65685 BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS For Sound Management of Chemicals Glossary ADB Asian Development Bank AfDB African Development Bank API Annual Parasite Index BAT Best Available Technology BEP Best Environmental Practice CEITs Countries with Economies in Transition CPTF Canadian POPs Trust Fund DDT Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane DSSA Demonstrating and Scaling-up of Sustainable Alternatives EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EMTK Environmental Management Tool Kit FAO United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization GEF Global Environment Facility GIS Geographic Information System GMP Global Monitoring Plan IADB Inter-American Development Bank IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IPM Integrated Pest Mangament IRS Indoor Residual Spraying IVM Integrated Vector Management LDC Least Developed Countries M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MEA Multilateral Environment Agreements MP Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer NIP National Implementation Plan ODS Ozone Depleting Substances PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyls POPs Persistent Organic Pollutants PRTRs Pollutant Release and Transfer Registers SME Small and Medium-Size Enterprise SMG Small Grant Programme STAP Scienti�c and Technical Advisory Panel TEQ Toxic Equivalent UNCCD United Nations Convention to Combat Deserti�cation UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNEP United Nations Environment Programme UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization U-POPs Unintentionally Produced Persistent Organic Pollutants USAID United States Agency for International Development BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 1 The work of the GEF on chemicals is done through a network of Implementing and Executing Agen- cies consisting of �ve agencies. UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, The World Bank and FAO. UNIDO’s work in the industrial sector gives it the ability to address primarily phase out of industrial POPs and also to assist countries to make improvements to industrial sectors to reduce the emissions of U-POPs. A coal burning plant spews out contaminants from its smokestacks. 2 ENVIRONMENT FACILITY THE GLOBAL ENVIROMENT FACILITY Introduction by the CEO The chemical industry produces over 100,000 chemicals which have improved the quality of our lives. These chemicals are being produced for purposes ranging from ful�lling domestic and industrial needs, boosting agriculture, making our clothing �re resistant and producing components for our mobile phones or other electronic devices. Every day new chemicals are formulated and produced. Wise use of chemicals will allow us to bene�t from them and mitigate the risks posed by the unsafe use of them. Globally there is a shift in the production of chemicals from developed to developing countries making it important for these countries to have the tools and means of managing these chemicals. The Global Environment Facility provides support to developing countries and countries with economies in transition, for the implementation of a number of Multilateral Environment Agreements (MEAs) including the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer, both addressing chemicals of global concern. Through 2010, the GEF and its agencies leveraged over US$1billion in resources to phase out 29,000 tons of ODP (ozone depleting potential) in Countries with Economies in Transition (CEITs) and the sound disposal of more than 200,000 tons of POPs chemicals in developing countries and CEITs. The challenge we face is how to wisely use chemicals to ensure robust economic development without adversely affecting our health and environment. The challenge is deep and broad, and the GEF has over the years built a strong partnership of GEF agencies and national governments, the private sector and NGO’s to help address the challenges of Sound Management of Chemicals. More importantly, this partnership has built a foundation to work in a cost-effective and ef�cient manner. This will allow the GEF to consolidate the persistent organic pollutants and ozone layer depletion focal areas, as well as to broaden the scope of its engagement with the sound management of chemicals and to initiate work on mercury. Previous publications have highlighted how the GEF has leveraged resources to �nance cleanup of toxic and harmful chemicals and the results this has achieved. This publication focuses on the work of the GEF and its partners in bringing the technical resources and capacity of each partner in the network to provide solutions to an array of chemical management issues. The portfolio and comparative advantage of the GEF agencies are highlighted in the publication. Some examples of projects that have built national and regional capacity of institutions to address POPs and other toxic chemicals are presented. These projects are examples of how hazardous chemicals can be managed and eliminated through combinations of investment, science and technical assistance. Monique Barbut, CEO and Chairperson of the Global Environment Facility BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 3 Many chemicals are dangerous to human and ecosystem health. Among the worst is a range of synthetic organic compounds that persist in the environment for long periods of time. DDT removal and disposal operations take place in Tanzania. 4 THE GLOBAL ENVIROMENT FACILITY The GEF BACKGROUND The GEF also serves as �nancial mechanism for the following conventions: � Convention on Biological Diversity The Global Environment Facility (GEF) unites � United Nations Framework Convention on 182 member governments—in partnership with Climate Change (UNFCCC) international institutions, nongovernmental � Stockholm Convention on Persistent organizations, and the private sector—to address Organic Pollutants (POPs) global environmental issues. � UN Convention to Combat Deserti�cation (UNCCD) An independent �nancial organization, the GEF � The GEF, although not linked formally provides grants to developing countries and to the Montreal Protocol on Substances countries with economies in transition for projects That Deplete the Ozone Layer (MP), supports related to biodiversity, climate change, international implementation of the Protocol in countries waters, land degradation, the ozone layer, and with economies in transition. persistent organic pollutants. These projects bene�t the global environment, linking local, national, and global environmental challenges and promoting THE GEF PARTNERSHIP FOR sustainable livelihoods. CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT Established in 1991, the GEF is today the largest The work of the GEF is done through a network of funder of projects to improve the global environment. Implementing and Executing Agencies. Currently this The GEF has allocated $9.2 billion, supplemented network consists of �ve agencies. UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, by more than $40 billion in co-�nancing, for more The World Bank and FAO are currently active in delivering than 2,700 projects in more than 165 developing programs and projects to developing countries and countries and countries with economies in transition. countries with economies in transition in the Chemicals Through its Small Grants Programme (SGP), the GEF Focal Area. has also made more than 12,000 small grants directly to nongovernmental and community organizations, The GEF and its agencies through their work on totaling $495 million. Chemicals have phased out 29,000 tons of ODP (ozone depleting potential) in Countries with Economies in The GEF partnership includes 10 agencies: Transition (CEITs) and the sound disposal of more than the UN Development Programme; the UN 200,000 tons of POPs legacy in developing countries and Environment Programme; the World Bank; the CEITs. UN Food and Agriculture Organization; the UN Industrial Development Organization; the African The GEF has been able, throughout the years to build Development Bank; the Asian Development trust in the relationships with the donor community, Bank; the European Bank for Reconstruction and Convention Secretariats, recipient countries and Development; the Inter-American Development agencies in ensuring high delivery of services in project Bank; and the International Fund for Agricultural management. In the area of chemicals management, Development. The Scienti�c and Technical Advisory the GEF has leveraged over US$1 billion for POPs Panel provides technical and scienti�c advice on the management and elimination and chemicals-related GEF’s policies and projects. operations in the Ozone and International Waters focal areas. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 5 The GEF Secretariat through its Chemical’s Task Force, which has representation from the 5 agencies, the Stockholm Convention Secretariat and the Scienti�c and Technical Assessment Panel (STAP), coordinates the Work on Chemicals. The �ve agencies that currently work on Chemicals through their corporate mandates provide different expertise to countries to manage POPs. This choice of agencies allows countries to �nd the best solution to their national POPs issues. In building the chemicals portfolio, the GEF and its partners have worked to provide 138 countries with assistance to develop their National Implementation Plans for POPs and Institutional Strengthening Projects to a number of Countries with Economies in Transition for assisting their work on the phase out of Ozone Depleting Substances. These enabling activities have built the basis for countries to plan and implement phase out and investment NIP up to GEF 4 showing a breakdown by contaminant/ activities to meet their obligations under the Stockholm activity (Figure 1) and a regional breakdown of these Convention and the Montreal Protocol. The following projects (Figure 2). two �gures gives a breakdown of projects approved post FIGURE 1: Projects Undertaken in POPs and Ozone other than enabling activities -Other includes the Global 1,200,000 Monitoring Plan, Enabling Activities that exceed 1 million 1,000,000 dollars, NIP implementation support for LDC and SIDS, 900,000 Cleanup of contaminated sites and capacity building projects. 800,000 700,000 600,000 500,000 400,000 300,000 200,000 100,000 0 BAT/BEP DDT and Mixed POPs Obsolete Other PCB Pesticide Management Pesticides Management Alternatives and Disposal Management and Disposal and Disposal 6 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY FIGURE 2: Regional Distribution of Projects in POPs and Ozone Each agency in the partnership brings to the table technical except Enabling Activities. expertise in speci�c areas, for example UNIDO brings its experience in Industrial Development projects to provide assistance to countries in improving their industrial Ozone Depleting Substance sectors to reduce emissions of U-POPs. Similarly, FAO brings its experience in improving agricultural sectors to PCB Management assist countries manage agricultural POPs. and Disposal The Current Portfolio is divided among GEF agencies as follows: Other Agency GEF Resources (USD) Number of Projects Obsolete Pesticide FAO $ 7,438,000.00 5 Management and Disposal Multi Agency $ 59,579,840.00 8 UNDP $ 70,781,128.00 22 Latin America UNEP $ 31,783,472.00 17 and the Caribbean DDT and UNIDO $ 80,969,100.00 20 Pesticide Alternatives Global World Bank $ 103,178,680.00 14 Europe and Central Asia The following sections will describe the work of the Asia BAT/BEP agencies and case studies from each agency highlighting Africa how they have used their technical capacity to enhance the projects. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 7 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT UNDP, United Nations Development Programme As the United Nations’ global development network, with an on- PORTFOLIO IMPACT the-ground presence in 166 countries, UNDP is well placed to assist countries in gaining the knowledge, experience and resources Because UNDP POPs projects encompass a wide variety of POPs required to tackle POPs management and elimination issues. substances and approaches, reporting on the portfolio requires UNDP assists countries in meeting their commitments under the aggregating the results across groups of contaminants. In order Stockholm Convention, including: to demonstrate the results achieved by the POPs portfolio, four indicators have been selected in the following areas: strengthening � Meeting reporting obligations, sharing lessons of national regulations, capacity building at the national level, and learned and adopting global best practices. global and local impact. � Building necessary capacity to implement POPs risk reduction measures, including the disposal of POPs The selected indicators include: i) number of national overarching and POPs waste. POPs or sector regulations adopted; ii) number of people receiving � Reducing the exposure and release of POPs to training in POPs management or POPs alternatives (more than 3 days protect human health and the environment. of training); iii) POPs chemicals disposed; of and iv) POPs chemicals � Demonstrating effective alternative technologies safeguarded. and practices that avoid POPs releases. As most projects are still under implementation, the results shown below do not reflect the aggregated �nal results from the ongoing MAIN PROJECT AREAS programs. UNDP-supported country projects and global programmes address a INDICATOR CUMULATIVE RESULT variety of national and Stockholm Convention priorities, as well as GEF Strategic Objectives. Through the implementation of projects, Number of national POPs 16 regulative instruments adopted UNDP supports the reduction and elimination of all types of POPs contaminants included under the Stockholm Convention (see graph 2), Number of people trained 91,601 covering a multitude of sectors and activities. in POPs management / alternatives POPs disposed of (metric tons) 1,295 POPs safeguarded (metric tons) 220 The �rst compilation of the aggregated results on the POPs projects implemented by UNDP reflects the numerous successes made on the national level to address POPs issues, as well as the emphasis on regulatory strengthening and capacity building in the projects under implementation. Important and valuable experiences have been gained in the safe guarding and disposing of POPs and how to effectively eliminate them from the environment. It is expected that cumulatively the amounts of POPs disposed of will be accelerated in coming years as the focus of many on-going projects is shifting from capacity building to direct POPs handling and release-avoiding activities. For example, a recently completed project in Latvia overshot its target disposing 596 tons of PCBs waste instead of 280 tons as planned. 8 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Figure 3: UNDP Portfolio By Contaminant/Activity It is expected that cumulatively the amounts of POPs disposed of will be accelerated in coming years as the focus of many on-going projects is shifting from capacity building to 9% direct POPs handling and release-avoiding Obsolete Pesticides activities. 9% Management and Disposal 5% PCB Management and Disposal 50% 9% Mixed POPs Management and Disposal 9% Contaminated Site Clean Up 9% Capacity Building DDT and Pesticide Alternatives BAT/BEP BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 9 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT UNEP, United Nations Environment Programme UNEP is the UN body mandated to identify issues of global Figure 4: UNEP Portfolio By Contaminant/Activity environmental concern where international action may be warranted; provide aid in the negotiation of international agreements; and support their implementation. UNEP hosts the majority of MEA secretariats. With regard to chemicals management, UNEP is the 18% 29% only agency with in-house capacity and capability, and performs the secretariat functions for the Basel, Rotterdam (with FAO) and Stockholm Conventions, the Vienna Convention and its Montreal Protocol, and SAICM. Furthermore, Parties to the more-recently developed agreements have chosen to co-locate these secretariats 12% with UNEP’s branch specializing in chemicals policy and management (UNEP Chemicals) to gain the bene�ts of coherence and integration. 12% 29% Furthermore, UNEP is leading the negotiations on mercury and is working very closely with the key stakeholders involved in drafting the legally binding instrument. UNEP is also working with partners in the �eld looking to mitigate the effects of mercury use/ handling and developing best disposal options. Capacity Building MAIN PROJECT AREAS DDT and Pesticide UNEP’s work within GEF has mainly supported projects dealing with Alternatives alternatives to POPs (e.g. DDT), assisting in developing systems to monitor presence of POPs in human health and the environment (e.g. FSP NIP Global Monitoring Plan (GMP)), demonstrating innovative approach to facilitate reporting and dissemination of POPs information (e.g. PRTRs), Global Monitoring innovative regional approaches to manage and dispose of PCBs (PCB Plan for West Africa and PCB in the mining sector in South America) and building capacity at the national and regional level to manage POPs PCB Management in a sound manner (Capacity building projects for LDC countries in and Disposal Africa, development and updated of National Implementation Plans). UNEP has worked on a number of regional and global projects to help strengthen policy and alternatives in PCBs and DDT. PORTFOLIO IMPACT UNEP interventions within the GEF have reached all regions. However, UNEP has put emphasis on the African region, followed by the Global projects and the Asian and Paci�c region (see graph 3). The capacity building projects for least developed countries in Africa and the DDT initiatives have put emphasis on the African region. Regional approaches have often complemented global approaches. 10 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNEP has put emphasis on the African region, supporting innovative regional approaches to manage and dispose of PCBs and manage POPs in a sound manner (Capacity build- ing projects for LDC countries in Africa, development and updated of National Implementation Plans). UNEP is leading the negotiations on mercury and is working very closely with the key actors involved in drafting the le- gally binding instrument. UNEP is also working with partners in the �eld looking to mitigate the effects of mercury use/ handling and developing best disposal options. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 11 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT UNIDO, United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIDO strengthens the linkages between resource/energy ef�ciency Figure 5: UNIDO Portfolio By Contaminant/Activity and sustainable development in the industrial sector, the GEF Council in its 30th meeting in December 2006 decided that UNIDO, along with ADB, AfDB, EBRD, FAO, IDB and IFAD, should have direct access to BAT/BEP the GEF Funds. FSP NIP 30% UNIDO’s work in the industrial sector gives it the ability to 35% address primarily phase out of industrial POPs and also to assist Mixed POPs countries to make improvements to industrial sectors to reduce the Management emissions of U-POPs. and Disposal % % Obsolete Pesticides % and Disposal 10% MAIN PROJECT AREAS 5% PCB Management 20% Based on the strategy and action plans outlined in the respective NIP, and Disposal UNIDO assists the developing and economies in transition countries in implementing their relevant obligations under the Stockholm Convention. POPs related projects and activities are focused mainly in the following areas: (i) PCB environmental sound management and disposal, (ii) contaminated sites, (iii) pesticides, and (iv) BAT/BEP projects. PORTFOLIO IMPACT UNIDO has assisted 42 countries to develop their NIPs and is currently working with a number of countries in implementation of these NIPS. UNIDO’s current portfolio is expected to achieve the following reductions in POPs. 12 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNIDO works to avoid releases of dioxin/furan from medical waste treatment. UNIDO’s Portfolio U-POPs Project/Country Indicator Quantity g TEQ per year Environmentally Sustainable Management of 1) Reduction from dioxin/furan releases from 1) 9.7g Medical Waste in China medical waste incineration disposal 2) Avoided releases of dioxin/furan from MW 2) 12.95g treatment Demonstration of BAT and BEP in fossil fuel- Total estimated reduction/avoidance in the 6 0.31g �red utility and industrial boilers in response to participating countries to be undertaken by the Stockholm Convention on POPs, Regional the project (Cambodia, Indonesia, Lao PDR, Mongolia, Philippines and Thailand) PCBs Project/Country Indicator Quantity t Environmentally Sound Management and Disposal Project target of PCB oils and PCB 540t of PCBs in Azerbaijan contaminated equipment and capacitors disposal Safe PCB Management Programme in Morocco, 1) Project target of PCB contaminated oils 1) 3,000t Pillar II disposed of, or decontaminated wastes 2) 2,000t 2) Project target of PCB contaminated equipment and wastes disposed of BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 13 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT UNIDO UNIDO’s Portfolio PCBs Project/Country Indicator Quantity t Global Programme to Demonstrate the Viability Project target of PCB oils and PCB 1,500t and Removal of Barriers that Impede Adoption and contaminated equipment and capacitors Successful Implementation of Available, Non- disposal combustion Technologies for Destroying Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs), Philippines Comment: The project has selected the Sodium Reduction technology for the decontamination/disposal of PCBs oil, PCBs- containing equipment and wastes Environmentally Sound Management and Final Project target of PCBs, PCB-containing 7,700t Disposal of PCBs in India equipment, PCBs-containing mineral oil and wastes disposal Capacity Building for Environmentally Sound PCBs Project target of treatment of PCBs, including 1,000t Management and Disposal in Mongolia PCB-containing equipment and oil. Demonstration project for Phasing-out and Project target of PCB-containing equipment 150t Elimination of PCBs and PCB-containing equipment and wastes disposal in Macedonia Environmentally Sound Management and Disposal Project target of PCB-containing equipment 1,000t of PCBs in Peru and wastes disposal Environmentally Sound Management and Disposal Project target to dispose of 1) 33t of PCBs in Nepal 1) obsolete POPs pesticides 2) 167t 2) PCBs, PCBs-containing equipment and wastes Pesticides Project/Country Indicator Quantity t Environmentally Sound Management and Disposal Project target of treatment of 540t of Obsolete POPs Pesticides and other POPs 1) of identi�ed targeted POPs pesticide Wastes in China wastes 2) of PCDD/PCDFs rich fly ash 14 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY UNIDO’s work in the industrial sector gives it the ability to address primarily phase out of industrial POPs and also to assist countries to make improvements to industrial sectors to reduce the emissions of POPs waste. Speci�- cally, Targeted is the treatment of PCDD/PCDFs rich fly ash. Above, is aChinese Coal Electricity Power Plant. Fly ash is a product of burning �nely ground coal in a boiler to produce electricity. In the past, fly ash was generally released into the atmosphere, but pollution control equipment mandated in recent decades now require that it be captured prior to release. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 15 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT FAO, United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization FAO joined the GEF partnership in Chemicals to provide primarily � ERITREA: 400 tonnes of obsolete pesticides were expertise in agricultural POPs based on its mandate to assist countries inventoried, a safeguarding and disposal strategy develop their agricultural sector. developed, and a national Pesticide Risk reduction action plan formulated. A key element of FAO’s mandate is the provision of support to countries to ensure that improved agriculture productivity is achieved in a sustainable and ecologically sound manner. The push to boost � MOZAMBIQUE: A three-phase project ran in agricultural production in response to these factors can potentially parallel and resulted in the environmentally sound result in the increased use of chemical inputs including pesticides. disposal of over 330 tonnes of POPs and obsolete In many of the developing countries the systems and capacity to pesticides in 2008; adequately legislate and monitor the use of chemical pesticides is insuf�cient. The Pesticide Risk Reduction Group within the Agriculture � MALI: July 2006, 60 tonnes of POPs and other obsolete Division at FAO therefore provides support to countries on how to pesticides were safeguarded in GAO, Mali and shipped apply the principles of the Code of Conduct on the Distribution and to France for incineration. – In the meantime the site and Use of Pesticides (the Code). pesticide store were rehabilitated. Addressing the obsolete pesticide stocks alone, without building � SYRIA: FAO supported the safeguarding of 500 tonnes capacity in pest management and pesticide management is of obsolete pesticides in 2005. With funding from the GEF, unsustainable, and will lead to future generations facing a new legacy the Government of Switzerland and the private sector, of obsolete stocks. FAOs strategy of working with countries to support these 500 tonnes have been disposed of in 2010. The the entire pesticide life cycle is a key response to this challenge. project is also supporting safeguarding and disposal of a further 170 tonnes of obsolete pesticides and MAIN PROJECT AREAS building capacity in sustainable crop production and in pesticide management. The work of FAO has so far been on POPs pesticides. They work to assist countries to manage and dispose stores and stockpiles of � TUNISIA: as an emergency component of the ASP obsolete pesticides and replacement of POPs pesticides with other project FAO supported the safeguarding of over 60 chemical or non-chemical alternatives including Integrated Pest tonnes of obsolete DDT from a warehouse at the Menzel Management. Bourghiba Hospital; PORTFOLIO IMPACT � EASTERN EUROPE, CAUCASUS AND CENTRAL ASIA: With GEF funding, FAO, with NGO partners FAO has worked on a number of GEF funded Pesticide projects in Green Cross and Milieukontakt International, are Africa under the African Stockpiles Project where they provided building capacity in POPs and Obsolete pesticides in 9 support to the Technical Support Unit. Under this project a number countries in EECCA. Trainings have been organized for of tools and guidelines have been developed which can be applied to inventory, pesticide stock management system, other chemical projects. awareness raising and repackaging obsolete stocks. The project supports pilot projects in the countries to put Of relevance to the work on POPs, FAO’s work on POPs funded from the new capacity into practice. other sources also has achieved building of capacity in national governments and the safeguarding of obsolete pesticides. In many cases this work will lead to building larger projects with GEF partnership. 16 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Addressing the obsolete pesticide stocks alone, without building capacity in pest management and pesticide manage- ment is unsustainable, and will lead to future generations fac- ing a new legacy of obsolete stocks. FAOs strategy of working with countries to support the entire pesticide life cycle is a key response to this challenge. Figure 6: FAO Portfolio By Contaminant/Activity 20% Contaminated Site Clean Up Obsolete Pesticides Management and Disposal 80% BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 17 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT The World Bank The World Bank’s involvement in implementing GEF-�nanced FIGURE 6: Distribution, by Region, of World Bank POPs persistent organic pollutants (POPs) projects dates back a decade Council-approved projects (2002-2011) when the Stockholm Convention was adopted. However, awareness of the global threats related to the release and proliferation of toxic chemicals led the Bank to become actively involved in projects related to the sound management of chemicals decades before. The Bank’s 15% Africa contribution to the efforts underway in reducing and eliminating POPs 25% East Asia and is therefore based on vast experience gained through work conducted 10% the Paci�c in a variety of sectors in which environmental health concerns have been steadily mainstreamed including, mining, industry, energy, solid Eastern Europe waste management, agriculture, health care and transport.1 This has and Central Asia laid the foundation for the World Bank to assist clients to strive to 25% 25% Latin America forge synergies at the sector level as they seek to comply with their and the Caribbean obligations under the Stockholm Convention. 4% Middle East and Subsequently, the World Bank has received GEF Council approval North Africa of US $125 million to implement its POPs portfolio, made up of 20 projects, some of national and some of regional focus. To this, US $106.7 million in IBRD/IDA �nancing and US $199.5 million in co- �nancing have been added, bringing the total value of World Bank Council-approved POPs projects to US $426.9 million. PORTFOLIO DISTRIBUTION MAIN PROJECT AREAS FIGURE 7: Distribution, by Type, of World Bank POPs The World Bank’s POPs portfolio addresses the development of Council-approved projects (2002-2011) 5% 5% programs to phase out the production and use of toxic chemicals, identi�cation of alternative technologies, and encouraging the safe disposal of existing toxic stockpiles. Speci�cally, projects target DDT and Pesticide the destruction, in an environmentally sound manner, of obsolete 29% Alternatives pesticides, including POPs, and the destruction of PCB and PCB- Mixed POPs contaminated wastes, and strive to improve cost-effectiveness and 43% Management and the prospects for long-term sustainability for chemicals management Disposal at country level. Others address the use of POPs, and demonstrate 7% alternatives so that POPs use and production can be sustainably Obsolete Pesticides phased out. In tandem, in order to ensure the long-term sustainability Management and 15% 7% Disposal of efforts, all Bank-implemented projects seek to build capacity to ensure that regulation and enforcement capabilities are in place. Other PCB Management and Disposal 18 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY SAFEGUARDS: Policies and Tools That Support Sound Management of Chemicals in World Bank Group Operations The aim of the World Bank’s environmental and social Performance standards that apply to projects at the safeguard policies is to prevent and mitigate undue harm to International Finance Corporation (IFC), the private sector people and their environment in the development process. arm of the World Bank Group, are similar in scope to the Two of the World Bank’s ten environmental and social Environmental Assessment safeguards policy. For example, Safeguard Policies are particularly relevant to the work the the Performance Standard on Pollution Prevention and organization undertakes with partner countries in support Abatement makes explicit reference to the Basel, Rotterdam, of their obligations under the Stockholm Convention. The and Stockholm Conventions in the context of the use and Environmental Assessment policy is used to examine the potential releases of hazardous chemicals, and encourages environmental risks and bene�ts associated with Bank cleaner production and use of Pollutant Release and Transfer projects and to enhance their environmental impact. The Registers (PRTRs). Regarding pesticides use in particular, policy requires that not only national legislation is taken into the Pest Management policy promotes safe, effective, and account in environmental assessment but also a country’s environmentally sound pest and pesticide management, and obligations under relevant international environmental prohibits procurement of extremely and highly hazardous treaties and agreements. If a country has rati�ed all three pesticides (class Ia & Ib) and minimizes the use of moderately conventions, the Bank’s safeguard policy on environmental hazardous pesticides (class II). assessment would factor in these obligations. 1 Managing Pollution for Poverty Reduction and Green Development; The World Bank Group; 2010 Environ- ment Strategy, Analytical Papers; p.5 [http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTENVSTRATEGY/Resourc es/6975692-1289855310673/20101102-Pollution-Management-full.pdf] BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 19 GEF PARTNERSHIPS FOR CHEMICALS MANAGEMENT The World Bank Though the World Bank’s portfolio of POPs projects is still relatively young and covers a variety of sectors, through careful monitoring and evaluation a number of cross-cutting lessons have started to emerge that will serve to contribute to the further development of the Bank’s portfolio through the GEF5 period and beyond. � Flexibility in management is key: Given the scope of the challenge both in terms of the variety of sectors affected by POPs and their highly toxic and long-lasting nature, experience has shown that the project team and stakeholders need to be aware of, and ready to accommodate, uncertainty in project design, as well as during implementation. o Stakeholder analysis of related stocks of obsolete pesticides must be con�rmed to ensure project design effectively takes into account ownership (public/private). o Inventories are often underestimated. � Investments must be linked to a regulatory framework and enforcement commitment: this helps sustain investments and facilitate securing stakeholder support. � Where regulatory approval (e.g. issuance of operating licenses) is required for implementation of activities linked to hazardous waste management, implementation delays can be expected and must be understood to be BYPRODUCT SYNERGIES largely beyond the control of a project team. Sound chemicals management is also achieved through � Engage stakeholders at various levels – national, World Bank projects as a co-bene�t of projects’ primary regional and local – in order to secure the committed objectives. The World Bank has a broad project portfolio engagement of authorities responsible for environmental on pollution management and environmental health, as protection. well as on environmental policy and institutions ($4 billion and $2 billion respectively as of September 2010) that cover � Flexibility must be built into the design of regional a number of activities, including some with linkages to projects/programs in order to allow for speci�c country POPs and trade in hazardous chemicals and pesticides. In issues to be addressed with ease, including where lack of addition, the World Bank Group has a strong portfolio of progress in one country not hinder progress in another active projects with solid waste management components, some with linkages to POPs. Though not quanti�ed in the country. past, looking forward the potential for such synergies serves as a driver for World Bank project managers to seek out areas of complementarity with POPs and sound chemicals management through other projects or lending flows. 20 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Region Country Project title Objectives and Progress Status AFRICA Regional Africa Stockpiles The objective of the Program is to eliminate inventoried publicly held obsolete - Ethiopia, Program (ASP) pesticide stocks and associated waste and implement measures to reduce and Mali, Phase I prevent future related risks. An inventory database is in place and detailed Morocco, inventory of obsolete pesticide stockpiles undertaken. Disposal is underway with Nigeria, 250 tons of stocks disposed off already. South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia Nigeria  PCB Management The principal objective of this project is to assist Nigeria in its stated goals and Disposal in managing its stockpile of PCBs wastes and contaminated equipment in an Project environmentally sound manner as contained in its National Implementation Plan (NIP). A target amount of 3000 tons of PCB oils and 5000 tons of PCB contaminated equipment are expected to be safeguarded by the project. EAST ASIA China PCB Management Implement policies and measures to identify and demonstrate environmentally- and Disposal sound and cost-effective policies, procedures and techniques for safely managing AND THE Demonstration and disposing of China’s stored PCBs and associated PCB-contaminated wastes. PACIFIC Policies are under development and contaminated sites clean-up underway. China Demonstration Minimize the risk of human and environmental exposure to POPs by strengthening of Alternatives the regulatory and monitoring framework and improve capacity for, and to Chlordane and provide demonstrations of, safe management of PCBs, reduction of releases Mirex in Termite of unintentionally produced POPs, and reduction of exposure to POPs in Control contaminated sites. The project is in �rst stages of implementation. Philippines Integrated POPs Minimize the risk of human and environmental exposure to POPs by strengthening Management the regulatory and monitoring framework and improve capacity for, and Project provide demonstrations of, safe management of PCBs, reduction of releases of unintentionally produced POPs, and reduction of exposure to POPs in contaminated sites. The project is in �rst stages of implementation. Vietnam PCB Management Develop national capacity in Vietnam to manage all PCBs (inventories, regulatory Demonstration framework, risk containment) and on a pilot basis, in selected provinces, safely Project store signi�cant amounts of PCBs in anticipation of future disposal. Project is in �rst stages of implementation. China ‘GEF Sichuan Support the country’s emergency responses to the Wenchuan Earthquake by Earthquake identifying and assessing potential environmental impacts and risks associated Emergency Project with the releases of hazardous chemicals and waste in �ve out of a total of 40 hardest hit counties in Sichuan Province. Over 300 sites with potential risks were screened. Over 50 of the sites screened underwent detailed site investigations and monitoring activities. Recommendations were then made regarding appropriate management means for those sites considered to pose an unacceptable risk. EASTERN Tajikistan POPs Pesticide Reduce the environmental and public health hazards associated with stockpiles of Elimination, POPs in priority areas and reduce farmer reliance on POPs pesticides. EUROPE Mitigation and Site AND Managemen CENTRAL Belarus Integrated Strengthen national capacity to manage hazardous wastes associated with POPs. ASIA Solid Waste The project is in �rst stages of implementation. GEF grant is blended with an Management Integrated Solid Waste Management Bank project. Belarus Enabling activities This led to Belarus’ submission on its NIP and lay the ground for the preparation of related to the its NIP implementation project. Implementation of the Stockholm Convention on POPs in Belarus Moldova Enabling activities This led to Moldova’s submission on its NIP and lay the ground for the preparation related to the of its NIP implementation project. implementation of the Stockholm Convention on POPs in Moldova BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 21 Region Country Project title Objectives and Progress Status EASTERN Moldova POPs Stockpiles Protect the environment and human health by sfaely managing and dispoing Management and of stockpiles of POPs contaminated pesticides and PCBs. 1,293 tons of POPs EUROPE AND Destruction Project containing and contaminated obsolete pesticides were disposed of; as well as CENTRAL 934 tons of PCB containing capacitors. ASIA Kazakhstan Elimination of Support the development of environmentally sound control measures for POPs Wastes in Persistent Organic Pollutants in Kazakhstan, to reduce the stress on human health Kazakhstan and the environment caused by these materials in accordance with obligations under the Stockholm Convention. This project is linked with a World Bank investment on brown�eld remediation. The Project is under preparation. LATIN Colombia  Initial Assistance Develop a NIP, such that Colombia can meet its obligations to the Stockholm to Colombia Convention. Completed. Project provided assistance to (i) assess and complete AMERICA to Meet its inventories of sources and contaminated areas; (ii) assess health and economic AND THE Obligations Under risks; and (iii) assess institutional capacity and needs required to deal with the CARIBBEAN the Stockholm new obligations under the Convention. Convention on POPs Mexico  Enabling Activities Develop a NIP for POPs, such that Mexico can meet its obligations to the to Help Mexico Stockholm Convention. Completed. Project contributed to i) strengthening Comply with institutional capacity in relation to POPs to facilitate the formulation and the Stockholm implementation of the NIP; ii) evaluated baselines for inventories of POPs, Convention on contaminated sites and obsolete stockpiles; iii) assessed socio-economic impacts POPs related to reduction of the use of POPs, and health-related impacts due to exposure to POPs; iv) encouraged interaction between stakeholders to outline national strategy towards POPs; and v) formulated and endorsed the NIP. MIDDLE Lebanon PCB Management Facilitate the implementation of the responsibilities of the Republic of Lebanon Project towards the Stockholm Convention by: (i) enhancing management of POPs and, EAST AND (ii) establishing partnership to develop/implement a national strategy to eliminate NORTH the release of PCBs. Project is under preparation. AFRICA Egypt  Integrated and Assist the government with its obligations under the Stockholm Convention for sustainable POPs the sound management of POPs including, PCBs, dioxins and furans, and obsolete Management pesticides, and contribute to the sustainable development of capacity for the Project management of POPs. Project is under preparation. Tunisia Demonstrating Support the development of environmentally sound control measures for and Promoting Persistent Organic Pollutants in Kazakhstan, to reduce the stress on human health Best Techniques and the environment caused by these materials in accordance with obligations and Practices under the Stockholm Convention. This project is linked with a World Bank for Managing investment on brown�eld remediation. The Project is under preparation. Healthcare Waste and PCBs 22 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Case Studies BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 23 CASE STUDIES MEXICO Environmentally Sound Management and Destruction of PCBs Implementing Agency - UNDP In Mexico, estimated national inventory of 30,639 tons of PCB POLICY STRENGTHENING FOR PCB MANAGEMENT containing materials indicated that the whole country is affected by PCBs. As many sources of PCBs are located in populated areas Based on the analysis of the current management practices and and sensitive sites such as hospitals, water supply wells, education a regulatory gap assessment, the project has proposed a revised establishments, etc. the PCBs have a potential to adversely affect technical Standard for PCB management. The proposed Standard society, especially children and workers, if left unchecked and represents a federal regulation of electrical maintenance workshops unmanaged. Considering the extent of the PCB issue and the potential at local and provincial levels, in order to assure proper management risks to human health and the environment the Government of Mexico of PCBs containing oils to avoid further cross contamination of and UNDP initiated in 2009 a project, co-funded by GEF, for addressing transformers in Mexico. This revised Standard has been presented to the situation. federal authorities for review and adoption. The project, executed in partnership with the Federal Ministry of Environment (SEMARNAT), aims at strengthening the capacity REDUCTION OF PCB RISKS AT ELECTRICAL for sound management of PCBs, materials and equipment which MAINTENANCE WORKSHOPS may contain or may be contaminated by PCBs. Towards this end, the project is developing various activities including from legal Project activities in pilot areas allowed determining that cross review and inventory development through awareness raising and contamination caused by bad practices of electrical maintenance communication. The project will further undertake awareness raising workshops are the main source of PCB containing materials. For campaigns on the health and environmental consequences of poor example, transformers as new as 2006 models and capacities from PCB management. The project is also expected to destroy 3.215 15 kVA to 10.000 kVA have PCB contaminated oil with concentrations tons of PCBs, which constitute about 10.5 % of total estimated above 50 ppm but below 500 ppm in most cases. The project has remaining national inventory.However, UNEP has put emphasis on developed a general recommendations document for SME the African region, followed by the Global projects and the Asian on how to manage their electrical transformers, particularly and Paci�c region (see graph 3). The capacity building projects for urging them to select those maintenance workshops for least developed countries in Africa and the DDT initiatives have put servicing which assume responsibility and undertake emphasis on the African region. Regional approaches have often necessary correction measures in case PCB contamination is complemented global approaches. detected. PCB INVENTORY VERIFICATION The project also analysed the hazardous waste management practices at 6 maintenance facilities. It has been found that 30% of samples in The �rst stage of the national PCB inventory veri�cation undertaken the inventory contain PCB between 5 and 50 ppm, which is another by the project has found PCB containing oils (over 50 ppm) in indication of cross contamination and of the importance of electrical approximately 5.5% of the transformers when sampling and analysing maintenance workshops. Based on the �ndings the project put forward oils in 1,291 transformers in 416 sites located in 13 (out of the 32) recommendations to lower exposure risks for employees handling states in the country. Inventory veri�cation shows that there could PCB containing materials and to ensure overall environmentally sound still be more than 45,000 tons of PCB containing materials in the management of PCBs and other hazardous waste at these facilities. country. Moreover, half of the samples with PCBs come from sensitive These recommendations were further re�ned on the basis of the sites: hospitals, water supply wells for agriculture and cities, food experience during the training to 28 workers of these facilities and processing facilities and education centres. Out of 105 transformers will serve as a basis to develop this year the “Best practices technical sampled in 39 hospitals, PCBs have been determined in 9; 8 out guide for electrical maintenance workshops�. of 109 transformers sampled in water wells had traces of PCBs. Transformers in water wells and hospitals in rural communities have yet to be sampled in detail. Additionally, transformers at airports and army installations are presently being sampled. 24 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Mr. Gregorio Jacobo, maintenance chief at IMSS (Instituto Mexicano Del Seguro Social - Public Health Care System in Mexico) General Hospital in zone 36 says: “support of the project enabled us to be aware of possible PCB contamination in our hospitals. A more complete inventory with project support will help us plan and take care of contamination�. Mr. Jose de Jesús Contreras from the enterprise “Anodizados Especializados S.A. de C.V.� in Mexico City says: “The project informed us about PCB contamination and advised on the selection of maintenance workshops. Our experience up to date was that a maintenance company comes, does the retro �lling and takes the oils without telling us how they would dispose of the oil; and now we know through the project that the disposal has not been done in an environmentally sound manner. The project has given us advice now on how to select and proceed with the maintenance workshops�. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 25 CASE STUDIES MEXICO CAPACITY BUILDING AND AWARENESS RAISING In the Pilot entities and in other states, 5 electrical maintenance workshops have been diagnosed in detail with respect to their The project is supporting the strengthening of government and private hazardous waste management, including PCBs in materials and entities capacities regarding inspection and chemical analytical soil. In these instances worker protection and exposure issues techniques. For example, targeted training sessions for over 250 have brought positive health effects to the employees handling PCB participants from authorities at federal, state and municipal levels, containing materials. chemical laboratories and even �re and civil protection services have been organized; later in 2011 a Guide on best practices for Additionally, metallic materials contaminated with PCBs, which had PCBs inspection at local level authorities will be prepared. In been used for construction in a 300 people poor community in the order to stimulate the responsible PCB waste management and State of Zacatecas, were replaced by the project with new materials. increase awareness among SMEs, the project has handed the acknowledgements of non-existence of PCBs to over 300 enterprises during public events with representation of local authorities and press INTEGRATED SERVICES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM coverage for awareness rising. (ISMS) FOR PCB DISPOSAL COMMUNITY-LEVEL BENEFITS The high cost of destroying small quantities of PCBs in a large country is a barrier for small and medium-sized enterprises and operators of As a particular case, during the inventory of PCB in the country, the sensitive sites, since they cannot take advantage of the economies project con�rmed SEMARNAT’s information that people in a poor of scale with respect to costs of transport, interim storage and community used barrels, which formerly stored illegally imported PCB decontamination and/or destruction. Therefore, the project has contaminated oils, as building materials and water containers. As devised a PCB management system that envisages different actions, part of the awareness and outreach efforts, the project has replaced from identi�cation of PCBs, their safe storage and transport through to such contaminated metal construction materials with safe ones in this their destruction and appropriate reporting to government. The ISMS small community of San Felipe Nuevo Mercurio (300 inhabitants) in also includes capacity building of inspection authorities and analytical the state of Zacatecas. laboratories as well as an awareness raising and communication strategy. The community had been subject of a former study by SEMARNAT, where PCBs content in blood level of the population had been Among the bene�ts, this will allow a large number of PCB determined as above limits; project foresees a deeper study on the possessors to pool their waste and achieve environmentally community extended to electrical maintenance workshops personnel. sound disposal of PCBs at a reasonable cost. This Integrated Services Management System (ISMS) is in progress of establishment. Bene�cial local health and environmental effects due to raised It was developed and tested as a pilot in a State of Guanajuato awareness of PCB contamination in equipment owned by SMEs (5.5 million inhabitants) and in Cuautitlán Izcalli (a municipality including the workers and the populations located in these areas. with 800,000 inhabitants). The ISMS is being further tested and Through the cooperative approach small PCB holders were able to re�ned in 3 other states of the country: Nuevo Leon, Chiapas and �nd resources for managing the POPs problem. Distrito Federal (Mexico City). The ISMS will be later expanded to the whole country. Results so far demonstrate that the unit cost of About one third of the PCBs positive samples have been found in destruction for pooled PCB waste (where companies can bring as sensitive sites such as transformers supplying energy to water wells little as one piece of equipment) is starting to approach the cost for and to hospitals. Though not veri�ed by water monitoring it can be large possessors of PCB containing equipment like Mexico’s Federal safely said that a risk for affecting the quality of drinking water has Electricity Commission (CFE). been mitigated at community level. 26 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY The project has assessed available PCBs management services in order to better assist the destruction service com- panies to adhere to highest safety standards for PCB destruc- tion. The project will further undertake an awareness raising strategy on the health and environmental consequences of poor PCB management, particularly directed towards small and medium-size enterprises (SME) and operators of sensitive sites in order that they can better handle their PCB waste and also provide required reporting to authorities. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 27 CASE STUDIES CHINA Environmentally Sustainable Management Of Medical Waste In China Implementing Agency - UNIDO The outbreak of SARS in 2003 exposed signi�cant shortcomings in municipalities according to selected demonstration disposal sites to the infection control practices and environmental management of show systematic management and applications of Best Environmental medical wastes in China. The Government of China responded to the Practices (BEP), covering such aspects as good procurement practices, public health crisis by immediately commissioning 70 quick-response waste segregation at source, waste reduction/minimization, reuse temporary incinerators, a plan to establish 277 dedicated medical and recycling, intermediate storage, transportation, traceability and waste disposal facilities throughout China and the issuance of staff training. Six demonstration medical waste disposal centers, emergency regulations to control SARS-like biological hazards. While including 1 rotary kiln facility, 2 pyrolysis facilities, 1 autoclave facility, these measures were viewed as crucial to combat the SARS crisis, 1 microwave facility, 1 chemical disinfection facility in 6 municipalities they were developed and implemented in an emergency context were identi�ed and selected to demonstrate BAT for medical waste and before China’s accession to Stockholm Convention on Persistent disposal including air pollution monitoring. These demonstration Organic Pollutants (POPs) in 2004. As a result the requirements for the activities also support the development of speci�cations for the implementation of the Convention were not suf�ciently considered. engineering design and construction of such facilities by adopting BAT as well as operational safety. Experiences will be derived and The 5-year project entitled “Environmental Sustainable Management summarized for wider dissemination of BAT/BEP. of Medical Waste in China� was launched in 2008. It aims to reduce and ultimately eliminate the release of unintentionally produced POPs The planned reduction in releases of by-products by means of BAT/ and other globally harmful pollutants into the environment, and assist BEP demonstration and adoption in incineration facilities within the China in implementing its relevant obligations under the Stockholm project areas and time frame will be 1.94 g TEQ per year amounting to Convention. The total budget of the project is USD 45M, including USD US$ 150,000 per g TEQs. National replication will result in a reduction 12M from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). The project interacts of 47.88g TEQ/year with a corresponding incremental cost of US$ with the Nationwide Investment Plan and promotes the widespread 7,182,000/year. Avoided releases of by-products by means of BAT/ adoption of Best Available Techniques/Best Environmental Practices BEP demonstration and adoption of alternative treatment processes (BAT/BEP) in the medical waste management infrastructure and will be 2.59 g TEQ per year amounting to US$ 66,274/g TEQs. industry in a manner that reduces adverse environmental impacts and protects human health. As of its mid-term review, the project managed to successfully change the domestic medical waste disposal technical route selection and This project is the �rst one in China to explore and apply BAT/BEP altered the use of technology for disposal of medical waste towards to substantially reduce and eliminate the release of unintentionally the use of non-combustion technology. Before 2006, the planned produced POPs. 277 MW disposal centers initially planned to use incineration technology whereas with the project implementation, nearly 80 are Conceptually, the overall objective is being achieved by a combination now using non-incineration techniques. The project also managed to of strategies to reduce and modify materials before their disposal, create an improved National Medical Waste Management system among them the optimization of incinerations technologies; the with 22 national policies, technical guidelines & standards and 16 introduction of non-combustion technologies; the raising of awareness management measures and booklets, which stimulate the emerging and dissemination of know-how; the incorporation of management application of Non Combustion facilities. systems; innovation and adapting of appropriate technologies and techniques; integration of economic and �nancial systems and more The project has promoted and established a city centered Medical importantly, the modi�cation of relevant laws and regulations. Waste management model, which was accepted by all major stakeholders, through establishing trans-department mechanism, More speci�cally, the project is strengthening the national, provincial solved problems on fee, transportation and waste stream and local regulatory framework for medical waste management management and realized systematic management of medical waste. through the adaptation and application of regulatory measures related to medical wastes (MW) management and the upgrading and establishment of pollution performance levels associated with Best Available Techniques (BAT) for medical waste disposal. The project has established a selection criteria and chose 20 Medical institutions in 6 28 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY The implementation of dioxin control requirements stipulated in As of its mid-term review, this medical waste project man- the NIP was achieved through the upgrade of incineration pollution aged to successfully change the domestic MW disposal release limits, with more strict control on release of dioxin and technical route selection and altered the use of technology furan. The high level of awareness at governmental and provincial for disposal of medical waste towards the use of non-com- level created through extensive trainings and the fact that more bustion technology. Before 2006, the planned 277 MW dis- funds are being made available to promote BAT / BEP for the MW posal centers initially planned to use incineration technology management in China are key success factors of the project to achieve whereas with the project implementation, nearly 80 are now the transformation to non-incineration techniques for medical waste using non-incineration techniques, thereby contributing to the disposal. improvement of human health and environmental conditions in China. The project bene�tted largely from its mixed form of agency and national execution, which proved to be a very ef�cient implementation modality. Good opportunities to attain �nancial support to promote POPs elimination arose from the inclusion of BAT/BEP requirements for MWM into the national & local economic, environment and social development plan. China’s continuous drive and strong commitment are key factors for the project’s success. The outbreak of SARS in 2003 exposed signi�cant shortcom- ings in the infection control practices and environmental management of medical wastes in China. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 29 CASE STUDIES Mexico and Central America Regional Program of Action and Demonstration of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT for Malaria Vector Control Implementing Agency - UNEP The project “Regional Programme of Action and Demonstration DDT and other POPs were not used; only insecticide impregnated bed of Sustainable Alternatives to DDT for Malaria Vector Control in nets were used in some localities. In addition, the project contributed Mexico and Central America� had three main goals: to implement to achieving the Millennium Development Goals, the Roll Back demonstration projects of malaria vector control without DDT or other Malaria goal and the possibility to eliminate the malaria in these persistent pesticides that can be replicable in other parts of the world; localities and also in the entire communities of demonstrative areas. to strengthen national and local institutional capacity to control malaria without the use of DDT; and to eliminate DDT stockpiles in Country ownership of the initiative as well as stakeholder participation the eight participating countries. The project involved eight countries: was highly satisfactory. At the national level, Technical Committees Mexico, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, were constituted with delegates from several institutions (health Mexico, Nicaragua, and Panama and nine sites for demonstration and environment fundamentally), universities or researchers. At projects were selected in each country. The project began in August demonstration sites, technical local committees were constituted 2003 and was �nished by July 2008 (except for the POPs Disposal with participation of municipalities and NGOs. At the community level, component; this component which will dispose off some 100 tons of the participation of delegates from the majority of the community DDT is expected to be closed in June 2011). organizations (Committees of Malaria Control or Groups of Health) was high. Empowerment of community leaders and health workers MAJOR OUTCOMES was high at the local level. A major planned outcome was to increase government and local CATALYTIC ROLE community awareness of DDT and other pesticide hazards to the environment and human health. Through the project, the personnel The Catalytic Role was one of the most successful of national and local teams, leaders, community agents and teachers elements of the project. Indeed, the control strategy became informed, trained and strongly empowered and mobilized, on the initiative of the community leaders and health and the project succeeded in increasing community participation in workers has been considerably replicated in other vector control activities without insecticides. neighboring localities and municipalities. In Mexico, Guatemala, Nicaragua and Honduras the replication was There was a considerable reduction in the number of malaria cases very extensive; in the last three countries alliances were registered and in the Annual Parasite Index (API) in all of the 202 pilot forged, among others, with the Global Fund Projects. communities. In Costa Rica, the Ministry of Health is replicating the strategy in all Atlantic areas in order to eliminate malaria The project used a combination of malaria control methods according transmission. to the Roll Back Malaria policy: diagnosis and prompt treatment, elimination of mosquito breeding sites by physical media called EHCA In addition to the catalytic role at the local and national level, the (Elimination of habitat and mosquito breeding sites of anopheles), project has also triggered the joint WHO/UNEP Global DSSA larvae-eating �sh, cleaning of houses and patios and whitewashing Programme: Demonstrating and scaling up of Sustainable Alternatives houses (painting with lime) through community participation. A to DDT in Vector Management. typical example of applying a cocktail of interventions based on epidemiologic, social-economic and cultural characteristics of the While the malaria situation in Africa and Asia cannot be compared malaria-vector and the intervention area concerned. with the situation in Central America, the approach of applying a cocktail of to-the-situation-adapted interventions, has been copied to All participating countries executed activities to promote the public other parts of the world through various ‘Regional projects promoting alert about health and environmental risks due to the use of DDT and alternatives to DDT’, this is fully in line with WHO policy of reducing other POPs. Experts from all countries were trained and executed the dependency on chemicals in vector management, as well as studies about environmental impacts, and the national laboratories promoting Integrated Vector Management (IVM). now have the necessary equipment and trained personnel for this purpose. 30 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY CONCLUSION It is possible to control or even eliminate malaria with environment- friendly methods and without the use of persistent insecticides. The main condition is inter-sectoral and community participation. The community easily adopts the strategies needed for this kind of intervention, such as the control of mosquito breeding sites. They also contribute to the empowerment of the community and to change the conception about their participation in malaria control activities. Malaria control requires a multi methodological approach with the combination of interventions: diagnosis and complete treatment (compliance), plasmodium reservoir elimination (active search for asymptomatic and febrile persons), control of mosquito breeding sites with physical and biological methods (larvae eating �shes), control of typical mosquito hiding places (house and yard cleaning) and creation of barriers between people and mosquitoes (Insecticide Impregnated Bed Nets). The approach requests for active empowerment of the population close collaboration between government and grass root levels, as well as a clear understanding of the malaria vector and its behavior. Interventions should be evidence based, and not chosen based on tradition, history, or political preference (from both donor and recipient). De�nitely; it is more demanding compared to Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) with DDT, as well as it requires active involvement from all concerned. On the longer term it could very well be the only sustainable solution to reduce the burden of malaria in the malaria areas of the world. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 31 CASE STUDIES Mozambique A review of pesticide legislation and the pesticide life cycle in Mozambique plus the development of new guidelines for pesticide registration at national level. Implementing Agency - FAO This project is a country level initiative that bene�tted directly from pesticides. Storage management systems were also developed. All the systems and guidance developed by FAO for the Africa Stockpiles preparations were completed based on the advice provided in the FAO Project. Delays in the rati�cation of the Stockholm Convention EMTK. This project is a country level initiative that bene�tted directly resulted in Mozambique not being included in the �rst group of from the systems and guidance developed by FAO for the Africa countries supported by the ASP. At the same time donor support Stockpiles Project Volume 2. was mobilized from the Government of Japan, the Netherlands and USAID. These contributions allowed for the development of a phased A comprehensive communications and awareness campaign was programme of work based on inventory of stocks, safeguarding of conducted as part of the outreach programme for the project. obsolete materials and, disposal of repackaged stocks. The projects Provincial ministry personnel (shown opposite) completed a number also allowed for a review of pesticide legislation and the pesticide of sessions prior to work commencing in each Province. National NGO life cycle in Mozambique plus the development of new guidelines for partners were included in this process to assist with outreach and pesticide registration at national level. communications work as the project proceeded. PHASE 1: INVENTORY In addition to the local awareness creation a series of local television and radio announcements were also made during the safeguarding The programme started with the training of key focal points at the phase. This was used to allay fears in the general population but also Ministry of Agriculture and Environment at national level. The training to encourage stakeholders holding obsolete stocks to come forward. of trainers approach was seen as the most cost effective method of These activities formed components of a national communications training the large number of national staff, which would be needed strategy which was developed based on guidance generated by WWF to complete a comprehensive inventory of pesticides in Mozambique. as part of ASP Phase 1. The focal points, supported by FAO personnel conducted a number of training sessions for Provincial teams from the Ministries of A total of 330 tonnes of obsolete pesticide were safeguarded Agriculture and Environment. under the project. This includes a signi�cant amount of DDT waste related to new imports linked to Malaria vector control. The project Teams from the Provincial departments supported by national experts was successful in linking with this initiative to prevent improper conducted a national inventory of all pesticides stored within the disposal of the DDT waste produced as a result government and private sector over an 8-month period. Over 550 of the national indoor residual spraying tonnes of stocks were identi�ed as being obsolete or close to the programme. Over 30 tonnes of DDT manufacturer expiry date. Analysis and testing of the products waste were safeguarded under resulted in the reclassi�cation of some materials with a total of 300 the project indicating the need for tonnes being declared as obsolete. close coordination in countries where DDT use is still PHASE 2: SAFEGUARDING allowed. The safeguarding work was major input into Due to funding limitations it was decided by national stakeholders that the development of EMTK trained national teams under the supervision of FAO and specialist Volume 4 (Safeguarding waste management consultants should complete the safeguarding Implementation). activities. This process started with the selection of team members, the completion of work medicals including blood tests for impaired Safeguarding works included cholinesterase activity due to pesticide exposure and training in the removal of visible signs of the use of equipment for safeguarding. The training included the contamination from the original completion of a “�t test� for respiratory protection as shown here. storage locations. Spillages Safeguarding activities require a suitable storage collection to be were collected and floor identi�ed and prepared for waste storage. The example opposite areas cleaned. Large-scale is from the north of Mozambique. A derelict government store excavation of contaminated was refurbished to allow acceptance and storage of safeguarded materials was not possible due to budget limitations. 32 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY Once safeguarded materials were sent to the pre-allocated collection LESSONS LEARNT centers. Materials were stored as shown and security and monitoring procedures put in place whilst the disposal phase of the project was The phased approach adopted in Mozambique was a direct result developed. Materials were stored for over 12 months whilst the of the realities of bi-lateral donor support to countries. Donors at resources for disposal were mobilized highlighting the need for strong country level will generally only support projects which have a management systems to prevent leakage or theft. scheduled implementation period of 12 – 24 months. POPs inventory, safeguarding and disposal projects typically take upwards of 36 – 48 PHASE 3: DISPOSAL months to implement if all funding is in place and so there was a need to adapt the project implementation time line to match the flow of The safeguarded stocks were sent for environmentally sound funds from the Embassy of Japan in Maputo. This limitation, along disposal following an international tender managed through the FAO with gaps in implementation during the three phases did result in procurement service. A detailed terms of reference and technical the project taking longer to implement than expected under normal speci�cation of services was developed by the national team and circumstances. FAO. Goods were exported from Maputo port and shipped to Europe in accordance with the Basel Convention. Materials were destroyed The decision to implement the project through local capacity by high temperature incineration at a licensed facility. development also had an impact on the implementation schedule. The limited budget matched by the logistical challenges of working in Mozambique (poor road links, season weather issues and the PHASE 4: WHAT IS LEFT BEHIND? distances between stores) resulted in the training of national teams by a series of international experts. This did require the development of The previous projects in Mozambique did not address the issues of strong M&E systems to ensure worker and environmental safety were pesticides / POPs burial sites, contamianted soils and contaminated maintained and the partnering with local NGO groups to complete pesticide containers. The focus of the past projects was the removal this task was an added lesson which will be taken to other projects. of stockpiles of obsolete POPs and pesticides from the 130 original The approach did, however, demonstrate that technically complex and storage locations scattered around the country. The projects were high risk projects such as this one can be successfully implemented successful in removing the risk of exposure from the communities using national personnel under the correct conditions and with the living immediately adjacent to the storage sites and prevented the adoption of high standards of supervision and technical support. sale of obsolete stocks on the casual market. The projects also identi�ed the problem of the use of contaminated soils for �shing, the �sh then being sold directly to local populations. This stimulated the development of a GEF project to address the remaining problems in Mozambique and to provide support in the development of the necessary instituional capacity to prevent future accumulations of similar stockpiles. The Government of Mozambique developed a GEF project for US$1,950,000 to address the areas of pesticde burial sites, contaminated soils and container management. This can be considered as an incremental component of the overall inventory, safeguarding and disposal operations which were funded from alternative sources. The project was approved in December 2010, became operational in April 2011 and is scheduled to be completed in 2014. BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 33 CASE STUDIES Moldova Coping with the environmental legacies of the past. Implementing Agency - World Bank A common issue confronting all countries in the World Bank’s Europe The project was successful in improving the country’s POPs stockpiles and Central Asia region is the struggle they face with the environmental management system and destroying a signi�cant amount of POPs legacies of the past: heavy industrialization and collective agriculture, contaminated and containing substances. In terms of installing with little to no environmental oversight, leaving pollution hotspots a viable management system, the project supported a POPs scattered throughout the region. residual areas identi�cation and mapping exercise which began In the Republic of Moldova, large quantities of pesticides were with development of a POPs pollution study and risk assessment imported during the 1980s to help spur agricultural production which, methodology that was then applied in the identi�cation and mapping at the time, remained under collective production. Risks related to process. The management system designed is supported by a modular human and environmental health emanating from the use, exposure POPs Pollution Database. The system has allowed for 1,604 hot spots and improper storage of pesticides were not well understood by including 1,588 old or abandoned warehouses and pesticide mixing/ agricultural workers. As a result, during the 1990s, the incidence preparation sites and 16 PCB contaminated sites to be identi�ed and of chronic ailments rose signi�cantly in both men and women, organized into the POPs Pollution Database using GIS technology. This particularly in rural agricultural areas. tool can be used by the central and local authorities in monitoring and supervising POPs polluted sites, as well as for identi�cation and Following Moldova’s declaration of independence in the early classi�cation of environmental and health risks in these areas. 1990s, agriculture underwent major reform. Land was privatized and most collective farms ceased to exist. By the end of the 1990s, In terms of numbers, the project successfully achieved the removal over 3,000 tons of obsolete pesticides had been abandoned without and export for environmentally sound destruction of 1,293 tons of management, much of which had been pillaged by rural communities POPs containing and contaminated obsolete pesticides, surpassing or left in the open air, to be spread by wind and rain. the projected destruction target of 1,150 tons; as well as the removal A similar problem was faced in the energy sector where, in and export for environmentally sound destruction of 934 tons of PCB approximately 26,000 power installations, large amounts of PCB containing capacitors, followed by site remediation and the planting contaminated oils had accumulated in electric capacitors and of trees; and, established the elements for a modern regulatory transformers. system for the management and control of POPs and other toxic and harmful chemicals and waste. In 2005, the Government of Moldova, which had initially received funding through the World Bank from the Canadian POPs Trust Fund The Project’s results are considered to rest on a solid platform for (CPTF) to conduct baseline study work, received a GEF grant of US long-term sustainability in light of the success it achieved in raising $6.35 million, with matching co-�nancing, to protect the environment awareness and engaging stakeholders amongst the various levels and human health by safely managing and disposing of stockpiles of of government, local communities and civil society, as well as the POPs contaminated pesticides and PCBs. The project’s particular focus extensive support it generated for regulatory reform and capacity was on instituting sustainable POPs stockpiles management and building for POPs management. The fact that the project supported strengthening of national regulatory and institutional arrangements a comprehensive array of activities aimed at raising awareness and to support the long term control of POPs and other toxic substances, knowledge on POPs issues has increased demand from the public at in line with the requirements of the Stockholm Convention and large for the government to institute a modern and safe chemicals other related conventions and protocols rati�ed by the Government management system, including for POPs. of Moldova. Cognizant that GEF �nancing could also serve to help catalyze government and donors’ resources to achieve broader On the right, below, electrical station: capacitors with accumulated development goals and increase impacts at the local, regional and PCBs were dismantled and shipped for �nal disposal to France. global levels, the World Bank was pleased to remain involved in a project that would form part of a larger program on environmental management supported by the Bank in the region. 34 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY “It is an unbelievable thing. [Following] project [launch], Even this important and unique project is not enough to I was looking forward to seeing the start of the pesticides fully solve the problem of accumulating POPs wastes. It will evacuation. This is the biggest obsolete pesticides storage in contribute to the elimination of about one third of the existing Moldova, and the neighbouring communities were very much stockpiles in Moldova. We are seeking for ways of withdraw- concerned about it when it was placed here. Today, seeing ing the remaining 2/3 of obsolete chemicals. In addition we are that the works have started, we are very grateful to all [those] now considering the ways of decontaminating the locations involved in this activity.� where the storage facilities used to be. This issue stays on the -Raisa Pavlov, Mayor, Ratu community, Telene ti district: agenda of the Ministry of Ecology. -Constantin Mih ilescu, Minister of Ecology and Natural A very important aspect of this process is to avoid the appear- Resources ance of new pesticide stockpiles in the future, and thus not to create new problems for the environment and public health. In this context adequate legislation regulating the procedure of import, storage, marketing and use of such products was worked out by the Government and adopted by the Parlia- ment. The Ministry of Agriculture is entrusted to authorize and regulate the import of such materials according to the needs of the technological works in agriculture, and not to permit the accumulation of such stockpiles in the future. -Anatolie Spivacenco, First Deputy Minister of Agriculture and Food Industry BUILDING PARTNERSHIPS FOR SOUND MANAGEMENT OF CHEMICALS 35 36 THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY PHOTOGRAPHY CREDITS Cover stock.xchng Inside Cover Istockphoto Page 4-5 Flickr Page 6-7 Global Environment Facility Page 9 Global Environment Facility Page 10-11 stock.xchng Page 11 Global Environment Facility Page 12 Global Environment Facility Page 13 Global Environment Facility Page 15 Istockphoto Page 15 Below: National Precast Concrete Association Page 17 Global Environment Facility Page 17 Below: Flickr Page 19 Global Environment Facility Page 20 Istockphoto Page 22-23 Global Environment Facility Page 25 Istockphoto Page 25 Below: Istockphoto Page 27 Global Environment Facility Page 29 Istockphoto Page 29 Below: Flickr Page 31 Flickr, Flickr, small inset: stock.xchng Page 32-33 Global Environment Facility Page 35 Global Environment Facility GEFSEC expresses sincere thanks to the �ve GEF Agencies WB, UNIDO, UNDP, UNEP and FAO for their valuable contributions to this publication. PRODUCTION CREDITS Text and Edits: Robert Dixon, Ibrahima Sow, Anil Bruce Sookdeo, Jie Pan Design: Marti Betz Design Printer: Professional Graphics Printing Company Publication Date: April 2011 www.theGEF.org