E-251 GOVERNMENT OF THE STATE OF CEARA WATER RESOURCES SECRETARIAT PROGERIRH- CEARA STATE WATER RESOURCES INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PR. -PRO3AMA DE GERENCIAMENTO E INTEGRAAO DOS RECURSOS HIDRICOS DO ESTADO DO CEARA EXECUTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY FEBRUARYI 1998 FlIE GEPY GOVERNOR OF CEARA STATE Tasso Jereissati WATER RESOURCES SECRETARIAT Hiporides Pereira de Macedo PROGERIRH'S PREPARATION AND EXECUTION UNITY Femando Irineu - General Coordinator Renato Herz - Environmental Area Coordinator STAFF RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ELABORATION OF THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT REPORT - REA AND OF THIS DOCUMENT General Coordination Roberto de Melo Martins (Engineer) Technical Coordination Jos6 Alexandre Monteiro Fortes (Engineer) Eng. Cesar Eduardo Bertozzo Pimentel (Engineer) Technical Staff Oscar de Moraes Cordeiro Neto (Engineer) Marcia Mana Silva Casseb (Engineer) Celso Ximenes (Geologist) Jos6 Willian Bezerra e Silva (Agronomist) Ary Bezerra Leite (Specialist in institutional area) Alexandre Baltar (Engineer) Besides the technical staff, the elaboration of the REA counted on the cooperation of the NGO - Instituto Cearense de Ciencias Naturais - ICCN PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 2 / 33 EXECUTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL SUMMARY CONTENTS 1 - INTRODUCTION 2 -GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM 3 - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION AREA 4 - THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY 4.1 - Alternatives to PROGERIRH 4.1.1 -Water Demand Management 4.1.2 - Selection of Subprojects 4.1.3 - Criteria for the Selection of the Systems 4.2 - Cumulative Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Measures 4.2.1 - Loss of Natural Habitats and Protected Areas 4.2.2 - Environmental Management of Water Release 4.2.3 - Cumulative Water Balance 4.2.4 - Salinization Risks 4.2.5 - Fish Breeding 4 2.6 - Cultural, Historic, and Archaeological Patrimony 4.2.7 - Water Borne Diseases 4.2.8 - Indigenous Peoples 4 2 9 - Induced Regional Development 4.2.10 -Watershed Management 4.3 - Environmental Rules for Contractors 4.4 - Public Consultation 5 - GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION OF THE 1ST YEAR UNDERTAKINGS 6 - RESETTLEMENT MANUAL ANNEXES Environmental Data Sheet - Itauina Reservoir Environmental Data Sheet - Pesqueiro Reservoir Environmental Data Sheet - Rosario Reservoir MAP1 PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 3 / 33 1 - INTRODUCTION The Ceara State Water Resources Integrated Management Program - PROGERIRH is under preparation with the World Bank - BIRD During the Preparation Mission which took place in the period of July, 27-August, 7, 1998, the studies performed were reviewed and the Terms of Reference (ToRs) of the necessary studies for the environmental evaluation required for the appraisal were prepared The following environmental documentation was prepared: - Regional Environmental Assessment Report - REA; - Specific Environmental Assessment Report - EA of the subprojects to be implemented in the 1 st year, - Executive Summary. The present document refers to the Executive Summary which presents the main conclusions and recommendations of the accomplished environmental studies (REA and EA's) and the synthesis of the documents relative to the involuntary resettlement of families in the undertakings of the Program. 2 - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE PROGRAM The PROGERIRH's central objectives are: (i) offering enlargement and the guarantee of water for multiple uses and increasing the integrated system management efficiency; (ii) promotion of the efficient multiple use and the participative water resources management; and (iii) promotion of the improvement in the soil use through the adequate handling of critical micro watersheds. The Program will act in all of the water resources sector in the Ceara State and is divided into five components. Management - aims to improve the state's managing capacity in the sector, consolidating and developing management instruments and promoting the users participation and organization, so as to allow the decentralization of the water resources management. Enlargement of the Strategic Reservoirs Network - consists of works and projects of selected and prioritized reservoirs according to criteria which reflect social, environmental, economic, technological and governmental planning aspects. Twenty potential new dams and reservoirs were selected, of which four would be implemented in the first year of the Project and about 12 in years 2-5. Integrated Systems - Consists in the making of detailed feasibility studies and in the implementation of two trans-basin water diversion systems (i) Fortaleza Metropolitan Region (RMF) and (ii) Castanhao - Canal do Trabalhador. Recovery of Hydraulic Infrastructure - seeks the recovery of two works of great importance to the water supply of Fortaleza (Trabalhador Canal and Acarape water pipeline) Also, supports the elaboration of studies and projects for the recovery of the hydraulic infrastructure in the whole State. Watershed Management Component (PRODHAM) - comprises environmental recovery and conservation activities of micro watersheds located in degraded areas of Ceara semi-arid zone. The estimated financial resources for the Program are shown in Table 2.1, as follows. Table 2 1- Components of the PROGERIRH Component Category Indicative % of Bank- % of Costs Total financing Bank- (US$M) (US$M) financing Management Policies, studies, 28.82 9.97 14.41 50 institutional development, and equipment. Enlargement of the Works, projects and 43.32 14.98 21.66 50 strategic reservoirs mitigating network environmental measures. Integrated Systems Works, projects and 183.66 63.55 91.83 50 mitigating environmental measures. Hydraulic Works, projects and 23.20 8.03 11 60 50 infrastructure mitigating recovery environmental measures Watershed Small-sized works, 5.00 1.73 2.50 50 Management pilot activities, and (PRODHAM) environmental conservation measures Preparation 5 00 1 73 2.50 50 PROGERIRH II | Total 289.00 100 144.50 50 2.1- HYDRAULIC INFRASTRUCTURE MAIN COMPONENTS The PROGERIRH hydraulic infrastructure components are constituted of (i) enlargement of the strategic reservoirs network; (ii) river basins integrated systems; and (iii) hydraulic infrastructure recovery. The main actions are described as follows 2.1.1 - Enlargement of Strategic Reservoirs Network The four subprojects selected for the PROGERIRH's first year of implementation, in final stage of feasibility study, are presented in Table 2 2, as follows. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 6 / 33 Table 2.2 - 1st year reservoirs Reservoir Municipality Watershed River Watershed Flooded Area Area (kM2) (ha) Catu- Aquiraz Metropolitana Catu 169,90 563 Cinzento Mal Pindoretama Metropolitana Mal 240,00 689 Cozinhado Cozinhado Aracoiaba Aracoiaba/ Metropolitana Aracoiaba 588,60 1800 Baturite Carmina Catunda Acarau Macacos 288,10 281 The reservoirs presented in Table 2 3, as follows, refer to pre-selected undertakings, out of which, after respective feasibility studies, about 12 will be selected for the implementation starting on the Program 2nd year. Table 2.3 - Pre-selected reservoirs for implementation from the 2nd through the 5th year Reservoir Municipality Watershed River Watershed Flooded Area Area (kM2) (ha) Rosario Lavras de Salgado/ Rosario 345,00 697.00 Mangabeira Jaguaribe Itauna Barroquinh Coreau Timonha 771,30 1800.00 a Chaval Pesqueiro Capistrano Metropolitana Lagoa Nova 69,00 126.00 Fa6 Quixel6 Alto Jaguaribe Fae 303,50 572.40 Ceara Caucaia Metropolitana Ceara 255,00 418,40 Missi-Aracatia,u Amontada Litoral Missi 630,00 631,90 Jo5o Guerra Lagoa do Banabuiu/ 131,00 161,94 Mato Jaguaribe Sororo/Gameleir Itapipoca Litoral Cruxati 84,81 342,90 a Mamoeiro Antonina do Alto Jaguaribe Concei,Co 2.076,80 1.979,10 Norte Santa Maria Erere MIdio Amparo 120,00 214,70 Jaguaribe Riacho da Serra Alto Santo M6dio Serra 158,50 499,30 Jaguaribe Candeia Baturit6/ Metropolitana 156,00 450,00 Aracoiaba Alto Grande ltapebussu Metropolitana S3o 76,34 173,55 M Guedes Gon,alo I PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 7 / 33 Juca Cococi Alto Jaguaribe Juca 650,00 999,10 Pombas Umari- Salgado/ Jenipapeiro 189,00 427,60 Baixio Jaguaribe Maranguape Maran- Metropolitana 48,82 411,60 guape 2.1.2 - Integrated Systems Table 2.4, as follows, presents the two systems that must be implemented in the scope of the Project, after the 2nd year. Table 2.4 - Integrated Systems System General Description I Fortaleza Metropolitan Creation of new reservoirs and interconnection of the Sao Goncalo, Region (RMF) Anil, Cauhipe, Ceara e Maranguape rivers to Fortaleza water suppl system 2 Castanhao - Pirangi - Interconnection of Castanhao reservoir to the Canal do Trabalhado Canal do Trabalhador by making the Pirangi river perennial. The RMF System has feasibility studies under execution, including the environmental studies, in the ambit of the Pilot Project. The other one, Castanhao - Pirangi - Canal do Trabalhador, will have its feasibility study performed in the ambit of PROGERIRH. Map 1, attached, presents the reservoirs which were built or are under construction by the on- going World Bank supported PROURB Project, as well as the reservoirs and the integrated systems foreseen for the proposed new PROGERIRH. 2.1.3 - Hydraulic Infrastructure Recovery The scope of this component contemplates the elaboration of studies and projects for the recovery of existing hydraulic works on the 7 (seven) river basins of the State and the implementation of recovery actions already planned for the Trabalhador Canal and for the Acarape Water Main (pipeline). Li Canal do Trabalhador It's a work executed in emergency rhythm in 1993. The canal has presented structural and operational problems throughout its 115 km The Canal Recovery Project foresees: (i) recovery of the water intake; (ii) electromechanical structures, (iii) reinforcement of the banks in some sections, (iv) erosion control; (v) water level and discharge control works; (vi) safety and maintenance works o Adutora do Acarape The Recovery Project of this water main, of about 60 km, will correct. (i) accentuated corrosion PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 8 / 33 points; (ii) leakage and illegal intakes throughout its whole extension; (iii) accentuated deterioration of the pipe. 3 - GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE INTERVENTION AREA 3.1 - State Water Resources The hydrological regime of Ceara State is conditioned by the precipitation regime, characterized by the irregular rainfall distribution, and by the geological conditions of the areas where several watersheds are located. During the rainy periods, the stream flows are considerable. However, after the end of the rainfalls, one can notice the total exhaustion of its water depths mainly in those rivers which have watersheds over the crystalline rock formations. All natural rivers and streams are intermittent, presenting an elevated number of months with zero flow (8 to 9 months). The variations observed in water storage at a state level, make apparent the necessity of increasing the number and better distributing the reservoirs, giving priority to the less favored areas and fulfilling the observed points of no water The State watersheds, according to a formally adopted division are: Alto Jaguaribe, Medio Jaguaribe, Baixo Jaguaribe, Banabuiu, Salgado, Acarau, Parnaiba, Metropolitana, Litoraneas. Map 1 presents the State subdivision into river basins 3.2 - IDH - indice de Desenvolvimento Humano (Human Development Index) Since 1990 the PNUD - United Nations Development Program has been publishing theHuman Development Report through the world, with the objective of measuring the quality of life and the human progress. The IDH was incorporated to the report, and it takes into consideration, besides the "per capita" GDP - Gross Domestic Product, variables such as life expectancy, longevity and the population educational level. In September of 1998 the report Human Development and Life Conditions: Brazilian Indicators was released at a municipal level, providing a valuable instrument for the evaluation and planning of the public policies and society initiatives. Table 3.1, as follows, shows the evolution of the regional IDH-M from 1970 through 1991, taking notice that the Northeast Region, in 1991, had an index inferior to that of the Southeast Region, in 1970 Table 3.1 - Regional and National Evolution of the IDH-M (1970, 1980, 1991) REGION 1970 1980 1991 Northeast Region 0,306 0,460 0,517 North Region 0,391 0,572 0,617 Brazil 0,462 0,685 0,742 Center-West Region 0,438 0,692 0,754 Southeast Region 0,570 0,718 0,775 South Region 0,488 0,726 0,777 PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 9 / 33 Table 3.2 - IDH - CEARA position in relation to the Northeast STATES 1970 1980 1991 Maranhao 0,285 0,405 0,456 Piaui 0,267 0,385 0,468 Alagoas 0,286 0,410 0,474 Paraiba 0,277 0,402 0,485 Ceara 0,293 0,440 0,517 Bahia 0,332 0,515 0,530 Rio Grande do Norte 0,273 0,444 0,539 Sergipe 0,303 0,477 0,539 Pernambuco 0,332 0,502 0,572 Source: Desenvolvimento Humano e Condi,6es de Vida: Indicadores Brasileiros - PNUD/IPEA/Funda,co Joao Pinheiro, 1998 The analysis of the municipal information shows that the designed reservoirs shall benefit municipal districts with low IDHs, noticing that the municipality of Barroquinha, which will be benefited with the implementation of the Itauna reservoir, stands recently as the 2nd worst in the national ranking, and only one municipality, Caucaia, in the Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza, has an IDH-M superior to the average of Ceara State. The presented indexes and the economic and social problems associated with them become an additional justification for the relevance of the implementation of the proposed interventions. 4 - THE REGIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT The present chapter presents the main conclusions and recommendations of the Regional Environmental Assessment Report - REA, elaborated by the UPEP/PROGERIRH according to the terms of reference issued by the World Bank 4.1 - Alternatives to Progerirh 4.1.1 - Water Demand Management The main consumptive uses of the Ceara State water resources, refer to water supply and irrigation. The major part of the public irrigation undertakings of the State, are originated from Departamento Nacional de Obras Contra as Secas - DNOCS projects. There are still other initiatives, of small size, by the State Government and the private sector. The PROGERIRH intends to make harmonize all of the irrigation actions so as to insert them in the state planning and adopt common criteria of prioritization. For the irrigation-related demands, the consumption control policy, executed by COGERH, is based in two points charging for the use of bulk water, to inhibit the wastefulness; and the possibility of temporary cancellation of the concession, when the collective interest so demand PROGERIRH - Executive Environmentai Summary 10 /33 (conflicts with the public supply) The reduction of consumption must also be sought through the promotion of adequate irrigation techniques. The water supply services in the Ceara State are made by Companhia de Agua e Esgotos do Ceara - CAGECE, by Servicos Autonomos de Agua e Esgotos - SAAE's belonging to the Municipalities, and by Funda,co Nacional de Saude - FUNASA The CAGECE serves (1996) 120 municipalities, including the Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza, representing about 80% of the state urban population, the FUNASA serves 27 Municipalities, about 13.34% of the population; and the SAAE's serve 18 municipalities, about 1.72% of the population, leaving 19 municipal districts (4.86% of the population) without an implemented system. The CAGECE systems present a loss index of 34.7%, with an average "per capita" of 143.4 I/inhab.day. The micro metering index is low, reaching 58.8% of the connections. In the last few years, the CAGECE has been trying to reduce losses, through the enlargement of the micro metering procedures and operational improvements in the systems. In the ambit of PMSS II - Programa de Modernizag5o do Setor Saneamento II Etapa (WSMP II - Water Sector Modernization Project II), in final stage of negotiation with the World Bank through the Federal Government, it is foreseen the implementation of the "Piano de Moderniza,co e Desenvolvimento Institucional - PMDI" of this Company, with financial resources in the order of R$ 25,247,000.00 The CAGECE, because of the actions under development and the implementation of the PMDI, expects to reduce the actual index loss to 25%. The implementation of the PMDI, allied to an efficient price policy, shall also promote a notable reduction in consumption. In this sense, the CAGECE predicts to reach an average bulk "per capita" index of 150 I/inhab.dia, resulting in an average consumption "per capita" of 112 50 I/inhab dia. This index is adequate to the on-going projects and studies in the northeastern states, specially in the Brazilian semi-arid region, as the PMSS II, PROAGUA, PASS - BID, etc. It is should be highlighted that the water supply system of the Reglo Metropolitana de Fortaleza, which represents provision for 53,5% of the state urban population, has been receiving elevated investments in its operational improvement, from several financing sources. It's noticed, though, that each of the foreseen reservoirs in the PROGERIRH serves a different geographic demand, area, so that the predicted reduction in consumption elsewhere does not eliminate the necessity for these reservoirs. The only alternatives to the construction of these reservoirs would be the construction of extensive water mains connecting the existing reservoirs to the locations, with larger costs, and/or continuation of service through water tank trucks. 4.1.2 - Subprojects Selection Concerning the reservoirs, the projects went through two prioritization processes. the first one, performed in the ambit of PROURB, from which resulted a set of eight dams that were later inserted in the PROGERIRH; the second one, specific for the PROGERIRH, aiming to complement the set of works that must compose the group of "strategic reservoirs" of this Program. Prioritization Process - PROURB PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 11 / 33 With the objective of improving the life conditions of the urban populations, the Ceara State Government created the Programa de Desenvolvimento Urbano do Ceara - PROURB. Due to the importance of the drinking water supply to the inhabitants' quality of life, the PROURB destined a section of the program to the development of the water resources - PROURB-RH. The "Estudos de Hierarquizag5o dos Barramentos a Serem Projetados pelo Estado do Ceara Atraves do Programa PROURB" were elaborated, trying to establish the projects elaboration sequence and implementation of the dams. This study initially selected forty reservoirs for water supplying several medium size cities Later on, the number of reservoirs in this program was reduced to fourteen The selection parameters aimed to contemplate, besides the population demands, the characteristics of the dam, reservoir, and its benefited region. The established criteria were the cost; the social necessity; the hydrological possibilities; the environmental aspects; and political aspects, As to the environmental aspects, the main impacts analyzed in the document "Estudo Cumulativo de Impacto Ambiental"' were considered By consequence of the environmental aspects analysis, specifically, were excluded the Aratuba, Diamante, and Meruoca reservoirs, proposed in the initial list. Table 4.1, as follows, presents the fourteen reservoirs which were selected and constructed under PROURB. Table 4.1 - Reservoirs Built by the PROURB ANGICOS CAUHIPE MUQUEM BARRA VELHA FLOR DO CAMPO SITIOSNOVOS BENGUE GANGORRA SOUSA CACHOEIRA JERIMUM UBALDINHO CASTRO MONS. TABOSA PROGERIRH Prioritization Process Aiming the composition of the list of prioritized reservoirs to be implemented by PROGERIRH, 20 dams were selected, 8 of which have been previously selected in the sequence of PROURB's priority These eight dams are Rosario, Itauna, Pesqueiro, Aracolaba, Catu-Cinzento, Malcozinhado, Carmina e Fa6 To select the twelve other dams, with possibility of being implemented by the PROGERIRH, new prioritization studies were performed. Keeping in mind that the character of this Program is to insure the offering of water for multiple uses, the selected dams were prioritized according to criteria which took into consideration not only the human water supply, but also the allocation of water for economic activities (irrigation, industry, fisheries). In a general way, the adopted criteria were. * Government planning (municipality economic importance - regional center), * Social aspects (present crisis of water supply, resettlement necessity), Copy in World Bank's Project Files PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 12/ 33 * Environmental aspects (it was mainly taken into consideration the importance of the ecosystem where the works are inserted - natural environment - and the size of the flooded area); * Economical aspects (benefits with human and industrial water supply, irrigation, fisheries; total and operational costs, water cost, and uncertainty on the cost estimates); * Technological aspects (river basin control level, integration level of the reservoir with large systems, geological/geotechnical parameter, and hydrological efficiency). The Regional Environmental Assessment Report - REA promoted a review on the prioritization study, so as to promote some simulations considering other differentiated alternatives of consideration, taking into account the natural conflict of interests between the domestic use, irrigation and the aquaculture, and the main factors from the environmental point of view. The results of this exercise for fifteen prioritized reservoirs demonstrate that the prioritization performed earlier could be altered, with the substitution of three reservoirs - Mamoeiro, Juca and Maranguape - by Alto Poti, Piedade and Irapua Therefore, it's observed that in the present stage of studies, with the existing information level, the twelve prioritized reservoirs could change but, in a general way, most of them would remain This imprecision is due to the fact that the studies and projects of each undertaking haven't yet been detailed, what will only happen in the sequence of the works, when the financial resources of the PROGERIRH should be available. The procedure adopted by the UPEP/PROGERIRH recommends that, when more detailed information becomes available, each reservoir will be reevaluated on the involved environmental aspects. For each of the new dams there will be performed an environmental evaluation, considering, among others, the criteria which minimize possible negative effects. Among these criteria, are minimization of the flooded area and of the population to be resettled; to avoid damage to conservation units and critical natural habitats; loss of cultural patrimony, salinization, eutrophication, and potential vector-borne endemic diseases Criteria for the Selection of the Integrated Systems As a consequence of the fact that the basic information which would allow the prioritization of all the integrated systems ("Eixos de Integra,co"), is still not available, it was defined that only two of them would be included in the PROGERIRH the RMF System and the Castanhao-Pirangi - Canal do Trabalhador, whose objective is to attend an emergency demand, already characterized and crescent, correspondent to the population and the undertakings of the Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza 4.2 - Cumulative Environmental Impacts and Mitigating Measures 4.2.1 - Loss of natural habitats and compensatory protected areas The four reservoirs presently foreseen to be constructed at the first year of PROGERIRH, present a flooding area of 3,332 ha. The available resources in the component "Strategic Reservoirs Network" will allow the construction of two to four additional reservoirs to be selected PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 13 / 33 from the list of 20 strategic reservoirs. The additional flooding area is estimated at about 2,300 ha, adding up to 5,632 ha of flooding area by the reservoirs of the Program. Adding to this value the 12,353 ha referent to the fourteen PROURB reservoirs, it results that the total area flooded by these two programs will be of about 17,985 ha. In a very favorable estimate, it was considered that about 30%, at most, of the area to be flooded, is covered by relatively natural vegetation In so being, the natural habitats area that will be lost to the flooding by all of the PROGERIRH and PROURB reservoirs is estimated in 5,404 ha. The REA presents a characterization of the original cover and the present conservation state of the flooding area of each reservoir. Another roughly 1,400 ha of natural habitats might be converted to irrigated agriculture (assuming that natural habitats comprise 30 % of the estimated 4,800 ha. of newly irrigable land due to these reservoirs). As a compensating measure, for the fulfillment of the Natural Habitats Policy of the World Bank, the REA evaluated the alternative of creating conservation units, in an area equivalent to that lost natural one, and the alternative of strengthening already existing units, with the execution of measures that would proportionate better conditions of maintenance and protection of these existing conservation units. In the alternative of creating new units, the REA evaluated eighteen areas considered to be of environmental interest. In the alternative of strengthening, the REA selected five Conservation Units, four of them being administered by IBAMA (National Environmental Agency) and one of them managed by the State. These five units present the following characteristics: u APA da Chapada da Ibiapaba - Federal unit created in 1996 with 1,592,250 ha, without any investment for its management The existing ecosystems are Caatinga, Cerrado, Serra Umida and Cavernas. Li APA da Chapada do Araripe - Federal unit, created in 1997, with 1,063,000 ha, where there have already been made investments for the execution of a management plan. n Parque Nacional de Ubajara - Federal unit, whose main problems are a consequence of its small dimensions (563 ha), with the springs of the main water courses outside its limits and with insufficient area for an effective protection of the local fauna. By an agreement between IBAMA and Ceara State Government, it's foreseen the acquisition, by the later, of a strip of land to be annexed to the park o Estacao Ecol6gica de Aiuaba - Federal unit with about 12,000 ha, will have a part of its area flooded by PROURB's Agude Bengue There are already negotiations of SRH with IBAMA for compensation of this strip of land to be lost, with the acquisition of another area to be incorporated to the Station. In the region, there are some cave systems and several Archeological sites, which are adjacent to the Station and that remained out of its limits at the time of its creation o APA da Serra de Baturite - State unit created in 1990, with 32,690 ha, with an accomplished environmental diagnosis and a completed management plan. Given its dimensions and intense human occupation, frequent environmental problems are noticed. Considering the technical and legal aspects involved and the fact that the five units above are in some way related , directly or indirectly, with the PROGERIRH subprojects (either they would be affected by the proposed reservoirs or canals, or they help protecting significant areas of the PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 14 / 33 upstream river basin), the REA initially proposed by strengthening these units. In this sense, understandings with IBAMA and SEMACE are being established to identify, with more detail, which are the specific types of support, for one or more of these areas, so as to present a specific strengthening program prior to the end of Appraisal. As a general directive, the UPEP/PROGERIRH considered the Resolucao N° 010/87 of the Conselho Nacional de Meio Ambiente - CONAMA (National Environmental Council), which establishes a minimum of 0,5% of the works total cost to be utilized in the compensation of possible environmental damages caused by large works 4.2.2 - Environmental Management of Water Releases in natural situations, all rivers in Ceara present an intermittent regime, that is, during three or four months there is streamflow and during the other eight or nine months, they dry out. The ecosystems which developed along their channels or at their mouth are adapted to this regime. With the construction of the reservoirs, in the inland rivers of the State, some sections will have water during the whole time, and the riparian woods that still haven't been altered by human action could benefit from the presence of a more constant humidity. For the reservoirs that will regulate the rivers that debauches in the ocean, forming estuaries and marsh environments, the situation is more complex Firstly because part of the stored water will be transferred to another region, attending populations or irrigation demands, not returning to the same riverbed, and also, because during the rain seasons the greater affluence of fresh water would cause a flood of greater magnitude and dilution of the salt water, while in the dry periods only the sea water would go in and out in these areas, in the rhythm of the tides. By turning them perennial, the influence of the fresh waters during the rainy period is lessened, and a small constant affluence would appear in the dry period. There isn't any safe information that could indicate what is the effect of these changes over the estuarine ecosystems. The altered coastal rivers are very small-sized (as it is the case of Catu, Malcozinhado, Ceara and Candeia reservoirs), or there are other affluents of significant size, debauching at the same mouth, like the Itaina reservoir at Timonha river, whose estuary is shared with the Ubatuba river However, since the ecological impacts of these alterations are complex and possibly significant, the EAR proposes a specific component of systematic monitoring for some selected mouths, to better understand the alteration effects related to reservoirs on fresh water stream flows over estuaries and their vegetation, fishes and other species The information of such monitoring will make possible, as time goes by, to adjust the discharges of some reservoirs in order to keep or improve the coastal estuaries. Because all of the streams, in natural situations, present intermittence, the occasional capacity of diluting the pollution of these water bodies is never considered in the government planning, or when some private undertaking is object of environmental licensing. Considering this aspect, the fact of each new reservoir propitiate a certain stretch of perennial river is always a benefit, for it keeps a minimum discharge where it previously had no discharge at all, most of the year. There are no pre-established conditions for the maintenance of discharges to be released downstream Only with time, with the acquisition of knowledge, it will be possible to take measures to adjust the operation of the reservoirs to occasional unforeseen necessities. On the other hand it must be considered the evolution of the decision making process about the operation of the reservoirs, in the State main watersheds, by initiative and orientation of SRH, PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 15 / 33 which has systematically involved representatives of the several parties interested in the water release. community, irrigators, NGOs, companies, residents, water supply companies, environmental organizations of the municipalities and State, etc. These procedures, initiated and practically consolidated in the Jaguaribe and Curu watersheds, are being extended to other river basins, and guarantee that the society's main interests will be considered in the decision making process 4.2.3 Cumulative Water Balance When the convenience of building a dam in a watershed is considered, it is necessary to take into consideration secondary effects probably consequent of this intervention. One of these effects refers to a possible interference with other existing or foreseen dams In the ambit of PROURB, the SRH promoted an evaluation of the global effect of the proposed dams, over the set of reservoirs already built, estimating the impact that would be caused by new reservoirs. In relation to the Integrated Systems, the SRH promoted the elaboration, by a group of specialists, of the report named "Balanco Hidrico Concentrado do Estado do Ceara e Custos de Movimentag5o das Aguas nos Eixos do PROGERIRH". The main conclusions of these studies are commented as follows. The water storage system in the State shall be increased in its global capacity of regularization, with the construction of the dams foreseen by the PROGERIRH. However, its greatest benefit comes from the fact that the water is made spatially distributed available, in a region where the availability-demand balance is deficient. In the Metropolitan watershed, with the construction of the foreseen reservoirs, its main rivers will be controlled and will be able to contribute to the water supply of several cities and communities, in a region with a growing demand and inadequate river drainage. The Salgado river basin has, presently, a very small use of its potentialities and the foreseen dams will contribute to the decreasing of the water deficit. In the Alto Jaguaribe watershed, after the construction of programmed dams, there will be an increase of only 4 hm3/year in the regulation capacity of the Or6s system, less than 1% more than the present capacity However, it is important to observe that those reservoirs shall attend a punctual demand and that an alternative to their construction would be the water distribution to the populations either, by using water tank trucks or by means of transposition works such as canals or water mains, from the Or6s reservoir, with relatively higher costs. This way, it can be considered that, in a general way, the reservoirs of the Jaguaribe Upper valley are justified. In the rest of the river basins, where the reservoirs will not cause interference with existing dams, there will be an increase on the water availability, increasing the drought discharges and decreasing the losses in the rainy period, characterizing the foreseen interventions as positive from the hydrological point of view Add to that the benefits of counting with regulated discharges in different points, closer to the users. Concerning the Integrated Systems, it was noticed that the Jaguaribe valley has water potential to serve the immediate foreseen demands and to provide water to the Fortaleza Metropolitan Region, which justifies the Castanhio-Pirangi-Canal do Trabalhador interconnection In the present situation, the region of the metropolitan watersheds is deficient in terms of water and, by PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 16 / 33 consequence, dependent on the water transposition from Jaguaribe and the connections which constitute the RMF System The water potentialities of the State are insufficient to fulfill the needs of irrigable soils. If all of these soils were included in the balance, for sure all of the river basins would be deficient. This way, any planning on the state waters policy has to come from the principle that many irrigable areas must be discarded from the government planning, because of the priority attributed to the human water supply. 4.2.4 - Salinization Risks The conditions which can lead a reservoir to a progressive salinization depend on the climate conditions - which are propitious in Ceara -, the existence of saline soils and waters where the future dam will be located - which occurs in the region -, and morphological and operational characteristics of the reservoir. The most critical soils concerning the salinization potential of a reservoir, in the intended sites of PROGERIRH, are the "Planosolos" and the "Solonetz". The other types of soils, by themselves, wouldn't represent potential problems This risk depends also on the conditions of the water renovation in the reservoir, which can be represented by the average retention time. In the reservoirs operated by COGERH, which always have available water release structures, the problem of progressive salinization of the stored waters is of easier solution. Every time the future studies and monitoring show a tendency to salinization, it is possible to establish adequate operation rules to favor a better renewal of the waters and the salt dilution, if the volume of the reservoir allows it, that is, if this volume is sufficiently small in relation to the seasonal affluences. A preliminary evaluation of the potential salinization risk in the reservoirs foreseen by the PROGERIRH was elaborated in the REA. For the initially planned reservoirs (Rosario, Itauna and Pesqueiro) and for the ones that were later selected (Aracoiaba, Catu-Cinzento, Malconzinhado and Carmina) for the Program 1st year, the risk varies from low to medium. Once identified a potential salinization risk, combined measures on the operation of the water release device and soil use management in the river basin must be put into action. In the case of the mentioned reservoirs, the adoption of operative rules would, initially, be enough to control the tendency to salinization. It is important to keep in mind that the PROGERIRH incorporates a Watershed Management component - the PRODHAM, which foresees the development of activities that will allow, together with the soil and the organic nutrients conservation, to avoid the salinization for specific situations. 4.2.5 - Fish Breeding Fish breeding in reservoirs in the State of Ceara has been performed, under government sponsorship, since 1931 Several programs for supporting fish breeding were implemented, comprehending from the implementation of fish hatcheries stations, populating of public and private reservoirs, distribution of defined fish specimens, etc., to fishing inspection and control. Eighteen fish species were used in the populating of rivers and reservoirs in the State of Ceara, considering all the official programs implemented during these last 60 years. Regional species PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 17/ 33 (all occurring in Ceara watersheds), acclimatized specles from other national watersheds and exotic species were utilized. The REA presents a list and description of all the utilized species, besides the assessment of their productive potential and their main characteristics. The REA presents also, a list and description of the native species identified in several studies performed in the State of Ceara. The studies performed by several organizations demonstrate that all species utilized in populating reservoirs find themselves disseminated through the river basins of Ceara. The reservoirs foreseen by the PROGERIRH shall incorporate about 13,500 hectares of flooded area, what could propitiate a production of about 1,755 t/year of fishing. The most recommended species, considering their productive potential, the fact of not bringing problems to the native species, and their help to the biological control of the host mollusk of the schistosomiasis vector, are: "til6pia" from Nile, "apaiari", "pescada" from Piaui, "curimata pacu", "piau verdadeiro", "carpa comum" and the "tambaqui" (among the acclimatized ones) and "curimata comum", "piau lavrado" and "sardinha" (among the native ones). Since these species are disseminated through all watersheds in the state, the Integrated Systems (Eixos de Interliga,co) foreseen by the PROGERIRH should not bring threats to the global survival of the native species The main question is the possibility of inter-basin dissemination of unwanted and harmful species In the first case it is mentioned the host mollusk of theSchistosoma mansoni, etiologic agent of the schistosomiasis, endemic disease in all of the state, and the "tucunar6 comum", for the decreasing potential of fishing stock in the small reservoirs. The battle against the mollusk, performed by the State and Federal governments health area, can be complemented by the biologic control through the populating, including the canals, with the recommended species above. In the second case, among the harmful species, it is mentioned the Piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri) and the Pirambeba (Serrasalmus rhombeus). These species cause serious damages to the fishing production, the fishermen and to the uses of the water resources as bathing, leisure, animals water consumption, etc. The Jaguaribe and Acarau watersheds since 1975 had already been infested by these species The DNOCS promoted its eradication in the sub-basins affluents of the Jaguaribe and Acarau rivers and in the sections upstream of the Araras reservoir in the AcaraO watershed and Or6s reservoir in the Jaguaribe river. Presently, the Lower, Medium and Higher Jaguaribe river basins, the Salgado and Acarau river basins (the Araras downstream) are infested by Piranhas and/or Pirambebas. The Or6s reservoir was accidentally infested because of the rupture of the screen that prevented the circulation of fish in the tunnel that connects Or6s to Lima Campos reservoir. There was also an infestation of "pirambeba" in the Pacoti reservoir, Bacia Metropolitana, that happened through the Trabalhador Canal. In the case of the Integrated Systems foreseen by the PROGERIRH, it's observed that the Eixo Castanhao - Pirangi - Canal do Trabalhador will connect two regions that already present infestations of Piranhas" and Pirambebas. The reservoir system of the Bacia Metropolitana does not present an infestation of these species and only the interconnection between both systems could bring infestation risks. In any case, as a precaution measure, the REA recommends that the Eixo de Integracao Castanhao - Pirangi - Canal do Trabalhador project contemplates the implementation of PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 18 / 33 adequate screens and grates in the water intakes and in the canals, besides the correct maintenance and improvement procedures over time 4.2.6 - Cultural, Historical, Archeological and Paleontological Patrimony The archeological patrimony of Ceara State is not very well known, for there isn't a research tradition in this area of knowledge. Only about three years ago, the first research groups started to be formed, and now find themselves in consolidation stage Still, there are several known occurrences in all of Ceara territory, registered by the works of amateurs and professionals, which collected or registered them on several publications, among scientific and non-scientific ones The archeological sites are witnesses to the passing of the pre-historic man through the territory and are mainly found in caves, shelters under rocks, dunes, fluvial terraces, river beds and natural tanks. In the Ceara State, archeological sites are found in practically all the municipal districts, and may occur associated to the paleontological quaternary sites, which makes them even richer. The artifacts may either come to the surface or be found buried by sediments Now, the Ceara paleontological patrimony is relatively well studied by groups from, both Ceara and from other states, and even from outside the country, due to the great value that the fossils of occurrence in the State have to science They are also found in practically all of territory of Ceara In the State of Ceara, the most common paleontological sites are represented by the natural tanks, lagoons, fluvial deposits and caves, the first three being found in practically all of the municipalities of Ceara These deposits are characterized for having mainly paleovertebrates remains, above all, of the extinct pleistocenic megafauna, represented by fossilized bones and teeth which are impressive because of their large dimensions Its existence is mainly determined by geomorphologic control, such as karstic areas, "inselbergs", depressions, valleys, colluvial deposits, fluvial and marine terraces. The fossils occur normally in geological areas called sedimentary basins, such as the Araripe, Apodi, Iguatu and Lima Campos, being found in rocks such as sandstone, siltestone, limestone and shale, sometimes forming great outcrops. It is important to mention the existence of the caves patrimony, for those are excellent archeological and paleontological sites. The cave sites are ecosystems with very peculiar characteristics, that shelter living things specially adapted for this environment, paleontological and archeological deposits, historical traces, besides the exceptional scenic beauty, because of the mineral formations (stalactites, stalagmites, columns, rock curtains, etc.). They occur mainly in carbonated rocks (limestone, dolomite, etc.), but there are occurrences in other formations, like the sandstone and special cases of granite, quartzite and gneiss. In Ceara there are some speleological provinces of great national importance, such as Ubajara and Chapada do Apodi, besides speleological areas that are starting to become known, such as the Chapada do Araripe, Chapada da Iblapaba and isolated carbonated rocks occurrences. Any chosen area for the implementation of a dam can be considered of high archeological and even paleontological potential. Experience has revealed that areas up to 500 meters from each bank, beyond the limits of the most important rivers flood plains, have revealed high incidence of pre-historic artifacts, for they are preferential areas for settlement of the pre-european PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 19 / 33 populations, due to the good availability of water, food, and raw material for building stone instruments (gravel, etc ), besides the protection against floods. The fossils are very common on the flood plains, fluvial terraces and bed rivers. Fossilized heaps of bones from big animals that have been extinct for about 10 thousand years (quaternary megafauna) are frequently found. Figures 4.1 and 4.2 show a view of the main archeological and paleontological areas of Ceara. The known paleontological sites occur in areas that vary between 10 and 50 km from the heads of the municipalities shown on the map PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 20 / 33 _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t \, | g !3 ° o s s j o j _ *- + \ @0 B _ _; __ _ _ f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~- * Trn _ _ i / * Atk e~~~~~~~~~~~~~-- -- -- § ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~------ -- ---* -T ---------- - ------ -- - - -' ,!~ ~ ~ ~~------- -, - ----------- ---- Im ------- - ------ i---x \:s* !' )BR a |1°SAx W 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~ ~~~ E 54 AD6t;(_/_ _~o___ h ^u2-MI Concerning the cave sites, the Joao Guerra reservoir (PROURB), in the municipality of Itatire, and Aracoiaba reservoir (PROGERIRH), in the municipality of Aracolaba, are found in karstic areas, with possibilities of occurrence of caves Because there isn't any type of scientific study in these areas, preliminary survey must be performed for the identification of impact possibility A special care is being adopted concerning the Aracoiaba reservoir, recently included in the list of undertakings to be implemented in the Program 15t year. The PROGERIRH shall incorporate the elaboration of patrimony salvation studies and plans. For the reservoirs foreseen for the 1st year, the REA proposed the execution of the salvation plan before and during the accomplishment of the works. For the other reservoirs and Integrated Systems ("Eixos de Integracao"), the REA proposed that the specific environmental impact studies (EIA's) incorporate the survey, collecting, potential evaluation, and impacts over the sites, in the area of influence. During the works, the "chance find procedures" will be observed. The REA presents specific itineraries to be observed in the projects of the PROGERIRH, besides the capacitated organizations for the rescue and guarding of the archeological and paleontological material. 4.2.7- Water borne diseases The water from the reservoir can be the origin or the propagator vehicle of many diseases, some of them quite serious, such as schistosomiasis, hepatitis, and cholera, and some less serious, but which cause discomfort and harm human health, such as amoebasis. In the Semi-Arid Northeast, the greatest care should be directed to the schistosomiasis, endemic in some regional areas According to information from Fundap5o Nacional de Saude - FUNASA (National Health Foundation), the State of Ceara presents several areas of incidence of this disease. Figure 4.3 presents the investigated municipalities, as a function of the incidence of the schistosomiasis, during the period 1977 through 1996. The investigated areas were subdivided in endemic and focal area, and area with potential occurrence. It is possible to verify that Pesqueiro and Aracoiaba reservoirs are practically located at endemic and focal areas, presenting a prevalence of cases of schistosomiasis (per cent rate) of 12,76 in 1996 and of 1,97 in 1997 and of 12,7 and 7,22 for the years 1996 and 1997, respectively Rosario reservoir is located, according to data from 1995, at endemic and focal area, having the municipalities of Caririacu and Lavras de Mangabeira presented a prevalence of 0,99 (1994) and 0,2 (1995) and of 2,16 (1994) and 3,27 (1995) During the implementation of the reservoirs and canals proposed by the PROGERIRH, there is foreseen the installation of a complementary program for monitoring and controlling the schistosomiasis. The REA presents the basic terms of reference to be adopted by the PROGERIRH. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 23 / 33 Figure 4.3 OfrA g l | - l | | | | | | * | | _V#ZI5d&'* T~~~~~~~~ s~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ot Ih ReaodAn 1979 199|Il I|| 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~5A *~~~~~~ *4 *0 0*0 0 000 ^--_f5f- --SO 000 0, @0 0 0 0 0 00 000 *g 0% EAEED Pc, I u i Fcrte: FM! Rel6d6roArual 1979'1996 PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 24 / 33 4.2.8 - Indigenous Peoples The remaining Indians in the Ceara State are reduced to small communities spread over the whole territory Those populations live in an advanced state of acculturation together with the white man, very little remaining from their ancient traditions. Even so, they are recognized as Indians and some groups already own the official acknowledgment by "Fundag5o Nacional de Assistencia ao indio - FUNAI" (Indian Assistance National Foundation). According to the "Pastoral Indigenista da Arquidiocese de Fortaleza", there are ten groups presently identified, namely: (i) Tapebas; ti) Genipapo-Canind6s; (iii) Pitaguarys; (iv) Trememb6s; (v) Canindes e (vi) Kariris, Potiguares, Tabajaras, Kalabagas e Tupinamas. There is an estimate from the "Pastoral Indigenista da Arquidiocese de Fortaleza", stating that the Indian population in the State of Ceara is about 10 thousand people In the areas of the reservoirs foreseen by PROGERIRH for the first year, there are no interference with Indian areas. As to the other reservoirs, the environmental studies shall verify that possibility, both at the reservoir and works areas, and at its area of influence. In the case that interference is identified, an Indigenous Development Plan shall be implemented, for which generic Terms of Reference are presented in the REA 4.2.9 - Induced Regional Development As it was previously referred to, the main objective of reservoirs and Integrated Systems of PROGERIRH, is to make the water available for multiple purposes, prioritizing the human consumption, but allowing for other non conflicting uses. With the construction of the selected reservoirs, two kinds of demands will be satisfied: the public water supply at poorly served areas, which constitutes the most effective and important demand; the use of the surplus water for irrigation and fish production, developed as sub products of a major objective, with the utilization of the marginal regulation capacity propitiated by the reservoir. By the other hand, the Integrated Systems (RMF and Castanhao-Pirangi-Canal do Trabalhador), aim to warrant sufficient water for supplying the Regi5o Metropolitana de Fortaleza, that is, to attend either, an already existent or programmed demand by governmental policies. Although there are no specific Government projects aiming the utilization of the discharges regulated by the reservoirs for irrigated agriculture, it is possible to figure out that the availability of this resource might induce its use, through private initiative, conducted by the water now available in the streams. Considering that the irrigation implementation won't be done neither by governmental initiative nor programmed, it is impossible to establish in advance, mitigation measures. It wouldn't be even possible to know, nowadays, where would these areas be located, and which would their present conditions be, as their use will depend on the land owner or occupant willingness Nevertheless, as the water diversion for irrigation purposes depends on the grant and permit for implementation of the hydraulic structures, provided by the Water Resources Secretariat, this organization shall inform to the environmental organization, at the time the irrigator demonstration of interest occurs, in order that the Superintendencia de Meio Ambiente - SEMACE (State Environmental Agency), after a preliminary inspection, may issue its decision, demanding specific studies, providing its approval or denying the authorization to implement the undertaking, depending on the case. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 25 / 33 It is important to highlight that this combined performance SRH - SEMACE, already practiced in an incipient way, in contemplated at PROGERIRH, as part of the institutional strengthening component. 4.2.10- Watershed Management The Watershed Management Component (PRODHAM) The PRODHAM proposes the creation of favorable conditions to the recovery of micro river basins, promoting the step by step development for the preparation of a soil layer and reserve of humidity, with the creation of alveolar water tables, allowing the maintenance of the riparian woods, reforestation, and subsistence cultivation. The PRODHAM comes to complement the other existing water resources programs in the State. While the construction of reservoirs and interconnection canals comes to benefit downstream populations, the PRODHAM comes to contribute to upstream sites, propitiating an adequate soil and water resources management. The specific objectives of this project are: o To develop a model of environmental evaluation, integrating social-economical indicators and indicators of geographical arrangement of the dominion areas of the river basins which adequate to the process of environmental recovery and conservation; o To establish a conservationist methodology of recovery and prevention of the effects caused by the processes of degradation over the vegetation, mitigating the environmental local impacts, Li To develop simple water and soil restraint techniques in the micro river basins, with the use of local materials and existing human resources. F To propitiate the almost spontaneous resurgence of several forms of vegetal and animal life (micro and mesofauna) on the terraces formed by deposition, o To propitiate an water availability for animal consumption according to a satisfactory time and space distribution to make the project feasible. In the first phase the project foresees the implementation of pilot micro river basins, with the objective of selecting and testing adequate systems of use and management of the most adequate natural resources to the social, economical, and physiographic conditions of the region Based on the results obtained in the implementation of the pilot micro river basins, the PROGERIRH will define the areas to be benefited in a second phase of PRODHAM, as well as the most adequate conservationist practices. Use of Land on the Reservoir Shoreline According to the Brazilian environmental legislation, the construction of dams on water bodies demands the setting up of protection strips around the reservoirs. Based on the Forestry Code and CONAMA Resolution 04/85, the projects of reservoirs to be set up by PROGERIRH, foresee the 100 m protection strip around the reservoir, considering the foreseen maximum pool level. The protection strip is also mentioned in the completed Compensation Plans and Resettlement Plans. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 26 / 33 In general, the maintenance of the protection strip in the Country, is facing difficulties and problems of all kinds, and in several situations its complete failure is verified by the occurrence of invasions and by unauthorized inappropriate uses. The main problems to maintain the protection strip are a consequence of the following points: (i) lack of legal definition as to responsibility of its maintenance; (ii) lack of structure of the state environmental organizations to monitoring and enforcing the area; (iii) tendency to invasion due to the special attraction caused to the population by the water accessibility and existence of wet soil; and (iv) high costs of monitoring, enforcement and corrective actions. These questions are aggravated, in the case of the semi-arid region, by the extreme scarcity of water to irrigation and water supply In such a situation, when the access to the water resource becomes a question of survival for the rural population, the tendency to the invasion is permanent and intensive In the regions close to important urban centers, as in the case of the Regiao Metropolitana de Fortaleza, it is possible, with an adequate effort, to keep the strip as desired. Nevertheless, the situation is not the same for the rural area. It is also important to observe the rural population culture concerning the use of the flood-recession agriculture, which exerts a still higher pressure into the occupation of the lands on the humid banks of the reservoir. Concerning the reservoirs of PROGERIRH, two possibilities are envisaged for their protection strips: o prohibiting the access and any land use, which would demand an intensive enforcement effort, with permanent possibility of invasion of the area; Li controlled uses permit, which would demand an Utilization Plan for the marginal strip and the compromise with the population, of its effective implementation, through the users Committees. In cases where it is possible to have an effective control over the use of chemicals and the adoption of conservative techniques in the flood-recession agriculture, the second alternative is the most appropriate one. In cases where there is a high risk in consequence of an inadequate use of the banks, like in the reservoirs of which the Metropolitan Region population depend, an effort to prohibit any use of this area would be best Among the probable activities that could be performed after the formation of the lake, as long as there are severe limits to their development, are flood plain agriculture, fishing and non-intensive fish breeding. The use of the riparian area shall be allowed with priority to the neighboring proprietors and expropriated people. The use for motorized leisure, which is hard to control and brings harmful consequences to the quality of water, shall be prohibited. For each reservoir, a reservoir protection program must be developed, establishing a protection zoning and defining: ecological reservation areas; possible utilization areas (including the cultures and techniques allowed), reforestation areas with native species, mainly those affected by erosion processes or degraded; the type of agreement with the users, the necessary monitoring; etc. The Ceara State Water resources Secretariat - SRH shall exert permanent control of the soil uses on the lands located adjacent to the reservoirs. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 27 / 33 4.3 - Environmental Rules for Contractors In two programs of the Brazilian Government, financed by the World Bank, actions are foreseen in the sense of establishing environmental directives and specifications to be incorporated to the works procurement documents, so as to allow the effective utilization of these directives. These programs are: the Programa de Modernizacao do Setor de Saneamento no Brasil - PMSS (Water Sector Modernization Project - WSMP), where it's foreseen the elaboration of the "Manual de Especificag6es Ambientais para Projeto e Construgco de Sistemas de Saneamento", and the "Programa de Desenvolvimento Sustentavel de Recursos Hidricos for the Northeast of Brazil - PROAGUA" (Federal Water Resources Management Project), where it is foreseen the elaboration of the "Manual de Especificag6es Ambientais para Projeto e Construcao de Barragens e Operacao de Reservat6rios". In both cases, the manuals have the objective of presenting the environmental directives and specifications for the following stages: (i) Viability Studies; (6i) Basic and Executive Project; (iii) Works Planning; (iv) Construction; (v) Operation. When these manuals are ready, which is expected by the end of 1999, the UPEP/PROGERIRH will verify their fitness and, if it's the case, will adopt them in the works of the Program. It should stand out that the "Terms of Reference for Dams and Water Main Construction" which have been used by the Ceara State in the last undertakings, already incorporate a series of measures for environmental protection and mitigation of the interventions' negative effects. This is basically a consequence of the precautions with the environmental issues, which have been taken since the beginning of the implementation of PROURB, and that have been systematically improved during the development of this program. The REA presents a general rules model and examples of technical specifications, incorporating environmental aspects, which will compose the procurement documents of the works, involving: (i) Environmental rules for the construction of reservoirs (construction site, health and safety conditions, adequate destination of liquid effluents, waste disposal, noise control, equipment yards, handling of solid residue, demobilization of the construction camp site, construction of access roads, removal of existing infrastructure); (ii) Control and restoration of the borrow pit sites plan; and (iii) Plan for deforestation (biomass removal) of areas to be flooded. 4.4 - Environmental Institutional Structure The Water Resources Secretariat finds itself, presently, in a process of administrative reformulation including the constitution of a Department of Environment and Resettlement The PROGERIRH contemplates a strengthening program of this unit, and also the implementation of internal units specialized in the environmental matter in the related agencies (such as SOHIDRA and COGERH, responsible, respectively, for the implementation and operation of the water undertakings) It's also foreseen the elaboration of a manual of procedures and environmental requisites for the integrated execution of the required actions in the implementation process of water undertakings involving the SRH and the SEMACE. 4.5 - Public Consultation On February 2nd, 1999, the SRH promoted the performance of a Public Audience where the contents of the Water Resources State Program of PROGERIRH and of the Regional Environmental Assessment Report - REA were presented. In addition to the press conference, PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 28 / 33 several organizations were formally invited, such as the Water Resources Secretariat, its associated organizations, SOHIDRA, COGERH and FUNCEME, the state environment organization - SEMACE, several NGOs, among others. In a general way, it was verified that the public acceptance of the Program is positive, and so are the main conclusions of the REA. 5 - GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE UNDERTAKINGS OF lst YEAR The undertakings initially foreseen to be implemented on the 1st year of the Program, were composed by the reservoirs Rosario, Pesqueiro and Itauna. The Integrated Systems ("Eixos de Integracao") shall be implemented only from the Program second year on, after the conclusion of the feasibility studies. The UPEP/PROGERIRH then promoted the elaboration of the specific Environmental Assessments (EA) reports - for these subprojects foreseen for the 1 st year These undertakings were conceived as multiple purposes works, to attend a priority and emergency of human consumption, and promoting, with the exceeding regulated discharge, the irrigated agriculture of downstream irrigable soils. It is also foreseen the utilization of the reservoirs for fish breeding purposes. The foreseen reservoirs do not present any interference with environmentally fragile areas, natural critical areas, conservation units and Indian areas They do not present as well, significant changes on the hydrological regime, use and quality of the waters. On these undertakings, the expected environmental impacts over the population are mostly positive, reflecting itself, in a strong and positive way, on the population public health conditions, mainly on the poorest people sector, kept apart from the benefits of the sanitation works and with no access to the potable water The main negative impacts are caused by the familiar and existing infrastructure resettlement needs. The reservoirs flooding areas are deeply modified by breeding and agricultural activities, and it is estimated that only about 30%, at a maximum, are still covered with natural vegetation The environmental assessments undertaken recommended several environmental management plans, such as reservoir operation rules, reservoir protection, environmental education, water quality monitoring, and familiar resettlement plan. Other involved questions are dully proposed and analyzed on the REA The enclosed environmental data sheet present a summary of the main observed environmental questions for the reservoirs Itauna, Pesqueiro e Rosario. The Rosario reservoir already owes the Installation License and the Itauna and Pesqueiro reservoirs already have the Previous License, both issued by SEMACE. On the beginning of the current year, as a function of the economic analysis undertaken during the negotiations with the World Bank, it was verified the necessity of reformulating the above mentioned subprojects. This way, the 1st year foreseen undertakings were changed, and the new list is now composed by the reservoirs Aracoiaba, Catu-Cinzenta, Malcozinhado and Carmina. The specific Environmental Assessments - EA's and the Involuntary Family Resettlement Plans for those reservoirs are still under work. Nevertheless, in a general way, it can be said that the expected environmental impacts present the same characteristics as the initially foreseen PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 29 / 33 reservoirs. The main differences concerning to. (i) Aracoiaba reservoir- It stands on a region with the possibility of occurrence of caves. The environmental impact study elaborated still in a preliminary way, does not present any information on this possibility As there is no type of scientific study in that area, a preliminary field survey is being performed to identify any impact possibility, as it was discussed on item 4.2.6, (ii) Catu-Cinzenta and Malcozinhado reservoirs - They stand on regions upstream of small estuaries with the presence of marshes. As it was pointed out on item 4.2.2, the rivers are intermittent and very small-sized, and the existing information is insufficient to indicate the effects of the hydrologic regime changes over these ecosystems. The REA proposes, in this case, a specific component of systematic monitoring as to propitiate the future adjustment of the discharges from the reservoir to maintain or improve the estuarine conditions. The specific Environmental Assessments - EA's for those undertakings shall be sent to the Bank before the end of Appraisal (March 1999). 6- INVOLUNTARY RESETTLEMENT 6.1 - Resettlement Manual Since the implementation of the undertakings foreseen in the PROGERIRH could cause the necessity for involuntary resettlement, a "Resettlement Operational Manual" was elaborated, constituting itself on the document used as a reference to all of the expropriation and resettlement process of the Program. The Manual based itself on a similar document adopted in the PROURB and PROAGUA, also financed by IBRD, complemented by the experiences observed in the last five years of implementation of the PROURB and by the observations of the World Bank's specialists. The Manual presents (i) the procedures and criteria used in the characterization of the population and area affected by the undertaking, with definition of beneficiaries/impacted and dwelling conditions and in characterization of the forms of indemnity for the several conditions of affected, options for the affected and types of foreseen benefits; (ii) the criteria and procedures to be adopted in the elaboration of the expropriation plan, including the way by which the area to be expropriated will be determined, form of expropriation, assets cadaster with evaluation of dwellings, table of values to be paid as compensation and indemnities related to the right of passing to water mains, (iii) necessary content of resettlement plan, including the implementation stages, the performance of the social mobilization staff, the participation ways, organization and mobilization of the impacted population, the rural/agricultural parceling and infrastructure projects, and the sustainable development programs Concerning the reservoirs initially foreseen for the 15t Year, Rosario, Itacina and Pesqueiro already had their resettlement plans elaborated. Concerning the reservoirs presently foreseen for the 15t Year, Aracoiaba, Catu-Cinzento, Malcozinhado and Carmina the resettlement plans PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 30 / 33 are still being elaborated to be concluded at the end of March/1 999. The elaboration of the plans for the reservoirs above were based on the Manual constituted for the Program and approved by IBRD 6.2 - Retrospective Study in Areas of Involuntary Familiar Resettlement Aiming to assess the evolution of the populations impacted by the construction of reservoirs in the State of Ceara, and the results of the implementation of resettlement plans over the standard of living of those population, the UPEP/PROGERIRH, together with PROURB, is presently elaborating a retrospective study in the resettlement action already implemented for the reservoirs Castro, Souza and Ubaldinho. The study contemplates the assessment of the original resettlement plans and the effectively implemented actions, the research over the resettled population involving the prior and present social and economic situation of the families, the dwelling situation, the existing production system, the available services, the communal associativism, the communities expectancies and reveindications, etc It also foresees an evaluation of the implemented compensation system and the effective results over the relocated people The results of this Study, shall be incorporated into the elaboration and implementation of the foreseen resettlement plans for the undertakings of PROGERIRH. PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 31 / 33 ANNEXES PROGERIRH - Executive Environmental Summary 32 / 33 I PROGERIRH ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET ITAUNA PUBLIC DAM Main components of the proposed project State: CEARA Work: Construction of a water conservation dam firstly aiming the water supply of Chaval and Barroquinha towns, the settlement of Lagoa do Mato, the district of Passagem do Vaz, as well as the irrigation project for the irrigable lands located downstream of the dam. The alternative of water supplying by means of groundwater was discarded due to the effect of the saline wedge and the low potential of the regional aquifer. Present situation of the favored population and existing system: The municipality of Barroquinha is served by an insufficient water supply system, operated by SAAE - Servi9o Autonomo de Agua e Esgoto, and at Chaval the existing system, which does not serve the whole population, is operated by CAGECE. At both municipalities the water is distributed with no treatment to the population, and there is no sewage system. The Ceara State 'Indice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M)", in 1991, was equal to 0.517 and that of Brasil was 0.742. The municipality of Barroquinha presents an IDH-M equal to 0.282 (1991), the second smallest IDH-M in the country and the first smallest in the State of Ceara. The municipality of Chaval presents an IDH-M equal to 0.341 ranking the 190 in the State, in a decreasing classification. This condition is well depicted on the infant mortality rate of both municipalities, which in 1994 was equal to 120%o at Barroquinha, and 107 %o at Chaval. Main features of the proposed undertaking: Construction of a conservation dam at Timonha river, Coreau river basin, to provide for all three water supply systems mentioned above, and irrigation for a 2,000 ha area for fruit growing. The dam will have a maximum height of 16.9 m, and will have a conservation storage capacity of 77,500,000 m3, for a firm reservoir yield of 1.134 m3/s. To guarantee the urban water supplying, it will be set up a water main 440 m long, up to a single Water Treatment Plant, with a filtration system by ascending flow, chlorination and fluorination, which will supply the municipalities of Chaval and Barroquinha. Population to be served - For a 20 years project lifetime (year 2016), a design population of 22,003 inhabitants will be supplied, considering 11,972 inhabitants at Chaval and 10,031 inhabitants at Barroquinha. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - ArUDE ITAUNA - 1 / 3 Specific Environment Indicators Water source - surface area Timonha River. The reservoir will occupy a flooded area of 1,800 ha. Retention time of the reservoir The medium foreseen retention time is equal to 130 days. Flooded biomass The flooded area is quite modified by breeding and agriculture activities and shall be totally deforested. Number of downstream tributaries Timonha river is an intermittent river, tributary of Camelo river, which springs at Timbauba mountain and does not have any tributaries of any importance. On the right bank the most important ones are Sobradinho and da Chapada rivers, and on the left bank, the Grande and Brejo streams and the Ubatuba river, which flows into the Timonha river very close to its mouth. Tendency to become saline On the hydraulic basin region, the Planossolos Sol6dicos e Solonetzs Solodizados (70%) soils, with high sodium rates, are predominant. The risk is minimized by the small detention time. Change in the hydrologic regime The foreseen dam will make Timonha river perennial, with a permanent discharge of about 1.134 m3/s, at the 90% level, the total estimated demand at the project end being 0.840 m3/s, which will permit a residual discharge at the project end of 0.294 m3/s to be used by downstream rivulets. Interference with other water uses The Timonha river watershed is poorly developed in terms of reservoirs, being formed only by small and medium size reservoirs, with no big reservoirs which would allow the change of its streams into perennial rivers. It was mentioned no important uses in the selected region of the watershed. Number of resettled people and number 186 properties to be expropriated were of relocated properties registered in cadaster, 45 families out of which shall be resettled. Neighboring or affected Indian areas or There is no Indian community to be affected populations in the area of influence of the undertaking. Affected units of environmental The reservoir to be formed will reach part of preservation the Serra da Ibiapaba APA, recently constituted by state decree. However, the implementation of undertakings of such a nature is not incompatible with the objectives of APA, as soon as due care be taken to avoid the environmental degradation of the area PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - AQUDE ITAUNA- 2 / 3 Specific Environment Indicators Neighboring or affected areas of critical There is no area with critical natural habitats natural habitats on the areas of influence of the undertaking as well as in the neighborhood. Neighboring or affected historic, cultural There are about 19 private cemeteries in the or archeological patrimony area which shall be relocated. The inventory of the archaeological and paleontological patrimony in the flooding area shall be performed before the works begin, and afterwards, the "Procedures for random localization". Associated development projects 2,000 ha irrigation project and fish breeding. Loss of existing infrastructure Private households, 19 private cemeteries (after the cadavers exhumation), a public school, a health center, a church, and farm roads stretches. Cultural changes and/or induced social Emotional questions that involve the conflicts population relocation and adaptation in another area and the cemeteries location. Loss of surviving means (fishing stocks, Nearly unexplored area, only 10% being agricultural and breeding lands, clay presently used for agriculture. The carnauba deposits, etc.) growing, main economical activity developed in the region, is concentrated on big properties, being rustically practiced, with no significant economical return. Water bome or endemic diseases Confirmed some cases of Dengue and present in the region Cholera. It is not situated in endemic area of incidence of schistossomosis. There is no epidemiological data about other diseases Situation of the environmental permit EiA/RiMA recently concluded. In phase of evaluation by SEMACE PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - A;UDE ITAUNA - 3 / 3 PROGERIRH ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET PESQUEIRO PUBLIC DAM Main components of the proposed project State: CEARA Work: Construction of a water conservation dam firstly aiming the water supply of Capistrano town, the settlement of Povoado de Pesqueiro and the surrounding rural communities. Present situation of the favored population and existing system: The Capistrano water supply system is operated by CAGECE, only contemplating the town. The water intake sources are the Teimoso and Cassaco reservoirs, which get dry during normal droughts. In 1996 (urban population 4,890 inhabitants) 1,024 connections to the network were accomplished, serving a population of 3,748 people (77%) with a consume per capita equal to 105.57 I/inhab.day. At the districts the water supply is precarious, mainly during the drought period, when the water supplying is made by means of water tank trucks. As to the sanitation facilities, the 1991 Census - General Data registers that only 471 out of the total 3,074 households were entitled to these facilities (15%). Only 976 (32%) households out of the total owned septic systems and 1,627 (53%) they were not entitled to any type of sanitation infrastructure. Garbage is disposed of at empty lots and at a garbage deposit. The Ceara State 'indice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M)", in 1991, was equal to 0.517 and that of Brazil was 0.742. The municipality of Capistrano, with an IDH-M equal to 0.378 ranks the 5860 in Brazil, and the 720 in the State ofCeara, being considered a low performance. Main features of the proposed undertaking: Construction of a water conservation dam at the Lagoa Nova stream, with maximum height of 23.18 m, to provide water to the public water supply systems of Capistrano and to irrigate an area downstream of the reservoir. The reservoir will have a conservation storage capacity of 8,200,000 m3, for a firm reservoir yield of 77 I/s at a 90% level of guarantee. Population to be served: The dam should benefit an urban population of about 10,600 inhabitants in the year 2016. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - ArUDE PESQUEIRO - 1 / 3 Specific Environment Indicators Water source - surface area The reservoir will occupy a flooded area of . 126 hectares Retention time of the reservoir The medium foreseen retention time is equal to 637 days. Flooded biomass The project foresees the deforestation of the whole reservoir area to be flooded, as to cause no flooded bio-mass. Number of downstream tributaries The Lagoa Nova stream is an intermittent river and a tributary of low importance from the Chor6 river left bank, which receives, up to its mouth, more than ten affluents of _ bigger volume. Reservoir life time -- Tendency to become saline The watershed soils are not propitious to salt release. However, the pretty big retention time favors a gradual salt concentration at the reservoir. Change in the hydrologic regime The foreseen dam will change the Lagoa Nova into a perennial river, with a permanent discharge of about 77 I/s, at the 90% level, the totai estimated demand at the project end for urban water supply being 15,26 I/s; the irrigation demand is still under study. Interference with other water uses Presently there are no other established uses, because of the intermittent characteristic of the stream. Number of resettled people and number 44 properties to be relocated were of relocated properties registered in cadaster, and about 100 families shall be resettled. Neighboring or affected Indian areas or There is no Indian community to be affected populations in the area of influence of the undertaking. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - A9UDE PESQUEIRO - 2 / 3 Specific Environment Indicators Affected units of environmental There is no environmental preservation preservation unity in the considered areas of physical and functional influence. Neighboring or affected areas of critical There is no area with critical natural habitats natural habitats on the areas of influence of the undertaking as well as in the neighborhood. Neighboring or affected historic, cultural Before the beginning of the works, it shall be or archeological patrimony accomplished a complete search of the archaeological and paleontological patrimony in the area to be flooded, and during it, the "Procedures for random localization". Associated development projects -------- ------- Loss of existing infrastructure A chapel and some municipal schools will be flooded. Maximum number of workers during the construction Cultural changes and/or induced social Emotional questions that involve the conflicts relocation of the population Loss of surviving means (fishing stocks, In the direct undertaking influence area, agricultural and breeding lands, clay breeding is not present in an intensive way, deposits, etc.) but only at punctual actions. The population performs a conventional subsistence agriculture. Although the excellent quality of the soils, the productivity is not so good due to the inadequate use of agricultural practices and the absolute lack of technical assistance and rural extension. Water borne or endemic diseases Situated in endemic area of incidence of present in the region schistossomosis. There is no epidemiological data about other diseases. Situation of the environmental permit EIA/RIMA recently concluded. In phase of l __________________________________ evaluation by SEM ACE. PROGERIRH-ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - AQUDE PESQUEIRO - 3 / 3 PROGERIRH ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET ROSARIO PUBLIC DAM Main components of the proposed project State: CEARA Work: Construction of a water conservation dam firstly aiming the water supply of Lavras da Mangabeira town, the district of Quitaius, and as secondary objectives, a 500 ha irrigation project for the irrigable lands located downstream of the dam, as well as the development of a pisciculture project. Present situation of the favored population and existing system: The district of Quitaiuis does not count presently with a public water supply system, which obliges the population to utilize individual systems (cisterns, precarious wells, etc.) or water tank trucks. About only 70% of the population of Lavras da Mangabeira town is served by the existing water supply system, besides being located on the Crystalline Complex, which has no groundwater reservation. The Ceara State "Indice de Desenvolvimento Humano Municipal (IDH-M)", in 1991, was equal to 0.517 and that of Brasil was 0.742. The municipality of Lavras da Mangabeira, with an IDH-M equal to 0.382, has the 6520 smallest IDH-M in the country and ranks the 800 in Cear;J State, being considered a low performance. Main features of the proposed undertaking: Construction of a water conservation dam at the Rosario stream, Salgado river watershed, to provide water for both public water supply systems and to irrigate a 500 ha area. For the Lavras water supply system it will be built a bulk water main 3,900 m long. ForQuitaius it is foreseen the construction of a bulk water main 1,600 m long. Population to be served - For a 20 years project lifetime (year 2016), the population to be served is estimated in 15,567 inhabitants for Lavras da Mangabeira town, and 3,495 inhabitants at the district of Quitaius, for a total of 19,062 inhabitants. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - AQUDE ROSARIO - 1 1 3 Specific Environment Indicators Water source - surface area Rosario stream. The reservoir will have a flooded area equal to 697 hectares Retention time of the reservoir The medium foreseen retention time is equal to 267 days. Flooded Biomass The project foresees the deforestation of the whole reservoir area to be flooded, as to cause no flooded biomass. Number of downstream tributaries The Rosario stream is an affluent of Salgado river, tributary of Jaguaribe river. After the confluence with Salgado river, the Jaguaribe river receives the contribution of several affluents, until its mouth. Tendency to become saline Soils propitious to become saline are not predominant in the watershed. Change in the hydrologic regime The proposed dam shall promote a regulated discharge of about 810 I/s, at the 90% level of guarantee. Without the regulation, the river would present a null discharge on certain periods. Interference with other water uses Presently there are no other established uses, because of the intermittent characteristic of the stream. The project proposal shows a 900 ha irrigation project located downstream of the Lavras da Mangabeira water intake. Number of resettled people and number 120 properties will be flooded with the filling of relocated properties up of the reservoir, there included a 100 m wide track for the reservoir protection It will be necessary to resettle about 28 families. Neighboring or affected Indian areas or There is no Indian community to be affected populations in the area of influence of the undertaking. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - ACUDE ROSARIO - 2 / 3 Specific Environment Indicators Affected units of environmental There is no environmental preservation preservation unity in the direct and indirect influence areas. Neighboring or affected areas of critical There is no area with critical natural habitats natural habitats on the areas of influence of the undertaking as well as in the neighborhood. Neighboring or affected historic, cultural Before the beginning of the works, it shall be or archeological patrimony accomplished a complete search of the archaeological and paleontological patrimony in the area to be flooded, and afterwards, the 'Procedures for random localization". Associated development projects A 500 ha irrigation project proposal and a fish breeding project. Loss of existing infrastructure Not expected. The enlargement of the water supply systems at Lavras and Quitaius shall make use of the existing infrastructure. Maximum number of workers during the construction Cultural changes and/or induced social conflicts Not expected Loss of surviving means (fishing stocks, There won't be significant loss of surviving agricultural and breeding lands, clay means. The loss of land presently being deposits, etc.) used to agriculture, due to flooding and reservoir protection, is insignificant Water borne or endemic diseases Situated in endemic area of incidence of present in the region schistossomosis. There is no epidemiological data about other diseases. Situation of the environmental permit Installation Permit (Licenca de Instala,co - LI) issued by SEMACE. PROGERIRH - ENVIRONMENTAL DATA SHEET - AQUDE ROSARIO - 3 / 3