‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫‪30100‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪Sustainable‬‬ ‫�ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫‪Groundwater‬‬ ‫‪Management:‬‬ ‫‪ Concepts and Tools‬�ﳌﻔﺎﻫﻴﻢ ﻭ�ﻷﺩﻭ�ﺕ‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ‪8‬‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻭﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫‪2006-2002‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻮﻥ )‪(GW•MATE Core Group‬‬ ‫‪Stephen‬‬ ‫‪Foster1‬‬ ‫‪Héctor Garduño2 Karin Kemper Albert Tuinhof Marcella Nanni Charles Dumars‬‬ ‫)‪( 1lead author 2main supporting author‬‬ ‫��ﻟﺘﺮﺟﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻲ �ﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ‪ :‬ﺩ‪ /‬ﻛﻤﺎ� ﻋﻮﺩﺓ �ﺪﻳﻒ – ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻗﻨﺎﺓ �ﻟﺴﻮﻳﺲ – ﻣﺼﺮ“‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺎﺫ� ﺗﺴﺘﺤﻖ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﺗﻌﺘﺒﺮ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ� ﻃﺒﻴﻌﻴﺎ ﺣﻴﻮﻳﺎ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻮﺛﻮﻕ ﻭ�ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻱ ﺑﺈﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ� ﻓﻲ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﻀﺮﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺮﻳﻔﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﻓﻬﻲ ﺗﻘﻮﻡ ﺑﺪﻭﺭ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻲ )ﻟﻜﻨﻪ �ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﻣ�ﺒﻮﻥ ﺣﻘﻪ( ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﺠﻨﺲ �ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‪ ،‬ﻛﻤﺎ ﻫﻮ �ﻟﺤﺎ� ﺃﻳﻀﺎ‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻌﺾ �ﻷﻧﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻷﺭﺿﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻳﻌﺪ ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ ﻋﺎ� ﻭﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺨﺎﻡ ﺷﺮﻃﺎ ﻫﺎﻣﺎ‪ ،‬ﻹﻣﺪ�ﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ �ﻟﻮﻓﺎﺀ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ ﻣﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺒﻞ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﻤﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ �ﻻﺳﺘﻌﺎﻧﺔ ﺑﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ )ﻣﺎ ﻋﺪ� �ﻟﺘﻄﻬﻴﺮ �ﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻲ( ﻹﻧﺠﺎﺯ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟ�ﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻫﻲ �ﻟﻤﻼﺫ �ﻷﺧﻴﺮ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻟﺘﻌﻘﻴﺪ �ﻟﺘﻘﻨﻲ ﻭ�ﻟﻜﻠﻔﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋ�ﺀ �ﻟﺘﺸ�ﻴﻞ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﺗﻔﺮﺿﻪ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻛﹸﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ ﻗﺪ �ﺗﹸﺮﻛﺖ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﺼﺎﺩﻓﺔ“ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ‪ .‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻛﹸﻞ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ �ﻟﺬﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﺴﺘ�ﻠﻮﻥ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ ﻟﻠﺘﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺈﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺼﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ� ﻓﻲ ﺃ�ﻠ� �ﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﺨﺬﻭ� ﺃﻱ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﹸﻮ�ﺟﻪ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺗﻜﺎﻭﻳﻦ ﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺻﺎﻟﺤﺔ ﻟﻼﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�(‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻢ‪ ،‬ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺘﻌﻤﻴﺮ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻣﺸﺎﺭﻳﻊ �ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻦ‪ .‬ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺘﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ� �ﻟﻘﻴﺎﻡ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :1‬ﺃﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻷﺭﺽ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﹸﺤﺪﺙ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻬﺮ ﺭ�ﻓﺪ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﻠ� ﺃﹶﻭ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺎ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �‪‬ﺎﺭﻱ ﺗﺴﺮﻳ� ﻣﺴﺘﻮﺩﻋﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﺴﺮﻳ� ﺷﺒﻜﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ ﻓﻨﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻴﺮ�ﺕ �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﻛﻴﺰ ﺯﺭ�ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺪﻓﻦ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺨﺰﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �‪‬ﺎﺭﻱ ﻣﺰﺭﻋﺔ ﺗﺮﺑﻴﺔ �ﳊﻴﻮ�ﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺑﺤﻤﻼﺕ ﻣﺆﻳﺪﺓ ﻭﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ )�ﻟﻤﻤﺘﺎﺯﺓ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ( ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺒﺮﹼﺭ ﻫﺬﻩ‬ ‫�ﻷﻋﻤﺎ� ﺑﻨﺎﺀ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻻﺳﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ ﻭﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﻨﻔﻌﺔ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻨﻘﻀﻲ �ﻟﻌﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺴﻨﻴﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻟﻌﻘﻮﺩ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺼﺒﺢ ﺗﺄﺛﻴﺮ ﺣﺎﺩﺛﺔ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻠﻮﺙ ﺩ�ﺋﻢ ﻇﺎﻫﺮ ﺗﻤﺎﻣﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ�ﺕ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺴﺤﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻵﺑﺎﺭ �ﻷﻋﻤﻖ‪ .‬ﻗﺪ ﻳﺆﺩﻱ ﻫﺬ� ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺪﻡ �ﻻﻧﺘﺒﺎﻩ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ �ﻟﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ �ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻫﻲ ﺃﻧﻪ ﺑﻤﺠﺮﺩ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻮ�ﺿﺢ ﺃﻥ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﺴﺎﺣﺎﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻗﺪ ﺷﻤﻠﻬﺎ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ�‬ ‫ﻥ ﺩ�ﺋﻤﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻬﺎ ﻛﻠﻔﺔ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﺎﻟﺒﺎ ﹰ ﺻﻌﺒﺔ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ ﺳﻴﻜﻮ ﹰ‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﺗﹸﺼﺒﺢ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺔ؟‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺘﺼﺮﻳﻔﺎﺕ‬ ‫� ﻳﺤﺪﺙ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺇﺫ� ﻟﻢ ﻳﺘﻢ �ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻛﺎﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﺮﺷﺢ ﺑﻔﻌﻞ �ﻟﺒﺸﺮ )ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﺪﻧﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻌﺪﻳﻨﻴﺔ(‪ ،‬ﻭ )ﻓﻲ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ( ﻳﺘﺨﻄﻰ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﻟﺘﺨﻔﻴﻒ‬ ‫�ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﺑﺔ ﻭﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻌﺔ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ )ﺷﻜﻞ‪.(1‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺬ ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻃﻮﻳﻠﺔ ﹼ‬ ‫ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﹰ‬ ‫ﻼ‬ ‫ﻓﻌ‬ ‫ﻋﺘﺒﺮﺕ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺪ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺎﺀ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﻜﺜﻴﺮ‬ ‫� ﺗﺨﻔﻒ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ �ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻓﻌﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﺨﻠﺺ �ﻵﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻔﻀﻼﺕ �ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻧﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻌﺎﺩﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﻨﺰﻟﻴﺔ‪ .‬�ﻹﺯ�ﻟﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺃﺛﻨﺎﺀ �ﻻﻧﺘﻘﺎ� ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ )ﺑﺴﺒ�‬‫ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ )ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺸﺒﻊ( ﻫﻮ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺤﻠﻞ �ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‪-‬�ﻟﺤﻴﻮﻱ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ �ﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺋﻲ‪ ،‬�ﻴﺮ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺄﺧﺮ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻹﺩﻣﺼﺎﺹ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﻮﺡ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ �ﻟﻄﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻭ‪ /‬ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻟﻤﺎﺩﺓ �ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻳﺔ( ﻟﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻫﻤﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻪ ﻳﹸﺰﻳﺪ ﻛﺜﻴﺮ� ﹰ �ﻟﻮﻗﺖ �ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﹸﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺇﺯ�ﻟﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﻨﺼ�‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻟﻴﺴﺖ ﻛﹸﻞ ﻗﻄﺎﻋﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺮﺑﺔ �ﻟﺴﻔﻠﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺤﺘﻴﺔ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺪ ﺳﻮ�ﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﺣﻮ� ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺎ ﻧﻄﻠﻖ ﻋﻠﻴﻪ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺤﺮﺓ )�ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ(‪ ،‬ﺧﺼﻮﺻﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ �ﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﻚ ﻭ�ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﻟﺤﺮ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﺤﻼ‪ ،‬�ﻴﺮ ﺃﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻈﻬﺮ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﻴﺚ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭﺓ‪ ،‬ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻧﺖ �ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﺑﺴﺔ �ﻴﺮ ﺳﻤﻴﻜﺔ ﻭﻣﻨﻔﺬﺓ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :1‬ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺮﺗﺒﻄﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻉ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮ�ﺕ؛ ﺃﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ؛ ﻣﺒﻴﺪ�ﺕ ﺣﺸﺮﻳﺔ؛ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺮ�ﺯﻳﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﺸﺎ� �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮ�ﺕ؛ ﻛﺎﺋﻨﺎﺕ ﺣﻴﺔ ﺑﺮ�ﺯﻳﺔ؛ ﻣﻘﺪ�ﺭ ﺿﺌﻴﻞ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻬﺎ �ﻷﺻﻠﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ؛ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻷﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻓﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ؛ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻄﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺰﻭﺩ ﺑﺎﻟﺒﻨﺰﻳﻦ ﻭﺃﻣﺎﻛﻦ‬ ‫ﺇﻳﻮ�ﺀ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﺭ�ﺕ ﺃﻭ ﺇﺻﻼﺣﻬﺎ‬ ‫ﺃﻣﻮﻧﻴﻮﻡ؛ ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ؛ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ؛ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ �ﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ �ﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ؛ ﺭ�ﺑﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ �ﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ؛ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻥ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺜﻘﻴﻠﺔ؛ �ﻟﻔﻴﻨﻮﻻﺕ؛ �ﻟﺴﻴﺎﻧﻴﺪ‬ ‫�ﻟﻜﻴﻞ ﺑﻨﺰﻳﻦ؛ ﺭ�ﺑﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ �ﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ؛ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ؛ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ؛ ﺑﻌﺾ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻄﻼﺀ ﻭ�ﻟﺼﻘﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻷﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﻴﻨﻮ� ﺧﻤﺎﺳﻲ �ﻟﻜﻠﻮﺭ؛ ﺑﻌﺾ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻷﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﺔ �ﻟﺨﺸﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﻟﺚ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ �ﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ؛ ﺭ�ﺑﻊ ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ �ﻷﺛﻴﻠﻴﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ �ﻟﺠﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ؛ ﻓﻴﻨﻮ�؛ ﺯﺭﻧﻴﺦ‬ ‫ﺻﻨﺎﻋﺔ �ﻟﻤﺒﻴﺪ�ﺕ �ﻟﺤﺸﺮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﺮ�ﺕ؛ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ؛ ﺭﺻﺎﺹ؛ ﺯﻧﻚ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻭﺣﺎ� ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻤﺠﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪﻥ �ﻟﻜﺮﻭﻡ؛ ﻫﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﺎﻟﻮﺟﻴﻨﻴﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ؛ ﻓﻴﻨﻮ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺪ�ﺑﻎ �ﻟﺠﻠﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺣﺔ )ﻛﻠﻮﺭﻳﺪ ﺻﻮﺩﻳﻮﻡ(؛ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻛﺮﺑﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻷﺭﻭﻣﺎﺗﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﺳﺘﻜﺸﺎﻑ‪/‬�ﺳﺘﺨﺮ�� �ﻟ�ﺎﺯ ﻭ�ﻟﻨﻔﻂ‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﻤﻮﺿﺔ؛ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻥ ﺛﻘﻴﻠﺔ ﻣﺘﻨﻮﻋﺔ؛ ﺣﺪﻳﺪ؛ ﻛﺒﺮﻳﺘﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻦ �ﻟﻔﺤﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﺨﺎﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻌﺪﻧﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻜﻮﻳﻦ ﻓﻜﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ �ﻷﻧﻮ�ﻉ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺷﻴﻮﻋﺎ ﹰ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻟﻘﺎﺩﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺇﺣﺪ�ﺙ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻫﺎﻡ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺠﺪﻭ� ‪.1‬‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺮﻛﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ ﺗﹸﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴ ﹰ‬ ‫ﺔ‪ .‬ﻭ ﻫﺬ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺇﺩﺭ�ﻙ ﺃﻥ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﻭ�ﺳﻊ ﻋﻦ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﺃﻥ ﻫﻨﺎﻙ ﻋﻮ�ﻣﻞ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ ﺗﺘﺤﻜﻢ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ ﻭﺑﻘﺎﺀ �ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ ،‬ﺑﺴﺒ� ﻭﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﺮ�ﺑﻂ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫)�ﻟﻨﺴﻴﺞ �ﻟﺼﺨﺮﻱ( �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻭﻣﻌﺪﻻﺕ �ﻟﺘﺤﻠﻞ �ﻟﺒﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ �ﻷﺑﻄﺄ ﺑﻜﺜﻴﺮ )�ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺠﺔ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻮﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﻟﻠﻜﺮﺑﻮﻥ‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻀﻮﻱ‪ ،‬ﺃﻋﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﺠﺘﻤﻌﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﻜﺘﻴﺮﻳﺎ �ﻟﻤﻨﺨﻔﻀﺔ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ ﻭ�ﻟﻘﻴﻮﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻧﺘﺸﺎﺭ �ﻷﻭﻛﺴﺠﻴﻦ(‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻬﻢ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ �ﻟﺘﺸﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻥ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ ﺻﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ ﻭ ﺯﺭ�ﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ ) ﻭﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺰ�ﻳﺪﻳﺔ ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ (‬ ‫� ﻣﻦ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺃ�ﻠ� �ﻷﺣﻴﺎﻥ ﺗﹸﻘﺪﻡ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺘﻜﺎﻓﺊ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ�ﺕ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﻟﻨﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﺬﻟﻚ ﻓﺈﻥ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰﺓ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﺃﻥ ﺗﺠﻠ� ﻣﻨﺎﻓﻊ ﻛﺒﻴﺮﺓ ﺑﻜﹸﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎ ﹰ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻛﻴﻒ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ؟‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ�ﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺟﻞ ﺗﻮﺿﻴﺢ � �ﻷﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺼﺒﺢ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺎ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ �ﻷﻓﻀﻞ ﺑﻴﺌﻴﺎ ﹰ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ �ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﻲ ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ (2‬ﻫﻮ �ﻟﺘﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﺳﻴﻮﺿﻊ ﺃﹶﻭ ﻗﺪ ﻭﺿﻊ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﺔ �ﻟﺘﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻛﻨﺘﻴﺠﺔ ﻟﻠﻨﺸﺎ� �ﻟﺒﺸﺮﻱ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ �ﻷﺭﺽ‪ .‬ﻟﺘﺒﻨﻲ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﻤﺨﻄﻂ‪ ،‬ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻧﺪﺭﻙ ﺃﻧﻨﺎ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻟﺪﻳﻨﺎ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻋﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻟﻜﻦ ﻻ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ‪،‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﻌﺪﻳﻠﻪ‪ ،‬ﻟﻜﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺙ ﻫﺎﻡ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ‪ .‬ﻋﻼﻭﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺫﻟﻚ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﺿﺒﻂ ﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺒ� �ﻴﺎ� ﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﹰ ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﻮﺿﻊ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻲ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻮ�ﻗﻊ‪ ،‬ﻫﻲ ﻣﻌﻜﻮﺱ �ﻗﺪﺭﺓ �ﺳﺘﻴﻌﺎ� �ﻟﺠﺴﻢ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻲ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻠﻮﺙ“ ﻓﻲ ﻟ�ﺔ ﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ‬ ‫ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﻨﻬﺮ‪ .‬ﻓﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﻘﻴﻢ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﺑﺴﺔ‬ ‫)�ﻟﺤﺎﺻﺮﺓ( �ﻟﻤﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﺇﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﺭﻗﻤﻲ ﻟﻬﺬﻩ �ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ (2‬ﺳﻴﺴﻤﺢ ﺑﻌﻤﻞ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻟﻘﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻌﺮﺽ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻲ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺭﺳﻤﻪ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ‪ .‬ﻳﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﺮﻛﻴ� ﻧﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﺩﺭ�ﺳﺎﺕ )ﻣﺴﺢ( ﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺨﺮ�ﺋﻂ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ �ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.‬‬ ‫ﺟﺪﻭ� ‪ :2‬ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ �ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺤﺎﺕ �ﻟﺸﺎﺋﻌﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﺑﺘﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺼﻄﻠﺢ‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﺴﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﻣﺤﺪﺩﺓ ﺑﺎﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﺪ�ﺧﻠﻴﺔ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺸﻜﻞ �ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﺑﺴﺔ ﺃﻭ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺛﺎ ﺑﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ�ﺕ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﻳﻴﺮ‬ ‫�ﺣﺘﻤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﺃﻥ �ﻟﻤﺎﺀ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﺳﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻈﻤﺔ �ﻟﺼﺤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ )‪ (WHO‬ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺸﺮ� ﻋﻨﺪﻣﺎ ﻳﺘﻮﻟﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻄﺢ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﺣﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﻠﻮﺙ ﺗﺤﺖ ﺳﻄﺤﻲ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﻤﻄﺮﻭﺡ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺒﻞ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺤﺔ �ﻹﻧﺴﺎﻥ ﺑﺴﺒ� ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﻮﺭﺓ )ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮ( ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺟﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻌﻴﻦ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺑﻴﺌﻲ ﺑﺴﺒ� ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﺼﺮﻑ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﻣﺤﺪﺩ‬ ‫‪3‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :2‬ﻋﻤﻞ ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫� ﻣﺎ ﺇﺫ� ﻛﺎﻥ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺨﻄﺮ ﺳﻴﺆﺩﻱ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ‪ GOD‬�ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﺴﺘﻨﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺨﺼﺎﺋﺺ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﻨﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻬﻮﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻋﺎﻡ ﻣﻦ ﻋﺪﻣﻪ ﺳﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻭ �ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﺎﺑﺴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻠﻲ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )ﻭﻧﻄﻖ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ‬ ‫ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺘﻬﺎ(‪ ،‬ﻭﺛﺎﻧﻮﻳﺎ ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺳﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺗﺤﺮﻙ �ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ )�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺎﺕ(‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﺣﺮ ) �ﻴﺮ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﺔ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻣﻀ�ﻮ�‬ ‫ﻨﻄﻖ )ﺷﻜﻞ ‪،(3‬‬ ‫ﻳﺠ� ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﻭ�ﻟ ﹸ‬ ‫) ﺷﺒﻪ ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‬ ‫ﺣﺼﺮ )ﺿ�ﻂ( �ﳌﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ ﺣﻮ� ﻧﻈﺎﻡ ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻥ‬ ‫�ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﻟﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻲ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻮﻓﺮ ﻧﻤﺎﺫ� ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻠﻴﺔ ﻭﻋﺪﺩﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻌﺪﺩﺓ ﻟﺘﺴﻬﻴﻞ ﺗﺼﻮﻳﺮﻫﻢ )ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪﻫﻢ( ﺑﺪﻗﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺣﺼﻰ ﻓﺘﺎﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺭﻣﺎ� ﻭﻃﻤﻲ �ﻷﻧﻬﺎﺭ �ﳉﻠﻴﺪﻳﺔ‬ ‫� ﺳﺘﺘﻔﺎﻭﺕ �ﻟﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﺘﻢ ﻋﻨﺪﻫﺎ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ �ﻟﻤﺴﺢ‪،‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﳌﻤﺘﺪﺓ ﻓﻮﻕ‬ ‫�ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ )�ﻟﺘﻜﻮﻳﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ �ﻟﻤﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮﺑﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﻂ ﻭﺗﺤﺎﻟﻴﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﺼﺨﺮﻱ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻤﺎﺳﻚ(‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻃﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﺮﻛﻴﺰ �ﻟﺮﺋﻴﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻞ — ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺇﻣﺪ�ﺩ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﹶﻭ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ‬ ‫�ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻌﻤﻖ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ �ﳊﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﳉﻮﻓﻴﺔ )�ﻴﺮ‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ�ﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ( ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻣﻀﺮ�‬ ‫�ﻟﻄﺒﻘﺔ )ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ(‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻴﻦ ﻻﺗﺨﺎﺫ ﻛﻞ ﻣﻦ‬‫�ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺃﻭ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻷﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻟﻮﻗﺎﺋﻴﺔ )ﻟﺘﺠﻨ� �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﺒﻞ(‬ ‫ﺧﺮﻳﻄﺔ ﺩﻟﻴﻞ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ �ﻟﺘﺼﺤﻴﺤﻴﺔ )ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻬﺪﻳﺪ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﳋﺰ�ﻥ �ﳉﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﻨﺎﺗﺞ ﻋﻦ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻟﺤﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺎﺿﻴﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﻳﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺨﻔﺾ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫ﻋﺎ�‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺫ� ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ؟‬ ‫ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺿﺪ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﺗﻘﻴﻴﺪ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻳﺔ ﺣﺎ�‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻱ ﻋﻨﺪ �ﻟﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻘﺒﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﺒﺎﺩﻻﺕ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﻤﺼﺎﻟﺢ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺘﻨﺎﻓﺴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻜﺬ� ﺑﺪﻻ ﹰ ﻣﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺿﻮ�ﺑﻂ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻷﺭﺽ ﻭﺻﺮﻑ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﻴﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫�ﻟﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻮ� ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺭﺑﺤﺎ ﹰ )ﻭﺃﻗﻞ ﺿﺮﺭ� ﹰ ﻟﻠﺘﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻻﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺔ( ﺃﻥ ﻧﺴﺘﻔﻴﺪ ﻣﻦ ﻗﺪﺭﺓ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻄﺒﻴﻌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻄﺒﻘﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﺗﻌﺘﻠﻲ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺨﻔﻴﻒ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻨﺪﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ �ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫)‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺘﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺔ‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻄﻖ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻧ‬ ‫ﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠ�‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎﻃﺮﺓ( ﻣﻘﺒﻮﻟﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ(‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻣﺼﻔﻮﻓﺎﺕ ﺗﺸﻴﺮ ﹸ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺘﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺎﺯﻓﺔ ) ﹸ‬ ‫ﻪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺩﻭﺭ ﺭﺋﻴﺴﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻗﺒﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬�ﻟﻔﺤﺺ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﻴﻢ ﻧﻄﻖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻤﻨﺸﺂﺕ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﻋﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﺿﺒﻂ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﺿﻤﻦ ﻣﻨﻈﻮﻣﺔ �ﻹﺭﺷﺎﺩ �ﻟﺰﺭ�ﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ �ﻷﻭﻟﻮﻳﺎﺕ ﻟﺘﻨﻈﻴﻒ �ﻷﺭﺽ �ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺛﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﺤﻮ ﺗﺎﺭﻳﺨﻲ‪ ،‬ﻭﻓﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻋﻤﻮﻣﺎ ﹰ‪.‬ﻛﹸﻞ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻷﻧﺸﻄﺔ ﺗﻌﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻱ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺔ ﻣﺴﺘﺪ�ﻣﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻄﻠ� ﻭﺿﻊ ﻣﻴﺰ�ﻥ ﺣﺴﺎﺱ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )�ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻛﻜﻞ( ﻭﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ )ﺛﻘﻮ� �ﻟﺤﻔﺮ‪ ،‬�ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭﻳﻨﺎﺑﻴﻊ(‪.‬‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﻣﻌﻴﻨﺔ(‬ ‫ﺑﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻛﻼ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﻦ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻳﻜﻤﻞ ﺑﻌﻀﻬﻤﺎ ﺑﻌﻀﺎ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ �ﻟﺘﺄﻛﻴﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ�ﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ �ﺧﺮ )ﻓﻲ ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺳﻴﻌﺘﻤﺪ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺗﻨﻤﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻮﺭﺩ ﻭﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻈﺮﻭﻑ �ﻟﻬﻴﺪﺭﻭﺟﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﺪﺓ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﺗﻀﻤﻦ �ﺳﺘﺨﺪ�ﻡ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﻠﺸﺮ� ﺟﺰﺀ� ﹰ ﺑﺴﻴﻄﺎ ﻓﻘﻂ ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺘﺎﺡ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻻ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺮﺑﺢ �ﻗﺘﺼﺎﺩﻳﺎ‬ ‫�‬ ‫ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻛﻞ ﺃﺟﺰ�ﺀ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﻧﻔﺴﻬﺎ‪ .‬ﻭﻣﻦ ﺛﻢ ﻓﺈﻥ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﺼﺪﺭ ﺳﺘﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻼﺋﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻤﻘﺎﻳﻴﺲ ﺭﺳﻢ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﺪﻯ ﻣﻦ ‪ 1:100,000‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 1:25,000‬ﻭﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ‪:‬‬ ‫� ﺗﺤﺪﻳﺪ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ )�ﻟﺘ�ﺬﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ( ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ �ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺰﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﺪﻓﻖ‬ ‫‪4‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫ﻨﻄﻖ �ﻟﺼﺤﻴﺔ �ﻟﺴﻄﺤﻴﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺤﺪﻭﺩ �ﻟﺨﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﻟﺠﺮﻳﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﺑﺌﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ ﺧﺰ�ﻥ ﺟﻮﻓﻲ �ﻴﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻜﻞ ‪ :3‬ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻄﻂ ﻣﺜﺎﻟﻲ ﻟﻠ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﺭ‬ ‫ﺑﺌﺮ ﻣﻴﺎﻩ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ ﺭﺃﺱ �ﻟﺒﺌﺮ �ﻟﺸ�ﺎ� *‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﺗ�ﺬﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﺘﻔﺘﻴﺶ �ﻟﺼﺤﻲ *‬ ‫ﻣﻴﻜﺮﻭﺑﻴﻮﻟﻮﺟﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﳌﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﻜﻠﻴﺔ‬ ‫* ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻧﺼﻒ ﻗﻄﺮ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﲡﺮﻳﺒﻴﺔ‬ ‫**�ﳊﺪﻭﺩ �ﳋﺎﺭﺟﻴﺔ ﳌﺘﻮﺳﻂ ﺯﻣﻦ �ﳉﺮﻳﺎﻥ ﺃﺣﻴﺎﻧﺎ ﹰ ﺗﺴﺘﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﹸ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻌﺮﻓﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻨﺤﻮ �ﻟﻤﺸﺎﺭ ﺇﻟﻴﻪ‪.‬‬ ‫� ﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺣﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺗﻨﺎﺳ� ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺃﻓﻀﻞ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻴﺮ �ﻟﻤﺘﻤﺎﺳﻜﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎﻧﺴﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺘ�ﻠﺔ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﻮ�ﺳﻄﺔ ﻋﺪﺩ‬ ‫ﺻ�ﻴﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﺑﺎﺭ ﺗﺰﻭﻳﺪ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﺫ�ﺕ �ﻹﻧﺘﺎﺟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻴﺔ ﻣﻊ ﺃﻧﻈﻤﺔ ﺿﺦ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮﺓ‪ .‬ﻭﻻ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﺣﻴﺚ‬ ‫ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﻋﺪﺩ ﻛﺒﻴﺮ ﺟﺪ� ﹰ ﻭﻣﺘﺰ�ﻳﺪ ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺴﺤ� �ﻟﻔﺮﺩﻱ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺬﻱ ﻳﺠﻌﻞ �ﻋﺘﺒﺎﺭ �ﻟﻤﺼﺎﺩﺭ �ﻟﻔﺮﺩﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﺳﻴﺲ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺣﻮﻟﻬﺎ ﺃﻣﺮ�‬ ‫�ﻴﺮ ﻭ�ﻗﻌﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫� �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﻬﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻄﺒﻴﻖ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻋﺎﻡ‪ ،‬ﺣﻴﺚ ﺇﻧﻬﺎ ﺗﺴﻌﻰ ﻟﺘﺤﻘﻴﻖ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ‬ ‫ﻟﻜﺎﻣﻞ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻭﻟﻜﻞ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺘﻀﻤﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻹﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ ﺗﺨﺮﻳﻂ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﺗﻌﺮﺽ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻨﺎﻃﻖ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ �ﺗﺴﺎﻋﺎ ﹰ )ﺗﺤﺘﻮﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻭ�ﺣﺪ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻧﺎﺕ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻬﺎﻣﺔ( ﻭ�ﻟﻌﻤﻞ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ‪ ،1:100,000‬ﺃﹶﻭ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻠﻮﺙ‬‫ﺃﻛﺒﺮ ﺇﺫ� ﻣﺎ ﻛﺎﻥ �ﻻﻫﺘﻤﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ� ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﻤﻌﻠﻮﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻭﺃ�ﺮ�ﺽ �ﻟﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ‪ .‬ﻣﺜﻞ ﻫﺬ� �ﻟﺘﺨﺮﻳﻂ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻴﻪ ﻣﺴﺢ ﻟﺤﻤﻞ ﹸ‬ ‫ﺗﺤﺖ �ﻟﺴﻄﺢ ﺑﻤﻘﻴﺎﺱ ﺭﺳﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﺗﻔﺼﻴﻼﹰ‪ ،‬ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻷﻗﻞ ﻓﻲ �ﻟﻤﻨﺎﻃﻖ �ﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﻗﺎﺑﻠﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﻌﺮﺽ ﻟﻠﺘﻬﺪﻳﺪ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﻦ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﺸﺠﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ؟‬ ‫� �ﻟﻤﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻄﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻳﺠ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﺗﻖ �ﻟﻮﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﺫ�ﺕ �ﻟﺼﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ �ﻟﻮﻃﻨﻴﺔ ﺃﻭ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻟﻜﻦ ﺑﺸﺮ� ﺃﻥ ﺗﺘﻮ�ﻓﻖ ﻣﺴﺆﻭﻟﻴﺘﻬﻢ ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ ﻣﺒﺎﺩﺉ )ﺭﻣﻮﺯ( ﻟﻠﻤﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ �ﻟﻬﻨﺪﺳﺔ �ﻟﺴﻠﻴﻤﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﹸﻮﺟﺪ ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﺇﻟﺰ�ﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺻﺮﺓ ﻟﻤﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ )ﺃﹶﻭ ﺗﺸﺠﻴﻊ( ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ�ﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻜﹸﻞ ﻣﺼﺎﺩﺭ ﻣﻴﺎﻫﻬﻢ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺷﺮﻛﺎﺕ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺃﻥ ﺗﻜﻮﻥ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺪﺭﺕ ‪ GW-MATE‬ﺩﻟﻴﻼ ﺗﻘﻨﻴﺎ ﻻﺧﺘﺼﺎﺻﻴﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻬﻨﻴﻴﻦ‪ ،‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻬﻨﺪﺳﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﻴﻦ ﻭ�ﻟﻌﻠﻤﺎﺀ‪ ،‬�ﻟﺬﻳﻦ ﻳﹸﺪﻋﻮﻥ ﻟﻌﻤﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ�ﺕ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﻟﻤﺮ�ﻓﻖ ﺧﺪﻣﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ﻭﻟﺘﻄﻮﻳﺮ ﺇﺳﺘﺮ�ﺗﻴﺠﻴﺎﺕ �ﻟﺤﻤﺎﻳﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻟﻠﻮﻛﺎﻻﺕ �ﻟﺒﻴﺌﻴﺔ‬ ‫�ﻟﻤﻬﺘﻤﻴﻦ ﺑﺘﺨﻄﻴﻂ �ﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ� �ﻷﺭﺽ‪ ،‬ﻭﺿﻮ�ﺑﻂ �ﻟﺘﺨﻠﺺ �ﻵﻣﻦ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻨﻔﺎﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﺴﺎﺋﻠﺔ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺎﺕ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ )ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺃﻭﻟﺌﻚ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻭ�ﻟﺼﻠﺒﺔ(‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺼﻤﻢ ﻟﻜﻲ ﻳﹸﺘﺨﺬ‬ ‫ﻣﻜﻤﻼ ﻟﻸﻋﻤﺎ� �ﻷﺧﺮﻯ �ﻟﺨﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺪﺭ�ﺳﺔ ﻭﺗﻘﻴﻴﻢ ﻭﺇﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻮ ﹸ‬ ‫� ﺇﻥ ﺇﺟﺮ�ﺀ �ﻟﺘﻘﻴﻴﻢ �ﻟﻤﻘﺘﺮﺡ ﻳﻌﺪ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺒﻘﺎ ﹰ ﻷ�ﺮ�ﺽ ﺃﺧﺮﻯ ﺃﻭ ﺗﻠﻚ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﹸﻤﻜﻦ ﺃﻥ ﺗﹸﺠﻤﻊ ﺑﺴﻬﻮﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﺴﺘﻮﻯ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻤﻌﺖ‬ ‫ﺟ‬ ‫ﹸ‬ ‫ﻗﺪ‬ ‫�ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻴﺎﻧﺎﺕ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺮﻋﺔ ﻧﺴﺒﻴﺎﹰ‪ ،‬ﻭﻻﺳﺘﻌﻤﺎ�‬ ‫�ﻟﺤﻘﻞ‪ .‬ﺑﺎﺗﺒﺎﻉ �ﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻓﺈﻧﻪ ﻗﺪ ﻳﻜﻮﻥ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ ﻣﻼﺋﻢ ﺃﻥ ﻳﹸﻜﻤﻞ ﺗﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﺼﺪﺭ �ﻟﺘﺰﻭﺩ ﺧﻼ� ﻓﺘﺮﺓ ﻣﻦ ‪ 2‬ﺇﻟﻰ ‪ 12‬ﺷﻬﺮ�‪ ،‬�ﻋﺘﻤﺎﺩ� ﹰ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺠﻢ ﻭﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺗﻌﻘﻴﺪ �ﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ ﻗﻴﺪ �ﻟﻨﻈﺮ‪.‬‬ ‫‪5‬‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ‬ ‫�ﻟﺒﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ �ﳌﺼﺎﺣ� ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﳌﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪(GWPAP‬‬ ‫� �ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ ﻟﺘﻘﺪﻳﺮ ﺧﻄﺮ ﺗﻠﻮﺙ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ ﺗﻤﺜﻞ ﺃﺩ�ﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﺒﺪﺀ ﺇﺷﺮ�ﻙ ﺃﺻﺤﺎ� �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﻤﻌﻨﻴﻴﻦ )ﻣﺘﻀﻤﻨﺎ ﹰ ﺫﻟﻚ‬ ‫ﻭﻣﻠﻮﺛﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﺘﻤﻠﻴﻦ(‪ .‬ﻓﻬﻢ ﻳﹸﻮﻓﺮﻭﻥ ﺃﺳﺎﺳﺎ ﺳﻠﻴﻤﺎ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺼﻞ �ﻻﻋﺘﺮ�ﺿﺎﺕ �ﻟﻌﻨﻴﻔﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺼﺎﻟﺢ ﻣﺴﺘﺨﺪﻣﻲ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﹸ‬ ‫ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻢ ﻣﻮﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬ �ﻹﺟﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ �ﻟﻀﺮﻭﺭﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺴﻴﻄﺮﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ ﻭﺣﻤﺎﻳﺔ �ﻟﺨﺰ�ﻥ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻲ‪ .‬ﺣﺘﻰ ﺣﻴﻨﻤﺎ ﻻ ﻳﻮﺟﺪ ﺗﺸﺮﻳﻊ ﻛﺎﻑ‬ ‫ﺃﹶﻭ ﻭﻛﺎﻟﺔ ﻟﻀﺒﻂ �ﻟﺘﻠﻮﺙ‪ ،‬ﺳﻴﻜﻮﻥ ﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻤﻜﻦ ﻣﻤﺎﺭﺳﺔ �ﻟﻀ�ﻂ ﻋﻠﻰ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺔ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﺔ ﺃﹶﻭ �ﻟﺴﻠﻄﺔ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪﻳﺔ ﻟﻜﻲ ﺗﺘﺨﺬ ﺇﺟﺮ� ﹰ‬ ‫ﺀ‬ ‫ﻭﻗﺎﺋﻴﺎ ﺗﺤﺖ ﻣﺮﺳﻮﻡ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻄﺎﻕ �ﻟﻤﺼﻠﺤﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ �ﻷﻛﺒﺮ ﻟﻠﺴﻜﺎﻥ �ﻟﻤﺤﻠﻴﻴﻦ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻗﺮ�ﺀ�ﺕ ﺇﺿﺎﻓﻴﺔ‬ ‫‪- Alley, W.M., ed. 1993. Regional Groundwater Quality. Van Nostrand Reinhold. New York, USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Clarke, R., Lawrence, A. and Foster, S. 1996. Groundwater—a Threatened Resource. UNEP Environment‬‬ ‫‪Library 15.‬‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Chilton, J., Moench, M., Cardy, F. and Schiffler, M. 2000. Groundwater in Rural Development:‬‬ ‫‪Facing the Challenges of Supply and Resource Sustainability. World Bank Technical Paper 463. Washington,‬‬ ‫‪D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Hirata, R., Gomes, D., D’Elia, M. and Paris, M. 2002. Groundwater Quality Protection:‬‬ ‫‪a Guide for Water Utilities, Municipal Authorities and Environment Agencies. World Bank Publication.‬‬ ‫‪Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Foster, S., Lawrence, A. and Morris, B. 1997. Groundwater in Urban Development: Assessing Management‬‬ ‫‪Needs and Formulating Policy Strategies. World Bank Technical Paper 390. Washington, D.C., USA.‬‬ ‫‪- Kovar, K. and Krasny, J. 1995. Groundwater Quality: Remediation and Protection. IAHS Publication 225,‬‬ ‫‪IAHS Press. Wallingford, UK.‬‬ ‫ﺗﺮﺗﻴﺒﺎﺕ �ﻟﻨﺸﺮ‬ ‫ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﺴﻠﺴﻠﺔ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮ�ﺕ �ﻟﻤﻮﺟﺰﺓ )‪ (GW•MATE‬ﺗﺼﺪﺭ ﻋﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﻤﻘﺮﻩ ﻓﻲ ﻭ�ﺷﻨﻄﻦ �ﻟﻌﺎﺻﻤﺔ – �ﻟﻮﻻﻳﺎﺕ �ﻟﻤﺘﺤﺪﺓ �ﻷﻣﺮﻳﻜﻴﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﻣﺘﺎﺣﺔ‬ ‫ﺃﻳﻀﺎ ﹰ ﻓﻲ ﺷﻜﻞ ﺇﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻮﻗﻊ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ �ﻟﺨﺎﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻤﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﻤﺎﺋﻴﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺷﺒﻜﺔ �ﻹﻧﺘﺮﻧﺖ )‪ (www.worldbank.org/gwmate‬ﻭ�ﻟﻤﻮﻗﻊ �ﻹﻟﻜﺘﺮﻭﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ �ﻟﻌﺎﻟﻤﻴﺔ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ )‪.(www.gwpforum.org‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻌﺒﺮ �ﻟﻨﺘﺎﺋﺞ ﻭ�ﻟﺘﻔﺴﻴﺮ�ﺕ ﻭ�ﻻﺳﺘﻨﺘﺎﺟﺎﺕ �ﻟﻮ�ﺭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺬﻩ �ﻟﻤﺬﻛﺮﺓ ﻋﻦ ﻭﺟﻬﺔ ﻧﻈﺮ �ﻟﻤﺆﻟﻔﻴﻦ �ﻟﺨﺎﻟﺼﺔ ﻭﻳﺠ� ﺃﻻ ﺗﻨﺴ� ﻋﻠﻰ ﺃﻱ ﻭﺟﻪ ﺇﻟﻰ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﺃﻭ ﺃﻱ ﻣﻦ �ﻟﻤﻨﻈﻤﺎﺕ �ﻟﺘﺎﺑﻌﺔ ﻟﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺇﻟﻰ‬ ‫ﺃﻋﻀﺎﺀ ﻣﺠﻠﺲ ﻣﺪﻳﺮﻳﻪ �ﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺬﻳﻴﻦ ﺃﻭ �ﻟﺒﻠﺪ�ﻥ �ﻟﺘﻲ ﻳﻤﺜﻠﻮﻧﻬﺎ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ �ﻟﺪﻋﻢ ﻭ�ﻟﻤﺴﺎﻧﺪﺓ‬ ‫ﻳﺘﻢ ﺗﻤﻮﻳﻞ ﻋﻤﻞ �ﻟﻔﺮﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺸﺎﺭﻱ ﻹﺩ�ﺭﺓ �ﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ �ﻟﺠﻮﻓﻴﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﻮ ﺃﺣﺪ ﻣﻜﻮﻧﺎﺕ ﺑﺮﻧﺎﻣﺞ‬ ‫�ﻟﺸﺮ�ﻛﺔ ﺑﻴﻦ �ﻟﺒﻨﻚ �ﻟﺪﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﻫﻮﻟﻨﺪ� )‪ ،(BNWPP‬ﻣﻦ ﻣﻮ�ﺭﺩ �ﻟﺼﻨﺎﺩﻳﻖ �ﻻﺳﺘﺌﻤﺎﻧﻴﺔ �ﻟﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﺘﻴﺤﻬﻤﺎ �ﻟﺤﻜﻮﻣﺘﺎﻥ �ﻟﻬﻮﻟﻨﺪﻳﺔ ﻭ�ﻟﺒﺮﻳﻄﺎﻧﻴﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬