2017/86 Supported by k nKonw A A weldegdeg e ol n oNtoet e s eSrei r e ise s f ofro r p r&a c t hteh e nEenregryg y Etx itcrea c t i v e s G l o b a l P r a c t i c e The bottom line Data as an Enabler in the Off-Grid Sector: Through new technologies and business models, off-grid Focus on Tanzania power markets promise to bring electricity access to more Why are we talking about off-grid electricity? These mini-grid solutions are being pursued largely by private rural communities at a faster firms. Their growing success has been powered by advances in pace than is possible with grid More than a billion people lack access to electricity, geospatial data, mobile phones, and big data analysis. Along with extension alone. Apart from and many of them live far from the grid technical solutions, innovative approaches to financing and payment regulatory support and access Reliable access to electricity brings change across the board, driving are opening the market to communities that were previously to international finance, this business growth and productivity and enabling students to learn incipient market sector depends more as they find themselves able to complete homework after dark Figure 1. The relationship between electricity access and human critically on accurate and timely and even gain personal access to the Internet. Conversely, the lack of development is clear data. New approaches to data electricity makes it difficult to improve living conditions, a likely factor are gaining momentum in in the relationship between electricity access and the United Nations’ developing countries and have Human Development Index (figure 1). the potential to transform the Today around the globe, about a billion people have little or rural electrification agenda. no access to electricity. The Sustainable Development Goals aim to replace that deficit with affordable and clean energy for all by 2030.1 Despite localized success stories, however, electricity access in Africa is not keeping pace with population growth (World Bank Christopher Arderne is a consultant in the 2017b). Electricity access stood at around 38 percent in the region in World Bank’s Energy 2014 (GTF 2017). and Extractives Global In response, the traditional approach of top-down master plans Practice. and grid extensions is being challenged by bottom-up approaches Yann Tanvez and new technological solutions, such as mini-grids based on a is an energy specialist variety of technologies that can bring access to entire towns. Within in the same practice. the World Bank’s Multi-Tier Framework, mini-grids serve as an intermediate step between solar-powered systems that energize P  epukaye Bardouille individual homes and connection to the national grid (figure 2). Mini- is a senior operations grids can bring electricity access to areas that would otherwise wait officer in the Energy many years to be connected to the grid. and Water Advisory Source: World Bank (2017a) and UNDP (2017). at the International Note: Each point represents a country, scaled by population. The lines are linear regressions for Finance Corporation. 1 http://www.undp.org/content/undp/en/home/sustainable-development-goals.html. each region. 2 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a Figure 2. Comparison of electricity access alternatives Figure 3. Average time to setup, and capital costs of mini-grid systems, by technology Time to grid setup (months) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 olar system lone s Hydro Stand-a Despite localized success Cost ($/kWh) stories, electricity access in Solar + wind ce Hydro rid spa Africa is not keeping pace Wind Mini-g Mini-grids Solar with population growth. Solar + biomass Electricity access stood at Grid round 38 percent in the Solar + diesel region in 2014. Large settlement Small settlement High population density Low population density Close to grid infrastructure Far from grid infrastructure High economic potential Low economic potential Solar + battery Source: Adapted from Franz et al. (2014). 0 1,000 2,000 3,000 4,000 5,000 6,000 7,000 8,000 Average capital cost/kW installed (US$) considered “unbankable.” These approaches rely on external finance Source: Bardouille and Shepherd (2017). for mini-grid installations, allowing users and communities to pay a monthly or usage-based fee and avoid high upfront costs. outside investment. Unreliable data are almost worse than none at all—they pose additional risks to investors and tarnish the reputation What are the obstacles to market analysis of the sector as a whole. Private developers can fall back on consul- in this field? tants and international expertise to overcome these issues, but this A lack of technical data, along with outdated is an expensive and inefficient path, one that may not be available to smaller, local developers. institutional systems, can hinder progress To solve some of these problems, the World Bank Group’s Open These new technologies and approaches are creating possibilities Data and Analytics program has developed cutting-edge tools. The that did not exist before, but they are capital intensive (figure 3) and initiative was launched in 2016 with a twin goal: have a long payback time in a sector where capital is still relatively • To push adoption of open data and modern analytics tools within limited. Careful market analysis is therefore required to target the World Bank Group, as well as an “open by default” attitude to communities that are in need, can pay, have potential for growth, and data. As one of the top global spenders on development-related are unlikely to be connected to the grid before the off-grid project data, the World Bank has a responsibility to ensure that data are can pay off. The information required for this analysis is often hard to more widely accessible and used. come by or nonexistent in developing countries, which prevents both • Provide a global public good to countries, academia, private the private and public sectors from being able to plan strategically. groups, and others that can benefit from an open repository Data-based market intelligence is necessary to assess the containing the most up-to-date data on energy and energy feasibility and bankability of projects and to unlock and sustain access. 3 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a To date, the program has published nearly 100 previously • What types of GIS data are primarily used, and what is their inaccessible World Bank datasets and supported World Bank lending relative importance? operations and technical assistance programs related to geographic • What spatial and temporal resolution is needed for different information systems (GIS), energy access, and renewable energy. types of data? It is common for national utilities to cling to a monopoly on • What current data sources are used, and what value is placed on Mini-grids serve as an energy sector development and thus control the data that other open data? intermediate step between players need to develop. Without transparency on national infrastruc- ture plans, it is extremely difficult for developers to be confident that Responses to the survey questions showed a clear focus on solar-powered systems their identified markets are not targeted for grid extensions, and that two primary questions: (i) locating concentrations of people without that energize individual their business models will have support into the future. Public sector electricity, and (ii) determining their ability to pay for electricity. homes and connection to support is therefore essential to the successful development of Gaps in data on grid infrastructure and population centers were the the national grid. They can mini-grid technologies. problems most often cited by respondents, ahead of data on energy spending, roads, social indicators, land use, climate, and so on. bring electricity access to Can geospatial information systems and In many developing countries, distribution-level grid data are areas that would otherwise scarce, as are updated, realistic expansion plans. When these exist, open data help? wait many years to be they are often outdated and inaccurate. Projects like the World connected to the grid. Yes, provided they are generated and used in a Bank’s Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic (Foster 2008) have But because they are sustainable way that has institutional support sought to remedy this, but sustained solutions have proven elusive. Many governments have electrification master plans and capital-intensive, careful Geographic information systems (GIS), together with advances in strategies, but they are updated only every few years. The fine market analysis is required satellite imagery, data storage, and processing power, have revolu- details that emerge in the interim often reflect political necessity or tionized infrastructure planning, as well as disaster response and to target communities local demands. The bottom line is that it is hard to get up-to-date other facets of development. GIS data are the cornerstone of any that are in need, can pay, information not only on where the grid will be extended, but also on effort to find suitable markets for off-grid electricity solutions; with its current status and reach. have potential for growth, advances in GIS, answers to previously unanswerable questions are In addition to these data gaps, respondents indicated the and are unlikely to be coming to light. However, GIS analysis is only as valuable as the data importance of open data, with more than 90 percent using open data it is based on. connected to the grid sources as a core part of their value chain. Data from local authori- When data are openly and freely available, modelers and analysts before the off-grid project ties and governments are often free but not easily accessible, making around the world can use them to create important insights by them much less valuable. About 70 percent of respondents indicated can pay off. combining data and algorithms in new and exciting ways. Some that data more than a year old are no longer very useful, suggesting examples are online tools such as the Global Solar Atlas (http://www. the need for sustained and supported data-gathering efforts. globalsolaratlas.info/) produced by the Energy Sector Management Mini-grid developers in Tanzania have a more specific goal of Program (ESMAP) at the World Bank and Electrification Pathways finding markets that fit their business model (box 1). To overcome (http://electrification.energydata.info) from ESMAP and KTH. problems of data scarcity, some have come up with innovative ways The Open Data and Analytics program surveyed a range of of generating new data, as well as new ways of using existing data. experts to understand the key drivers, barriers, and potential of A recent World Bank Group discussion with five private mini-grid using GIS for energy planning (Berndtsson 2016). The research developers in Tanzania offered insight into the major barriers and included interviews with 49 private off-grid developers, governmental constraints encountered in trying to identify suitable markets and planners, academics, and development specialists. The questionnaire plan projects. Three overarching issues emerged: and interviews asked respondents for input on the following themes: 4 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a Box 1. The mini-grid sector in Tanzania Tanzania has seen a surge in private sector interest in mini-grid development in recent years. International and local companies have built more than 109 mini-grid systems based on solar, wind, diesel, hydro, and hybrid technologies (World Resources Institute 2017). The level of private sector interest suggests the potential for more such systems. The bottom line is that it With support from the International Finance Corporation, Tanzania is creating mini-grid wiring standards to ensure compatibility with the national grid. If is hard to get up-to-date the national grid arrives in a village served by a mini-grid, the mini-grid can be connected and the owner can recoup its investment through one of three options: information not only on • Selling assets to the national utility where the grid will be • Reselling electricity from the national utility to the mini-grid’s existing customers extended, but also on its • Generating electricity and selling all or part of it to the national utility current status and reach. These options are all likely to affect profitability, so it remains important for mini-grid developers to be able to target villages that will generate income for at least a few years before being connected to the grid. Tanzania’s Rural Energy Agency has an official electrification prospectus, which identifies around 200 additional villages that will not be connected by the country’s grid extension program. • Data openness. If data are available only in a printed format All five developers are using modern data techniques to that is difficult to digitize, or only in a visualization, they cannot overcome these issues. One is using freely available imagery and a be imported into developers’ planning tools and used effectively. process of manually “pinning” each household. By combining this Bureaucratic processes can pose further barriers to accessing with additional information on house size, roof type, household size important data. statistics, and census data on each village, they can create accurate • Data quality. Institutional data often come with little description and current predictions about the number of potential customers of their accuracy or limitations (in contrast to academic practice). and, at the same time, select sites and make initial plans for the This makes it difficult for developers to assess reliability, often mini-grid layout. The consultation with private developers resulted in requiring site visits that negate much of the benefit of the data. the prioritization of datasets as illustrated in figure 4. Developers report travelling to villages listed on national census Projects like the World Bank’s Africa Electricity Grids Explorer data, only to find that the village is 10 kilometers away or has half (http://africagrid.energydata.info/) have shown the potential of the listed population. crowd-sourcing and modern data analytics to furnish better infra- • Data timeliness. Many developing countries are experiencing structure data at a lower cost. At least one developer in East Africa rapid development, and if data are even a year or two out of has begun using drones to replace unreliable data. Drones allow date, their value may be eroded. As countries grow and change, the developer to create highly detailed estimates and plans on a data-gathering efforts should keep pace. per-village basis, but on-site work and a significant investment of time and money are still required. 5 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a Figure 4. Effort vs. importance of datasets for developers in Tanzania Priority data The World Bank’s Africa Electricity Grids Explorer n latio has shown the potential Popu e of crowd-sourcing and Incom e ibutio n Villag ns modern data analytics to Importance Distr es lin locat io furnish better infrastructure data at a lower cost. ehold ned Plan tion urce Hous ions ibu Reso ents distr es ssm locat lin asse e ile Mob rk uctiv o Prod e netw us gy Ener ure rid Off-g m and ndit Dem expe syste Effort Source: Based on surveyed mini-grid developers in Tanzania. What progress has been made to fill the data gap? Some of these developments are expected to shake up the field of energy planning. Machine learning has already proved its potential Powerful new technologies can provide better market in mapping settlements and population density in extremely high analysis—given sufficient commitment and capacity resolution (Gros and Tiecke 2016), and is now starting to be applied Advances in satellite imagery, both in terms of spatial resolution and directly to energy problems. At the same time, the ubiquity of mobile frequency of updates, are making it possible to remotely track all cor- phones with global positioning systems is creating the potential for ners of the earth and dynamically assess changes in infrastructure, new and innovative solutions, such as communities tracking their population, and the natural environment (Popkin 2016). Advances in own infrastructure or using drones to map transmission systems machine learning and processing power are keeping pace, and it is and detect problems (Smith 2015). On the other end of the spec- now possible to monitor agriculture cycles, land-use, infrastructure, trum, tools such as ESMAP’s Regulatory Indicators for Sustainable and even individual houses and roads. Development (RISE, http://rise.esmap.org/) allow policy makers, 6 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a Table 1. Open-data initiatives in developing countries Make further Country URL Launched Datasets Notes connections Tanzania opendata.go.tz 2017 755 Managed by the National Bureau of Statistics and now receiving data contributions from most ministries. Live Wire 2014/16. “Tracking India data.gov.in 2012 4,157 Hosts data from 81 federal and 24 state departments, and boasts over 11 million views. Access to Electricity,” by Ghana data.gov.gh 2012 133 Complemented by Code for Ghana, which produces open tools and visualizations on a project basis. Sudeshna Ghosh Banerjee and Bolivia geo.gob.bo 2013 2012 Primarily geospatial data, with features for extracting data based on regional boundaries. Elisa Portale. Live Wire 2014/33. “Tracking developers, and investors to explore regulatory frameworks and What has been learned? Progress Toward Providing pertinent issues on a country-by-country basis. One of the most exciting developments is the growing commu- Five key lessons and recommendations emerge Sustainable Energy for All in Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Elisa nity of contributors to OpenStreetMap, a free online mapping system from efforts to date Portale and Joeri de Wit. that anyone can use and contribute to. OpenStreetMap is gaining Recommendation 1. The market for off-grid development is there traction across sectors and being widely used in disaster-response and can be an important driver of increased access in areas that Live Wire 2014/34. “Scaling Up projects. The World Bank–supported Dar Ramani Huria in Tanzania is are far from the grid. Even when countries have ambitious goals of Access to Electricity: Pay-as- using OpenStreetMap to improve flood resilience in Dar es Salaam, connecting the entire country, off-grid solutions can be a stopgap to You-Go Plans in Off-Grid Energy while the Red Cross’s Missing Maps projects is putting volunteers to quicken the pace of electrification, while also increasing generating Services,” by Alejandro Moreno work helping the world’s most vulnerable communities. With the right capacity—a particularly valuable factor in situations where system and Asta Bareisaite. input, these tools and approaches could completely change the rural capacity is insufficient to supply newly extended grid lines. energy sector’s ability to perform market analysis. Recommendation 2. GIS is already being used around the Live Wire 2014/35. “Planning for More broadly, the open data agenda is gaining acceptance in world to target areas that are both in need (far from the grid and Electricity Access,” by Debabrata private and public sectors on a global scale. The U.S. Data Act (U.S. not likely to be connected soon) and offering a promising market Chattopadhyay, Rahul Kitchlu, Congress 2014) is opening up all U.S. federal spending, complement- (densely populated and already spending on other fuels, while also and Rhonda L. Jordan. ing existing and highly successful programs like the World Bank’s offering the potential for development of non-household uses of Live Wire 2015/51. “Scaling Up Open Data initiative. Similar initiatives are taking off elsewhere in the electricity). GIS capabilities have allowed the sector to expand and Access to Electricity: Emerging world (table 1), as the old paradigm of closed-until-needed is being attract international finance and interest, but governments and Best Practices for Mini-Grid replaced by an appreciation of the value that data can provide to development partners must support these approaches to bring Regulation,” by Chris Greacen, different stakeholders. transformational change that will add benefit throughout the sector. Stephanie Nsom, and Dana However, these technological developments alone will not bring Recommendation 3. Many developing countries still suffer Rysankova. mini-grids to the billion people who still lack access to electricity. For from a lack of accessible and transparent data, which discourages that to happen, governments need to be committed to open data private sector investments at a larger scale. The problem lies not Live Wire 2015/52. “Private as an enabler of development and to the off-grid sector as a driver only in the actual lack of data, but also in making what data there are Sector Participation in of increased electricity access and development. Also needed in available for use. Attitudes are slowly changing, with many countries Transmission Systems: Making It ministries are enhanced technical capacity for engineering, GIS, and embracing the benefits created by open-data policies—a promising Work,” by Pedro E. Sanchez and energy planning. trend that should be encouraged. Samuel Oguah. 7 D ata a s an E na b l e r i n t h e O f f - G r i d Se c to r : Fo c u s on T an z an i a Recommendation 4. Many of the technical advances achieved Gros, A., and T. Tiecke. 2016. “Connecting the World with Make further to date require highly specialized capacity and resources, which Better Maps,” Facebook Code. February 21. https:// connections has kept many players from achieving higher efficiency. With open code.facebook.com/posts/1676452492623525/ data and focused efforts in certain areas where data can be trans- connecting-the-world-with-better-maps/. Live Wire 2016/67. formational as a public good, it is possible to create a more level GTF. 2017. “Global Tracking Framework>Time>Access to Electricity,” “Managing the Grids of the playing field and reduce the barriers to entering the market. Modern GTF. http://gtf.esmap.org/time. Future in Developing Countries: analytics are showing promise by transforming data into insights and Popkin, G. 2016. “Satellite Alerts Track Deforestation in Real Recent World Bank Support for information that can be used to make decisions. Time.” February 23. https://www.nature.com/news/satel- SCADA/EMS and SCADA/DMS Recommendation 5. All the discoveries from the activities lite-alerts-track-deforestation-in-real-time-1.19427. Systems,” by Varun Nangia, reported here have shown that support from the public sector is Smith, R. 2015. “Utilities Turn to Drones to Inspect Power Lines and Samuel Oguah, and Kwawu needed to foster interdepartmental and multistakeholder coop- Pipelines.” Wall Street Journal. May 5. https://www.wsj.com/ Gaba. eration. Without alignment of goals between public and private articles/utilities-turn-to-drones-to-inspect-power-lines-and-pipe- institutions, private developers will constantly be on the defensive. lines-1430881491. Live Wire 2017/73. “Forecasting They depend on government data for planning, and on government UNDP . 2017. “Human Development Data (1990-2015),” UNDP Human Electricity Demand: An Aid for regulation and policy for continued profitability. Government planners Development Reports. [Online]. http://hdr.undp.org/en/data. Practitioners,” by Jevgenijs should recognize that private developers offer a powerful force U.S. Congress. 2014. Digital Accountability and Transparency Act of Steinbuks, Joeri de Wit, for improving access to electricity and the development benefits it 2014. https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-113publ101/html/ Arthur Kochnakyan, and brings. PLAW-113publ101.htm. Vivien Foster. World Bank. 2017a. “Access to Electricity (% of population), Live Wire 2017/76. “Increasing References 1990–2014,” World Bank Open Data. http://data.worldbank.org/ indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS. the Potential of Concessions to Bardouille, P., and D. Shepherd. 2017. “Operational and Financial World Bank. 2017b. State of Electricity Access Report 2017. http:// Expand Rural Electrification in Performance of Mini-Grid DESCOs: Findings and Insights from documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/364571494517675149/ Sub-Saharan Africa,” by Richard Pioneer Benchmarking of this Emerging Sector.” International full-report. Hosier, Morgan Bazilian, and Finance Corporation, Washington, DC. January. World Resources Institute. 2017. “Tanzania—Mini-Grid Tatia Lemondzhava. Berndtsson, C. 2016. “Open Geospatial Data for Energy Planning.” Locations (2017),” March. https://energydata.info/dataset/ Master’s Thesis, KTH Royal Institute of Technology. http://urn. mini-grid-locations-in-tanzania. kb.se/resolve?urn=urn%3Anbn%3Ase%3Akth%3Adiva-186392. Foster, V. 2008. “Africa Infrastructure Country Diagnostic: Overhauling The authors thank Dana Rysankova (senior energy specialist in the Bank’s the Engine of Growth: Infrastructure in Africa,” September. http:// Energy and Extractives Global Practice) and Rahul Kitchlu (senior energy siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRICA/Resources/AICD_exec_ specialist in the Bank’s Energy Practice, Africa Region) for peer-reviewing this summ_9-30-08a.pdf. Live Wire. “Franz, M., Peterschmidt, N., Rohrer, M., and Kondev, B. 2014. “Mini-grid Policy Toolkit: Policy and Business Frameworks for Successful Mini-grid Roll-outs” RECP , EUEI PDF, ARE, REN21. 8  Get Connected to Live Wire Live Wires are designed for easy reading on the screen and for downloading The Live Wire series of online knowledge notes is an initiative of the World Bank Group’s Energy and self-printing in color or “Live Wire is designed and Extractives Global Practice, reflecting the emphasis on knowledge management and solu- black and white. tions-oriented knowledge that is emerging from the ongoing change process within the Bank for practitioners inside Group. For World Bank employees: and outside the Bank. Professional printing can Each Live Wire delivers, in 3–6 attractive, highly readable pages, knowledge that is immediately It is a resource to relevant to front-line practitioners. also be undertaken on a customized basis for share with clients and specific events or occasions Live Wires take a variety of forms: counterparts.” • Topic briefs offer technical knowledge on key issues in energy and extractives by contacting GSDPM • Case studies highlight lessons from experiences in implementation Customer Service Center at • Global trends provide analytical overviews of key energy and extractives data (202) 458-7479, or sending a • Bank views portray the Bank Group’s activities in the energy and extractives sectors written request to cgsdpm@ • Private eyes present a private sector perspective on topical issues in the field worldbank.org. Each Live Wire will be peer-reviewed by seasoned practitioners in the Bank. Once a year, the Energy and Extractives Global Practice takes stock of all notes that appeared, reviewing their quality and identifying priority areas to be covered in the following year’s pipeline. Please visit our Live Wire web page for updates: http://www.worldbank.org/energy/livewire e Pa c i f i c 2014/28 ainable energy for all in easT asia and Th 1 Tracking Progress Toward Providing susT TIVES GLOBAL PRACTICE A KNOWLEDGE NOTE SERIES FOR THE ENERGY & EXTRAC THE BOTTOM LINE Tracking Progress Toward Providing Sustainable Energy where does the region stand on the quest for sustainable for All in East Asia and the Pacific 2014/29 and cenTral asia energy for all? in 2010, eaP easTern euroPe sT ainable en ergy for all in databases—technical measures. This note is based on that frame- g su v i d i n had an electrification rate of Why is this important? ess Toward Pro work (World Bank 2014). SE4ALL will publish an updated version of 1 Tracking Progr 95 percent, and 52 percent of the population had access Tracking regional trends is critical to monitoring the GTF in 2015. to nonsolid fuel for cooking. the progress of the Sustainable Energy for All The primary indicators and data sources that the GTF uses to track progress toward the three SE4ALL goals are summarized below. consumption of renewable (SE4ALL) initiative C T I V E S G L O B A L P R A C T I C E ENERGY & EXTRA • Energy access. Access to modern energy services is measured T E S E R I E S F O R T H EIn declaring 2012 the “International Year of Sustainable Energy for energy decreased overall A KNO W L E D G E N Oand 2010, though by the percentage of the population with an electricity between 1990 All,” the UN General Assembly established three objectives to be connection and the percentage of the population with access Energy modern forms grew rapidly. d Providing Sustainable accomplished by 2030: to ensure universal access to modern energy energy intensity levels are high to nonsolid fuels.2 These data are collected using household Tracking Progress Towar services,1 to double the 2010 share of renewable energy in the global surveys and reported in the World Bank’s Global Electrification but declining rapidly. overall THE BOTTOM LINE energy mix, and to double the global rate of improvement in energy e and Central Asia trends are positive, but bold Database and the World Health Organization’s Household Energy for All in Eastern Europ efficiency relative to the period 1990–2010 (SE4ALL 2012). stand policy measures will be required where does the region setting Database. The SE4ALL objectives are global, with individual countries on that frame- on the quest for sustainable to sustain progress. is based share of renewable energy in the their own national targets databases— technical in a measures. way that is Thisconsistent with the overall of • Renewable energy. The note version energy for all? The region SE4ALL will publish an updated their ability energy mix is measured by the percentage of total final energy to Why is this important ? spirit of the work initiative. (World Bank Because2014). countries differ greatly in has near-universal access consumption that is derived from renewable energy resources. of trends is critical to monitoring to pursue thetheGTF in 2015. three objectives, some will make more rapid progress GTF uses to Data used to calculate this indicator are obtained from energy electricity, and 93 percent Tracking regional othersindicators primary will excel and data sources that elsewhere, depending on their the while the population has access le Energy for All in one areaThe goals are summarized below. balances published by the International Energy Agency and the the progress of the Sustainab respective track starting progress pointstowardand the three SE4ALL comparative advantages as well as on services is measured to nonsolid fuel for cooking. access. Accessthat they modern to are able to energy marshal. United Nations. despite relatively abundant (SE4ALL) initiative the resources and support Energy with an electricity connection Elisa Portale is an l Year of Sustainable Energy for To sustain percentage of by the momentum forthe the population achievement of the SE4ALL 2• Energy efficiency. The rate of improvement of energy efficiency hydropower, the share In declaring 2012 the “Internationa energy economist in with access to nonsolid fuels. three global objectives objectives, andathe means of charting percentage of the population global progress to 2030 is needed. is approximated by the compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of renewables in energy All,” the UN General Assembly established the Energy Sector surveys and reported access to modern universalAssistance The World TheseBank and data are the collected International using household Energy Agency led a consor- of energy intensity, where energy intensity is the ratio of total consumption has remained to be accomplished by 2030: to ensure Management Database and the World of theenergy intium of 15 renewable international in the World Bank’s Global agencies toElectrification establish the SE4ALL Global primary energy consumption to gross domestic product (GDP) energy the 2010 share of Program (ESMAP) relatively low. very high energy services, to double Database. measured in purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. Data used to 1 t ’s Household provides Energy a system for regular World Bank’s Energy the global rate of improvemen and Extractives Tracking Framework Health (GTF), which Organization in the energy intensity levels have come and to double the global energy mix, Global Practice. (SE4ALL 2012). based on energy. of renewable The sharepractical, rigorous—yet energy given available calculate energy intensity are obtained from energy balances to the period 1990–2010 global reporting, Renewable down rapidly. The big questions in energy efficiency relative setting by the percentage of total final energy consumption published by the International Energy Agency and the United evolve Joeri withde Wit is an countries individual mix is measured Data used to are how renewables will The SE4ALL objectives are global, economist in with the overall from renewable energy when every resources. person on the planet has access Nations. picks up a way energy that is consistent 1 The universal derived that isaccess goal will be achieved balances published when energy demand in from energy their own national targets through electricity, clean cooking fuels, clean heating fuels, rates the Bank’s Energy and countries differ greatly in their ability calculate this indicator are obtained to modern energy services provided productive use and community services. The term “modern solutions” cookingNations. again and whether recent spirit of the initiative. Because Extractives Global rapid progress and energy for Energy Agency and the United liquefied petroleum gas), 2 Solid fuels are defined to include both traditional biomass (wood, charcoal, agricultural will make more by the refers to solutions International that involve electricity or gaseous fuels (including is pellets and briquettes), and of decline in energy intensity some t of those of efficiency energy and forest residues, dung, and so on), processed biomass (such as to pursue the three objectives, Practice. depending on their or solid/liquid fuels paired with Energy efficiency. The rate stoves exhibiting of overall improvemen emissions rates at or near other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). will excel elsewhere, rate (CAGR) of energy will continue. in one area while others liquefied petroleum gas (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). annual growth as well as on approximated by the compound and comparative advantages is the ratio of total primary energy respective starting points marshal. where energy intensity that they are able to intensity, measured in purchas- the resources and support domestic product (GDP) for the achievement of the SE4ALL consumption to gross calculate energy intensity Elisa Portale is an To sustain momentum terms. Data used to charting global progress to 2030 is needed. ing power parity (PPP) the International energy economist in objectives, a means of balances published by the Energy Sector International Energy Agency led a consor- are obtained from energy The World Bank and the SE4ALL Global Energy Agency and the United Nations. Management Assistance agencies to establish the the GTF to provide a regional and tium of 15 international for regular This note uses data from Program (ESMAP) of the which provides a system for Eastern Tracking Framework (GTF), the three pillars of SE4ALL World Bank’s Energy and Extractives on rigorous—yet practical, given available country perspective on Global Practice. global reporting, based has access Joeri de Wit is an will be achieved when every person on the planet The universal access goal heating fuels, clean cooking fuels, clean energy economist in 1 agricultural provided through electricity, biomass (wood, charcoal, to modern energy services The term “modern cooking solutions” to include both traditional and briquettes), and Solid fuels are defined the Bank’s Energy and use and community services. biomass (such as pellets 2 and energy for productive petroleum gas), and so on), processed fuels (including liquefied and forest residues, dung, involve electricity or gaseous at or near those of Extractives Global refers to solutions that overall emissions rates other solid fuels (such as coal and lignite). with stoves exhibiting Practice. or solid/liquid fuels paired (www.sustainableenergyforall.org). liquefied petroleum gas