Xi'er River. The actual impact is not examined in this report considering the scope of the REA. But the issue should be addressed in relevant project EAs and take measures to minimize this impact. In Erhai Lake, water pollution is dominated by non-point sources. Livestock breeding is a main source of nutrients into the lake, which contributes 41% of TP and 23% of TN. Village domestic wastewater also contributes 16% of TP and 23% TN. Agricultural runoff is also a major contributor of TP (17%). While on the other hand, point sources, urban domestic wastewater and industrial wastewater, only contribute 13% of TP and 18% of TN in total. Oxygen demand pollutants measured by COD is dominated by village domestic wastewater (42%) and urban domestic wastewater (30%). Livestock breeding contributing 21% of the COD comes at the third place. Eryuan County contributes to more than half of the pollution loads. For the purpose of nutrient pollution control and the overall lake protection, equal or even more effort should be made at upstream Eryuan County. Considering the uneven economic development status between Eryuan and Dali, it could be a challenge in particular for Eryuan to take sufficient pollution control measures given the limited financial resources available and needs for economic development. For each sub-catchment, the dominant sources of pollutant are largely different in terms of load their contribution to overall pollution loadings. Cumulative impact assessment has proved this information is important for identifying the most relevant projects to target the right sources more effectively. Implementation of the YUEP projects will bring a significant 35% of reduction of urban domestic wastewater loading by 2010, and an overall 7.5% load reduction (calculated by TP) by 2010. Implementation of all projects in the Plan will achieve load reductions of 23% TP, 29% TN, 39% COD and 41% NH4-N by 2010. YUEP projects contribute about one-third of the load reduction expected to be achieved by implementing all projects in the Plan. By year 2020, the Plan is estimated to achieve significant load reductions of 46% TP, 55% TN, 62% COD and 70% NH4-N. Therefore, with the implementation of the Plan, the absolute pollution loads discharged into the lake will controlled to 86% of the baseline level in 2010 and less than 70% of the baseline level in 2020 despite the continuous increase of population and livestock breeding activities. With most urban wastewater being treated in WWTP or brought and discharged downstream the non-point sources domination in the lake basin will be further reinforced in the future. The water quality modelling developed by the Consultant will enable evaluation of impact of load reduction on water quality. Results from modelling study will be included in the final report. The proposed YUEP subcomponents should be supported. The following issues however should be addressed during later phases of the project: G8/SCE- PAGE 95 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT · Subcomponent 7D: schedule for construction of Xizhou WWTP and new WWTP in Xiaguan should be confirmed; · Subcomponent 10D: monitoring program should be introduced to evaluate performance of eco-rehabilitation projects; · Subcomponent 11D: village wastewater alternatives: onsite and cluster systems should be examined; proper maintenance and management plan is critical to avoid system failure; · Subcomponent 9D: disposal of leachate will become a challenge for the landfill Overall, the existing Erhai Lake Protection Plan (2003-2010) clearly has identified the objectives, effectively targeted point pollution sources at early stage, and planned projects covered all major pollution sources in the lake basin. However, the existing plan lack a systematic approach to effectively control non-point source pollutions, some of the problems include: · The insufficient pollution sources data, systematic loading data have made it difficult for precise diagnosis of problems and setting objectives in the first place. · Projects currently taking place for controlling the use of fertilizers are still at an experimental level. · The great potential risk related to livestock breeding activities has not yet been emphasized in the Plan. · In-situ sources, groundwater issues were not mentioned in the Plan. · No specific monitoring program has been introduced to assess project efficiency after implementation. Revision of the Plan or introduction of supplementary programs therefore is essential to strengthen the implementation of the Plan. 8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS The consultant recommends a monitoring campaign as the basis of all follow-up actions, linked with further development of a lake modelling system. In order to ensure the effective implementation of the Plan, and sound management of the Lake Basin in the future, improve of the current monitoring network and further more developing a monitoring program is very necessary. Key characteristics of monitoring types need to be determined closely to the purpose of monitoring. Those characteristics include: number and type of water quality parameters, frequency of measurements, duration of monitoring and intensity of data analysis. The proposed monitoring program should be designed to serve the following purpose: · Better understanding of the lake quality and control nutrient; · Providing sufficient information for developing a nutrient management plan in the basin; · Monitoring pollution loadings by routine measuring flow and pollutant concentration at key river sections; · Identifying in-situ sources in the lake · Providing information for post evaluation of project performance to allow continuous improvement at project level and planning level G8/SCE- PAGE 96 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT During the implementation of the YUEP projects and the Plan, an adaptive management approach should be taken. As there are many uncertainties involved in the loading estimation planning, it is highly likely that adjustment of management strategies will be needed. An effective monitoring program will help to provide valuable feedback on project implementation. Planners and operators will then be able to adjust implementation plans, schedules and models to ensure more cost- effective achievement of water quality objectives. Data management and data sharing mechanism are also critical to improve lake management. During the preparation of this report, the consultants devoted great effort in data acquisition from many different government agencies. A single unit under the lake basin management agency should be established to take on the role as a information centre, collecting and sorting relevant water quality, land use, farming activity, livestock breeding activity and other information for the purpose of integrated lake management. The advanced tools such as GIS and modelling tools introduced as part of this REA could be further developed for use by the agency. Livestock breeding is clearly a major source of pollution and challenge for the lake managers. As discussed in the previous chapter, in Erhai Lake Basin, most livestock breeding activities are household basis. No proper treatment or storage is implemented. Wastes are easily washed off through flushing water and storm water. A more long term management strategy is development of the nutrient management plan in the basin. The animal breeding operations should be implement proper engineered runoff controls, waste storage, waste utilization, and nutrient management. At this stage, some prior approaches could be taken are: · For large livestock farms, enforce installation of wastewater treatment facilities · Strictly ban of high risk activities: such as direct discharge of wastewater through man- made channels, pile of animal wastes at site close to river bodies The concept of "Integrated Lake Basin Management" has been introduced to Erhai Lake Basin Management. With the establishment of the leading group and management bureau, the government has setup an initial framework for integrated management. In order to enhance the efficiency of integrated lake basin management, Erhai lake basin management organisation could be "twinned" with other similar agencies such as SILA (Annecy Lake Syndicate) in France and learn from successful international experience. In addition, the lake basin agency could also be developed to enable referential funding of Eryuan County via a form of "downstream to upstream" subsidy. G8/SCE- PAGE 97 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT APPENDIX A ­ BIBLIOGRAPHY/DATA COLLECTED G8/SCE- PAGE A 2007 ­ OCTOBER DataCategory DataType Data Name Frequency No. Time Source Agriculture annals of Dali and Eryuan County (per township)(incl.Area of tilth, 1 Agriculture table 2004-2005 yearly DaliPrefectureAgricultureBureau dosage of fertilizer and pesticide, yield of product) Stockbreeding status quo 2 Agriculture table 2006 yearly DaliPrefectureAgricultureBureau in Dali City Main indices in the 11th Five-Year Plan for 3 Agriculture table 2005? DaliPrefectureAgricultureBureau Agricultural development in Dali Prefecture Fishery yield of Erhai 4 Agriculture table 1980-2006 yearly DaliErhaiManage mentBureau Stockbreeding status quo 5 Agriculture report 2004? EryuanCountyAgricultureBureau in Eryuan County Census on poultry and livestock status quo by 6 Agriculture table ? YunnanEPB lakes in Yunnan Dali Erhai lake scientific 7 General study 2002? research /DaliEPB Feasibility Study Report for Eco-restoration project in China Academy 8 General report 2001 Erhai coastal area in of Environmental Yunnan Science/YunnanEPB Collected scientific works 9 General study on Erhai Lake in Yunnan 1987 /DaliEPB Photoes taken in Erhai lake Basin and Dali 10 General photo 2000-2007 DaliEPB & Sogreah Prefecture Tourism sites around Dali 11 General map Erhai Tourist's map of Dali 12 General map 2004? /Yunna nInstituteofMapping Population (incl. 13 General table 2006-2010 DaliPopulationCommis projection) of Dali City sion Tourism status quo of Dali 14 General report 2004? DaliEPB/DaliTourismBureau Prefecture The distribution of WB 15 General map DaliEPB projects in Dali Prefecture Institutional Structure of 16 General chart YunnanEPB Erhai Lake Management Map of status quo of Erhai 17 General map DaliEPB lake basin Population distribution per township in Erhai Lake 18 General table 1999/2005 China Academy basin of Environmental Science/DaliEPB List of YUEP Projects 19 General table up to 2007Mar YunnanEPB Digital topographic survey 20 Geography study 2002? of Erhai Lake in Dali SHANGYuminDaliEPB RS Satellite image of Dali Erhai lake and Cangshan 21 Geography map 2002? Dali Erhai lake Mountain scientific research Digital bathymetric chart of 22 Geography map 2002 Dali Erhai lake Erhai scientific research Water usage of Dali 23 Geography map 2005 Nanjing Prefecture University Dali Prefecture river 24 Geography map 2005 Nanjing system University Erhai lake coastline 25 Geography curve 2002? DaliEPB Physical geography of 26 Geography report 1985? DaliEPB Erhai Basic data of Erhai 27 Geography table 1980/? ChinaAcademyOf Science/DaliEPB Erhai lake basin river 28 Geography map DaliEPB system Discussion on the water resource protection and utilization of Erhai Lake 29 Hydrology study 1992? ZHANGChongli,Dali Erhai lake based on water level scientific research change Study on water level of /YUAN 30 Hydrology study 1985 Erhai Lake JingxiuCAS A preliminary study of lake /ZHAN 31 Hydrology study 1983? stream in Erhai Lake GWenhuaCAS YANGZ Elementary analysis of 32 Hydrology study ? water movement of Erhai haofanDaliCityEnvironmentMonitor ingStation Hydrological /CAOCheng characteristics in Erhai 33 Hydrology study 1985? Lake basin zengDaliHydrologyStation 2004-2005 Discharges of the river 34 Hydrology table (1989- monthly /DaliEr outflows of Erhai 2005yearly) haiManagementBureau/DaliEPB / Discharges of the river 35 Hydrology table 2004-2005 monthly inflows in Erhai Lake basin YunnanProvincialHydrologyBu reauDalisubstation/DaliEPB Sketch map of Erhai Lake 36 Hydrology map DaliEPB current Annual average water level 37 Hydrology graph 1952-2002 yearly Report for curve of Erhai Erhai water level adjustment-YEPB 2004-2005 Annual average water level 38 Hydrology table (1952- monthly DaliErhaiManage data of Erhai 2005yearly) mentBureau Hydrological monitoring / cross sections and 39 Hydrology table 2004 characteristic of the rivers YunnanProvincialHydrologyBu in Erhai Lake basin reauDalisubstation/DaliEPB Annual total net inflow 40 Hydrology table 1952-2002 yearly DaliEPB volume Annual domestic and agricultural consumed total 41 Hydrology table 1989-2002 yearly DaliEPB water volume Annual total outflow 42 Hydrology table 1952-2002 yearly DaliEPB volume Annual maximum and 1952-2002 minimum water level data 43 Hydrology table yearly DaliEPB/Dali 1952-1986 of Erhai HydrologyStationDaguanyiStation Daily average water level YunnanPro 44 Hydrology graph 2002-2004 curve of Erhai vincialHydrologyBureauDalisubstatio n/DaliEPB Average annual \maximum\minimum 45 Hydrology table ? DaliEPB discharges of main river inflows in Erhai Lake basin Area of subcatchment and riverbed slope of main river 46 Hydrology table DaliEPB inflows in Erhai Lake basin Correlation among water level\surface area and 47 Hydrology table DaliEPB/ volume of Erhai DaliHydrologyStationLiujiayingPoint Report for Erhai water 48 Hydrology report 2002? YunnanEPB/DaliEPB level adjustment Figure of vertical change of 49 Hydrology graph 1992 Du water temperature in Erhai Baohan's essay Annual average/max/min 50 Hydrology table 1971-1985 yearly DaliHydrology water temperature of Erhai Station Annual report for / hydrological monitoring of 51 Hydrology report 2004 yearly YunnanProvincialHydrologyBu Erhai reauDalisubstation/DaliEPB / Change of volume in Erhai 52 Hydrology table 2004 monthly YunnanProvincialHydrologyBu reauDalisubstation/DaliEPB Monthly average of max 53 Hydrology table 1982-1983 monthly water level ShenRenxiang Analysis of the weather ZHANGYuhua 54 Meteorology study charateristics in Erhai DaliMetrorologyBureau Annual total precipitation in 1952-2002 55 Meteorology table yearly DaliEPBDaliH Dali and Eryuan 1952-1986 ydrologyStationDaguanyiStation Wind direction in Erhai ZHANGYuhua 56 Meteorology report Lake basin DaliMetrorologyBureau WANG Average precipitation of Zuxing's essay from survey points in Erhai Lake 57 Meteorology table ? DaliMetrorologyBureau/ basin ZHANGYuhuaDaliMetr orologyBureau The situation of rain / gauges in Erhai Lake 58 Meteorology table 2004 YunnanProvincialHydrologyBu basin reauDalisubstation/DaliEPB Monthly average wind ZHANGYuhua 59 Meteorology table ? speed in Erhai Lake basin DaliMetrorologyBureau Monthly average ZHANGYuhua temperature in Erhai Lake 60 Meteorology table ? basin DaliMetrorologyBureau Monthly average ZHANGYuhua evaporation in Erhai Lake 61 Meteorology table basin DaliMetrorologyBureau histogram of variation of WANG Annual precipitation in 62 Meteorology graph yearly Zuxing's essay from Erhai Lake basin DaliMetrorologyBureau Annual flood-drought WANG category in flood season in 63 Meteorology table 1957-2003 yearly Zuxing's essay from Erhai Lake basin DaliMetrorologyBureau Annual total precipitation during flood season (May WANG 64 Meteorology table 1957-2003 yearly to October) in Erhai Lake Zuxing's essay from basin DaliMetrorologyBureau Average sunlight hours in ZHANGYuhua 65 Meteorology table ? Dali Erhai Area DaliMetrorologyBureau Dali City Industrial spatial 66 Plan map 2005 Nanjing distribution Masterplan University Urban system planning of masterpla 67 Plan 2005 Nanjing Dali region 2003-2020 n University The 11th Five-year plan of Dianchi Lake basin 68 Plan ppt 2006 pollution prevention and KunmingMunicipality cure The 11th Five-Year Plan for Environmental 69 Plan ppt 2006 YunnanEPB Protection in Yunnan TANGChen Sendiment and its harm to 70 Sedimentation study 2000? the environment of Erhai gbinYunnanInstituteofEnvironment ScienceResearch Sediment transportation YunnanPro rate of the rivers in Erhai 71 Sedimentation table 2004 monthly vincialHydrologyBureauDalisubstatio Lake basin n/DaliEPB Sediment transportation TANGChen rate of main rivers in Erhai 72 Sedimentation table ? gbinYunnanInstituteofEnvironment Lake basin ScienceResearch Annual average soil erosion in Erhai Lake 73 Sedimentation table DUBaohan, basin DaliInstituteofEnvironmentScience The water quality survey of water inflows of Erhai Lake 74 Water quality study 2000 MAGenlianYunnanProvincialH in 2000 ydrologyBureauDalisubstation Survey and analysis on LONG drinking water resource of 75 Water quality study 1999 Qinlao,DaliEnvironmentMonitoringSt Dali City in Erhai Lake ation Water quality synalysis and ZHAOF synthesis evaluation of 76 Water quality study 1991? engqinDaliEnvironmentMonitoring Erhai (1980-1990) Station Analysis on water quality LINingb status and trend of Erhai 77 Water quality study 2002? oDaliEnvironmentMonitoringStatio (1992-2001) n Distribution optimization for DUBao Enveironment monitoring 78 Water quality study 2000? han,DaliEnvironmentMonitoringStati of surface water in Erhai on Factor analysis on PANHo 79 Water quality study 1998? Eutrophication in Erhai ngxiCAS Inner pollution survey of 80 Water quality study 1996? DAIZifuD Erhai Lake aliErhaiMB DONG Studay on Alga Bloom of 81 Water quality study 2000? Erhai YunxianDaliEnvironmentMonitorin gStation Characteristics of non- point pollution and its 82 Water quality study DUBaohan, prevention in Erhai DaliInstituteofEnvironmentScience Report on Sino-Japanese Joint Survey on the Ecological condition of 83 Water quality report 1992 Du Erhai Lake ( T-N\T-P\DO Baohan's essay are given in numbers and survey points distribution) Water quality and disposed 2005Sep- amount of WWT in Dali 84 Water quality table monthly DaliEPB 2006Aug City Wastewater emission from main pollution source 85 Water quality table 2005-2006 yearly DaliEPB enterprises in Dali Results of the survey and LONG estimation on surface 86 Water quality table 1999Aug Qinlao,DaliEnvironmentMonitoringSt water environment ation Monitoring results for the waste water of Diequan 87 Water quality table 2006 4 days DaliEPB Dairy Co. Water quality data from 88 Water quality table 2000 monitoring points of Erhai MAGenlianYunnanProvincialH ydrologyBureauDalisubstation China Academy Study on ErHai Lake Basin of Environmental Protection and Control 89 Water quality study 2003 Science/ Planning(2003-2020) DaLi Prefecture ErHai Protection and Control Leading Group Environmental masterplan of Erhai Lake basin 90 Water quality report 2000 DaliPrefectureGov (partial) Calculation of Contaminant acceptance capacity and 91 Water quality study 2000 MAGenlianYunnanProvincialH current emission of Erhai ydrologyBureauDalisubstation Report of water quality of 92 Water quality report 2003 DaliEPB Erhai Water quality distribution in 93 Water quality map 2001-2003 yearly DaliEPB Erhai lake 1992- Annual category 2001 Evaluation on water 94 Water quality table 1992-2001 yearly quality of Erhai LINingbo DaliEnvironmentMonitoringStation Annual average water 95 Water quality table 1971-1985 yearly DaliHydrology quality indices of Erhai Station Water quality categories of main river inflows in Erhai 96 Water quality table ? DaliEPB Lake basin Water quality categories of main river inflows in Erhai 97 Water quality table 2005-2006 monthly DaliEPB Lake basin Water quality average data of main river inflows in 98 Water quality table 2000 MAGenlianYunnanProvincialH Erhai Lake basin ydrologyBureauDalisubstation 1992- Graphs of T-P\T- 2001 N\transparency\eutrophicat 99 Water quality graph 1992-2001 yearly ion trend of Erhai LINingbo DaliEnvironmentMonitoringStation WWT status quo and construction planning of 100 Water quality table up to 2006Aug DaliEPB/ Eryuan County YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT APPENDIX B ­ GIS MAPS G8/SCE- PAGE B 2007 ­ OCTOBER YUNNAN PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENT- THE WORLD BANK YUNNAN URBAN ENVIRONMENT PROJECT ­ YUEP2 DESIGN REVIEW AND ADVISORY SERVICES REGIONAL EA ER'HAI LAKE BASIN ­ DRAFT FINAL REPORT APPENDIX C ­ MEETING MINUTES FOR FIRST PUBLIC CONSULTATION G8/SCE- PAGE C 2007 ­ OCTOBER Regional Environmental Assessment (REA) for Lake Erhai Meting Minutes of Public Consultation July 30, 2007 A public consultation meeting the REA of Lake Erhai was organized REA team under the stronger coordination of Dali PMO in Dali on July 30, 2007. Participants from project stakeholders, YPMO, including government officials form Dali Prefecture, local research institutes, project owners, individual EA institutes were invited to take part in the meeting. The list of participant is attached as annex. Mr. Gary, the REA working team leader from French DRA consultants made a presentation on the interim results of the REA report, were looking for comments, clarifications and suggestions from the participants, which generate active discussions: Following are the record of the discussion. 1. Representative from Dali Prefecture Plateau Lake Research Center who has being engaged in the study of Lake Erhai environmental issue for many years made following response: With regard to the discrepancy of farmland area between statistic year book and GIS calculation, it can be the facts, according to the knowledge of Dali Prefecture Plateau Lake Research Center, there are about 25% of the gap due to the practicing "Household Farmland Contracting System" that farmers pretended? to report the area of contracted arable land less than the actual figure, this estimated gap is closer to the REA initial finding (30%). The initial finding of REA on livestock pollution to the lake coincided with the actual situation of Erhai Lake basin: In 2004 the number of livestock was about 50,000 (milk cows), and this figure was doubled in two year, e.g. in 2006 the total number increased to 100,000. Such increase is in the same TN increase trends of the lake water quality. Furthermore, according to socio-economic development plan, livestock raising industries in the lake Basin will be encouraged and is expected to increase to 200,000 by the end of 11-five year (by 2010). Dali EPB once organized two surveys on agriculture non-point pollution sources, the survey resulted that there is little intensive livestock raising exercise (say, the number of livestock raised by one farm, or one collective, or one facility be over 50) in the lake basin. 1 The most of the livestock were raised by individual rural households with limited numbers. It is scientific to say livestock pollution sources will become very important potential source. The question is how this pollution sources can be brought into control? It is suggested that the study of abatement to livestock pollution sources be considered. With regard to fishery, now the lake is closed for fishery six months a year (from January 1 till June 30), a couple of year ago, closing period is only 2 months a year. When talking about rural non-point pollution sources, in Erhai Lake Basin, it includes 1) rural village wastewater, 2) farmland runoff, 3) livestock waste and 4) rural garbage. Rural village wastewater treatment is important because there are about 820,000 total population in Erhai Lake Basin, out of which, 620,000 are rural population. In order to control village wastewater, the low-cost, small sized, or decentralized treatment system would be the solution. In addition to deal with village wastewater, the farmland runoff pollution control should also be considered. There is an tendency of increased application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, particularly since 2000, more cash crops (e.g., garlic, vegetables) replaced original board bean plantation covering about 6667 ha) which means the application of fertilizers to such cash crop is nearly double of that of board bean. 2. Representative from Dali Prefecture EPB responded: We are appreciated with the way that REA divided the whole lake basin into 18 sub-basin. There are three categories of pollution sources to Lake Erhai: 1) point pollution sources, including urban sewage and industrial wastewater; 2) non-point pollution sources; and 3) in-situ pollution sources. The REA did a good analysis of different pollution sources and the reduction pollution sources contributed by YUEP project and other planned project. But it is confused from REA presentation that the domestic pollution sources is at present is approximately equal, and only by 2010, NPS will become dominated. As matter of factor, since 2005, the NPS had already become dominated sources. REA team explained that this 2 is because of using "domestic source", which include both urban domestic sources (the PS) and rural domestic source (NPS). Therefore, it is suggested that the analysis in REA follow local traditional classification of pollution sources. In Erhai lake basin, village wastewater did not only include grey water, but also livestock wastes: the liquid urine is drained through nearby ditches, finally flow into the lake, while the dry feces are used as composts but easily flushed by rainwater and then discharge through nearby ditches. Therefore, the rural village treatment component did not mean the design is only treating grey water, but also some livestock waste. 3. Representative from Yunnan Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau, Dali Branch, who is responsible for regular hydrological monitoring of inflowing rivers and the lake response: The regular hydrological monitoring of the inflowing rivers are once in two months during dry season (Nov ~ April) and once a month during wet season (some times three times a month for some research program) (May ~ Oct). Hydrological monitoring cover 28 monitoring points. While water level in the lake are monitored successively. During the hydrological monitoring, this is find that the seepage of surface waste is significant, especially the 18 streams from Mt. Cangshan. 4. With regard to the responsibility of monitoring of Erhai Lake Basin, it was noted by REA working team that there is a duplicating of efforts made by different agencies but have no information sharing among the agencies: Water quality monitoring, Dali Prefecture EPB is responsible for the inflowing rivers and the lake, while Dali Municipal EPB is responsible for the Xier River (the lake outlet). Hydrological monitoring: Yunnan Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau, Dali Branch is responsible for inflowing rivers and streams, while the outlet (Xier river) is monitored by both them and Erhai Lake Management Bureau. They also conduct water quality monitoring as well. Erhai Lake Management Bureau monitors both flow, water quality, as well as biological indicators on lake body. It was clarified by participants that no information sharing is the fact. Dali Prefecture Plateau Lake Research Center once wishes to establish a Erhai Lake Early Warning Information System for decision makers, but failed due to the lack of information sharing mechanism. Although different agencies involved in the monitoring. Only the water quality data from environmental monitoring station under EPB who are certified by SEPA are authoritative, and hydrological data from Yunnan Hydrology and Water Resources Bureau, Dali Branch who are certified by Ministry of Water Resources are authoritative. 5. Representative from Dali Prefecture DRC suggested that when the REA are developed, it should linked closely with various plans, including Dali Prefectural and Municipal socio-economic plan, the lake basin protection and renovation, 3 various sector plan, as well as industrial-chain plan, and agreed to provide the relevant plans to REA team. 6. Representatives from Dali Prefecture Construction Bureau responded that the suggestion of REA on disposal of domestic solid waste generated and collected in Eryuan County at Dali City's existing landfill site should consider the high transportation cost. The Distance between Eryuan County Town and Dali City is over 70 km. Right now, the domestic solid waste from Xizhou is being disposed of at Dali City's existing landfill site; the transportation cost is already very high and unaffordable. Another participant also noted that Dali existing landfill site is nearly reaches to it full capacity and have limited surplus volume to receive extra solid waste. 4 Appendix 1 Presentation of REA 1st Public Consultation 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Appendix 2 17 18 19