* EI1I1 The People's Republic of China Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation Ertan Hydroelectric Project Environmental Assessment and Resettlement (FINAL REPORT ) December. 1994 :---a E. .ee.-.Corvomany Intera. tional. L.? C..:^ag ;; lUSA C ne.. -, H.a.o_ie;,- r.resr.gar.on and Descign Insait. .- Chengdu. Sichuan. PM(C. Siehuan Pra incial Resettlement AgencN. Chenac1tt. ,.nmuan. PRC Ertani Hvdroelectric Development Corporadlnil. II'ihiI hua. Sichuan. PRC Chengdu. Sichuan. PR China '- ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.~~~~~~~~~~ List of Preparers: Hasa Engineering Company International, LP.: Mr. John R. Bizer, PhD, Senior Biologist Mr. Anthony Whitten, PhD, Senior Biologist Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute: Mr. Shi Shuzi Deputy Hed, Planning Department, Sr. Economist Mr. Liu Zheniai Engineer in Charge, Meteorologist Mr. Y Weiqi Head, Environmental Section, Ecologist Mr. Cao Jiang - Head,Sediment Section, Sediment Specalt Mr. Chen Guochun Deputy Head, Hydrological Section, Hydro. Specialist Mr. Bai Chunfeng Senior Economist Mr. Rao Zhongli Resentement Specialist Ms. Shu Zeping Environmental Engineerng Specialist Ms. Wang Xueqin Environmental Specialist Ms. Rang Hong Envimnmental-hydraulic Specialist Mr. Liang Ruijing Interpreter Sichuan Provincial Resettlement Agency: Mr. Chen Zongyi Head, No.3 Deparment, Senior Engineer Ms. Li Hongmei Engineer, Chemist Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation Mr. Wang Keming Deputy Chief Engineer Mr. Cui Zijun Head, Adminitration Department, Sr. Engineer Mr. Chen Xiumei Senior Engineer Mr. Su Zhou Senior Engineer Mr. Li Renlun Head, Planning Department, Sr. Engineer LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1: Basic Structure of Common Energy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992) 1.4 Table 1.2: Comparison of Capital Invesment and Annual Opeating Costs of a 2860 MW Thernal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project 1.5 Table .13: Esimated pollutants generated from buniung of 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thewral generating project 1.6 Table 1.4 Sistical Comparison of Ertan Hydroelectric Projects with Comparable Projects Throughout the World 1.8 Table 4.1: Summary of Meteorological Data Charactrzing the Climate of the Yalong River Catchment. 4.6 Table 4.2: Average and Extreme Discharges Measured at Yanbian Station on Ganyu River 4.17 Table 4.3: Industrial Water Consumption and Discharge Rates and Major Pollutants in Area of Ertan Reservoir 4.22 Table 4.4: Water quality characteristics of the Yalong River at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station (1973-1979, 1981) 4.26 Table 4.5: Monthly Average Water Quality Values at Xiaodeshi Gauging Station in 1989 and 1990 4.29 Table 4.6: Longitudinal profile of water quality parameters in Yalong River from Gabiao to Tongzilin 4.31 Table 4.7: Summary of water quality data from Jinsha River Upstream and downstream from Yalong confluence 4.34 Table 4.8: Restricted-range birds of the broad-leaved 'South Chinese Forests' 4.53 Table 4.9: Survey of Land Uses in Yalong River Basin in Ertan Reservoir Area 4.61 Table 4.10: Trends in Forest Cover, 1960-1980 4.61 Table 4.11: Industiees Located in the Ertan Reservoir Area 4.65 Table 4.112: Socioeconomic Conditions in 1985 for the Five Counties Affected by the Reservoir 4.68 Table 5.1: Hourly Discharge from Eran Power Station during Peaking Operation in Normal, Wet and Dry Years. 5.10 Table 5.2: Schedule of Generation by Hour for Ertan Peaking Opeation. 5.11 Table 5.3: Averge Scour Depth in Yalong River downstream from Ertan Dam 5.19 ,' Table 5.4: Summary of submersion losses in Ertan Reservoir Area. 5.55 Table 5.5: Enumeration of the utilizabe area of the driwdown zone for development in the Ganyu Arm of the Ertan Reservoir. 5.58 Table 5.6: Inventory of Vegetadon, Structur and Sanitary Faciliies to be Removed as Part of Reservoir Clearance. 5.67 Table 7.1: Preliminary List of Equipment for Monitoring Program 7.10 Table 7.2: Itemized Costs for Environmental Mitigation Programs 7.16 Table 7.3: Itemized Costs for Environmental Monitoring Programs 7.18 Table 7.4: Environmental Costs and Their Year-by-Year Allocation Schedule 7.19 ;- Eran Hydrectric Project Envirnmental Assesment and Resettlement (FNAL REPORT) TABLE OF CONTENTS- EECUTVE SUMMARY 1. INTRODUCTION - ..........................1 ............. l. 1.1. HLitory ofthe Project ............................1.._ 1.2. Justification of the Project .1.2 1.3. Analysis of Altenative Energy Sources .1.3 1.4. Comparison with Other Major Intertional Hydrodectric Projects ... 1.7 1.5. HistoryoftheEnvironmentalAssessment .1.8 1.6. Introduction to This Study ........ 1.9 2. PROJECT DESCRLPItON .................... 2.1 2.1. General Project Description ........................... 2.1 2.2. Physical Plant ........................... 2.4 2.3. Reservoir .............................. 2.10 14. Construction Methods .............................. 2.11 2.5. Project Operation .............................. 2.15 2.6. Transmission Line and Substations .... ..... ............ 2.16 2.7. Cost Summary .................................. 2.16 3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK .. ....... 3.1 3.1. Environmental Protection ............................ 3.1 3.2. Resettlement .................................... 3.8 4. BASELINE CONDITIONS ................................ 4.1 4.1. Physical Geography ................................ 4.1 4.2. Biogeography .................................. 4.7 4.3. The Aquatic System ................................ 4.9 4.4. Terrestrial Vegetation, Wildlife and Biodiversitv ..... ........ 4.41 4.5. Socio-economic Environment ......... ................ 4.55 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS .................. 5.1 5.1. Environmental Benefits ............................... 5.2 5.2. Aquatic Impacts and Mitigation ........................... 5.6 5.3. Terrestrial Impacts and Mitigation ......................5..2.., 5.4. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation ....... ............ 5.49 5.5. Construction Impacts and Mitigation ......... ............ 5.63 5.6. Transmission Line Effects and Mitigation ....... ........... 5.69 6. RESEITLEMENT AND SOCIAL ISSUES ...................... 6.1 6.1. National Resettlement Policies. 6.1 6.2. Characteristics of Resett!zemen: Areas .... ... ............. 6.1 6.3. Socioeconomic Profile in Areas to Be Inundated .6.4 6.4. Consultation Process ............................... 6.5 6.5. Institutional Arrangements ................. .... ..6.7 7. ENMRONMENTAL MONITORING AND TRAINING PROGRAM ...... 7.1 7.1. Overview of The Monitoring Program . .................: 7.1 7.2. TriningPgmm andSpc Activities .. 7.12 7.3. Coss .7.14 8. RECOMMENDATIONS ANNEX 1 Rferences ANNEX 2 Species List ANNEX 3 The I pl.meutation of lwfroi a.utal Protection Measures LTSr OF FIGURES Figure 1.1: Relationship between ntal capacity and cost per kW for 49 proects in Sichuan Province.(CHIDI, 1994). 1.7 Figure 2.1: Lotion of Ertan Hydeect Prqject on Yalong River in Southwestern Sichuan. 2.2 Figure 2.2: Comprehve Development Plan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 Hydreectric Prciects. 2.3 Figure 2.3: Layout of Ertan H ic Project Facilities. 2.5 Figure 2.4: Elevation-and Longitudinal Section thrugh Ertan Dam Depicting Dam, Spillways and Plunge Pool. 2.6 Figure 2.5: Section Through Underground Power Station for Ertan Project * Depicting Intake, Penstock, Underground Chambers, and Tailrace Tunnels. 2.9 Figure 4.1: The Chang Jiang (Yangtze) River and its tributaries, including the Yalong River Cm bold) and the locations of the Erti and Gezhouba hydroelectric projects. 4.2 Figure 4.2: Yalong River watershed within Sichuan Province: Drainage area of Ertan Hydroelectric Project. 4.3 Figure 4.3: Relief map of Yalong River Basin in Southwest Sichuan Province, China. 4.4 Figure 4.4: Locations of Known Geologic Faults in the Vicinity of Ertan Project and Locations of Seismic Monitoring Stations. 4.8 Figure 4.5: Biounits of western Sichuan. 4.10 Figure 4.6: Locations of Hydrologic. Watcr Quality and Mecteorological Monitoring Stations in the Yalong River Basin. 4.1l Figure 4.7: Average Monthly Discharge at Wali, Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stations on Yalong River. 4. I^ Figure 4.8: Flow Regime Representing High Flow Year in Yalong River (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.13 Figure 4.9: Flow Reginie Representing a Normal Year in Yalong River (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.14 Figure 4.10: Flow Reime Representira Low Flow Conditions in Yalong River (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station). 4.15 Figure 4.11: Average monthly flow in Ganyi River (Yanbian Gauging Station, 1976-1993). - 4.16 Figure 4.12: Relative average monthly discharge of Yalong and JIrsha River downstream from confluence. 4.18 Figure 4.13: Monthly aveage wa temperate of Yalong River at Xiaodeshi. Gaging Station (1959 - 1992) 4.24 Figure 4.14: Monthly water temperature regime of Ganyu River at Yanbian Gaging Station (1978 . 1982) 4.25 Figure 4.15: Distributions of Three Fish Species Found irn Project Area Representing the Three Major Distribution/Ecological Types: Type A = plains; Type B = Mid-Elevaion; and Type C = High - Elevation. 4.37 Figure 4.16: Photograph of Fish Species Observed in Fishermen's Catch at Mouth of Puwei River on May 28, 1994. 4.39 Figure 4.17: Forestry map (1978) of the lower Yaldng watershed and surroundings. 4.42 Fi-ure 4.18: Distribution of mature forests in the lower Yalong basin in 1985. 4.43 Figure 4.19: Open, savannah-type vegetation characteristic of the steep slopes of the valley walls within the Ertan Reservoir area. 4.44 Fivure -.'0 Schematic representation of altitudinal zones of vegetation in the Yalong Vallev. 4.45 Fiiurv :.': Current. Known Distribution of Giant Pandas in Western Sichuan (narrow lines; and Locations of Nature Reserves (bold-gazetted. hatched-propus.d) (Sichuan Forstry Department, 1985). 4.50 11-ure. .' Locations of Reserves in the Southwest Mountains Biounit in Sichuan PTnvince: B12-a - gazetted; white - proposed 4.54 Figure 4.23: Locations of Timber Harvest Areas and Forest Management Bureaus in Yalong Rlver Basin. 4.58 Figure 4.24: Log Handling F=Iii._s in Y' aong River at Xiaokesh.1 1! km Downstream Fru::, Eix. 4.59 Figuzv 4.25: Adrministrati;e ;Thts ir l'L E-rmn Reservoir Area. 4.67 '0 ' 2 ' '; ~. '', '.0 ' '- . .s.''', -; ', -'t- * Figure 4.26: Yi Woman Herding Goats. 4.70 Figure 4.27: Distribution of Schistosomiasis Disease Vectors in Yanbiars County (Panzhihua Health Bureau, 1993). 4.74 Figure 5.1: Representative Water Levels in the Ertan Reservoir through Five Yea=s of Opwation (Based on the 1961-1965 Flow Regimes). 5.8 - Figur 5.2: Effet of Daily Flow Fluctuation at Six Locations Downstream froip Ertan Dwa. - 5.12 Figure 5.3: Longitudinal Profile of Sediment Accumulation in Ertan Reservoir 5.15 Figure 5.4: Longitudinal Profile of Sediment Accumulation in Ganyu Arm of Ertan Reservoir 5.16 Figure 5.5: Locations of proposed fish harvest facilities on Ertan Reservoir and Ganyu Arm. 5.39 Figure 5.6: Schematic diagram of trammel and trap net deployment for fish harvest. 5.40 Figure 5.7: Distribution of Drawdown Areas for Development in the Ganyu * Arm. 5.57 Figure 6.1: The Hongge Resettlement Area. 6.3 Figure 7.1: Administrative framework for Ertan Environmental Monitorin, Programn 7.13 Chapter 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1. History of the Project The hydropower potential of the lower Yalong River was recognized in the early 1950s, but detailed geological investigations did not begin until 1973. In 1980, a wide range of studies was initiated by Sichuan Provincial authorities to assess the feasibility of a hydroelectric dam at Ertan, near the mouth of the Yalong, and in early 1984 a feasibility report was submitted to the State Planning Commission. One response to the report was that it was necessary to undertake detailed planning for the resettlernent of people whose homes and lands were to be inundated. The World Bank was approached by the Chinese government in 1987 with a view to solicit a loan for the project. and in May 1988, a Pre-Appraisal Mission was conducted by Bank- staff. This mission provided to the Govemment of China guidelines and suggestions for further studies necessary for satisfactory appraisal. The Bank Appraisal Mission was conducted in December 1988. and their report was completed in March 1990. The report was approved by the Government of China in April. In July 1991. the Executive Board of the World Bank approved a first-phase loan of S380 million, and two months later the construction contractors began moving to the site to initiate construction activities. In Julv 1993. the World Bank and the Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporatlon (EHDC) opened discussions on the second-phase loan of S500 million. The World Bank Pre-Appraisal Mission for the second-phase loan was conducted in April 1994, and the Appraisal Mission is scheduled for October 1994. tAc FA 1.1 In November 1993, the Yalong River was successfully diverted into the two diversion tunnels. The first electricity is expected to be generated in mid-1997, and the project completed in mid-1999. 1.2. Justification of the Project Sichuan Provir.-e is very rich in hydro power resources and relatively poor in other energy resources, but is severely lacking in geneadng capacity. In 1985, the total installed generating capaity in Sichuan was 2,880 MW (including both coal-fired thermal stations and hydropower stations) providing a firm capacity of 1,500 - 1,600 MW. Demand for energy was estimated at approximately 2,000 MW during the dry season each year. Provincial planning for additional industry in Sichuan revealed that by 1995, a maximum system demand of 6,500 MW and by the year 2000, the system demand is expected to reach 11,000 MW. To meet these demands, an installed generating capacity of 9,500 MW would be needed by 1995, and 14,000 MW would be needed by the year 2000. In a report prepared by the Chengdu Hydroelectric Investigation and Design Institute (CHIDI) in 1994, these estimates were updated by the CHIDI. According to the report, the demand for electricitv reached 6,900 MW (42,070 CWh) in 1992 and Sichuan Province experienced an energy shortage of approximately 7,000 GWh. Since 1985. the total installed generating capacity in Sichuan increased to 9,545 MW of which 4.089 MW is derived from hydropower projects and 5.476 is derived from thermal (coal-fired) plants. Total vield from the hydroelectric projects was 21,940 GWh while thermal plants produces only '0.5 13 G.'h for a total energy production of 41.940 GWh in 1992. Between 1992- and the year '020. the demand for power is expected to increase nearly 10-fold from 6.900 MW to 6_.000 MIW with an estimated generating requirement of over 340,000 GWh. Confronted with these projections, the need to develop additional sources of electric energy is critical to continued economic growth in the Province of Sichuan. During preliminary studies leading to the selection of the Ertan Dam, the total energy potential of the Yalong River was estimated at over 20,000 MW. Development of potential 112 1.2 generating capaity in the Yalong Basin, therefore, became a prime altenative for meeting the growng demand for power in Sichuan Province. Preliminary studies of the development of hydropower resources in the Yalong Basin were conducted by CHIDI. Results of these studies indicaed that Xte hydropower resources of the Yalong River could be developed in two phases. The fis phase will consist of the construction of 11 projects in the lower Yalong River. The second phase will complete the development of the hydroelectric resources in the basin and will indude an additional 10 projects upstream from the first phase dams. Based on the results of this study, the Ertan Hydroeectric Project was selected as the first of the 11 phase one projects to be constructed. The Ertan Pmject is designed to contribute 3,300 MW of installed generating capacity, and more than 1,000 MW of firm capacity, to the Sichuan electric distribution system. In addition to the direct contribution of over 1,000 MW of firm capacity to the Sichuan Power System, the regulation of the river resulting from the Ertan Project will increase the system-wide finn capacity by 142 MW at the Gezhouba Hydroelectric Project and by 230 MW at the (planned) Three Gorges Project on the Yangatze River in western Hubei Province and eastern Sichuan Province, respectively. This increase in firm capacity is derived primarily from the increase flow during the dry months attributable to the limited storage capacity in tile Ertan Reservoir. 1.3. Analvsis of Alternative Energy Sources The provincial government decision to pursue hydroelectric development in Sichuan Province was based on a comprehensive analysis of available energy resources within the province and an economic analvsis to find the most efficient source of energy to meet the growing demand for power as Sichuan develops into the modern world. These analyses focused on available energy resources in Sichuan Province: water, coal, gas, and oil. Additionally, the economic benefits of constructing fewer large scale projects vs many small projects was evaluated. Results of these analyses are presented in a report prepared by CHDI ir. 1994 and are briefly summarized below. SL1_2 ERA A CHIi 1.3 Table 1.1: Basic Structure of Common Energy Resources in Sichuan Province (1992) Exploimable Processed Coal Percent of Fner3y Sn,irt". Rpervec Fptivalent TWA1 (Mt) Water Power 515,291x100 (year) 22364 75.6 GWh Coal 9,591 Mt 6848 23.3 Gas 181,787-Mm3 224 0.8 oil Negligible - - Total 29436 100 As shown in Table 1. 1, potential water power developments comprise over 75 percent of the available energy reserves in Sichuan Province with available coal reserves accounting for less than 25 percent of the exploitable energy resources. In direct comparison, continued development of coal resources to generate electricity would ultimately lead a requirement for importing coal from outside the province. As a matter of Provincial policy, available natural gas reserves are targeted for industrial and domestic use (displacing urban coal use) rather than for the generation of electric power. Therefore, from this perspective alone, the decision to pursue development of hydropower resources to meet the growing energy shortage in Sichuan Province appears to be a highly desirable alternative. From an economic standpoint. development of hvdropower resources appears to be the most viable alternative for Sichuan Province. This economic factor is illustrated bv direct comparison of the estimated costs for the 3,300 MW Ertan Project with those for a 2860 MW coal-fired thermal project. each project providing a firm generating capacity of apprcxinately 1.000 %IW. The capital and operating costs for these two energy sources are summarized in Table 1.2. All costs estimated are based on the value of the Chinese yuan in 1991 (5.45 RMB M = Sl.00 US). Clearly the initial capital investment required to construct either of these two projects favors a coal fired generating facility. However, this advantage decreases markedly once the projects begin generating. A quick calculation indicates that the economic difference between a coal-fired plant and the Ertan Project 31 12 1.4 FrTAN EA CHI14 disappears within 5 years of operation. The difference between the capital costs is 3,350 x 106 fi whereas costs for .5ve years of hydro operation are 3,685 x 106 V. Over 20 years of operation (the approximate expected life of a coal-fired project) the total costs (capital and operating expenses in 1991 RMB V) clearly favors the hydroelectric project with an estimated cost savings of over 18 billion RMB ' (this difference does not account for financing or escalation costs). Table 1.2: Comparison of Capital InVestment and Annual Operating Costs of a 2860 MW Thermal Plant with the 3,300 MW Ertan Project Coal Plant Ertan Hydro Component (Million !) (Million M) Investment (Capital) Construction Cost 7.150 10.500 (including environmental cost) Operating Costs (Annual) Maintenance/Repair 257 420 Fuel 1.176 -- Transmission 214 315 Total Annual Costs 1.647 735 From an overall environmental perspective, the selection of hydropower generation over coal-. fired thermal generation becomes even more obvious. Water is a renewable resource is in abundant supply. Coal. on the other hand, is a finite, non-renewable resource. From a purely physical-presence perspective, hydropower clearly requires commitment of relatively large tracts of land resources. However. once a hydropower project is constructed. the impoundment can be exploited to provide additional benefits to the project (in the form of fisheries, transportation, recreation, and water supply). Establishment of effective environmental safeguards and implementation of appropriate resource management techniques (in compliance with national regulations and policies) can prowide considerable opporturity to preserve and restore natural and cultural resources within a buffer zone around the impoundment. In contrast, while a coal-fired plant will occupy a smaller land area for the physical plant, additional land resources must be committed to mines, mining wastes. r411r _I aTAN LA Ch * i.5 transport, and ash disposal. In addition, burning of coal contributes significandy to air pollution in the form of particulates, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen compounds and benzo [a] pyrene. Annual producdon of these byproducts of coal are summarized in Table 1.3. Efforts to control disperal of ftese pollutants into the environment is costly and not necessarily effective. Construction of a single large project, such as Ertan, also provides an economy of scale relative to the construction of a number of smaller projects. The relationship between the capital investment and size of a hydroelctric project is depicted in Figure 1.1. Data used for this figure are derived from design and feasibility studies of 49 hydroelectric projects at various stages of development in Sichuan Province. Table 1.3: Estimated pollutants generated from burning of 9.04 million Tons of coal annually at a thermal generang project Annual Production PoDlutants (Tons) Residue and Ash 1.416 X 106 Dust and Suspended Particulates 0.105 X 106 Carbon Monoxide 1,421.2 Carbon Dioxide 25.4 X 106 Sulfur compounds D.214 X 106 Nitrogen Compounds 0.08 X 106 Benzo [a] Pyrene 2,289 kIg 1.4. Comparison with Other Major International Hydroelectric Projects "112 EWM FA CHI 1.6 7000 eee. A _v A A~~~~ 2600 100 0 1.00 2000 3000 4000 5000 XInatalL.d Capacity CM4) Figure 1.1: Relationship between installed capacity and cost per kW for 49 projects in Sichuan Province.(CHIDI, 1994) At a maximum generating capacity of 3,300 MW, the Ertan Hydr--Ietric Project ranks as one of the major hydroelectric projects in the world in terms of instaled generating capacity. In comparison with other world-class hydroelectric project, Ertan is at the top in relation to the least area inundated per MW and fewest number of human displacements (oustees) per MW. A summary of available information for other projects throughout the world is presented in Table 1.4. "d1121. ERTA FA CHI 1,7 Table 14 Statistical Comparison of Ertan Hydrelectric Project with Comparable Projects Throughout the World. .Name of dma O lnE KW Q) bhul e KIClmatINe KWlh NOW Three Gorses Chum 1.000.00 13.000 110,0 0.1 13 .118 planmng haipu Brazil 12.600 13S.000 93 Pay Tucumi Brzil 30.000 7,600 243.000 1.1 233 31 1933 BabBqu razil 6,600 _ 600,000 I - Gun Veneuel 6.000 32S.000 1l Lauia Chin 73n,0 5.400 37.000 0.5 74 148 eanltio law 1990s? Chandin Fas C 5,225 5,000 8 Paulo Alibuso I-IV B' 'i1 3.914 1600 2490 ERTAN .Y cum 35,010 3300 10.100 0.3 94 326 cmpltio late 1990 Jinping Sge l-Y China 5769 3,000 9.500 1.6 .520 315 plamwed Aswan High Egpt 120.000 2.100 400.000 3.3 17 5 completed 1970 Xiaolanedi Chins 171.000 1.300 27.200 0.2 la 66 compltion mid 1990s Jiqping Stage 2-Y China 0 3.200 160 am c 0.000 planed Gundoi-Y China I80 1.600 8.189 planned Kauiba Zamnbia 57.000 1.500 510.000 8.9 26 3 1959 Zimbabwe AkosombolVoka Ghana 80.000 333 S41t'00 10.6 10 0.9 completed 1965 Piluemhe Chile 500 400 12SO Toneilin-Y China 41 440 6 0.15 10.731 n.3ao completion late 1990s Anmu Nepa 401 43 9325 Kibansi Tananis 153 30 5100 Owen Falls Uganda 0 150 1* em c a apchirs Maawi 125 200 625 Sobradinho zazlI 55.000 1050 421.400 7.7 19 2 completed 1981 Shuskou I & U Chim 67.000 1500 22 completed 1990 Yafynesa Praguay/ 50.000 8.000 160.000 3.2 160 50 completion aid 1990s * The hedwateir for the Owen Fals Pojcct is LAc Victtma. 1.5. History of the Environmental Assessment Studies to support the environmental impacts assessment (EA) of the Ertan Hvdroelectric Proiect began in 1980 concurrent with other feasibility studies. Most of the investigations and literature searches were conducted between 1980 and 1985 by the CHIDI. in cooperation with relevant scientific institutes. professional universities and colleges. The draft of the EA met stautory requirements and was submitted to the National Environmental Protection Agency in August 1985. In March 1986, the report was reviewed by a group of 78 domestic experts, engineers, and environmental administrators at the invitation of the Construction Committee of Sichuan Province. This group agreed with the conclusions of the EA, and 9%EA0 1.8 recognized the huge economic benefits of the project, the physical appropriateness of the site, the lack of sepage, the economic potentials, and the lack of additional threats to endangered wildlife. The full text of the EA was translated into English for the use during the World Bank Appaisal Mission in May 1988. 1.6. Introduction to this Study - _ The 1989 version of the Ertan Environmental Assessment (EA) was reviewed during the Pre-Appraisal mission of the Worfd- Bank for the second phase loan in April 1994. The World Bank concluded -that, since global standards for such reports had been raised substantially during the previous decade, it was necessary to review the information and revisE the conclusions contained in the 1989 report to comply more closely with present requirements of the World Bank. In parallel with the preparation of this document and preparation for the World Bank Appraisal Mission in October 1994, an environmental assessment of the transmission line system to distribute power generated at Ertan was prepared by the Sichuan Electric Power Association to support a request for funding from the World Bank to construct the facilities. The Transniissiora Line EA is presented separately (SEPA. 1994). Consequently, the environmental impacts associated with the transmission line are not addressed in the main body of this EA and the reader is referred to the Transmission Line EA for discussion of the anticipated impact. The information contained in this document addresses the environment. potential impacts and mitigation measures associated with the construction and operation of the Ertan Dam and Hydroelectric Facilities. A summary of the Resettlement Action Plan is also provided within the text of this document. The revised, detailed Resettlement Action Plan is presented as a separate document in support of the application for the second phase loan from the World Bank. EnA2 EA CHI 1.9 To accomplish the revision and update of cne Ertn Environmental Assessment, EHDC contracted with Ham Engineering International, LP (USA) for two environmental specialiss (Drs John R. Bizer, Harza; and Anthony Whitten, Diversity Matters) to work with EHDC, CHIDI, and Sichuan Provincial Resetlement Agency personnel. The draft EA was reviewed by EHDC, CHIDI and was given a preliminary review by the World Bank. Comments of these groups were incorporated into this final document by Dr. Bizer, who completed the document in September1994. 6112 RTfAN EA CAI 1.10 Chapter 2 2. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 2.1. General Project Description Ertan Hydroelectric Project is located in Panzhihua Municipality on the lower reaches of the Yalong River in south-western Sichuan Province (Figure 2.1). It is a comprehensive development with power generation as its primary objective. It is planned to be the penultimate dam in a cascade of eleven dams along the Yalong River (Figure 2.2). These damns comprise the first stage in the development of hydro resources of the Yalong River. Ultimately, ten additional sites in the upper Yalong have also been identified and may be developed as part of a second stage deveopment program. When aU of the 21 sites are developed, the total installed capacity in the Yalong River Basin will be 22,650 MW. Construction of Ertan is expected to tak-e ten years from the start of construction to the commissioning of the first of six power units in 1998. T'he Ertan project will supply electricity to the Sichuan and Yunnan power systems via a 500 kIV transmission line system currently under design and construction (see SEPA 1994 for EA and project description). The system will provide energy to load centers in Zigong, Chengdu, Yibin Xichang, Chongquin. and numerous smaller load centers along the transmission corridors. Panzhihua and Xichang will also be supplied with electricity for the smelting of vanadium and titanium. The Yalong River is a lar=e tributarv of the linsha River, which rises in Yushu Countv of Qinrhai Province. From its origin. the river generally flows southward as it passes through the western portion of Sichuan to its confluence with the Jinsha River near Panzhihua City. The Yalong valley is at the eastern extreme of the Himalayan Range. The geology and topography of this anrea is characteristic of very young mountain ranges in geological terms .vith geologic folding and movement continuing. The geology of the valley is varied, comprised of old Permian basalt, younger intrusive granites. and young sedimentary marl and shale. The total length of the Yalong River mainstem is 1500 km, with a total catchment MAJN E Ca 2.1 YANYUAN - G ' ^ yYA~NBIANs,> gMYI PA.N'HIHUA | Figure 2. 1: Location of Ertan Hydroelezri.- Project on Yalong, River in Southwestern Sichuan. 'AiNYE ANCIC Y2.. a " Figuire 2.2: Coiiiprelhensive Development Plan for Lower Yalong River Involving 11 HJydroelectric Projects 0 10 z I -,9 VIF 4~~~~4 ~~~Tongzilin 700 600 500 400 300 -32'00 100 0 DISTANCE (kin) area of 130,000 Icn2 - somewhat larger Ohan New York State in the US, slightly smaller than Nepal, and more than half the area of Great Britain. The catchment area comprises 27.5 percent of the Jinsha catchment. The mean flow at the mouth of the Yalong River is 1800 m3/sec, and the mean runoff is 56.8 x 109 m3. The length of the river above the Ertan damsite is about 1470 km and encompasses some 90 percent of the catchment. The power station is just over 40 km from Panzhihua City and 18 km upstream from Tongzilin Station on the Chengdu-Kunming Railway line. 2.2. Physical Plant 2.2.1. Dam and Spillway The dam area is located in a 1 km-long gorge between the Jinlong and Zhongtan Streams on the lower Yalong River (Figure 2.3). The valley is V-shaped with left and right bank- slopes of 25-40a and 30W450 respectively. The Ertan damsite is characterized by a narrow river channel with a high discharge. The bedrock within the dam site is composed of Permian basalt. svenite intruding into basalt. and altered basalt formed bv the intrusion. The dam will be a double curvature arch dam with a maximum heiaht of 240 m, and a maximum static height of 188 m. The dam will impound a reservoir that will extend approximately 143 km upstream from the dam site, have a surface area of 10.100 ha. and a normal maximum operating level of 1200 m above mean sea level. The dam is equipped with four sets of spillway structures to facilitate release or excess discharge and to enable evacuation of the reservoir under emergency conditions (Figure 2.4- Three of the spillways are integral with the dam. The upper spillway, with crest elevation at 1188.5 m. consists of 7 gates each with a hydraulic capacity of 900 m3/s. The second set of spillwray gates, with crest elevation at 1120 m, consists of 6 gates each with a hydraulic capacitv of 1160 m3/s. Both of these spillways will be used during the wet season when inflow to the reservoir is greater than the hydraulic capacity of the 6 turbine/generator units. The two spillways are designed to act in coordination to partially dissipate the energy as the MAN !A C 2.4 it D VII HVII13 U11jJ:j jo wohrl TZ 8j"111A p"Ir.-illowp-mowl e T ME mv r --I'd 040 se-0 *I WiP bidN- A.94 Wid - _. = low et I I L!,I JEO Jup ..L.'s dow., sr" WOO &_- -6 - .4 _A R.N... 1;0,IJP-1 PrA floor;  kAlls (6). b I I on J_ I-Ol - 9_" "we it I - stivi (7) or .0 W"I.) Qo pw_&_ffi of $M AM6 ..0 -M Amupmmw W. ""pi .1 bw-o In PI. -V a S" PiO. ft"NOI allm (R1 -.0. a-" -Ov "ROM I.- -ft TR N IL As 070 TI -mew a "v - 111/ , ) ) , -";- 1, y e, - : .. I!" _. N\ pj- .9; --Un t, p 44% 1- I 1-0 wn v-it I .)S i A0 t z &JAW wj I M x 2-c- V kk _-, x ji- AZ.- :!!A-p $ << ".1i e Nv 4 -j aft 411 a I~W I ~~~~~~~~~~~02 WI~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I 04 2. jLaaz~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Fiur 24 Fevtinan Lngiudna Sponthog~EranDm epctn Dm,Splwas n Plunge Pool.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I sar- ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ t OMAN FA OC 2S' .6 water falls into the plunge pool at the base of the dam. The third set of spillway gates in the dam consists of 4 gates with crest elevations at elevation 1080 m. The fourth spillway consists of two, low-level tunnels, each with crest elevations of 1165 m. The hydraulic capacity of each tunnel is 3400 m31s. The two tunnels may be operated independendy or in coordination with the upper and mid-level spillways to facilit rapid evacuation of the reservoir in emergency situations. The tunnel spillways will discharge to the Yalong River approximately 800 m and 1200 m downstream from the dam, respectively. Water discharged from the upper and mid-level spillway structures will faUl in to a plunge pool area at the base of the dam. The plunge pool will be founded on bedrock and lined with concrete. A low dam, approximately 300 m downstream from the base of the dam will control the water elevation in the plunge pool. The crest of the plunge pool dam is at 1012 m. With the bottom of the plunge pool area at 980 m elevation, the total water depth maintained in the plunge pool will be 32 m. 2.2.2. Powerhouse and Switchgear An underground powerhouse with six turbine/generator units will be constructed. Each unit will have a hydraulic capacity of 277 m3/sec and an installed generating capacity of 550 MIW. The total hydraulic capacity will be 1660 m31s and the installed generating capacity will be 3300 MW. The firm generating capacity will be 1000 MW. The six rurbincfgenerator units will be conmined in an underground cavem measuring 296.24 M X 31.' m X 71 m. Each unit will be served by a 9 m diameter penstock. The centerline of the intake for the penstocks will be at elevation 1132.5 m. The 6 draft tubes will discharge water into a 94 m X 19.5 m X 70 m surge chamber which will-then direct the water into two tailrace tunnels one 16.5 m in diameter and the other 23 m in diameLer. The two tailrace tunnels will return water to the Yalong River channel approximately 800 m downstream fro;n the base of the dam. Figure 2.5 presents a section through the intake, powerhouse and tailrace of the Eran Power Station. ErrAN EWCW- 2.7 tl; g ,,z,}s1 §sng,eRn~~~~~~--*Yft- @* [ \ lix,;lgoirx .5: Seelinn lheouglbUndertrourdyawer Sudooor Era=Piced Depktins t} ;l tl$Bes 11 ,,,/ ................................. X#@Xl,l0\ ..facie, 1etnstork. 11n&krgrofnJChambss, sndT&Ieln=wl 7MI. g 9, ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~to@ 2":ll. ........................ {D _@1,, 1- .. Y"wUt v4 /^ "<@t - . t ftev ' - r Itt -R' xsu^rX"ve s2IOlt"e lta.n D~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 3t ALN Pt"TC MR $N TALMC T1110 00I |g$wglt§'_* _ jI-WA - 1g- -s* -tX BW 2 SL._*-i"{ 8 % i;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~a m |5 T .%twbo%as#n!g F"OrLel ALOr¢a PtNSlocXt IU. 5 AND 1AILR%CE lUtIlN Ct FO tS UU12llitsla _ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~J Sie a & - . The transformers and switching gear for each of the geneator units will be housed in a separate chamber located above the turbinedgenerator cavern. A shaft from the transformer chamber to the surface will allow transmission of the power to the surface switch yard, located immediately downstream from the dam above the left abutment. 2.2.3. Access Tunnels Access to the underground facilities will be provided by a series of tunnels. The locations of these tunnels are depicted in Figure 2.3. In addition to the water convevance tunnels and access tunnels, a third tunnel will be excavated on the left abutment of the dam. The purpose of this tunnel is to iouse conveyor equipment for transporting harvested timber (mainly plantation timber) from the impoundment to the tail water area. The log tunnel, with two inlets to take account of the varying water surface height, will be 2450 m long. The tunnel will be used each year beginning in June when the logs start arriving from upstream. The log transfer process will continue for approximately three months during which the logs will be transferred from the reservoir to the downstream reach of the Yalong River. 2.2.4. Access Roads and Bridges Prior to project construction, the main road in the Yalong River Valley was located along the left bank of the river. Prior to construction of the dam and powerhouse, a 10.5 m-wide paved road was constructed from the Tongzilin Railroad Station to the damsite along the right bank via a new bridge. This road is being extended to the Ganyu vallev as part of the compensation paclage to Yanbian county. The left bank road is also being improved to 5-6 m-wide and another bridge was built at Santan to accommodate the flow of traffic associated with project construction and operation. The right bank road was constructed to accommodate the 20-ton cement trucks and the 35-ton dump trucks required for construction and deliverv of proqject equipment. EiffmFAOC 2.9 2.2.5. Other Appurtenances Because of the steepness of the valley and the consequent shortage of suitable construction staging sites, it has been necessry to adopt advanced site organization features involving highly mechanized construction methods to reduce construction labor and time. Facilities for promoting construction activities include on-site concrete batch plants, and machinery assembly sites. Concet for dam construction will be transported from the batch plant to the dam site via a cable way constructed across the Yalong River valley. 2.3. Reservoir Ertan Reservoir will be a typical river-channel reservoir with a storage capacity of 5.8x109 m3, and an active storage of 3.3ix109 m3 of water. Mountain slopes on both banks of the planned reservoir are steep with peaks rising to 1500 m above the eventual water surface. The width of the reservoir is generally about 400 m in the lower part of the reservoir. In the Ganyu Arm, in Yanbian County, the reservoir will be as much as 1,000 m across in some areas. When the reservoir is filled to its maximum level of 1,200 m. its total length from the dam to the back-water on the Yalong River will be 143 km. and the length from the mouth of the Ganyu to the backwater on the Ganyu River will be 40 km. The maximum reservoir area will be 101 km- (10. 100 ha) (Figure 2. 1). Thirty-one villages and approximatelv 30,000 people will be affected (Resettlement Action Plan. 1994). 92% of whom live in the rural areas. The human population density in the area of the Yalong River to be inundated is about 80 persons/km". The land use rate in the reservoir area is about 16 percent. Along the middle reaches of the Ganyu River the land to be inundated comprises wide and gentle terraces, and the human population affected by the reservoir is concentrated here (630 persons/kM2) with cultivaLed land accounting for 36 ha/km-. Outside this area the human MNAC 2.10 population is scattered (80 persons/lan2) with cultivated land accounting for just 10 ha/km2. Along the main Yalong River, scattered trees dominate the landscape on the left bank, while grassy slopes dominate on the right bank. Both banks have scattered areas of culdvated land wherever the slopes are more gentle. 2.4. Construdion Methods- 2.4.1. Diversion Works Year-round dam construction is made possible by the construction of two diversion tunnels, one on each bank, and of non-overflow cofferdams upstream and downstream of the main dam site. Diversion tunnels 1230-1315 m long, 18 m wide and 23-25 m high were excavated into the left and right abutments. During construction the diversion tunnels are able to convey the logs floating downstream, but only when the water is below 1036 m. Above that level the logs will be stored in the reservoir created by the cofferdam. The river was closed successfully in November 1993, two weeks ahead of schedule. The diversion works required the excavation of 1.23 million m3 of rock, and the placement of 0.33 million m3 of concrete. 2.4.2. Main Structures T he main structures are divided into four independent groups to improve efficiencv: the arch dam. the underground powerhouse, the spillway tunnels. and the mechanical log pass. 2.4.2.1. Arch Dam The excavation of the side abutments was accomplished by blasting, drilling, pre-splitting, and using excavators, dump trucks, shotcrete, and support bolts. Over 2.3 million m3 of open rock cut was displaced. The abutment excavation was completed, as planned, before river closure. Similar methods will be used to excavate the dam foundations, plunge pool, spillway tunnels foundations, and powerhouse intake. rAA C 2.11 The concrete for the dam will be mixed in the Jinlong Gully plant above and just upstream of the dan. The concrete will be mixed at the construction site in 20-ton trucks. From the batch plant, the concrete will be decanted into 6 m3 buckets suspended from high-speed cableways. The buckets will be emptied into one of 47 blocks (the largest of which is 20x49 m) where the concrete will be consolidated using flat-boot vibrators. The dam will be 70 m wide at its base. Once construction of the dam begins, the height of the dam will increase approximately 5 m each month, on avesage. The dam will require 4.7 million m3 of concrete grouting material, fully tested for the physical conditions of the site, will be used to seal the concrete in the dam. The concrete batch plant at the mouth of the Santan Gully will supply the concrete for the plunge pool and end sill. The concrete will be hauled to the plunge pool area in 10 ton trucks and distributed to the forms using high gantry cranes. 2.4.2.2. Underground Powerhouse System The underground powerhouse svstem includes the intake, penstock, powerhouse, main transformer gallery, surge chamber, tail-race tunnel, and out-flow field. The structures require removal of 0.9 million m3 of open cut rock, 1.9 million m3 of unconsolidated rock. and placement of 0.8 million m3 of concrete. The maximum underground excavation rate will be 0.5 million m3/lyr. The powerhouse will be built first. followed bv the surge chamber. and then the main transformer gallery. The chambers will be excavated from the top down, with excavated surfaces supported with bolts and shotcrete. Smooth blastino procedures are to be used for the roof, while presplittine procedures will be used for the middle and floor sections. The concrete for the intake and penstock will be supplied from the Jinlona Gully batch plant. and the concrete for the underground facilities will be supplied from the Santan Gully batch plant. 2.4.2.3. Spillwav Tunnels There will be two spillway tunnels, 60 m apart, in the right abutment. One tunnel will be 1250 m long and the other 1385 m. The construction of the tunnel will require removal of HRTAJ FA MC 2.12 0.9 million m3 of open cut rock, and the excavation of 0.6 million m:3 of unconsolidated rock, and placement of 0.4 million m3 of concrete, and 24,000 m3 of shotrete. The tunnels will be driven from both ends to meet in the middle, as was done for the diversion tunnels. The concrete will be supplied from the Santan Gully batch plant. The schedule for constructing these tunnels is relatively flexible because they are not on the critical pathway. 2.4.2.4. Meical Log Pass The mechanical log pass (the log tunnels) wil be equipped with two intakes leading to a single transport tunnel 14 m wide and-I 1.5 m high. Construction of the facility will require the clearance of 0.6 million m3 of open cut rock to form the staging areas, and the excavation of 0.3 million m3 of underground rock. The tunnel will require placement of 0.3 million m3 of concrete to complete construction, 57,400 mn3 of which is in the tunnel. 2.4.3. Quarries The existing rock material from both south and north sides of the dam site are of good quality and will be used as aggregate in the concrete. The available reserves meet the total volumes required for the project. Most of the dolomite aggregate will be obtained from Mt. Bawang, 6 km upstream from the damsite. Supplementary aggregate will be obtained from the spoil naterial at the dame site. The cement for the dam is derived from the Emei Cement Plant, while the cement for other uses is produced at the Panzhihua Cement Works. 2.4.4. Camps Housing facilities for the work fDrce are provided by EHDC near the construction area. Four separate facilities are constructed. A contractor camp is located along the right side of the Yalong River, approximately 6 km downstream from the dam axis. Three separate camps are provided for the Chinese management and construction staff. These camps are located at Santan Gullv on the left bank of the river downstream from the dam site, Santanda Gully on the right bank across from Santan Gully, and near the Xiaodeshi gaging station approximately 10 man downstream from the construction site. The Santan Gully camp houses 9ui: 2.13 WTVA4 4c 13 Chinese labores worldng on the dam and above ground facilities (Lot 1 Contract), the Santanda Gully Camp house Chinese laborers constructing the underground facilities (Lot 2 Contract), and Xiaodeshi liouses EHDC staff. Each camp is fully equipped with housing, eating facilities, drinking water treatment facilities, and wastewater treatment facilities. 2A.5. Labor The labor required for completion is 29.6 million worker days, and the maximum number of workers at any time will be 19,000, with an average of 11,100. 2.4.6. Materials The total materials needed for completion are: 1.8 million tons of concrete, 0.1 m3 of timber, 93.7 million tons of reinforcement bars, 541 million tons of steel products, 15,000 million tons of explosives, and 65,000 tons of fuel oils. 2.5. Project Operation The dam will be operated in two modes: During the high flow, wet season, when inflow to the reservoir is greater than the hydraulic capacity of the power station. the project will provide base load capacitv. The turbines will be operated on a 24-hour basis and no variation in output will be anticipated. Excess water will be discharged through the upper and mid-level spillway structures. During the dry. low-flow season, the Project will be operated on a daily peak-ing basis and the energy will be generated to meet daily load demand variation in the system. Generally, the turbines will be operated between 17 and 20 hours each day during dry and normal runoff vears. During wet years, some generation will be maintained throughout the 24 hour period. During the dry season period when the project is operated on a peaking basis, the reservoir will be drawn down by a maximum of 45 m. Because the dry season lasts approximately 5 months, the maximum draw down rate will average 0.3 m/day. At the beginning of the high MAEN A 2.14 flow season, the project will be operated on a 24-hour basis but at a reduced capacity to allow for refilling of thereservoir. It is expected that the refil period will begin on or about June 1 each year and refil completed by the middle of July. When the reservoir is refilled, the reservoir surface wuill zse an average of 1.0 mlday. Details of the proposed opewing regime.are presented in Chapter 5. 2.5.1. Flood Discharge Pattern m Four layout schemes of flood discharge and energy dissipation stuctures were considered in the design. They were alU technically feasible, but the final choice wasgadouble curvature arch dam with flood discharging from a surface spillway and a middle level outlet, with the discharge streams meeting in the air to dissipate the energy. In comparison with the other altematives, the scheme has the significant advantage of reasonable arrangement, flexible and reliable operation, cost saving and short construction period. 2.6. Transmission Line and"Substations The transmission distances from the Ertan plant to Panzhihua, Xichang, Yibin, Chengdu, Chongqing will be 40, 150, 440, 670, and 670 km respectively. A more complete description of the transmission line system is presented in the Transmission Line Environmental Assessment (SEPA, 1994). 2.7. Cost Summary Prior to the start of construction, EHDC and CHIDI prepared design cost estimates for the Ertan Project which was used in securing the Phase I loan from the World Bank and matching funds from the National and Provincial governments. A summary of the costs is presented below. The estimate is based on the value of the Chinese yuan in 1991 relative to the US dollar ($1 US = 5.45 RMB #). A A 2.15 Component Total Structure Component Cost Cost (X 10a ) 1. Civil Works 4266.45 Dam 2005.25. Spillway 293.31 hIak Structures 290.66 Powerhouse 765.95- Log Tunnel Civil Worls 218.48 Log Tunnel Mechanical 69.47 Landslide Treatnent (Jinlong Mt) 32.97 Access Road 293.27 Buildings and Houses 51.19 ' - Other Wor's 19.43 Miscelaneous 226.47 2. Mechar.ical and Electrical Equipment and Installatid&902.78 3. Cranes, Hoists, etc Equipment and installation 514.55 4. Temporary Works 1773.79 Diversion Works 594.93 Roads 81.02 Construction Camps 102.60 Mobilization 738.90 Other Works 166.40 Miscellaneous 89.94 5. Resettlement and Compensation 786.65 6. Other (Design. Const. Mgt. Environmental) 724.96 Total 10544.57 A number of items are ir,corpor21ed within these estimated project costs that achieve the environmental and resettlement goals set forth within the project funding. Specific items included in the cost estimate that address environmental and socioeconomic issues are as follows: MTA.'c EA'a C.16 Item Estimated Cost (X 106 M) Resettlement 786.65 Log Tunndel nd Equipment 288.95 Landslide Treatment 32.97 Wastewater Treatment P.14 Environmental Impact Compensaion and Monitoring 10.46 Reservoir Clearing 3.16 Total For Environmental Consideations - 1122.33 AN AC 2.17 Chapter 3 3. POLICY, LEGAL, AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK 3.1. Environmental Protection This environmental assesment is prepared in compliance with the requirements of the World Bank. However, much of the work conducted in support of the Ertan Hydroelectric Project is also in response to numerous laws and policies of the People's Republic of China and the Sichuan Province. Principle laws and policies pertinent to the Eran Hydroelectric Project are summarized below. 3.1.1. Legal Framework 3.1.1.1. Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China. (December. 1989). The law was formulated for the prevention of pollution and other public harms. and for protecting and improving the ecological and social environments. The definition of *environment" here, is the sum of the natural environment and human-modified natural environment, including atmospheric, water, ocean, land, mineral resources. forest. grassland. wildlife. plants, natural and human remains. nature reserves. historic and scenic areas. and urban and rural areas. The law provides for the establishment of resource management agencies that are delegated the responsibility of establishing environmental standards, monitoring the condition of the resources, and developing measures to protect the resources. 95r A3 EItSIA Cm4 3.1 The law further provides for review of construction and operation practices to assure compliance with the environmental protection and mitigation measures specified for the project. 3.1.1.2. The Forest Law of the People's Republic of China (Mrh, 19S9).. Relevant aspects of this law include povision for the protection of forest lands within the project area. Tne law was promulgated for the protection, cultivation, and reasonable use of the forest resources. The policy established by the law provides for the reasonable cutting, planting and renewal of managed forest areas and for the protection of natural forested areas. The law forbids investigation, design, and construction of projects, as weU as the exploitation of mineral resources that adversely affect forest land. If total avoidance of damage is not possible, application must be made in accordance with applicable laws and effective measures to minimize effects on forest lands must be incorporated into the project plan. If the project occupies more than 133 ha of forest land, it must get approval from the national government. The forest law also provides for the protection of wildlife and plant resources. According to the law. it is forbidden to kill or hunt protected species or to disturb protected plant species. 3.1.1.3. Wildlife Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (March, 1989). The Wildlife Protection Law is equivalent to an endangered species protection la>. It was formulatcd to protect rare and endangered wildlife and to provide for the proper use of wildlife resources and for maintaining their habimats. 98 11 3.2 3.1.1.4. Water Law of the People's Republic of China (January, 1988). The Water Law was fomulUed for protctdon and proper use of water resources, for prevention of water pollution, and to provide for the comprehensive development of water resources to meet demands of national economic development goals and to provide for the. quality of the human environment. 3.1.2. Regulations Implementing Environmental laws 3:1.2.1. Environmental Protection Management Regulations for Development Projects. (March, 1986) These regulations were formulated to strengthen the administration of environmental protection measures associated with water and land resource development projects. The regulations provide for control of new polluuon sources and encourage treatment of original pollution sources with the goal of protecting and imDroving existing environmental conditions. The regulations are part of the implementation of the Environmental Protection Law of the P.R. China. The regulations apply to all capital construction projects, technical transfer and regional development projects with environmental effects. They require the preparation, review and approval of an environmental impact assessment at the same time the plans for the design. construction and operation of a project are prepared. After completion of the project, pollution discharges from the project must meet the relevant national or local standards. The responsibility for implementing the laws and regulations lies with the environmental protection agencies at all levels of the government. The agencies are responsible for reviewing and approving the environmental assessment and proposed mitigation measures at the same time the preliminary design is reviewed and approved. They must also approve the monitoring program to be implemented during construction, examination and receiving of E AtS^ E CH3 3.3 environmental protection facilities after completion, and supervision and monitoring of environmental protection facilities during project operation. During construction, protection of the environment around the construction site is required to prevent unreasonable adverse effects to the natural environment and to prevent and reduce dust and noise. After completion of the project, the construction contractors are required to- reclaim lands disturbed during project construction but unneeded during project operation. 3.1.2.2. SpecIfications of the Environmental Inpact Assessment Addressing Water Resources and Hydropower Projects, Ministry of Energy and Ministr) of Water Resources, People's Republic of China (1988) These regulations outline implementation of the National Environmental Protection Act for Water Resource and Hydropower development projects. The regulations provide for the preparation of an Environmental Impact Statement or an Environmental Impact Assessment during the feasibility studies for the project. The EIS or EIA is to evaluate the likely impacts of the project to physical and socio-economic environments and to specify measures to mitigate or minimize adverse effects and to enhance positive effects. For projects involving reservoirs. the EIA should discuss effects realized in the reservoir area and its surroundinas as well as downstream reaches affected by project: 'eration. However. the focus of the analysis should be on the reservoir area and its surroundings. 3.1.2.3. Specifications for Reservoir Bottom Clearing (November, 1986) These regulations implement the Environmental Protection Laws with respect to the disposal of materials removed from the inundation zones of water conservancy and hydropower projects. The purpose is to ensure the safety of projects during operation, prevent pollution "I 12 UT*I FA 3.4 of the water, protect publich health in the vicinity of the project, facilitate use of the reservoir for aquaculture, navigation, water-based recreation, and tourism. These specifications are attained by clearing the reservoir area prior to inundation. Clearing includes: removal of existing physical structwes and buildings, sanitary clearing, removal of forest, and removal of special aspects specific to the various developments. General clearing-of the reservoir area includes removal of houses, buildings and other physical works such as bridge piez. and other major architectural structures. Special clearing specifications cover areas selected for aquaculture, fishing, swimming, navigation lines, piers, and water supply intake areas. * 3.1.2.4. Environlmental Quality Standards for Surface Water (GB383888) These standards were developed to implement the water pollution prevention articles of the National Environmental Protection Law and the Water Pollution Prevention and Treatment Law of the People's Republic of China. This standard applies to all surface water of the nation including rivers, lakes and reservoirs which have functional use in China. The standards first provide for the classification of all water bodies according to their use and existing conditions. Five classifications are defined: Class 1: Applies to source waters and national reserves Class 11: Applies to Class-A protection areas for concentrated drinking water sources. areas protected for valuable and rare fishes and spawning areas of fishes and other aquaculture species. Class m: Applies to Class B protection areas for concentrated drinking water sources, areas for protecting common fishes and swimming areas. EKrANd VA a3 3.5 Class IV: Applies to areas for industrial water supply and non-contact water recreation. Class V: Applies to water used for iipgation or general landscape. If a particular body of water is used for sevesal purposes, the use requiring the highest water quality standard should apply. In some instances, a water body may be classified differently during different seasons. The Yalong River in the reach affected by the Ertan Project is placed in Class m. However, upstream from Ertan, upstream from the provincial boundary, the Yalong is placed in Class II. Reevant reaches of the Anning and 1insha are placed in Class m. Standards for over 30 parameters are established for each of the five classifications. Also included in this set of standards are specifications for the quality of treated drnking water. 3.1.2.5. Regulations for Aquatic Resources Reproduction Protection, Articles 4 and 13 (February, 1979) The regulations for protecting aquatic resource reproduction apply to the protection of all valuable aquatic fauna and flora and their habitats. Several of the regulations are relevant to the evaluation and planning for the Ertan Hydroelecuic Project. Anicle 4 of the regulations provide for particular consideration of certain marine and freshwater fish during t'e planning for water resource project development. including hydropower. Specific freshwater fish species that are protected by these regulations include: Common carp Cprinus carpio M,ylophaiyngodon piceus Grass carp Cenopharyngodon idellus Silver carp HyPophythllnichthys molomX A C" 3.6 Bighead carp Arisdchthys mobilis Black carp Carasius auraws Culrer erythropenrus PaFabramis peiwuewis Giant Chinese surgeon Acipensar sinensis Yangtzc sturgeon Acipcensr dabryanu Salmon relatives Salmonidae Psephurus gladius Common eel Anguillajaponmca Article 13 of the Aquatic Resources Reproduction Protection Regulations provides for the consideration of providing for passage of migratory fish species. If such species are affected by construction of a dam, the need for fish passage facilities must be determined prior to initiating construction of the facility and, .if necessary, fish passage facilities must be incorporated into the project plans. 3.1.3. Administrative Framework Since the 1980s, specific agencies at various levels were established under governments to carry on environmental monitoring and management for development projects, protection and management of natural resources. The following chart shows the environmentai administrative framework pertinent to Ertan Hydroelectric Project. 94112 ENTAX EA 0423.7 aNational EnvironmentEal Protecthn Agency P Safety and Envirozunental Bureau Enviromnental Protectiion of Ministry of Electric Power Agency of Sichuan Province Pan2hibus Environmeotal Protec:tion Agency, Liangshan Environmental Protection Agency Enlvironmental Protection Agencies of kanbian, Yanyuan, Miyi, Dechang . ~~~~and Xichang couinties Ertan Hydroelectric Development Corporation (EHDC) 3.2. Resettlement 3.2.1. Legal Framework 3.2.1.1. Land Administration Law of the People's Republic of China (June, 1986) This law was formulated to strengthen land management procedures and to provide for maintaining public ownership of land, protection and exploitation of land resources, and proper use of land. especiallv protection of cultivated land. 94112 EAM L3 3.8 3.2.1.2. Regulations for Land Requisition, Compensation, and Resettlement Applicable to Large and Median Scale Water Resource and Hydropower Developments (February, 1991). The regulations were developed to implemernt portions of the 'Land Administration Law of the P. R. China" and the "Water Law of tie P. R. Chinae.- They are designed to strengthen administration of land requisition and resettlement of persons displaced by large and median- scale hydroelectric and other water resource developments. The aim is to enable equitable requisition of necessary land and the resettlement of persons occupying the land. The regulations provide guidelines for correctly handling the relations between the State, collective groups, and individuals both in the areas from which the people must move and in the areas to which the displaed persons will be relocated. The regulations mandate the integation of resettlement of displaced persons with the planilng and construction of the project. The interests of the displaced persons are given equal consideration with the exploitation of the resources, water and soil conservation considerations and the overall economic development to ensure that the affected persons are able to attain a living standard equal to or higher than in their original conditions. In developing the resettlement plan, first consideration will be to move the individuals as short a distance as possible. If not possible. resettlement areas can be developed by reclaiming otherwise unused lands. The resettlement plan must be developed early in the project planning process. The project owner should develop the plan on the basis of natural and economic conditions in the receiving area and in cooperation with local governments. The resettlement plan must be submitted at the same time the feasibility and preliminarv design documents are reviewed. For large scale projects, it is the responsibility of the project owner to pay compensation for acquired lands and to provide subsidies to the displaced persons. The specific criteria for compensation and subsidy is determined by local provincial or autonomous district governments. 4112 3 ERTA EO CM3 3.9 3.2.2. Administrative Framework The following chart shows the administrative organizaons responsible for the resettlement of the Ertan project. _ !e Peopless Govermnent of Sichuan PMrovinc Si;uan PrvindalRemn Agency| Govermnents of Panzhihua City j | and eiangshan Prefecture Panzhihua and Liangshan Resettlement Agences Governments Of Yanbian, Yanyuan, Miyi, Dedhang and wkiang Counties Resextlement Agencies of Various Counties Resettement Groups of Various Vi[Vages Tzte administrauve framework for management of land resources is similar to that described for administration of resettlement policies. ER*N EA C00 .. 0 Chapter 4 I.. BASELINE CONDIONS - A.. Physical Geography 1.. Topography The Yalong River is a major tributary in the upper Chang Jiang (Yangzte) basin (Figure 4.1). It arises to the south of Bayankela Mountains in Yushu County, Qinghai Province, and is adjacent to the Dadu River basin in the east and the Jinsha River basin in the south. The main stream and its tributaries give the appearance of a feather pattern. Most of the west, north and east of the basin are surrounded by high mountains over 4000 m altitude. The most famous ones are Mt. Gongga, Mt. Daxue and Mt. Bayankela, all of which exceed 5500 mn. The highest is Mt. Gongga which reaches 7590 m (Figure 4.2). The source of the Yalong is at about 5400 m and its mouth. 1500 km away, is at 980 m giving a totl elevation range of 4420 m or about 3 rn/km. The landscape and climate of the river change along its length. The headwater region is a high altitude plateau with undulating, low, and grass-covered hills. wide and flat river vallevs. and a gentle river flow- South of this plateau, to about 28°N latitude, the topography of the basin is characterized bv high mountains, gorges, and forests. South of 28°N latitude, wide river vallevs with developed agriculture alternate with rather wide gorges and high mountains. This combination of features characterizes the landscape in the project area (Figure 4.3). S"42 IT,. 04 4.1 QINGHAI CAi NS1t t s > 1.< g r P ti HENAN i 57 ~~~~~~~~~JIANGSU HENAN t XE.rtall(X) G iSHUANlANGXI Jvf YUNNAN 'I v i GUIZHOU ;AH ClwniCgdui '.a ' ri HUNAN ,.' JIANGXI Cx.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ HU A .4,~~. Figuire 41.11: The Clhang Jiatng (Yangtze) River antl its tributiaries, inclluding the Yalong River (in boild) anl (lhe locations of (lie r-ru~n nd 0who7tulmI hydroeletric pr(olects. [Ifl'If [A C114 4.2 S~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~7S { . ,+~~~~~~DAM 0 40 SD 120 160-X} (bul UHHP Figure 42: Yalong River watershed within Sichuan Province: Drainage area of Erman Hydroelectric Project. - 34122 Sam A c m& 4.3 ' |~~ ~ ~~~~ -- -4 ts ng ; H,,,, ngt, ' s < - ~~~~ t PANi!HIHUA< 't-' -i-a Figure 4.3: Relief map of Yalong R;.ver Basin in Southwest Sichuan Province, China. S.(12 1RTA.f EA Q - 4.4 2.. Climate The climate of the Yalong River basin is characteistic of the Western Sichuan Plateau Zone defined by the Sichuan Meteorology Board. Climate is influenced mainly by a west wind circulation and a southwest monsoon. Dry and wet seasons are clearly divided: the dry season lasts from December to May, and the wet season from June to November. The mean dnnual rainfall in the basin ranges from 500 mm in the north and west to 1560 mm in the south and east. The annual rainfall at the dam site is about 1000 mm. Rainstorms generally occur between June and September in the south of the catchment where daily tQoals can reach 200 mm. The mean annual temperature ranges from -4.9°C in the north to 19.7,C in the south. The annual cvaporation rates range from 1326 mm in the north and west to 2544 mm in the south and east. Relative humidity is generally low, from 57-69 percent which corresponds with the higher evaporation rates. The maximum wind velocity recorded at the dam site is 18 misec. A variety of meteorological data are given in Table 4.1. Various climatic extremes affect the basin. Droughts in the spring and autumn can disturb agricultural production, as can hail storms between August and September in higher regions between 1600-2300 m. Rain storms (days with precipitation over 50 mm) occur on about three days each year (maximum ever recorded 175 mm in one day). These storms can cause landslides which damage fields. roads, railways and bridges. Economic losses occur every Year because of the storms. In addition, gales and occasional unseasonable fTosts may cause agricultural damage. 3.. Geology The geology of the Yalong watershed is complex, with exposed strata revealing the underlying granite, gneiss, schist, shale, marble, other limestones. sandstone. shales, conglomerates, basalt, and other magmatic rocks. The Ertan dam and power station are located on the western side of the middle section of the W 12 MT FAc 4 -:- Table 4.1: Summary of Meteorological Data Characterizing the Climate of the Yalong River Catchment. County Parametw Yambian bMyi Averag AnnlmW - (OC) 19.2 19.9 Temper t Highest Recorded (QC) 41.2 39.9 Temperatur - Lowest Recorded (oC) -1.9 -2.4 Tempeature Mean Tempere (QC) 25.2 25.8 of Hoest Mouth Mean Temperature (oC) 10.5 11.6 of Coldest Month Average Annual (mm) 1081 1084 Precipitaion Average Annual (m) 2030 2379 Evapration Avemge Annual (hr) 2357 2417 Hours of Sunshine Avea Annual (%) 64 65 Relative Humidity Sichuan-Yunnan North-South Tectonic Belt. the basic structure of which consists of large, deep fault zones and divided blocks. The Ertan dam site is situated on the Gonghe Fault Block and is surrounded by five fault zones. The Gonghe Fault Block itself has an area of some 1700 km2. The cen:ral part of the block is 800 ki2, and tectonic failure is rather weak. The rock mass is relatively integrated, and the faults are small and run generally north-south (Figure 4.4). The fractuTe zones are compact and filled by a later rock dike. The Ertan dam site is in this relatively stable area and there is no major fault within 12 kmn of the dam site. 04112 IrTAN IA C4'- 4.6 Seismic activity in the area amund the dam-site is monitored by eight seismic stions which feed data continuously into a central computer-assisted monitoring station at the EHDC office at Tongzilin (Figure 4.4). 4.. Mineral resources More than 20 different economically important mineals have boen found in the Yalong watershed including iron, copper, nickel, chromium, titanium, lead, zinc, mercury, muscovite, coal, and calcaeous spar. Thee are more than 160 mnine sites, though none is large. 5.. Soils Because the area in the immediate area of the Ertan Project is mountainous and the valley wals steep, soils are generally quite thin over the bedrock. Thicker layers of soil are found in the bottoms of the valleys. Most of the soils in the Yalong watershed are drab red soils, red soils, and mountain yellow-brown soils. The organic content of most of the soils is quite low because the topographic relief and geologic movement is not conducive to retaining organic materials in the soils. Much of the organic material is flushed from the mountain sides during the wet season. The poor soil types within the project area are also typical of subtropical regions in general where most of the nutrients are tied up as vegetative biomass. B.. Biogeography Tnc delimitation of biogeo_raphic arcas is very dependent on the group of animals or plants sEudied. According to the Udvardy system, the study area is located in the Sichuan Highlands, the southemmost portion of the Palearctic Realm which stretches from Europe to Japan. To the south, the Sichuan Highland abuts the Indo-Malayan Realm which extends from the south northwards tO the southern portion of Yunnan Province. Under this system, the Sichuan Highlands represent one of eleven divisions of the Chinese portion of the Palearctic Realm. Under the Cheng and Zhang system, the project area lies in China's 94112 l %T&N c 4.7 * /GE~~~~~~~~~~~ODA FA t ULT- 1 --Mafnla IIM21 NIIUF I M I H tITI i~~~~~ I 1 * S* @,z . ^e-^,_) \ . \ - . 87 bn~~~~~~~lpr 4.4. Lomdo I( i R Gk liFmW In le Vy of t_; <' \ | 3L 1 >-- 1 1~~~~~~~~~~~~Ptjeua Southwest Region of the Oriental Realm, outside the Palearctic. An important point missed by many biogeographic studies is that the division between the southwest plains and the eastern end of the Himalayas is not strictly a line, but rather a crescent-shaped zone deserving recognition as a biogeogaphical unit in its own right. As the Ministry of Forestry's (1993) Biodiversay Action Plan notes, It is here that many of China's most significanr and distncdve animals live - giant panda, red panda. ral4n, golden monkey, many species of pheasants, and an enormous richness of planu. ' The biogeographic divisions (termed biounits) used in ta report are adopted here in discussions of the project area. The relative locafiens of these units are shown in Figure 4.5. Based on this definition of biography, the project area lies in the Yiinnan Plateau subunit (39a) of Southwest Mountains biounit (39). C.. The Aquatic System 1. Hydrology During the initial planning stages for the Ertan Hydroelectric Project, EHDC in consultation with CHIDI, established several hydrologic, water quality, and climate monitoring stations throughout the Yalong, Anning, and Jinsha River basins. The locations of these sites are shown on Figure 4.6. Data obtained from these sites are used to summarized the hydrological, water qualitv and climate regimes of the river basin. The primanr source of water in the Yalong River is precipitation (both rainfall and snow in the upper reaches of the basin). The Yalong River originates in Qinghai Province at the southern boundary of the Bavankela Mountains of the Himalavan Mountains. Elevations in the upper reaches range from 4,180 m to over 5,000 m above sea level. The river valley is oriented generally from northwest to southeast with small tributaries entering the river from both the east and west sides of the main valley. Most of the catchment area of the Yalong lies to the west of the river. Based on the 29-year hydrologic record (1953-1982) from the Xiaodeshi Hydrology Station, the mean annual flow in the river is 1,670 m31s. Because the discharge regime is dependent S4112 ERo.,N EACH& 4.9 - 0Chengdru 39c - along la9ea 39d - Liangshan~~39 39en X Q9 LEGEN-D \; t(i Double bold line biounit bounfdary Sichuan. Single bold line =sub-biounit boundary t1 #a r 39a - Yunnan plateau ! 39b - Hengduan Mts \ ~ 3 39c - Yalong plateau ., 9 a 39d - Liangshan > 39e - Qionalai-Minshan) V6 Figure 4.S: Biounits of western Sichuan. 9112 EADNid 4.10 LEGEND CHAXING 3a p_mrd efiuw/DIGS T _on padalfik /. Lianhe nhe 5 3- twa quaityA agunkqual mt.*png s T wotetIefulwureobagesr \\af rhe *- wow qulty unyling du' (to utrpuqiume) /1 y pubbc huhiaing . - s-. q ~~~YANYAN > 9DECHANG -- _>w/. Dalu S Gonhe- + *,@ 0.~~~~~ XGo he / Shenli. Yongxing S. > r Gany%nj~~~ ~~ie j Jg>YA kNBIAN\ vJ*MIYI ERTAN DAMSITE J o~~~Xiaodeshi J. Tongztiin injianiang Figure 4.6: Locations of Hydrologic, Water Quality and Meteorological Monitoring Stations in the Yalong River Basin. 5412 TN A CS 4.11 primarily on precipitation, rather than groundwater, there is considerable variation in flow from season to season and year to year. 4000 3500- 3000- 2 2500 2 2000 - j1500] 1000 1 Jan Feb MUr Apr May Jun JLi Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month r-Xicadeshi -_ Luning - Wal Figure 4.7: Average Monthly Discharge at Waii. Luning and Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Gauging Stations on Yalong River. The hydrologic regime of the Yalong is characterized as seasonal, with high discharge occurring from June through October and low flow conditions extending from November through May. Average discharge in the high flow season is approximately 3,240 m3is and in the low flow season discharge averages 450 m3/s, as measured at the Xiaodeshi Hydrology Station. The differences between the high flow and low flow seasons are demonstrated by the average monthly discharges presented in Figure 4.7 for the Yalong at Xiaodeshi, Luning and Wali Hydrologic Gauging Stations. Examples of the year to year variation in discharge are shown in Figures 4.8, 4.9. and 4.10, representing normal, high and low flow years, respectively. Annual flooding of the Yalong River occurs during rainstorm events occurring in the middle a 12 c i2 E| 4.1.2 * . . . Il . { * * * * * Figure 4.8: Flow Regime Representing High Flow Year in Yalong River Boqo0 . * . . 1 . \ | ' * ^ * @ (Measured at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station) Flow. . l:lo. * * k * 11* *1 -. 6000 . . . . . * . A . * . l. . . . . . \. . 4000 .* *. 1. 1 . 1 . *1 1 * . I . . . \. I *t *1 . \ . . . 400 * . * ' I1 * C t * -* *. * . . 4000 I . * *V-II * ' * * \ * * ' *I . . . .. A A I* * . . . . . . . . 2000 9 Ilo as 45 A 205 113 79 58 3 104 Alo * 1- . * * * vI * C . 2000 t . .9. . 382 ..43 .58 .0~ .15 80 5.9 .2 .t .1 . ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . _ Mon ' Juln Jull Ati&z scp |Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar |Apr |May Whole year i 1) Ava 3030 6110 50 5oS7l0 2 g 15 s11 945 667 556 554 S72 711 2480 - Max 6S90 8[90 91100 818° 4530 2050 1130 797 587 566 631 (040 111°° 8 Minl 1190 3820 3430 3580 2080 1150 B07 596 527 S16 8I6 542 5l J1 3. EnAIA CHI 4.13 Flow (rnl3s) * 8540 lngls Figure 4.9: Flow Regimne Represeiiting a Notial Year in Yalonig River 80XO . . - (Measured at Xiaodeslii Gaginig Station). Fl 2000 I 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Ava .... 1 560 4420 3600 iO2 I () 2 5(0( 1 200 736 531 4fi2 457 527 956 1 640 n4000 . T 170 1 WI- 93* 632 481 441 438 478 505 4383 041? * ElAEC.' 14 1 l | , .~~~~~~~~ Flow (11l3/S).l FFlgigre 4.10: Fiow Regime Represenling Low Flow Conditions in Yalong River 8000 (Meastired at Xiaodeshii Station). 70R(; nri/s * * . IyM* . - 6000 . . . . . . . . . . .. 6000. . * . . . . . . Min8 . . 15 . . . . 77 . . ' *A. . . A , . 4. *00 1 *\ rw . . . * . Mon. °JlIII Jul Auig |Sep | Oct Nov 1Dec l an_ Feb 1Mar Aprs May IWlhole year lAva 2160 j229013250 19410 [1710 1040 1649 j460 425 1409 443 . 54 13(00 Max 4280 1404017080 28401 209() 14301773 S516 441 1425 481 1680 7080 Min. 7871 145 is 1800 1690 [1420 778 S 091' 421 415 1396 405 I396 396 9411X EATAU IA ClH4 4 .1|5 and lower reaches of the valley. These events normally occur between June and September with the largest number occurring in July and August. Generally, flood events a,e of relativcly long duiadon. At Xaodeshi, peak flood events last from 7 to 9 days. The observed maximum fRood during the 29-year hydrologic record occurred in August, 1965, * with maximum discharge of 11, l00m31s. The estimated maximum flood occurring in the valley within the last 100 years is 16,500 m3Js. The largest tributary to the Yalong River within the Ertan Reservoir area is the Ganyu River. The river arises on the west -side of the Yalong catchment and flows to the east where it flows into the Yalong approximately 19 km upstream from the Ertan Dam site. Flow in the Ganyu is monitored at the Yanbian Hydrology Staion. The 17-year hydrologic record is from 1976 to 1993. The annual hydrologic regime is similar to that described for the Yalong with high flow occurring between June and October and low tlow conditions occurring fmm 25C I w I~~~~~~~~I 200 1 5O X~~~~~~~ C U _ 0C I. I-/' ,~~~~~~~~~~ Jon Feb Mar Apr May J r JLJ AUO sep Oc! Nov Dec Month ;C-anr | Figure 4.11: Average monthly flow in GanyRiver (Yanbian Gauging Szatior.. 196-19931: 3E114 iRwi 4 > . 16 November through May. Average discharge in the Ganyu is approximately 69.8 m3/s. Average discharge during the high flow period is 140 m3/s and during the low flow period average discharge is 19.4 m3/s. Average annual flows in the Ganyu River are demonstrated in Figure 4.11. Annual flooding in the Ganyu River basin occurs during the wet season with most of the flood events occurring in July and August, as with the Yalong River. Basedon the available hydrologic record, the maximum flood of record occurred in September, 1979, and was estimated to be 989 m3/s. Annual average, maximum and minimum discharges in the Ganyu, as measured at the Yanbian Station, are presented in Table 4.2 Table 4.2: Average and Extreme Discharges Measured at Yanbian Station on Ganvu River Discharge Year (mI3/s) 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 Mean 53.3 52.3 91.6 62.4 78.3 80.2 46.0 Maximum 871.0 460.0 745.0 989.0 913.0 974.0 495.0 Minimum 6.1 3.0 5.5 4.5 4.8 4.7 4.9 As demonstrated in Figure 4.12. discharge from the Yalong is approximately equal to the flow in the Jinsha. upstream from Panzhihua. Consequently. the Yalong conrnbuies approximately 50 percent of the flow in the Jinsha as observed at Jinjiang Railwav Station located downstream from the confluence of the Yalong and Upper Jinsha Rivers. 2.. Sedunent ERM4 LA O4. 17 7000 7000 6000 7E000 _ _ * 4000 2000m 1000| Jon Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month -Jnsha - Yn Figure 4.12: Relative average monthly discharge of Yalong and Jinsha River downstream from confluence. To understand the sediment and bedload regime within the Yalong River, it is first necessary to describe the types of terrain through which the river flows. Because the mountains of this area are relatively young, considerable amounts of sediment and bedload materials are introduced into the river and carried downstream. Above Ganzi. Figure 1.1. the Yalong River flows through a high plateau area in which the river vallec is wide and flat with gently undulating topographv. The area is covered by grassland. From Ganzi to Yajiang. the area is mountainous, although with gentle slopes and well developed soil layers. This is an agncultural region with fairly extensive grassland. The cultivated areas are relativelv flat but disconnected. Approximately 18 km downstream from Yajiang, the Xianshui River flows into the Yilong. This area is subject to frequent earthquak-es and is characterized by fractured rocks and collapsed mud and rockl flows. Between the Xianshui River and the Wali Gauging Station, the Yalong flows through an area of high mountains with deep gorges and steep slopes. The area above Wali is forested mountains and valleys. 94112 VWN EA CM . 4.18 Downstream from Wali, the valley walls nse 700 to 1,500 m above the river. The area is subjected to frequent storm events. The rock on both sides of the valley are weathered and fractured and are subject to extensive erosion during storm events. This portion of the valley is the primary source of the sediment and bedload materials carried by the Yalong River. Based on masureaments of sediment and bedload transport made at the Wali Gauging Station, the estimated annual sediment yield from the upper pordon of the Yalong Catchment is 144 tons/lkm2 and the average sediment content in the river is 0.38 kg/m3. At the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir, the estimated annual sediment yield is 233 tons/lkm and the estimated average sediment eontent is 0.435 kg/m3. At the Xiaodeshi Gauging Station, the estimated annual yield of sediment and bedload is 169 tonslkm2 (less than at the upper end of the reservoir) and the annual averge sediment content is 0.61 kg/m 3 (greater than at the upper end of the reservoir). The suspended sediment and bedload discharge in the Yalong River is not uniform through the year, as is expected in such rivers with extended high flow and low flow seasons. During the high flow season, suspended sedimentand bedload discharge normally contributes to over 90 percent of the total annual yield. During the high flow season (June through September), the average discharge at Xiaodeshi is approximately 3,240 m3/s. Average sediment content is 0.61 kg/rn3. The extreme differences in suspended sediment discharge between high and low flow seasons is exemplified from the observations made in 1981. The total annual sediment discharge estimated at Xiaodeshi was 36.3 million tons of which 35.7 million tons, or 98.3 percent, passed Xiaodeshi during the high flow season. Although the total estimated sediment load for the Yalong River at Xiaodeshi includes the contribution of tributaries, the expected configuration of the Ertan Reservoir merits discussion of sediment and bedload characteristics of the Ganyu River of which 40 km of the lower portion of the river will be inundated by the reservoir. As discussed above and elsewhere, the inundated portion of the Ganyu River is sufficiently distinct from the main body of the reservoir that the Ganyu Ann of the reservoir, in many ways, will act as a separate reservoir. According to data obtained at the Yanbian Gauging Station, average flow in the Ganyu River is 69.8 m3/s. The annual average sediment content is 0.76 kg/m3. E"M EAs4 O4.19 Based on these data, it is assumed that the average annual bedload contnbuted to the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir will be approximately 579,400 tons and the annual bedload contributed to the Ganyu Arm will be 90,600 tons. 3. Water Quality a.. Factors Affecting Vater Quality (1). Geology and Mineral Resources. The geologic structure of the Yalong Catchment is complicated. The exposed rock strata are comprised of granite, gneiss. schist. slate, marble, limestone, sandstone, shale, conglomerate, magmatic and super basalt, and neutral and alkaline magmatic rocks. Differential weathering of this complex array of geologic materials contributes greatly to the quality of the water in the Yalong River. Water quality in the reaches of the Yalong River in Qinghai Province is categorized as Class 1I with respect to water quality (see Section 3.1.2.3). Within Sichuan Province, the Yalong River is categorized as Class III with respect to water quality. (2). Pertinent Topographv, Climate, and Soil Characteristics. Summanzing the topography presented above. the Yalong River system arises on the southern slopes of Bavankela Mountain. The upper reaches of the Yalong flow throueh an area of high plateau with low hills and wide valleys. Although snow melt contributes to flow in the Yalong. most of the flow arises from rain runoff. There is some groundwater contribution, but this is a minor source of water to the river. The middle reach of the Yalong Valley is characterized by high mountains and deep gorges. This mountainous terrain is also present in the lower portions of the valley. The steepness of the Yalong Valley allows precipitation runoff to leave the valley quickly. Consequently, water does not remain in the upper portions of the catchment for a sufficient length of time that disolution or biological processes to affect water quality. E1 A2 ERVAN BA c.~~~~~ 4.20 Climate in the Yalong Valley is generally considered to be wet, subtropical. Mean annual precipitation ranges from about 500 mm per year in the upper portion of the basin to over 1,500 mm per year at the mouth of the Yalong at the Jinfsa River. Seasonal differences in precipitation coupled with the extreme topographic relief results in extreme seasonal differeices in cetain water quality parameters (eg. turbidity and sediment load). The soils in the basin are generally drab red soil, red soil, and mountain yellow brown soil. Soils on the mountain slopes are generaly thin although most is covered with vegetation which reduces erosion potential. Soils in the upper plateau area and in agricultural areas with gentle slopes are somewhat deeper. Again these soils are either covered with grassland or savannah-like vegetation, or are terraced into tillable fields. The vegetative cover and the agricultural practices all reduce the potential for excessive erosion. The lack of nutrients in the soils and their generally shallow depths minimizes the contribution of nutrients and organic compounds to water draining from the more gentle slopes into the Yalong River or its tributaries. (3). Discharge from Domestic and Industrial Pollution Sources. Because the area above the Ertan Project Site is very sparselv populated, sources of domestic and industrial pollution are limited and their total contribution to the quality of water in the Yalong in the vicinity of the Ertan Project is not detectable. Approximately 21.400 individuals reside in the urban center of Yanbian and Yanvuan Counties. Using the national average production of wastewater per person. the daily production of domestic waste%ater from these urban areas is approximatelv 2.100 tons (0.1 ton/person/day). The main industrial sources of pollution include the Yanbian Paper Mill (with a waste water discharge of approximatelv 300 tons per day), a slaughterhouse, brewery, and cement plants. Wastes discharged from these industrial sources consist primarily of alkali and biochemical oxygen demanding materials (measured as BOD). Approximately 500 tons of wastes are 34112 EqTA EA Ca 4.21 discharged daily from the Eran Clay Mine. These wastes consist almost exclusively of suspended solids. In addition, many of these industrial areas utilize watr from the Yalong as well as other tributaries to the Yalong. A summary of the water consumption, water discharge, and the major pollutants from several of these sites is presented in Table 4.3. In Yanbian County, approximately 50 tons of various organochloride pesticides are used annually in agriculturc. If 11 of these pesticides enter the river (disregarding any degradation or retention in the soil), the concentration of organic pesticides in the river would be less than 0.001 mg/l. This concentration is less than the national standard for drinking water. In general, discharge of wastewater from various sources in the Yalong River is much less Table 4.3: Industrial Water Consumption and Discharge Rates and Major Pollutants in Area of Ertan Reservoir. Industry Water Water COD BOD Sus. Receiving Consumed Discharge Solids River (X 0I t/IrXX 104 tlyrTxt/Yr) (tlvr) (tlyr) Pingchuan Iron Mine 30.0 14.6 Pingchuan Yanbian Paper Mill 136.5 85.3 1092 375.4 1024 Gan,yu Yanbian Cement Plant 4.7 Ganyu Yanbian Ferroalloy Plant 0.5 0.4 Ganyu Panyan Ferroalloy Plant 4.0 3.0 Xingping Hongus Cement Plant 1.9 Yalone loogna Coal Mane 54.8 21.9 Yalon, Eran Clav Mine 13.9 12.5 Yalong Tuanjie Iron Mine 0.9 0.5 Yalong Caiziad Gold Mine 200.0 Yalong Yanvuan Cement Plant 7.3 Yanjang Yanvuan Salt Plant !SS.4 47.S '730 545 Yanjing than the assimilative capacity of the river. The primary factors affecting the quality of Yalona River water are the rock and soil conditions, and precipiation. u1 4.22 b.. Characterization of Water Quality (1) Water Temperature Water tempeature data for the Yalong River are available for the period 1959 through 1992 for the Xlaodeshi Gauging Stadon, located dowastream from the Ertan Project site tSee Figure 4.6). Average monthly water temperes at Xaodeshi for the 'penod of record are depicted in Figure 4.13. As shown in the figure, water temperatures at Xiaodeshi vary seasonally from appromimately 8°C during Demnber and January to approximatdy 190C from June through August Aveage monthly water temperature data from the upper end of - the impoundment zone at the Wali and Luning Gauging Stations are also presented .in Figure 4.13 to demonstrate the increase in temperature from Wali to Xiaodeshi, through the impoundment zone. Water temperature data for the Ganyu River are available for the period 1978-1982 from the Yanbian Gauging Station. Mean, maximum and minimum temperatures by month for the period of record are depicted in Figure 4.14. The geneal pattern of variation in seasonal temperature is similar to that observed in the Yalong. The primary difference is that the overall temperature of the Ganyu is somewhat higher than that in the Yalong. Minimum temperatures in December and January range between 10 and 12°C and the annual highs, occurring in May through July, generally range from 20 to 22°C (2). Water Chemistry Water-samples from the Yalong River were obtained on three occasions each year from 1973 - 1979. and 19B1 at the Xiaodeshi Gauging Station (See Figure 4.4), representing the high flow season, the low tlow season, and the transition between the low flow and high flow seasons. The samples were analyzed for 20 parameters. Summaries of the results of these analyses are presented in Table 4.4. (Data from the three samples are pooled in the table). In 1989 and 1990, water quality samples were collected at Xiaodeshi each month. These data awe summarized in Table 4.5. EAO 4.23 30 - 25 - 0 20 a 15 L. 5'1, 0* . Jon Feb MLr Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Month -1- Xiaodesh Luning WdiI Figure 4.13: Monthly average water temperature of Yalong River at Xiaodeshi Gaging Station (1959 - 1992) Based on the data presented in Tables 4.4 and 4.5. the quality of the Yalong River is characterized as calcium bicarbonate Type I with total alkalinity generally greater than total hardness. This is reflected in the slightly alkaline pH values which generally range between 7.6 and 9.1. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are generally below saturation with annual measurements frequently lower than 6 mg/l. However, in 1989 and 1990. the DO concentrations remained at or above 6 mgll throughout the vear. The dissolved minerals are characteristic of water that arises from igneous/metmorphic rock and suggests that groundwater influence is fairly great in the upper portions of the basin. Nutrient concentrations are relatively low reflecting the lack of organic materials (organic soils) in the river basin. Water quality samples were collected from the Yalong River basin in 1980, 1981, 1989 and 1990 at several locations through the valley (See Figure 4.6). Again three samples werc "112 OgrAIJ EA CM 4.24 ZD-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30 - ~~~~~~~~~01ID- 5 0. O1. T , , Jon Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul AUg Sep Oct Nov Dec Month IMe7n Figure 4.14: Monthly water temperature regime of Ganyu River at Yanbian Gaging Station (1978 - 1982) collected each year at each location. Results of the analyses are summarized in Table 4.6. Data collected during the high and low flow periods are presented separately in the table. Arranged from the upper end of the valley to the mouth, the temperature data indicate the warming of the river during both the high and low flow seasons. Several of the water quality parameters indicate conspicuous changes in conccntrations between the Clay Mine and the Yanbian bridge sampling site. This is exemplified bv the turbidity of the Yalong which is between 5 and 7 turbidity units at the upstream sites and increases to 15 to 20 turbidity units at the two bridge sites. During high flow, turbidity remains fairly constant through the reach. For dissolved oxvgen, the percent saturation remains above 95 percent during both the high and low flow seasons in the upper portion of the basin. However, at the two downstream sites, the percent saturation appears to be somewhat lower and is below 90 percent saturation at times. Data pertaining to the water quality in the Jinsha River upstream and downstream from the 34112 EtrAM FACH 4.25 10 Table 4.4: Water quality charancertics of the Yalong River at the Xiaodeshi Gaging Station Cgs-l9W9,16) Paramees Dischage Temp. C02 DO pH Ca4 Mg' Nf+l}CCI Year (mI/s) (°C) (mg/) (mg/4) (mg1/) (Ing/) (MgIIxqp 1973 Max. 3120 20.4 3.0 8.7 9.1 38.8 11.5 19.74.7 Min. 450 8.8 5.9 7.7 27.6 .2 1.7 1.8 Mean 1573 16.3 2.0 7.3 7.9 32.2 8.8 5.2 3.7 1974 Max. 6020 21.0 2.7. 9.1 8.2 3S.P 12.4 11.L 6:2 Min. 366 7.0 6.4 7.8 21.5 1.0 6.6 1.7 - Mean 1948 16.3 1.9 7.7 7.9 32.2 8.5 8.5 3.6 1975 Mox. 4972 20.6 3.7 9.4 8.1 39.1 14.1 18.8 6.4 Min. 465 0.2 2.1 S.7 7.7 25.3 7.0 6.3 3.2 Mean 1528 14.3 2.7 7.5 7.9 34.5 10.7 14.5 5.3 1976 Max. 32S0 19.3 2.6 8.9 - 8.1 39.5 13.7 18.5 7.2 Min. 376 8.8 1.7 6.2 7.6 21.0 7.3 8.2 3.6 Mean 1246 14.9 2.3 7.6 7.9 33.6 10.7 12.8 5.3 1977 Max. 2649 20.0 2.4 9.0 8.1 37.5 14.7 13.3 6.4 Min. 414 8.2 1.S 6.0 7.7 24.4 6.2 5.4 3.9 Meun 1363 14.8 2.0 7.3 7.9 31.6 9.4 9.4 4.9 1978 Max. 3700 20.0 2.9 9.4 8.1 37.5 11.7 15.0 5.7 Min. 396 11.8 6.4 7.7 25.3 6.2 10.0 4.3 Mean 1786 17.0 1.2 7.4 7.9 29.7 8.4 11.7 5.1 1979 Max 4060 20.2 1.7 9.9 8.0 38.1 10.9 26.0 4.6 Min 411 7.8 6.1 7.6 26.3 8.0 5.5 Z8 Mean 1407 13.0 1.0 8.0 7.9 32.2 9.7 13.5 3.9 1981 Max 20.4 2.3 10.5 8.3 37.9 12.2 11.8 3.2- Min 4590 ' 2 7.4 8.0 4.6 6.3 4.5 0.7 mea= J6. J.l as.8 r3.9 9.7 ZS5Z2 ;'A C 4.26 Table 4.4: (ContInued) Total Tota) HC03' so;- Salinity Hardus COD NH44 Fe4 +EV *-yrear (Mgny f M) (mghi) (Gr Deg (szngh) (rgl) (mga)t 1973 Max. 188.6 7.5 6.68 8.06 1.9 0.25 0.04 OM Milt. 114.5 1.0 4.01 5.33 0.1 0.05 0.01 Cm Me4n 148.7 4.7 5.08 6.53 0.6 0.14 0.02 M 1974 Max. 189.6 9.4 7.10 8.23 - 1.4 0.25 0.02MM MUL 105.6 0.1 3.81 4.44 0.2 0.15 0.01 m Mean 151.5 4.1 5.51 6.67 0.7 0.20 0.02 M 197S Max. 215.0 7.6 7.69 8.70 1.9 0.25 0.04 coM Min. 132.1 1.2 4.83 S.31 0.1 0.01 0.01 OOD Mean' 179.7 4.3 6.32 7.29 0.6 0.09 0.03 M 1976 Max. 210.3 12.4 7.63 8.69 2.6 0.50 0.04 CC Miii. 128.5 0.8 4.56 5.23 0.2 0.05 0.01 CCD Mean 170.1 5.0 6.14 7.16 0.9 0.20 0.03 ML 1977 Max. 186.0 13.0 6.70 7.99 2.7 0.45 0.04 CDt Milk. 112.0 1.4 4.10 4.99 0.2 0.05 0.02 Ct Mean 150.6 5.2 5.46 6.60 1.0 0.18 0.03 CtZ 1978 Max. 165.0 7.2 6.86 7.94 1.1 0.25 0.04 C(L Milk. 128.0 0.5 4.34 4.96 0.0 0.05 0.01 CLD mean 141.8 3.3 5.27 6.08 0.5 0.12 0.03 02 1979 Max. 187.0 10.1 7.64 7.85 0.8 0.20 0.05 OM Min. 123.0 1.0 4.58 5.61 0.2 0.03 0.00 CD blean 153.8 4.9 5.89- 6.74 0.4 0.10 0.02 (X i981 Max. 179.0 10.6 6.50 8.05 1.4 0.12 0.01 am Min. 111.0 3.8 4.04 4.91 0.2 0.07 0.00 OLD Mean 150.2 7.0 5.49 6.86 0.6 0.09 0.01 CCZ Annual Mean 155.8 4.8 5.65 6.74 0.7 0.14 0.02 M2 EA CM 4.27 Table 4.4: (Continued) Paameter ,, ~~~Total N10. N03- SiO, Alkalinity Year (Moll) (m,g/l) (mgl;) (Get. Deg.) 1973 Max. 0.00 0.99 10.0 8.67 Min. 0.27 5.0 5.26 Mean 0.00 .0.64 8.4 6.54 1974 Max. 0.00 I.L9 10.0 S.90. Min. 0.29 2.0 4.85 Mean 0.00 0.78 6.3 7.10 1975 Max. 0.03 0.96 9.0 9.88 Min. 0.00 0.19 2.0 6.07 Mean 0.01 0.60 7.A 8.26 1976 Max. 0.00 0.79 10.0 9.66 Min. 0.29- 4.0 5.91 Mean- 0.00 0.46 7.2 7.82 1977 Max. 0.00 0.49 10.0 8.55 Min. 0.19 3.0 5.16 Mean 0.00 0.35 7.3 6.93 1978 Max. 0.00 0.80 10.0 6.41 Min. 0.20 6.0 5.52 Mean 0.00 0.42 7.8 6.64 1979 Max. 0.00 0.89 10.0 9.59 Min. 0.29 4.0 5.64 Mean 0.00 0.67 7.4 7.34 1981 Max. 0.00 1.00 10.0 8.22 Min. 0.58 7.0 5.10 Mean 0.00 0.78 9.1 6.89 Annual Mean 0.00 0.59 7.6 7.19 [RTA EACM 4.28 Table 4.5: Monthly Average Water Quality Values at Xiaodeshi Gauging Station in 1989 and 1989 TotaL Totad Month Temp Dis. 02 Hard. AIc. NH3-N NH,-N COD pH (0C) (mg/1) (mI/1) (mg/I) (mg/I) (min) (mgnI) Jan 1.6 7.6 75.4 72.9 0.07 0.006 0.5 8.1 Feb 10.2 6.0 77.4 77.1 0.07 0.004 0.6 8.1 Mar 11.8 6.7 77.7 . 79.1 0.06 0.005 0.7 8.1 Apr 15.6 -8.6 78.0 82.2 0.07 0.002 0.8 8.2 May 19.2 7.2 74.0 79.4 0.06 0.002 1.2 6.1 Jun 20.6 7.4 62.8 63.4 0.10 0.005 1.4 8.1 Jul 18.0 11.1 48.8 48.2 0.10 0.015 1.3 8.1 Aug 18.4 8.1 54.1 59.4 0.12 0.005 .1.1 8.1 Sep 18.0 7.9 54.1 56.6 0.08 0.015 1.1 8.1 Oct 14.8 9.0 56.6 58.9 0.08 0.003 0.8 8.0 Nov 12.4 9.5 64.8 66.7 0.05 0.004 0.4 8.1 Dec 10.2 10.3 73.7 71.2 0.18 0.010 0.8 8.1 Avenge 8.3 66.4 67.9 0.09 0.006 0.9 - - 1990 TOW Total Month Temp Dis. O. Hard. Alk. NH3.N NH,-N COD pH ('C) (mgll) (mg/I) (mg/I) (mg /I) (m^I1) (mrll) Jan 7.6 9.7 75.1 75.4 0.03 0.006 0.5 8.1 Feb 11.0 9 78.0 78.2 - 0.080 0.7 8.1 Mar 11.4 9.u 78.0 80.5 0.03 0.008 1.0 8.2 Apr 15.6 8.6 76.6 79.9 0.06 0.003 0.6 8.2 Mlay 17.4 7.2 65.6 64.5 0.06 0.005 1.4 8.1 jun 16.6 8.6 43.5 46.8 0.10 0.025 1.5 8.0 Jul 21 .0 7.0 53.3 58.6 0.05 0.002 0.9 8. 1 Aue 20.0 7.0 56.4 58.9 0.03 0.004 0.4 8.3 Sep IS.0 7.8 51 6 50.2 0.03 0.002 1.3 8.2 Oc 16.0 9.0 49.6 52.4 0.04 0.008 0.S 8.I No% 11.0 9.0 67.9 67.0 0.06 0.003 0.4 S.l Dc; 8.0 7.6 27.9 70.9 0.05 0.002 0.4 8.I Average 8.3 60.3 65.3 0.04 0.012 0.08 7. E 4.29 Table 4.6: Longitudinal profile of water qulity parametrs in Yalong River ftom Gabiao to Tongzilin Flood Season Locadon Pamter Unit Gmnyu Daluo Jinhe Gubio GoaeTmieAodeX YabianTownship Temperture (oC) 19.1 19.1 19.4 19.5 19.9 19.8 22.S 21.3 pH 8.3 8:4 8.2 8.2 8.1 8.2 8.4 8.2 SO; (mg/I) 9.7 7.5 9.4 S.7 9.2 17.9 15.7 15.7 cr (mg/i) 3.6 3.7 5.4 3.6 3.2 3.2 9.0 6.5 Fe (mg/i) 0.04 0.06 <0.03 <0.03 0.14 0.03 (0.03 <0.03 Mn (mg/l) 0.532 0.564 OS78 0.S53 0.694 0.714 0.211 0.250 Cu - (mg/I) 0.052 0.056 0.057 0.053 0.072 0.102 0.013 0.015 Zn (mg/A) 0.104 0.124 0.1L8 0.127 0.S67 0.202 0.399 0.036 NOj- (mg/I) 0.22 0.22 0.2 0.25 0.2 0.38 0.43 <0.49 NO:C (mg/l) c0.003 <0.003 c0.003 0.007 <0.003 <0.003 0.010 0.009 NH3 (mg/I) 0.004 0.002 0.011 0.07 0.004 0.008 0.011 0.011 Tot. N (mg/I) 1.980 2.020 1.820 2.050 0.473 2.190 0.521 0.695 P (mg/I) 0.90 0.90 1.1 1.11 1.39 1.29 0.28 0.31 Permangte (mg/I) 18.2 16.0 17.2 17.5 20.5 17.9 3.7 4.4 Index DO (mg/i) 9.6 9.3 8.4 8.2 8.4 8.4 7.1 7.7 COD (mg/I) 37.6 45.9 33.6 23.3 77.2 36.8 8.8 39.8 BOD5 (mg/1) 0.6 0.7 0.5 0.8 1.3 0.5 0.9 1.0 F- (mg/I) 0.10 0.11 0.1 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.12 0.11 Sc (mg/1) 0.0166 0.0088 0.0132 0.0101 0.0064 0.0059 0.0046 0.0059 As (mg/l) <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 HS (mg/1) 0.00011 0.oOe0.00008 0.00018 0.00009 0.00014tO.O000t0.00008 Cd (mg/1) < 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002< 0.0002 C: (mg/Ib <0.002 < 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.00 < 0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Pb (mgM) 0.026 0.026 0.030 0.029 0.032 0.085 0.007 0.00S '-anadc tmg/I) <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 <0.004 VulAilic Phenol (mg/1) <0.002 0.00 0.002 0.002 0.00 0.002 0.002 0.002 Petrolcum (mgll) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 Sulta A;iavw 1mg/I) <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 <0.050 24000. 4900. 24000. 54000. 54000. 160000. Susp. Solids (mg/) 982. 11000. 476. 1090. 557. 1300. 145. 171. EoAEIAOI - EC 4.30 Table 4.6 (Continued) Norml Seasom Locadon Paraumetr Unit Ganyu Daluo Jinhe Gubiso Goughe Tuan JidCiaodeshiYabianTownship Tempeature (CC) 12.6 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.5 14.0 18.3 18.0 pH 8.38 8.35 8.33 8.37 8.35 8.39 8.42 8.40 iSO4- (Mg/I) 13.6 13.2 14.2 8.0 15.0 14.1 11.1 6.6 C1- (Mg/) S.4 7.5 S.6 S.0 6.1 4.4 6.9 5.4 Fe (mg/I) <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 <0.03 Mn (mg/A) 0.069 0.054 0.076 0.078 0.075 0.085 0.031 0.043 Cu (mg/1) 0.006 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.085 0.087 0.002 0.003 Zn (mg/I) 0.022 0.041 0.022 0.052 0.05 0.073 0.017 0.029 N03 (mg/I) 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.21 0.32 0.02 NO, (mg/I) <0.003 0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 <0.003 NH3 (mg/I) <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Total N (mg/I) 0.153 0.193 0.209 0.080 0.112 0.102 0.090 0.177 P (mg/I) 0.062 0.058 0.058 0.074 0.069 0.079 0.046 0.053 Permanganate (mg/I) 1.5 1.5 1.4 1.5 1.4 1.4 1.1 1.5 Index DO (mg/I) 10.9 10.8 9.6 8.6 9.6 9.7 8.6 8.8 COD (mg/1) 4.8 6.1 3.6 - 5.7 5.5 3.7 5.3 4.5 BODs (mg/I) 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.8 0.3 0.5 0.6 0.2 } (mg/,) 0.120 0.110 0.119 0.115 0.124 0.119 0.110 0.134 Se (mgtI) <0.0025C0.0025<0.0025e 0.0025< 0.0025<0.0025<0.0025< 0.00o5 As (mg/I) <0.007 <0.007 <0.07 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 <0.007 'g (mg/i) <0.00000.00008: 0.0000 0.000060.00000.00R060.00006 0.00008 Cd (mg/i) <0.0002O.0002< 0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002<0.0002 Cr - (mg/I) <0.002<0.00 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 <0.002 Pb (mgn) O.OD4 0.009 0.003 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002 0.013 Cyanide (mCII) <0.004 <0.004 2 ' ..o .-- -._ ' l * -C - - .1 -- E.. Socioeconomic Environment 1.. Water Use Although the Yalong River and the Ertan Project are located in a relatively uninhabited portion of southwest Sichuan Province, there are some existing uses of the river that may be affected- by project structures and operation. The potential effects to these uses may be attributable to changes in the hydrologic regime, water quality, or sediment load in the river. Because changes to the hydrologic and water quality regimes may be realzed downstrm from the confluence of the Yalong with the Jinsha River, a survey of existing water uses was conducted between the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir and Yibin. Existing uses of the river and river channel are described below. a.. Structures Present in the River Channel or Along the Shoreline Structures located in and along the Yalong River within the impoundment zone were inventoried during the planning for resettlement activities and are discussed in the resettlement sections of the EA- These structures and uses are not addressed here. Structures in the Yalong River downstream from the Erian dam site include: timber handling facilities located at Mishaituo, Xiaodeshi; Anninc River mouth, Dapingdi, Niupingzi. and Sanduizi; an industrial water supply pumping station for the Panzhihua Mine Power Plani near the confluence of the Yalong with the Jinsha; and the piers of three bridges across the Yalong River between the dam site and the Jinsha River confluence. Structures located on the banks of the Yalong River which may be impacted by project operation include the shoreline facilities associated with the timber handling sites identified above; residential buildings at Xiaodeshi and Tongzilin; and ancillary buildings associated with the Panzhihua Mine Power Plant. E£TrAN EA CM 4.55 b. Downstream Industrial, Agricultural, and Doiiestic Water Supply Use of the Yalong River downstrm fmm the Ertan Project for industrial, agricultural and domestic water supply is limited. Currently, water is drawn from the Yalong River at the Panzhihua Mine Power Plant and at several locadons on the Jnsha between the Yalong confluence and the Jfnjiang Railway Station. During construction, water is withdrawn from the Yalong for use at the construction labor camps, at the concrete batch plants, and at the contractr/administration units established to house the construction managers. Once the project is completed, the Yalong River wiMl serve as the primary source of water for the Yanbian County town to be constructed on the right side of the Yalong River downstream from the confluence of tihe Anning River. The Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant has a design purification capacity of approximately i5,000 tons of water per day (about 0. 17 m.3/s). Water treated at this plant is used primarily by 60,000 to 65.O00 residents in the Panzhihua City area to meet domestic requirements. Very little of the water is used for industrial purposes. The pumping station for the water treatment plant is located on the Yalong upstream from its confluence with the Jinsha River and is operated on a 24-hour basis. The pumping station houses four pumps each with a lifting capacity of 280 mn;Ih and a total capacitv of 27,000 m3;day. Currently, onlv two pumps are used on a 2 4-hour basis with the remaining two operated as-needed or as reserve pumping capacitv. Several small pumping stations are located alonc the Jinsha River between the confluence of the Yalon, River and the Jinjiang Railway Station. These pumping stations are mounted on floating boats or on tracks that can be moved up and down with the water level. The amoun; of water withdrawn at these sites is quite small. C.. Trnnsportation of TLimber A primarv existing use of the Yalong River is for transporting harvested timber - mainly 9J112 MAN CA CM 4.56 from plantBa"ons located in the upper portions of the Yalong Catchmenr o- to-the collcetion . , and processing centers near the mouth of the Yalong and on the Jinsha River to Yibin. The Yalong is the principal transportation corridor for timber within Sichuan Province. Forestv practices in the upper basin are discussed in more detail in Section 4.5.2. Locations o' uhe primarT forest maagemerareas where *his timber is harvested are depicted in Figure 4.23. Harvested logs are placed in the river and conveyed downstream to the timber handiine facilities at Xiaodeshi. Anning River Mouth and others. Most of dhe handling facilities between Xiaodeshi and the mouth of the Yalong River are constructed of floating piers anchored in the middle of the channel. At Xiaodeshi, a concrete-pier collection facility has been constructed along the left bank of the river as showr in Ficure 4.24'. At these locations the logs are accumulated irnto rafts which are th:n conveyed to the lumb r mills in Yibin, approximatelv 800 km from the source in the upper Yalong Bacin. Generally, use of the river for conveying logs occurs only eurng Til h'g.h flow season between June and Seprei'ber w'hen narlv 98 pex-ent oi he lozf a.-iv: at the handling facilities in the reach below the Ert-n Dam si:e. Ail of the zimber ;.a.;diling facifities at the lower end of the Yalong River are design'td to operate unen dis hargte is at leass ,50C0 mn.rs. d.. Commercial Navigation The 3 k!m reach of the Yalon- River from the Ertan Dan; site Eu .;,a conwtuence with tht; Jinsia River is currentiy unnavigablc due to the presence of shoals and rapids in the ..-er cnannel. Transportation through this portion of the valley is accomplished via h?h.;2ay al.ng ooth the left and right banks and via the rail line on the rieht bank throuc h Tongzi.in Downst-eam from the confluence of the Yalong, the Jinsha River is navigab!e "or avoroximately 140 km fr.m Panzhihua to Zaogutian. However. this reach is useu o::ti seasonally in June and December between the extreme dry months and the extrenme wet months. Between Zaogutian and Xinshizhen, extending approximately 150 kIn, the jinshl contains many rapids and shoals making this reach unnavigable. The 58 k-n reach be:ween Xinshizhen and Xiantan is used seasonally, again only duringr the months of June and 341 :2 4.57. cl.A -A Co 45 SEDA DEGEO GANqZ I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Xinlon5Jr Daofu Maon | ~~~LEGEM1 - i,4 IDING I Ccnlrce or City or Coumy I N ~~~~I - oery_ _ Plnrned Foreslr Bavtu ____ L County Boundvaty ! [fze ____\ . | ls ~~O]mlton, 'ur?,er F ore- Bures: j ..-r. an-du.;- ; * 1Xa Xnlung i '!Fi. j!w |Oor. mC.0CO) I, I ' Jiulong v_"_|____(0 / 9 Yrr 70.000 __ g 10 PUwei S0.A0 Dmite 11 TotI 11Xn.00O|. PANtZJA 9;; Figure 423: Loc3tions otTimber iares- Areas aad Forest Managemenw Bureaus ir. valk.i- River Basin. eat i: -458 EqT*dI EA a" -5 T.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ .a.' ..~~.. ~ ~ .*' ,. ._: ~ ~ ~ , . . ' _ . < -WK t o' 7-'>_2.2 Figure 424: Log Handling Facilities in Yalong River at Xiaodeshi. 11 km Downstream From Ertan. December. From Xiantan to Yibin, navigation use of the river is possible throughout the vear. Because the industrial and agricultural production in the upper portions Ot the Jinsha is quite low. there is little need for mass transportation o;' goods via the river. There are several ferries present alona this rcach that link highways and provide for persons wishing to cross the river. Such ferries are located at Qiaojia. Long,ie, Yuzha and Jinjianc. Numerous boats observed at various locations along the river are used either by local subsistence fishermen or bv operators of various facilities like the water pump stations described previously. 2.. Land use Surveys of land use in 1985 for the Sichuan portion of the Yalong watershed (96 percent of 94112 RTMN EACH 4.:59 Table 4.9: Survey of Land Uses in Yalong River Basin i. Enan Reservoir Area. Yalong catchment Yanbian County an- % km5 Forestry land 37,811 34 1,809 65 Cultivaion 2.304 2 223 8 Grazing land 58,946 5371 541 20 Water surfTce 1,982 2 16 <1 Odt.r 10.615 10 160 6 low 11 1 ,298 2.765 its total area) in general and of Yanbian County in parEicular were made in 1985 and the resLilts are shown in Table 4.9. Land use is, in part, deternined by altitude with cultivated sand more comn;on a. lower elevation "han at hiahcr- levation and forests lesc common at jow altitudes than at high altitudes. Table 4.10: Trends in Forest Cover. 1960-1980. Catrimcnt Percent Forest Localiuan in DXa!in Counties Arcm 60- 7O's 80's I -!- Rcn:h Shiqu. GAJnzi. 3S.401° I.3; 1.-- 1.73% Decc. Sc;a MaiJJlc Reach X.Mnlone. Y :_.300 13.39cc 13.26% 11.61rc Yajijn2. Luhun. Daotu. w.can: m Low=r R-ach Jiulorz. Muhl. Yan.uan 3i".r?9 25.06% 27.11% 26.58% %liar.amc- il;, Mirl Dxchane. Yanb:afs Combined Catchznmen Area 111.298 12.33% L3.O252 12.32% 94A 2 fRTAh EP 4.60 as * cove the" The extent of forest (defuned as tree cover great-er ti- 0 percent)' in - the cachmenit-at ' ' present and in the past is shown in. Table 4.10. The increase in the proportion of -.he area covered by forest from the l960s to the 1970s is due to a program of aerial sowing of tree seeds in the 1960s. Results of this repianting became noticeable in the 1970s. Prior to the 1960s the practice of cuttng fore!ts and without replanting resulted in a decline in the forest area. CurrentlY the propordon of thearea With forest cover in the lower reaches of the Yalong around the reservoir (26 percent) is twice the Sichuan average. In Yanbian County 33 percent of the land area is covered by forest These forested areas contribute significandy to water and soil conservation in the reservoir area. a.. Agriculture About 15 percent of the land within the reservoir area (about 1.700 ha) is cultivated. In general the Han people occipy the valley bottoms where thicker and more fer ie soils. combined with long experience with water mnanaggement and rice cultivation, each year producc two or three harvests of rice. com. wheat, peanuts. sugarcanc and other minor crops. Pigs and ducks are common stock animals. The Yi people tendl to occupy the hioger elevations where only one har:est is produced each year because o, the lower temperatures. greater diurnal temperature variation. slower plant growth, thin and relatively infertile soil. and frequent landslips. The major crops are potato and buckwheat producing an average of 2250 kg/ha. The main stock animals are goats: sh:ep are found at higher altitudes. The Rrassv areas of the midd!e mzontane reaions above 1500 m are the most suitable fwor eransc; below this the grasslands are subject to a long drv season and are of poor quality. Ecinomic trees in the reservoir region include walnut. chestnut, apple. pear. tung o;l tree. mulberry. bamboo. and citrus. Yanyuan apples are :._.1 known for their color. smell. and taste and are an imporLant export commodity. b.. Forestry In the Yalong catchment as a whole the timber forests cover approximatelv 0.85 million ha. EWR EA Cm 4.61 An estimated 404 million m3 of timber is presenit within the valley of which there is approximately 9.8 million me of harvestable timber. Spruce and fir trees comprised the majority of the timber above 2000 m. After cutting, the logs are floated down the Yalong and Jinsha rivers for processing in Yibin. Most of the logs are cut from old growth forests, and regeneration/replanting is hampered by diseases caused by indigenous organisms of the natural forests. The spruce and fir generaly grow on poor montane soils, and plantings often take 1S Years to form a closed canopy, and 20 years to reach 20-m height. Annual production of logs ir. the Yalong catchment reached a peak of 1.1 million rm3 prior to 1985, with 90 percc-. 1:f uis production transported via the river. Annual timber production has declined since 1985 to approoimately 0.3-0.4 million m3 in 1994. The reduced production is attributed to new forestry policy designed to balance harvest and regeneration rates. In the southern, mainly pine-growing areas of Puwei and Yanbian, the rate of harvesting pines was, until quite recentld. greater than the rate of replanting. The forest bureau of both Puwei and Yanbian are currently attempting to reverse this trend through replanting of the pines in harvested areas. The areas replanted with Yanbian pine seeds and seedlings. The Forestrv Bureaus expect the seedlings will form a closed-canopy and in seven years, and will reach 6 m in height in 15 years. The Forestrv Law enacted in 1989. requires that the quantity of timber harvested from an area be less than the quantity grown. The purpose of this poiicv is to increase the amount timner in a given area. In addition. the law requires that forestr management policy - rcasonable use of timber resources. - improvement of the forest compositior. - increase in fores; cornpom;:ion. - increase in ecolocical and environmental benefits. - multiple uses. and - increase in econoi liC beneflts. ERTAN EA C_4 4.62 Certain forests, such as some of those in the Ganyu Valley, are recognized as important for water conservation. These are owned by the Deparmet of Water Resources which entrusts the management of them to the local bureau of the Department of Forestry. Only dead timber may be cut froti these forests. Provincial regulations for mountainous regions stipulate that to maintain ecosystem balance, water conservation and soil conservation, tree harvesting is not allowed on slopes over 40a, on slopes less than 40° where the soil is thin or replanting difficult, in tracts of i!olated forest less than 20 ha in area, within 100-200 m of montane grassland or shrubs, within 50 m of all-season streams, and within I kIn of upper catchments. Onlv selective cutting of up to 30 percent of the harvestable timber is permitted within 500 m of large rivers, or within 50 m of residential areas, reservoirs, and power stations. In addition to use of available forests for timber, some pine tree stands are managed for pmroduction of resin. Resin, tapped from pine trees, is collected in a manner similar to the collection of rubber latex. Distillation of the pine resin produces ros.n and turpentine, the former used in varnish,- paint, ink and paper industries, while turpentine is used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. c.. Industry and Mining Industries located within the Ertan Reservoir area are generally small and self-supporting. Repair shops, manufacture of spare parts. a small cement plant. cereal processing, brewery. sugar refining (Table 4.11) constitute the majority of industries in the Yalong Valley. Up to 160 active mines are present in the Yalong Valley, most of which are very small with hrmrted production. The major mines include the Ertan Clay Mine which is exploiting a deposit of approximately 5.5 million tons, and the Yanbian Hongni coal mine which is exploiting a coal deposit with approximately 169 million tons in reserve. The mined clay is important in the manufacture of refractories for the Panzhihua steelworks. 94112 EITA EA C 4.63 Table 4.11: Industries Locaed in the Ertan Reservoir Area. Competent Name Loeation Authority Owner Staff ain Products Enan Clay Mine Jmlong HiU Paniibu StuIon State 108S KAolin: Production Company 110,000 I/yr Jily I Power Third Village Watr Power Bureau idem Enery: I,O00kwiv YUMe Yanbian County Ce:nert Faotnry Xifaugian Industq: ldem 124 Cement: JianLing Comunwications 30.000 tlyr Bureau. Yanbiam County 3.. Land Transportation Tne Calengdu-Kunming railway line passes along the left bank of the Yalong from the Anning River mouth to the Jinsha River. Rail stations are located at Tongzilin and Jinjiang. The Tonezilin Station, is located just 18 In from the dam site and is the major off loadino site for heavy equipment a,nd materials necessary for construction of the project. .T.e nmain highways are: Sichuan-Yunnan. Xxchang-Muli. Dechang-Yanbian. Yanbian-Wudukou. Land transportation in the vicinitv of the Ertan Project is generallv quite pk-kr becau%c of tze' rugged mourtain '.C..irn. Consequently. considerable road upgrade and .^s::Iic:on swas nrcessary to accmimodate construction related traffic. Most of The proiect :-!a :s accessible onLy on foot rT horseback. The rugaed mountain area has few yood roads anc cornrion of means of travel "v loca! residents is by horse. pal t2 !rTAt4EA CN6- 4.64 4.. Administrative t nits and People 4.. Aidministrative USnits and Pcople a.. Administrative Units The region to be inundated by the reservoir directly involves five c-ounties: - Yanbian and Miyi of Panzhihua Municipality, -and - Dechang, Yanyuan and Xichang of Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture. These counties and their adNinistrative centers are shown in Figure 4.25. The most populous pa.t of the reservoir area is the Ganvu vallev where there are some 630 people/lkm2 and about 40 ha cultimated land/km-. Density of humans in the remaining part of the reservoir is 60 people/knm2 and agricultural intensitv is limited to approximately 10 ha land/kan'). b.. Socio-economic Conditions The socio-economic conditions in the whole of the five ccunties affected bv the reservoir are shown in Table 4. 1:2. It should be noted that these data were compiled .n 1 98 and revision of these figures wouln be required if the survevs are reconducted. ihe apparent rapid increase in population size between 1977 and 1983 obscr.ed in 'Yanyuan County was apparentlv due to immigration associated with additional job oppu uities ard the ntflux of governmental administrators. Similarly, the population growth in Xichang Countv was stimulated by the rapid groWth of the aerospace industry and the associated infiux of officials into the countv zovernmcntal agencies. c.. Minoritv Nationalities Although most of the people in the project area belong to the majoritv Hart nationality, another '20 nationalikies are represented. The most numerous o.' the minority naaionalia;.es in the project area is the Yi. Approximately 39,400 of 168.200 people in Yanbian County are ERTAt ;. 4.65 Xichang& * Mumcipality capital * Countv capital I MuruicipalitylPrefecture boundary County boundary 1 cHANG Province boundary XICHAN i' ( YANYUAN I Dechang\ DECHAN' R X MIYI JVM;VI Panzhihua 1 Figure 4.25: Administrative Units in the Ertan Reservoir Area. ERTAN EAl4 - 4.66 ~~~~~~A-~~~~~~~ Table 4.12: Socioeconomic Conditions in 1985 for the Five Counties Affected by the Reservoir. CountY Item Unit Yanbian Mi!i Dehng Yanyuanxdthang Total Total Ae km2 2.765 2,105 2,240 8,370 2,484 17,964 Cultivated Land ha 8.993 10,951 12.456 38296 24,845 95.531 Crxps ha 3.305 7,328 8,240 7,564 17.031 43.468 Gszing ha 5.687 3.623 4.215 30,721 7,813 52,0S9 Annual Gmain tonlyear 48,360 55.320 63.045 86,295 15,255 268.275 Production Number of Households 25.637 35,588 48.496 5S.355 Runl 23.255 30.029 26,870 44,7S8 52.282 177.194 Population 123.307 174.279. 147,474 248.627 260.000 953.687 Rural 113.651 149.30 132.660 232.301 249.916 877.830 Annual Production X 106 yuan 36.75 62.70 48.20 72.45 78.74 98.84 Industry X 106 yuan 10.60 24.82 10.97 13.86 8.09 69.24 Agriculture X 10' yuan 26.15 37.88 37.33 58.59 70.65 230.60 Rural Labor - . 46.5 43.6 45.9 46.2 47.0 46.8 Population Growth 6.6 6.4 8.6 17.9 14.4 Grouth of Grai 3.9 1.6 5.6 4.7 7.I minority nationalities, more than half of whom are Yi. There are more than 5 million Yi pcople distributed throuch Yunnan. Sichuan and Guizhou Provinces. Prior to the end of the Mling dynasty (1644), the Yi people were prevalent in the project area. At that time the onlv permanent settlement of consequence was Yanyuan. After the people's rebellion and the invasion by the Manchus in 164. many Han people fled to safety in the western mountains, where some were taken as slaves by the Yi. Through the years the proportion of Han incrcased as a result of their fleeing a variety of disturbances in the low land areas. Finally. the number of Han people moved into the region as a consequence of organized relocation programs. The town of Yanbian ('boundary of the Yan area') was founded by Han pcople. probably earlier this century. A result of the immigration of the Hans was displacement of the Yi into the more mountainous areas which the Han tended to avoid as much as possible. 94112 LUTAN LA Cli'- 4.67 The social structure of the Yi' people is relatively simple. The Yi are divided into distinct clans which eacb have a social organization based on caste. The dominant caste owns all poperty and thieeby controls he lower ase wlich , nefct, a laboring and landless group. M is confined withizn caste and clanm Agriculture is the main ecouiomic activity, work in the fields being done only by the lower cast The YlbeLieve that all objects possess spirit and that their lives are ruled by destiny; amulets are wom throughout life to effect proteition. - Most of the Yi people living in the vicinity of the project confine their activities toareas above 1600 m asm edevaion, where they combine cultivation of potatoes, con, and some whea with te hrdng of goas. Some sheep are also kept but these are as much as for jousdng con'tests as for meaL Sheep are more important to Yi living in westn regions. The goats are very important to dhe Yi because they provide meat and leather, some of which is taded to the Hlan for supplementary food and material goods (Figure 4.26). Other goods traded are walnuts, muthrooms, and medicinal herbs. .ne~~~~~~~~~~ The remaining 20,000 minority residents of Yanbian County comprise the other 19 minority. grups represented in the county. Most of these minorities are immigrants from other areas Of Sichuan and from other provinces. None of these minorities have estblished cultural groups and tend to be integrated into the general population. A large portion of thcse rSm FA C" : :4.68 . *1~~~* * j - - i W 2't *;4f - . ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- Figure 426: Yi Woman Herding Goats. minority groups moved into the region to takle advantage of job opportunities and therefore do not neessarily constitute politically or culturally distinct groups. Onlv the Yi people are native to the area and retain much of their cultural integritv. d.. Cultural Resources The Yalong vallev has been an important traffic corridor and region of cultural exchange for centuries. Remains from cultural periods starting from the Palaeoiithic have been found about 160 km south of the dam site in Yunnan. Excavations conducted in the middle of the Ertan reservoir region in 1979i1980 revealed the presence of Neolithic sites with graves and cultural objects similar to those found to the south in Da Dun-zi. Yuanmou Count;. Yunnan. and to the north in Lizou. Xichang County. Sichuan. A thorough survev by provincial and other experts is currently being conducted and the final repon is expected some nrme after June 1995. e.. Schools and other educational facilities EEA EA Ci 4.69 .3- Yanbian County has 2 primary schools and 2 secondary schools. f. Public Health (1). Infectious Diseases .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ In 1986, infectious diseases known tD occr in the vicinity of the Ertan Reservoir included malaria, schistosomiasis, epidemic encephalitis, anthra, epidemic cerebrospminal meningitis, infectious hepatitis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, baillary dysentery, and endemic goiter. In additional there are local problems with hemorrhagic fever and scrub typhus (Ertan Phase I EA, 1989). In general, the occurrence of these diseases in the general population has either remained relatively constant or has declined due to actions of public health agencies in the respective govenmental sectors. (a). Malaria Malaria has more or less been brought under control over the last few decades. and Panzhihua Municipality was declared free of malaria in 1991 by the Panzhihua Public Health Bureau. Ihe control of malaria. in part, was the consequence of the massive program of pesticide appliczauoa to control agricultural pests. This program had the dual purpose of reducing agricultural losses to insect pests and to reduce or eliminate arthropod vectors of human diseases, in this case the mosquito. (b). Schistosomiasis Buore 1979, Yanbian County was considered an epidemic area for schistobomias:> (bilharzia), particularly in Yorj-xing. Jiangxi, Qiansheng and Huimin Rural Areas. The disease is caused by a blood-fluke or trematode flatworm (Schistosoma japonicum). The parasite is about one cm long and infesus the veinuoles of the middle and lower intestinal tract !n both humans and certain other mammals including rats, water buffalo, cattle and horses. although the domestic species genetally have low rates of infection. The b2sic E 112 ENTN A N44.70 -+ ; {A nF~~~~~- t .l m epidemiology of an infestion emerges from repeated inoculations of the organism into the primary host (humans). At low infestations, the disease is generally asympwomatic. Early symptoms of repeated invasions of schistosomid:. involve.itching of the sldn caused by the entry of the aquatic larva, and slin eruption around the entry point. The disease mechanism in humans includes blockage of the veinuoles draining the intesdnal tract, reaction to metabolic byproducts from the flukes, and tissue damage of the intestinal tract caused by the penetration of the eggs th-rough the intestinal wall into the lumen of the intestine. The disease is difficult to treat because various chemical treatments are sensed by the flukes which then move to the liver until the chemicals are removed from the system by the uiietabolic processes of the infected person. Because the flukes are known to live for many years, continued contact with water infested with the invasive form will eventually cause clinical symptoms to appear. Clinical symptoms include high fever accompanied bv coughing, abdominal pain and rashes. Chronic diarrhea and blood and mucus in the faeces are also associated with clinical cases of the disease. In later stages with extremely massive parasite loads, the disease may progress to the liver, heart, brain, spinal cord and pancreas of the host eventually causing death. Victims may live for many . after contracting the disease, but become graduallv vweaker, and mans eventually die of exhaustion or succumb to other diseases because of their weak-ened condition. The transmission of the disease requires an intermediate host. a small (2-3 mm). iight brown snail Oncomelonia hupensris These snails are found in the Far East. inhabitinn irrigated rice fields and growths of aquatic weeds particularly water hyacinth (Eic71ho0ro crassipes). Thev also inhabit long grass adjacent to rice fields. and in srassv irrimauon ditches. The snails become infected when feces from infected vertebrate hosts are deposited in the aouauc environment inhabited by the snails. The eggs hatch in the open water and the iarvac ther. invade the snai! to mature to the form that infects the vertebrate hos:. As with the ve-l7eb7t hosts. not all snails in a population are infeaced. However. sufficient numbers car bcc.11M. infected such that an infection rate of just 1 percent at a very low snail density of lOinr would provide for approximately 1000 infected snails per ha. Both the snail and the vertebrate hosts are required for the parasite to complete its life cvcle. If either of the hosts are absent from the system or sanitation practices are implemented to prevent introductior. 94112 ERTANd E CH& 4.71 of the infective forms into either the aquatic system or to the vertebrate hosts, the disease can be controlled. In south China, the snail occurs most firequendy at elevations below 900 m. Although the Ganyu River valley is a lkown endemic area, the fact that the Ertan Resevoir ranges up to 1200 im elevation indicates a relatively small probability that the intermediate host, the snail, will expand to the upper reaches of the reservoir. Since 1958, all levels ofChinese government including national, provincial and county public health agencies have paid more attention to the disease, establishing means of control and cure through & combination of mass treatment of human sufferers, agro-engineering, -molluscicides, improved sanitation and health education. This attention and associated implementation of control measures led to the claim of eradication of the schistosomiasis intermediate host from the Ganyu basin. However, in recent years it appears that the snail has once again become prevalent in the area as shown in Figure 4.27 obtained from the Yanbian County Health Bureau and the Sichuan Provincial Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (1993). Although the snail is again present in the valley, according to these sources, no new cases of schistosomiasis have been reported for some years. In order to ensure the lowest possible incidence of the disease. measures to minimize the occurrence of the snail and to improve sanitary practices must continue. In accordance with this desire, measures to reduce the spread of the snail are proposed as part of the socioeconomic and resettlement programs associated with the Ertan Project. Additionally. immigrant work-ers to the Ertn Construction Site must be screened before hiring for schistosomiasis. as well as a number of other infectious diseases, to further minimize the potential spread of these diseases within the local population. These programs are described in more detail in Chapter 5 as part of the impact assessment and mitigation program being implemented during the construction of the Ertan Proiect. (c). Other Infectious Diseases The cure and prevention of leprosy in Panzhihua Municipality has been marlkedly successful, in part with WHO support. and the disease is expected to be eradicated by 1997. Leptospirosis, a debilitating disease transmitted by rats and rat parasites. is found in Yanbian "1t. ORTAe EA Oa 4.72 ;-- . ., .>..;,. *~ *t @' ' ; na QinheX Figure 4.27: Distributon ofSchis-tosomiasisDisease Vectors in Yanbian County (Panzhii-.ua HIealth Bureau. IS93). 34112 47 ERTAN EACN4 4.73 County, and there are a few hundred sufferers in the reservoir region. Cures are difficult to effect but efforts are made to control rat numbers through direct Idling efforts and environmental sanitation. Scrub typhus is also spread by rat parasites and despite measures appers to be inceasing in the area. Epidenic hemorrha*ic feve and polio are effectively absent from the area. (2). Hospitals and other health-related insttutions There are 5 clinics of dfferent sizes in Yanbian County. g.. Occtlpations and Incomes. About 90 percent of the population is engaged in agricultral labor. The remainder is employed in factories, industrial projects, mines, commerce, or the government sector. In 1992 the average annual per capita income in Yanbian County was RMB 455; those working in industies have the highest incomes, followed by those in government service. Although those individuals working as farmers have the lowest incomes, much of their food requirement is obtained through subsistence family practices. Generally, agriculturally-based families raise not only their own rice and other vegetables, their protein sources (fish, chickens. pigs, goats, etc.) are also raised by the household. OTAN EA cMZ 4.74 Chapter 5 .P. 5. ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS This chapter describes the anticipated effecs of the Ertan Hydroelectric Project. The first section (Section 5.1) describes the environmental and socioeconomic benefits either incorporated as facilities within the projec structures or attributable to secondary features of the project. Section 5.2 describes the potential impacts and proposed mitigation programs for the aquatic ecosystem. Section 5.3 similarly describes the impacts and proposed mitigation to the terrestial ecosystem. Impacts to the socioeconomic svstem and some of the mitigation measures to be implemented are presented in Section 5.4. The impacts and mitigation measures encountered during the construction of project facilities are presented in Section 5.5. Within the framework of this chapter, nine specific mitigation actions are presented to compensate for anticipated losses attributable to project construction and operation. These plans include: i Establishment of a biodiversit' Conservanon oriamagement zone brweer ene'aion: 1200 m and 1300 m adjacent to the project reservoir, it will cost 1.99 million yuan; 2. Implementation of a commercial fishe-ry plan and a fish resources recovery plan. Initially. some 820,000 vuan are needed to establish the program: I. Institution o' a public health plan to control potential spread o. inirctious dis:ases: Treatmen of the Ganvu River vaiey to eradcate rel.__s a. ::iE va:- we_ Eichhornic. and possible refuges oi ;;e snadi that carries schistosomiasia. Thni. program will require 889.000 yuan; 5. Reconstruction and rehabilitation of the ferry located on the Jinsha River downstream from the confluence of the Yalong with the Jinsha, and it will COSt 100.000 yuan; 6. Protection and recovery of cultura. relics occurring within the impoundment zone, and some 303,000 yuan are required; ER-Akt {A C4S 5.1 7. Instlation of a warning system downstream from the dam, and the cost for this program will be 320,000 yuan: 8. Construction area restoration (its cost estimate is 250,000 yuan); and 9. Continuation of a public health monitoring program for construction workers (approximately 1.22 million yuan are needed). In addition bO these specific mitigation actions, seven monitoring programs have been established and will be continued once the project is complete. These are described both in this section and in CnapLer 7: Project Monitoring and include: 1. Hydrological. and sedimentation monitoring; 2. Meteorological monitoring; 3. Seismic monitoring; 4. Landslide monitoring; 5. Aquatic resources monitoring (including water quality, aquatic vegetation and aquatic animals); 6. Terrestria resources monitoring (including vegetation and wildlife): and 7.. Public Health monitoring. 5.1. Environmental Benefits Ertan Power Station on the Yalong River is a multipurpose project with the primarv objective of electric power generation. During the planning phase, other objectives were identified and have been incorporated into the overall operation and configuration of the project structures. These include transport of harvested timber from Sute managed forests in the upper basin and possible implementation of a fish culture program in the Ganyu River valley portion of the reservoir (See Section 5.2.6). These benefits and other environmental benefits associated with the Ertan Project are summarized below: 5.1.1. Power Generation ATAM LA CI - C After completion, the Ertan Hydroelectric Project will play a central role in the Sichuan: - Electric Power System. In addition to providing an additional 1000 MW of firm energy yield to the Sichuan Electric System, the regulation of river discharge will enable a 5 percent increase in the firm capacity of the Gezhouba Hydroelectric Plant located on the Yangze River. This increase will be realized primarily during the dry season (January through April). The Ertan Hydroelectric Project will also elininate the need to construct additional generating capacity such as a coal-fired thermal generation station. The energy generated at Ertan is equivalent to burning nearly 9 million tons of coal annually. Constructioti of Ertan, then, will avoid potential air pollution and acid rain associated with thermal generating stations (see Chapter 1). 5.1.2. Navigation The river channel upstream and downstream of the Ertan Hvdroelectric Project is characterized as steep gradient with frequent rapids and shoal areas. Currently. navigation is not possible except for a few agricultural and sideline boats and motorized boats owned by various factories and mines in the immediate area of the project. No commercial boats currently operate on the river. After reservoir construction, up to 145 km of the Yalong River and 40 km of the Ganvu River can be used for commercial transportation. This will facilitate transportation to and from villages in a 5-county area around Lhe reservoir. particularlv for the villages in Yanvuan County along the right bank of the Yalone River. Navigation of the reservoir area will create favorable conditions for commercial development and tourism within the reservoir area. The Jinsha River, downstream from the project, is only partially navigable. Verv little commercial navigation occurs on this reach because it is not connected with other navigable channels. Construction of the Ertan Project and the associated regulation of th river will not immediately affect navigation in the Jinsha River because of the daily fluctuation in river discharge. However, when the Tongzilin Hydroelectric Plant is completed, navigation on ERT EA CM 5.3 much of the Jinsha River may be realized. The TonL-Oin Hydroelectic Plant WMll be located downstream from Ertan and will be designed to reregi.tte the flow from Ertan. The daTh' flow fluctuation from Ertan will be altred at Tongzilin to ' more constant flow regime, thus providing better condiions for navigation. Major improvei'.ents to commercial navigation wiU be realized when additional projects on the Yalong are consructed and a larger percentage of runoff from the Yalong Basin is regulated. Following completion of Ertan, EHDC will pvi for the reconsuion and rehabilitation of the Yuzha .' .y iocated on the Jrmsha River downstream from Jrmjiang Railway Station. This ferry system currently provides linkage between roads on the north and south banks of the Jinsha River and therefore is a critical link in the regional transportation network. 5.1.3. Industrial and Domestic Water Use As currently planned, a water intake structure will be incorporated into the Ertan Project components to provide industria water supply for the Panzhihua Steelworks. 1: is estimalee that the Ertan Reservoir will serve as a source of approximately 50 million ui9 o. water annually for use at the -steel works and in the town of Panzhihua. 5.1.4. Flood Contro; Within the Yalong River Valley downstream from Ertan, numerous industrial and residential areas are currently subiect to frequent flooding events. Facilities at risk to flooding incluce: umDor receivinc and Eransfer sta:ionz. cLay mine production, coal transi;:; ;a.;i:tie^. a hienwa%. 110 kv transmission la:r.. >Wage will be lost. After 250 years of operadon, it is expected that the entire reservoir will be nearly filled with sediments. Results of the sediment simulation indicate that approximately 95% of the dead storge and 55% of the active storage of the reservoir will be lost after 25 years. These calculations, however, do not take into account planned construction of other dams upstream from Erman which will reduce these effects dramatically. Longitudinal sections of the Ertan Reservoir depicting the status of the sediment accumulation in the reservoir after various intervals of operation are shown in Figure 5.3. Based on the analyses, it is estimated that 75 percent of the annual suspended sediment load will be deposited in the reservoir during the first 30 years of operation. The remaining 25 percent wili be transported through the power station and spillway. 1-. thc Ganvu Arm of Lhe reservoir. sediment accumulation will be somewhat slower because the infliou of suspended sedimenL and bedload is considerablv less than that observed in the 'alcont. An anaivsis of the sediment accumulation in the Ganyu was performed in the same manner described for the main Ertan Reservoir. Based on these analyses, sediment deposition will extend from the headwater (40 km upstream from the mouth of the Ganyu) approximately 10 km into the reservoir (28 - 30 km upstream from the Ganyu mouth). After 140 vears of operation, sediment deposits will extend downstream approximately 18 km to a point approximately 22 km upstream from the Ganyu Mouth. After 270 years of opeation. the sediment deposition will extend to a point approximately 15 km upstream from the mouth M A 5.14. *5 0~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~6 0~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~10 LA 140120 i 86040 20 Distanice from Erlan Dam (km) 0 Figu re S.4: LouUgitcidiial i'rorile of SedimenLt Accumuilation in Ganyni Arm of Erlan Reservoir Elevatioln (ii 34 yea= 138 yeirs 266 years "Mo >': 1~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I11 .A. _ . . r . _ . _ - __ __ I 54N3 .35 JnII 3% o0 15 10 5 Dislance firoir niou of Ganyt RKiver (ki . ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ _ _ S of the Ganyu. Longitudinal profiles of the Ganyu Arm depicting the extent of-the.sediment - deposition areas is preset.ted in Figure 5.4. The above simulations of sedimentaion rates were calculated on the assumption that no upstreah reservoirs will be constructed. As described in Section 1.4.1, it is expected that up. to 19 additional dams will be constructed on the Yalong upstream from Ertan. Consequently, the suspended seditnent and bedload of the Yalong will be intercepted by the upstream reservoirs and the accumulation of sediments in the Ertan Reservoir will be reduced to almost nothing. However, because no additional reservoirs are anticipated on the Ganyu, the estimated accumulation of sediments in the Ganyu 'Arm will be as discussed above. Sediment load in the Yalong River and the accumulation of sediment at the upper ends of the reservoir area will be monitored on a continuing basis after the construction of the dam and power house is complete. This will be'a continuation of the existing monitoring program for the pre-construction and construction periods. CDsts for containing the monitoring program through the construction period are summarized in Chapter 7. 5.2.2.2. Effects on Sedimentation and Bedload. in Yalong River Downstream from Ertan Dam Due to the interception of suspended sediments and bedload materials by the Ertan Reservoir. the sediment content of the Yalong downstream from the dam will be reduced significantly. It is estimated that the sediment content of water discharged through the Ertan Project will be approximately 0.19 kg!m3 after 30 years of operation compared with the observed 0.75 k-gm3 currentlv transported by the river past the Xiaodeshi Gauging Station. The Yalong River between Ertan and its confluence with the Jinsha is approximately 32 km long primarily in a gorge-type channel. The river in this reach is dominated by shoals and rpids. The river bed is comprised of big rubble and gravel. Both banks of the river are characterized by exposed bedrock with only a portion of the reach, between Xiaodeshi and Tongzilin having some alluvial materials and talus. EWAN FDA CM 5.17 Under existing conditions, the bed materials are relatively stable with any movement of parucles out of the area being replaced by other materials derived frm upstram. However, after completion of the Ertan Project, the Yalong river bed downstream from the project will become partially destabidize and development of a new equilibrium condition will strt. The dessablization of the river channel will be characteized by the redistribution of alluvial materials within the channel. The pattern of this redistnbution, endured by scour and deposition hreas, will be dependent upon the opaating regime of the Ertan Power Station. To determine if significant scouring will occur in the Yalong River downsream from Ertan, the HEC-6 model, developed by the Hydraulic Engineering Center of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was used. Results of this analysis are summarized here. Details of the analysis were presented in the Eran Hydroelectric Project Environmenml Assessment of 1989 (Note: The EA was translated to English in 1988 and submitted to the World Bank in 1989). Results of the analysis indicate widespread but ,iinor scour throughout the affected Yalong River reach with only a few areas of sediment accumulation. During the first five years of operation, scouring will be most rapid. After this initial scouring process, the rates of scour Table 5.3: Averaoge Scour Depth in Yalong River downstream from Ertan Dam Years of Operation ltnainn 10 20 30 40 50 Upstream of Anning (m) 0.4 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 Downstream of Anning (m) 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 INA" IA04 .15 will be reduced primarily because the smaller materials in the river channel wull have been carried downstream leaving only the larger materials which can be moved only at extremely high discharges. After 50 years of opration, it is estimated that the average scour throughout the affected ri.er will be less than 0.5 m. Average scour of the Yalong River channdelupstream and downstream from the mouth of the Anning River after various intervals of project operation are summarzed in Table 5.3. Because the Ertan Project will be ope;ated on a peaking basis for approximately 4 to 6 months each year, a further analysis was performed to determine if the surge of water coming from the power station during the daily start-up of the project will contribute significantly to the scouring process. Based on the analysis, the contribution of daily peaking to the overall scouring process will be overshadowed by the scouring processes occurnrng during the higher discharge periods when Ertan is operated on a baseload basis and water is spilled through the mid-level spillway. Because the slope of the riverbank along the Yalong downstream from Ertan is composed mostly of bedrock, only slight scouring of the margins of the river channel will occur. Because the banks are composed of bedrock which is resistant to scour, the stabilitn of the slopes will not be affected. 5.2.3. Landslides The formation of the reservoir may aggravate the occurrence of landslides in some areas. It is estimated that total volume of slidable rock mass above 1200 m is some 100 million m; which is equivalent to just 1.7 percent of the reservoir storage capacity, and equivalent to just 5 years sediment deposition. Between 80-83 kLm upstream of the damsite there are potential landslide areas on both the left and right banks from which the slidable rocks above 1200 m total 37 million i3. If major slides were to occur on both banks at the same time, then a submerged nill would be produced but would have little effect on the operation or life of the reservoir. BAX FA C4S 5.19 Close to the damnsite is the potential landslide area from the Jin Long mountain. Major slippage here. although of insignificant volume in terms of the total storage capacity, could be problematic for activities close to the damsite depending on how much material slides into the reservoir and the configuration of the resulting accumulation of materials. No mitigation is necessary or feasible for the majority of potential landslide areas. The potential for landslides on the Jin Long Mountain on the left bank just upstream of the dam site is being monitored. It is already lnown that one section of the mountain is slipping by about 10 mm a.nually. It may be prudent and cost effective, compared with the impact of a major slippage. if rock bolts were installed as soon as possible and the monitoring prograir continued. Once the project is complete, the Jin Long landslide area will continue to be monitored to determine if the filling of the reservoir has caused the area to move more rapidly. Costs for continuing the landslide monitoring through the construction period are summarzed in Chapter 7. S.2.4. Water Qualitv Impoundment of the Yalona River bv the Ertan Proiect will affect the quality of the water both in the reservoir and subsequently in the reach downstream from the project. lTributarn inflow from the Anning wi:l moderate the effect to some extent. However. the main mitioation will occur at the confluence of the Yalong with the Jinsha River. The effects of Ertan on water quality in the Yalong are treated in two sections: effects realized in the impoundment and the consequential effects expected in the Yalong River downstream from the Ermn Project. 5.2.4.1. Reservoir Effects As presented in the baseline descriptions, numerous water quality parameters have been measured in the Yalong River. and the concentrations of many of these parameters will be affected to some extent. However. the primary indicators of water quality and those for woe .s ErTA EA CH> 5.20 which major changes will occur and uill nave some bearing on the biological components of the river include three basic parameters: water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity/suspended sediment. To assist in the discussion of the effects on water quality, two areas of the reservoir will be discussed separately because the two areas will be affected somewhat differently, The two areas are: 1) The main body of the reservoir along the Yalong River which wiU extend Irom Eran Dam upstream approximately 145 km when the reservoir is filled to its normal maximum operating level at Elevation 1,200 m; and, 2) the Ganyu Arm of the reservoir which extends from the mouth of the Ganyu River valley on the Yalong upstream approximately 40 km when the reservoir is at its normal maximum operating level. 5.2.4.1.1. Water Temperature Given the inflow water temperature, volume of water in the reservoir and hydraulic behavior of the reservoir due to the volume of inflow and operation of the Ertan Projecr, the temperature regime of the Ertan Reservoir is expected to be relatively uniformly mixed. Uniform temperatures from surface to bottom (no stratification) will be present but the seasonal change in water temperature will not exhibit the annual range observed without the project. This conclusion is based on several characteristics described briefly below. As water flows into the upper end of Ertan Reservoir, the velocity through the reservoir will decrease mark-edly. On the one hand, the delay in passage through the 145 km reservoir will expose the water to a longer period of warming from the atmosphere and solar radiation. This effect will be somewhat enhanced by the increased water surface area, further expanding exposure of the water to the atmosphere and solar radiation. The factors contributing to the overall warming of water in the Ertan Reservoir are countered by seveal factors that will serve to reduce the seasonal variation in water temperature. The primary factor is that the large volume of water in the reservoir will inhibit the overall warming of the water. Even though the surface area will be larger within the reservoir, the surface to volume ratio will be much smaller (Surface to volume ratio for the river is "06 I . MTM EA CMS 5.21 approximately 0.2 m2 surface/lm volume; for the reskvoir the ratio is 0.02 m2 surface/m3 volume). This reduction in surface to volume ratio will zzduce the exchange of heat between the water and the atmosphere and will result in geerally cooler water temperature in the summer months (May through October) and warmer water temperatures in the winter months (November through April) than are observed unde existing conditions. Maximum differences between the existing water temperature and expected water temperature will be observed at Ertan Dam. Frequently, w=er bodies the size and depth of the Ertan Reservoir, become thermally stratified during the summer months. If a reservoir becomes stratified, conditions become such that other effects to water quality, such as the reduction of dissolved oxygen concentrations in the bottom layer, become evident. However, temperature stratification of the Ertan Reservoir is not expected. A second factor leading to the prediction that the reservoir will not become thermally stratified is based on an understanding of reservoir operations and the hydraulic conditions within the reservoir. As described earlier, the reservoir will be refilled each year to the normal maximum operating level of 1,200 m bv the middle of July. During this period, temperature of the inflow to the reservoir will be increasina but is approximately at the annual average temperature for the river under existing conditions. Because the reservoir will be rilling. considerable turbulence within the entire length of the river will be present which wil! serve to mix surface and bottom water thereby creating nearly uniform thermal profiles throughou: the water column. Once the reservoir is filled, inflow to the reservoir will continue to exceed outflow from the Erman Project because the inflow volume is greater than the hvdraulic capacity of the power station. Consequently, measurable water velocity will be present throughout the length of the reservoir. The estimated water velocity in the middle of the reservoir may range up to 6.0 cm/s during the high flow season. Near the Dam, the average column velocity during the during the high flow period is estimated at approximately 2.5 cm/s. Given the storage capacity of the Ertan Reservoir relative to the inflow volumes, it is estiniated that the residence time of water in the reservoir will be approximately 33 days. Both of these IWAN EAcS 5.22 calculations awe based on a normal operating water level at 1200 m. elevation.. :However, . because the reservoir will be drawn down during the dry season, and refilled at the beginning of the wet season, the induced velocities in the reservoir will vary considerably. In geneal, the development of thernal stratification in subtropical lakes is quite weak and can easily be disrupted by wind or hydraulic movemnent in the water body. The energy required to mix the water column is quite low and consequently, the likelihood of thermal stratification in Ertan Reservoir is quite low. The situation in the Ganyu Arm is somewhat complicated by the fact that the mouth of the Ganyu River is constricted by a narrow valley. -The upper portion of the valley is much broader and has higher surface to volume ratio. Once the reservoir is completed, the quality of water in the Ganyu Arm will be dominated by the quality of water in the Yalong. During the refilling period, inflow from the Yalong greatly exceeds inflow from the Ganyu (average flow from the Yalong during the high flow period is approximately 3,200 m31s whereas the average flow of the Ganyu is approximately 150 m3/s or 5 percent of the Yalong). In contrast the storage volume of the Ertan Reservoir (without the Ganvu Arm) is approximately 4,780 million m3 and the storage volume of the Ganyu Arm is approximately 1,070 million m3 or 18.4 percent of the total reservoir storage volume. A result of this disparity is that water from the Yalong will flow into the Ganyu Arm during the refilline period. Consequently, the temperature of the water will be more closely aligned with that of the Yalong and the influence of the temperature of the Ganvu River will be limited to the upper end of the arm. Because water will flow into the Ganyu Arm from the Yalong. it is expected that considerable mixing of the two waters will occur. Filling will be achieved in the middle of July when water temperature in the Ganyu is at its peak (See Figure 4.12). Once the reservoir is filled, water temperature of the inflow from the Ganyu will begin to decrease. The combination of the influence of the Yalong and the decreasing temperature of the Ganyu will limit the possibility of creating thermal stratification within the Ganyu Arm. O616- TAM E C04 5.23 When draw down of the reservoir begins in December or Januarv each year. the net outflow from the Ganyu Arm [(outflow - inflow)lvolume] will be proportionately greater than the net outtlow from the Ertan Reservoir. As a consequence, the velocity of water moving through the mouth of the Ganyu River may be somewhat morc than the velocity in the Ertan Reservoir itself. The combined influence of the refll/drawdown cycle and inflo v from the Yalong will likely be sufficient to minimize the occurrence of stratified conditions in the Ganyu Arm. Additionally, use movement of water into and out of the Ganyu will also create further mixing in the Ertan Resevoir disrupting any initial formaion of thermal stratification that might occur. The basic effect of the Ertan Dam and Reservoir on water temperature. then. is a reduction in the seasonal range of variation in the Yalong and Ganyu Rivers and a general decline in the average annual temperature at various locations through the length of the reservoir. The water temperature will not fall significantly during the winter months nor will it rise significantly during the summer months. Overall, the average water temperature will exhibit some what lower annual averages with the greatest difference observed at the Ertan Dam. The magnitude of the difference is estimated to be approximately 2°C which is based on the average water temperatures available from the Xiaodeshi Gauging Station. the Yanbian Gauging Station and the Luling Gauging Station. This is an estimate onlv and insufficient information is available verify this estimate. 5.2.4.1.2. Dissolved OxYgen Concentrations The primarv source of dissolved oxygen in the waters of the Ertan Reservoir will be from the inflow. Some exchange will occur at the water surface which will be enhanced by the turbulent flow in the reservoir. Inflow dissolved oxygen concentrations average approximately 7.7 mg/l. Based on the analysis of potential primary and secondary productivity of the reservoir, and the estimated low influx of oxygen demanding organic and inorganic materials, it is estimated that the dissolved oxygen concentration will decrease somewhat through the reservoir. However. because of the mixing of bottom and surface ENTAN EA C46 5.24 water throughout the water column, dissolved oxygen- concentrions will remain sufficient to prevent production of hydrogen sulfide and other noxious compounds in the bottom of the reservoir. Oxygen depletion in the main Ermn Reservoir will be most significant when the reservoir is drawn down to its lowest leveL However, the duration the resevoir is held at that leVel is quite short with refilling beginning before water temperatures are sufficiently high to induce high utlization of the available oxygen. In the Ganyu Ann, it is more likely that anoxic conditions might arise in the bottom waters. However, because of the major influence of Yalong River water in the Ganyu Arm, conditions leading to thermal stratification and the inhibition'of water exchange between surface and bottom layers will not be prevalent for a sufficiendy long period for development of significant oxygen deficits in the lower water layers. 5.2.4.1.3. Turbidity Because measures of turbidity are not available for the existing Yalong River. the suspended sediment load is used as an indicator of turbidity processes in the reservoir. As discussed previously with respect to sedimentation processes in the Yalong River and the Ertan Reservoir, suspended sediment concentrations coming into the reservoir from the Yalong Reservoir average approximately 0.385 kg/m3 as measured at the Wali Gauging Station. This sediment content currently increases to 0.52 kg/m3. Once the reservoir is filled, it is estimated that 25 percent of the suspended sediment load will be passed through the dam and power station with some variation through the year according to the seasonal changes in flow. The suspended sediment load passing through the station is estimated to be approximately 0.188 kg/m3. Average particle size of the suspended load is estimated to be <0. 01 mm. The result is that the turbidity of the reservoir will decrease substantially from the upper backwater to the dam. The decrease will be greatest at the upper end as the larger particles setde first. However the reservoir will become gradually clearer throughout the entire length. A similar situation will occur in the Ganyu Arm. As discussed in the sedimentation processes, the sediment content of the Ganyu River is somewhat higher than in the Yalong W7. mA Cmr 5.25 with an average concentration of 0.76 kglm3. However, the volume of water coming into the Ganyu is considerably less than tha in the Yalong and total contribution of the Ganyu to the turbidity of the reservoir will be insignificant. Again, the turbidity of the Ganyu Arm will be great at the inflow of the Ganyu River. The water will gradually clear from the inflow to die mouth of the Arm. Annual operation of the reservoir, howaver, will disrupt this pattem to some degree becau of the inflow of Yalong River watv into the Ganyu Arm when the reservoir is refilled. S.2.4.1.4. Other Wat Quality Parameters In general, the nutrient concentrations in the Yalong and Ganyu Rivers are relatively low. characteristic of an oligotrophic system. Although there will be some accumulation of nutrients in the reservoir (both irn the main Ertan Reservoir and in the Ganvu Arm), the accumulation will be limited because of the short residence time of water in the reservoir coupled with the annual drawdown and refill cycle. Because of the rapid tumnover of reservoir water and the low concentrations of numients in the inflow to the reservoir, oligotrophic conditions will likely remain in the reservoir. It is possible that mesotrophic conditions could develop. If so, total productivity of the reservoir would increase substantially. Similarly, concentrations of dissolved inorganic materials are quite low and accumulation of heavy metals, inorganic ions and organic compounds in the reservoir will not be excessive. 5.2.4.1.5. Assessment of Reservoir Water Quality Effects None of the water quality Lffects expected in the Eran Reservoir is significant. Maintenance of the quality of the water in the Ertan Reservoir will depend primarily on the land use pratices implemented along the reservoir margins. The primary objective of the land use is to minimize the potential for erosion from agricultural areas and minimize the introduction of human waste to the reservoir. Appropriate cautions to prevent erosion from agricultura areas will minimize the potential for increased turbidity and for the introduction of pesticide compounds into the reservoir. Appropriate sanitary treatment or other controi will minimize MMVAa C 5.26 the introuction of nutrients to the reseroir and will reduce the potential for introducing organisms and chemicals hazardous to human health into the reservoir wates. No other mitigation measure is proposed or warrted. Monitoring of water quality in the resrvoir axea will be continued after compledon and filling of the project Water samples will be obtned for labomtoy analysis and profiles of tmperaure, dissolved oxygen and other paraineters for which field instrumeitatdon is avaiable will be obtained three times annually o ning to when the reservoir is filled, during the drawdown period and when te reservoir is at its lowest point each year. This program will be adminsred by the Envinnmental Monitonng Program within the EHDC organizaton (s Chapter 7). 5.2.4.2. Downstream Effects The evaluation of the effects of the Ertan Project is presented for two conditions: Without and with the Tongzilin Hydroelectric Project which will regulate the discharge from the Ertan Project particularly dunng the dry season when the Ertan Project is operated on a daily basis. 5.2.4.2.1 Water Temperature When water is spilled from the Ertan Project, normally from the middle of July to the end of November each year, tempemture of the water will be only slightly cooler than it is at pesent. It is estimated that the decrease of water temperature after completion of the Ertan Project will be approximately 2"C less, on average. This difference will be most prominent during the months of July and August and will decrease in the September through November period. By November, water temperature may, in fact, be warmer after the project is completed than it is under current conditions. These changes are due mostly to the thermal capacity of the water in the reservoir. From December through May, the Ertan Project wiU be opeated on a peaking basis, with periods of no release from the dam lasting up to 7 hours each day. For the most part, the period of no discharge will occur during the night time hours so that, what water is left in V'"FAaeCM 5.27 the Yalong channel between the Dam and the mouth of the Yalong will not be subjected to excessive warming from the sun. When water is discharged from Eran (from approximately 0700 to 2400 hours each day), water temperature in the Yalong will be slightly higher than under existing conditions during December, January and February, and will be slightly cooler than existing tempeues in April and May. It is expected that some warningtcooling of the watei will occur in the river channel between the dam and the confluence of the Yalong with the rinsha. However, the rate of warning will not be sufficient to allow the tempeature to increase to the level of the 1insha water as it currently does. The difference between the water temperature of the Yalong and that of the Jinsha, however, will likey not exceed the 20C difference observed at the Ertan Dam. Once Tongzilin Dam is completed, the rate of warming of the Yalong downstream of Ertan will be reduced. This will have the effect of increasing the expected difference between the Jinsha River water tempamre and the Yalong River temperature. Under both conditions, the discharges in the finsha and Yalong, during any month of the year, are nearly equal. Complete mixing of the waters of the two rivers occurs relatively quickly downstream from the confluence and the observed change in tempemure in the Jinsha will be insignificant. Monitoring of water quality in the Yalong and the Jinsha will be conducted at 3 locations downstream from the Ertn Project. The purpose of these monitoring stations is to document tde effect of the project on various water quality parameters by comparison with the values of the same parameters obtained from upstream of the reservoir and within the reservoir area. These data will be used to confirm the expected effects of the project on water quality and will be used as necessarv to provide for adjustments to the operation of the project to maintamn water quality within the nauonal standards. Costs for continuation of the water quality monitoring program are summarized in Chapter 7. of"YA casm 5.28 5.2A.2.2. Dissoived Gas Concentrtions Operation of the Ertan Project will affect concentrations of twu disso.ved gases that, in tum, may affect aquatic organisms in Fhe reach of the Yalong River downstream from the dam. These gases include dissoled oxygen and dissolved nitrogen. 5.2.4.2.2.1. Dissolved Oxygen Water released from Ertan Dam is anticipated to be somewhat deficient in dissolved oxygen concentrations. However, immediately downstream. from the project, dissolved oxygen concentrations wiU be highly dependent upon the mode of operation and Lhc presence of the Tongzilin Hydroelectric Project which will regulate the tlow from Erman. During the more critical time of the year (July through August) when low dissolved oxygen concentrations are most likely to develop in the reservoir, inflow to the reservoir greatly exceeds the hydraulic capacity of the Erman Power Station and the exc-ss water will be spilled through either the upper or mid-level spilluays. The effect of this spill is that water will be re-aerated in the plunge pool below the dam and dissolved oxygen concentrations are likely to rise to at or above saturation. This may be viewed as an environmental benefit of project operation. Saturated concentrations of dissolved oxygen will likelv remain in the Yalong downstream to its confluence with the Jinsha. having the furEher benefit of improving the dissolved oxygen conceitirations in the Jiiisha. The construction of the Ton,zilin Hvdroelectric Project, wiil have no effect on these concentrations and additional aeration of the water will occur at the Tong,zilin Dam. again due to spill over Uie soilhway. During the low flow season, when Ertan is operated on a peaking basis. water with lower dissolved oxygen concentrationis will be released to the Yalong River. However, the deficiency is not expected to be great and re-aeration of the w'ater is expected within a few kilometers downstream from the dam. The re-aeration will occur in the shoals and rapids which doniinate the river channel between the Dlam and the Jinsha River. The overall cffect MUTM L.A CS_ 5.29 of releasing deoxygenated water to the Yalong will be overshadowed -by the 4 to 7 hours each day when no water is released from the dam. After completion of the Tongzilin Project, water release from the Ertan Power Station will not be re-aerated as quicldy and the low oxygen concentrations will be extended downstream to below Tongzjlin. However, the periodic increase and decrease in discharge will provide sufent turbulence m the river to allow reaeration and a significant adverse effect is not expected. 5.2.4.2.2.2. Dissolved Nitrogen Dam operation will also affect dissolved nitrogen concentrations in the talwater are and these may create adverse conditions for fish-and other aquatic organisms in the downstream reach. This problem will only occur during the high flow season when water is spiled from the dam spillways. Because the spiUways-are elevated above the tailwater (upper level spillway is 180 m above tailwater, mid Level spillway is 120 m above tailwater and the low level outlet is 73 m above tailwater at elevation 1007). water released from the spillways will fall vertically into the plunge pool at the base of the dam. As the water enters the plunge pool. air will be entrained and pulled down into the water a significant depth. As depicted in Figure 2.4, the bottom of the plunge pool will be at Elevation 980 and the water depth in the plunge pool will be at least 32 m. Entrained air reaching the bottom will be place under approximately 4 atmospheres of pressure which will cause dissolution of excess atmospheric nitrogen into the water. When the water returns to the surface. the pressure will be reduced and supersaturated concentrations (> 100 percent) may be observed. The effects of supersaturated concentrations of nitrogen on fish and other aquatic organisms is discussed below in Section 5.2.6. Before Tongzilin is constructed, the turbulence in the Yalong River channel downstream from the dam may be sufficient-to allow the water to return to equilibrium with the atmosphere in a relatively short distance. However, once Tongzilin is constructed, the nitrogen concentrations will remain high through the Tongzilin impoundment and may in fact be increased further by spill over the Tongzilin Dam. ".s's i<^¢ 5.30 3. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 5.2.4.23. Turbidity In general, the major effect of the Ertan Project on turbidity will be to significantly decrea turbidity in the Yalong River. From the standpoint of domestic and industrial water supplies and from the pepective of aquatclife, this effect is viewed as a benefit of the prcect. The mng of the Yalong River with the linsha River wll have also have a net benefit to the Jinsha River downstream from the confluence of the Yalong River. Increasing the clarity of the water in the Yalong will have the secondary effect of increasing light penetrtion into the water. This increased penetmation will have the further effect of stimulating more productivity from the algal communities present in the river. 5.2.42.4. Other Water Quality Parameters With the exception of the parameters discussed above, the Ertan Dam and Power Station will have little effect on other water parameters identified in the Chinese environmental protection laws and regulations to prevent adverse water quality in rivers. 5.2A.2.5. Assessment of Downstream Effects Although the immediate effect of the Ertan Project to gas supersaturation in the Yalong River may be considered insignificant by itself, future construction of the Tongzilin Project and other projects upstream and downstream from Ertan should consider providing mechanisms to minimize conditions for development of dissolved nitrogen gas supersaturation. The basic design principle for minimizing the potential for generating supersaturated concentrations of nitrogen is to minimize the depth at which air is entrained into the tail%water when water is spilled from the spillway. This can be accomplished either by reducing Lhe depth of the plunge pool to less than 10 m or by directing the water more or less parallel to the surface of the tailwater. As has been experienced in the United States, the cumulative effect of several projects on nitrogen supersaturation is known to have major impacts on fish populations both in the free-flowing reiaches between dams and on fish populations occurring in the reservoirs of the projects. This in turn may significantly reduce the potential for commercial fisheries within the reservoirs. p406N1 EWTMFAN CKS c5.31 5.2.5. Aquatic Vegetation Rooted aquatic plan: species are present ir. the Ertan Reservoir area. Frequently, the creation of reservoir conditions results in damatic expansion of these plants, particularly along the margins, which in turn can create unfavorable conditions for use of the resources present in the reservoir. However, the operation of the Ertan Projcct involving the annual drawdown of the resoi by up to 45 m will prevent establishment of the rooted aquatic sjiecies, induding Htdrilla. which in some areas has become a pest spwcies. On the other hand. there is i significan: risk that floating plant species, particularly Ekchhornia, may become esmblished in the reservoir. The prcsence of this species in the reservoir ara (particularly in the Ganyu River Basin) unier current conditions nearly guarantees introduction of the species to the reservoir unless certain precautions dre undertken. At numerous other reservoirs throughout the world, Eichhornia has rapidly become a serious threaw to not only project operation, but also to public health in the vicmniv of the reservo-rs. Once established on a reservoir, Eichhornia is known to form dense mats on the surface that prevent penetration of light and oxygen to the underiving water. The water below the mats becomes darki and anoxic. As the plants die and sink to the bottom, decomposition of the organic material removes oxygen from the water resulting in massive fish kills. and the formation of methane and hvdrogen sulfide gases. In some cases the amounts oi methane and hydrogen sulfide produced from affected areas have led to explosions and Doisoning of humans. In addition, these weeds offer ideal habitat for two disease vectors: the mosquito which is the vector for malaria, and the Oncomelania snail which is the vector for schiswosomiasis. With the presence of Ec'homrnia in the Ganvu River valley, it must be assumed that it will become established in the reservoir and actions must be implemented to reduce the magnitude of the infestation and to control it on a continuous basis throughout the operational period of the reservoir. aaoutu NTM EA CM. 5.32 Although Fichhorna is most certain to invade the main channel of the Ertan Reservoir from the large catchment upstream. it is noi expected to be as severe as in the Ganyu Arm. This is due prmarily to the constant vdocity gradients within the main portion of the reservoir combined with the drawdown refill cycle. Additionally, the constant use of the main area for conveying logs from Lhe upper end to the dam may inhibit the spread of the weed. If Eichhorrua does become established in the reservoir. control or the weed in the main reservoir may be accorriplished by periodically collecting the weed at the log handling site and moving it through the log passage tunnel where it can be loaded onto trucks and either sold as pig fodder or placed in a compost pile in an adjacent valley. Use of an herbicide to control the weed is not recommended because of the water quality compiications arising from application of the chemical to the water. To minimize the introduction of Eichhonma into the Ganvu Arm, a pre-impoundment program to eradicate Eichhorna from the valley is being devised. At least two years prior to impoundment, a thorough survey of ponds and pools containing Eichhornia will be conducted. During the first year, all populations of the plant in agricultural pools and waterways will be identified and destroyed. During the succeeding year, the process will be repeated. If significant numbers of plants are discovered during the second year, an additional mission to destroy the plants will be undertaken prior to reservoir impoundment. Two or three repetitions of the program, on an annual basis, will be undertaken to ensure eradication of Eichhornia from the Ganyu Valley prior to impoundment. This eradication program will be undertaken not oniv to reduce the invasion of Eichhornia into the Ganvu Arm to preserve water quality and to enhance the feasibilitv of a commercial fisheries industry in the lake but also as a precautionary measure to further reduce the risk of spread of the Oncomelaiia snail and schistosomiasis. Periodic monitoring to determine the occurrence of Eichhomia in the Ganyu Valley and elsewhere in the Ertan Reservoir area will continue on an annual basis in conjunction with the schistosomiasis monitoring, reservoir area management, water quality and fisheries programs. Presence of Eichhomna in any portion of the reservoir will be reported to the Panzhihua Public Health Department (respons ible for the schisEosomiasis monitoring program) for remedial action. The detailed plans for implementing this program are described in Section 5.4.3.3. EWAN vA Cm 5.33 5.2.6. FMsh and Other Aquatic Orpnisms The changes to the hydrologic, temperature and sediment transport regimes caused by the impoundment of the Yalong River by the Ertan Project will change the habitat available for fish from that of a river to onc like a lale This change will alter species composition and productivity of fish in both the reservoir'and the downstream reaches. The effects and possible mitigation measures are described below. 5.2.6.1. Reservoir Fish and Other Aquatic Organisms The impoundment of the Yalong River by the Ertan Dam will convert 145 km of iverine habitat into 10,100 ha of lakelike habitat. Although the habitat available in the reservoir will be suitable for many species of fish, some of the fish currently inhabiting the reservoir area may require relatively high velocity and feed primarily on benthic organisms and, thus, may not survive. However, these species wiU likely be replaced, either naturally or through the implementation of a stocking program to subsidize the proposed commercial fishery in the reservoir. An accurate evaluation of the potential fish species composition in the Ertan Reservoir is not possible at this time. Many fish species commonly found in rivers are able to adapt to lake-like environments with relative ease. For example, populations of Pacific salmon (Onchorhynchus spp.), which are normally anadromous, have readily adapted to completely frcsh-water environments, e.g. the Great Lakes Region of North America. Some species of salmonids, such as the rainbow trout (0. mnykiss) are characterized as having two forms: one which lives entirely in fresh-water cnvironments and the other which is anadromous. Because the habitat preferences and tolerance ranges for most of the fish species found in the Yalong River are poorly understood. an understanding of what species are likely to occur in the reservoir cannot be made at this time. For this reason, a program of monitoring fish populations throughout the year at a number of locations in the reservoir is necessary. At least five species of fish inhabiting the Yalong River exhibit seasonal movements between the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers. Once the Ertan Dam is complete, these fish will no longer armANEAcm' - 5.34 ' - ' ' ' '" '' ' '' '' M' -- - be able to move between the rivers. It is possible that some of the populations vill be able to establish sustainable populations in the reservoir. However, no definite prediction can be made because the adaptability of these specics is unknown. The main portion of the reservoir wil have some current (up to 6.0 cm/s average column velocity in mid-reservoir) but will gradually become less turbid from the upstream end to the dam. Water temperature will remain rlatively cool throughout the reservoir area. Because of the current in the reservoir (both resulting from the high flow conditions and from the drawdownlrefill cycles, many of the nutrients entering the reservoir will be flushed through leading to the prediction that the reservoir will be oligotrophic in nature. During the refill cycle, water level in the resevoir will rise approximatdy I m/day. This rapid rate is unsuitable for fish species that spawn in shallow water in nests and produce demersal eggs. Species which produce panmktonic eggs will not be affected. Species, such as arassius aurawus, Cyprinus carpio, Zacco plarypus, Hemicuker bleekeri, Pseudorasbora parva, Rhodeus sinensis, and RNinogobius giurinus, are known to prefer lacustrine conditions. These species are either omnivorous or feed on phytoplankton or zooplankton, both of which are expected to be relatively abundant in the Ganyu Arm. All of these species are important in commercial fisheries. Several hydroelectric projects, such as in the Province of Hubei, and in Sichuan Province on the Dadu River constructed in the 1970s, have produced viable commercial fisheries for these species. Therefore, it is likely that similar fishery resources will become established in the Ertan Reservoir, particularly with the establishment of fish propagation facilities in the upper portions of the Ganyu Arm. It is possible that Schizorhorax spp may be able to establish populations in the upper end of .the reservoir, particularly after formation of the sediment delta begins to form. Schizothorax utilizes flood plain areas for spawning. The drawdown-refill cycle of the reservoir, coupled with the accumulated bedloads at the upper end of the reservoir may result in the creation of suitable spawning areas for Schizothorax spp. Once the reservoir is completed, continued monitoring of the status of Schizothorax in the main reservoir should be undertaken. This species is utilized as a food source by local residents. '""n STAN cm 5.35 The conditions in the Ganyu Arm of the resenroir will be more conducive to fish populations. However, without artificial inaroduction of fish into the Ganyu Arm, fish species likely to inhabit the area include Hvpophihalmichtkvs molitrnx and Arisrich:hys nobifis, both of which feed on planktonic organisms. Additionally, omnivorous species such as Cyprnus carpio and CarassWus aurazu will inhabit the ae and are epected to provide bases for the development of both subsistence and commercial fisheries. Because the Ganyu Arm wiU provide suitable habitat for cetain species of cultured fish, an option of the resetlement and compensation plan under consideration by residents of Yanbian County is the opportunity to introduce commercial fisheries into the Ganyu Arm. When the reservoir is at its normal maximum operating level of 1,200 m, the water surface of the G!anyu Arm covers approximately 2,500 ha. Approximately 1.870 ha has been idenified as potential area for developing an artificial fishery. Artificial rearing ponds for various species of fish will be constructed iust beloOv or at the normal operating level of the reservoir. Spawning stock, fertilized eggs, or frv can be obtained from other hatcheries in the region and tansported to the rearing ponds to be raised to fingerling size. Approximately 2.4 million fingerlings may be produced annually in these ponds. When the reservoir is filled, most of the fingerlings will be released into the reservoir. Of the 2.4 million fingerlings produced in the rearing ponds, approximately 1.0 million will be placed in "fish farms' constructed of floating nets. In the Ganyu Arm, about 2 ha of floating nets is currently planned. Within the nets, the fish will be artificially fed with artificial food of wheat, rice or com. Annual Droduction from these nets is expected to be about 1.000 tons annuallv for each 2 ha area of farm. The re-raining 1.4 million fingerlings will be released to the Ganvu Arm o' the reservoir where the fish will feed on natural food sources (phyto and zooplankton). To ensure the majority of the released fish remain in the Ganyu Arm, a barrier net may be strung across the reservoir at the outflow from the Ganyu Arm. This will retain the fish in the rescrvoir area and will facilitate harvesting the fish. Assuming that the naturally breeding species are equally productive as the cultured fish introduced into the reservoir and average weight of the harvested fish is I kg, the expected yield from the Ganyu Arm is approximately 260,000 TAm Ea Css 5.36 fish or 260 tons per year (approximately 150 Mg/ha) if the harvest rare is 5 percent of the - available populations. Harvest rate from the mair. reservoir is expected to yield approximately 160 tons per year. It is expected that up to 50 percent of this harvest will be from nauraly occurrizik populadons. The main fish species considered in fte planning effort include: HypopthaImichrhys. molirrix, Arislich:*hs nobitis, Crenopharyndon ideius, Cyprinus carpio, Carassius aurasus. parabramus peidnensis, Megalobrama erminalis, and Xenocypris argentea. The fingerling rearing facilities would be established at Huimin and Yongxing at the upper end of the Ganyu 'Arm. Within the main Ermn Reservoir area, an estimated 5,300 ha of water surface is available for fish culture. Fingerling fish will released to the main reservoir in a manner similar to that described for the Ganyu Arm. Two bavs of the main reservoir, Huangjiaowan arLd Puwei have also been identified as potential areas for tie construction of fLsh farms. To facilitate the commercial fishery in the main Eran Reservoir. eigL-. ::i harvest facilities are planned at strategic locations - (See Figure 5.5). These harvest facilities wi,l consist of landing and transshipment facilities. Harvest will be acWieved from fleets of fishing boats using trammel nets (to block escape of harvestable fish) and trap nets (to collect the fish). A diagrammatic representation of the deployment of these nets is presented in Figure 5.6. 5.2.6.2. Dowvnstream Fi-sh anid Other Aquatic Organisms The Ertan Hydroelectric Project will affect fish populations downstream from the projec: due to changes attributed to the changes associated with the hvdrologic reginme. chances in water temperature. dissolved g2ses. and turbidity, and the creation of a barrier to movemnent nt fish between reaches of the Yalong upstream and downstream .from the daIr. When the Tonpzilin Project is constructed. the re-regulating capacity of the projct wr,ll mitigate much of the anticipated impacts of the Ertan Project operation. 5.2.6.2.1. EffecLs of Altered Hydrologic Regime 5637 a { XICHANGg xIc~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MY ERTAN ESERVOERTAN RESE IA -O ul P rANZIIIIIUA 00 N ^ '-. YANBIAN, YAZNI'UAN N r.i 5t' > 5 i. J '"t ~~~LE-GEND) A Rearing Areas 0 Harvest Areas Figuire 5.5: Loczlions of proposee lislh harvest facilities owi Erlan Rescrvoir and Ganyu Arin a ~. S _ S Dlqramn d Commerci Flshtiy Not Deployment Rw . 1' Upeba BodcNk NO - I I I I ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~I ~~' IDow0810ekNrAet~ I I CvO AM----,, i Figure S.6: Schematic diara of trammel and ap net deployment fbr fish harvest. eRTh lAMOS 539 From June through November, the hydrologic regime in the Yalong River downsmre from En will remain the same as curnent conditions. Inflow to the reSeNoir will exceed the hydraulic capacity of the power station and excess water wvill be spiled through the upper and mid-level spillways stich that the total outflow from the project will be the same as existing conditions. Between December and May each year, Ertan will be opeted on a pealdng basis. Without the Tongzilin 2roject, during nonnal and dry years, discharge from the project will be discontinued for period of betweenIA-and 7 hours each day. Although some pockets of water will remain in the channel between. the dam and the mouch of the Anning River, it is likely that survival of fish will be limited. Downstream from the confluence of the Anning, some water will continue to flow but will bedramaticaily reduced from existing conditions through the 4 to 7 hour period. Wnen gene-ation begins, the rapid increase in discharge through the reach may be sufficient tOflu:h any ftish remaining in the cnannel downstream to the Jinsha; Thus. i: is expected tha; few, it any fish will be able to remain in the channel during the period Ertan is operated on a peaking basis. This effect will be realized through the entiTe downstream reach oF the Yalorg to .ts i'outh at the Jinsha River. Once the Tongzilin Project is completed, the effects of peaking operation %will be largely raitigated. The Tonrziinr. inmpound-ment wi'il prevent dewatering of the Ya!onc River channel wher Ertan is not operating. Also, colninuous operation of Tongzilin Dower station throu:h the period when Er1an is not operatina wiil provide flow through the Yalong on a '4-hour basi: and will reduce the fushing effect of The initial star up of £rnan eacn uay. The dailv pealing operating is not expected to affect sturgeon habitac in the .insha River because the tlow variation will have attenuated bv the time it reaches Yibin as discussed in the effects of Ertan on the Yalong hydrologic regime in Section 5.2.1. 5.2.6.2.2. Effects of Altered Water Quality U- 39.4 A- FA CN6S..4 As discussed in Section 5.2.4, the quality of water released from Ertan will generally be, more moderate on an annual basis than under current conditions. During the winter months! water temperature is expected to be somewhat warmer than under natral conditions and during the summer months, it is expected to be somewhat cooler. On the average, however, water relased from Ertan will generally be cooler than under existing conditions. Dissolved oxygen concentrations are expected to be suitable for supporting fish populations and any deficit will be regained in a short distance downstream from the project. Reduced turbidity in the water discharged from Ertan will generally benefit fish populations. The only potential adverse water quality condition that will arise from the Erman Dam is the potential for supersaturated gas (nitrogen) concentrations resulting from the spill of water from the dam into a plunge pool (See Section 5.3.2). Supersaturated concentration of nitrogen in tailwaters of hydropower dams causes "gas bubble disease' in fish and other aquatic organisms. Concentrari-s if dissolved nitrogen in excess of 120 percent saturation is generally lethal to many species of fish. Evidence of the effect of gas supersaturation is present in the tailwater of the Gezhouba Dam where gas supersaturation causes an estimated 2 percent mortality in fingerlings. In the United States, the cumulative effect of gas supersaturation caused by the cascaae of hydropower projects on the Columbia River contributed sigrificantly to the decline of salmon populations in the river until structural and operational modifications to the danis to minimize gas supersaturation were implemcnted. The conservative nature of dissolved nitrogen in water leads to a potentially significant cumulative effect of several projects placed in ciose proximitv to each other. Although the potential for significant adverse effects of gas supersaturation associated with Eran and Tongzilin may not be greaT. the effects of these projects coupled with similar effects at up to 20 projects along the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers may result in increasing the observed 2 percent fingerling mortality at Gezhouba Dam to an unacceptable level. As outlined previously, consideration must be given to minimize the risk of gas supersaturtion in the planning for additional priects on both the Yalong and Jinsha Rivers. "0615 ElTAN EA C4S 5.41 5.2.6.2.3. Effects of the Barrier Created by Dam Ertan Dam will create a barrie to the upstream and downstream movement of fish through the Yalong River. However, the only migratory species that might occur in the Yalong is the eel, Angwullajaponica. Based on recent surveys conducted in the Yalong River from its confluence with the Jinsha to reaches upstram from the Ertan Reservoir, the occurrence of the eel has not been recorded. However, it-is likely that at one time the species did occur here. Additionally, entaminment of fish through the project facilities, either through the power station or through the spiliways. is not expected to be significant. As described above, fish populations in the reservoir are expected to consist of shallow water and open water species and are expected to inhabit the surface water of the reservoir. The intakes for both the power station and for the spillways will be approximately mid depth in the water column even when the reservoir is drawn down to its lowest level. Consequently, the potential numbers -of fish susceptible to entrainment through either the power station or through the spillways is expected to be smatl and no significant adverse effect to the fish populations is expected. The expected harvest rates from the reservoir area (equivalent to a mortality rate from the perspective of the fish populations) is likely to have a greater impact on the fish population densities than wu1: ary mortality or loss of fish from the reservoir attributable to entrainment. The sustainability of the fisheries populations in the reservoir is amply supported by the sustained fisheries in numerous other hydroelectric impoundments such as those found in Hubei ann other provinces in China. To understand the effects of the project on fish resources an aquatic monitoring program will be implemented prior to completion of construction. The program will be continued through the operational period to identify ary fish resources problems that may be resolved through a revised management practice. Costs for implementing this program during the construction period are summarized in Chapter 7. Costs associated with the establishment of the program are also presented in Chapter 7, as well as in the Resettlement Action Plan for Ertan (1994). 5.3. Terrestrial Impacts and Mitigation EOTMA A CE S 5.42 a~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ The second unavoidable impact of dams is the. inundation of land- resources. In such cases, the only altemative that is avaiable is to comp for the loss either by relocation of certain of the resources (e.g. wildlife species and humans), or the management of comparable areas such as designated managment ares or presves to encourage expansion of resources (e.g. wildlife and vegetation) comparable to those lost to inundation. For the Ertan Project, the amount of land inundated is approximately 10,100 ha. Losses of vegetation, wildlife and socio-economic resources and the compensation for these losses-are discussed in this secion and the foliowing section. A management plan consisting of the establishment of a management buffer zone around the reservoir is needed to compensate for the losses. 5.3.1. Vegetation Most of the vegetation to be inundated by the reservoir is of neither conservation nor economic value. Economic trces such .; Nouella inai..., .oono sureni. Cyclobalanopsis glaucoides and C. heMreianr that are destined to be subm-rged |L and removed durirng the bank- clearing phase. Analysis of the * ation zone shows that some 2000 ha of regularlv-harvested fuelwood forest and 1000 ha oi broadleaf timber forest will be lost. These areas are comvo--ed o: numerous smaller areas ranging in bize from 50 to 200 ha. In a trivial sense, the loss of the broadleaf forest is of no consequence neraitsc ..o single area has much signifi-an:e. On the other hand, the presence of relatively undisturbed lowland broadleaf forest anywhere in the subtropical and tropical zones has been so reduced in size because of human intervention of various types. thaL the conservation value of even small pockets steadily increases. Indirectly. the formation of the Ertan Reservoir will potentiallv affect the vegettion in the vicinity by virtue of the construction of new roads and the provision of access to various, previously inaccessible, areas (principallv by boat). This increased accessibility to the higher slopes of the valley could encourage further degradation of native vegetation types. To compensate for these losses, EHDC will assume management responsibility for a 10D m elevation buffer zone above the maximum operational water surface elevation (1200 m) around the entire Eran Reservoir. Management of this zone will include provision for the 340611 ErAht EA CH6 5.43 _ , socio-economic compensaion plans (e.g. restlement areas, fuewood timber areas, and fish rearing and narvest facilities) and for the preservation and enhancement of tacts of native broadleaf forest. Establishment of this manage:ment zone will provide for achievement of several objectives: Prervation and enhancement of viable tracts-of subtmpical broadleaf forest; Control of human occupation ad3acent to the reservoir, Minimization of the potential for increased erosion along the reservoir margin; -duction in the Dotential for sediment deposition in the reservoir from adjacent valley slopes; Management of timber and fuielwood forested areas along the margin of the reservoir to minimize potential over-exploimation; and Reduce the potential for adverse affects to water quality due to runoff from adjacent areas. ,e etotal area of the managenen: zone between elevations 1200 and 1300 mnis approximately l .400 ha. Currently. approximately 3200 ha is cultivated either for wetland (rice, etc.) or dry la.. (com, etc.) crops. In the Ganyu Vallev. 162 ha of the management zone is occupied b' Yanbian Town and other small nearbv villages. An additional 46 ha of the zone is currentlv occunii4 by small homesteads scattered around the Ertan Reservoir area. The remainder of the area (approximately 10,000 ha) is uninhabited bv humans and is covered by va-2ous iypes of vegetative communities including shrub!grassland (1000 ha): savairnah- like foxt. i2900 ha); wasteland (suitable for reforestation, 1500 ha): and subtropical brmaditaf tores; (4600 ha). The prevalence of broadleaf forest in !he management provides amp'e opportunitv to designate up to 4.600 ha as a conservation preserve for this native vete;a:Ion ;ype. Such designatior will compensate for the loss of 1000 ha of-native forests tn tlhe reserVoir area. Desionation of the conser.ation area and management of he buffer zone will be coordinated with the Sichuan Ministry of Forestry and implemented by the Local Forestry Bureaus having jurnsdiction in the area adjacent to the Ertan Reservoir area as soon as the loan becomes effective. rA06 l D - FMAB ia ci' 5.,44 -~~~~~~~~~UM; ~ :r3 -' ISM * - . ~ . .~ ,r. . X:;ss X Up to 1,000 ha of additional land may be included in the conservatidon prserves. This, L -00 ha consists of the wasteland areas which will be reforested through a replanting program. Plans for the reforestation of the wasteland area includes the planting of native, fast growing species derived from sources similar to those wiEhin the existing bradleaf forest. Two species have been identified as potential for implementing this reforestanon program: Pinus Icesiya var. langbionwsis and Acacia nichii. Initial planting of these species will be in three- combinations: pure forests of Pinus kestya var. langbionensis, pure forests of Acacia richii, and a mixture of these two species. The intent is to start the forests with a few fast growing species and allow invasion of other species into the areas from adjacent mature broadleaf forests. These forests as well as the existing stands of naturally occurring broadleaf forests will be protected. Harvest of timber from either the natural or the reeforested areas wiU be prohibited. The construction of the Ertan Project will cause the loss of aDproximately 1080 ha of subtropical evergreen broadleaf forest. a forest type that is rapidly i.iisappearing in siubtrop!ali China. However. the loss of this amount of forest is offset bv the preservation of 4600 ha of existing, undisturbed forest which is currentlv not represeated in any of *he preserves in southwest China. In addition, the manageement obiective of reft;restin2 approxi-mateiy 1000 ha of additional area in the conservation zone around the Ertar. Reservoir wi!] creatc an opportunitv to evaluate the feasibilitv of reforestation techniques ;n reestablishing the evergreen broadleaf forest biotype. WVthott the construction: of the reservoir and the assumption of management responsioility around the reservoir. the conEinued destruM1cion ,' the broadleaf forest will surely continue. T'herefore. the loss oi PuSO ha of this i:: . tvmt is fully compensated by the protection of 4600 ha of nativ forest and the opctuorn ;,t; expand this total. through appropriatc management. to ovcr 56iJ1 ta. 5.3.2. Wildlife The available data indicate that there will be no significan: direct impact -of the reservoir on a wildlife because most species present in the inundation zone are relatively abundant and widespread. Some species of waterfowl and wading birds mav be attracted to the relativelv slow-flowing water and the drawdow-n zoncs. There may. howev.r. be si:itficxl'n indirect WO"5 _ E.'IA, SA C-S 5.45 impacts on populations of species inhabiting the broadleaf forests and the higher, more forested regions. In the absence of adequate data, the conservadve view must be that the species, sume globally threatened, that are semingly restricted to the broadleaf forests of the region (Section 4.4.3) will be reduced as human and livestock pressure increases on the forests of higher elevations unless definitive management actions are undertaken. . As described above in Sction 5.3.1, EHDC will assume direct management responsibility for a buffer zone between elevations. 1200 ard 1300 m adjacent to the Ertan Reservoir. Designation of conservation -areas to protect the broadleaf forests curently present in the zone will provide for the preservation of habitat suitable to the endangered bird species. Management goals seeldng to expand the distribution of this forest type within the management zone will also be incorporated into the ovemll plan for the management - his area. Among the management goals to be included in the plan is the provision of full attention will be given to providing habitat 'corridors' between areas of suitable wildlife habitat. 5.33. Biological diversity At present the biological diversity in the area to be inundated and immediatelv around the reservoir is not - understood and the impact of the reservoir cannot be ful!v evaluated. However, it is recognized that the lowland subtropical broadleaf forest. present within the reservoir area may be important to some threatened species. particularly some bird species. To provide for the continued maintenance of this forest type withir. the Yalong Vallev. .1IDC will assume direct management responsibility for a buifer zone ;mnediatcl' surrounding the reservoir between elevations 1200 and 1300 m. Amona the manapmen: goals for this area is the preservation and conservation of remaining tracts of; the sub:ropacal broadleaf forest known to exist in the area and described in Section 5.3.1. However. the value of these forests in representing the broadleaf forest is not known and specific areas to be conserved cannot be identified at this time. To assist in determining the integrity of the broadleaf forests that will be inundaLed and to identify significant areas in the manageTient zone for conservation, EHDC is planning to conduct an survey of bird species present in the existing forest areas. A team of national and international ornithologists wiil coi.duct the 1 E5616 WA!4! A cMI 5.46 -..-, ! E {rlb- s .t -7siaSlz- survey in the spring of 1995 when many of the bird species are known to be breeding. Based on this inventory, as well as an appraisal of the condition of the forests within the inundation zone and in the management zone, specific areas will be identified either for conservation or for active management to encourage the expansion of this-important habitat type. As the additional information becomes available, the detailed plan for the management of the buffer zone (with goals defined in Section 5.3.1) will be formulated. Available information regarding the distribution of intact tracts of the broadleaf forest indicates that there is a good opportunity (up to 4,600 ha) for establishing conservation areas within the management zone to fuUy compensate for the loss of broadleaf forest in the inundation zone and to conserve valuable representation-of this forest type. Costs for implementing the management zone plars and studies to support the management pianninr process are sumnmarized in Chapter 7. 5.4. Socio-economic Impacts and Mitigation The primary effects on the socio-economic environment will be the loss of various valued services and obiects as a result ot the inundation. Their impacts are assessed below. 5.4.1. Water Use Impacts Chanoes to the hydrology and water qualitv in the Ya2ong River attributable to construction and operation of the Ertan Dam and Power Station have the potential for adversely affectin- use of the Yalong River and potentially use of the Jinsha River. downstream from the confluence of the Yalong. Four uses-of the Yalong River have been identified which may be affected by the Ertan Project. Evaluations of the potential adverse effects of the project on these uses and measures adopted by EHDC to mitigate or minimize the effects are described below. 5.4.1.1. Effects to Structures in and along River Channel A0615 _ 5 fqTAN s~~~~ c.es ~5.47 The evaluation of potential effects to structures located in and along the Yilong River downstream from the Ertn Project are made in reference to the changes in the hydrologic regime and the analysis of bedload aggregation and degradation presented above. The Misaimuo timber handling facilities, located approximately 10 Ian downstream from Lte Ertan Dam. consist of a ring-type wood structure connect by several concrete piers founded on bedrock outcropping in the Yalong River channel. The analysis of bedload tansport processes downstream from the Ertan Dam indicates that the bed at this site will be scoured by an average depth of approximately 0.5 m after 50 years of operation. Because the piers are founded on bedrock. it is likely that the channel in the immediate area of the piers will not be degraded and the foundations of the piers will not be affected by project opeation. Nonnallv this facility is operated onlv during the or.nths of June through Septe:mber when the Erman Proiec! will most likelv be spilling water. the operation of the prqoect on a dailv. peaking basis will not affect the use of the facilities. The timber handlinr facilities at Xiacdeshi, Anning River Moouth, Dapingdi, Miupingzi, and Sanduizi. consist of f.oating booms attched to the shoreline by overhanging cables. The positioa of these booms can be changed as necessary. Ther are no foundations associated with thesc facilities and the-fore will not be affected by bedload processes. Tne pr.mary effecL to th2 'U.Iatl2on of f trese strluctures is that they cannot be operated during the period when Ertan is .perated on a daily basis. How.ever, because the height of Ltse is assocated with the high flow pe-iod, june th-rough November. when Ertan will :%e operaLed on a continuous basis. :nre fact that fluctuatint tlow will interrupt use of the facilities is irrelevana. During the period when Ertan is operated on a peai;ing mode. the booms may be moved and stored on the shoreline to prevenL damage. Dependinrg upon the site specific conditions. it may be possible to alter the attachment cables and positions of ,hc booms such tha. the booms will rise and fall with the cha!uses in river discharge. In addition, once Tongzilin Dam is constructed, fluctuations in river discharge downstream from the project wilI be reduced thereby providing further protection to river channel and river bank structures associated with the timber handling. facilities. EWAn IA * hS 5 .4S - - ;- P ' ' - * ; - I ' ' ' - E - , *' The Xiaodeshi dtmber storage and loading facilities are constructed`along the left bank of the Yalong River in an area characterized as having a shallow slope. The facilities are protected by a concrete and eoncrete/masonry revetment wall which is founded oan bedrock. Because of the shallow slope of the river bank, river bed scour and fluucuating river discharges are not expected to adversely affect the storage and loading facilities. Again. once 'rongzilin Dam is constructed, water velocities will be reduced and potential damage to the picrs and shoreine facilities at the Xiaodeshi timber handling site will he further reduced. Structures associated with the Panzhihua bMine Power Plant and the piers of the three brdges across the Yalong River are founded on bedrock and are not subject toT foundation problems associated with scour or discharge fluctuation. Several buildings associated with the Xiaodeshi Hydrologic Station are located along the Yalong River and are founded on crodible materials. However, based on the sediment transport analysis, it is expected that the particular locations of the biuildings are in an area of sediment deposition rather thari sediment scour. Consequently, the risk of impact associated with flow fluctuation or bedload movement is extremely iow throuah the life of the Ertan Project. Near the town of Tongzi!in. downstream from the confluence of the Anning River with the Yalong, severl residentia! buildings are priesent along the river. However, manv of these residences are built on bedrock foundations or are on alluvial materials that have a reiatively shallow slope toward the river. The bedload transport analysis indicates that there may be some scour of the river bed during SQ vear, of operation. However, the amount of scour is estimated to be quite minimal and poses no threat to these buildings. Additionallv, the location of these residences has been identified as an area for por:ions of the construction staging sites associated with the construction of the Ertan Dam. Consequently, these residences have been requisitioned by the State and the residents relocated to other, higher elevation, locations within Tongzilin. Overall, it is expected that the construction and operation of the Ertan Dam and Power Station will not cause significant adverse impacts to structures located in or along the Yalong uO aS lff!M IAai 5.49 River benween the dam site and the confluence of the Yalong River with the Jinsha River. Any anticipated effects will be reduced further after construeion of the Tongzilin Dam and Power Station. 5A.1.2. Efects on Dowsrm Industrial, Agricultural, and Domestic Water Supplies During the high flow season, the operation of the Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant will not be affected by the opemion of the Ertan Project. During the low flow season, when Ertan is operated on a peaking basis, it is estimated that flow in the Yalong wil remain at a minimum of 20 - 80 n3/s, derived primarily from the Anning River. Because the intake for the pumping station is positioned in a deep well, the low water levels associated with the low flows will stilU be above the intakes to the pumping station. The primary risk to the water intake at the Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant is with respect to the quality of the water (primarily from the Anning) during the low flow period. Currently, the quality of the Anning River is classified between I and II according to the Republic Water Quality Standards (See above). Towns and villages along the Anning currently use Anning water for domestic supplies. However, the water is purified and sterilized to meet the Republic Water Quality Standard for Drinking Water, prior to distribution. The Panzhihua Mine Water Treatment Plant ;%cilitv is also subject to this standard. Once the construction of Ertan Dam is completed, the Yalong River will become the primary sou.-e o: watcr f:r the new Yanbian County Town. Although the pumping station will be v csi!ncd to accommodate flow fluctuation in the Yalong River, additional precautions will t'c Inmpiemcnicd to prevent contamination of the water source by sewage discharge into the ri%C: Sewa-e discharge will be restricted and controlled along both banls of the Yalong below the dam and in the area surrounding Yanbian County Town. The floating pumping staticns located on the Jinsha River between the confluence of the Yalong and Jinjiang Railway Station will not be affected by water level fluctuation or minimum released attributable to the operation of the Ertan Project. No impact is anticipated because of the mobility of the pumps to accommodate water level varatis. 4TA CS 5.50 ERTAN LA 011~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ SA.1.3. Impact on Timber Transportation System The Ertan Project will create two major obstacles to the continued use of the Yalong River for transporting harveted timber from the upper basin to Yibin: The Ertan Impoundment and the Ertan Dam. Because of the importance of the timber harvest to the economy of Sichuan Province, specific measures have been incorporated into the design and operation of thq Ertan Project to mitigate the impact to this use of the Yalong River water. The Ertan Reservoir will restrict the conveyance of the harvested timber through 145 km. To mitigate this impact, EHDC and CHIDI have incorporated a log handling facility at the upper end of the Ertan Reservoir. Logs entering the upper end of the reservoir will be interepted and gathered into rfts of logs. These rafts will then be towed down the reservoir to a second handling facilitv on the upstream side of the dam. To pass the logs through the dam. the design of the project includes two tunnels passing through the right dam abutment. Conveyor belt assemblies will carry the logs through the tunnels and deposit the logs in the tailwater. The log passage tunnels are depicted on the project layout (Figure 2.3). The log rafts will be dismantled and individual logs placed on the conveyor belt to be carried to the tailwater of the dam and power station. The timber conveyor will consis; of a loading area at the upper end of the tunne.. tne nrachinerv and conveyor belt structures. and an off-loading area at the downstream end of the tunnel. The belts are designed to pass logs at a rate of 300 m3/h. It is estimated that approximate'! 11,500 m3 of timber can be conveved per day, based on a two shift operation. Given this rate. the current volume of 0.4 million m3 of timber can be moved through the dam in approximately 35 days. Because the season during which timber is transported from the upper Yalong Catchment extends from July through September, the Erman Reservoir will be filled, the power station will be oprated on a continuous basis at the hydraulic capacity, and discharge downstream from the dam wull be in excess of the 1,500 m31s minimum operating level at the existing handling facilities. Costs for construction of the log tunnel are integrated with the costs associated with the construction of the dam and powerhouse. 'joA'. *UTNI04 5.51 The only other obsmcle will be the impoundment and dam associated with the Tongzilin Power station. Measures to maintain the use of the Yalong for transporting the Yalong Catchment timber will also be incorporated into the design and operation of the Tongzilin Project. 5.4.1.4. Effts on Navigation Construction and operation of the Ertan Project is expected to benefit navigation on both the "'along and the Jinsha Rivers. These benefEts have been discussed previouslv. 5.4.2. land Use 5.4_2.1. Submersion losses TXhe ,!--avion of the Ertan reservoir wiil submerge 10. 00 ha. some 24 percent comprises ..issv hillsides. 20 rercent timber torests. 16 percent wct and dry ficdds. 10 percent fuelwood forests. 20 percent the former river channel, and I nercent habitation. I; is clear that by far the greatest losses with be in the Ganvu Vallev oi Yanbian County (Table 5.4). EHDC will bL-ar, active!v involved in management of Lhe 16.000 km2 of the watershed atove F-tan reservoir and will assume direct management responsibdli;x for a zone around :I1: mer!!n o; ;he L.rtan Reservoir exter.ding fron the normal ma ....um operaung leel ot ; f*um aione the land surfac- to an elevation of 1300 m. Mlis zone includes approximalelv ;3.3.) ha as described in Section 5.3. The purpose of this is to conserve water. decrease so. r-os:on. and improve the esthet:cs cf the reservoir margin. Gfidelines from ihe Ministrv of Forestr indicate that the rc ponsibility of a reservoir owner extends onlv over a belt of 100 m elevation above the rna&ximum level of the reservoiT. EHDC will generally entrust the practical management to other aeenc:cs: for example. Panzhihua MuniciDalitv has establisned a s..'all forestry bureau to execute the necessary works. Within EHDC, the watershed rmanagement will be the responsibilitv of the Environmental Protection Committee of EHDC. IS IA OE552 Table SA: Summary of submersion losses In Ertm Reservoir Area. County Item Unit Totd Yanbian Mi$ Deuti Yanmyn Xluid Reseroir Water Surface 0km2) 101 42 22 6 L6 10 Agriculural Land (ha) 1656 1036 299 8S 231 6 Paddy Fields (ha) 839 589 125 32 93 1 Dry TAd (ha) 818. 447 174 53. 138 5 Qther Land Use (ha) 5464 26SS - 130 165 1224 122 Fish Ponds (ha) 0.6 0.6 Mulbey Trees (ha) 1.5 1.S Orchards (ha) 0.2 0.1 0.1 Timber Forest (ha) 1043 766 181 44 48 Fuel Forest -(h) 1979 1087 31S 97 408 Grassland (ha) 2440 802 799 23 783 Annual Carel Productio,(X 106 kg) 15.27 9.97 2.62 0.7 2 Households (no.) 4462 3830 408 52 166 Urban (no.) 1581 1549 18 8 Rura (no.) 2881 2281 390 44 166 Population (persons) 21917 16261 2159 321 1026 Urban (persons) 3003 5722 97 32 2 Runl (persons) 13914 10539 2062 298 1024 Houses (m2) 961500 771200 118500 15200 3200 Brick (m2) 97300 79200 Wood (.2) 82200 74600 3400 1800 Earthwood (za) 635600 512100 84900 1110 22500 Other Buildings (.2) 145300 105300 3020 2300 8500 Small Hydro Staions (no.) 16 3 3 1 8 (McW) 2344 1187 336.6 55 516 Highways/Roads (km) 358 90 53 5 Communication Lines OM) 397 165 70 19 38 Transmission Lines (kIn) 648 170 319 20 121 Broadcast Lines 10m) 819 155 664 Factories lo) 12 11 Notes: 1. The resmvoir area includes areas of existing rivers and streams 5.42.2. Living Areas and Agricultural Lands Although not large in area, one of the major impacts of the reservoir will be the submergence of homes and cultivated land. Parts of 31 Rural Areas from five Counties will be flooded by the reservoir, and the homes of over 29,000 people will be lost in both farming and village areas, mainly in the Ganyu Valley. A total of 1,656 ha of cultivated land will be submerged, representing an annual loss of over 15,000 tons of cereal production. Some people will lose land but not their homes, others will lose their homes but not their land, 04061 ' V3TAN EA C45 553 while others may lose both. If the popuaon were smply moved out of the reach of the rservoir the area of cultivated land per capita would be reduced by an aveage of 18 percent and the available land would be of lower aveagc quality than the.land currently used. To solve this problem, only about 9,000 of the Mfected pople will be moved up above the reservoir (wihin their administative area), and the remainder wiU be reseted. The people who move up the slopes can use their compenain money from EHDC to develop the new l;Id with the- guidance of the county agriculture 1etmenL EHDC, as owners of the reservoir area, have agreed to allow the inhabitants remainng in the Ganyu Valley to exploit the approximaely 330 ha of broad dmawdown areas by way of compenation for the land lost by the communities (Figure 5.7 and Table 5.5). The options being drwn up by CHII will be considered by representatives from Yanbian County, and are discussed briefly in Chapter 6 and in more detail in the Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC, 1994). Responsibility for the development of these areas is borne entirely by Yanbian County. When resettement is deemed necessary, it is state policy to reconstruct features to their original scale and wt to cams any lowering in living standards. The loss of Yanbian Town will be compensated by the construction of a new town near the site of the Tongzilin damsite, and the boundaries of the County will be redrawn to allow people resettled to remain in their original administrative area Detailed plans for the resettlement of other displaced communities have been drwn up and are discussed in the Resetlement Acdon Plan (EHDC, 1994). 5A..2.3. Forestry Some 2,000 ha of fuelwood forest and 1,000 ha of broadleaf timber forest in numerous patches will be submerged These will be compensated for by planting and protection within the Environmental Management Zone (Section 5.3.1). The forests within the zone, when its boundaries are finally agreed, will be included in either the protected area or within areas subject to various management practices and policies. Delineation of the protected forests as well as the managed forest areas will be determined after the Biological Diversity Survey (Section 5.3.3) is completed and other requirements associated with the resettlement plan have been further delineated. TMa CA CM 5.54 I.-.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ g § n>~~FIUt s.7: Dlsttibutlkmnt Of 12400n Ac;ru r Oic Mehopne In the Ganu Arm. .@ 1 i 1.~~~ I ShiiS rI A yng R nA RtoAig . .l ,e f ., x tffibuang \ * t '' -g Wanh ui -i Yumnwn R.A iant Xlnglong village; LEGEND o Twflhi capiut jf O ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Townshp apttl' Silanill * village km < Towhip bOWA_tqY .. t Huiiin R.A km jRizeD a Xlnind °- 4 DfawdcK: Yc 8101%goe Table 5.S: Enumeration of the utilizable area of the drawdown zone for delopment in the Ganyu Arm of the Ertan Reservoir. * Land in Drawdown Zone (ha) Rurl Ara blage Above 180 m Above 1190 m Junking 62.2 S.6 Yanlong 16.0 S.8 Bain 8.7 3.1 Taoluh i.2 4.3 Duogu 13.9 7.7 Xiniiz 10.6 2.3 Tuanjiu 3.B 2.4 Yongxing 148.2 102.2 Wang 5S.7 ' 27.8 Pingtian 19.2 9.6 YongxrnZ 39.0 30.5 Pmncun 34.3 34.3 Haimnin 62.S 56.8 Yinhe 8.1 4.5 Xiolin 26.6 252. Xinglong 37.1 27.1 * Yam=n - 72.2 36.6 Villag 14.5 1S.5 Villages 23.2 12.7 Villages 7.5 2.4 :Xinping 8.9 8.9 5.4.2.4. Industry A total of 12 factories and mines will be submerged (Table 4.11). It is the policy of the Government of China to rebuild submerged industries to their original scale at another location. The large Ertan clay mine will lose access to about 1.5 million tons of clay, about 25 percent of the total reserves. The main facilities have already been moved to another site and are opeational. The Hongni anthracite coal mine will lose 4.5 million tons of its 169 million reserves which are exploited at an annual rate of 0.3 million tons. The impact on this mine is not considered significant Most of the remaining small industries will be rebuilt in the new Yanbian Town. Others are relocating outside Yanbian. Costs associated with the relocation of the affected industries are included in the Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC, 1994). LrM A CMS 5.56 t4a 5.4.3. Population Distribution and Inf:istructure. 5.4.3.1. Effects on Minority Nationalities People belonging to minority nationalities living in areas destined to be inundated are treated in the same mann as the majoritv Ian nationality. The more traditional mianority groups live well above the maximum reservoir levea and will experience no dire. impacts. Local health agencies report no significant differences between the health of Har. and the other nationalities. Almost all the construction Workers confine their acti.ities to the damsite and camp, and are unLikelv to come into close contact with the minorint nationalities. Ever. so, sanitary and quarantine precautions taken against possible diseases brought by the workers will be conducted (see below). 5.4.3.2. Cultural Resources Although the results of the detailed survevs of cultural property that wilU b.- suomerged arc not yet available, the princiDle has aireadv been established by Sichuan Bulreau of Art ard Culture that the excavation and remvu.-a; of the }mnown tombs ar.d other rehils for st;idy will be permitted. 5.43.3. Human health Humani health will be monitored regulariv and the Eftan Inbutute ot e:n:c Disezse Protection wiil 'e established accoradi.r to the iaw on the pree endor anci :rea!-.nt ut infectious diseases. Prior to the completion of the Ertan !iC'ies;. eus ins:'.:ue. I! cooperation with the Panzh;ihua PuDlic 14-eaith Bureau. the Yaanb;an Counts i'u':;c Hea!:-. Bureau and the Sichuan Provincial Rzse:tlement Office ;in consultation with !he United Nations World Health Organization) wi'l conduct a survev of residents in Yanbian CounLv including those residents who will be displaced to the resetteinent area. The purpose ot th- survev will be to determine Lhe incidence ot infectious diseases in the affected population and to implement procedures to cure infictca individuals and to deveiop treatmen.t plans for munimizing the risk of future epidemics of the diseases in the area. Once the inimal survey ER.AN E^ .;. 9^tl6tE~ ~~4 is completed and the project is in operation, 3nnual monitoring of the occuirrcnce of infectious diseases will be implemented. This monitoring will corsist primarily of establishing reporing procedures from local health professionals who are responsible for the heaith care of the residents. The incidence of all potentially fatal infectious diseases will be reported to the respective public health agencies having jurisdiction in the area. These agencies in turn will provide annual reports to the EEDC environmentl management office to enable a central information center necessary for the comprehensive administration of the Ertan HydroeLectric Project operations. Specific components of the potential effects to public health attributable to Eran con$truction and operaion are described in more detail in the following paragraphs. Costs for implementing tnese procedures are summanzea in Chapter 7 and in the Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC 1994). 5.4.3.3.1.. Malaria Aplthouch Panzhihua Municipality is now considered free of malaria since 1991, there are two potenna: impacts of the project which need attention: the reintroduction of the disease organism into the area by workers arriving from neighboring regions where the disease is st .l x_val:n. and the potential creation of ecological conditions suitable for proliferatior v: the mosquito species that transmit the disease. It is likely that populations of the mosquito %ect; are s:. iresent in the vicinitr oif Ertan. Consequent!y, these populations mav once again t&zome a...i'c vectors of malana as a consequence of workers coming into the area -hi, are --:ers of *,;e disease organism. Although in situations where the disease is absent x;c .. - .::e associated with the infection of o,:her humans via the mosquito are r;..v.& ,..;a;i. safeguards wuill be i:mfernented to further .cduce the probabilitv that malaria . <...-: re-established a..'jnd Em-rn Reservoir. These safeguards include: Implernentation of routine program to eradicate mosquito populations in the vicinity of all construction siLes: Pre-employment screening o, all workers at the project site to include blood tests for malaria (All workers are recuered to obtain a Certificate of Verification of Physical Examination prior .o cor.men:nrg work at :he sites): £RTAdJ F; C"6' -.- - . r :.,u'' V - treatnent and isolation (undl cured) of persons found suffering nom the disease, - issuance of malarial prophylacics to workers and administraive stff; - nmonitoring of mosquito populaions in the vicinity of the construction area; and - implementing routine malaria prevention icdons in the area surrounding the eservoir. Costs for implementing these actions are summarized in Chapter 7. During the operation phase and while the reservoir remains at its maximum operating level there are no particular problems related to potential re-establishment of malaria in the projec; area. However, during the drawdown periods pools of shallow water attractive to malaria vectors may be expected to form in the flatter and hither areas of the Ganyu Valley. Consequently, care will be taken during the reservoir clearing process (See Section 5.5.f) to remove topographic feamres within the drawdown zone that miLI. retain standing water thmough the drawdown period. Specific areas to be removed are existing irrigation ponds, fis'n ponds, rice fields and irrigation ditches in the agricultural areas surrounding the reservoir. Additionally, periodic surveys of the upper reaches of the reservoir, both in the main reservoir and in the Ganyu arm will be perforned to identifv areas of standing water that remain after drawdown. Such areas may not be present initiallv but may develop as sediment from the upper reaches of the drainage basin accumulates at the head of the reservoir. If such areas are detected, they will be filled or otherwise dramined to prevent infestation by mosquito populations. 5.4.3.3.2. Schistosomiasis As discussed in Section 4.4.3, no new cases of schistosomiasis have been recorded from the Ganyu River Valley in the last few years. In order to minimize the risk of schistosomiasis recurring in the Ganyu Valley several measures will be implemented by EHDC pror to and during operation of the Eran Project. Although the operation of the project itself will not encourage the spread of either the disease or the disease vector. several components of the ERT*t EA a. 5.59 project increases the riskl that the disease may reappear in the vicinity of the project, particularly in the Ganvu basin, an historic focus of this disea. Three aspects of tht epidemiology of schistosomiasis are addressed in various management and monitoring programs proposed in association with the Ermn Project. These include minimization of the presence of suitable habitat for the intermediate hust for the diseae (the Oncomelanic snail): a program to reauce 'the occurrence and distribution of the intermediame host: and the identification of human carriers of the disease that either reside in the area or have moved into the area ;- ran of the constniction work force. The proposed progra to control the occurrence of the water weed, Eichhonua. as presented in SecEion 5.2.5, has thmee objectives: reducing potendal.effects to navigation and project operaion. reducing the risk of potentiai adverse effects to water qualiry and fishery produ:tion. and to reduce the availability of suitable habitat for the vectors oi infectious diseases. Of principal concern here is the cor.trol of the potential spread of snail populations known to be vectors of Schistosoma japonicum, the disease organism. The drawdown zone around tile reservoir may not be suitable snail (secondarv h,ost; habitst. but :he terraced rice fields and ditches above the reservoir will remain as potential refuges. In addition there are other locations in China where die disease can still be found and there .s alwsys a risk that the disease organism may be brought to the reservoir area by migran: w o6ros. Durinn che Eichhuinio eradication program proposed for inmpiementation p:lOr :- __servoir filiino. a simultaneous surve- of the presence of populations of the snail wil! be conducted. An% populations of the snail discovered during this process will be eradicaLed preierablv throuch a combination of mnlluscinide application and removai of the habitat feature. Once the project becomes operational. monitoring of the occurrence of the disease will be continued as part of dte overall public health monitoring program described above for malaria (Section 5.4.3.3). To rminimize the risk that workers coming ,o the project area as part of the construction force do not reintroduce schistosomiasis to the area around the Ertan Proiect, each2 work;er is MM EA Cg 5.60 Fq'!dIA '1 ; * -.'- ' >,*ge;zV.i d l < required to obtain a Certificate of Verification of Physical Examination prior to commencing work at the site. To obtain these certi'icates. the workers are screened for a marietv of infectious diseases including schistosomiasis. This program was implemented prior to the commencement of project construction and continues as a policy of employment by EHDC and the construction contractors. EHDC will ensure tht the screening and cquipment are adequate. 5.4.3.4. Occupational changes Occupations are recorded in two categories: agricultural and non-agriculiural. In general, people will maintain their existing occupations, but 2,000-3,000 people from the Ganyu Valley will switch from agricultural to non-agricultural labor when they are resettled in the new Yanbian County Town. 5.5. Construction Impacts and Mitigation The potential environmental effects observed during the construction of the Ertan Project are generally of a teimporary nature ard stem from grounid disturbance, operation of equipment and housing of the labor force. Processes which lead to the effects include erosion and .unoff from construction related areas. production of dus: and noise resulting from blasting and operation of heavv equipment. emissions and waste oils from heavy eatqipment operation. and wastewater dischar2es from the housing areas. 5.5.1. Eros;on and Runoff from Construction Areas Clearing of vegetative cover for excavation and filling of construction areas exposes the underlying soils and rock surfaces to erosion. In general, erosion from the rock} surfaces will be minimal. However, placement of fill materials, either for creation ol construction staging areas or for the placement of spoil materials removed from the tunnels and foundations may W. EAA CHS 5.61 lead to excessive erosion. Erodible materials may eventually find their way into the nver causing increases in the suspended sediment concentrations in the river. In general, surfaces of the work areas will be either covered with concrete, consist of exposed bedrock, or will be contained between the main diversion cofferdams upstream and downstream from the construction site. Additionally, runoff from major construction support sites will be controlled and directed to settling basins prior to releasing the water to the river. Clarified water will be skimmed from the surface of the settling basins for discharge to the Yalong River. Principle areas for which control of runoff is particularly necessary include the concrete batck plant areas, the aggregate processing areas, and the equipment storage areas. Much of the spoil removed from the tunnels and power staion caverns will be stored temporarily on site and eventually used as aggregate for the concrete. Excess spoil materials and overburden removed from the construction site is used either for fill in the construction staging areas or is placed in the spoil disposal area located upstream from the dam in Jinlong Gully on the left bank of the river. All of the spoil materials will be placed in the gully below the minimum operating pool elevation of 1155 m and consequently will not be subjected to erosion processes once the reservoir is filled. Berms, drainage channels and settling basins will be constructed around all areas exposed to runoff and erosion. Runoff from most of the cleared and excavation areas drain into the river channel between the cofferdams from which clarified water is pumped over the downstream cofferdam. Following comp' -ion of the construction, the construction contractors are required to remove all consLructh" a iuipment and recontour and landscape the disturbed areas. Restoration plans include regrading of the disturbed areas and planting of appropriate ground cover to minimize erosion and to provide a more aesthetically pleasing appearance to the visible project facilities. ESTA EA CHI . 5.62 ; ~-~ - .. m:C 5.5.2. Control of Dust and Noise Emissions from the Constmction Site-. Dust from the project area arises from the excavation processes and from the movement of heavy machinery over unpaved roads: Use of explosives to remove overburden, excavate foundation areas and tunnels and to obtain aggregate will generate some dust. Dust geerateG in the tunnels and underground caverns (power station, switchgear and operations cavems) will be controlled underground and little of the dust will be emitted to the atmosphere. Noise generated from the operation of heavy equipment and from the use of explosives is geneally directed upward by the configuration of the river valley. Few residents, other than the construction labor force, are present in the vicinity of the dam and consequently, noise generated from the site will not be a major annoyance to large numbers of people. 5.5.3. Handling of Petroleum products and other hazardous materials. Fuel oils and lubricants required for the operatior of heavy equipment will be stored in designated areas for which measures to prevent introduction into the environment will be strictly enforced. Waste oils and lubricants are collected in the equipment rnaintenance areas and are trucked off site to recycling centers in Panzhihua Cin. Explosive materials are stored in appropriate shelters away from the construction site in Jinlong Gully adjacent to the spoil area. Explosives are brought to the site as needed during vanous stages of the excavation. Small amounts of other hazardous materials will be brought onto the site. These materials consist primarily of organic solvents used for cleaning and maintaining machinery. No organochloride compounds. such as PCB, will be used on the construction site. Alternative. non-hazardous insulating fluids for electrical equipment will be used in electrical transformers. "0E1. CA sOeH 5.63 53.4. Wastewater Treatment Facilities To prevent contaminadon of the water of the Yalong Jiver, appropriate wastcewater teatment facilities are construted a: crnical locations throughout the construction site. Each of the concrete mixing plants is equipped %ith a settling basin to control runoff of waste concrete. The largest source of waste concrcte is the area used to clean the concrete hauling trucks betwere loads. Water from these areas is collected into a settling basin and clarified water is sl;immed from the surface before discharge to the river. Sewage treatment facilities are also constructed to treat wastewater derived from the three labor camps and the contract'r housin! areas. The major sources of uncontrolled runoff and wasewvater that will enter the Yalong River are the areas inhabited bv immigrants to the area that are either seeldng enployment with the construction force or are seeking other benefi.s from the presence of well-paid laborers associated wuith the cons-tuction of the dam and power station. Because the locations these on-look-e-s" choose for setting up residence and the uncertainty as to the numbers involved. nc' soeiZi c plans for controlling the immigrarts have been implemented. Tc the extent r.:bi. procedures to limit access to the construction areas bv individuals o;h.r than .i:-nbcrs of the labor force have been impiemented. Howevcr, complete control of access tv conn-:7:.1.. site ard to the vici.ni:y of thc project cannot be achieved. Con;rol - the "'oor.-!own' nature of construction areas has beeii a nmajor problem that has z;_ ..::: . resource developments throughout the world. Satisfactorv solutolis to t . r';n :e -:nblems are %-w and .ar between. -.3.5. Reservnir Clenring. Anv organic material. mainiv !rees. in the inundated area will decompose and are a potential source of water qualitv probiems. In audition. garbage, sewage. manure. recent graves and ocher sites would pollute the waier .'.so. semi-floating trees can block the inlets to the power-h.ouse. and standing Eret:s. sh.aiHow shoals and reefs can block navigation and snag fishing nets. StMM E£L C0S 5.64 ~~~~~~- : *:: \- v l ; *- . -r The organic mateials and inorganic structures that must be deared from the inundation have, Table 5.6: Invenory of Vegetation, Stuctr and Sanitary Facilities to be Removed as Part of Reservoir acel . - .Im Area Volume W- l@) ( MI') HOUS 838,327 Aniumal sheds 111,347 Manure pits 49,900 Public mtroom 9,025 Vegetable fields 680,700 Gmveyuds less than 15 yeas old 7,700 Hospitals X,800 Sanitary landfill 4,600 Sewage ditches and pits 300 7,400 Harvestable Fomest - 3 X 106 Methane genemting pits 8,863 Total 31,642,499 78,463 been exhaustively inventoried (Table 5.6). Regulations require that the clearing be completed one year before the diversion tunnels are closed, and that the area will be inspected for acceptance by EHDC, the Provincial Resettlement Office, Panzhihua Municipality, and C'IDI. The clearance is a complex operation, and detailed plans will be developed prior to town implementaion is required. The work will be conducted by local inhabitants, before resettlement is completed, and they will be allowed to salvage any timber or fuelwood of value. Remaining organic material will be burned. S.S.6. Site CPean-Up Following Construction Once the construction of the Ertan Project is oDmplete, each of the contractors is required to remove al equipment from the site and clear the site of potentially hazardous materials. Reclamation of sites exposed during construction will include Tegrading and revegetation. Exceotions to this will be at certain locations where permanent structures will be remodelled OMA6N1. 5.65 ^~~~~~~T 'A 045 for other uses or where other structures may be constructed. All sites will be inspected by governmental agencies and the site clean-up approved before the contractors are allowied to abandon the site. 5.5.7. Summary of Construction Related Effects. In general, measures to minimize -the impacts of the construction have been implemented during the constauction of the Ertan Dam and Power Staion. Potential discharge of sediment and hazardous materials to the Yalong River has been minimized and no significant adverse effects have been observed. Provisions are made to control discharge of suspended sediments to the Yalong River from construction and spoil areas. Dust and noise from the project site are minimal. Fuel oil, lubricants, and waste oils are effectively isolated from the river. Adequate fcilities for the treatment of waste water from the project site and from the labor camps have been constructed. Provisions for the reclamation of disturbed areas following completioni of construction are in place. The only effects for which environmental controls have not been implemented is with the influx of non-labor immigrants to the project area. Although the numbers of persons in this "on-looker" group will likelv grow as construciion continues, the overall risk of significant adverse impacts, relative to the magnitude of the projects. is considered relativelv small. During the latter stages of construction, it is recommended that some consideration be given to ease the social impact of the "boom-Lown' decline that will be realized in the vicinitv of ihe project. Of particular concern will be the economic and social impacts that residents of the small villages lik-e Ton pzilin Station will experience once construction is completed. 5.6. Transmission Line Effects and MIitigation The environmental assessment of Lhe transmissi^n line route and construction methodss presen;.d in a separate document (SEPA, 1994). The seleced routc for i.' tranutissio; lines and Lhe construction methivs. wi avwiA t , r.; th: e extent pz'zsib!.. ad'er e ENTAI FA C14 56 'I impacts to natural and human resources along the route. For those aspect of the transmission line that cause unavoidable impact to the natural or human environments, adequate measures to minimize and compensate for the impacts have been incorporated into the design and implementation plan. GWA A 5.67 Chapter 6 6. RESETLEME-NT AND SOCILf ISSTES 6.1. National Resettlement Policies The national policies for resettlement are summarm d in ChaDcers 3 and . It should be noted that neither Chincse nor World Bank policies allow for short.-term develop-ments which ir.reasc the devendenc; of people on S6a:te funds. The F.rtan prvjeet is of _Pe1±t -importance and cannot nroce-d without resettlement: thus everu effor wi7l e nemAde to .T.-Ae the rewettlemenr progratn bolh susmainable z'nd successful. As explained in Chapter 5. the mitipationS for dealin vrith the impavc o' zbout 30.000 people losing their honeb and liveihcods is to resettle fiac t uha cr tha: rarno; remain in t'E original nre,a. The Drocess ar.d iv s o r,ese.le,nent develop.ner., are dealt witli ;n dtaWIi jl Lkht Resnt-einent Action LiPn tFi.iiDC 19-94) Some addifior.a! informnation is proviC;ed hem. 6.2. ('harC:nteristics of Resettlement. Areas 1 ;as; .ilaned in:ta0i :o fa-e two major resettlement area : one a: Hnn-e. and the okhv- x,; Y ::r.:s.an. HonPc: has ;roved to b_ feasible, with. appropriaze inpums. Zlowever. thi_ z :zhishan area is no. suitable ;or developmen. of adequa-e water and esec:rcIm.t iutpplies, or :n: :anstrLcuon o& an ac_css road. 'Would need a mnuch 'arser Inp:ut of zaoxair than 'he cea' e: a Hon Ae:. Adu;::osiailv, the 'Yizhishat a;ea is c curenEy !nhibzo;td. b nunic:uus families who woUWd h.a%e ic, bc rsertled to other areas to enabie movement of the Ertan group;. Beause of the o.not. ;cs.%ciated wiLh the development of :he Yizis.hn site. E!DC decided to forego furthtr conside-tior; of the Yirzishan site. r.d focus or. development o th1e Hongge area. The oustis from lhe Erta aqea destined for Yizhisziar, . .w e distributed throughout thle Anninn basisnwherc soial economn is rel-adveiv developed. -M-vi~.V i EA-46 6.1. flt Tne site f'or tlhe Hionege resettlement is located in _ hillv area that has a historv of agriculture. Locai residents have utilized the area for several drv land crops such 2s peanuts, corn. fruit trees. and grapes (Figt:re 6.1). The site is located along the left bank of lower Jinsha Thv-:, downstream from Panzhihua City. The cLaivation of the Hongge areas has alwvavs been a means of providing supplementary rather than core income for residents in the viernitr of the site. In recognition of the local residents' previous use of the land, some 200 ha of land next to the existing riverside village will be developed by the project as a form of compensatior, in .-uri' for their loss of that area. Productivity of tne cultivated portions of the Hongge a-.a has alwavs been lo.w and in some vears the crops have failed for lack of w2ter. SLudies nave shown. however, that the soils are potentialy producuve if adequate water is available. It it su.rounded bv JSnsha River to :e west and WaJa River to the north. . road lirkling ?z:zhi.iua an :>-- ?- -:: :- ~ -.:- Z.er-J .;. : - . ., , . W * . , .- - . ,,. ,. .1a ., e ,ev , _, . . .ta ' I~~~~ % 11glure 6.1 n: The 11nEn Resettlemewv Ai-e. X!- t_ fX~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~A ...j..,. . 7brL ; . ; ........................................ *. .. ' . ' ,'. c-helm .1s 63. Socioeconomic profile in areas to be inundated The socio-economic profiles of the areas to be inundated have been shown earlier in Table S.x. The ousts are, in general, less rural and wealther than the average resident of Yanbian County or of the reservoir area. 6.3.1. Movement of Poople T'he sources, destnaions, and numbers of people to be relocaed under the resettlement plan are shown in Figure 6.2. Based on a survey of the number of persons that reside within the inundation zone, provision for approxely 21,000 persons will be made. As indicated in the figure, the majority of the persons will be relocated in the vicinity of the Ertan Reservoir with most of them having to move only a few hundred meters. Approximate'y 7,000 residents will be moved to the Hongge Resettlement area located southeast of the present Yanbian Town. Additionally, approximately 11,000 of the residents will be relocated to the new county seat located to the west of Tongzilin. Recent negotiations with the residents of Yanbian County have resulted in the delineation of another option for the resettlement and compensation plan (Cheng, Sichuan Resettlement Department, 1994, pers. comm.). During these negotiations, a plan to construct a dike system along the margin of the Ganyu River at the upper end of the backwater zone was suggested. The Provincial Resettlement Office discussed this potential with EHDC and it was decided to implement this program. The dike will prevent flooding of land at the upper end of the drawdown zones along the Ganyu River and one of its tributaries. Approximately 20 kn of dikes along both sides of the river and tributaries will be constructed to a :eight of no more than 10 m. This construction will protect the land of approximately 3,000 people UG A CH 6.4 ^\w\x Agricultural resettlement areas for those moving up Xichang o Agricultural resettlement areas for moving away 0 Urban resalement areas County boundaries XICRANG -*.._... Proy! \ - jq; tn~~ove up/ 5000 j) w.. /1dz Y'AN.IAN,?. >.v;. 9y ~~~move upj -~ ~~T~ o. 2 .000 . *-- Lols 500 / & IYanbiran amsi e , / 2.000 ) New Yanti:mr To? r.\ Panzhihu 1uonae Figure 6.2: OUTLINE ovF _REsmrENiEN7 PL.N TW.i APPRO%.IATE A U-MIEPS AND DIruCTIoN OF MOVEMENrT OF OLSTEES in Yongxing and Htuimin in the uppe'r Ganyu Valley wo-nsequetywino'ed't e relocated. 6.4. Consultation process During development of the resttlement plan, the Provinicial Resettlement Bureau in cooperation with EHDC, undertook an extensive consultation process with both the local governments in the areas from which the residents would be removed and with the local go,qernments in the area to which the oustees would be resettled. Additionally, individual residents within the Ertaz-reservoir area and in the aireas to which people could be relocated were interiewed regarding their concerns and requirements. It was on the basis of the results of this interview process that the decision was made to abandon the Yizhishan area as a potential area for accepting the Ertan reservoir residents. More extensive discussion of the results of the consultation process, as currently planned, is presented in the Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC, 1994). 6.4.1. Methods Consultation with individual residents of the Ertmn reservoir area was conducted household byhousehold, starting in 1984. During the consultation process. an inventory of property and other assets present in the area was made to determine'the magnitude of losses that would result from the impoundment created by Erman Darn. In each household, the scale and scope of the project was explained. toggether with its impiications. (It is noteworthv that in 1984. some of the people residing in the project area had never seen a car or train.) Details of the draft outline resettlement plan were presented to the residents and their questions were inv~ited. Later, as the resettlement plan developed, all the officials in counties affected by the project were invited to a meeting in P'anzhihua. The purpose of this meeting was to provide more information that could be distributed to the people affected by the planning process. Additionally, representatives of the affected residents were given the opportunity to visit the possible resettlement sites so they could report back- to their communities what the conditions were like. MAN*t EA C " 6.5 6.4.2. Summary of Oustee Comments The people to be resettled showed a great understanding of the role the Ertan project will play in national development and attained a favorable understanding of and gave support to the national resettlement policies and legal regulations. They were not thrilled with the prospect of being uprooted but understood that there were legal assurances for proper- compensation for production and standard of living. Follow up interviews with the people already resettled indicate that they are satisfied with ther new homes and the much improved facilities. At their option, some of the younger people elected to move to an urban center rather than another rural area. Also, some residents requested that they be allowed to stay in their original area, relocate their homes, in order to cultivate land they had developed above the reservoir level. 6.4.3. Conclusions The consultations were useful in the resettlement planning effort. The results underlined the imperative to provide sites and mechanisms tnat would allow the affected people to maintain and improve their quality of life as well as comply with governmental policies. A major feature of the resettement planning arising out of the consultation efforts was that the final plan be extremelv flexible: This allows for the incorporation of specific requests, such as permission to stay in the area to work existing land. or move to other locations. Because the resettlement plan has incorporated their flexibility details of each component are constantly under revision. The current status of the resettlement plan associated with the Ertan Project is presented in tne Resettlement Action Plan (EHDC 1994). 6.5. Institutional arrangements In terms of the governmental administrative structure, there will be no change for the majority of those affected hy the resettlement program. By redrawing the county boundaries 4N6616 IftlN.eLc4. 6.6 to include the new site of YanbianCounty town and. the Hngge' e a, mos oJ. the people rmoving frnm the Ganyu valley will be govemw. by dhe same instimtions-and staff that is governing them at present. The oniy major change is that the Provincial Resettdement Bureau -will assist local official in directing and financing infrastructure and cultu:al. developments. This assistance will be funded from a 0.1 fen (0.001 yuan) allocadon of revenues from every kilovwt-hour of eectricity produced by Ertan. This allocaton, an estinatedAMB 14,52106 g per year will be paid by EHMC to he Provincial Reseftlement Bureau for disbursement according w e final resettlement plan. The Hor.gge resettlemernt aea is not first-class agrcultral land. but it was the best of tie whole range of altenatves =xamined. and by pumpin.g, ci'.anneling, and stonnng water fo: agricultural and domestic use, the area wiil provide a zood livelihood for the people. Thne project will pay part of the cost (power. maintenanccs o; the pumping, which will be determined after tests in fixed spots, from the levy metitioned above, but it is intended that once the people's fields and practices have becomne established, the pumping costs wilt be paid by the people them:seves. It is expected that this will be achieved after 5-10 years; the situation will be kept under review. 6.7 ;c-hapter 7 7. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING - AND---- TRAINING PROGRAM This secion presents a comtve oni m ing pogam for the Er Hydroelectric Project and outlines a urining p m that will- provide the espertise.- necessary for conducting the studies nd- invesdganons to monitor the effectiveness of ;the environmenal protedon measures. 7.1. Overview of The Mlonitoring Program 7.1.1. Objectives The objectives of the environmental monito-ing program are: 1. To monitor the environmen:al conditions o. the Yalong River as ir ne by- the Ertan Hydroelectric Proiect. 2. To determine the effectiveness of ernvironmental protectior neasures implemented to mitigate for the impacts:of the Ernan Hvdroelecuic Project. 3. To develop a base of intormation retardirng-the cts of large damrs in Sichuan to assist in the evaiuation of futur-e hydropower development on the Yalong River, and elsewhere in Sichuan and other provinces of China. ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 2W!12.- -:9- ;l 'q'1p4 ; ~ -7.12.-. CompoenUt or w-t.e- _ _Jnvinenetna _i MOD F5 Programs and anpower` Reqire .s The envirnmental program outhued below decibes the patcula resources that will be monitred on a continuing basis though constuction and operado of the project and the types of data that will be loUected to describe each resource- Foreach monitoring program. an esimate of the number of staff required to c t-the program is presented togete w.-h a discussion of the faciity and equipmt requirements for implmenting the programs. Seven resource areas have been idenified that will be the subjects of the Ertn Evironmental Monitoring Program. The invesdgations included under ach program are designed to direcdy evaluate the effects of operation of the Ertan Hydroelectric -Project on the various resources. Although EEDC will retain administrative direction and management responsibilities for all of the monitoring programs, crtairn of the monitoring programs, as described for each resource category, will be performed by other governmental agencies under contract to EHDC. 7.1.2.1. .Hvdrology, Sedimentation and Climate The purposc ot :is program will be to monitor a -range of hydrological, climatic and sedimentaton parameters that either affect or are affected by the operation of the Ertan Prum:ect 7.1 '.1.1. Hydrology *A: par! *' Mhe pianning process.-eight hydrologic monitoring stations were established to mnLvior ::; ;sc-nar_e ir. the Yalong River throughout the year. The baseline hydrology derived from these stations has enabled planning for project operation. Once the project becomes operational. river hydrology will confinue to be monitored to enable adjustment to the operation of the project as required bv the uncertainties of the hydrologic regime. Additionally. records of the inflow and outflow from the reserv*ir will be used in conjunction with water quality data to evaluate how the project affects othter resources within the impoundment and downstream froTr. the impoundemnt. aN AC 7.2 Teb hvdrology of te Yalong River wil bemonitord aon a co.tinuous ba sas:hasbeen dose-.- in the plaming phase of project develoment. The excisting monitoring. .p . -; augmented twough the in atio of automatic datalogging equ ipmento record irlow and-- ouffiow from the resrvoir. Addtidonal equipment wil be intallea to provide a continuous record of reservoir water lvn y for, optmizing operation of the projectT AU hydrologic data, obtained either maluaUy or from the automatic recording systems, will be available for- use in oprtng te-generators and-will be retrieved-and for inclusionin a master, computer datbase. Monthly summaries --of h hydrologic infrmation will be - compiled into appropia tables and graphs for use in evaluating -the project operation and project effects on water quality in the resrvoir and tail waters. Annual summaries of hydrologic data will be distributed to approprate oranizaons. This program will require the continued services of 89 saff members. 7.1.2.1.2. Sedinent Monitoring Bedload and sediment tansport in the Yalong River is currenty being monitored at eight- locations upstream and downstream from the dam site and in the Ganyu River. The maiin concern addressed with the data obtained from these monitoring stations is the accumulation - of sediment in the reservoir once the dam is completed and the Erar. ReservDir is impounded. The monitoring of the sediment load upstream and downstr.e from the dam- - - will continue through project operation. This program will be augmented with the additior. of 46 sections in the main portion of the Etan Impoundment and 18 sections in the Ganyu Arm at which the accumulation of sediments will be monitored. The sediment accumulation monitoring stations will be established to-determine if the predicted rate of accumulauon is realized after the project becomes operational. The information will be used in evaluated the accumulation of sediments in upstream reservoirs and will indicate any changes attribuable to the upstream projects when they are constructed. - 7.1.2.1.3. Climate Automatic data logging equipment will be used where appropriate. Data will be downloaded weeldy into a computer to produce graphic summaries of dat. Every month and everv vear grM All 7.3 ~~~~~~TAN EACH?~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~:, dam willQ .be combined and graphic smaries F o r t memorological monioring profiles-with 18 obs e-atior sitesand onie comparadiv -observation site will be established througout thie reservoir aea... dit three precipation stations will be established to coodinate with landslide monitoring. Ii-e xiting 15 precipitation stations and Xiaodeshi Climafic Staion wiil serve for hydrologicat. predication and environ-mental monitoring of Ertan project. 7.122. Seismic Activity monitoring Program A center to monitor earthquake activity ifthe vicinity of Ertr. Dam was established dunne the mobifizamon for construction of the proeacL T.he prpose of the monitoring program was to derermine earthqua'e frequency and in!tensity a the dm site t assist in the design of project facilities. Tne Ertan Project is located in a seismically acti've area at the eastme edge of the Himalayan U-plift. Monitoring of seismic activity prior to final design was essential for adjusting design parameters to account for changes in seismic activity associated with fliling of the resenvoir. T hese desigr. adJustmenst must be a-iade to allow for Dotential damrac to project facilities amtributable to increased reouencv and intensitv of eardthuake acrnv;ty. B-e on the oami rela:ive to existing seism:c activity. changes in the fircquncy ana intensity of earthquakes were predicted. Because of the unceraminty associated with these pr-edicions. continued moritoring of seismic activit- is necessarv. If. after fillitig of the reservoir. seismic activitv in.xeases beyond design cnterna. appropra'e operational or structura nieasures may need tO be im.plemented. Thetrefore. to assure continuitv of the dat recorc. the existin seismic monitoring program. will be continued through the construction. flling anc coe-sornal piascs of Mhe piect. This prora ilU require a staff otf i persons. 7.1.2.3. Bankslope Deformation Monitoring Program During the -iitial s;,rveys to determine the feasibility of building the Ertan Project, severl areas were identified in wvhich the srfi;Cial rock and soils layers exhibited the potential for CRT&% :A '7 - 4 releasing once the reservoir is led and beomes operational.; ,major area wth lAt- andslide-. potential is located immediately upsteam from the dam site. If, when the reservoir is filled. this slide releases. the valley immediately upsLram from the dam could become filled and cause severe disruption of project op on. A landslide monitoring program is ir. operation to obtain baseline information regarding movment of the slide under pre-impoundment- conditions. This monitoring program will intensify asithe resevoir- is fied. Or.ce the resevoir is filled, movement of tie landslide wMi be continued indefinitelv to detect- any - excessive movement of the slide during project operaton. Continuation of this program will require the continued services of 12 persons. 7.1.2.4. Water Quality and Bilogical Mlonitoring Program The environmental monitoring program will be established to monitor a varietv of environmenmai resources representine the natural world widtin the vicinity of the Ertar Reservoir. This program will inciude water quality monitrinc v. une reservoir and the tailwater of the powerhouse. The existing meteorological monitoring program will be continued and various components of the aouatic and terrestrial ecossmems will be monitored and the mitigation and comp on programrs implemented. This program will also serve as a repository for the hydrologic data including stream flow records and water level data A staff of 61 technicians and administators will be required wo implement this program. 7.1.2.4.1. WVater qualitv Water quality will be monitored at a minimum of eight locations in the reservoir area and downstream from the reservoir. Parameters to be monitored vvill inc'lude those contained in - -- the nationil water quality regulations. Water samples will be collected at least three times per year for chemical and physical analysis. Results of the analvses wiU be maintained within the studv program offices. Annual summaries of the data will be prepared. At this time, EHDC plans to contract with the Environmental Protection Bureaus of the affected counties to conduct the field data co',lection and sampling efforts necessary to accomDlish this monitoring program. Water samples for will be transported to appropriate water aualitv r EACH? . 7.5 testing laboratorie for aalysis. Retts of- the labo=atory c eo will be reported to the EHDC Environmental Studies P stafor accumulaton into the - water quality data base mair.tained by EHDC. 7.1.2A.2. Aquatic ecology The purpose of this prograM is tD dbcument how the aquatc commnmity (pi ly fish and invertebrate populations) responds to the fiLling of the reservoir. Samples of the fish and invertebrate communities wi be obtained from eight locations within the reservoir and downstream from the prjec at least three times per year for the fs five- yes of project opeaton. Results of these sampling programs will ten be used to detrmine th frequency of sampling to be employed theeafter. The aquatic ecosYste. sampling stations will be located as indicated in Figure 4.4. Standard samples of fish populations will be caught in dip. giU and seine nets tree times amually for 3 or 5 years. The frequencies and relative abundances of the fsh species in each sample will be determined and corredaed witv. esults obtained from the development of the commercial fisherY. Lengts ahd weights of all fis colletd in the samples will be used to determined the rive health of the populations. In addition, selected fish wil be retained to detrmine reproductive state. stomach contents, ar.d the occurrence of internal or external parasites that might affect the fisherv. At present. EHDC pians to contact CHIDI and sevei unwersities to conciue: the daa col'imtion efforts associated w.tn this programn. Results oi the field efforts and any necessarn ianoraowv anaivses uiH be reported to EHIDC for incorporation into Ohe Yalora Riv.r em.ivnrxen:itai data bas*. 7.1.2.4.3. Terrestrial fauna and vegetation The Purpose of this prog;ram is to monitor changes in. the terrrestrial communi.ty in the managment area around the reservoir reservoir ae durinc and after the project is completed EIrA c.. 7.0 is closed. A secondary role of the Ertan Environmental Monioring pam wvll be to. coordinate the management of the buffer zone around the project reservoir. Initally, this progam will conduct studies to detrmine the suitability of various areas around the resevoir for consLvatio of vegetative pes. rge for actdve enhancment of forest conditions and to idenify potential locations of commercial fishn retrieva ars and oder land uses of thebufferzone. As descibein Secdon 5.3, the staff of this progmwiU coordinate wit th hrespective fortry bureaus to reestablish native foresf on areas currendy considered wastnd. Three types of forests will be esmblished, a .Piu kesbia r langbionensis forest, a Aca foes and a mixed forest of these wo- speies. - The replanted forests will be monitored tO determine the suvival of the seedngs. The forestry bureaus wil be consulted to idenify sources of the seedlings and to dtermine which areas each of the three ypes of forest stands should be planted. In conjuncion with the forest reestablishment and the consemvation of the existing stands of native forests, members of this group wil also monitor wildlife populations within the natual forests, in the harvested areas and in the replanted forests. This monitoring will be based on the pre-impoundment inventories performed during 1995. The managment and monitonng components associted with the terrestial moniotirng program will be contracted to the Forestrv Bureaus of the respective counties affected by the Ertan Project Results of the field data collection efforts will be reported to EHDC. Mtanagement policies for tne impounment buffer zone will be established, coordinated and administered bv EHDC in consultation with the respective Forestry Bureaus. The Forestry Bureaus. in turn. wil implemen: the selected management techniques and will- report the progress of the implementation to the EHDC Environmental Monitoriv Center.- 7 1.2.5. Protection and Rehabilitation of the Construction Area This program will be maintained fior only a short duration during the construction period and the clean up of the constrution site. The pmgram wiU have the responsibility for ensuring that environmental precautions are implemented by the construction contractors and that the 941AD 7.7 ERThNSA 04 required landscaping and revegetadon progmwrs are implemented as part-of the construction- demobilization process. This progmm wil require the sevics of 6 staff members. 7.1.2.6. Publc Hcalth The monitoring of public health will focus primarily ow the control- o malaria, schistosomiasis-and other epidemic diseases that mzy become established in -the reservoir area Toe monitoring will be conducted by fte Public Health Depatments of the respective - counties affectea by the Ertan Project under contrc to the ERDC Environmental Monitorng Ccter. Tne Public Health Departmens Will have- i reponsiility for treatment and control of the vectors of both malaria and schirosomiasis and will be responsible for tile mcllusc and mosquito eradication prograns prior to reservoir fiing. In addition. the public health. departments will conduct periodic survevs of die project area once the reseroir is filled to deterrurne any firher remedial measures that may be .required to reduce the potential for establishment of mosquito and mollusc pop7:lations within tie reservoir area. 7.1.'.7. rTemporary Monitoring Programs Two programs will be initiated prior to filling of the reservoir and continued through construction. Once the project is opeatonal, these programs wlla be discontinued. The two programs inciude: I) performance of an inventory of the reservoir a to evaluate the biodve-sitv o& the imDoundment zone and the management buffer zone: and :) - n an mvientorv of natural and human resources within the impounamen zone nezessary for planning and implementing --he reservoir clearing program. Currently, the biodiversity evaluation is scheduled to be completed in Spring 1995 by a team of internationally kn.own specialists. The evaluation wil! be made on the basis of bird divers:tv as-descri-bed in Section 5.3. .te inmenrory of human features will be conducted by a Lcair: of specialists assembled from the Sichuan Provincial Resendement Bureau. the Panzhihua Citv Puolic Hiealt. Department., tATAd EA 7.8 and cultural resource spciaiists from a university in Sichuan. Locio of -al human structures and fcilities will be identified for removal. Also, the locations of any -features having cultural value will be noted along with the significance of the artifacts. As necessary. culturally significant features wiil be excavated and removed to appropnate iocations. Although these progamms will be snort-lived, considerable intensive effort will be required to complete the tasks. The survey-of r envionrment will require a staff of 31 individuals while the coordination of the rsvoir learing operadon will require a staff- of 22. 7.13. Locations, Equipment and Facilities The main building for offices, laboratories, and equipment necessarv for contucting the environmenal monitoring programs will be located near the damsite. probably a ated with the EHDC headquarters complex at Tongailin. Additionally five live-in field stations wil be established to provide for various components of the monitoring program. Currently. the locations of the live-in field stations include: - reservoir field station at Tuanjie: - reservoir field station at Gubiao; and - reservoir field station at Yumen; - inflow field station near the backuter point; - dam area field station. In addition, other stations will be established as necessarv to monitor resources as outlned in the previous section. 7.1.4. Buildings The main study center building will have offices, wet labs, dry labs, meetng room. computer rooms. library, archive. living quarters. Food hall, and cooking facilities. It will house most of the equipment. The necessary housing for these facilities will be established at the EHDC headquarters complex in Tongezilin.or at another location as appropriate. Field equipment 04112 A.9 and necessary offices and proessing facilities wilt be housed at thfield stations w= . will be able to stay when conducting field work around the reservoir area. -- =L 7.1.5. Equipment A preliminary list of equipmentmecessary for conductng the monitoring program descibed above is prented in Table 7.1. Aslpart of the planing and miobilizaion of the programs, a team of cxpers in each of the areas should be convened to prepae deailed plans for each of the mon-uomng progams. A part of is planning process wiU be to prepare a more complete list of equipment, including field, laboratory and office equipment neceisary to adequately perform the monitoring programs. Table 7.1: Preliminary List of Equipment fbr Monitorinc Program. 4-wheel vehicles Analvtical balances Benthic grabs Binoculars Boat with inooard motor Boats with outboard motor Cdmeras Chemical reagents Ciimate stations Compasses Computers Computer sottware iword processing, spreadsheet. statistics. GIS. database) Dissecting euuipment Drawing tables Hand lenses Herbarium presses Hvdro-lab'sSlfHach Motorcvcles Nets - dip Nets - gill - seinr Oven _-Nr;r . r.:ssware Refrigerators Win= gear 7.1.6. Administrtive Frameworkl for the Mionitoring Program Initiallv. the Brtan Environme.ental Monitoring Program will be administered within the Department of ManagemerN; of the EHDC. The implementation of the program will begin with a relatively small g.oup of specialists to assist in monitoring the environmental effects MAN :A C-0 7.10 during the construction perod. Through the consuction period the program wi liiely increase in size and scope. It is expeced that evenaly, the program will be adminiswred witin EIDC as a separate Depar.ment. In order to effectively implement acompehesive monitoring program,. an initial and - ongoing component of the administaton of the progam will be the coordination of efforts nEcessary to adequtely monitor the- evironmental effects of the Ertawr Project with the.- management resonsibilities of various governmental and -management ons within. the Yalong Vulley. Some of the organzaio that wiMl participate in die conduct of the monitoring and management pmgramms include: - - 1) Panzhihua City Environmental Protection Bureau 2) Environment Protection Office of Sichuan Electric Power Bureau 3) Puwei Forest Mngement Bureau 4) Yanbian County Environmental Protection Bureau 5) Miyi County Environmental Protection Bureau During the first phase there will be special emphasis on the impacts of Ehe Ertan Dam. With the increasing capability within the program, the area will increase from the immediate area of the Ertan Reservoir to the remainder of the Yalong Vallev. Information obtained from the monitoring program will facilitate the necessary environmental assessments supporting development of upstream hydroelectric projects. The administrative structure within EHDC that will implement and oversee the monitoring programs is depicted in Figture . 7.2. Training Program and Special Activities 7.2.1. Components of the Training Program If the Yalorg Environmental Studv Center is to become of international standard and to set new standards for the monitoring of, and support for, hydropower projects. it is essential for a range of taining to start as soon as possible. There will be three general types of training: E112 : 7 BrAN i& ck7 I~~~~.1 f-a-ea' ia) n- s Erv iA c.t- lal in-service tmaining, out-os-area (withm d oud e Cha in-se S fatn!ng, tainin.g in country, degree training abmad (rtictd' G most cases- io l-jstea r programs). It has been recommended that the field scientiss engaged to complete the listig. of the equipment also compile a list of courses and lecturers to be broight into effect once- - - the study center is operational. Ih addition to the technical training proa, EHDC, in coordination-with CH1DI, will conduct an inernational study tour of hydroelectric projects at which various types- of mitigation and monitoring programs have been established. The purpose of this tour, to be conducted in 1995, is to see firsthand how many5of the issues raised during the construcdon Of Ertan and the completion of the environmental assessment have beeh addressed at various projects throughout the world. It is expected that this tour will involve up to 10 individuals and will require approximately four weeks to compiete. 7.2.2. Development of Technical Expertise It is recommended that a 3-5 vear technical assistance package be negotiated within this project with part-loan, part-grant funding to develop the equipment base. methodologies. sampling regimes. short-course and other training, library. etc. It would probably be necessarv to arange for one or more field scientiss to help determine the scope and details. 7.2.3. Environmental Evaluation Panel and Lnvironmental Advisorv -Board Two panels of experts are being created to evaluate and provide guidance for the Ertan Environmental Monitorinc Center. The first group. providing direct monitorinig and evaluation of the monitoring programs will be the Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation Panel (See Figure 7.1). This panei will be - composed of prominent professional environmental scientists and engineers with experience in addressing environmental concer associated with hydroelectric projects.. The panel will be assembled from available scientists and engineers from Sichuan and from other provinces in China who have some familiarity with hydroelectric projects. the environment of southwesten Sichuan, and other aspects of environmental concerns as outlined in the regulatory framework. It is expected that this -1W72 W. An LA CeOIy 7.1 e I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. .... ,._tI *- t: Efnwilonwmalw ctaihn Offic oDi. s idua Ewqvwjaw Pat - 'Evirann 'uecBta Ofncice of --, rah EmviMn. Pieataoa A:le j VIce aujima: - ._ : ; I~ .mnnin .n" . .e~Ie .aa : * - - 'ariaLk" Egv. - .n - "c ramEnv. -aio6nv and .,ah Pan-! Ertaii Evironmental Study Center Head; Cu o Zi-un I gc~~euy Hea: Uun Xhmme- I Xydmbgicl Seismic anksicnc Eavmcma 'Ewami E,* l I lgus| Monitorn g Derv. moni wEngv. p rno-@irn I I SYsteM I Cemer ie E an Er.virnmentae Stci Cent ' ,eiead:M:Lad Head: M 1~~~~~~~~ ~q t Sff. t: Xttt I s_ Z.. - . . :a *~. * C r~~~ i1-L i i . ' i I l~~~~a Nrd I sim j ninxcsijta ; Sy c _-r - Lc M~~~~~ !.- -o -.o..r;..*. .os:; ' j .m*j9 i .> I ss;;ircflO ll ; - I i, , i ,C . , .~~~~~~~~~~r .:; . zirI. * *!.I. . I ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ s. _* Ii i . - e, .. nv.r.;c: * .a t * ^ ~~:_::.: :: ....... I ~~~* a:i. . Ca5:.cri. * aU *a: . I i:^;.n.:!.: i asz. cz ure 7.1: -dministrative fr-a M. e-rk -r-E rt-'n Environmenml Monit_::ring Progggmm 94;: -1..1; W41F 7- 1, ER-. AS 0 C7 , panel wil consist of 8 persn who will meet at leat seanally to review the reportrof the monitoring programs and to evaluate the success of theprgrams, suggest modificatons and to determine whether addidonal midgation measur need to be implemented. The second panel wil provide overall advie on the establshment and progress of the environmental monitoring program. This group wiU be comprsed of five Chinese and Internamonal experts in environmenrtl scienc and resetlement issues. This group is currenly being formed and it is expcted that th initial meedng will be onvened in 1995. This group will then mneet annually during the net 3 to 5 years to advise the staff of the monitonng center about implementtion of the respective monitonng programs. 7.3. Costs Costs for implementing the Envimnmental Mitigation (Protecton) programs, described in Chapter 5; public health components of the Resettlement Action Plan, described in Chapter 6 and the Resettlement Action Plan; and the environmental monitoring programs described in Chapters 5 and 7 have been estimated for the period 1993 through the year 2000. Esimated costs for the environmental mitigation facilities and programs are presented in Table 7.2. Esdmated costs for the environmental monitoring programs are summarized in Table 7.3. Costs for each of the progams. distributed through the period 1993-2000. are presented in Table 7.4. The estimated costs by year arc developed using the value of the RIG ! in 1993. Escalation of these costs through time are summarized at the end of the table. W-% M C917.14 v Talbk 7.2: I_mind Coss for Envisuamental itatio. P,g... item Unit Qantty UnitCost Cot Note MMuan (Yuan) Envirormentw Protect -n 'e-su 1. Consevtion Fore Mngemnent (Buffer) Zone (1) Seed - kg 8,932 9 80,400 AWqkest ,A'ciai; (2) Sitk Pmeparation & Seedin ha 1,488.7 600 893,200 (3) Seedling Maagemet ha 1,488.7 120 714.600 for 4 yeas (4) Forest Management ha 1,488.7 26.1 155.200 for 4 yeas- (5) Pestcide 89,300 Sub-tol 1.993.700 2. Fish Resou:ces Reovery (1) Fingrling fish 2,385,000 0.3 715.000 (2) Transportation trip 1S 3S0 5.000 (3) Labor 26.000 (4) Admxisaion 74.000 10 % X [(1)+(Z)+(3)J Sub-total 820.000 3. Yuzba Ferr Reconstruction (1) Capital Consruction km 0.3 300,000 90.000 (2) Administration 10.000 10 5 of construction cost Sub-total 100.W00 4. Culttual Porperty Protection 5. Public Health Programs in Reservoir Area (1f Hc;lth Education 100.000 i.) Sanitation Management 60.000 (3) Survey of Public Health 50.000 coveringS counties (city) l4i Ouamntitne and Health Files person 5.000 40 200.000 uSa Treatmtn: of Source Areas knr 70 !.200 -84.000 (6' %ledical-. reatment k1 2.S00 230 57,5.000 ; Pesticides (Rodent) ton 1S 6.000 90.000 15' Repeat Sunrey mnwn-ay -250 85 21.000 .Q1 Admunistration 118.700 lOSX;(10- % (8); Sub-total 1.298.700 6. Treatment of Schiswsonuasis Areas (Subsides) (1) Education 40,000 (2) Mollusacide (Snails) 1 1.300 220 286.000 (3) Labor man-day 3.300 25 75.000 (4) Blood Examination sample 11.400 6.75 77.000 (5) Chemicals for Analysis sample 11.400 1.4 16.000 (6) Treatment of Small Streams km 2 100,000 200.000 (7), Survev of endemic snail areas man-day 500 85 43.00G El;AN EA CH 7.15 Tabk 7.2: (Coadnued) - 13 urnit . QUtity Unit Cost Cost Note tY( Yuau) ( )-- -- (6) Medical treat,mts person 250 200 50.000 (9) Repent Surwys ms- 250 85 21,000. (10) Administraion 80,800 10%xrcl)4(2)+...(-.. Sub-total 6S.OOO . 7. Dor.-ztMe Ahl. nxWmw Qesr (1) Brodeaming Equipment "S t W 10,00 10,000 (2) Speakers 34 IOD 3,A (O) oncete ?Oles pic 330 SOO 165.000 33 km. 10 poles per A-i. (4) Concrete u 120 . 300 36,00D - (5) Tranportation truckr-Jav 8u 35 28.000 (6) Consructior & Instl,aion L) lbvanpower M5-Jay S00 1 S 2) CotsttCtito Equipnient dav IS 600 9,000 (7) Other Equipmuen 7.000 (Si Electrical Tansmission k km 33 66.1 20.000 (9) Adminisration 29,1ao Sub-total .0' 0 S. P'u!lic HIeath im Constr::tion AM*2 C ) I£eaId. F.i;:s tI.2-50 8 90.00Q (3) 'Lvo-tcr and R.esident Qunanutinc 76,000 4) Ris Pr:evntion 24.000 ;5j Sanitan Man Ii Mied:cal Treatments k 1.20r 220 264.00D :: e!t:ctdes tRodentij mnr 2 6.000 12.000 311) Food Sanimzion 90..00 I;. WvtTi Scuree Trman- sample ino 530 53.000 (62 Coni-mencv (A ciJcntal Dwse 1C0,000 (a h arnn arad Otrf;s 45.000 ,S: LsNr prson .SCC0 .332.JO 4132;.000 Lt r, .nJ Rc :.'r.ron of Conmruzeto, A-ea w;2 S;rt:.3rw Gras 3.6 9.00_ _,400 (2) Tree Pantation plect 13.000 11.2 145.000 (3) Artificial Lancpe spot S 10,000 50.000 (4) Admitnia;ation 22.600 Sub-t- I 250.000 10. Total Cros . 95A41 IA O' Table 7.3: ltem.d Costs for E.v_anml Monitosizig Pro o:--lm Dim Unit Quuit -Un cost CNst Note (YUMu) (Yuan) *--~, Envwomentudl omuoniag System 1. Wae Level Montoring System (1) Water Lavel Ruler set 6 29,400 176.400 (2) Simpl Access Road nuwber 6 10.000 60.OO0 (3) H - RO 70 S69.8 39,900 (4) Administratio 27.000 10 % X [(l)+(2)+(3)1O Sub-total 303.300 2. Pecipition Monitoring Sytem (I) Rain Gauge pe 3 1,000 3.000 (2) House - m' 90 569.8 51.300 (3) SAdminitmhtion 5,430 10 S X [(1)+(2)] Sub-tol 59.730 3. Cinatic Monitoring System (1) Constuction site 19 19200 555,000 site leveling, access d and fence (Z) House mu2 1,330 569.8 757.800 (3) Adminisation 131.000 10 1 X [(1)4(2)] Sub-total 1.443.800 4. Sediment Monitoring System (I) Section Mark piece 187 950 178.000 (_7) Elevation point piece 224 360 81.000 (3) Control Measurment kmr 36 16.000 576.OO (4) Elevauion Measurment km 9.2 16.000 142.200 (5) Admistrtion 97.720 10 % of all above Sub-total 1.074.92-. S. Environmental Monitoring Buildine & Equipment (1) Building m 2.680 569.8 1.5'-.000 (21) Equipet set 2 .350.000 (3) Administration 3S-7.70O Sub-total 4.364.700 6. Prepation and Other Costs (1) MUncipal Inf_st-r 100.000 (2) Preparation 1.510.000 (3) Othrs 200.000 Sub-total 1.810.000 7. Tolal git2 90- 7.17 Table 7.4: tml Costs and Their eab . ,,, Item I993 1994 199S 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Toal 1. Dmnestic Funding (X 103 Yuan RMB, 1993) Envronmental Proteion Me-sures (1) Consvaio Mageamet Zone 300 40 400 40O 300 133 1,933 (2) Resrvoir Fish Resue Reovery 100 400 200 120 820 (3) Yu"ii FPoy - ecoa-t: 100 .100 (4) CulItall Propert, Pro0ection 100 100 100 300- (5) Public eath (Reseir Are) 400 500 378.7 - _ 1291.7 (6) Schistosomiusis Treatment (Subidies) 300 400 138.9 388L9 (7) Downstam AJm System 160 160 320 (8) Public He&._ o."=ructicn Ar) 100 400 300 - 300 150 100 65 1415 (9) Pout- COOnS DIcon Lad scaping 100 100 50 250 Sub-Total 100 1SO0 1360 1747.6 1050 700 368 7325.6 2. Environmental Monitorng Systems - (1) Sediment Monitorng System 165 500 506 1171 (2) Water Level/Precpitation Monitoring 100 127 227 (3) Climate/Ecological Resources Monitoring 250 360 610 (4) ouses & Buildings 400 1210 700 647 2957 (5) Insmunenis & Equipment 150 250 150 150 900 800 185 2585 (6) Prpartio Work and Others 200 680 350 100 50 32.4 1412.4 Sub-Total 1165 2500 1100 883 1650 1479.4 185 8962.4 3. EnvironmenSal Monitoinn Dunfg ConStmlction (1) Wages 50 260 260 260 330 330 264 1754 (2) Opeation and Management 270 270 270 270 270 286.5 1636.5 (3) Aquatic ResourCeS Monitoring 80 60 60 200 (4) Water Quality Monitoring 35 30 30 - 95 (5) Public Health Monitoring (Reservoir) included in 1 (5) above (6) Waste Water. Noise and Ar QualitV 70 120 - 120 120 120 120 46.9 716.9 *7) Terrestial Wildlife aid Vereaijon 100 100 (8) Land Use MonitOnOg 60 60 120 Sub-Totam 115 120 810 800 740 720 720 597.4 4622.4 4 Sutf Training and Study Tour ' Sleetings and Consultation 45 45 (-I ColIev TraminS! 30 40 30 100 t3j Study Tour to Domestic Hydro Proje. 3D 30 60 Sub-Total '75 6C* 40 30 2105 5. SceuItific Research (1) Biodiversitv Assessmen! of Reservoir Area 93.; 163 256.3 (2 Environmental Plannine for Talono Caz:hment 204.9 204.9 Sub-Ttal 93._ 367.9 461.2 3 Erviroa.,=zal Evaluation Pane! 100 320 32C 320 320 32C 320 2020 94112 ..18 Table 7.4: (Continued) urn Year 1993 1994 199 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Total * 7. TotalCoast(1 ..2 +3+~4 4.5 +6) 115 1485 5298.3 4507.9 3730.6 3 770 3219.4 1470.423596.6 S. Escalation of Domestic Funds (1) Coot in 1993 prices its 1435 5293.3 4507.9 3730.6 3770 3219.4 1470.423596.6 (2) Contingency (10 %). 12 149 529.3 450.2 373.1 377 321.9 147 2360 (3)Escaltion, Incrment (1994 - 2000) 163.4 119.8 1462.4 1592.8 1953.9 2034.4 1094.7 9491.4. (4) Total Cost 127 1797.4 6987.9 6420.5 5696.5 6130.9 5575.7 2712.1 3544S 9. Technical monitoring (1) Dmnkilape Deformation Monitoring 3249 . 3249 (2) Seismic Monitoring 450.3 4550.3 (3) Natrl Diustr and Pollution Sources 198 1 198 (4) Hydrologic Monitoring 14000 14000 Sub-Total 10. Ove Total (Domestic) 22124.3 1797.4 6987.9 6420.5 5696.5 6130.9 3575.7 2712.1 74415.3 IL InEroxaio.aFundof i(XOid, Un.SUS=8.6 YanRM) - 1. Staff Training (1) Lecsk= by Foreign Experts 40 40 (2) Tining Fomreg Univertes 1 33.8 33.8 261 67.6 (3) Short-term Intenational Study Tour 120 120 2 Irnational Participation(Biodivemity) 20 20 4- 3 Environmental Planning for Yalong Ca20.S 67.2 67.2 4 lamuments. Equip~met & Vehicle 90 90 4:5.6 225.6 S Consultaton with World Banic Eprs60 60 120 6 Cost Escalation (1) Cost in 1993 Prices 363. 211 105.6 6330.4 (2) Contingecies 36.4 21.1 10.6 6_ (3) Escalation Incment (1994-2000) 8.8 2.5 7.8 19.1 (4) Total Cos (Forei. USS) 409 234.6 124 670.6 Tota Cost (Foreign. RMB W) 3517.4 2017.6 1066.4 6601.4 O10rall Totl (I + M (DID ) 22124.3 1797.4 10505.3 8438.1 6762.9 6130.9 5575.7 2712.1 64046.7 Shrm [Acm, 7.19 lum'ratoa EASH onBoietiy 2 04 ; X MM " . ,-__'g w. . M d,. -; Chapter 8 : 8. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMLEMENTATION EDC wishes to makme two recommeundafos to fte Word Bank for te satsoy compleion of the enmental assessment 1) It is not possible with the data available to make confident predictions about the impacts of the project on biological diversity. A comparative survey of biological diversity using birds as the indicator group in broad-leaved and other forest and vegetaton ps should be conducted in the project area, particularly in the Ganyu Valley. This should be initiated soon, and a budget of about UTS $40,000 should be allocated in addition to local funds. Specialist should be contacted to execute this as a cooperative venture with local scientists. 2) EHDC has a major responsibility for the integrity of the Yalong watershed. At present this extends only above the Ertan reservoir. but it is expected to extend far upstream. An external consultation should be agreed to produce a formal and detailed short- and long-term plan for the Yalor.g Environmental Study Centre (Chapter 7). as a prelude to a long-term technical assistance paclage. , . 9112 . wil; Ea cko SA Annexew. Annex 1: References rAnnex 2: Species Usts Amex 3: The Ip1mmtatLon of a tal Protection'' Naureu* '.- * ', ' F- " : = - .'. ='* .- _r~ ] *,-*- *. _ i. Annex 1: References -- Bibbey, C. er aL 1993. Pwng biodiwriy on the map. Birdlifec Intrntnal, Cambridge. Birstein, C. 1993. Streons and paddlefishes: threatened fishes in need of conservation. Conse- mon Biology 7: 770-778. Corbet, G.B. and Hill, I.E. 1992. The mammals oftihe Jndo-Malayan region. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Chengdu Hydrodectric Investigation and Design Institute. 1994. Plamning Report on Power Development in Sichuan Main Power System from 1991-2020. Ding Ruibua et al 1994. T7he fishes of Sichuan. Sichuan Science and Technology Publ.. Chetgdu. Doroshov. S.I. and Binowsli, F.P. 1985. Epilogue: a perspective on sturgeon culture. In Nort. American snrgeons: Biology and aquaculture potential (ed. F.P. Binowskd and S.I. Doroshov). pp. 147-151. Junk. Dordrecht. Eran Hydroelectric Development Corporaiion. 1994. General Repon for World Bank Appraisal of Ertan Pnase II. Chapter 6. Environmental Protection and Resettlement. Hu Tieqing. 1991. Tne *ildfife treasure houses - nagurr reserves in Sichuan. China Forestry Publishing House, Beijing. Huang Hongjin. Le Peqi, and Yu Xuefang. 1982. 7hefreshwaterfishes of China in coboured illusrraiions. Aquatic Life Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai. Meyer de Schaunsee, R. 1984. The birds of China. Oxford University Press, Oxford. Ministry of Fortry/World Wildlife Fund for Nature. 1993. Blodtversity pinfor China. World WildlifeFund, Hong Kong. . Smil, V. 1993. Chinas envronmma crisns: An enquiry Into the limins of naional development. Sharpe, New York. Zhao, J., et aL 1990. The nawal history of Chin Colis, London. Annex 2.1 Fish Species of the Jinsha Yaloag and Rives. From Ding, R. eraL (1994). A - species 6f.the plaims. B - species of midd aches, C - species of upper reaches. Jinu Yalaug Annng Boogq1 DistriWn ACPENSERFORMES Adcpeerdabr3urn v I A Acipeme snr5iMsis -t . A ._ POLYODOTMAE PsephwuS~fadhu4 ANGUIIFORMES A.NGLIMAE AngoaGjapoma i w CYPRU4IFORkIES CATOSOMMDAE wauazzcns 4 - A COBrrDAE OFeicsdabrva V I a Paracobds'poaanfu - . Parbids vwarfegauvs V a B Schmawah scio/- v' v V! B r npJophsaaa V - C Thplopkpksa uwad,mals V, hrfplok"sa b bek' I v Tripkipkvsa brevieada 41 4 v C Triplopkvsa kapsoe . Triplopkvsa niaewnsi - * - Triplophvso orienals i sv Thplophvsapfeduoscleropru e v - Triptophsasieuwra i - - c Triplop#sa 5siolJcik v V V c Tnplophvwa chengensis - - (BoUnae) &!oa reewsae rI B3oiia superd;lioris A Lepinibifla elo?igaroa V ` -. B I.p:oboria rncbrilobns V - - A Parahouia bNnaaa-alaia v:- Parahlvoa hoaw-a I coImunae, i nh,rz.s Sm n~sa^ - .A1i6grtur ang ;i;c-gudat a A VhVwirprz L hine'ns: A A 'Jpuwmnithhi bidens i /.irr' planpun r % A (Lcucisolnaei CienopirnWoso idelleus i i ' A ElopwehihVsbamhxsvaV A Io-,iohrano inarnrephnhs * - - .WlkPpharvneodo&nprcew v 4 _ Orhe abi us elonganis * - ¶ Sqgaliabarbtu ci7rriculks V VI .Xcnocnriznnael Disineczadon rumirosrirs v - T Xenem'priv argex ea a_ XehlrI,?pris da vidi - | Xe nVprLw fisi - X.wsp$s micrloes ;. Xeocyvpns yNumejmita S t-H)Vophthalmtino.yi .e) AivdcrLosm ilIf i i A Hipophilmichthvsnaolitrir vI A * tAcheilognau6lo, hinu', * ^~AcheiogmdIh babatub& v -I .4eilogsaihus chankaesu i V Achkloinaths grcadts 4 * RhodeaswIf if - -, A RIOs owedlaiws 'v A Nodewssiwmis VI - i A- (Culfinac) A,w,hanriliscut 11w rtl v -/ - Anchervrhrocdlter buremaisni 4 i AnceivAthroadter w*ngi v Culaereryfaropwems V I i E,wIu&r dabrvi v Ervihioculiishoefowis v v EiwhrocuWr mongols I * ErwkrocuileroxvccpaIoids vI Eiw&Iuocuer xvcephaias 4 Hmicalar bkeeeri - - Hemikaher kaciwsus VI i V A Hicnlcer Wiangi V v Heinicahraasoaw*gei i - - Mealobrawuapeflpini VI- Parahramispeianis - J i ?xeAd buca engrauUs 4 Psecudobkwca sineis f i - Snbrana changi v Sinibrarwnr wul i - - (Gobioninac) Abboatina obrasirostrit s - - Abbomina rivdaris 4 - - A Beiligobia numWifer Coreilispguicheoi i s - A C:oreins leierodoti % - Gwa Jaopgia imberbis J/ - V A Hemiharbits lafeo - v HemibrbtLs tnrClarus v * rirrophsogobio kiaringeasis i% Pseudorasbora partva . v A Rhinogobio cylindrirus v . Rlunogohio nprrs * v Rthinogobio reniralis * - A Sarrorheilicliuh Vitripiirnzs i SnrrodeieichrIins sine'nsis - - iasurogobio dabrni v v A Samrogobio dwanerili SquafidsarVenarmus v Squalidus woaers,orffi v - - Gdobiobotinae3 Gobiobotia abhrevarat Gobiobotia boudengeri Gobioboriafilifer v Gobioboda nwdicorpa i B (Barbinae) - Acrassocheilus monticola - .4croswocheiller WmWnEaNlicsfs v B 8 Onwrchosrwoa angwastomnara v' - B O,riwosna sirna A - A Pe,cihphn i-. p - r -g $plnibarbmuuiumis 4 A Tor evif 4 - - A (Labeonim) Dic@gobJO,WvuW is B 4 - B Garapuagl v 4 4 B Sm beo xabls - - Seaiabeoproehila 4 - B Siulab.o premd( 4 - (SchiWmp ) SdiOrax d i 4J c Sdkbuhw=a&kWd 4 G;.woeisv pawnini - Sdi oppsam iachnew 4 4 - Schi:oihoraxdwui ' 4 4 - C 5W-twhom S ;MW Sc*ehD1 rio*f 4 4 - C Schi.dmmx %rAwWgi a -C (Cvpininc) Cwar.uladunm 4 4 4 A cirbu cpr,o 4 4 4 A *Prw rabaait 4 4 B HOMALOPTERIDAE (Gumaun# y*nbriic chiainsi . 4 4 mmchvaysfiusbraa 4 4 4 A (HlomaleioUaI) _-nIon abJnira 4 4 4 B Hemb.Wm asmnims 4 . B Hembmri n wi sais V - -B Mel ahomloptera amriensis I v Sinogusfromvonskcha cnsz v 4 4 B Siaogasfromnvon:echuanew 4 4 SILUP!FORMS SniLW.%E Silurus a&owus A Silnwa meridiois oa1 A B AGRIDAE Pchfeobarfalviwdraco 4 4 - A Pelfeaba7nws vadelwli - A 3-Ifrebagrus niridus - A !.eiormalSLtlonpirUsiOisS'. - A LesorassLi crassiiabrs A Pseudbrus munris5 V i - A Pseudobagrus nrrncana A Ps.dobagras emarianis is A Pseudobaruspratti v A Pseidohatrus brevicatdats - - A IS%UtLs marpt en- - A A.IBLYaPmClDAE Liobogrits marg;natws2 B Liabagrusk angi 4 B Ljoba,grta nigrica-da - B SISORIDAE Glhpiothoraxfuesisei i B F.ilm.nis ki kwshww 4 4 - B Eudchloglanib david 4 Y B Pand-litloglanlis sies VI - - B Jpa,'mihiI;g1anis anteanalis B! 4 _ B CYPRINODONTIFORMES 4. ORE~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~ ;; '. - ; ORYZMDAE Orriw Avo SYNBRANCHFRMES A SYNBRANMC-UDAE MaupfEurIhw 4 i 4 A-- PERtCIFORME SERRAM W1. * Sialpereachri 4 X SiuipevcebteH v v - Sbnpearw hvert 4 4 4 . A ELEDTRIDAE * - ' _psEWIsOIiSJbSoIfS 4 v - OOBMDAE Ceni oblgSuI v 4 A CtenooDbluSCls popD' v 4 A BELDNOIDAE Mopopdu' - A CHANNDAE Chima wr J A TOTALS 151 100 56 Anne.x 2.2: Amphibian Species Found in Yalong River Basin CAUDATA Hynobiidae I . Barrchupenw pinchoail 2. Benyuawws Salamanliriac 3. Tylototnon taliangensis SALIENTIA Discoglossidae Z. Bnonbina maxdma Pelobatidae 5. Brachy:arsophrys caruensis 6. Megoph'ys shapingensis 7. M. minor 8. OreoIalot puxiongensis 9. 0. rugasa IO.Scutiger nrbercuatus Bufonidae Il.Bufo andrewsi 12.B. melanosticus 13.B. ciberanus Hvlide 14.Hvla annecrans Ranidae 15.Rana grahami 16.R. japonia chaochiaoensis 17.R. chensinensis I&R. phlrnoides 19.R. pleuraden 20.R. weiningensis 21.Amolops loloensis 94616 ERTAN BA A.A. mamzorm Microhylidae 2 "-odUka ivemrcasa 24. Calelia ywuneassis Rhacophoridae 2.5Jihacophorus dugritei 94616 , * ERTAN EA Annex 23: Raptle Species Found -in Yan Rive sin - . n; - 5: TESTUDINATA Testudinidac 1. uinemys reevesu Trionichidae 2. SQUTAMATA SAURIA Agamidac 3. Japalura dynondi 4. J. flavicps 5. J. grahwmi 6. J. splendida Gekkonidae 7. Gekko chinesis Scincidae 8. Ewmeces elegans 9. Leiolopisma potanini 1O.Lvgosoma indicum OPHIDIA Colubndae Il.Dinodon ntfozonarum I2.EJaphe carinata 13.r. ;raemura '.E. porphvracea ¶5.E. frenarc 16.Lycodon fasc.ious 8.Mlacropis:hodion rndi nmultiprefrontalis 19.Amphiesma ohannts 20.A. oaolineatu 946:CP EltAN' ai 21.Rhcbd.- i- ,- pl 22.R. subiniata 23.R. dgnina eralis -- 24.Pseudoxenodon macraps sinasis 25.Sibynophis dcinesis 26.Zaoys nig?omaggmahs-; Epidae 27.Ophiophus hwanali 28.Naja n. kaouhia Vipezidac 29.Agkhadon blomhoffii brevicwdus 30. nmeresunus jerdonil 31.T. stejnegeri yuwmnensis 94616 ELAN EA -:: -, '-- : f 0 SS f' Annex 2.4: Bird Species Fuund in Yalong River Ba-in PODICIPEDIFORMDES Podicipduiae 1. Podiceps nificollis.poQgei DELECANIFORNMES Phalacrocoracidae 2. Phlaacrcorax ca.bo snernsis CICONI FORIMES Ardeidae 3. Ardea cinerea remrjrostris 4. A.rdoja baochus S. Bubulcus ibis cormoradus 6. Egrcaa alba 7 E. garxeno 8. E. intenzadia J'. :Zoirvchiis sinnsis JCO '. cinniar.wmeus .. Baran=us srellaris Thresdiomithidae i '. Plaraocc. kaccorodia ANSERTFORMfES Anacid3^ , ' j ,dorna. t±'rri.gihc'U ,:' .4rza crea= .'. .4.a2 ieciIu7yl.drlvnlu_ nr,ri1vncha !. t. lecrmriyncha ;T. Bucep,iwla cangula 18. Meirgus nerganser FALCONIFORMUS Accipitridae ERTAN EA 4- 19. Arcuda lewihores 20. M.irus korschur. jinearus 21. Accipiter nnus nisosimilis Z7. Bweo hemilcasius 23. B.uateo burnanicus 24. Ciraus aeruginoss spilonows 25. Pandioii halianas Fplconiudze 26. Fraco kmuiwnwwcui irersdncrus GALLIFORMS Tctraonidae Z7. Teimrstecs seveo?wivi Phaosiidae 28. Terraophasis obscurus 29. Francolinus p.inmadeanus 30. Corurnix xoturti iJaportica 31. Bambu sico'caj0vchi 32. B. t)horadca 33. ithgirdis cnrenrus geoffro,7r 34. Tragoq,n ienini-nckii 35. Lophwphocni triwssii 36. Cossopdlon crossonilon 37. Pucrasia macrolopha 38. Phasianus coildicus e!ega,ns 3.9. C.i,sidqvhus ambersdiae GATFORNIES GCruidae 40. Grus grus lIlfordi 41. G. nigriccilis Rallidae 4. Ainurornis phoenicuris 43. Ratlus aiuuanicus korejewi 44. Ponana fiusca bakeri 45. Galflinua ddoropusindici .4616 MffASN EA .~~~~~~4I -~~~ ~ ~ ~ . - , , '-. ,,, C, w . S 46. Fuica atra CHARAMDORKMS Charadriidae 47. Vaneilus vanelus 48. V. cinercus 49. Pluvias squatavola 50. P. dominicafidva 51. Chomrdrius hiadcuk pladdis 52. C dubius gerdoni Scolopacdae 53. Tnnga ochropus 54. T. gkeola 55. T. hypolcucos 56. CapeUa solita 57. C gaUlinago 58. . Calidrs gmninckii 59. .Scolopax nsdcola 60. Ibidorhyncha strwhersii LAREFORMES Laridae 61. Srerma hindo dbegana COLUNBUFORMES Columbidae 62. Treron opicauda 63. T. sphenura 64. Columba leuconora 65. C. nipesrris 66. C. hodgsonii 67. S:repropelia oricntalis 68. S. chinensis vacillans 69. Oenopopeia tranquebaica PSITTACFORMES Psitacidae 70. Psittacula himalayanafinschii 94616 ERTAN EA 71. P. derbtma CUCULIFORMES Cuculidae 72. Cuci miUcppe 73. C sparverioidae 74. C. canonw baked 75. C. polocephalus 76. C. meLndisus qwndus 77. Chakcis macidu 78. Ewdynamys scolpaca chine,ws STRIGIFORMES Stigice 79. Orus bakkamoena erythrocampe 80. 0. scops 81. Bubo bubo kiamschensis 82. Srix aluco 83. Glaucidium cucudoiaes whelyi CAPRDMULGIFORKME Capnmulgidae 84. Carprimulgaus indicus ADODIFORMES Apodidae 85. Collocalia breWrosmris 86. Apus pacdficua 87. A. affinis suhfurcarus CORACIIFORMES Alcedinidae 88. Alcedo .aibis bengalensis S9. Halcyon smrnvensis perpulchra 90. H. pileata Meropidae 91. Merops phippi;ns 92. M. orienmaisferrugeiceps Coraciidae 94616 ETAN EA * ~~~~~- ;***.. **,- ; - ~ .9 : T 93. Coracias benghaknsis asqinis Upupidae 94. Upupe epops saturva- PICIFORIMES Picidae - ; 95. iynx toruilla chitne:sis 96. Picumnur innominatus 97. Picus canus sordidior 98. Dryocopusjawensisforresd 99. D. mardus 100. Dendrocopos major sesemanni 101. D. iyvpennhs 102. D. car.iccpiUus ordssus 103. Picoides iridaccylus PASSERIFORMES Alaudidae 104. A4iLrdau gulgula O1) Ag. wigodi (2)o A.g. VCMnai Elirundiridae 40O. Riparia niprianapkiewsis 106. Hlirnundo rusaica uwuralis 107. H. daorica gepi7yro 0'(8. Delichon r rbi.cc. caohmriens-is Motaciilidae , 09. Dendronanthu. indicus 11i. Aoruciulafiava angcsurensis 111. Af. .rreola iJ;. . .V. cinerea robuevw 4it. A1. u45bd '1, M. A. alboides 't,j.U. A. oculo-ris ()) . .A. .eucopsis 1A4. .4nrhus rovaeseelardine richandi EkTA.N Ei. 142. Cissa crythrorhyncha 143. Pica pica sericea 144. Nucwfa caryocaracs macella 145. Pv pyhro ha n 146. Corvas monedula dauwicus 147. C macrorhynchu colonorum Cinclidae 148. Cncls cincldus Pzwaski 149. C. palasii TroglodyWwae 150. Trglodytes troglodytes tal4ufLis Prunelda 151. Prwiella strophiia- 152. P. montaneUa 153. P. immaculata 154. P. collaris Muascicapidac (t).Turdinae 155. Brachypteryx montan cnrralis 156. Luscinia calliops 157. L. brwnmea 158. L. cvane 159. Tarsiger cvanurus 160. Cops.ychus saularis Prostzopellus 161. Plzoenicurus hodgsoni 162. P. ochruros 163. P. fionralis 164. P. auroreus leucoprerus 165. Rizyacornis furiginosus 166. Hodgsonius phoenicuroides 167. Enicurus leschenauli sinensis 168. E. scouleri 169. E. schisraceus 170. Saxicola rorquata przewalsktii _ T94616 ERTAN~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . - - -.. ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ - us5. .4. campesrris goeleskiu 116. A. howisoni yuninamensis 117. A. rseatus- 118. A. qylan., Csmpephagidae 1Y9. Corocina measchisros avensis 120. Pcrcrvcorus roseus M1. P. etrologus 122. P. br vfroW affinis Pycnonodidae 123. Sipzixos cadfeons 124. P-cnononis xamhorrhous andersoni 125. P. ourigaster iatouchei 126. Hiypsiperes macdellaidii hokil 127. H. mudagascariensis -28. Lanius tigrnms 129. 1. lucionensis 1?0. '. sciwach '3,. . lepirOnowL.s 132.'. L..bCnccercLu Orioiidae l i.53 CIrio.;11 c;i.;.nelms. Dicruridae' I134. I'icninis macrocerus ccrhoec"- '.35. D. 'eucqi7rlisccus- hapsrm-o d :36. D. Ihouenrunits bre:irvs',n. S-mrnid. :37. Siurnu.us mabw c;s n:cra.-mirus 139. S. cne.raceus 140. Acridoihzers trisris Corvidae 14.1. Gamdus glararmis siners:s Q*16 EMTAN EA in7. S. caprala buwmanica 172. S. fenva.e naarng:oni 173. Ouwmarromi& leudocephalus * ~~~~174. Moniicola rufivenmris 176. M. solkraria (1) M. S. Pawaoo r2) Ml. S. philippensis 1 77 Mylophioneus caendeus eugemt 178. Zoothera dawJn auvea 179. Z. moiUssinrna 180. Zdidro, 181. Turaus horulontm 182. T. paslidus obseuus 183. T. mrwuda 184. T. iubroca,nus 187. T. kmoessri 186. T. meawnanu (1) 1. eunomus (2) 1. nauW 187. T. mwpiniensis (S).Timaliinae 188. Pornatorhinus erythrogenys decarlei 189. P. ruficoilis siilis I9. Moupinia poecilods 191. Babax lanceolrats 192. Pnoepvga albi.venrer 193. P. pusilla 194. Goamlax canonrs 195. G. Sarnio comis 196. G. elliori 197. G. albogularis 198. G. davidi 199. G. cineraceus 200. G. lunwdattus 94616 SMrAN EA 702.~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~. G. .aioN - . . 20). G. rnarimus 202. 0. qfflnis 203. Ldcghrihx lirea 204. Prerurliusfiaviscapis - 'I5. P. xanthochlord 205. Minla cyanuroptera wingtel 207. M. strignia yununaensis 208. M. i.gnodinctije;rdoii 209. Alcippe 'irpeYus bier. 210. A. ri{f:apilla sordidior 211. A. dubia genestieri 212. A. mordsonia yaownaeniis 213. Hererpholsia melanoleula descodinsi 214. Yahina diademara 215. Y. occipiralis obscuror 216. Paradoxonis weblianus rick,.mri P. Pdfir-rons alb.fuci (I1).Sylviinae -18. ceirdaforficeps divi'na 219. c. anthizoides G. Brndp-prents lurcovrentris 1-. .4crocephalus arundinacezu orientalis _'. .4. srenrnreus bniomescewi 2-1:7. Ahimrcgmaricola aedon rnVseC's _Y'. PilvloscnSu.s suboffi7is _ '; P piia. v.'st ; . ~. " jr nwndii _.'.s P *..i-her __ . P' :7ie)r1L;rIuS 230. P. proregldus 231. P. macilipcnnis 232. P. magpirostris 233. P. rrodhiloides 4.TAN EA 234. P. r-gslo4d* 235. P. conwanr 236 &icercus burktd dlsii'vnw: 237. CisiurcoIjlzncidUrf naaula.- 23:. P.uniu, hodpsoni confuSsa 239. P. subflava ertensicanda 240. P. polychroo car.tida 241. P. atrploqaris (rif.Muscicapinae 242. Ficedula panra aibidlla 243. F. sirophiaea 24'4p. F. hodIsord 245. F. superellicris aesiigma 246. F. tricolor divra 24,. Niltwv siudara denoratw 248. X ndiecidoidcs glaucicorncns 249. X. poliogneys 250. Aiuscicava sibirca rorhaockidi 2 S.,t1. oa;irostris 252. M. ferngitino 253. M,t. r.ala.ssino 254. :4uiicicama cevionen,sis ca!xihraseo 25S5. .IIvp,frl;,Xflhi o7-.ir;eo sivna' 26. *RhiDidura alb.coli?s 257. It. Iypforan;/lcW ?aidae _.,. I',jra. ma 'or sIhlhcIaiLretns - 259. P. munricollas v!nIwcnessi 260. P. ventisluls- .61. P. ate' -!a:. P. nrbidii.entris 263. R palustris 264. P. Prrntanus 265. P. daildi EkTA.X V. -266. Sylvfpaus modems- 267. Aegithalos concinnus ralifensis 268. A. iouschiitos Sittidae - 269. Sina magna ligea 270. S. yumanewis 271. S. europoea nonuum 272. Tlchodroma muraria nepdJlesL Cthdae 273. Cerrhic hialayana ywmnensis 274. C familiaris Remfzidac 275. Cephalpynaflammiceps olivaccus Dicaeklae 276. Dicaeum lgnrpecnws 277. D. melanozanhum Nectainiidae 278. Aedhopyga gouldiae debrgdi Zosteropidae 279. Zosterops japonica simplex 280. Z. paopebrosa siamensis Ploceidae 281. Passer montanus saturaius 282. P. nulilans intensior 283. Lonchura striata swirhoe. 284. L. punc:ulara yunnanensis Fringillidae 85. Eringlla monrifringiila .86. Carduelis sinica 287. C. ambigua 288. Lencosticte branddi walteri 289. Carpadacus vinaceus 290. C erythinus rosearus 291. C. puniceus 94616 ERTAN EA 292. C rhodopepiw 293. C. puicma---w 294. C eos - 295. C tuira 296. C trfascida *297. Propynhuda subh iahada 298. Pynh*da edwc 299. ophona migrmtorla 300. My mcroba omh fol. M. 4ffilis 302. Etberiza ekgans eleceuda 303. F. spobocephala sordida 304. E. da ywmanensis 305. E. Jica arcucta 306. E. pusilla 307. Melophus laii 9461o ERTAN EA Arnnex 2.5: Mammal Species Found linYalong -River Basin.. Mamrmai species potentialy occrrnng --I or around the project area, indicating those known to occur (A) adjacent to or above 'die planned reservoir, aid (B) between the damsite and the junction with the Jinsha River. with notes on their ecology and distribution, and their conservation status. Based on Corbet and Hill (1992) and recent surveys. C 1S = Convention on Trade in Endangered Species. i = no =ade allowed, II - trade under licence only. IUCN - Vorld Conservation Union. E - endangeed, V - vulnerable. R = K insufficiendy known but suspz4ted o' being threatened; letters in parenthese indicted that the status applies to part of the species only. CH! = protection status in China according to the list of protected animals issued by the Ministries of Foresty and Agriculture in 1989, 1 = Grade I (no interference without permnission from national authorities), U = Grade II (no interference without pernission from provincial authorities). A B Dismitunnt wC Con3ervaUon PANGOJ ANS PROL4DATA Chinese Par.2clm Marn:s pc7wada vmql Widespread in lowiand %nd CITES 11. (Ri it snbmontane areas L2.R%E(CTIVORES 1 5E %7JVORA ,FRINAI'EOAE Chi,aes ge aswgui !W4,rn .iJnepn'i Mainl montane amas. 300'700 m: restncted Lnm-';icj mole Sca-.%rz fa:r.wcauda 2' ao-4Cu m. very rstncwi Leme-no.-mole 7nltnet.'.lveiros1ris .G i80G9006rm. re:tnclcd Cmntnc'c anrcw-mole Ur.nndl..i: ,zvrlh 'ZOWD4250 m. restnctd Surev. Anourc.o7r s.pWIIpcs btcnura -hvin-ilJcd Bier;r.ciL quadnratic=:c 2000-3500 m. rcstnctcd *Himsalakyn water shrew Ch;marrarcde himaalkim. Im Mountain streams. SOO- Sofn m 94616 ERTAN EA -p~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ : A 5 ; unbutton. Cons'.'atio. Croy shrew Cradharo a.enu Aaa-:rma. Shrew Ctrocdurafuilnowa L1 4 EwlEIdI up to 17' in. widesprd Shrew Croddura gueLeuwdietil l000-2900 m. restricted Elegn wate shrew ?Vraogak dekga 4 900-27,00 in Lener striped-backed Soa beie 2 0440 I sbrcv.. Shrew Soniculus hypsibiw - Posdbv Wy low;land Shrew Sonrtia Lcmul 200-3000 m, resticted Shrew SuricmuLs parc. Montue up to 7-00 an. rericted TREE SHREWS. SCANDENTIA NomLem tree shrew Tupeaa belangeri 4 4 Up to 2700 en. widespread BATS CHIROPTERA RHINOLWPHIDAE !lurnediate horsehboe Zrinolop-hs affinis vs Mainiy lowlands. bat ewidespread Greater borsehoc bat RUdnolophw ferrunsequiaurnu s Mainly lowlands, very widespread ElI^'s horseshoe oat hiwolopls Lepidr. LowipoidS. widesped Pearson'- hnrmsshoe har Rhinobiophw pen."nnai - U *. up to 330Ci ni. widcsuread RowC' h'e.-shoe bat Rhin olphyh rouci Mainl' ejwiand.. w.idiespread Tr.d,c./aae~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~443 m 26 . _ _ : ~ ~~ a a a a -V 5 6 v Wea -3 -17 I2lZJl - _ 27f ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~27 27d 2 2 0 2KI IMA i_tk 1. F.ncamulu Mueam .7~gouca a_____ ______________ is M k- - - - . - aRtm- - ~~~4)W. ,lda :9 t" .~~ ~ - - -T^*NI - - - - - .. . . . .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~U SIkI. ldm H'rw S *: -- -F ________________ i-rn ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ... iftTA%Ii~~~~~~~~~~A~~~%I%d *~~~~~~ 1..4 E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE O o.ulVn _ u~ tO T u R |3 1993 _ _ _ _ _ R_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . _ _ _ . -.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~C __ _ __ _ __ _ ___c_ _ __ _ ____ z r q Y.po Skham, t'ie V 'm n __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ S_ _ __ _ __ _ _ 12 Rmurw Frah Remt wi RwcA.wir .hoe Viml sikuat t'rmo LMat tI);n S m _ I9 Yuhs F.w Rmammdou _'m XuNm Skhwum WOon uLgitaivn rA_ S___ 9 Cdfa PFoply Poan kn (luuiqiu Skimu t'.nn tA.yu* Dug S m _amV %b :,.: 79 &HsauM Rrv*AM1 oSa Aua L,Union lConr Die Sa_lem_ YV d u _ _ v an_nov A m m Ceuywim o : ln .4u . ____D__ Skiu CDo gnwn Sl . g * ido ___1111_11_ _ : '' )AC.uwS ' Lainba&o AM) Skbum t:den Viu*y t S m __ _d SG y i owa Pe_ C vI_ 5kght rdon :dxed DbSr 1_uld°l, Som _ ,d ; £9 Rmoir Cl_u- Smat L DiIo uM'* Di___S_ _ _ W 3. .a kA .~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ . ;, !, Fm u~I~~8.S. 1M S LWuy .:. :; . ) . .k IgMUt- U slam_ Sk&i UM. IMD.* Oft s wan_______ 3 ) W II _~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~1- UY_- Ukt'dl" DWoS_0 1 t_ *_Us R , ii 3XR~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~111al a_S;d IWs J 19 1111M WwLu~Y~ l.f~uinu YSkbmum - S Uu'di da i _ Di e Se ' bwd es i_ 7 Yaw Swan 11,4... 11d w* D .spsry t9 j - ! )Kumm a _u Skom L . L'Mu* i . _a_ ;_ e M _ D- C _ . ' !*; ;)4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~- YOJM. S,ih M mu. m LmmanW* Dfq Sag . _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ EaWmmmoW I owf c ., _ J3)Aqu R_I 11.141<4. t u/ hon Sihua. l.bn I nontuy lg Salem 3 mu paw UXiiumm _ 1_b____ _ __i .) won QmAity %toatonm %Lb) %..Pd .gd Ian I mnaun hag minm 3wlmp _rn a *ur o. in 5) PAus HeUdMMonOw IReun' 1 1 %holubI" h kmm uu I mm I at 1g isavm _ __ Fdu__ii F.RtAE.%iAA%'%X I f |* - 'I~~~~~~~~~~~ I 1I UllD tJ 1 1 j1gg411 1t11 a A H 10E i.3 I IS 1~~~ . - . . S - - -…..J 1 . a I ---- - 1~~~½. . . ft .3~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~. E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE haw~~~~~~~ l'~~JAS l'4S 399 1996 199 99 1999 2000 lai11 Coamdo Emafte Amcn 6G W'ue U. -. e _ 7 1uIf1 7 120 1 1 1 46. 716.a E4GI i7 lwNi4 Wl1*U1s Ad Verfm . I _ _10 a a i dCdp 3I~~~~~~dL~~~~~M.~~~~~wft .~~~~6 I U RcW= Sih Rih mM _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ IIlM I 31 7 7 59 . 4 . _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sd_._t* ___-,_ _.___ It s lie 74S7a 7X " 597 _ _74. I;~ ad - - - t.5uffttiI - -5 - - - I Ikn . II Sdv | 4o =s _ui .b~ Vtoiu_ -HN -_ - - (2g7;~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ 30 401 x o i :,~~ .~d .wI __I _-________.: SII4tel 3duiX.dIy 7inu,.UatRuemkAwa -a -o : 304 -- t 7.p :.'__ _ __ . a _~ - . : _ (I tF.zw AounsW 1MI a lineS 1111 321 321 3. 3 3. 3: 20 Li .u . m::, 7. .o I41-4-S.61 M 1*3' 523 4507. 731 37 3219.4 14704 235916.1 Bi_ 9J. 16 _ . - - ~~~ -0. - - -24 -iX aH -_ -, .;tr ' 3.~~.. . .,laa .(amu :. -.,; i.. (II .om 7. teitto__JI_ _ 5VA1 M 1 41 3 529C.3 4507! 3.7306 37 3.19.4 1470.4 23596. .... __ .: - . . 121 C er&w v I 12 14 SU, 451 373 37 322 34 S-1. . 1n E ; _nl 11994leOI) 16.1 1l19.3 146.4 1592.1 193. 234.4 1094. 9493.A _ _ I -Few T e t_, 126 179 M97.93 64210 1 46 6130 575.74 2712.1N4 35447.b - . . , . _ ._ _. _ . . __ . _ _ _ tr .S f lwd~a1eai.iM au ._ _ _ _ .:;.. f @ . lw'n .~eWolwilheebiiil~ '-. _32 U X'_ n.j.. I*TA 91R AAA 'tE% I 16.4 . t J3 liii A - -. J - - 4 II I ii'. II - j: - - - *1 ' Ii Ji I ij - Ad - k I 1.  I j I Ii... - - - - I--- - - - - - nj III ii I. £1 1 I £ I ---- I a I II I III II I ill I I I; .a  I j. W A A ii N g - - D £ I - .. uuu - p Ii :1 - I - I IA ii Ii II -. -. - 5 a I II I .. . iii-' I ; :! - - w - - I - E.A. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE _ba Anu.Afth SuWi t1 a FVuhT TOWn | 6tt | A __1_ _ E6l WateAsWet.SNi md ArM *JAh tolet toi utwAd 199 2001 i agwd.we Ule Pilw .Sk ll__L___ ._1_ _ I 171 Terll WMde ad meaut*n sauw d chu 1W'| 201tW awduu* -I I ____-9____S_I II Laid Uwe %atanurnt Ju and NW es 1995 lt20 camnk in udw er anm Ch _geSi 1 c4fte B!~~~~~~ 199G 199ll acrdwdm so Kbo&uU IPMW Skk=____________ iI Sm& Tow to a'adc iM** Ptqlu t__ _ 1994 0 eoeduw. Scomle - __ __________ 21GeTt_IW B ic_ t 5 * Arcs II Dkid*Ttseu uotAeur, Ifuts WA _md 1995 20tSS6 aardmnce idh Imcd e Aic&Sk;_ nv hrn wwmepuj 1Isd for vataq ca(gkmeat V11*11K. in accatdare 16iIh Ulteivil Cliqaukilelma ____________ subX7ie Ma *m. nine an l h_ltutnio l R e I""!i 2001 a ^:c su ea- Shapda t .S.kho.- j;- K U l t l O tl n g (4 \t,I t._______t____t n eo d cesi d _ C ___ __ __ __ __ __ ___ __ _ _ _ ___ _.___ _ _-___ _ __ _ EscLacsktacm of Ilomeat,. F'und.:-,, (2 aay nc l( . _ ____ _ _ --_ _ __ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ ..',# '' |.I L GIIZbnm e nulhftm ste m l' n 11 9421 31 __ __ _ __ __ __ _ __ __ _ __ ____ ____________________________ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ *______ I; I§aatt CC n m i I9 hnepm md _;- Is lJnLAc lItI lt .an J &'4m l. .iupianp t." 6: .4* *~~~~%~ It,; at f-1 '0 -~r 4~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~l 4 E.A. INIPEENTATON' SCHEDULE Sub-1.4*1 21"7. - 2199? M * ___J _= _ IC (Mud 1aud(Vamaaf3 ~ 22SI 179 6917.93 61210 59 6130.9 575.74 271214 57444. So91_C _ Suffl - - -rf - -9- IiLaui 1'Fauu Expe - -0- - -i- - - 20 TdjubIn Fauu !u'1u1 3 -3.11 333. 261 - -6-3261. 6.1113m130.______________ 1. SutT4., luuu _ __1.i _ _ _ _ _ _ _____________ 3 s