76203 2012 annual report MISSION The Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is a global knowledge and technical assistance program administered by the World Bank. It provides analytical and advisory services to low- and middle- income countries to increase their know-how and institutional capacity to achieve environmentally sustainable energy solutions for poverty reduction and economic growth. ESMAP is funded by Australia, Austria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Iceland, Lithuania, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom, as well as the World Bank. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 | COMPLEX CHALLENGES, DYNAMIC OPPORTUNITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Leverage and Impact . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Key Achievements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Program Reorientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Support to World Bank Regions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Focus on Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 CHAPTER 2 | ACCELERATING THE TRANSITION TO CLEAN ENERGY AND LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . 15 FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Low Carbon Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Planning Tools . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Energy Systems and Climate Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Tapping the Potential of Geothermal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Expanding Roles for Solar and Hydropower . . . . . . . . . 22 Grids and Renewables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Renewable Energy Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 CHAPTER 3 | CREATING PATHWAYS TO SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR ALL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Joining a Global Campaign . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 AFREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Expanding South-South Knowledge Exchange in Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Focusing on Cookstoves and Household Fuels . . . . . . . 35 Reaching the Urban Poor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 i  CHAPTER 4 | FOSTERING SUSTAINABLE, ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Identifying High-Yield Actions for Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 A Focus on Energy Efficiency in the Water and Transport Sectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Harnessing the Potential of Procurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Emerging Opportunities around the World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 CHAPTER 5 | DEVELOPING EFFECTIVE ENERGY SECTOR POLICIES, PRACTICES, AND INSTITUTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND ACHIEVEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 META | Assessment of Electricity Supply Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Policy Dialogue and Power Sector Support in South Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Power Integration in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Helping Mitigate the Risks from High and Volatile Oil Prices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 CHAPTER 6 | FINANCIAL REVIEW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 ANNEX I | PROCEEDINGS OF CG MEETING, 2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ANNEX II | ESMAP PROGRAM OUTPUTS, FY2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 ANNEX III | WORLD BANK GROUP LENDING OPERATIONS INFLUENCED BY ESMAP ACTIVITIES FY2009–12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 ANNEX IV | NEW, ONGOING AND COMPLETED ACTIVITIES, FISCAL YEAR 2012 . . . . . . . . 87 ANNEX V | PUBLICATIONS, FY2012 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 ACRONYMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98 ii  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Complex CHAPTER 1 Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities C ountries across the world face increasingly complex choices as they map out their energy future. Lack of access to modern energy services continues to hinder opportunities for poverty reduction and shared prosperity for 2.8 billion people relying on the traditional use of biomass for cooking and 1.15 billion people without electricity. Fossil fuel subsidies are putting strains on government budgets and undermining a level playing field for renewable energy options. Utilities struggle with poor governance and a lack of cost-reflective tariffs. Poor reliability and quality of energy supply hampers economic growth and competitive- ness for many developing countries. At the same time, rising greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions have put the world on track to exceed the 2˚C increase in global temperatures seen as the upper limit to ward off dangerous impacts of climate change. Policymakers are faced with the fact that, while the cost of renewable energy has come down, it is still not cost compet- itive in many situations, and integrating renewables into existing grids is a challenge due to their variability and loca- tion. Smart grids and efficiency options hold out the possi- bility of managing energy consumption, but demand 1  continues to grow steadily. Rural electrification helped establish enabling conditions for elec- and access to clean cooking and lighting solu- tricity markets and well-functioning transmis- tions remain an imperative for many govern- sion systems in a number of client countries, ments, but large and growing urban and and to have informed regional energy trade and peri-urban populations face limited access to integration efforts in Africa, the Middle East, energy services as well. Central Asia, and South Asia. As it has for almost 30 years, the Energy Sector In Africa, ESMAP’s Africa Renewable Energy Management Assistance Program (ESMAP) is and Access Program (AFREA) has carried out actively helping low- and middle-income coun- pilot activities on gender, household energy, tries meet such challenges and take advantage renewable energy, and energy access that have of new opportunities. As a knowledge and tech- directly facilitated the scale-up of World Bank nical assistance program within the World operations and client country initiatives. For Bank, ESMAP supports a wide range of analyt- example, in Rwanda, ESMAP helped develop ical and advisory activities that in turn inform national energy access plans that were then and influence the overall energy portfolio and implemented through a US$ 70 million loan from country sector dialogue of the World Bank the World Bank and a US$ 228 million commit- Group (WBG). ment from other donors. The World Bank- financed project, still under implementation, has more than doubled household connections and Leverage and Impact is on track to reach a target of 350,000 connec- tions by 2014. In Mali, an ESMAP grant enabled Over the past four fiscal years alone (FY2009– the World Bank-financed Household Energy and 12), ESMAP has contributed to the identifica- Universal Access project to expand access to tion and design of approved WBG lending of electricity to 30,000 households and 500 schools, US$ 14 billion. These lending operations in turn health clinics, and government buildings, as leveraged a further US$ 13.2 billion in funding well as to distribute 550,000 improved from public, private, and other international cookstoves. sources. Furthermore, ESMAP activities have helped to facilitate the shift to environmentally sustainable energy sector development in client Key Achievements countries. ESMAP’s most recent portfolio review1 finds evidence that the recent increase One of the most important international devel- in the World Bank’s low carbon lending, opments in FY2012 was the launch of the including a tripling of the lending for renew- Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative able energy and doubling of the lending for by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon. ESMAP energy efficiency, was underpinned by ESMAP’s analytical and advisory activities. The same 1  For the latest ESMAP Portfolio Review, go to http:// portfolio review also found that ESMAP had www.esmap.org/node/1357. 2  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program provided key early analytical support for SE4All the world to quickly assess energy effi‑ in FY2012, conducting assessments and gap anal- ciency options and decide on areas for yses of energy access in selected countries and improvement helping to shape the country action agenda for • Continued support to Lighting Africa, the initiative (see Box 1.1 and Chapter 3). which has expanded to reach 4 million people in Sub-Saharan Africa with improved, Among ESMAP’s other main achievements in clean, quality-certified off-grid lighting FY2012 were: systems • Launch of the Model for Electricity • Completion of the Low Carbon Growth Technology Assessment (META), which Country Studies series, which have will allow national policymakers and utility supported seven of the world’s largest planners to compare costs over a compre- emerging economies as they develop strat- hensive range of power generation project- egies to reduce GHG emissions while still level options, including renewables, while meeting national growth objectives. This ta k i ng i nto accou nt env i ron menta l series has now informed US$ 3 billion in externalities World Bank lending and six national poli- • Development of a comprehensive series of cies and strategies training events for WBG staff and partners • Global deployment of the Tool for Rapid on renewable energ y tech nolog ies, Assessment of City Energy (TRACE), which financing, and policies, designed to help has now been used by 12 cities around World Bank teams and their clients apply Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 3  Consultative Group Technical Advisory Group ESMAP is governed by a Consultative A Technical Advisory Group (TAG) of inter- Group (CG) made up of representatives national experts appointed by the CG from contributing donors and chaired by provides informed, independent opinions to the Direc tor of the Wor ld Bank ’s the CG about the purpose, strategic direc- Sustainable Energy Department, on behalf tion, and priorities of ESMAP. The TAG also of the Vice President of the World Bank’s provides expert advice and suggestions to Sustainable Development Network. The CG the CG on current and emerging global meets annually to review the strategic issues in the energy sector likely to impact directions of ESMAP, its achievements, and ESMAP’s client countries. it s use of resources and funding requirements. In FY2012, the members of the TAG were: ESMAP’s donors in FY2012 were: Wolfgang Mostert Winfried Rijssenbeek Australia Judi Wakhungu Austria Denmark Finland France Germany • Publication of the Primer on Energy Iceland Efficiency for Municipal Water and Lithuania Wastewater Utilities, which lays out effi- Norway ciency measures that could lead to energy Sweden savings of 5 to 25 percent at utilities in The Netherlands developing countries. This study has since United Kingdom been used to advise the national water The World Bank Group utility for Uruguay on sustainability measures • Launch of a two-year work program to explore ways to apply results-based the latest knowledge about renewable approaches to energy sector development energy to policy development and invest- (see Box 1.2) ment support • Launch of the SIDS DOCK partnership with • A global dialogue on energy access for the UNDP and the Alliance of Small Island urban poor among national and municipal States to support small island developing policymakers, representatives of utilities, states to increase resilience in their energy and technical experts, resulting in sharing sectors and transition to more sustainable of experiences and lessons on how energy sources of supply (see Box 1.3) services can be improved for low-income • Approval by the World Bank’s Board of urban communities Directors of nine lending operations 4  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program About ESMAP the strategic directions of the energy sector. ESMAP’s current portfolio should be a ESMAP is a global technical assistance leading indicator of the World Bank’s future program administered by the World Bank energy portfolio. and situated in the World Bank’s Sustainable • Maintain relevance to regional operations | Energy Department in Washington, D.C. ESMAP’s program includes both regional The strength of ESMAP as a global program and country-focused activities implemented has been its strong links to country clients by the regional units of the World Bank, and through the World Bank’s regional opera- global initiatives managed by the ESMAP tions units. Operational leveraging has been core program unit. The ESMAP core unit of accomplished primarily through the system about 25 staff is responsible for the day-to- of Annual Block Grants (ABGs) to the day management of the program, following regions, which has been effective due to its the strategy laid out in ESMAP’s business responsiveness to demand, flexibility, and plan as approved by the Consultative Group. The unit comprises teams working on clean streamlined decision-making. energy, energy access, energy efficient • Working across teams | ESMAP’s teams cities, energy assessments and strategy, will be cross-cutting and able to respond to communications, and monitoring and emerging challenges, drawing on the exper- evaluation. tise of staff working across different programs and initiatives. • Scaling-up to respond to increased client demand | WBG energy lending, particularly informed by ESMAP analytical and advi- financing for renewable energy and low sory activities, totaling US$ 1.3 billion carbon development, has increased substan- tially over the past five years. This has been accompanied by increasing demand from Program Reorientation clients for more analytical work and tech- nical assistance to help define policy options In response to growing demand from client coun- and program priorities, as well as to iden- tries and from the regional units of the World tify and adapt good practices. Bank, ESMAP continued the reorientation it • Measure results and demonstrate impacts | began in FY2011 to find innovative solutions to ESMAP will invest resources and manage- help clients meet their emerging energy chal- ment attention to measuring the perfor- lenges. This reorientation is based on five core mance of its programs. Accountability for principles, first articulated in the planning for outputs and outcomes will be critical FY2012, which will guide its work in FY2013 and elements in the program’s monitoring and beyond: evaluation processes. This means more consistent reporting on baseline and target • Help shape the future | ESMAP’s focus will values, more robust indicators, and more be on research and analysis that influences results-oriented programming. Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 5  box 1.1 Sustainable Energy for All Lack of access to electricity and modern energy services has a tremendous negative impact on human health and development for a large share of the global population. Continued emissions of GHGs at current or rising levels threatens to raise global temperature above 2˚C, posing the danger of extreme heat-waves, declining global food stocks, loss of ecosystems and biodiver- sity, and life-threatening sea level rise. The global Sustainable Energy for All initiative (SE4All) addresses these two interlocked energy challenges, calling on governments, businesses, and civil society to achieve three goals by 2030: • Universal access to electricity and clean cooking fuels • Doubling the share of the world’s energy supplied by renewable sources from 15 percent to 30 percent • Doubling the rate of improvement in energy efficiency SE4All was initiated in September 2011 by UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon, and 2012 was declared by the United Nations as the global Year of Sustainable Energy for All. The World Bank voiced its support for the initiative in late 2011, and in June 2012, announced specific commit- ments to help meet the SE4All goals. ESMAP was at the heart of many of those commitments, which were announced at the UN’s Rio+20 Summit. Specifically, the World Bank pledged to: • double the leverage of its energy lending, with an emphasis on low carbon energy; • provide technical assistance, policy guidance, and financing to help up to five selected coun- tries establish energy access plans; • expand access programs, such as Lighting Africa, to provide affordable lighting to 70 million low-income households by 2020; • advance the clean cooking agenda by supporting clean cookstoves and household fuels programs in Africa, South and East Asia, and Central America; • support development of geothermal power in developing countries; • support cities in improving energy efficiency; • expand the Global Gas Flaring Reduction partnership, to capture and productively use previ- ously flared gas; • help countries undertake mapping of renewable energy resources; and • support small island developing states’ investments in clean energy. ESMAP provided key early support for SE4All in FY2012, conducting rapid assessments and gap analyses of energy access in selected countries and helping to draft the terms of reference for the SE4All task force working on energy access (see chapter 3). In September 2012, World Bank President Jim Yong Kim announced he would join UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon as co-chair of the multi-stakeholder advisory board that provides stra- tegic guidance to SE4All. 6  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 1.2 Results-Based Approaches for Energy Sector Development Results-based approaches are now widely used in development programs and accepted by donor and client countries, but their deployment in the energy sector has been limited compared to other sectors. ESMAP launched a work program in FY2012 to assess how results-based approaches can be used to improve outcomes and scale up financing for energy sector development. This program has three components: (i) analytical work on the definitions and possible applica- tion of results-based approaches, (ii) knowledge management to disseminate guidance on designing results-based projects, and (iii) operational support to help develop a pipeline of proj- ects to test out new concepts and ideas. A particular focus will be increasing access to modern energy services as a result of opportunities available through the Climate Investment Funds (CIFs) and the Energy+ Partnership. ESMAP launched this work in May 2012 with a session at its annual Knowledge Exchange Forum to share lessons from the use of results-based approaches in other sectors, such as water and sanitation, health, transport, and information and communication technology (ICT). energy. The program merged ESMAP’s renew- Fighting energy poverty has risen to the top of able energy and climate change activities under the global development agenda, and ESMAP has a single umbrella. In FY2012, this program initi- substantially increased its work in energy ated new work to support expanded deployment access in recent years. A particular focus has of geothermal energy in developing countries; been household energy, where ESMAP is continued ESMAP’s support to the scale up of supporting a number of regional initiatives, concentrated solar power (CSP); launched including Africa Clean Cooking Energy analytical work on the integration of renewable Solutions (ACCES), and the Central America sources of power into existing grids; developed Improved Cookstoves Framework Study. ESMAP new tools on management of climate risk for has joined with the Global Alliance for Clean energy systems; began a series of trainings on Cookstoves (GACC) to support ACCES and to renewable energy targeted at WBG staff; and conduct a global study to identify barriers completed the Low Carbon Growth Country currently preventing clean cookstoves and fuels Study series. Going forward, ESMAP’s work on from being adopted at scale. ESMAP’s Energy geothermal is expected to increase in size and Access program is a key component of, and is scope. Other new initiatives include ‘meso-scale’ providing important inputs in support of, the mapping of renewable energy resources in coun- World Bank commitments to the SE4All initia- tries with high potential. For more details, see tive. In particular, ESMAP will launch a tech- chapter 2. nical assistance program to support selected Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 7  box 1.3 Supporting Resilient, Sustainable Energy for Small Island Developing States Small Island Developing States (SIDS) are often highly dependent on imported fossil fuels to meet their energy needs. As a result many SIDS experience high costs for electricity, supply interruptions, and fiscal impacts during oil-price increases. Despite their renewable energy resource potential—solar, wind, ocean, geothermal, and biomass energy are often abundant— many SIDS are limited by the existing structure of their energy sectors and inadequate institu- tional and private sector capacity for the development of such resources. To help meet this challenge, ESMAP joined with the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the Alliance of Small Island States (AOSIS), and the Government of Denmark, to estab- lish the SIDS DOCK Support Program. The Government of Japan has also pledged funding. SIDS DOCK is designed to help achieve the transformation of the energy sectors in these coun- tries by: • Creating an enabling regulatory and institutional environment to remove barriers on the implementation of renewable energy and energy efficiency policy reforms based on interna- tional best practices • Implementation of renewable and energy efficiency projects that demonstrate the potential for scale-up through climate finance and other sources of funding Since the launch of SIDS DOCK in September 2011, ESMAP has approved funding for a number of initiatives in the Africa, Caribbean, and Pacific regions, including a study of the feasibility of interconnecting electricity grids in the Caribbean, preparation of grid codes for Mauritius and the Seychelles, assessing energy efficiency options in São Tomé and Príncipe, and geothermal power development in Vanuatu and Dominica. In addition, a package of technical assistance requested by SIDS DOCK member countries is being developed, including analytical work to explore options for financing mechanisms and the establishment of a virtual knowledge exchange network. ESMAP has also partnered with the Ashden Awards to organize an innovation competition for renewable and efficiency projects in SIDS that can be replicated or expanded. As part of this reorientation, ESMAP has ESMAP’s clean energy program was formed in expanded activities under its four reconfigured FY2011 to consolidate ESMAP’s support in program areas: clean energy, energy access, promoting and informing new policies, institu- energy efficient cities, and energy assessments tions, regulations, and investments that enable and strategies. the transition to more sustainable forms of 8  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 9  countries to develop investment prospectuses, efficiency, such as a review of efficiency options as part of their national energy access plans and for municipal water utilities and a study of programs. ESMAP’s Energy Access program also public procurement of energy efficient products. encompasses the Africa Renewable Energy and A series of sector-level guidance notes on city Access program (AFREA), which marked energy efficiency is planned for FY2013–14. substantial achievements in FY2012 towards ESMAP has also supported a series of trainings expansion of improved off-grid lighting, cleaner around the world on urban transport planning cooking solutions, and integration of gender that integrates new developments in energy effi- considerations into clients’ energy programs, in ciency, environmental planning, and climate Sub-Saharan Africa. For full details of ESMAP’s change. For full details, see chapter 4. energy access work in FY2012 and plans for FY2013 and beyond, see chapter 3. The Energy Assessments and Strategies Program continues to play an important role in The Energy Efficient Cities Initiative (EECI) ESMAP’s engagement with country clients, was established in FY2009 to promote sustain- supporting analytical and advisory work on able growth in cities by helping city planners energy sector planning, policies, and institu- and administrators make better-informed deci- tions. Substantial work was done in FY2012 on sions about their energy efficiency choices. The energy price volatility in Latin America, energy initiative has expanded the use of the flagship policy frameworks in South Asia, and regional TRACE decision-support tool from an initial pilot energy integration in the Middle East and North in Quezon City in the Philippines in FY2010 to Africa. Moving into FY2013 and beyond, the 12 cities across the world by FY2012, with plans program will complement country-level assess- to scale up deployment in FY2013 and beyond. ments with global analytical and advisory activ- ESMAP continues to produce a wide range of it ies, including work on pr ivate sector globally applicable analytical work on energy participation in power grids, social impacts of 10  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program energy policy reform, and electricity planning CDKN funding toward three technical assistance at times of risk, as well as on country-level projects in two regions (two in Africa and one in deployment of the META tool. For further details, Central Asia), for a total of US$ 1.82 million. see chapter 5. Lessons Learned Support to World Bank Regions ESMAP continues to incorporate lessons learned and act on recommendations from stakeholders As in previous years, a significant proportion of to better target its initiatives and strengthen its ESMAP funding was allocated to the World operations. ESMAP underwent a comprehensive, Bank’s regional operations units through the independent external evaluation in FY2012 ABG process. In FY2012, a minimum of designed to assess its effectiveness as a global US$ 500,000 was allocated to each region, plus technical assistance program and to recommend a variable allocation determined by the region’s how to better achieve the program’s objectives. energy lending volume and other performance That evaluation found that ESMAP’s program criteria (see chapter 6 for exact allocations), was “consistent with current global / regional which was further supplemented by US$ 6 million challenges and concerns in the energy sector… for Africa through the AFREA program. New [as well as] with the needs and priorities of its activities funded through the ABG process client countries,� but also recommended that include a low carbon power sector strategy for ESMAP maintain clear, targeted areas of focus Tunisia, energy planning technical assistance in to continue to meet those priorities and chal- Peru, and support to reform of electricity coop- lenges. Building on that evaluation, and the eratives in the Philippines. In all, 26 new activ- change process started in FY2011, ESMAP is ities were approved in FY2012 through the ABG taking a number of steps to better adapt its process (see annex 4). programs to current needs. These include: ESMAP successfully mobilized cofunding for • A periodic assessment of long-range trends ABG activities through partnerships with the affecting future energy sector development, Global Partnership for Output-Based Aid such as the energy-food-water-climate (GPOBA), the Public-Private Infrastructure change nexus Advisory Facility (PPIAF), and the Climate and • A new logframe for the upcoming strategic Development Knowledge Network (CDKN). In business plan that links activities to higher F Y2012, GPOBA a nd PPI A F approve d level development outcomes US$ 900,000 to cofinance ESMAP activities to • Starting in FY2013, all new activities to be promote energy access in Africa, thereby screened for gender considerations increasing the overall resource envelope for the • ESMAP’s gender work to expand beyond region by 50 percent. ESMAP has also brokered energy access and be integrated into all a partnership with CDKN that has helped leverage program areas Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 11  • All new funding proposals to require iden- As ESMAP’s portfolio grows in response to tification, description, and rating of all asso- greater demand from stakeholders, it also has ciated risks, and possible steps to take to faced considerably greater needs for communi‑ mitigate those risks cation and dissemination support. In FY2012, ESMAP hired a Communications Officer, devel- oped a new communications strategy, and put Focus on Results in place an integrated communications, publi- cations and web team. This team has already As it continues its reorientation in line with the updated and improved ESMAP’s website, principles put forth in FY2011, ESMAP has also E-Bulletin, brochures, and other collateral; estab- substantially strengthened its monitoring, eval- lished a new series of technical reports; stream- uation, communications, and dissemination lined processes for production of reports and capacities in the past two years. other knowledge products; and substantially expanded the format of ESMAP’s Knowledge ESMAP has brought its systems in line with Exchange Forum held in May 2012. the World Bank’s results framework for tech- nical assistance, establishing new online A key priority for the Communications Team in project templates with clearly defined objec- FY2013–14 is improving and expanding the tives and expected results, and simplified dissemination of ESMAP knowledge products so reporting. At the same time, ESMAP has that they reach and are used by those audiences enhanced its procedures to ensure consistent and stakeholders who are best positioned to reviews of global own-managed and regional transform this knowledge into new policies, activities from identification until completion programs, and lending operations. To this end, and dissemination. An Operational Manual for the team is working closely with ESMAP tech- ESMAP was published for the first time in nical staff and World Bank regional units to iden- FY2012, which includes quality assurance tify, highlight, and distribute knowledge guidelines for both regional and global own- products that would benefit from cross-regional managed activities, as well as guidelines for and global dissemination. recipient-executed activities financed by ESMAP. Other areas of focus are expansion of ESMAP knowledge sharing and South-South knowledge ESMAP has also developed a web-based system exchange events, and use of a wide range of new for comprehensive monitoring and evaluation dissemination channels, including peer-reviewed (M&E) of activities. This M&E Portal, online journals and World Bank social media since the beginning of 2012, tracks observable channels. outcomes of activities as well as outputs, moni- tors activities throughout the project cycle, and While there have been significant achievements synchronizes financial data with World Bank in the past two years, ESMAP’s reorientation to systems. better serve its clients through support to the 12  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program World Bank’s regional units and to improve its improve value for money, as it continues to fulfill emphasis on high-impact opportunities is a work its unique function within the World Bank at in progress. ESMAP will continue to adapt its the nexus of energy, climate change, and programs and grants to meet emerging chal- development. lenges and new opportunities, and seek to Complex Challenges, Dynamic Opportunities 13  Accelerating CHAPTER 2 the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development G lobal investment in clean energy continues to grow, and developing countries are leading the way as they put low carbon energy at center stage in t heir effor ts to suppor t economic growth and poverty reduction. Clean energy sources are attractive for many reasons, including supply diversification, increased energy security, fostering new industries and skill diversification, reducing air and water pollution, and contributing to global efforts to reduce GHG emissions. This increased demand for clean energy in developing coun- tries has led to a surge in WBG lending to renewable energy projects, growing from US$ 840 million in FY2007 to US$ 3.6 billion in FY2012, and now representing 44 percent of all energy lending. Over the six-year period since FY2007, the WBG has provided a total of US$ 12.5 billion for renew- able energy projects and programs, representing just over 15  one quarter of all energy lending for the period. With this growth has come a corresponding Achievements in FY2012 under 2 increase in demand for the analytical work and technical assistance that ESMAP provides to the Clean Energy Program support policy development and investment prep- • Completion of the Low Carbon Growth aration in client countries. Country Studies series, which have supported seven of the world’s largest emerging economies as they develop FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND strategies to reduce GHG emissions while still meeting national growth ACHIEVEMENTS objectives. This series has now informed US$ 3 billion in World Bank Low Carbon Development lending and six national policies and FY2012 marked the conclusion of the first phase strategies. of ESMAP’s Low Carbon Growth Country • Launch of the SIDS DOCK partnership Studies program, which began in FY2008. to support small island developing These efforts were focused on helping larger states to increase resilience in their energy sectors and transition to more economies identify long-term strategies for sustainable sources of supply. reducing GHG emissions while meeting • Development of a comprehensive series economic growth objectives, tied to existing of training events for World Bank staff national and sectoral development plans. Low and partners on renewable energy tech- carbon growth studies were conducted with nologies, financing and policies, seven of the world’s largest emerging econo- designed to help them apply the latest mies: Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, knowledge about renewable energy to Poland, and South Africa. field operations and better ser ve country clients. • Launch of the MACTool, which gener- There is no one-size-fits-all model for low carbon ates marginal abatement cost curves development, and given the wide divergence in that allow policymakers and experts to the countries studied, the results and outcomes quickly compare the costs of a wide of the studies differed markedly. The Mexico range of mitigation interventions and study used a cost effectiveness analysis to assess draws on a solid fact base to present 40 near-term priority mitigation measures that, complex options in a concise and visu- ally compelling manner. taken together, could result in Mexico’s GHG • Substantially increased support for emissions in 2030 remaining roughly what they work on geothermal, including a part- were in 2009, but with significant gross domestic nership with the Government of Iceland, product (GDP) and per capita income growth. and a survey of resource potential in The largest savings identified were in agricul- Central America. ture and forestry. The study in India looked at five sectors that together represented 75 percent of GHG emissions from energy use in 2007, 16  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program including transport, buildings, and power gener- The Low Carbon Growth Country Studies series at ion. A ll scena r ios showed em issions has provided the analytical foundation for increasing, but against a backdrop of a relatively US$ 3 billion in World Bank financing for low low carbon footprint. Recommendations carbon development, and informed a number included energy efficiency measures for industry, of country-level policies and strategies. transport, and household consumption, along ESMAP’s South Africa studies—on best prac- with technical loss reduction measures in power tices for power rationing and the design of a transmission and distribution and enhance- Standard Offer Program to encourage demand- ments to national grids. side energy management—informed the Government of South Africa’s development of Across the board, the studies demonstrated that energy efficiency goals in its long-term mitiga- large-scale GHG emission reductions are possible tion strategy. The Government of Indonesia has even while maintaining economic growth used the results of that country’s study to prior- targets and that many interventions can pay for itize climate financing opportunities, and has themselves. One of the most important findings successfully sought financing assistance of the studies was that the process of low carbon through the CTF and the Forest Carbon planning can be as important as the recommen- Partnership Facility. dations themselves. A successful approach requires a large degree of coordination across As the first series of studies were being sectors, multi-disciplinary teams, and most completed, ESMAP initiated support for a wide impor tantly, building consensus among range of targeted low carbon planning work at stakeholders. the country level. In Vietnam, ESMAP is Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 17  working with teams from multiple ministries economic calculations on large volumes of data to help build consensus around realistic low and present the results in a visually compelling carbon development measures, as part of tech- fashion that is easily understandable by non- nical assistance to the government’s Support specialists. In addition to calculating marginal Program in Response to Climate Change, along abatement costs, MACTool also calculates tech- with other donors (see Box 2.1). In Nigeria, nology-specific break-even carbon prices—a ESMAP is supporting analytical work by the measurement of the level of incentives needed World Bank to help the government organize to make an option attractive to investors. and prioritize efforts towards low carbon devel- MACTool is being used extensively by planners opment in the electricity power sector. In in the Brazilian government as part of efforts Morocco, work is ongoing to help build capacity to assess the feasibility of low carbon options for new models of power system planning and and possible design for a domestic carbon renewable energy integration that would reduce market. GHG emissions. With MACTool, the Model for Electricity Planning Tools Technology Assessment (META), EFFECT, and ESMAP continues to develop its low carbon the TRACE tool for city energy efficiency plan- planning tools to support deployment by World ning, ESMAP now has a full set of tools to Bank project teams and client countries. A support planners at the national, provincial, and December 2011 workshop in New Delhi for municipal levels to develop low carbon develop- Indian government planners and academics ment strategies and to make informed choices reviewed how to expand implementation of in a time of increasing complexity. These tools ESMAP’s Energy Forecasting Framework and will be further refined in FY2013 and beyond. Emissions Consensus Tool (EFFECT). EFFECT has already been used successfully in India to Energy Systems and Climate Risk assess opportunities for low carbon growth by ESMAP is also continuing its work on climate risk examining CO2 emissions in the power genera- and adaptation for energy systems, building on tion, transportation, buildings, and industrial the Climate Impacts on Energy Systems flagship sectors. report published in FY2011. A rapid assessment toolkit was developed in FY2012 to help countries In January 2012, ESMAP officially launched the conduct quick assessments of the state of Marginal Abatement Cost Tool (MACTool), preparedness of their energy infrastructure. Along which generates marginal abatement cost with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial curves, recognized as one of the most powerful Research Organisation (CSIRO), ESMAP helped and concise ways to compare the cost-effective- sponsor the International Conference on ness of different GHG emission mitigation Meteorology and Energy in Australia in November options. The tool, developed jointly by ESMAP 2011, which highlighted increasing international and the World Bank’s Latin America and the attention on the linkages between weather and Caribbean region, is able to run complex climate-dependent energy systems. 18  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 2.1 Building Consensus for a Green Growth Pathway in Vietnam Vietnam has been one of the world’s fastest-growing economies over the past three decades. Along with that growth has come the expansion of energy-intensive sectors, such as manu- facturing, transport, and power generation. Although per capita CO2 emissions are still low, Vietnam has the 20th highest carbon intensity in the world. Vietnam is also highly exposed to the effects of climate change, especially to floods, storms, and sea-level rises. Climate-related natural disasters result in economic losses equivalent to 1.5 percent of GDP, and these losses are expected to increase. At the same time, the recent low growth of total factor productivity has raised questions about the quality and sustain- ability of the country’s rapid economic growth. Taken together, these factors have made finding a more sustainable pathway to development a top priority in Vietnam. The govern- ment is finalizing a National Green Growth Strategy that highlights the need for emission reduction targets, industrial and consumer energy efficiency, and ecosystem restoration. The World Bank is expanding its longstanding support to Vietnam to help meet these emerging low carbon development objectives. In support of this effort, ESMAP, with special support from the United Kingdom Department for International Development (DFID), has been providing technical assistance to help the government review its green growth options. A scoping study completed in March 2011 looks at the low carbon development potential in key sectors, such as transport, agriculture, and power. It includes a macroeconomic assess- ment that gauges the impact of possible mitigation efforts on Vietnam’s economic and social development. ESMAP is supporting the government’s preparation of a low carbon reference scenario, a sequence of policies and measures to be implemented over the coming two decades that would impact the course of development in Vietnam. As part of this effort, ESMAP is working with teams from the Central Institute for Economic Management, the Institute of Energy, and the Transport Development and Strategy Institute, to model options using the Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool (EFFECT). At the conference, ESMAP presented a paper on developing countries from “early adapters.� These climate risk management approaches for the elec- lessons include close collaboration between the tricity sector that summarizes lessons for electricity sector and meteorological institutions Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 19  box 2.2 Highlights of New ESMAP-Supported Clean Energy Activities by the 2 World Bank’s Regional Units Wind Power Market Study for Lebanon This technical assistance activity aims to help Lebanese government institutions develop a better understanding of the policy issues it will need to address to develop a larger wind power market in Lebanon. The study will focus on a small pilot wind power project, to be developed with public resources, in order to develop an understanding of wind power devel- opment within the country. With an increased understanding of the issues involved in wind power development, the government will be able to fully consider how to develop the wind power market in Lebanon in conjunction with the private sector and other stakeholders. Technical Assistance to Develop Tools for Economic Assessment in the Middle East and North Africa This activity supports the CSP scale-up initiative in the Middle East and North Africa region by developing decision-making tools for economic assessment of renewable energy projects in the region. In particular, the activity will contribute to improved planning tools for power systems (both generation and transmission), and an assessment of the derived economic benefits of renewable energy scale up. Tunisia | Low Carbon Power Sector Strategy The Government of Tunisia has expressed interest in revisiting its energy mix strategy to adjust it in order to set the country on a low carbon path, without endangering economic growth and while contributing to job creation. This activity will assist the government in developing an energy strategy that will contribute to the key objectives of energy security, environmental sustainability, economic growth, and job creation. In particular, emphasis will be placed on the implications of the energy strategy on employment and on positioning the energy sector as an engine of sustainable, equitable, and competitive growth. Cumulative Environment Impact of Hydroelectric Power Plants in Turkey The objective of this technical assistance is to enhance the capacity of relevant agencies of the Government of Turkey to complete the preparation of the National Basin Management Strategy and to strengthen the government’s regulatory framework and implementation capacity for addressing cumulative environmental impacts of hydropower development. Activities will include supporting the work of the National Steering Committee in finalizing the strategy through workshops and broad consultations, helping to develop implementa- tion guidelines on cumulative environmental impact assessments, and strengthening the dialogue on natural resource and water management policy. 20  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program to gather and tailor relevant data; supporting the knowledge about resource endowments, development of operational-level information on geothermal energy could have a much larger risks and adaptation strategies; building a strong role in Central America, the Caribbean, East economic case for adaptation; and encouraging Africa, and Southeast Asia. flexible adaptation approaches in countries where data is limited and resources are constrained. In recognition of this opportunity, ESMAP substantially stepped up its support to Tapping the Potential of Geothermal geothermal development in FY2012 through Geothermal energy has significant potential to analytical and technical assistance activities. deliver a ‘triple win’ for many developing In Indonesia, ESMAP supported a lesson- countries—clean, reliable, locally produced learned study of the World Bank’s multi-year baseload power. But as of 2011, only 0.3 percent collaboration with national geothermal devel- of the world’s total power generation came from oper PGE on two projects. These projects, as geothermal sources. It is estimated that around well as having the potential to power up to 1 40 countries worldwide have geothermal million new electricity connections, also hold endowments that could meet a sizeable propor- important lessons for other developing coun- tion of their electricity demand. With sufficient tries just starting to tap their geothermal i nvest ment i n d r i l l i n g a nd i mproved resources. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 21  ESMAP also published Drilling Down on installations in the world. CSP remains a priority Geothermal, an assessment for Central America in the Middle East and North Africa, with over 2 that showed the region has total geothermal potential of between 3,000 and 15,000 MW 1,000 MW in projects in development in Egypt, Tunisia, Jordan, Morocco, and Algeria. (current installed capacity is less than 500 MW). Moreover, geothermal power is also cost- ESMAP is continuing to support these efforts. A competitive in Central America when compared World Bank technical assistance program has to thermal and hydropower generation. been initiated, based on ESMAP’s study on the potential local economic benefits of CSP, that In January 2012, the World Bank and the aims to help governments in the region attract Government of Iceland joined in a “geothermal entrepreneurs to manufacture CSP and other compact� to jointly support development of geothermal power in East Africa’s Rift Valley, including in Ethiopia, Burundi, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania. This effort will assist countries in the region as they take on the exploratory phase of geothermal development, help build capacity and technical knowledge, and support development of the policy and legal frameworks required. ESMAP serves as the secretariat for this effort, acting as a liaison between the Government of Iceland and the World Bank’s country energy teams. ESMAPs work in this area will culminate in FY2013 with the publication of a global Geothermal Handbook that details global best practices in financing and planning power generation proj- renewable energy technologies locally. ESMAP ects, as well as the launch of a global geothermal sponsored a study tour for experts from Morocco, plan to mobilize financing for developing coun- India, Mexico, and South Africa to some of the tries as they embark on the early, risky stages of most technologically advanced CSP plants in the development (see FY2013 and Beyond, below). United States in May 2012. A workshop in Tunis in June 2012 brought together officials from Expanding Roles for Solar and Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia to help Hydropower chart a path to accelerate regional CSP FY2012 was a banner year for World Bank efforts development. on concentrated solar power (CSP), with the approval of the 500 MW Ouarzazate I project in There is growing international consensus on Morocco, slated as one of the largest CSP the role that hydropower can play in increasing 22  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program energy access for low-income countries with low In Turkey, ESMAP is supporting advisory work rates of access, and in boosting energy security to strengthen the government’s regulatory for emerging economies. ESMAP has continued framework and implementation capacity for to support World Bank efforts in hydropower addressing the cumulative environmental with analytical studies and advisory work, impacts of hydropower development. In West particularly through the Annual Block Grants Africa, ESMAP and the Economic Community (ABGs) to the World Bank’s regional units. of West African States’ (ECOWAS) Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy An ESMAP study on the potential of small hydro- Efficiency (ECREEE) helped organize a work- power in Peru, published in FY2011, has led to shop of ECOWAS states in Liberia in April 2012 a US$ 50 million World Bank rural electrifica- to strengthen those countries’ approach to small- scale hydropower development, which could substantially help to address the region’s ongoing energy crisis. Grids and Renewables With the scale up in renewable energy in devel- oping countries has come a realization that storage, transmission, and distribution systems must be upgraded to integrate and efficiently utilize the new sources of supply. To better understand these issues, ESMAP is working on a global review of adaptation of energy storage systems for renewables, and a report and case studies on the integration of renewables and natural gas into grids. These reports are expected to enhance the knowledge of energy ministries tion project and the establishment of pilot proj- and utilities about the technical, regulatory, and ects to increase electricity access to small- and cost aspects of renewable-natural gas hybridiza- medium-enterprises in rural areas. In India, an tion and energy storage. ongoing ESMAP assessment is looking at the participation of private sector companies in Smart grids—grids that use information and hydropower development, to help inform communication technology to gather and act on national strategies on the scale-up of hydro- information—which were once seen exclusively power. This study includes a review of current as the province of industrialized economies, are regulatory frameworks, an inventory of hydro- now generating increased interest from World power development in Himalayan states, and an Bank clients. The WBG’s substantial lending analysis of tariffs, project allotment models, and in transmission and distribution provides an financing approaches. opportunity for countries to adopt smart grid Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 23  systems and components. ESMAP is conducting delivered by World Bank and external experts, work on how smart grids can enhance the reli- and participants learn about recent development ability, cost-effectiveness, and sustainability of in renewable technologies, policies, and power systems. A Smart Grid Knowledge financing through thematic presentations and Exchange Portal is being developed to help World case studies. Bank project teams locate and share informa- tion on smart grids, including road maps, poli- The series was launched in March 2012 with a cies and regulations, specific applications, and module on wind power. Another module on experiences. solar photovoltaic (PV) power was held in April. In FY2013, modules will be held on geothermal Renewable Energy Training power, financing, grid integration, solar thermal With renewable energy representing 44 percent power, policy incentives, and bioenergy. of all WBG energy lending as of FY2012, there Between sessions, participants are able to access is a growing need for World Bank staff to have updated content and participate in online the latest knowledge and tools at their command. discussions through a virtual collaboration ESMAP, in collaboration with the Advisory platform. Services of the International Finance Corporation (IFC), launched a comprehensive training program on renewable energy for WBG staff in 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW FY2012. INITIATIVES The training series is designed to strengthen staff Developing countries are actively trying to scale knowledge so that they can better support clients up renewable energy deployments, but info‑ in renewable energy policy development and rmation about renewable resource potential is implementation. Each module is developed and often scarce or inconsistent. To address this, 24  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ESMAP is preparing a major new Renewable to geothermal energy scale-up. The GGDP will Energy Resource Mapping program to support identify and support about a dozen such country and regional level mapping for solar, wind, geothermal resource validation projects globally small hydropower, and biomass resources. Funding with a view to creating a robust pipeline for down- will be available for ground-based measurement stream investments in geothermal electricity campaigns, data analysis, geographic information production. To do so, the GGDP seeks to mobi- systems (GIS) mapping, strategic environmental lize around US$ 500 million in dedicated conces- assessment, and policy integration. sional funding from bilateral and multilateral donors, including international climate finance. ESMAP’s services under this initiative would include: The second objective would be the preparation of individual investment-ready projects which • Consolidation, validation, and calibration would be presented as part of a candidate invest- of existing country level renewable energy ment plan for international climate finance. Early data concepts are expected to be presented to donors • Best practice guidance on resource mapping and recipient countries by November 2012. requirements and standards, and data Ultimately, the goal of the plan is to achieve a handling and integrity issues significant addition of geothermal electricity • Analytical work to consider issues such as production capacity in low- and middle-income meteorolog ica l data, env i ron menta l countries. constraints, existing and planned infra- structure, and climate impacts Beyond these major initiatives, ESMAP will continue to help develop the capacity of World All resource mapping data, after being presented Bank staff, partners, and country clients in to the client country government, will be made renewable energy and low carbon development publicly available at zero cost. planning. The renewable energy training program will be continued in FY2013 with Building on its scaled-up work in support of sessions on financing, grid integration, solar geothermal energy in FY2012 and the Geothermal thermal power, policy incentives, and bioenergy. Handbook, which will be published in early A renewable energy toolkit is being developed FY2013, ESMAP is preparing a Global Geo‑ that addresses practical implementation needs thermal Development Plan (GGDP) in collabo- at each stage of the project development cycle ration with bilateral and other multilateral devel- with case studies, sample terms of reference, opment agencies and banks. and examples of financial and economic assessment models. As well as the Geothermal The GGDP aims to be transformational by creating Handbook, ESMAP’s Clean Energy program will global momentum in geothermal energy invest- continue to publish practical, action-oriented ments through a concerted focus on exploratory handbooks on other renewable technologies, test drilling, which is the largest financial obstacle including solar and wind power. Accelerating the Transition to Clean Energy and Low Carbon Development 25  CREATING CHAPTER 3 Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All E nding energy poverty has become a top global priority. There is wide recognition of the nega- tive impacts that a lack of access to modern energy services has on development: children unable to study at night; constrained operating hours and opportunities for small businesses, clinics and markets; health risks for people inhaling indoor smoke from tradi- tional fuels and cookstoves, to name just a few. Worldwide, 1.15 billion people still lack access to electricity and almost 2.8 billion continue to rely on traditional biomass for their cooking and heating needs. International efforts to change this picture were given a major boost with the declaration of the Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All) initiative by UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon in September 2011. The World Bank voiced its support for the initiative in late 2011, and in June 2012, made specific commitments in support of its goals (see Box 1.1). One of the three overarching goals of SE4All is to achieve universal access to energy, including electricity and modern cooking fuels (such as gas and electricity), by 2030. The World Bank has joined development agencies, donors, the United Nations, and a wide range of private sector companies and civil society organizations in their commitment to make this goal a reality. 27  FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND Achievements in FY2012 under ACHIEVEMENTS the Energy Access Program • Expansion of Lighting Africa to reach 4 Joining a Global Campaign million people in Sub-Saharan Africa With years of analytical and advisory work with improved, clean, quality-certified targeted at fighting energy poverty, ESMAP is off-grid lighting systems. playing a key role in the World Bank’s support • Expanded knowledge-sharing events to SE4All, and has contributed a number of for practitioners and policymakers in important early inputs that have helped to shape Sub-Saharan Africa, including support to the African energy ministers confer- the initiative itself. ence prior to COP-17 in Durban, and the second regional forum of the Africa One of these inputs was the initial framework Electrification Initiative. report for SE4All’s Task Force 1, charged with • Concrete results from pilots in eight shaping efforts towards the goal of universal African countries under the Biomass energy access. That report declared that Energy Initiative for Africa, which is “universal energy access can be realized by testing options such as improved cook 2030 with strong engagement from all actors, stoves, modernized charcoal, biofuels, and bio-electricity for their potential including governments and public sector orga- inclusion into World Bank lending nizations, private sector organizations, civil operations. society, community based organizations and • A global dialogue on energy access for energy users.� The report goes on to note the the urban poor among national and need for coordinated action along three parallel municipal policymakers, representa- “tracks�—national action by governments, tives of utilities, and technical experts, expansion of access by private sector actors, resulting in dissemination of case and innovative bottom-up approaches led by studies where energy services had been improved for low-income ur ban civil society. communities. • Launch of the Lighting Rural Tanzania The framework SE4All report calls for support project, reaching 100,000 people in packages for countries to help them achieve remote areas of the countr y with universal energy access, depending on their improved access to lighting and energy specific potential, needs, and opportunities. The services. report also calls for improved monitoring and evaluation of progress towards the goal of universal access, particularly at the country level. This framework document has informed ‘opted in’ to participate in the initiative (see 2013 ESMAP’s current work in support of SE4All, and Beyond, below). including contributions to the global Tracking Framework for the SE4All goals, and a program ESMAP also produced five country-level rapid of technical assistance for client countries that assessment and gap analysis reports for SE4All 28  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program in FY2012—Bangladesh, Honduras, Indonesia, AFREA Laos, and Zambia. These reports cover all three Given its vast energy access needs, Sub-Saharan SE4All goals (universal access, doubling of Africa is a major focus for ESMAP, and substan- renewable energy, doubling of the rate of tial work in this area is carried out through the improvement in energy efficiency), and are Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program intended to be a quick summary of the country’s (AFREA). Now in its fourth year, AFREA has energy situation within the context of its national achieved a number of accomplishments as it has economic and social development. The reports piloted new approaches to expanding access to focus on the status of the countries in terms of sustainable energy. Paramount among these the three goals, with a view to identifying the approaches are innovations to expand electricity main opportunities and challenges—including access, off-grid lighting, and clean cooking solu- policies and investments required—to meeting tions. AFREA’s contributions have been recog- the goals. These assessments will serve as a nized as part of the events marking 2012 as the background for future action plans that guide International Year of Sustainable Energy for All. SE4All activities in these countries. Lighting Africa, a joint initiative of the World ESMAP also coordinated the development of Bank and the International Finance Corporation SE4All fact sheets for 15 countries, and partici- (IFC), helps speed up the adoption of clean off- pated in high-level SE4All missions to Ghana, grid lighting technologies by households and Kenya, Tajikistan, and Uganda. businesses in Sub-Saharan Africa. The original CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 29  goal was to provide cleaner, more affordable sales of modern lighting products, most of them lighting to 2.5 million people by 2012, and 250 solar-powered, grew by 115 percent over the million people by 2030. Already, figures show previous year. that over 4 million people without electricity access in Africa have in the last three years Lighting Africa has signed up 14 manufacturers acquired modern, pollution-free lighting prod- and distributors of off-grid lighting products to ucts for their homes and businesses through this participate in this rapidly growing market. These program. companies manufacture and distribute 40 prod- ucts that have passed Lighting Africa’s Minimum In the past two years, ESMAP support through Quality Standards, and are available on the AFREA has allowed Lighting Africa’s World African market. Lighting Africa was among the Bank-executed activities to expand beyond the initiatives recognized and applauded at the pilot countries of Kenya and Ghana, to include Rio+20 Summit in June 2012 for its contribution Ethiopia, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of and commitment towards the 2030 target of Congo (DRC), Nigeria, and Senegal. In FY2012, SE4All. 30  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Modeled on Lighting Africa, the Lighting Rural charcoal briquettes using locally available agri- Tanzania initiative has provided more than cultural waste. The Rwandan Government aims 100,000 people in remote rural areas in Tanzania to reduce dependence of biomass energy from with improved access to lighting and basic the current 86 percent to 50 percent in 2020 and energy services, and demonstrated sustainable has applauded this project for its contribution business models that can now be scaled up. In to encouraging more efficient use of biomass. Liberia, the country’s Rural Renewable Energy Agency (RREA) launched Lighting Rural Liberia Also in Rwanda, additional technical support in February 2012. This initiative aims to increase was provided through AFREA to the government access to better lighting for millions of people for sustainable use of biomass and clean cooking who currently rely on polluting kerosene lamps solutions, designing a policy framework for and dry cell battery powered lights (see Box 3.1). renewable energy, and to exploit Lake Kivu methane for power generation. Important work was also conducted in FY2012 around biomass use in Africa. The Biomass AFREA also continues to implement the Gender Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) financed nine and Energy Program, which cuts across all of pilot projects in eight African countries which AFREA’s work. Involving women in the design started to show results in FY2012. Small grants and implementation of modern energy access were given to NGOs, research, and private sector programs, and identifying ways to overcome organizations to support innovation and develop barriers to credit or technology, has extended scalable models for cookstoves, sustainable char- the benefits of electrification and enhanced coal production, biofuels, and bio-electricity. cooking fuel supply within rural communities to both women and men. In Uganda, South Africa, and The Gambia, project work advanced to enable better market In FY2012, rural energy agencies in particular conditions for high quality and high perfor- were helped to integrate gender considerations mance modern cooking stoves. Among the pilot into their work through research, training, and projects that matured in FY2012 was the technical support. Tanzania this year confirmed Scaling up Biodiesel Production Project in the creation of a new gender focal unit, and a Kenya, which is geared towards reducing the technical and capacity building unit within its dependence of people living beside forests on rural energy agency to advance work in this wood fuel, conventional diesel, and kerosene area. In Mali, a gender focal point has been (see Box 3.3) appointed at the national rural energy agency and a full gender and energy needs assessment In Rwanda and Tanzania, modernizing the char- has taken place. coal industry was the main focus. The BEIA pilot Promotion of Charcoal Briquettes Project In Senegal, gender concerns have been success- in 12 Tanzanian villages provided hands-on fully integrated into an ongoing project, ensuring training in the production of non-wood it is a core part of staff capacity-building CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 31  box 3.1 Lighting Lives in Liberia For the people of Yandhoun in rural Liberia, the start of work on their dormant village micro- hydropower facility in 2012 has been a source of hope. After a lengthy feasibility study, the plant was selected as a priority pilot project for the country’s new Rural Renewable Energy Agency (RREA), which was founded with support from AFREA. Operational before Liberia’s civil war ravaged the country’s infrastructure, the micro-hydropower plant is expected to be community managed to meet local demand and productive use. Simultaneously, the RREA has launched its Sustainable Solar Market Facilitation program, modeled on Lighting Africa, to help develop a commercial market for renewable energy prod- ucts while making such products more affordable to the rural market. This program will increase access to better lighting for millions of Liberians who still use polluting kerosene lamps and dry cell battery powered lights. The launch of this initiative in February 2012 served as a business- to-business matchmaking event that brought together eight international suppliers of off-grid solar lighting products and six local retail partners. The Liberia program uses lighting products that have undergone and passed Lighting Africa’s quality testing. One component is a lantern exchange effort, aimed at progressively replacing 100,000 kerosene lamps and dry cell battery powered lights by the end of 2015. The “Lighting Lives in Liberia� activity will run to the end of 2012, and will be followed by a scaled- up phase across the country, expected to run for four years, which will be funded by the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and administered by the World Bank. activities and project design elements, and drives Based on the experiences in five countries (Mali, key milestones like the inclusion of women in Senegal, Benin, Tanzania, and Kenya), work is the profitable charcoal value chain from which ongoing to develop toolkits, case studies, and they were largely excluded. Women are also now knowledge materials to support the mainstreaming leading the local management of forestry of gender considerations in energy projects. committees as a result of the project. In addi- tion, Agence Sénégalaise d’Électrification Rurale AFREA was established in 2008 through a (ASER), the country’s rural electrification US$28.875 m i l l ion cont r ibut ion by t he agency, has officially adopted a gender program, Government of the Netherlands. Currently, all acknowledging the transformative effect an elec- AFREA funds are allocated to activities, 90 tricity supply can have on women’s lives. This percent of all resources are legally committed, work is being used as an innovation model for and 67 percent of funds are disbursed. AFREA similar projects in Benin and Liberia. will close on June 30, 2014. 32  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 3.2 Electricity Lifts Livelihoods, Boosts Business in Rural Peru Rural electrification follows a similar pattern in many countries. As electricity reaches a new community, it is immediately put to work for lighting and other household uses. Putting that power to use to develop rural enterprises and boost local incomes, however, often requires an extra effort. Since mid-2011, ESMAP has supported a World Bank project in Peru, carried out by that country’s Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM), to look at potential productive uses of elec- tricity in rural areas, based on pilot projects under the national electrification program. The Peru project adapted lessons learned from work done in Indonesia, contracting with NGOs and power distribution companies to provide business development services and promote productive uses of electricity at the local level. To date, the project is estimated to have helped 4,700 rural producers to adopt electrical equipment in existing or new businesses. These include agricultural processing, irrigation, dairy production, bakeries, metal processing, carpentry, ceramics, and textiles. Early analysis shows that more than a third of the producers that benefited were women, who play a significant role in certain productive sectors (baked goods, dairy products, ceramics and textiles), and are represented in all areas. The project is expected to assist over 15,000 rural producers by its close in June 2013. One of the important lessons of the work in Peru has been that rural electrification projects, if designed properly, can promote local development as well as expand energy access. Productive uses should be promoted in parallel to electrification efforts, and electricity distribution compa- nies’ business plans should address the productive use needs of local consumers. Expanding South-South Knowledge September 2011, to help take stock of the Exchange in Africa regional energy scenario prior to the 17 th As well as producing analytical work, another Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework of ESMAP’s core functions is to act as a knowl- Convention on Climate Change (COP-17) in edge clearinghouse, facilitating the sharing of Durban being held at the end of that year. global best practices on energy among policy- ESMAP funded, and helped organize and plan makers, experts, practitioners, and the World the agenda for the meeting, which was hosted Bank. ESMAP expanded its knowledge exchange by the Government of South Africa. High-level efforts considerably in FY2012, with a particular officials from across the region, including focus on Sub-Saharan Africa. ministers and deputy ministers, attended the conference, which focused on regional integra- A conference of African energy ministers tion of transmission systems, scaling up renew- was held in Johannesburg, South Africa in able energy projects, and sustainable household CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 33  box 3.3 Scaling up Biodiesel Production Transforms a Community in Kenya Traditional fuels, such as wood and charcoal, are still by far the prevalent sources of household energy for Kenya’s rural population. When villagers in Naro Moru, almost 200 km from Nairobi, started processing croton tree seeds to make biodiesel, they did not realize the extent and speed with which it would transform their community and inspire a shift for others living in forested areas. For the last two years, AFREA’s Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA) has provided grant funding to a local non-profit organization to help reduce dependence on wood fuel, conventional diesel, and kerosene. By promoting the use of biodiesel made from croton seed oil as alterna- tive energy source at the household level, they have contributed to poverty reduction and envi- ronmental sustainability locally. The local project around Naro Moru has generated employment opportunities for hundreds of individuals in direct seed collection, management of seed collection centers, transport of feed- stock, direct employment in the grading and packing of seeds, and processing and marketing of biodiesel. Related income and employment opportunities include stove fabrication, commercial nurseries, and business development services. To support reforestation, more than 20 nurseries, managed by women, continue to expand the seedling population and improve the efficiency of biodiesel production. Farmers have been trained through practical demonstrations on agroforestry, tree planting techniques, and management. The biodiesel produced is readily purchased for use by public transport mini-buses, lorries, trac- tors, and generators because of its quality and competitive price. Through BEIA’s support, the project has surpassed its business goals and scaled up biodiesel production from 300 to 1,000 liters per day, expanding the market for local producers and consumers. energy solutions, and provided an early platform now has over 200 expert users who endorsement of SE4All. share practical information about ground-level implementation of on-grid and off-grid electrifi- The Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI), a cation projects. component of the AFREA program, serves as an ongoing community of practice that brings AEI’s second regional meeting, held in Dakar, together energy ministries, rural energy agen- Senegal in November 2011, brought together more cies, utilities, research centers, and civil society than 230 electricity practitioners from over 40 to find common solutions to expanding access countries. The meeting focused on the experi- to electricity in Sub-Saharan Africa. AEI’s online ence of rural energy agencies and funds in the 34  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program region, many of which have been recently set up. Participants compared the agencies’ and funds’ approaches and identified early lessons from their operations. Some of the common challenges iden- tified by participants in Dakar included creating low-cost technical solutions for grid extension, setting workable tariffs for rural electricity, improving the efficiency of hybrid mini-grid systems, and leveraging climate funds and carbon finance to improve access to electricity. Focusing on Cookstoves and Household Fuels Indoor air pollution due to inefficient combus- tion of biomass fuels is estimated to cause 1.9 million deaths every year, mostly women and children, with millions more suffering from a range of health complications. Excessive use of biomass also leads to land and forest degrada- tion and contributes to climate change. ESMAP continues to be deeply involved in work to disseminate improved cookstoves and fuels, and has contributed to a wide range of World Bank cookstove programs around the world to iden- activities in this sector. ESMAP supported a flag- tify barriers currently preventing clean cook- ship report by the East Asia and Pacific Region stoves and fuels from being adopted at scale, of the World Bank, “One Goal, Two Paths,� that and to make recommendations to overcome looked at ways to achieve universal access to those challenges using global best practices. That clean and efficient cooking solutions in that report, and an accompanying report on cook- region. A clean cookstove initiative is now stove programs in Sub-Saharan Africa, will be underway in China, Indonesia, Lao PDR, published in mid-2013. Cambodia, and Mongolia. ESMAP and AFREA also undertook extensive In 2010, ESMAP joined with the Global Alliance consultations in Africa in FY2012, in prepara- on Clean Cookstoves (GACC) to promote clean tion for the new Africa Clean Cooking Energy cookstoves through regional initiatives in Africa, Solutions (ACCES) initiative, a market transfor- East Asia, South Asia, and Central America, to mation program modeled on Lighting Africa, support the goal of reaching 100 million house- which will work to facilitate the enterprise-based holds with clean cookstoves by 2020. In FY2012, scale up of clean cooking solutions in Africa. ESMAP and GACC commenced a study that maps Three regional consultations were held, one each CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 35  for East, West, and Southern Africa, bringing Exchange Forum in May 2012, held at the together government, civil society, and private World Bank in Washington DC, where a sector representatives from 26 countries. These number of innovative approaches to reaching consultations focused on specific interventions poor communities were presented. In Brazil, that could be taken to remove barriers to the AES Eletropaulo trained large numbers of local expansion of simple, affordable clean cooking agents to conduct door-to-door outreach to solutions in Sub-Saharan African countries. poor communities to listen to comments and concerns, helping to reduce electricity theft In conjunction with the stakeholder consulta- and extend safe connections to 1.4 million tions, ESMAP and AFREA also funded a land- households. The Indian NGO Shelter Associates scape analysis of the African clean cooking combined community outreach and GIS tech- sector. The goal of the study is to develop a nology to target specific slum locations for comprehensive understanding of the household rehabilitation of energy services. In Kenya, cooking sector and actors in Sub-Saharan Africa, Kenya Power substantially expanded the including trends in fuel availability and use, number of connections by installing simple cookstove technologies and markets, and technologies, such as pre-paid meters and consumer preferences. The landscape study and outdoor connection boards, while extending consultations have informed the design of ACCES. credit to low-income consumers. Reaching the Urban Poor In parallel to the dialogue, ESMAP published a Rapid urbanization is putting new pressures on number of case studies of successful approaches many developing countries to deliver reliable, to improving energy access to the urban poor, clean energy services to growing populations in including examples from India, Bangladesh, and around cities. This is especially true in slum Colombia, and Brazil. ESMAP and the Cities areas and informal settlements that have long Alliance are now looking at ways of scaling up been characterized by a lack of modern energy such approaches and introducing greater exper- services. In FY2012, ESMAP partnered with the tise on energy issues into national dialogues on Cities Alliance, a global coalition focused on city planning and slum rehabilitation. (See below). reducing urban poverty, to host an extended dialogue on bringing modern energy services to the urban and peri-urban poor. The virtual 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW consultation brought together over 100 experts INITIATIVES from city authorities, local utilities, and civil society organizations from Africa, Asia, and During FY2013, ESMAP’s energy access program Latin America, and included forums on elec- will continue to grow to meet expanding client tricity and household energy. needs, following the broad approach laid out as part of ESMAP’s reorientation in FY2011, while This dialogue culminated in a two-day face- also continuing to play a key role in supporting to-face workshop during the ESMAP Knowledge the global SE4All campaign. 36  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program A major new initiative in FY2013 in support of • a detailed stocktaking to determine the SE4All will be a technical assistance program country’s current status, prospects, and gaps for select client countries to help them develop in achieving universal access to electricity investment prospectuses as part of national and cleaner cooking/lighting, as well as a energy access plans. These plans will have clear detailed mapping of energy demand; goals, targets, and milestones that culminate in • knowledge sharing with countries that have universal access by 2030, will be led by the coun- successfully overcome similar challenges, tries themselves, and will build on the plans and in order to strengthen the country’s institu- programs already in place. Depending on the tional and implementation frameworks; and country, activities under this program may • expert advice on the policy and regulatory include: requirements to create a conducive CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 37  box 3.4 Highlights of New ESMAP-Supported Energy Access Activities by the World Bank’s Regional Units Direct Delivery of Power Subsidies to Agriculture In economies where agriculture is heavily dependent on irrigation, groundwater management and the electricity sector are closely intertwined. This nexus is particularly strong in South Asia due to unique political economy factors that influence policies in the electricity and the ground- water sectors. This study will review experiences of countries such as Mexico, Morocco, China, and Pakistan, to understand how financial incentives can be administered to use water and energy more efficiently. The output will be a global knowledge product of use not only for South Asia but also for other developing countries facing similar constraints. Indian Newborn Stove Trial Traditional cookstoves using biomass pose health risks to users, particularly pregnant and new mothers who inhale smoke from such stoves. This study will undertake a cluster-randomized trial in India to monitor the full health and other benefits of improved cookstoves for pregnant women. The goal is to see whether advanced biomass stoves with extremely low pollutant emis- sions could be provided to pregnant women during visits to public clinics for prenatal care that now cover a major part of the Indian population. Philippines Rural Electricity Cooperatives | Reform and Restructuring As the electricity supply industry in the Philippines undergoes reforms, electricity cooperatives must be creditworthy so that sufficient power generation capacity can be contracted to meet demand, and full electrification of the country can be achieved and remaining energy poverty issues can be addressed. The objective of this work is to assist the Government of the Philippines with development of a more robust framework for governance, management, and financial and operational improvement of electricity cooperatives. This activity is part of a larger program of strategic advice to the Government on critical issues in the power sector, in particular power generation development, public financial liabilities stemming from the power sector, and cost management and pricing issues. environment for increased investment in Clean Cookstoves, IIASA, IPEEC, IRENA, energy infrastructure and improved energy Practical Action, REN21, UN Energy, UN service delivery. Foundation, UNDP, UNEP, UNIDO, World Energy Council, and World Health Organization. The In addition, ESMAP will provide significant Global Tracking Framework will provide a snap- support to the development of SE4All Global shot of the current picture on access, renewables Tracking Framework, in partnership with the and efficiency, and guide measurement of prog- International Energy Agency, Global Alliance for ress on the objectives to 2030. At present, starting 38  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program values for the reference year of 2010 can only be mini-grid, stand-alone systems, lighting, and tracked using available national data for energy clean cooking solutions. access, energy efficiency, and renewable energy generation. These data vary in their comprehen- Also in FY2013, ESMAP and the Cities Alliance siveness and accuracy, and are not always suffi- will expand their partnership with a new cient to provide a reliable and consistent program of analytical and advisory activities to assessment of where the world stands in rela- address energy access to peri-urban communi‑ tion to the three objectives. The Global Tracking ties and the urban poor. This program will Framework addresses this challenge by recom- support the inclusion of energy interventions in mending realistic improvements in global data- the preparation of the Cities Alliance’s country bases that could be achieved in the medium term programs. The emphasis will be on strength- of up to five years. The Global Tracking ening the linkages between energy efficiency in Framework also proposes how some of these municipal services with energy access, and issues could be addressed through country level distributed generation with renewable energy. tracking. There are strong interlinkages between efforts to reduce energy intensity and the carbon foot- With the AFREA program wrapping up in print of cities and expanding access to modern FY2014, ESMAP and the World Bank’s Africa energy services. Efficient lighting and appliances Energy Group have laid the groundwork for can help enhance the affordability of access to AFREA’s second phase—AFREA II. AFREA II will electricity, while renewable energy provides deepen and expand on the success of AFREA’s least-cost options for rapidly expanding urban first phase activities, especially regional initia- and peri-urban energy needs. tives like Lighting Africa, BEIA, ACCES, AEI, and Gender and Energy. In addition, AFREA II ESMAP will continue to produce global knowl- will build a tighter connection to World Bank edge products to underpin its energy access lending to better leverage available funding. efforts, including an approach to defining and While AFREA I focused primarily on piloting measuring access to energy, contributions innovative solutions, AFREA II will support their towards a measure for energy poverty, an anal- scale up, including mainstreaming pro-poor and ysis of the economics of the household energy clean energy approaches. sector, and a resource paper on household energy, based on lessons learned and good prac- AFREA II will also increase support to improving tice in Bank and other projects. Starting in policy frameworks and bolstering institutions, FY2013, ESMAP and the World Bank will produce with special attention to the needs of post- a report on the state of global energy access that conflict and fragile states. AFREA will support will provide an overview of progress towards both grid-connected and off-grid renewables and universal access to modern energy services at all forms of energy access—grid expansion, the global and national levels. CREATING Pathways to Sustainable Energy for All 39  FOSTERING CHAPTER 4 Sustainable, energy efficient cities C ities—particularly the rapidly expanding cities of the developing world—a re engines of economic growth. They are also primar y consumers of energy and emitters of pollution and GHG emissions. It is here where many of the biggest opportunities for energy efficiency can be found—in urban transport, building, public lighting, water utili- ties, power generation, and other sectors. To be successful, however, energy efficiency will require implementing both efficient technologies and measures to manage demand, such as urban planning to optimize traffic flows, consumer education, and improved industrial efficiency practices. ESMAP launched the Energy Efficient Cities Initiative (EECI) in FY2009 to promote better-informed energy efficiency plan- ning and programs in cities in developing countries. The initiative’s clients are mayors and municipal bodies, and it is designed to be demand driven and responsive to their rapidly changing needs. For city governments, there are many bene- fits of integrating energy efficiency into municipal and sectoral planning: reduction of pressure on overburdened energy systems, an improved fiscal outlook, better service, and 41  greater flexibility in energy planning and in extending access to underserved populations. Achievements in FY2012 under the Energy Efficient Cities Since EECI’s inception, ESMAP has developed Initiative tools, guidance notes, and other knowledge prod- ucts to help cities identify, design, and imple- • Global deployment of TRACE, a decision- ment energy efficiency improvements. It has support tool developed by ESMAP to worked directly with cities to pilot innovative help cities prioritize energy efficiency initiatives across sectors, and with World Bank options, with implementation in 12 regional operations units to identify and develop cities in Asia, Eastern Europe, Africa, and Latin America. investment projects that integrate energy effi- • Publication of the report Sustainable ciency in the urban, transport, and water sectors. Low-Carbon City Development in ESMAP has also fostered partnerships and infor- China, with detailed recommenda‑ mation sharing with similar international tions for Chinese municipalities on programs and alliances, and developed a data- transport, buildings, land use, and base of case studies that highlights urban energy water management. efficiency success stories. • Completion of a study on efficiency in district heating in Ukraine, which has informed government policy-making and a US$ 400 million World Bank FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND operation. ACHIEVEMENTS • Publication of the Primer on Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and Identifying High-Yield Actions for Cities Wastewater Utilities, which lays out effi- Urban planners are faced with a wide and ciency measures that could lead to increasingly complex set of choices when it energy savings of 5 to 25 percent at util- ities in developing countries. comes to improving citywide energy efficiency. • With the World Bank’s Transpor t The Tool for Rapid Assessment of City Energy Anchor, PPIAF, and other partners, (TRACE) is a decision-support tool developed launch of the Leaders in Urban by ESMAP designed to help cities identify and Transport Planning program, a world- choose among energy efficiency opportunities. wide training series that emphasizes a It assesses six sectors—transportation, public h o l i s tic ap p r o ach to tr an sp o r t lighting, buildings, power and heat, waste, and planning. water and wastewater. TRACE includes an energy benchmarking module that compares a city’s key performance indicators with those of peer cities. A sector prioritization module ranks Implementation of TRACE has spread quickly since energy savings potential of various sectors of a an initial deployment in Quezon City, Philippines given city. From those, recommendations are in FY2010. Twelve cities—Banja Luka (Bosnia and generated for specific interventions. Herzegovina), Belgrade (Serbia), Belo Horizonte 42  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (Brazil), Cebu (Philippines), Da Nang (Vietnam), the results of which are being used to create Gaziantep (Turkey), Prishtina (Kosovo), Quezon sustainable urban energy program guidelines City (Philippines), Sarajevo (Bosnia and for cities across East Asia. The most recent city Herzegovina), Skopje (Macedonia), Surabaya to implement TRACE is Belo Horizonte, Brazil (Indonesia), and Tbilisi (Georgia)—are now using (see Box 4.1). TRACE (up from five in FY2011) to make decisions about their energy efficiency planning. The tool A Focus on Energy Efficiency in the has proved popular because it enables planners Water and Transport Sectors to quickly prioritize under-performing sectors and ESMAP’s global analytical work through EECI identify immediate actions. focuses on topics of growing importance to clients, and emerging areas where significant The deployment of TRACE is already informing efficiency gains can be had. policy and World Bank lending. TRACE work in Turkey helped define the sustainable cities One of these areas is municipal water and waste- pillar in that country’s Country Partnership water services, where efficiency measures could Strategy for the years 2012 to 2015. In Skopje, result in substantial energy savings. Electricity Macedonia, findings from a TRACE deployment costs are usually between 5 to 30 percent of total fed into the national Green Growth Agenda and operating costs among water and wastewater util- informed World Bank investments in municipal ities. In February 2012, ESMAP published a primer infrastructure. In Tbilisi, Georgia, TRACE on energy efficiency at water utilities that demon- contributed to the development of the Georgia strates the importance of energy efficiency in Municipal Development Fund. In Indonesia, controlling costs and expanding clean water access TRACE was used to create city-level case studies, to the poor. The primer focuses on the supply side FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 43  of the municipal water cycle, including the extrac- The case studies covered by the primer indicate tion, treatment, and distribution of water, and that financially viable efficiency measures could collection and treatment of wastewater. lead to savings of between 5 and 25 percent of the energy used by water utilities in developing box 4.1 Brazil’s “Beautiful Horizon� Looks to City-Wide Improvements in Energy Efficiency The city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil, is determined to be known for its commitment to sustainability. In recent years, the municipal government has switched public lighting to a more efficient system, conducted a GHG inventory, and created programs for sustainable public purchasing and building certification. The city prides itself on its public parks and on having twice the green area inside the municipal boundaries than is recommended by World Health Organization guidelines. The name of the city itself means “Beautiful Horizon.� As these sustainability initiatives progressed, authorities recognized that more could be done to improve the city’s energy efficiency. To help decide where to best allocate resources, Belo Horizonte has partnered with the World Bank to become the first city in Latin America to imple- ment TRACE. Working directly with the Belo Horizonte municipal government and utilities for three months in early 2012, an ESMAP team conducted an assessment of energy used by the city and proposed recommendations in the key sectors. The results contained some surprises. Compared to other cities, there were not many efficiency savings to be found in Belo Horizonte’s power sector, as technical and commercial losses were already some of the lowest in the world, and the local power utility invests the equivalent of US$ 28 million towards efficiency every year. Though the city has an efficiency program for buildings, the TRACE analysis found that a central- ized unit with a mandate to implement specific measures could lead to increased energy savings. Some of the greatest potential gains were to be found in the transport sector, by integrating the numerous plans and projects already underway and putting traffic flow optimization in place. Another target area was the water utility, where an active loss detection system could minimize the losses from leakage. The assessment also recommended that the city streamline the routes taken by garbage trucks to reduce the resources spent moving waste to landfills. The recommendations of the TRACE assessment were presented to the City of Belo Horizonte at the 2012 ICLEI World Congress—a major gathering of local government officials from around the world—which was held in Belo Horizonte on June 14-17, 2012. ICLEI—Local Governments for Sustainability—is a global association of national, regional, and municipal governments that have made a commitment to sustainable development. The Congress in Belo Horizonte brought together 1,600 participants and focused on creating low carbon, biodiverse cities built around people. 44  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program countries. This study has since been used to government-approved technical specifications advise the national water utility for Uruguay on send signals to suppliers about the types of goods efficiency and sustainability measures. and services that will be in demand. In transport, while large-scale mass transit ESMAP published a guidebook in FY2010 on systems have gained considerable attention and public procurement of energy efficiency services investment in recent years, traditional city bus that laid out measures governments can take, systems—which often transport the majority of including energy savings performance contracts, the urban poor—have a lower profile. Many cities to lead by example and influence markets. This in the developing world are dominated by old focus continued in FY2012 with follow-on work and fuel-intensive buses with high operating on public procurement of energy efficient prod- costs. ESMAP published a guidance note in late ucts. A series of case studies were developed 2011 that provides detailed and practical recom- looking at cities and countries with well- mendations on how city bus operators can maxi- established energy efficiency purchasing mize fuel economy and improve their fleets programs. These detailed the models available through operations and maintenance practices, to governments, including product labeling, a without significant capital investments. catalog of technical specifications, life-cycle costing, and preferential treatment in procure- ESMAP’s focus on urban transport continued in ment. The case studies demonstrated that while 2012 with the launch of the Leaders in Urban some efficient goods have slightly higher costs, Transport Planning program, a series of training the reduction in energy expenses and longer events led by the World Bank’s Transport Anchor, product lifetimes make them more cost-effective designed to help the next generation of urban in the long run. transport planners make informed decisions in a highly complex environment. Events have The findings of this work were presented at a already been held in Singapore, Nigeria, China, workshop in June 2012, attended by experts and and France (see Box 4.2). purchasing officials from Mexico, Brazil, China, Thailand, Russia, and India. Together with the Harnessing the Potential of Procurement earlier work on procurement of energy efficiency Public procurement presents another opportunity services, these findings will form the basis of a for large-scale efficiency gains that is only just guidance note for mayors in FY2013, and have now being appreciated. Governments on average informed the team in charge of updating the account for 2 to 5 percent of national energy use, World Bank’s procurement policies and and this can rise to 20 to 30 percent in countries guidelines. with high heating demand or low electrification rates. Between 12 and 20 percent of a country’s Emerging Opportunities around the GDP passes through public procurement systems. World Government actions influence private sector As well as producing knowledge products with purchasing and individual decision-making, and global applications, ESMAP also supported FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 45  box 4.2 Supporting the Next Generation of Urban Transport Planners Developing-country cities are faced with traffic congestion, rising transport costs, deteriorating road safety and increasing pollution and GHG emissions. Some cities have tried to improve the situation by widening roads and building flyovers, but in most cases traffic growth and conges- tion have accelerated. Others have built high-cost mass transit systems but left poor-performing surface bus and rail systems untouched. It is increasingly clear that piecemeal fixes will not work. A new approach to urban transport planning is needed that takes into account both supply- and demand-side measures, and inte- grates recent developments in environmental planning, energy efficiency, and climate change. For the past year, this comprehensive approach has been the focus of a series of training events held around the world and targeted to the next generation of urban transport leaders. This “Leaders in Urban Transport Planning� program is supported by ESMAP, the World Bank’s Transport Anchor, the Public-Private Infrastructure Advisory Facility (PPIAF), AusAID, AFD, and other partners. The first pilot training was conducted in Lagos, Nigeria, in mid-2011. The first formal training event was held in Singapore in January 2012, drawing 60 transport administrators and planners from 13 countries. Workshops were also held in Marseilles, France, and Fuzhou, China, both in June 2012, and in Ahmedabad, India, in July 2012. The face-to-face events are preceded by a month of self-paced learning using specially designed self-study modules. The emphasis of the events themselves is on case analysis, group exercises, and site visits, with presentations kept to a minimum. In Fuzhou, the event brought together 50 participants from 12 Chinese cities. China has over 100 metropolitan areas with over 1 million inhabitants, and is expected to have a critical need for trained urban transport planners in the future. In Ahmedabad, the Secretary of the Ministry of Urban Development closed the event, which brought together 33 participants from state and city governments, bus and rail agencies, and development authorities. In FY2013, Leaders in Urban Transport Planning sessions will be held in Korea, China, Argentina, Morocco, and Mexico. targeted energy efficiency work in countries energy intensity. An ESMAP supported report, around the world. Sustainable Low-Carbon City Development in China, published in May 2012, recommends action on In China, where cities are expected to add 350 multiple fronts. The report emphasizes the impor- million residents in the next 20 years, urban areas tance of decisions affecting land use as the built are at the center of national efforts to reduce environment is largely irreversible and very 46  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program costly to modify once cities grow. Other recom- to protect vulnerable consumers. The World mendations include the need for energy-efficient Bank is assisting with the implementation of buildings; a transport system that offers alterna- this master plan through an ongoing policy tives to automobiles; and a shift to efficient dialogue and a planned US$ 400 million district management of water, wastewater, and solid heating energy efficiency investment project. waste. The report also explores cities’ role in climate adaptation, and opportunities presented In Afghanistan, the recommendations of an ESMAP study begun in FY2009 on energy savings opportunities in large buildings have been incor- porated into the National Energy Efficiency Policy and Work Plan. The Ministry of Energy and Water has created an energy efficiency team and has started implementation of an efficient lighting initiative for government buildings. 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES ESMAP will continue to support informed deci- sion making at the city level, dissemination of best practices on urban energy efficiency, and world-class analytical work through EECI. Going by carbon finance and other global mechanisms forward, areas of focus will include: to support low carbon city development in China. Expanded outreach to cities by fostering part- In Ukraine, an ESMAP study on modernization nerships with international organizations and of district heating released in March 2012 alliances. This will include working with orga- demonstrated the need for consumption-based nizations such as the C-40 and ICLEI to reach billing, heat metering and increased investments out to their memberships with training, knowl- to ensure financial sustainability and improved edge sharing, and technical assistance. This may quality of service. The study was presented at also include preparation of pilot projects and workshops around the country, and contributed scalable solutions, particularly those suggested to a national debate on improving the efficiency through TRACE deployments, which could be of the heating sector. The Government of financed through the World Bank or other inter- Ukraine has now approved a master plan that national financial institutions. includes cost-recovery tariffs, a large-scale investment program in energy efficiency Further deployment of TRACE and development measures, and reforms of the social safety net of decision-support tools and guidelines for FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 47  cities. Demand for TRACE continues to grow, Development will also start on a diagnostic tool with new implementations starting in Colombo to prioritize urban transport investments, along and Rio de Janeiro. ESMAP will continue to with a guidance note for mayors and guidelines support TRACE deployments worldwide with a for urban transport. view to collecting best practices and solutions that can be replicated. TRACE itself will also be Scaled up support for municipal water and upgraded with improved efficiency bench- wastewater operations, as well as urban trans- marking indicators and an expanded database. port . The initial targets will be the Latin 48  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 4.3 Highlights of New ESMAP-Supported Energy Efficiency Activities by the World Bank’s Regional Units China | Energy Efficiency in Government Facilities Due to China’s size, its efficient use of natural resources is also critical for sustainable develop- ment globally. The project will be undertaken as a part of the World Bank’s ongoing efforts to support China in improving energy efficiency, creating entry markets for energy-efficient products and services. This activity will be the initial step toward building a support platform for energy efficiency in government facilities. It is likely that programs developed at the central level will be considered by similar provincial and municipal level departments; therefore, the poten- tial for policy leverage is very high. Tunisia | GHG Mitigation Action Plan in Transport Sector The objective of this activity is to assist the Government of Tunisia in implementing some of the measures recommended by the Low Carbon Transport Strategy developed with the ESMAP support in 2009-10. These measures aim at reducing the GHG emissions and the fossil energy consumption of Tunisia’s land transport sector. Priorities from the strategy include: reducing transport demand in urban areas; reducing the share of individual car transport; optimizing land transport of freight; promoting more efficient interurban transport of passengers; and improving technology of vehicles. Ukraine | Facilitating Commercial Municipal Energy Efficiency Finance This activity will facilitate financing of energy efficiency investments by municipalities, munic- ipal utilities, energy service companies, international financial institutions, and commercial banks. This will help the Government of Ukraine to reach its strategic objective to reduce energy inten- sity by 20 percent by 2015. The activity will help identify and address legal and regulatory obsta- cles to municipal energy efficiency finance, build government capacity by developing and applying commercial and international financing models to municipal energy efficiency projects that can be scaled up, and inform World Bank lending for municipal energy efficiency projects. America and the Caribbean region, and the maximize ESMAP leverage and foster knowl- Europe and Central Asia region, where rehabil- edge exchange among the many client countries itation of urban water and wastewater infra- that face similar technical and/or institutional structure is a priority. Discussion is underway challenges. Support to the Leaders in Urban with the regional water and sanitation team to Transport Planning program will continue, with develop an operation support platform to training events scheduled throughout FY2013. FOSTERING Sustainable, energy efficient cities 49  Developing CHAPTER 5 Effective Energy Sector Policies, Practices, and Institutions E SMAP has been well known for many years for direct, targeted assistance to governments to help them review, design, and implement energy policies; develop and strengthen insti- tutional capacity; and improve the performance of their energy sectors. ESMAP’s Energy Assessments and Strategies Program (EASP) leads the bulk of these efforts, working with countries and regions to assist them in their efforts towards developing robust, sustain- able energy sectors. Most ESMAP activities in this program are implemented by the World Bank’s regional energy units through ABG funding. Focus areas include: energy sector performance, governance, and planning; energy reliability and security; regional energy trade; private participation and market structure; and regulatory and policy frameworks. ESMAP’s work in this area is designed to take good practices and policies from around the world and adapt them so they can 51  be applied to specific national and regional contexts. This program also develops modeling tools and toolkits that can be used by energy Achievements in FY2012 under planners to support decision making in some- the Energy Assessments and times highly complex environments. Strategies Program • Launch of the Model for Electricity This targeted assistance has had a measurable Technology Assessment (META), which impact on World Bank operations. ESMAP’s most will allow national policymakers and recent portfolio review estimates that between utility planners to compare levelized FY2009 and FY2012, 69 completed activities generation and delivery costs over a comprehensive range of power gener- under EASP, representing about US$ 15 million ation options, including renewables, in program allocations, influenced a total of while taking into account environmental US$ 6.9 billion in World Bank Group lending. externalities. • Background paper with recommenda- tions on policies for increasing access FY2012 | HIGHLIGHTS AND to energy services, part of the ESMAP- ACHIEVEMENTS supported India Power Sector Diagnostic Review, used as an input for preparation META | Assessment of Electricity Supply of India’s 12 th Five-Year Plan. • Wide dissemination of the repor t Options Mitigating Vulnerability to High and Decisions about electricity planning are becoming Volatile Oil Prices: Power Sector increasingly complex, due to the pace of techno- Experience in Latin America and the logical change, rapid shifts in equipment and Caribbean, with lessons presented to fuel prices and the ever-expanding availability governments in the Pacific islands, as of data. To help electricity policy-makers and well as the L atin American and planners select the most appropriate electricity Caribbean region. generation options, ESMAP launched the Model • Support to a comprehensive study on the policy and regulatory framework for Electricity Technology Assessment (META) needed to develop robust cross-border in FY2012, as part of its work on global energy electricity trade in the Middle East and planning tools. North Africa, conducted in collabora- tion with the League of Arab States. META provides a comparative assessment of the • Measures taken by the Government of levelized costs for a range of electricity supply the Maldives to strengthen the national options, including renewable energy. The model energy regulatory body following an takes into account changes in capital and oper- ESMAP-supported project to help the Maldives reduce dependence on diesel- ating costs over time, as well as transmission powered electricity and move towards and distribution options. One of the advantages carbon neutrality. of META is that it covers a comprehensive range of technologies, ranging from solar, wind, and 52  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program geothermal, to fossil fuel-based power. Users Asia Regional Electricity Study Series (SARESS) can look at options categorized by scale: off- of papers was launched in FY2011 to provide grid, mini-grid, and grid-connected. The model focused knowledge pieces to examine a specific is able to incorporate environmental externali- set of related policy questions in the areas of ties, such as costs for local pollution and carbon improving operational and financial perfor‑ emissions. mance of the energy sector; and strengthening governance to improve the contribution of energy META was launched at a workshop at the World to equitable economic development. The work Bank in Washington DC in June 2012. The META under this initiative has clear operational links model is now available for use by client coun- that aims to enrich the World Bank’s dialogue tries, researchers, consultants, and other stake- with client governments, and to inform ongoing holders upon request, as well as by World Bank work on electricity in South Asia. teams as part of engagement with countries on energy issues. A number of teams and consulting SARESS has been completed, with 18 analytical firms have begun using the tool in their work. pieces delivered. Topics have included the distri- Feedback from those users is being incorporated butional impact of electricity tariff changes in into the model in preparation for it being updated Nepal and Bangladesh; the cost of rural power and made more widely available. supply in South Asia; least cost expansion study for Bangladesh; and lessons from international Policy Dialogue and Power Sector experience for the regulation of renewable energy Support in South Asia in India. In many cases, these papers have been In 2012, EASP continued its support to in-depth tailored and delivered to help inform specific policy work in the South Asia region. The South client decisions. This approach has allowed for Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies, Practices, and Institutions 53  a strengthened dialogue between the World Bank energy market; and proposing an action plan for and clients. development of integrated regional markets. SARESS work in India was designed to comple- Recognizing the diversity of national and sub- ment another ESMAP-supported activity, the regional systems in the region and the varying India Power Sector Diagnostic Review, which is pace of reform processes, the study presents still ongoing. This activity is a comprehensive detailed recommendations for moving towards stocktaking of India’s power sector, covering long-term electricity integration in the Arab access levels and challenges in improving access World and with neighboring regions through a to energy, the financial and operational perfor- number of intermediate stages. Short- and mance of the sector, and corporate governance medium-term recommendations include identi- in power sector utilities. Outputs from this work fying immediate trade opportunities, and estab- have already had an impact. The background lishing regional regulatory and transmission paper on energy access, prepared as part of the system operations committees. The final report review, provides recommendations on policies of the study has been delivered to the League of for increasing access to modern energy services, Arab States and is expected to be published in and has been used as an input for preparation 2013. of India’s 12th Five-Year Plan. Helping Mitigate the Risks from High and Power Integration in the Middle East and Volatile Oil Prices North Africa World oil prices have risen substantially in the ESMAP has supported a comprehensive and last decade—since 2002, the price of oil has ambitious study on potential electricity integra- increased more than fivefold. In the period since tion in the Arab World. This work, undertaken prices reached their peak in 2008, ESMAP has by the World Bank’s Middle East and North been helping countries manage their energy Africa Region in collaboration with the League sector’s responses to oil price volatility. The latest of Arab States, is the final step in a three-part work in this series focuses on the experience of program focusing on electricity interconnection, the power sector in Latin America and the electricity-gas trade potential, and policy and Caribbean, where some countries are acutely re g u l ator y f ra me work s ne c e ss a r y for vulnerable to oil price shocks. integration. Mitigating Vulnerability to High and Volatile Oil Among the topics that this study covered are the Prices, published in early 2012, follows on from development of required governance regulations, earlier ESMAP-supported work done in South such as a regional grid code; general regional Asia and Europe and Central Asia, exploring electricity market agreements; identifying potential government actions to strengthen the barriers to efficient energy trading among the resilience of the power sector to financial and concerned countries; defining the legal support market shocks. The report, which highlights required for a competitive and efficient regional the particular vulnerability of Central American 54  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program and Caribbean nations to high and volatile oil potential for natural gas use as an alternate fuel prices, offers a menu of complementary source aimed at helping reduce their vulnera- measures to increase resilience. In the short bility to high and volatile oil prices. Another term, market-based risk management solutions related study, which aims to assess the impact (physical and financial instruments), such as of sustained high oil prices on the energy sector forward contracts and futures, can be used to in Latin America and the Caribbean, is expected manage oil price risk. In the long term, more to be completed in FY2013. 2013 AND BEYOND | NEW INITIATIVES With demand from client countries growing for targeted energy sector technical assistance, ESMAP’s Energy Assessments and Strategies Program will continue to support work in its core focus areas of governance and regulation, sector strategy and planning, and energy secu- rity. Most of this work will be conducted by the World Bank’s regional units through the ABG process, while initiatives that are global in nature will be undertaken by the core ESMAP team. These initiatives include: structural measures, such as investment in renewables, efficiency measures on both the Full deployment of META. META will be updated generation and demand side, and regional inte- and adapted over the coming year based on gration, can help decrease dependence on oil global user feedback and operational experience. and oil-derived products. Once it has been field tested, META will be made available on the ESMAP web site and integrated The report has been widely disseminated in into ESMAP’s suite of tools that includes TRACE, Latin American and Caribbean countries. EFFECT, and MACTool. Training and support on Additionally, the findings of the report were implementing the META tool will be made avail- used to advise governments in the Pacific, where able to clients as they make decisions about their small island developing states share many simi- electricity strategies. larities with their Caribbean counterparts, including an acute vulnerability to oil price Report on international experience with private increases (see Box 5.1). Recently, Central sector participation in power grids. In response American governments have requested World to demand from regional clients, ESMAP launched Bank technical assistance in identifying the a study in late FY2012 on different approaches Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies, Practices, and Institutions 55  box 5.1 Managing Oil Price Volatility | Bringing Latin America’s Lessons to the Pacific It is well understood that climate change poses specific dangers for small island developing states. Less commented on is another threat: the vulnerability of these states to the repercus- sions of energy insecurity. Pacific islands are some of the most vulnerable. Spread out over a huge expanse of ocean, pooling power among countries is not the option that it is for other regions. Lacking fossil fuel resources, many of these states are forced to import oil products over long distances. When prices spike, these countries are among the hardest hit. Global oil prices have now been volatile for 10 years, and the World Bank has been engaged with developing countries to help them manage and mitigate this volatility so that it does not hamper development or the extension of energy services to poor communities. The Pacific islands share this vulnerability to oil price volatility with other regions of the world, particularly the Caribbean. In June 2012, one of the authors of Mitigating Vulnerability to High and Volatile Oil Prices: Power Sector Experience in Latin America and the Caribbean, traveled to the Pacific to share the findings and recommendations of that ESMAP report with officials from island states. This included a regional workshop in Fiji and a subsequent advisory meeting with offi- cials in Tonga. Three options were presented: (a) exploring available renewable power generation options, (b) increasing investments in energy efficiency both on the supply and demand sides, and (c) using financial hedging instruments to mitigate petroleum price risk. Many Pacific islands are rich in sun and wind, and with the price of solar PV panels coming down considerably, solar power has become a more realistic option for some countries. But in the near term, these options may not be sufficient to supplant fossil fuel-powered generation. To mitigate costs, power must be generated and consumed much more efficiently. This can take the form of retrofits to ageing oil-fired power plants and reconfiguring supply and distribution configura- tions on the supply side, and through smart metering and programs that encourage efficient consumption on the demand side. 56  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 5.2 Improving the Institutional Framework for Energy in the Maldives The Maldives has announced its intention of becoming a carbon neutral country by 2020. The challenges inherent in reaching that goal are considerable. The country depends heavily on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy and transport needs. The electricity sector runs almost entirely on imported diesel fuel. And the geographic dispersion of the country means there is no national grid. A 2010 World Bank project, funded by ESMAP, set out to support the Maldives in its goals of reducing dependence on diesel-powered electricity and moving towards carbon neutrality. The activity was focused on helping the government develop and implement a robust regulatory regime for the energy sector. At the time the work started, the government had only a small unit devoted to regulating energy within the Ministry of Housing and the Environment, the Maldives Energy Authority (MEA), which had a hard time clearly executing its mandate due to resource constraints. Before the regulatory architecture could be improved, the foundation—the regu- lator itself—had to be strengthened. The team working on the project carried out a study of the current sector and the obstacles the MEA was facing to find what it would take to achieve efficiency and economy of scale by comparing regulatory bodies from other countries similar to the Maldives. A skills gap analysis was also conducted to see where technical capacity would need to be increased within the MEA. An interim report was delivered to the government in early 2011 with two options: (a) to strengthen the existing MEA as a stand-alone body responsible for all energy regulation, or (b) to set up a combined authority merging two or more regulatory bodies together. In March 2011, the government expressed its desire to move forward with the first option, and use the existing MEA to focus solely on the energy sector. One of the primary reasons for the decision was the need to develop the energy sector to meet national development goals. A single- sector regulator, it was felt, would have the credibility and focus to meet this mandate. Once the decision had been made on the MEA’s authority, the project could continue with a wider scope, focusing on a comprehensive framework for energy sector regulation. The final result presented to the government in 2012 was a comprehensive set of draft regula- tions for licensing of electricity operators, procedures for investment approvals, utility perfor- mance standards, and an institutional development plan for the MEA. The recommendations emphasize the paramount importance of safety and network security, and call for regulations that promote investment, are suited to the geographic spread of the country, and that institute standards and compliance while not putting an undue burden on suppliers. Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies, Practices, and Institutions 57  to private sector participation in electricity trans- Emerging considerations include fuel price vola- mission and distribution grids, and the design tility, social and environmental costs and bene- and implementation challenges of open access fits, the risks inherent in new technology, and to transmission and distribution systems. These financing risks. This work will review the expe- two areas are receiving attention from policy- rience of various countries that went through makers in the developing world, on account of unbundling and reform and how they adapted the substantial investment needs in transmission their electricity system planning approach, the and distribution, and the growing need to institutional mechanism they chose, how they enhance the efficiency of the power sector. This dealt with risks, and how they integrated their work draws on lessons gained from international electricity planning with broader national-level experience in these areas, along with a closer low carbon development plans. look at the progress on private participation and open access in five key countries—Brazil, Peru, Assessment of options for safeguarding the poor Turkey, India, and the Philippines. The outputs from potentially adverse impacts of gas and elec- of this study are expected to assist other coun- tricity sector reforms. Several countries struggle tries that are looking toward private participa- with electricity tariffs that are well below cost- tion and increased open access as necessary recovery levels, while facing large investment factors for improving the efficiency and reliability needs and strong growth in demand. It is also of their power sector. becoming clear that subsidized tariffs distort incentives for energy efficiency and renewable Study of electricity sector planning in an era resources, and impose a fiscal impact on the of increased risk. The role of system planning government. While such pricing reform is critical, and planners is evolving as private sector partic- there is also a need for social support mechanisms ipation increases, electricity markets develop and to safeguard the welfare of the poor and the as countries begin focusing on low carbon devel- vulnerable. Based on feedback from the Bank’s opment. In parallel, the range and scale of risks regional energy teams, ESMAP will commence a that power sectors have to handle has expanded. study to assess policy and institutional options To support development of a robust electric for safeguarding the poor and vulnerable from power infrastructure, planning needs to take adverse impacts of tariff increases. This study will account of system risk and mitigation to get a also look at impacts and mitigation measures in clearer picture of real costs and benefits. a gender-disaggregated manner. 58  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program box 5.3 Highlights of New ESMAP-Supported Energy Assessment and Strategies Activities by the World Bank’s Regional Units Armenia | Power Sector Tariff Study In order for Armenia to ensure adequate power supply and increase energy security, substan- tial new investments in power generation, distribution, and transmission will need to be made. The objective of the study is to assess the levels of current electricity tariffs in terms of cost recovery, and recommend an optimal tariff structure in order to ensure efficient use of elec- tricity. During the process, the study will estimate the average tariff level reflecting total costs of efficient provision of electricity services to customers, review the existing end-user tariff structure and recommend improvements, and assess the long-run marginal cost of supply to end-users. The study will also assess the impact of price increases on the poor, and identify suit- able means to mitigate these impacts. Synchronization of the Mashreq Power Grids with Turkey and ENTSO-E Mashreq countries have undertaken tremendous efforts to improve the security of electricity supply and meet the fast growing demand. But despite existing physical cross-border intercon- nections, Mashreq countries’ investments have generally been dedicated to maintain and develop their domestic power grids. The successful synchronizing of Turkey’s power grid with Continental Europe offers an opportunity for the Mashreq countries to revamp their commitments for an ulti- mate synchronization with the European Network for Transmission System Operators for Electricity (ENTSO-E). The objectives for this study are twofold: to evaluate the status quo of existing interconnections and the potential for realizing the mutual benefits from synchroniza- tion with ENTSO-E; and to assess the technical and investment requirements to integrate the power grids of Mashreq countries with Turkey and ENTSO-E Synchronous Area over the long term. In doing so, the study will look at the investments and governance/regulatory reforms required to strengthen the domestic power sectors of different Mashreq countries, along with the interconnection requirements across countries. Peru | Energy Planning Technical Assistance While Peru has an orderly energy sector that in general has been successful in attracting private investment, it lacks a central body to conduct sector-wide planning as a means of safeguarding long-term supply security. The objective of this activity is to provide technical advice to support the ministry in improving capacity by evaluating and designing a planning unit for the energy sector within the ministry. Technical experts supported by ESMAP will join with public and private sector experts on a high-level committee set up by the government to examine institutional options for sector planning. The committee will review the experiences of other countries that are at similar stages of advanced power sector reforms, such as Brazil and Colombia. Developing Effective Energy Sector Policies, Practices, and Institutions 59  FINANCIAL CHAPTER 6 REVIEW 61  CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVED Eight donors, in addition to the World Bank, made cash transfers to ESMAP through the ESMAP received a total of US$ 23.3 million from ESMAP Core MDTF and the SIDS DOCK Program donors in FY2012. Total receipts included MDTF in FY2012. Table 6.1 shows actual receipts Denmark’s contribution of US$ 7.1 million for from individual donors for the period FY2009–12 the SIDS DOCK Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). and receipts and pledges for FY2013. TABLE 6.1 ESMAP Funding for Strategic Business Plan FY2008–12 and Receipts / Pledges FY2013 (US$ Thousands) Total 2013 Receipts Country 2009 2010 2011 2012 Receipts Pledges 09–12 % Australia — 453 1,067 3,030 3,025 — 4,550 4.9% Austria 588 424 2,680 — — — 3,692 4.0% Canada 396 100 — — — — 496 0.5% Denmark 1,762 1,849 3,913 9,111 — 2,113 16,635 17.9% Finland — 741 — — — 787 741 0.8% France 885 — — 844 — — 1,729 1.9% Germany 4,801 2,185 1,993 3,350 — 1,312 12,329 13.3% Iceland 300 200 — 300 — — 800 0.9% Lithuania — — 27 — 33 — 27 0.0% Netherlands 23,890 — 11,286 2,900 2,900 2,900 38,076 41.0% Norway 750 750 839 853 — 1,759 3,191 3.4% Sweden — — — 2,311 708 1,471 2,311 2.5% United 4,615 1,961 — — — 6,485 6,575 7.1% Kingdom World Bank 280 437 272 645 — 300 1,634 1.8% Grand Total 38,268 9,100 22,077 23,343 6,666 17,127 92,787 100% Notes: • Actual receipts for fiscal 2009 and fiscal 2011 from the Netherlands and the United Kingdom include contributions made to ESMAP’s Multi-Donor Trust Fund for the Clean Energy Investment Framework (CEIF), which includes the AFREA Program. • ESMAP received US$ 7.1 million from Denmark in FY2012 for the SIDS DOCK MDTF. • Japan has pledged US$ 15 million towards the SIDS DOCK MDTF to date. 62  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program DISBURSEMENTS Arab Spring delayed a number of projects, while in the Latin America and Caribbean region, a Disbursements in FY2012 totaled US$ 16.9 million, shift in client priorities led to a number of proj- a decrease of US$ 1.25 million from disburse- ects being extended or re-allocated. ments in FY2011. Part of this decrease was attrib- utable to the completion and wrap-up of a number Table 6.2 shows ESMAP disbursements by fiscal of special ESMAP programs in FY2011, such as year, with project costs broken out for each the adaptation to climate change and low carbon region and for ESMAP’s global program. Program growth studies. Additionally, in the Middle East management and administration costs are and North Africa region, events related to the broken out by category. FINANCIAL REVIEW 63  TABLE 6.2 ESMAP Disbursements, Fiscal Years 2010–2012 (US$ Thousands) FY10 FY11 FY12 Project Cost 18,569.26 90% 16,211.90 89% 14,867.81 87% Africa 4,045.70 6,317.98 6,915.75 East Asia 1,365.88 934.69 517.91 Europe & Central Asia 1,350.60 537.59 576.36 Latin America & Caribbean 2,082.50 1,278.87 775.63 Middle East & North Africa 1,227.06 1,020.48 600.23 South Asia 1,946.30 726.00 867.32 ESMAP Global Programs 6,551.23 5,396.28 4,614.61 Program Management & 2,036.90 10% 2,040.18 11% 2,129.08 13% Administration Program Management 1,041.73 51% 988.44 48% 1,080.64 51% Governance (CG, TAG) 134.99 7% 69.76 3% 91.57 4% Resource Management/ 294.96 14% 253.91 12% 215.14 10% Trust Fund Administration Portfolio Management 121.53 6% 253.66 12% 245.89 12% (Monitoring and Evaluation) Knowledge Forums 14.61 1% 48.43 2% 28.78 1% Communication and 429.09 21% 425.98 21% 467.06 22% Outreach (publications, website, and other dissemination) Total 20,606.16 100% 18,252.08 100% 16,996.89 100% Of which: Funded by Donors 19,629.16 17,388.56 16,006.34 Funded from World Bank 437.00 272.72 640.23 Budget Funded from Fee Income 540.00 590.80 350.32 Notes: • ESMAP global programs cover global analytical and advisory activities and include activities managed by the ESMAP core team, as well as activities managed by the Sustainable Energy Department, the Environment Department, and other units of the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Network. • Disbursements to the World Bank’s regional units in FY2010-12 include ABGs through the ESMAP MDTF and disbursements from the CEIF MDTF, which includes the AFREA program as well as grants for low carbon development and climate change adaptation activities. • Actual disbursements in FY2012 take into account disbursements made under the ESMAP Multi-Donor Trust Fund for the CEIF, including the AFREA program (which includes World Bank-executed as well as recipient-executed activities), as well as disbursements made under the SIDS DOCK program. • The total administration cost for Program Management and Administration in FY2012 includes the cost of SIDS DOCK program management. 64  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program DISBURSEMENTS BY PROGRAM AREA Table 6.3 shows total ESMAP spending for FY2012 by program area: • Energy Assessments and Strategies Program (EASP) • Energy Access • Clean Energy • Energy Efficient Cities Initiative (EECI) TABLE 6.3 ESMAP Disbursements by Program Area, FY2012 (US$ Thousands) ESMAP Global AFR EAP ECA LAC MNA SAR Programs TOTAL ABG AFREA ABG ABG ABG ABG ABG EASP 169.90 37.92 296.49 287.39 148.78 594.39 994.78 2,529.66 Energy 725.58 5,985.27 25.63 — 300.92 — — 1,069.16 8,106.55 Access Clean 35.00 338.42 165.79 21.23 384.64 272.93 1,655.09 2,873.09 Energy EECI — 115.95 114.08 166.09 66.81 — 895.58 1,358.51 930.49 5,985.27 6,915.75 517.91 576.36 775.63 600.23 867.32 4,614.61 14,867.81 World Bank Regions | AFR—Africa | EAP—East Asia and Pacific | ECA—Europe and Central Asia | MNA—Middle East and North Africa | LCR—Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR—South Asia Notes: • The EASP category includes renewable energy, energy efficiency, and low carbon development activities as part of energy sector assessments and strategy work. • Of the funding for the World Bank’s regional units in FY2012: −− 42% was through the ABG process under the ESMAP MDTF −− 58% was as funding for the AFREA program under the CEIF MDTF • ESMAP global programs cover global analytical and advisory activities and include activities managed by the ESMAP core team, as well as activities managed by the Sustainable Energy Department, the Environment Department, and other units of the World Bank’s Sustainable Development Network. FINANCIAL REVIEW 65  Figures 6.1 and 6.2 illustrate the division of ESMAP spending by program area in FY2012, for the entire program and for ESMAP own- managed activities. FIGURE 6.1 FIGURE 6.2 ESMAP Spending by Program Area, ESMAP Spending by Program Area, FY2012 FY2012 (Entire Program) (ESMAP Own-Managed Activities Only) EECI 9% Clean Clean Energy Energy EASP 36% 19% 17% EECI 19% Energy Energy EASP Access Access 22% 55% 23% Notes: • The EASP category also includes renewable energy, energy efficiency, and low carbon development activities as part of energy sector assessments and strategy work. • The Energy Access category includes monies spent under the AFREA program. 66  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Proceedings ANNEX I OF CG Meeting, 2012 67  Consultative Group Meeting ii. Partnership. CG members stressed how for Energy Trust Funded important partnerships are for ESMAP’s role Programs | ESMAP and AFREA in operational leverage, as well as a knowl- edge clearinghouse and think tank, and 10–11 May 2012, Washington DC appreciated ESMAP’s efforts to strengthen The Consultative Group (CG) meeting for the this aspect of its work. World Bank-managed Energy Trust Funded • ESMAP will continue to work with CG Programs was held in Washington, DC on May members to strengthen communica- 10–11, 2012. The meeting was chaired by Mr. tions with their bilateral development Vijay Iyer, Director, Sustainable Energy agencies and banks, and to identify Department, in the World Bank’s Sustainable areas for cooperation. Development Network. iii. Gender. CG members noted that gender is currently a key component of AFREA and Below are the highlights and follow-up actions the Energy Access Program, but that there out of various discussions, particularly related is still room for improvement to more explic- to ESMAP (including AFREA). For more details itly and systematically build gender aspects regarding each session, please refer to the CG across the ESMAP programs. workspace for all relevant reports and briefing iv. Communication between the TAG and CG materials (www.esmap.org/cg). members. CG members observed that the TAG presentation on recent developments Session 1 | Technical Advisory Group (TAG) in the energy sector was not conclusive Report to the CG enough. It was also noted that the TAG’s i. South-South Knowledge Sharing. Given the communication with the CG has not suffi- importance of, and opportunities for, ciently materialized over the past year. learning among developing countries, CG • ESMAP will introduce a system to members stressed the need for ESMAP to better track whether and how activities facilitate South-South Knowledge Sharing. incorporate gender dimensions and • ESMAP has developed a communica- develop gender-related outcome indi- tions strategy for implementation in cators for its M&E system. FY2013, which emphasizes cross- • ESMAP and TAG will develop a work regional learning and stronger external plan for the TAG, including how, when, outreach. and where to liaise with CG members • ESMAP will also assess feasibility of during the coming year. and demand for a series of “mini� regional knowledge events to further Session 2 | Africa Renewable Energy promote ESMAP’s knowledge exchange Access Program (AFREA) and dissemination efforts. CG members reiterated their support for the proposed AFREA II as part of the ESMAP 68  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Multi-Donor Trust Fund (MDTF). The budget portfolio’s results. It was emphasized that target is US$ 11 million annually. the report should be oriented towards measuring the number of outcomes against CG Members stated that the work of AFREA II the performance indicators, and less on should be more focused and limited, should aim counting the number of activities achieving at a more strategic, coherent approach towards outcomes. transformative change in the energy sector. The • The Portfolio Review has been revised added value of AFREA—with substantial funds— to present the outcomes achieved should become clear, particularly as quite a few against the performance indicators. It donors are working in the energy sector, mainly also now contains an overview section, on energy access at household level. AFREA II summarizing key results. should also take into account other existing orga- • ESMAP will assess the approach used nizational structures and should support those by the Public-Private Infrastructure in order to avoid competition/duplication. Advisory Facility (PPIAF) to track long- • The Concept Note for AFREA II would term change over time of a certain consist of the following proposed types number of activities. of activities: (i) support to Governments ii. Indirect Impacts. Some CG members proposed to innovate, (ii) development of market that indirect impact be tracked as part of transformation activities, and (iii) filling the M&E system. ESMAP noted that it has the knowledge gaps and building capac- been cautious about attribution in under- ities. Efforts will be made to build taking the portfolio review. The Chair also stronger synergies across individual cautioned that the M&E system needs to be activities and to cooperate with other realistic. bilateral and multilateral programs to • The new Business Plan will propose an bring transformative impact. Although M&E framework (logframe) that will some of the programs will focus on include global-level goals to which selected countries with high transforma- ESM A P’s cont r ibut ion s w i l l be tion potential, efforts will be made to measured. integrate also countries with lower imple- iii. Reporting Format. CG members suggested mentation capacity (e.g., post conflict). that the portfolio review report be more stra- • ESMAP will circulate a proposal to tegic to include the trends and lessons amend the ESMAP MDTF Admini‑ learned from the ESMAP activities. stration Agreement in order to allow • Going forward, the report will be struc- for recipient-executed activities under tured to be more strategic, including an AFREA II. analysis that captures lessons from successes and non-performance. The Session 3 | ESMAP Portfolio Review TAG will review the report and iden- i. Focus on Outcomes. CG members appreciated tify important strategic and quality the effort of ESMAP to report on the implications for the CG’s consideration. Proceedings OF CG Meeting, 2012 69  ESMAP also confirmed to the CG that Other Action Items: members would have read-only access • CG members will send in any additional to the new ESMAP M&E web-based comments to ESMAP by May 25, 2012. portal that is being developed. • By June 15, 2012, the evaluation team will revise its report based on any addi- Session 4 | External Evaluation of ESMAP tional comments from CG members, as In five areas assessed through the evaluation— well as the clarifications provided relevance, effectiveness, efficiency, institutional earlier by ESMAP. arrangements and management, and sustain- • The TAG will observe if ESMAP’s ability—ESMAP was assessed overall as satis- renewable work is improving/on track, factory. The CG discussion focused on several in response to the report’s findings that of the report’s recommendations, as follows: REMTI did not achieve intended results during the evaluation period. i. Mainstream gender and social aspects into ESMAP-supported activities. Session 5 | ESMAP Work Program and • ESMAP will prepare an Action Plan on Budget for FY13 the external evaluation, which will be i. ESMAP’s work program will continue to circulated to the CG for comments by have a balance between global knowledge end-July, 2012. products and country-level assistance. ii. Develop a comprehensive communication US$ 7 million of Annual Block Grants (ABGs) strategy to reach out to a wider audience. will be allocated to the Bank’s regional oper- This could include greater involvement of ations units for analytical and advisory external partners in reviewing ESMAP activities. The following were also high- products. lighted, by thematic program. iii. Promote knowledge sharing across coun- ii. Energy Access Program. The Energy Access tries/regions and with donors. In particular, Program proposes three new initiatives: informing other development partners AFREA II to support sustainable energy solu- should be an explicit part of ESMAP’s busi- tions for improved access to modern energy ness plan. services in Sub Saharan Africa (including iv. Expand CG membership to developing coun- Lighting Africa expansion); TA Support to tries to integrate their perspectives into Sustainable Energy for All to assist countries ESMAP’s programs. that opt-in to the universal access target of • The CG members suggested that the SEFA initiative; and Energy Access for the ESMAP use other channels (e.g., knowl- Peri-Urban/Urban Program in partnership edge exchange forums at regional with the Cities Alliance. levels) to seek client views as an input iii. Clean Energy Program. The program’s prior- towards ESMAP’s strategy development ities for FY2013 include: enhancing the and work programming. World Bank’s clean energy capacity through staff training and knowledge management; 70  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program promoting geothermal power through a with activities such as AFREA, Sustainable scale-up investment plan; and, continuing Energy for All TA, and Resource Mapping. capacity building for low carbon develop- • ESMAP will undertake an assessment ment planning. Meso-scale renewable of long-range trends affecting future energy resource mapping is proposed as a energy sector development, in partic- new initiative, while the SIDS DOCK Support ular relating to resource scarcity, Program is continued. particularly the energy-food-water iv. Energy Efficient Cities Initiative. This program nexus. The work will be carried out will further emphasize expanding outreach with other World Bank units (e.g., to cities for deployment of TRACE in part- Agriculture, Water and Research nership with external organizations and Units). CG members are also invited to scaling up operational support for munic- suggest agencies that can partner with ipal water and wastewater, as well as urban ESMAP. transport operations. • CG observed that ESMAP’s Resources v. Energy Strategy and Assessment Program. Mapping initiative could have strong META, a user-friendly model to compara- appeal to donors at the country level, tively assess electricity generation options, and suggested that ESMAP prepare a will be deployed. brief note on the proposed program as vi. Results-Based Funding. ESMAP will continue a “marketing� tool for bilateral funding. to work closely with internal and external partners, such as the Global Partnership on Session 6 | SIDS DOCK Support Program Output-Based Aid (GPOBA) and Energy+, Due to time const raints, there was no to provide operational and advisory support discussion. in response to demand from client countries and development partners. • The Danish Ministry of Foreign Affairs plans to undertake a review of the SIDS CG members noted that the program is increasing DOCK portfolio in the second half of its focus on low income countries, particularly FY2013. Proceedings OF CG Meeting, 2012 71  ESMAP ANNEX II Program Outputs, FY2012 72  The following tables summarize the status of outputs under each of the ESMAP program areas in FY2012, in line with the monitoring and eval- uation system introduced in 2010. CLEAN ENERGY 1 Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents Djibouti Geothermal Power Generation Program (Financial Analysis) Global Energy Sector Climate Change Vulnerability Rapid Assessments Framework Global Geothermal Handbook | Planning and Financing Power Generation Indonesia Renewable Energy for Electrification | PLN Capacity Building in HOMER LCR Central America Programmatic Study V | Promoting Geothermal Energy MNA Regional Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Scale-up Initiative | Outputs delivered under Phase III • Program Economic Assessment • Report on Appropriate Regulatory Framework for CSP Development in MNA Countries (Jordan) • System Planning Model and Report for Better Integration of Renewable Energy into Interconnected Regional Grids • Tools for Assessment of Economic Impacts of CSP Scale-Up (toolkit, workshop, and report) • Water-Energy Nexus-Desalination Study Dissemination • Site Screening / Pre-Feasibility Work (Tunisia) Philippines Philippines Reliable and Sustainable Integration of Renewables in the Competitive Electricity Market 2 Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal Products and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Conference Financing Challenges in Scaling-up Geothermal Energy (Geothermal Energy Association International Geothermal Energy Showcase 2012, Washington, DC, 23 May 2012) Conference Meeting the Dual Goal of Energy Access and Sustainability | CSP Deployment in Developing Countries (World Renewable Energy Forum, 14–17 May 2012) Conference The Moroccan Integrated Solar Combined Cycle (ISCC) Plant at Ain Beni Mathar | Lessons Learned from a CSP Project in a New Environment (SOLARPaces 2011 Conference, Granada, Spain, 20–23 Sep 2011) (continued on next page) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2012 73  CLEAN ENERGY (continued) Consultation Solar Tour (CSP) with South African, Moroccan, and Indian representatives (California, Nevada, 18–24 May 2012) Knowledge Tool Energy Forecasting Framework and Emissions Consensus Tool (EFFECT) Knowledge Tool Marginal Abatement Cost Tool (MACTool) Training EFFECT • Low Carbon Development for 101 participants (with World Bank Institute, Washington, DC, 12 Aug–12 Oct 2012 • EFFECT Capacity Building for Low Carbon Development at the Institute of Energy (Hanoi, Vietnam, 19 Jul 2012) • E-learning course taken by 150 participants Training ESMAP’s Renewable Energy Training Program • Module 1 | Wind (World Bank, Washington, DC, Mar 2012) • Module 2 | Solar Photovoltaic (World Bank, Washington, DC, Apr 2012) Training MACTool • MACTool Capacity Building for Atkins Consultants (Washington, DC, 20 Aug 2012) • MACTool Capacity Building for the Brazilian Government (Brasilia, Brazil, 15–19 Oct 2012) Training Smartening the Grid | From Developed to Developing Countries (World Bank Brown Bag Lunch, Washington, DC, 19 Mar 2012) Workshop Regional Centre for Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency (ECREEE) Workshop on the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Program for Small-Scale Hydropower (Monrovia, Liberia, 16–20 Apr 2012) 74  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ENERGY ACCESS 1 Analytical & Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents Bangladesh Stove Users Consultations Report Benin Increased Access to Modern Energy (Restructuring Paper and Technical Discussions) Global Annual Block Grants Screened for Gender Considerations (May 2012) Global Contributions to Corporate Reviews and Reports (e.g., SDN Steps to Strides) Global ESMAP Gender and Energy Action Plan (developed Jun 2012) Global ESMED Energy Access for Urban Poor • Energy Access and Productive Uses for the Urban Poor (Final Report of Ghana Scoping Study) • Improving Energy Access to the Urban Poor in Developing Countries (Case Studies) • Virtual Consultation and Proceedings • Urban Poor Practitioners Workshop (Face-to-Face Consultation) • Action Plan FY2013–15 Peru Promoting Productive Uses of Electricity in Rural Areas of Peru | Experience and Lessons Learned Proceedings Road to Durban | Promoting Sustainable Energy Access for Africa: African Energy Ministers Conference Proceedings Report (Johannesburg, South Africa, 15–16 Sep 2011) 2 Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and Products External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Conference ENERGIA Gender and Energy Conference (Amsterdam, Dec 2011 ) Conference US Department of State International Visitor Leadership Program Conference | Women’s Climate Leaders (Washington DC, Jun 2012) Newsletter Addressing the Gender Dimension of Energy Projects in Africa (Sep 2011) Newsletter Integrating Gender into Energy Operations: Approaches from Pilot Countries (Nov 2011) Presentation MENA Energy Staff Meeting | Sharing Experiences of AFREA Gender and Energy Program (World Bank, Washington, DC, May 2012) Presentation Household Energy-for-Cooking / Sustainable Development Network Forum (Washington DC, Mar 2012) Presentations Sustainable Development Network Forum / ESMAP Knowledge Forum (World Bank, Washington DC, Mar 2012) Training Gender and Energy After Durban, Opportunities and Challenges for Rio+20 (World Bank, Washington, DC, Jan 2012) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2012 75  ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA A. Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions (ACCES) 1 Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR Country Engagement | Country Prioritization Assessment in Landscape Report (East Africa Alliance Workshop) 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Consultation East, West, and Southern Africa consultations: 3 consultation event reports disseminated; Consolidated stakeholder report (Nairobi, Accra, Maputo) B. Africa Electrification Initiative (AEI) 1 Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR Discussion papers/write-ups posted since July 2011 via AEI Online Social Collaborative Network: • Strategies for Promoting Productive Uses of Electricity • Improving Electricity Access for the Urban Poor in African Cities • Amélioration de l’Accès à l’Électricité pour les Pauvres dans les Zones Urbaines Africaines (French) • Institutional Approaches to Electrification • Approches Institutionnelles de l’Électrification (French) AFR Impact Evaluation of Productive Use | An Implementation Guide for Electrification Projects (led by EUEI) Senegal AEI Dakar Workshop Proceedings Sub-Saharan Africa AEI Call for Papers on Innovative Approaches for Access Scale-Up (10 papers submitted by SSA electrification) Winning papers: • Electrification Rurale en Zone Faiblement Monétarisée: Approche Innovante Pour L’électrification du village de Goyala en République de Guinée • Namibian Policy Perspectives on Solar Energy (continued on next page) 76  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA (continued) 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Training Private Sector Enabling Acceleration to Universal Access Panel and Paying for Results in the Energy Sector Workshop (World Bank Energy Days 2012, Washington, DC, 23 Feb–1 Mar 2012) Training Regulatory Review of the Power Purchase Agreements in Tanzania ( Washington, DC, 11 Jul 2012) Training Urban and Peri-Urban Energy Access Practitioners’ Forum (ESMAP Knowledge Exchange Forum 2012, Washington, DC, 7–8 May 2012) Workshop Institutional Approaches to Electrification Practitioners’ Workshop (Dakar, Senegal, 14–16 Nov 2011) Workshop Productive Use of Energy Practitioners’ Workshop (led by EUEI- PDF; Nairobi, Kenya, 20–22 Sep 2011) Workshop Promoting Low Carbon Energy in Africa through Carbon Finance Workshop (Africa Carbon Forum 2012, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 17–20 Apr 2012) C. Africa Gender and Energy Program 1 Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR Gender support and contribution to the Africa Clean Cookstoves Energy Solutions Program (ACCES) AFR Network of gender and energy experts in the Africa region established and expanding Mali Gender Assessments | Mali (Jul 2011) Mali Gender Focal Point Terms of Reference and Position developed in Mali/AMADER (Aug 2011) Mali, Tanzania, Africa Gender & Energy Program activities initiated and Senegal, Kenya, implemented in Mali, Tanzania, Senegal, Kenya, and Benin Benin Tanzania Gender Assessments | Tanzania (May 2011) 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Newsletter Tanzania | Championing Energy Solutions for Women (May 2012) Report Expanding Women’s Role in Africa’s Modern Off-Grid Lighting Market (French, Oct 2011) (continued on next page) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2012 77  ENERGY ACCESS | AFREA (continued) Video ThinkEqual 2012 Campaign | Mali Gender and Energy Documented Workshop Gender and Energy session and knowledge exchange (AEI Workshop, Senegal, Nov 2011) Workshop AMADER Gender and Energy Workshop (Mali, Nov 2011) Workshop Rural Energy Agency Workshop (Tanzania, Jun 2012) D. Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa (BEIA; Bank Executed) 1 Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents AFR Wood-Based Biomass Energy Development for Sub-Saharan Africa | Issues and Approaches E. Capacity Upgrading for West African Partners in Renewable Energy Education Project (REEP) 1 Analytical & Advisory Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports Activities Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Proceedings Documents Ghana Integration of Photovoltaic Output into Electricity Distribution Grids | Studies on a 4 kWp System in Ghana (Sep 2011) 2 Knowledge Products Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and External Trainings, Forums and Workshops Training GIS Energy Planning and RETScreen training at KNUST (Ghana, Aug 2011) Training Renewable Energy Technologies and Energy Policy Training Program (7 sessions at KNUST/2IE, Ghana, Jan–May 2012) Webinar CSP Technologies for Harnessing Solar Energy in Africa—Schott Solar (Aug 2011) Webinar Resource Assessment for CSP Feasibility, a ECREEE—CENER project (May 2012) Workshop International Solar Energy Experts workshop (I-SEE 2012)—College of Engineering, KNUST (Ghana, May 2012) 78  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ENERGY EFFICIENT CITIES INITIATIVE (EECI) 1 Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents China Beijing Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Scale-up Project China Green Energy for Low Carbon City in Shanghai Project China Improving Energy Efficiency in Public Institutions Global Energy Efficiency Programs and Barrier Removal Costs Global Primer on Energy Efficiency for Municipal Water and Wastewater Utilities Global Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products Uruguay Operational Support | Uruguay Obras Sanitarias del Estado Sustainable and Efficient Project 2 Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal and Products External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Case Study Light Emitting Diode Street Lighting Retrofit (Los Angeles, California) Case Study Low-Income Housing Energy Efficiency Project (Cape Town, South Africa) Case Study Municipal Eco Purchasing (Vienna, Austria) Case Study Municipal Energy Efficiency Fund (Ann Arbor, Michigan) Conference Energy Efficiency and ICLEI Conference (Belo Horizonte, Brazil, 12–19 Jun 2012) Conference Energy Efficiency Global 2012 (Orlando, Florida, 27–29 Mar 2012) Conference Sustainable Development Network Forum 2012 (World Bank, Washington, DC, Feb 2012) Knowledge TRACE assessments conducted for evaluating energy efficiency opportunities Tool across all sectors in 7 cities: Deployment • Banja Luka (Bosnia Herzegovina) • Belgrade (Serbia) • Belo Horizonte (Brazil) • Pristina (Kosovo) • Quezon City (Philippines) • Sarajevo (Bosnia Herzegovina) • Tbilisi (Georgia) Training Energy Efficiency for Water and Sanitation ( World Bank, Washington DC, Mar 2012) Training Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products Practitioners’ Workshop (World Bank, Washington DC, 7–8 Jun 2012) Workshop Presentation at LCS-Rnet Conference (Paris, 13–14 Oct 2011) Workshops Leaders in Urban Transport Planning Workshops (Singapore, Jan 2012; Marseille, Jun 2012; and Fuzhou, Jun 2012) ESMAP Program Outputs, FY2012 79  ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAM 1 Analytical Economic and Sector Work: Sector or Thematic Reports & Advisory Technical Assistance: Implementation / Advisory Reports, Event Activities Proceedings Documents Armenia Study of Demand-Side Management Tools China Urban Transport Climate Change Strategy Caucasus Stock Taking | Regional Power Trade in the Southern Caucasus (Phase I Consolidated Report) Global Revisiting Policy Options on the Market Global Key Drivers of Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) in Electricity Generation in Developing Countries | Cross-Country Evidence of Switching between PPP Investment in Fossil Fuel and Renewable-Based Generation Vietnam Vietnam Power Sector | Overview and Prospects Lebanon Thermal Standards for Buildings | Review and Implementation Plan Maldives Developing a Regulatory Framework for the Maldives Energy Sector Egypt Institutional Framework for Implementation of Energy Efficiency in Egypt Moldova Chişinău Heat and Electricity Supply Institutional and Financial Restructuring Study (Phase 2 Final Report) Nepal Workshop on Cumulative Impact Assessment of Hydropower Development in Nepal India Lighting Rural India Experience of Rural Load Segregation Schemes in States India Review of Financial Restructuring Plan of Nepal Electricity Authority Ukraine Modernization of the District Heating Systems in Ukraine | Heat Metering and Consumption-Based Billing Uzbekistan / Regional Electricity Supply and Trade Afghanistan / Pakistan Jordan Assessment of Smart Grid Application to Jordan Transmission System 2 Knowledge Toolkits, Operational Guides, Models, Handbooks, Databases, Internal Products and External Trainings, Forums, and Workshops Knowledge Tool Model for Electricity Technology Assessment (META) World Bank Regions | AFR—Africa | EAP—East Asia and Pacific | ECA—Europe and Central Asia | MNA—Middle East and North Africa | LCR—Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR—South Asia 80  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program World Bank ANNEX III Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities FY2009–12 81  Over the past four fiscal years (FY2009 through Bank Group lending of US$ 13.99 billion. The FY2012), ESMAP activities have contributed to following is a list of lending operations influ- the identification and design of approved World enced by ESMAP activities during this period. World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities, FY2009–12 WBG Lending Operation Region Country Regional and Domestic Power Market Development Project AFR Africa Southern African Power Market Project (Adaptable Program Loan 1) AFR Africa Energy Access Project AFR Burkina Faso Energy Sector Development Project AFR Cameroon Forest Investment Program AFR Congo, Democratic Republic of Growth with Governance in the Mineral Sector AFR Congo, Democratic Republic of West Africa Power Pool Adaptable Program Loan 4 (Phase 1) AFR Côte d’Ivoire, Sierra Leone Liberia, Guinea Ghana Energy Development and Access Project (GEDAP) AFR Ghana Electricity Expansion Project AFR Kenya Liberia Electricity System Enhancement Project (Additional AFR Liberia Financing) Lighting Lives in Liberia AFR Liberia Energy Sector Project AFR Malawi Household Energy and Universal Access Project (Additional AFR Mali Financing) Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program AFR Mali Energy Development and Access Project AFR Mozambique Energy Development and Access Project (EDAP) AFR Mozambique Mozambique-Malawi Transmission Interconnection Project AFR Mozambique- (Adjustable Programmatic Loan 2) Malawi Electricity Access Scale-up and Sector Wide Approach Development AFR Rwanda Project (continued on next page) 82  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities, FY2009–12 (continued) WBG Lending Operation Region Country Second Sustainable and Participatory Energy Management Project AFR Senegal (PROGEDE II) Eskom Renewables Support Project AFR South Africa Energy Development and Access Project AFR Tanzania Sustainable Management of Mineral Resources AFR Tanzania Rural Electrification and Transmission Project EAP Cambodia Global Environment Facility Provincial Energy Efficiency Scale-up EAP China Program Global Environment Facility Tianjin Eco-city Project EAP China Guangdong Green Freight Demonstration Project EAP China Ningbo New Countryside Development Project EAP China Shangdong Province Energy Efficiency EAP China Climate Change Development Policy Loan I EAP Indonesia Climate Change Development Policy Loan II EAP Indonesia Geothermal Clean Energy Investment Project EAP Indonesia Rural Electrification Project—Phase I (Adaptable Program Loan) EAP Lao People’s Democratic Republic Rural Electrification Project—Phase II EAP Lao People’s Democratic Republic Mining Sector Technical Assistance Project EAP Mongolia Second Mining Sector Institutional Strengthening Technical EAP Papua New Assistance Guinea Clean Technology Fund (IFC) EAP Philippines Kunming Urban Rail Project EAP Regional Climate Change Development Policy Loan EAP Vietnam Ho Chi Minh City Green Transport EAP Vietnam Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit 10 EAP Vietnam Power Sector Reform (Development Policy Operation 2) EAP Vietnam Vietnam Poverty Reduction Strategy Credit 9 EAP Vietnam (continued on next page) World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities FY2009–12 83  World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities, FY2009–12 (continued) WBG Lending Operation Region Country Vietnam Transmission and Distribution (Additional Financing 2) EAP Vietnam Electricity Supply Reliability Project ECA Armenia Energy Efficiency Project ECA Armenia Global Environment Facility Sustainable Energy Project ECA Macedonia, former Yugoslav Republic of Energy Project II (Additional Financing) ECA Moldova Energy Efficiency Development Policy Loan ECA Poland Energy Community of South East Europe Adaptable Program Loan ECA South Eastern Europe Energy Community of South East Europe (ECSEE) Adaptable ECA Turkey Program Loan #6 Environmental Sustainability and Energy Sector (Development ECA Turkey Policy Loan 2) Private Sector Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project ECA Turkey Private Sector Renewable Energy and Energy Efficiency Project ECA Turkey (Additional Financing) Programmatic Electricity Sector Development Policy Loan ECA Turkey Small- and Medium-Enterprises Energy Efficiency Project ECA Turkey Energy Efficiency Project ECA Ukraine Ukraine Energy Efficiency Project ECA Ukraine Energy Efficient Industrial Enterprises ECA Uzbekistan Decentralized Infrastructure for Rural Transformation Project LCR Bolivia (IDTR) Electrobras Distribution Rehabilitation Project LCR Brazil Rebuilding Energy Infrastructure and Access Project LCR Haiti Power Sector Efficiency Enhancement Project (PROMEF) LCR Honduras Scaling Up Renewable Energy Program - Honduras Investment Plan LCR Honduras Energy Investments and Technical Assistance LCR Jamaica Efficient Lighting and Appliances LCR Mexico Framework for Green Growth Development Policy Loan LCR Mexico (continued on next page) 84  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities, FY2009–12 (continued) WBG Lending Operation Region Country Global Environment Facility Energy Efficient Lighting and LCR Mexico Appliances Project Global Environment Facility Wind Umbrella Project III LCR Mexico Low Carbon Development Policy Loan LCR Mexico First Rural Electrification Project LCR Peru Rural Electrification Project LCR Peru Second Rural Electrification Project LCR Peru Ain Sokhna Power MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Giza North Power Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Helwan South Power Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Kom Ombo Solar Power MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Wind Power Development Project MNA Egypt, Arab Republic of Energy Sector Development Policy Loan MNA Morocco Ouarzazate Concentrated Solar Power MNA Morocco Urban Transport Development Policy Loan MNA Morocco Concentrated Solar Power MNA Tunisia Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Investment Project MNA Tunisia Tunisian Electricity and Gas Company (STEG) Concentrated Solar MNA Tunisia Power Municipal Development Program Phase I MNA West Bank and Gaza Power System Development Project SAR Afghanistan Clean Air Sustainable Environment (CASE) Project SAR Bangladesh Rural Electrification and Renewable Energy Development (RERED; SAR Bangladesh Additional Funding) Coal-Fired Generation Rehabilitation SAR India Coal-Fired Generation Rehabilitation SAR India (continued on next page) World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities FY2009–12 85  World Bank Group Lending Operations Influenced by ESMAP Activities, FY2009–12 (continued) WBG Lending Operation Region Country Haryana Power System Improvement Project SAR India IFC Loan for Maharashtra State Electricity Transmission SAR India Corporation Limited (MSETCL) Kabeli Transmission Project SAR Nepal Electricity Distribution and Transmission Improvement Program SAR Pakistan Project World Bank Regions | AFR—Africa | EAP —East Asia and Pacific | ECA—Europe and Central Asia | MNA—Middle East and North Africa | LCR—Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR—South Asia 86  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program new, ANNEX IV ongoing and Completed activities, fiscal year 2012 87  NEW ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY Belarus Biomass-Based District Heating Pekka Kalevi Salminen China Capacity Building for Smart Grid Development Ximing Peng in China China Defining and Measuring Low Carbon Cities in Xiaodong Wang China China Low Carbon Cities Platform Axel E. N. Baeumler Global Clean Energy Guidebooks and Briefs Silvia Martinez Romero Global Clean Energy Staff Training & Knowledge Silvia Martinez Romero Platform Global Climate Vulnerability in the Energy Sector Pierre Audinet Global Energy Sector Low Carbon Development Pierre Audinet Operational Support Global Geothermal Scale-Up Investment Plan Pierre Audinet Global Integration of Renewable Energy into Low Silvia Martinez Romero Carbon Infrastructure Global SIDS DOCK | Energy Innovation Fund Habiba Gitay Global SIDS DOCK | Revolving Fund Options Paper Jarl Krausing Global SIDS DOCK | Virtual Network to Support SIDS Ethelstan Angus Friday DOCK Platform Global Smart Grids Guidebooks Marcelino Madrigal LCR Climate Market Auction | Best Practices Chandra Shekhar Sinha Lebanon Wind Power Development Study Simon J. Stolp MNA Technical Assistance to Develop Tools for Silvia Pariente-David Electricity Assessment of Mediterranean Renewable Energy Projects Tunisia Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Action Plan in Olivier P. Le Ber Transport Sector Tunisia Low Carbon Power Sector Strategy Fanny Kathinka Missfeldt-Ringius Turkey National Watershed Management Aziz Bouzaher (continued on next page) 88  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program NEW ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager ENERGY ACCESS AFR Clean Cooking Initiative for Africa Dana Rysankova AFR Lighting Africa Program Expansion Daniel J. Murphy Global Clean Cookstoves Mapping Venkata Ramana Putti Global Defining and Measuring Access to Energy Mikul Bhatia Global Economics of Household Energy Venkata Ramana Putti Global Household Energy Guidance Note Koffi Ekouevi Niger Energy Sector Assessment Issa Diaw Philippines Rural Electricity Cooperatives | Reform and Alan F. Townsend Restructuring ENERGY EFFICIENCY AFR Energy Efficiency in African Cities Karan Capoor Brazil Green Freight Transport Georges Bianco Darido China Provincial Energy Efficiency Practitioners Forum Gailius J. Draugelis Global Making Cities More Energy Efficient Feng Liu Global Public Procurement of Energy Efficient Products Jasneet Singh Global Capacity Building for Energy Efficiency Urban Om Prakash Agarwal Transport Ukraine Facilitating Commercial Municipal Energy Astrid Manroth Efficiency Finance in Ukraine Vietnam Improving Energy Efficiency of Bus Services in Ke Fang Ho Chi Minh City ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) Armenia Power Sector Tariff Study Artur Kochnakyan Balkans Regional Energy Development Strategy Update Salvador Rivera Egypt Policy Note on Social Accountability in the Egypt Vladislav Vucetic Energy Sector Global International Experience with Private Sector Victor B. Loksha Participation and Open Access in Power Grids LCR Impacts of High Oil Prices in Latin America Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia and the Caribbean | Short and Medium Run Considerations (continued on next page) new, ongoing and Completed activities, fiscal year 2012 89  NEW ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager MENA Synchronization of Mashreq, Turkey, and Waleed Saleh I. Alsuraih European Union Electricity Grids Peru Technical Assistance for Energy Planning David Reinstein Tajikistan Study on Power Supply Options Assessment Daryl Fields RESULTS-BASED FINANCING Global Results-Based Funding for Energy Sector Oliver Knight Development | Knowledge Products ONGOING ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY China Evaluation of Incentive Mechanisms (Taxation & Yanqin Song Pricing) for Wind Power in China Global Low Carbon Development in Power Sector Venkata Ramana Putti India Concentrated Solar Power Initiative Ashish Khanna Indonesia Geothermal Risk Mitigation Framework in Migara Jayawardena Indonesia MNA North Africa Regional Concentrated Solar Power Chandrasekar Initiative Govindarajalu Nigeria Climate Change Implications for Growth in the Raffaello Cervigni Non-Oil Sector in Nigeria Yemen Renewable Energy Framework Jianping Zhao ENERGY ACCESS Africa 3A-ESMAP Africa Electrification Experience Dana Rysankova Global Direct Delivery of Power Subsidy to Rural Areas Mohinder Gulati Global Just-in-Time Technical Assistance with Local/ Adriana Eftimie Global Gender & Energy Experts Haiti Strategic Development of Household and Other Karen Bazex Energy Sector LCR Central America Programmatic Study Module #7 | Performance of Improved Cook Stoves in Central America (continued on next page) 90  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program ONGOING ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager ENERGY EFFICIENCY Belarus Energy Efficiency Pekka Kalevi Salminen ECA Climate Friendly Energy Efficient policies across Jas Singh South Eastern Europe Egypt Cairo Congestion Study Ziad Salim EL Nakat Global Energy Efficient Cities Initiative Outreach & Feng Liu Dissemination Global Energy Efficient Cities Project Support Facility Feng Liu ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) Bulgaria Gas Sector Study Peter Johansen China Heat Regulation Phase II Gailius J. Draugelis India The Indian Power Sector | A Stocktaking and Sheoli Pargal Directions for the Future India Understanding Private Sector Participation in Kwawu Mensan Gaba Hydropower Development Xiaoping Wang MNA Assessment of Institutional and Regulatory Husam Mohamed Framework for Electricity Trade in the Arab Beides World Uzbekistan Energy Efficiency Strategy for Industrial Franz Gerner Enterprises in Uzbekistan COMPLETED ACTIVITIES Country/Region Activity Task Manager CLEAN ENERGY Global Adaptation Country Briefs Pierre Audinet Global Adaptation Knowledge Dissemination Pierre Audinet Global Energy Efficient Cities Initiative Good Practice Feng Liu Awards Global Geothermal Handbook Magnus Gehringer Global Low Carbon Country Studies Knowledge Pierre Audinet Products (continued on next page) new, ongoing and Completed activities, fiscal year 2012 91  COMPLETED ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager Global Scaling Up the Deployment of Grid- Cindy Suh Connected Renewable Energy Technologies in Developing Countries Global Work on Gender and Youth in Extractive Adriana Eftimie Industries Indonesia Renewable Energy for Electrification | PLN Dhruva Sahai Capacity Building in HOMER Jordan Assessment of Smart Grid Application to Husam Mohamed Beides Jordan Transmission System LCR Central America Programmatic Study V | Xiaoping Wang Promoting Geothermal Energy Philippines Renewable Development & Market Reform Beatriz Arizu de Jablonski Serbia Low Carbon Energy Path Salvador Rivera ENERGY ACCESS AFR Road to Durban | Energy Ministers Event Karan Capoor Global ESMED Energy Access for Urban Poor Gabriela Elizondo Azuela Peru Capacity Building for Productive Use of Susan V. Bogach Energy in Peru ENERGY EFFICIENCY China Energy Efficiency in Government Facilities in Alberto Ugalde Ang Co China Belarus & Ukraine District Heating Analytic & Advisory Activities Yadviga Viktorivna Semikolenova China Urban Transport Climate Change Strategy Ke Fang Egypt Energy Efficiency Strategy Jianping Zhao Global Energy Efficiency for Water and Sanitation Feng Liu Utilities Global Analysis of Costs of Delivering Demand Side Ashok Sarkar Energy Efficiency Activities Jordan Energy Efficient Cities Initiative Small Grants Feng Liu (Zarqa) Pakistan Support for the Development of a Large-Scale Richard Spencer Energy Efficient Lighting Program (continued on next page) 92  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program COMPLETED ACTIVITIES (continued) Country/Region Activity Task Manager ENERGY ASSESSMENTS AND STRATEGIES PROGRAMS (EASP) Armenia Study of Demand-Side Management Tools Artur Kochnakyan Caucasus Regional Energy Sector Note Salvador Rivera Global Model for Electricity Technology Assessment Sameer Shukla (META) Global Power Sector Market Structure Maria Vagliasindi Global Private and Public Sector Roles in the Power Maria Vagliasindi Sector | Towards a New Policy Agenda LCR Central America Programmatic Study Module Xiaoping Wang #6 | Diversification of Energy Matrix LCR Managing High & Volatile Oil Prices Rigoberto Yepez-Garcia Lebanon Support to Implementation of Electricity Simon J. Stolp Sector Maldives Developing a Regulatory Framework for Abdulaziz Faghi Maldives Energy Sector Nepal Support to Strategic Energy Sector Michael Haney Development SAR South Asian Regional Energy Assessment Mohua Mukherjee Uzbekistan, Uzbekistan-Afghanistan-Pakistan Regional Sunil Kumar Khosla Afghanistan, Electricity Supply & Trade Pakistan Vietnam Energy Reform Dissemination & Outreach Beatriz Arizu de Jablonski World Bank Regions | AFR—Africa | EAP —East Asia and Pacific | ECA—Europe and Central Asia | MNA—Middle East and North Africa | LCR—Latin American and the Caribbean | SAR—South Asia new, ongoing and Completed activities, fiscal year 2012 93  PUBLICATIONS, ANNEX V FY2012 94  ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region AFREA brochure AFR Africa Renewable Energy Juliet Pumpuni Access Program (AFREA) Lighting Africa AFR Expanding Women’s Role Carmen Niethammer, Peter publication in Africa’s Modern Off-Grid Alston, Brendon Mendonça, Lighting Market Adriana Eftimie Executive AFR Household Energy Access for Koffi Ekouevi, Voravate Summary Cooking and Heating | Lessons Tuntivate Learned and the Way Forward AFREA publication AFR Institutional Approaches to Africa Electrification Electrification | The Experience Initiative of Rural Energy Agencies / Rural Energy Funds in Sub-Saharan Africa P116419 AFR Wood-Based Biomass Energy Klas Sander, Besnik Hyseni, AFREA publication Development for Sub-Saharan Waqar Haider Africa | Issues and Approaches P124811 Brazil TRACE | Energy Efficiency Pedzi Makumbe ESMAP brochure Opportunities in Belo Horizonte P123996 China Sustainable Low Carbon City Axel Baeumler, Ede WB Directions in Development in China Ijjasz-Vasquez, Shomik Development Mehndiratta 978-0-8213-8987-4 P110557, P117917 China Urban Accessibility Planning Prepared by University Support Systems with a Case of Twente for Shomik Study in Wuhan, China Mehndiratta, Ke Fang, Andrew Salzberg ESMAP White Ghana Energy Access and Productive Prepared by The Energy and Paper Uses for the Urban Poor | Resources Institute (TERI) Final Report on Ghana Scoping for ESMAP Study P125354 Global A Primer on Energy Efficiency Feng Liu, Alain Ouedraogo, ESMAP Technical for Municipal Water and Seema Manghee, Alexander Report 001/12 Wastewater Utilities Danilenko ESMAP brochure Global Energy Access | Supporting Yvette Bossman Access to Modern, Sustainable Energy Services ESMAP brochure Global Energy Sector Management Nicholas Keyes Assistance Program | A Bridge to a Sustainable Energy Future (continued on next page) PUBLICATIONS, FY2012 95  (continued) ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region Administrative Global ESMAP Annual Report 2011 Nicholas Keyes Report P119918 Global Guidance Note | Best Ranjan Bose ESMAP Briefing Operational and Maintenance Note 10/11 Practices for City Bus Fleets to Maximize Fuel Economy P127172 Global Handbook on Planning and Magnus Gehringer, Victor Executive Financing Geothermal Power Loksha Summary Generation | Main Findings and Recommendations ESMAP White Global Improving Energy Access to Prepared by The Energy and Paper the Urban Poor in Developing Resources Institute (TERI) Countries for ESMAP P120447 Global Innovative Approaches to Yvette Bossman ESMAP Knowledge Energy Access for the Urban Product Poor | Summaries of Best Practices from Case Studies in Four Countries ESMAP 2-pager Global MACTool | Marginal Abatement Christophe de Gouvello Cost Tool ESMAP 2-pager Global Results-Based Approaches in Oliver Knight the Energy Sector P113129 Global Revisiting Policy Options on Maria Vagliasindi, John the Market Structure in the Besant Jones Power Sector ESMAP 2-pager Global Sustainable Energy for All | Venkat Putti ESMAP Program in Support of Universal Energy Access P119918 Global Transit Bus Operational and Ranjan Bose Report No. Maintenance Practices to 63116-GLB Maximize Fuel Economy ESMAP White Paper P083898 India Cleaner Hearths, Better Douglas F. Barnes, Priti Oxford University Homes | Improved Stoves for Kumar, Keith Openshaw Press India India and Developing World 978-0-1980-7835-7 (continued on next page) 96  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (continued) ISBN, Pub. No., Country/ Title Author/PTL/Program Or Project ID Region P101555 India Energy Intensive Sectors of the Kwawu Mensan Gaba, ESMAP Briefing Indian Economy | Path to Low Charles Joseph Cormier, Note 006/11 Carbon Development John Allen Rogers P101555 India Energy Intensive Sectors of the Kwawu Mensan Gaba, 54607-IN Indian Economy | Path to Low Charles Joseph Cormier, ESMAP White Carbon Development John Allen Rogers Paper P122924 Jordan Developing an Energy-Efficient Prepared by WSP, Report No. Urban Transport Plan for Consolidated Consultants, 63551-JO Zarqa City Downtown Area TRL for Michael Jordanou, George Burnett, Eppa Hummerstone P118280 LCR Drilling Down on Geothermal Xiaoping Wang Potential | An Assessment for Central America P118730 MNA Regulatory and Financial Natalia Kulichenko, Jens Energy and Mining Incentives for Scaling Up Wirth Sector Board Concentrated Solar Power in Discussion Paper Developing Countries No. 24 P123396 Moldova Chişinău Heat and Electricity Prepared by Economic Supply Institutional and Consulting Associates for Financial Restructuring Study Shinya Nishimura | Phase 2 P122960 Nepal Evaluation of Pilot CFL Prepared by Energy Consult Distribution Program and for Michael Haney Capacity Building P123643 Peru Promoting Productive Uses of James Finucane, V. Susan Electricity in Rural Areas of Bogach, Luis E. Garcia, Peru | Experience and Lessons Eduardo H. Zolezzi Learned P115164 Poland Transition to a Low Carbon Erika Jorgensen, Leszek ESMAP Briefing Economy in Poland Kasek, Ryszard Malarski, Note 009/11 Ewa Korczyc, John Allen Rogers, Gary Stuggins P112754 Ukraine Modernization of the Yadviga Semikolenova, 978-966-8869-47-5 District Heating System in Lauren Pierce, Denzel Ukraine | Heat Metering and Hankinson Consumption-Based Billing PUBLICATIONS, FY2012 97  ABG annual block grant ACCES Africa Clean Cooking Energy Solutions initiative Acronyms AEI Africa Electrification Initiative AFD Agence Française de Dévelopement AFR Africa (World Bank region) AFREA Africa Renewable Energy and Access Program AMANDER Agency for Household Energy and Rural Electrification (Mali) AOSIS Alliance of Small Island States ASER Agence Sénégalaise d’Électrification Rurale AusAID Australian Agency for International Development BEIA Biomass Energy Initiative for Africa CASE Clean Air Sustainable Environment Project CDKN Cl i m ate a nd Development Knowledge Network CEIF Clean Energy Investment Framework CENER National Renewable Energy Centre (Spain) CFL compact florescent lamp CG Consultative Group CIFs Climate Investment Funds CO2 carbon dioxide COP Conference of Parties CSP concentrated solar power CSIRO Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation CTF Clean Technology Fund DFID Depa r t ment for Inter nat iona l Development (UK) DRC Democratic Republic of Congo EAP East Asia and Pacific (World Bank region) EASP Energy Assessments and Strategy Program 98  ECA Europe and Central Asia (World ICLEI International Council for Local Bank region) Environmental Initiatives ECOWAS Economic Community of West ICT information and communication African States technology ECREEE ECOWAS Regional Centre for IDTR Decentralized Infrastructure for Renewable Energy and Energy Rural Transformation Project Efficiency IFC International Finance Corporation ECSEE Energy Community of South East ISCC integrated solar combined cycle Europe ISEE International Society for Ecological EDAP Energy Development and Access Economics Project kWp kilowatt peak EECI Energy Efficient Cities Initiative KNUST Kwame Nkrumah University of EFFECT Energy Forecasting Framework and Science and Technology Emissions Consensus Tool LCR Latin America and Caribbean ESMAP E ne r g y S e c tor M a n a ge me nt (World Bank region) Assistance Program LCR-RNet International Research Network for ESMED Energy Small and Medium Energy Low Carbon Societies Development LED light-emitting diode EUEI European Union Energy Initiative M&E monitoring and evaluation EUEI-PDF European Union Energy Initiative MACTool Marginal Abatement Cost Tool Partnership Dialogue Facility MDTF Multi-Donor Trust Fund GACC Global Alliance on Clean Cookstoves META Model for Electricity Technology GDP gross domestic product Assessment GEDAP Ghana Energy Development and MNA Middle East and North Africa (World Access Project Bank region) GEF Global Environment Facility MSETCL Maharashtra State Electricity GGDP Global Geothermal Development Transmission Corporation Limited Plan MW megawatt GHG greenhouse gas NGO non-governmental organization GIS geographic information systems PGE Pertamina Geothermal Energy GIZ Deutsche Gesellschaft für PLN Perusahaan Listrik Negara (State Internationale Zusammenarbeit Electricity Company, Indonesia) GPOBA Global Partnership on Output-Based PPIAF P ubl ic-P r ivate I n f ra st r uc t u re Aid Advisory Facility GW gigawatt PPP public-private partnerships HEAT Hands-on Energy Adaptation Toolkit PRODEGE II Second Sustainable and HOMER energy modeling software for hybrid Participatory Energy Management renewable energy systems Project (Senegal) PUBLICATIONS, FY2012 99  PROMEF Power Sector Efficiency SE4All Sustainable Energy for All Enhancement Project SIDS Small Island Developing States PV photovoltaic SIDS DOCK Small Island Developing States REEP Renewable Energy Education Project Support Program (West Africa) STEG Société Tunisienne de l’Électricité RERED Rural Electrification and Renewable et du Gaz Energy Development TA technical assistance RETScreen clean energy project analysis TAG Technical Advisory Group software TERI The Energy and Resources Institute RREA Rural Renewable Energy Agency TRACE Tool for Rapid Assessment of City SAR South Asia (World Bank region) Energy SARESS South Asia Regional Electricity UNDP Un ited Nat ions Development Study Series Program SDN Social Development Network, World WBG World Bank Group Bank 100  Energy Sector Management Assistance Program Copyright © 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ THE WORLD BANK GROUP 1818 H Street, N.W. 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