73819 TOOLKIT GENDER ISSUES IN MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN AGRICULTURE NOVEMBER 2012 TO O L K I T GENDER ISSUES IN MONITORING AND EVALUATION IN AGRICULTURE Part I Integrating Gender into Agricultural Development Projects Part II Monitoring and Evaluation Examples from Agricultural Subsectors © 2012 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / International Development Association or The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The �ndings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. 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AGR IBUSINES S IND IC ATOR S : GH A NA C O NT E NTS III TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I: INTEGRATING GENDER INTO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS . . . . . . . . . 1 Integrating Gender into Monitoring and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Why Integrate Gender into Agricultural Development Projects? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Why Integrate a Gender Dimension into Monitoring and Evaluation? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 How to Integrate Gender into Monitoring and Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Further Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Note A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Note B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Note C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Note D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Note E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .10 PART II: MONITORING AND EVALUATION EXAMPLES FROM AGRICULTURAL SUBSECTORS . .11 Agro-Enterprise Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Rationale for Integrating Gender into Agro-Enterprise Development Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Women Entrepreneurs in Agro-Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . .13 Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Rationale for Integrating Gender into AKIS Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Women and Technology Adoption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15 Land Policy and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Rationale for Integrating Gender into Land Policy and Administration Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .16 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Strengthening and Preserving Women’s Rights in Land Titling . .17 Livestock Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Rationale for Integrating Gender into Livestock Development Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .18 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Women and Pastoral Development Initiatives. . . . . . . . . . . .19 Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Rationale for Integrating Gender into Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource Management Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Women Participating in Watershed Management . . . . . . . . . 21 Rural Finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Rationale for Integrating Gender into Rural Finance Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Example of a Gender-Integrated Project: Microcredit for Women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 References and Resources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 TO O L K I T IV LIS T OF TA B LES , FIGUR ES , A ND PH OTOS LIST OF TABLES, FIGURES, AND PHOTOS TABLES Table 1: An Example of a Gender-Integrated Results Framework for an Agricultural Development Project . . . . . . . 6 Table 2: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Table 3: Checklist for Gender Rating of Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Table 4: Example of a Gender Annex to the AM. Agreed Gender-Responsive Actions, Annex to Aide Memoire, Irrigation Development Support Program (IDSP), Zambia, 2011 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Table 5: Suggested Data-Collection and Analysis Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Table 6: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 7: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Table 8: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 9: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Table 10: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Table 11: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 12: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 13: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Table 14: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Table 15: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table 16: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table 17: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Table 18: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Table 19: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 20: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 21: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Table 22: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 23: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Table 24: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 25: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Table 26: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Table 27: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 28: Results Framework. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Table 29: Arrangements for Results Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 FIGURES Figure 1: Key Issues to Consider Throughout the Project Cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4–5 PHOTOS Photo 1: Community Group in Nhanpfuine, Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Photo 2: Woman from Ghana Carrying a Bowl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Photo 3: Chinese Woman Crafting a String . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Photo 4: Indonesian Farmer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Photo 5: Picking Crops in Cyprus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Photo 6: Women Returning Home from Market with Purchases in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Photo 7: At Home in Mozambique. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN A GR IC ULTUR E PA RT 1 — INT EGR AT ING GE NDE R INTO AGRI CU LTU RA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJECTS 1 Part I: INTEGRATING GENDER INTO AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS—A FOCUS ON RESULTS-BASED MONITORING AND EVALUATION The World Bank aims to reduce gender disparities and Photo 1: Community Group in Nhanpfuine, Mozambique inequalities by enhancing women’s participation in economic development. It assists member countries in formulating and implementing their gender and development goals (Opera- tional Policy [OP] 4.20). The World Development Report 2012: Gender Equality and Development (World Bank, 2012c) argues that greater gender equality is not just the right thing to do but also smart econom- ics. It also highlights the need to improve the availability of quality gender-disaggregated data and supports more experi- mentation and systematic evaluation. In its 2010–2011 report The State of Food and Agriculture: Women in Agriculture, the Food and Agricultural Organization Source: Eric Miller. (FAO) emphasizes that achieving gender equality and empow- ering women in agriculture is crucial for agricultural devel- opment and food security (FAO, 2011). It calls for improved concerns in designing rural development projects and to moni- collection and analysis of baseline data with monitoring and tor and evaluate results, outcomes, and impact on achieving evaluation (M&E) of gender impacts. overall rural well-being. To further this, the Agriculture Action Plan 2013–2015 (World Bank, 2012b) aims to include gender- Since 2003, the World Bank has been using a results-based related analysis in 100% of its projects and gender-related M&E framework that focuses on the Project Development actions and M&E in 75% of its projects (Note C). Objective (PDO) and expected intermediate outcomes from each project component, rather than focusing only on monitor- ing inputs and outputs. The aim is to provide managers and WHY INTEGRATE GENDER INTO AGRICULTURAL decision makers with an understanding of project failure or DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS? success in reaching its desired outcomes (Note A).  Economic productivity of the rural poor is largely about In July 2010, new guidelines for core sector indicators were enabling women to realize their full potential and issued through the World Bank Results Platform. In 2012 indi- improve their own and their families’ quality of life. cators for agriculture were added. The guidelines introduced  Women represent the majority of the rural poor (up to a range of gender-sensitive indicators required for investment 70%), especially where migration, marital instability, projects (World Bank, 2012a) (Note B). male mortality, and single parenthood have left them as heads of household.  Although many times it goes unrecognized, women INTEGRATING GENDER INTO MONITORING play a major role in the livelihood and survival strate- AND EVALUATION gies of poor rural households. This toolkit has been developed to assist project task teams,  Women have proven to be a driving force in achieving borrowers, and partners to recognize and address gender project effectiveness and reducing poverty. TO O L K I T 2 PA RT 1 — INTEGRATING GEND ER INTO AGRICULTURA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJEC TS  Research shows that better nutritional outcomes  Ensure that World Bank and project staff obtain the and welfare gains can be achieved from improving training and tools to understand gender and the rea- women’s education level, access to resources, and sons for gender-sensitive monitoring. control over income.  Monitor and measure benefits as well as adverse effects on men and women separately whenever WHY INTEGRATE A GENDER DIMENSION INTO possible and check whether the needs and interests MONITORING AND EVALUATION? of women and men are still being considered during implementation.  Gender-sensitive M&E in a results-based framework reveals the extent to which a project has achieved An effective gender-sensitive M&E system in rural develop- improvements in the lives and overall social and eco- ment projects requires that the following key activities be nomic well-being of women and men. undertaken at different points of the project cycle.  It also helps to improve project performance during implementation, facilitates midterm adjustments, and Stage 1—Identification and Preparation helps to derive lessons for future projects.  Ensure that the benchmark survey or baseline study is Monitoring is defined as “the continuous assessment gender sensitive. of project implementation in relation to agreed schedules  Conduct an initial stocktaking: Who are the stakehold- and of the use of inputs, infrastructure, and services by ers? What are their activities? What is their capacity? project beneficiaries. � What are their roles and needs? Evaluation is defined as “periodic assessment of the rel- evance, performance, efficiency, and impact (expected and Photo 2: Woman from Ghana Carrying a Bowl � unexpected) of the project in relation to stated objectives. R e s u l t s - b a s e d m o n i to ri n g a n d e va l u a t i o n is described further by Kusek and Rist (2004) in Ten Steps to a Results-Based Monitoring and Evaluation System. HOW TO INTEGRATE GENDER INTO MONITORING AND EVALUATION Figure 1 shows the key gender issues to consider throughout the project cycle. To ensure proper gender mainstreaming in M&E throughout the cycle and at all levels, every project should:  Ensure that guidelines and human and institutional arrangements are in place to support sound gender- sensitive M&E at national, local, and project levels.  Ensure that the goals or objectives of the program or project reflect both women’s and men’s needs and priorities.  Establish M&E mechanisms that will collect baseline data and record and track gender differences.  Insist that project staff make specific and adequately detailed references to gender in Implementation Sta- tus and Results Reports (ISRs) and Aide Memoires and Implementation Completion Reports (ICRs) (Note D). Source: Curt Carnemark. GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT 1 — INT EGR AT ING GE NDE R INTO AGRI CU LTU RA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJECTS 3  Identify gender-related goals and priorities based  Identify who will collect and analyze information, on available information and consultation with who will receive it, and how it will be used to guide stakeholders. implementation.  Conduct a gender-sensitive social analysis or assessment. Stage 3—Implementation  Assess the institutional capacity for integrating gender  Develop capacity to integrate, monitor, and evaluate into development activities. gender-related issues.  Collect gender-sensitive data based on the selected Stage 2—Design and Appraisal indicators.  Plan for developing capacity to address gender issues  Monitor progress against outcome targets set for the and to monitor and evaluate progress and outcomes. period under evaluation.  Set up an M&E system. Adopt a gender-sensitive logi-  Feed results back into the system to allow for mid- cal framework or results framework as included in the term corrections. Project Appraisal Document (PAD) (Note A); select and  Assess progress and make corrections if needed to design gender-sensitive indicators (Note B, Part II). obtain expected gender-related outcomes.  Develop or select “best� data-collection methods and decide on timing (Note E). Stage 4—Completion  Decide how to organize reporting and feedback  Assess the outcomes and impact of gender integra- processes. tion in the overall context of the project.  Assess the outcomes and impact of project interven- tions on women and men.  Derive and share lessons that can feed into the overall Photo 3: Chinese Woman Crafting a String rural development goals and objectives.  Include gender-differentiated results in reporting les- sons learned from implementation. Source: Curt Carnemark. TO O L K I T 4 PA RT 1 — INTEGRATING GEND ER INTO AGRICULTURA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJEC TS FIGURE 1: Key Issues to Consider Throughout the Project Cycle Country Strategy and Analysis Design and Appraisal • Are gender issues mainstreamed in the Country Partnership Does the Project Appraisal Document (PAD) include relevant gender Strategy (CPS) through explicit statements on gender objectives in issues? The following should be considered: relation to agriculture? • Has gender been included in the economic, financial, technical, • Do any Economic Sector Work (ESW) reports present empirically institutional, social, and environmental, and participatory based diagnoses and best-practice examples of gender issues that analyses? are important for economic growth and poverty reduction? • Do the project components and desired outcomes reflect the Reports under this category include Country Economic Memoranda project’s gender-sensitive goals and objective? (CEM), Development Policy Reviews (DPRs), and Public Expendi- • Is it possible to include targeted women sub-component or activity ture Reviews (PERs). in the project design? • Are gender-sensitive M&E indicators being identified in consultation with stakeholders? • Are targets being set in consultation with stakeholders? Capacity: • Do the planning and implementing agencies have the capacity to identify and address gender issues? Has staff received gender- sensitivity training? Identification • Is there an incentive structure to encourage staff to address gender concerns? • Have gender issues been mainstreamed in the Project Concept • Have guidelines for gender-related activities been developed and Note (PCN), including in terms of key development issues, Project implemented? Development Objectives, project components, potential risks and • Are funds being allocated for gender-capacity building? mitigation, team composition, and budget? Data-Collection Methods: • Determine the types of assessments needed to integrate gender • Do the tools and methods to collect data reflect gender outcomes into project design (e.g., legal, institutional, social, technical, and impacts? economic, etc.). • Are there male and female data collectors and have they received gender-sensitivity training? • Have resource needs for gender-disaggregated data collection been assessed and provided for? Partnerships: • Is the possibility of developing partnerships with local women’s nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), grassroots organizations, research centers, and so on for data collection and analysis being Preparation explored? • Is there a need to outsource gender monitoring to ensure quality • Has Quality Enhancement Review (QER) been used to incorporate and consistency? gender into the project design to further ensure that projected implementation outcomes will benefit women and men equally and maximize the overall development effectiveness of the project? • Is there a focus on gender while assessing and selecting the implementing agency? • Are guidelines on gender developed during consultation with stakeholders and beneficiaries? • Are environmental and social impact studies conducted to assess the potential differential impact of the project on women and men and to describe the steps to mitigate the possible harm in terms of gender? GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT 1 — INT EGR AT ING GE NDE R INTO AGRI CU LTU RA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJECTS 5 FIGURE 1: Key Issues to Consider Throughout the Project Cycle (Continued) Implementation Completion—Evaluation Does the Project Implementation Manual include relevant gender Does the Implementation Completion Report (ICR) include relevant issues, also reported in Project Implementation Status and Results gender issues? The following should be considered: Reports (ISRs) (Note D)? The following should be considered: • Did both men and women participate in the project and in decision • Do guides and procedural manuals incorporate gender-equity making? Did both men and women receive the benefits and in considerations into the methods to be followed by staff? what ways? Do we have the data? • Is the gender-equity objective reflected in the development of • What were major outcomes? How did they affect men and procedures for results-based management (RBM)? women? • Are gender equity and women’s empowerment measures and • Did the project produce the intended benefits for men and indicators part of the mainstream reporting structure and women? How do the outcomes compare to the targets? What evaluation processes rather than a separate system? factors account for any variation in outcomes? • Are statistical systems and project-monitoring systems that • How did the risk indicators/critical assumptions about gender provide gender-disaggregated data being maintained? interact with the project’s inputs in support or hindrance of project • Is gender equity addressed in all training and staff development progress? initiatives? • How can gender outcomes and impacts be increased or stabilized? • Have appropriate gender-sensitive indicators for monitoring been • How did project beneficiaries, male and female, respond to the developed, and are they being reported on? interventions? • Are gender evaluations through checklists and scorecards being • What are the realistic prospects of sustaining the benefit stream carried out and used to guide further activities? in the long term? • Are partner organizations being strengthened so they can carry out gender audits and self-assessments of their own organizations? Project Implementation Manual (PIM) • Were women consulted? Is there a need for involving women staff in the project to improve means of consulting women? • Have women participated in the design process? • What are the ways or means that would encourage women to participate further in the project? • What is the number of women in decision-making positions? What is their level of training? • Was a strategy worked out on how to explain to all beneficiaries that impacts will be positive on the society as a whole? Photo 4: Indonesian Farmer FURTHER READING Gender in Ag, http://www.genderinag.org. Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook (World Bank, Food and Agricultural Organization [FAO], and International Fund for Agricultural Develop- ment [IFAD], 2009). Source: Curt Carnemark. TO O L K I T 6 PA RT 1 — INTEGRATING GEND ER INTO AGRICULTURA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJEC TS NOTE A  Make sure that the project components contribute to Gender Integration in a Typical Agricultural Development achieving the PDO, including through secondary target Project: Results Framework, Annex 1 of PAD groups. The Project Appraisal Document (PAD) is the final product  Select indicators, including those that address gender, of a successful project-planning process. For M&E, the PAD for the PDO and intermediate outcomes. requires both a results framework and a description of M&E  Decide how tracking results would guide in midcourse arrangements. The structure is shown by way of a hypothetical corrections of project implementation. example in the tables. (See also the accompanying table for further suggestions on When developing the framework, one should pay particular how to integrate gender in the project design.) attention to the following:  Develop a clearly defined PDO to illustrate the princi- pal outcome with respect to the primary target group. Table 1: An Example of a Gender-Integrated Results Framework for an Agricultural Development Project PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Statement of Project Development Objective List of outcome indicator(s) at PDO level Specify use/purpose of monitoring specific indicators and use of findings (PDO level) Agricultural producers increase the adoption of profit- For example, percentage/number of women and men If the rate of technology adoption by women and men able and environmentally sound technologies producers who have adopted environmentally sound is lower than y% by specified target date, Outcomes 1 technologies by year x and 2 must be reviewed for efficiency USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Statement of outcomes per component List of outcome indicator(s) per component Specify use/purpose of monitoring specific indicators and use of findings (component level) Outcome 1: For example, percentage/number of women and men If the rate of satisfaction is lower than y% by the Extension service providers have an improved under- producers satisfied with access to and quality of specified target dates, the activities under Component standing of client needs and how to respond to them extension services 1 will be adjusted as needed Outcome 2: For example, percentage of priority research funds If the proportion is lower than envisioned, the situa- National research institutes have increased resources allocated to research in priority areas tion will be analyzed and corrected to conduct research in identified priority areas Table 2: Arrangements for Results Monitoring TARGET VALUES DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING FREQUENCY RESPONSIBILITY PROJECT OUTCOME AND DATA-COLLECTION FOR DATA INDICATORS BASELINE YR1 YR2 YR3 YR4 YR5 REPORTS INSTRUMENTS COLLECTION For example, project-monitoring Percentage/number of system consultant field reports; women and men produc- W: 0% 5% 8% reports; supervision reports; Project Coordination ers who have adopted 15% 35% 60% Annual M: 5% 7% 10% midterm review, case studies, Unit environmentally sound repeated field surveys against technologies by year x baseline Outcome 1: Percentage/number of women and men produc- W: 10% 20% 40% 50% 70% For example, project-monitoring Project Coordination 90% Annual ers satisfied with access M: 30% 40% 60% 70% 80% system reports; farmer satisfac- Unit to and quality of extension tion surveys; supervision services reports; annual reports of Outcome 2: Percentage research institutes; midterm of priority research funds and completion reviews Project Coordination 2% 10% 20% 30% 35% 40% Annual allocated to research in Unit priority areas GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT 1 — INT EGR AT ING GE NDE R INTO AGRI CU LTU RA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJECTS 7 NOTE B  Percentage of active micro-insurance accounts held by Rural-Development-Related Core Sector Indicators from women World Bank’s Results Platform, Operations Policy and  Percentage of project-supported institutions that are Country Services (OPCS) reporting on these indicators The World Bank guidance document for core sector indicators Participation and Civic Engagement encourages all projects to identify and measure the number  Participants in consultation activities during project of project beneficiaries and specify what percentage of the implementation (number) beneficiaries are female. In addition to this, the guidance  Intended beneficiaries who are aware of project infor- document lists specific indicators for 25 core sectors. Core mation and project-supported investments (number) indicators for agriculture and related subsectors are as follows as a percentage of intended beneficiaries (number) (all data should be disaggregated by gender):  Beneficiaries who feel project investments reflected Agriculture Extension and Research their needs (number) as a percentage of total benefi- ciaries (number)  Targeted clients satisfied with agricultural services Social Inclusion (number) as a percentage of targeted clients of agri- culture services (number)  Vulnerable and marginalized people in the project area  Clients who have adopted an improved agricultural who are aware of projects investments and benefits technology promoted by the project (number) (number) as a percentage of people in the project area (number)  Targeted clients who are members of an association (number) as a percentage of targeted clients (number)  Vulnerable and marginalized people in the project area who are project beneficiaries (number) as a percent-  Client days of training provided (number) age of vulnerable and marginalized people in the Forestry project area (number)  People in targeted forest and adjacent communities  Representatives in community-based decision- with increased monetary or nonmonetary benefits making and management structures who are from from forests (number) the vulnerable or marginalized beneficiary population  People employed in production and processing of for- (number) as a percentage of people participating in the est products (number) community-based decision-making and management  Forest users trained (number) structure (number) Irrigation and Drainage  Vulnerable and marginalized people who participate in nonproject consultations and decision-making forums  Water users provided with irrigation and drainage (number) as a percentage of people who participate in services (number) nonproject consultations and decision-making forums Land Administration and Management (number)  Land parcels with use or ownership rights of females Social Protection recorded, either jointly or individually, as a result of the  Beneficiaries of safety nets programs (number) project (number)  Beneficiaries of labor market programs (number) Micro- and Small/Medium Enterprise Finance (MSME)  Percentage of active loans to women—microfinance  Percentage of active micro-savings accounts held by women For more information on core indicators, please see: http://coreindicators.worldbank.org. Source: World Bank, 2012a. TO O L K I T 8 PA RT 1 — INTEGRATING GEND ER INTO AGRICULTURA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJEC TS NOTE C and International Bank of Reconstruction and Development Guidance Note for Gender Rating of Agriculture (IBRD) projects, over the FY10–11 period, 83% of agricultural Operations at Preparation Stage and rural development operations addressed at least one of these dimensions, 65% addressed at least two dimensions, Ensure gender screening during preparation. Over the next and 32% addressed all three dimensions. All projects in three years, the World Bank program will pay more attention to AFR, 95% of projects in SAR, and 83% of projects in MNA cross-cutting themes, including gender. We will continue gender addressed at least one dimension. Gender-disaggregated M&E screening of projects as they are prepared. In order to measure continues to be a problem for most regions (except for AFR), the “targeting� of women, the Bank developed a methodology with levels ranging from 19 to 67% for the other regions. In that examines three dimensions of project design: (i) gender general, IDA projects performed at or close to targets, whereas analysis; (ii) gender actions; and (ii) gender-disaggregated project IBRD projects did significantly less well. Efforts will continue M&E indicators. A score in one or more than one dimension to better integrate gender equality into agriculture and rates the project as gender informed. The checklist used for rural development projects. Targets to be met by 2015 are rating operations is shown in the accompanying table. to include gender-related analysis and/or consultation in Target: By 2015, all projects will address at least one 100% of projects, and also include gender-related actions dimension and 75% all three dimensions. Using this meth- and M&E in 75% of projects. odology for both International Development Association (IDA) Table 3: Checklist for Gender Rating of Operations DIMENSIONS CRITERIA: THE ACTIVITY . . . GUIDING QUESTIONS: DOES THE PROJECT . . . CHECK SCORE  identify and analyze gender issues relevant to the project objectives or components?  report findings of country/regional gender diagnostics (e.g., gender assessment, poverty assessment, etc.) relevant to Project includes analysis and/or consultation on gender- Analysis Development Objectives, or do components undertake a social, related issues environmental, or poverty and social impact assessment?  reflect the results of consultations with women/girls and men/ boys and/or NGOs that focus on these groups and/or specific line ministries? If at least one check above 1  include specific or targeted actions that address the needs of women/girls or men/boys? is expected to narrow gender disparities, including through specific actions to address the  propose gender-specific safeguards in a social/environmental Actions distinct needs of women/girls (men/boys) and/or assessment or in a resettlement framework? to have positive impact(s) on gender equality  show how interventions are expected to narrow existing gender disparities? If at least one check above 1  include specific gender- and sex-disaggregated indicators in the Monitoring includes mechanisms to monitor gender impact results framework? and Evaluation and facilitate gender-disaggregated analysis  propose an evaluation that will analyze the gender-specific impacts of the project? If at least one check above 1 Ratings Overall Score In how many dimensions does the document score 1? 0-3  score 1 in at least 1 dimension? includes gender in one or more than one Gender Informed Y/N dimensions  have a score of 1 or above? Prepared by PREM Gender, World Bank. Source: World Bank, 2012b. GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT 1 — INT EGR AT ING GE NDE R INTO AGRI CU LTU RA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJECTS 9 NOTE D women? How can you build on these strengths in Gender in Project Implementation Support: Practical the future? Tips for Aide Memoire and ISR 3. Did you encounter challenges in implementing The Aide Memoire (AM) is a written record of a field mis- gender-related actions? sion documenting key findings, issues identified, and actions 4. What specific next steps did you agree to take to agreed upon. The AM forms the basis of concluding discus- overcome the challenges? sions at the end of a mission and needs follow-up. It contains 5. What specific achievements have you reached the assessment of progress made toward achievement of against the relevant gender-related indicators and the PDO; a description of the overall status of the project; an subindicators? assessment of progress made in implementing various com- 6. What are the plans to make these achievements ponents; a description of any problems and delays identified sustainable? in project implementation; and a listing of the status of compli- ance with legal covenants, safeguards, fiduciary requirements, Integrating Gender into ISRs and agreed actions, with timing and responsibilities. Annexes Results Tab can be added to provide details (e.g., technical reviews by Include gender-related core sector indicators and project spe- component, detailed action plans agreed to). The main text cific indicators in the Results Framework section. of the AM is the right place for reporting on implementation of gender-related activities, progress made based on gender- When updating current values for each PDO indicator or inter- disaggregated indicators and targets, and gender-related mediate outcome indicators that are disaggregated by gen- issues identified and agreed next-step actions. In addition, der, use the comments box to draw attention to any detailed task teams are encouraged to compile a technical annex on achievements or challenges, and indicate the target values for gender-responsive actions, which can be followed up during the reporting period to help readers understand whether the the next mission (see Table 1). progress is on track. Be aware that this section of the ISR is publicly disclosed. To guide the discussions and the documentation of gender issues in the Aide Memoire, the following questions could Implementation Status Tab be helpful: 1. Use the Key Issues and Actions section in the 1. What specific actions have you identified in the PAD “components� sub-tab to highlight gender-related to reach your gender outcomes? How are these challenges to address related to each component. reflected in actual implementation? If not identified Usually, these issues will correspond to the issues in the PAD, what are the measures to be taken to highlighted in the Results tab. mainstream gender and design affirmative action at 2. If gender is one of the key issues and actions of the the implementation stage? ISR, bring this to management attention in the Key 2. What positive progress have you made regarding Issues and Actions tab. gender mainstreaming and affirmative action for TABLE 4: Example of a Gender Annex to the AM. Agreed Gender-Responsive Actions, Annex to Aide Memoire, Irrigation Development Support Program (IDSP), Zambia, 2011 Organise sensitization for chiefs and households on women’s land ownership rights Community Mobilizers December 2011 (start date) MACO (Min. of Agriculture and extension) Organise site-to-site exchange visits (women/men) to all sites to share experiences on MACO and Community Mobilizers January 2011 women’s land ownership rights Involve household members, women and men, in the asset survey MACO November onwards Establish a quota of 50/50% women/men as WUA Executive Committee members Community Mobilizers/MACO November onwards Provide training for (young) women in leadership and PC skills Community Mobilizers December onwards Conduct feasibility study to improve food processing and marketing for products produced MACO March 2012 by women. TO O L K I T 10 PA RT 1 — INTEGRATING GEND ER INTO AGRICULTURA L D EVELOPMENT PR OJEC TS NOTE E Table 5: Suggested Data-Collection and Analysis Methods METHOD APPLICATIONS EASE AND COST OF DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS QUANTITATIVE METHODS Household surveys Household composition and household welfare Gender-disaggregated questions can be included at no cost. However, applying sub-modules to individual household members increases real- ism of the data but adds to interview time. Attitude studies Analysis of attitudes toward different organizations or prioritiza- These can be included in the household survey, but they require addi- tion of needs and projects tional time to administer. Willingness and capacity Estimates of how much households are currently paying for Questions can be included in the household survey, but it is essential to pay services such as health, water, education, and transport and to interview both women and men. Qualitative methods such as direct assessment of their willingness and capacity to pay for improved observation may be required to check the reliability of the information. services for different household members Time-use studies Estimating the time women and men spend on collecting water Questions can be included in surveys, but where possible this should and fuel, traveling to work, domestic activities, and unpaid and be combined with focus groups or direct observation. Household diaries paid productive activities can also be used. Seasonal labor profiles Display of quantitative changes in farming cycle and labor alloca- It requires 1 or 2 days. tion when new crops or techniques are introduced; estimate person/days or months for each task during average farming season by gender QUALITATIVE METHODS Stakeholder analysis Identifying main groups affected by or affecting planned or This requires individual interviews, but often with a relatively small actual policies and determining their interests, influence, and number of respondents. importance Institutional analysis Evaluating the efficiency and client-friendliness of the main Some questions can be included in household surveys, but where pos- public- and private-sector agencies providing services sible this should be combined with focus groups. Focus groups and com- Seeking the opinion of community groups on their problems Semistructured interviews, usually taped, and conducted separately munity forums and priority needs and their experience with the projects and with women and men. It can take 1 to 2 hours per group (or up to 20 programs being provided; a valuable complement to household people). surveys Participatory rural Used to understand the world of the poor and to listen to their Several days and, ideally, at least 1 week should be allowed for appraisal and other concerns and priorities rather than asking them to respond to a each community studied. It is important to allow sufficient time to participatory methods set of survey questions prepared by outside agencies understand the community and to gain the trust of residents before the sessions begin. Group and community Quick, inexpensive overview of conditions and practices across It requires 1 to 2 hours per village. interviews villages; open-ended questioning of group representing more than one household Community portraits Comparison and contrast between beliefs and practices across It requires 1 to 2 hours per village. villages and between genders QUALITATIVE METHODS Agricultural calendars Qualitative picture of activities for all enterprises and operations On a monthly basis, identify by gender, family position, and wage status the person(s) responsible for farm and nonfarm tasks. It requires 1 to 2 days. Photographs and videos Provide a dramatic complement to written reports and an effec- Photographs are quick and easy to take. Videos are also an excellent tive way to document physical and economic change over time way to present findings, but they are much more expensive to produce, particularly if editing is required. Spatial maps Clear visual picture of participants, beneficiaries, and constraints; It requires half a day to 1 day. indicate by gender on maps of fields/enterprises who is responsible, provides labor, and controls resources and outputs or benefits Walking tours Map locating main agro-ecological zones, farming systems, Conducted by interdisciplinary team of rural-dweller sand scientists. social groups, and infrastructure; main problems of community Separate walks with men and women can be informative. It requires a and key informants for various issues team and residents for half a day to 1 day. Adapted from: Bamberger et al., 2002; and Fong and Bhushan, 1996. GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 11 Part II: MONITORING AND EVALUATION EXAMPLES FROM AGRICULTURAL SUBSECTORS  Agro-Enterprise Development  Sustainable Agriculture and Natural Resource  Agricultural Research, Extension, and Education Management  Land Policy and Administration  Rural Finance  Livestock Development Photo 5: Picking Crops in Cyprus Source: Yosef Hadar. TO O L K I T 12 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S AGRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT Agro-enterprise development covers the entire gamut of RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO activities concerning supply of inputs, production, process- AGRO-ENTERPRISE DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS ing, transporting, and marketing of agricultural and related One important goal of agribusiness efforts is to improve the produce. It cuts across various sectors and encompasses the productivity of labor. Given that women’s representation in the institutions and businesses serving the agriculture, forestry, agricultural labor force is increasing, gender concerns need and fisheries sectors. to be addressed to ensure the continued growth of women’s productivity in this sector. In this context, gender relations (roles, responsibilities, access, and control over resources and services) assume special significance. Table 6: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ Gender differences in access to ✓ Strengthening market informa- ✓ Assess and improve participation ✓ Better knowledge about high- MARKET SUPPORT information tion systems for male and female of women in trade and producer value-added products and ✓ Linkages between big agro- SMEs organizations marketing among women and men enterprises and small producers, Strengthening roles of women in ✓  ✓ Improve facilities for women in entrepreneurs especially women trade and policy and participatory markets ✓ Increased income from products ✓ Differential access by gender to planning markets and services ✓ Women’s participation in trade and producer organizations ✓ Men’s and women’s roles in agro- ✓ Technological and management ✓ Identify and target women ✓ Increase in income of men and ENTREPRENEURSHIP processing and trade support to small and medium entrepreneurs in agro-processing women from agro-enterprises ✓ Opportunities and barriers for entrepreneurs, men and women activities and trade ✓ Improvement in efficiency and women’s entry in agro-processing ✓ Support to women/small enter- ✓ Assess and improve technical and level of women’s participation in and trade prises in moving from informal managerial skills among men and agro-enterprise ✓ New trends replacing women’s to formal status, assistance in women entrepreneurs home-based enterprises and trade licensing and tendering ✓ Improve access of women entre- preneurs to producers and trade organizations ✓ Opportunities and constraints ✓ Project support to improve ✓ Increase number of male and ✓ Increase in efficiency and productiv- EMPLOYMENT for women’s employment in women’s skill levels in processing female skilled workers ity of labor, especially of women agro-enterprises and trade ✓ Improve women’s level of employ- workers ✓ Barriers to women’s participation in ✓ Provide access to information on ment in agro-enterprises ✓ Equal treatment/wages by gender farm-business linkages fair wages, protective legislation, etc. ✓ Given the importance of agro- Design activities at various levels ✓  ✓ Analyze the changes in the role ✓ Increased role of women in agro- NOTE FOR TASK enterprises for women, assess to close the gap between men of women in agro-enterprise enterprises and market linkages TEAMS opportunities for women in the and women in opportunities (or activities should be assessed outset of the project access), efficiency, and productiv- ✓  Monitor changes compared to ✓ Evaluate changes compared to ✓ Establish gender-sensitive baseline ity in agro-enterprises gender-sensitive baseline data gender-sensitive baseline data data ✓ Finalize gender-sensitive baseline data Table 7: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators* OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female ** ✓ Women’s wage and employment levels ✓ Percentage/number of women starting their own business ✓ Wage differentials and skill gaps between men and women ✓ Change in the way women entrepreneurs are viewed in producer and trade organizations ✓ Performance of women-owned and women-run businesses ✓ Percentage/number of women in leadership positions ✓ Change in women’s bargaining power in the household ✓ Women’s participation and leadership in producer and trade organizations ✓ Percentage of trade and producer organizations’ staff who are women * Please note that Impact Indicators are higher level indicators not measurable during the project lifetime. In most cases specific impact evaluations are carried out to collect the data for these indicators. ** Core sector indicator GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 13 EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN AGRO-ENTERPRISES The Project Development Objective is to increase the incomes The project includes training components for government of land users in a sustainable manner by empowering them officials and supervisors, municipalities, and farmer leaders to obtain equitable access to natural and financial resources. (men and women) on incorporation of the gender dimension. Women are consulted during project design and implementa- Background studies show that customary rules leave women tion, and gender studies capture current gender issues and without control both over land resources and income gener- establish a baseline to be monitored over the course of the ated on that land. Production of goods to be sold on local or project. export markets is driven by men while women provide most of the primary labor, thereby further adding to their workloads. Table 8: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION The incomes of rural producers are increased in a Percentage/number of women and men producers If 40% of beneficiaries have not reached their tar- sustainable manner by empowering them to obtain who reach their targeted income levels geted income levels by midterm, the components must equitable access to natural and financial resources be reviewed for efficiency USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Share of the new products of men and women produc- If the rate of satisfaction is lower than y% by the Women and men producers are reaching regional ers reaching regional markets specified target dates, the activities under Outcome 1 markets with their new products will be adjusted as needed Outcome 2: Share of field labor performed by women and girls If targets are not reached, reevaluate and adjust strat- Equitable division of labor egies for empowering women’s control over resources Table 9: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Percentage/number of women and men land users who Household survey (women and men interviewed sepa- 0% 40% 80% reach their targeted income levels rately) against baseline data INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: Share of the new products of men and women produc- 5% 30% 70% Annual collection by Project Coordination Unit from: con- ers reaching regional markets sultant field reports; project technical staff supervision Outcome 2: reports; special studies; surveys 80% 70% 60% Share of field labor performed by women and girls TO O L K I T 14 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH, EXTENSION, AND EDUCATION Agricultural Knowledge and Information Systems (AKISs) RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO comprise the institutions and organizations that generate and AKIS PROJECTS disseminate knowledge and information to support agriculture Although men and women farmers share many responsibili- and production, marketing, post-harvest handling of agricultural ties, they are often active in different production systems, and products, and management of natural resources. Most AKIS have different needs and constraints relating to the farming projects support agricultural research, extension, or education activities. Gender differences at the household level very often activities, which are increasingly viewed as components of an lead to different access to knowledge and information services interrelated system. and support services in agricultural production. Lack of atten- tion to these issues in projects therefore leads to inefficient use of human resources, and loss in productivity. Table 10: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ Existing technology to meet gender- ✓ Funding for research on specific ✓ Research programs focusing on gender- ✓ Technologies to address specific needs, its appropriateness technology needs of men and specific needs gender needs in place— TECHNOLOGY GENERATION including cost factors women farmers ✓ Monitor percentage of research funds better use of saved time ✓ Adoption of technology by men and ✓ Funding for research on minor allocated in priority areas ✓ Increase in productiv- women farmers crops and vegetables ✓ Technologies made simple and non- ity through adoption of ✓ Emphasis on farming systems input-intensive for easy adoption improved packages by all research with a gender focus categories of farmers ✓ Monitor percentage of women and men producers who adopt technology ✓ Existing capacity among research and ✓ Funding for staff training in ✓ Gender training provided to/planned for ✓ Research and extension INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY extension staff to identify social and gender-awareness raising, and research and extension staff system more sensitive to gender issues gender tools and methods ✓ Quality of training assessed by expert gender-based needs as ✓ Males and females among extension ✓ Project support for gender- team assessed by expert team staff specific activities in research and ✓ Research and extension staff trained for ✓ Increase in percentage/ ✓ Facilities for advanced education in extension increased focus on gender in support number of women agriculture for women ✓ Strengthening facilities for services agricultural graduates in women in agricultural education, rural areas ✓ Men’s and women’s satisfaction with ✓ Curriculum developed to meet gender- access to agricultural education inclusion of women in the faculty based needs ✓ Improvement in quality of services in extension ✓ Percentage of women with agricultural degree ✓ Extension programs, if any, to meet ✓ Project support for dissemina- ✓ Training and contacts among female ✓ Wide adoption of technol- gender-specific needs tion and adoption of advanced farmers ogy by men and women ✓ Appropriateness of extension messages technology ✓ In farmer-led extension, women’s farmers of all categories DISSEMINATION INFORMATION to male and female farmers of different ✓ Strengthening of FFSs to include participation in training and field ✓ Improvement in satisfac- categories women demonstrations tion with services in ✓ Access to technology and extension ✓ Extension messages and training ✓ Technology adoption made easy and extension services by women farmers made relevant to the needs of economical ✓ Participation of women in field demon- men and women ✓ Monitor level of satisfaction with exten- strations, farmer field schools (FFSs) ✓ Private-sector and NGO involve- sion services among women and men ✓ Beneficiaries’ satisfaction with current ment in technology testing, extension system dissemination, and training ✓ Gender sensitivity in research and ✓ Extension strategy to integrate ✓ Emphasis on gender in research and ✓ Increase in men and extension policy—priority on addressing gender considerations in planning extension women farmers’ income IMPLICATIONS gender needs and implementation; incentives to ✓ Adoption rates of advanced technolo- through improved access POLICY ✓ Differential allocation, access to staff for gender mainstreaming gies by women and underprivileged to technology and resources by men and women ✓ Incentives and reservations for extension ✓ Women’s enrollment in and satisfaction ✓ Strategies to encourage female stu- female students in agricultural with agricultural courses ✓ Improvement in graduate dents from rural areas colleges employment opportuni- ✓ Rate of reporting of research findings ties in rural areas (new knowledge) to government Assess technology and extension needs ✓  ✓ Emphasize participation in ✓Measure gender integration against ✓ Evaluate impact in both NOTE FOR TASK of men and women farmers, and identify identification, planning, and targets set for research and extension qualitative and quantita- the gaps in services implementation of activities activities tive terms TEAMS Assess male and female farmers’ needs ✓  ✓ Provide options to women farmers ✓  Measure satisfaction with progress ✓ Evaluate changes com- and constraints for choosing activities among women and men beneficiaries pared to gender-sensitive ✓ Establish gender-sensitive baseline data ✓  Finalize gender-sensitive baseline ✓  Monitor changes compared to gender- baseline data data sensitive baseline data GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 15 Table 11: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female * ✓ Improvement in income of men and women farmers ✓ Number of targeted male and female clients satisfied with agricultural services as a percentage ✓ Number of women graduates employed by the formal sector of number of targeted male and female clients of agriculture services * against baseline ✓ Number of targeted male and female clients who are members of an association as a percentage ✓ Share of national research investments to priorities identified of number of targeted male and female clients * by women ✓ Number of male and female clients who have adopted an improved agricultural technology ✓ Percentage/number of women graduates employed in the promoted by the project * formal sector ✓ Number of client days of training provided to men and women * ✓ Quality of gender-focused extension messages produced ✓ Percentage of research funds allocated to priority areas identified by women farmers ✓ Percentage of women among the contract farmers ✓ Percentage of women in the governing boards of producer and trade organizations ✓ Percentage of women obtaining an agricultural degree * Core sector indicator EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: WOMEN AND TECHNOLOGY ADOPTION The Project Development Objective is to ensure that agricul- participation in extension activities and in receiving extension tural producers increase their adoption of profitable and envi- support in their diverse activities. Women’s low productivity ronmentally sound technologies. Background studies indicate and income appear to be the result of lack of access to produc- that because the percentage of women-headed households tive resources and technical support. Women are consulted in the region is underestimated, women were also not the during project design and implementation, and gender stud- focus of local extension services. It also recognized women’s ies will further capture current gender issues and establish a long working hours as the main constraining factor in their baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Table 12: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Agricultural producers increase the adoption of profit- Percentage/number of women and men produc- If the rate of technology adoption by women and men is able and environmentally sound ers who have adopted environmentally sound lower than y% by specified target date, Outcome 1 and technologies technologies Outcome 2 must be reviewed for efficiency USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Percentage/number of women and men producers If the rate of satisfaction is lower than y% by the speci- Extension service providers have an improved under- satisfied with access to and quality of extension fied target dates, the activities under Outcome 1 will be standing of client needs and how to respond to them services adjusted as needed Outcome 2: Percentage of research funds allocated to research If the proportion is lower than envisioned, the situation National research institutes have improved capacity to in priority areas identified by women producers will be analyzed and corrected conduct research in identified priority areas Table 13: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Percentage/number of women (w) and men (m) w: 10% w: 30% w: 60% Annual collection by Project Coordination Unit from: producers who have adopted environmentally sound household survey data against the baseline special stud- technologies m: 15% m: 30% m: 60% ies, and participatory evaluations INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: w: 20% w: 70% w: 100% Percentage/number of women (w) and men (m) produc- m: 50% m: 70% m: 100% Producer satisfaction survey; quality of extension ers satisfied with access services determined by participatory evaluations; annual Outcome 2: reports from the research institute Percentage of research funds allocated to research 20% 30% 40% priority areas TO O L K I T 16 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION The land policy and administration subsector comprises institu- include access to land and other natural resources as well as tions and activities related to land reform, land administration, effective participation in the provision of land administration land titling, and land privatization. Most land policy and admin- services. If they are excluded from the benefits of the new istration projects support the design and implementation of systems, intentionally or unintentionally, they may suffer in land administration systems in which private-property systems the transition, losing access to land and failing to obtain (or have been either localized, customary, informal, inadequate, losing) property rights. Lack of assets also reduces women’s or are lacking. access to productive resources such as credit and reduces their interest in long-term investments in the land such as soil conservation. There is a clear need to understand the RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO LAND POLICY AND ADMINISTRATION PROJECTS implications of inclusion or exclusion for women’s material well-being and social status. Women are often the primary users of land, but they are frequently excluded from land rights. Women’s land rights Table 14: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ Gender distribution of heads of ✓ Gender-inclusive project design— Percentage of women using titles ✓  ✓ Increase in women’s and men’s SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES households balance in male/female ratio as collateral for credit, etc. ability to use land titles as collateral ✓ Determine what is restricting among the beneficiaries ✓ Monitor men’s and women’s for investments and enabling the use of land ✓ Number of titles issued to men, level of satisfaction with their ✓ Increased satisfaction among ownership as collateral for further women, and joint ability to participate and benefit beneficiaries with respect to project investments ✓ Marital status of women who throughout the project participation obtain land titles ✓ Monitor changes in economic ✓ Participation by men and women activities by men and women throughout the project cycle ✓ Monitor the effect on social and family status of individual and joint land titling ✓ Formal and customary legal status ✓ Policy initiatives and support to ✓ Recommendations for gender- ✓ Gender-sensitive legal and/or of women and men in land titling lawmakers to improve the legal sensitive legal and policy reforms policy reforms as a result of project LEGAL AND and administration status of women and men ✓ initiatives POLICY Changes in men’s and women’s ✓ Strategies to encourage women ✓ Extension strategy to integrate formal and customary legal ✓ Improved men’s and women’s inde- and joint land titling gender consideration in planning status pendence and social standing due and implementation; incentives to ✓ Emphasis on individual and joint to obtaining land ownership staff for gender mainstreaming titling by men and women ✓ Capacity of land titling and admin- ✓ Gender-sensitive training for Monitor women’s and men’s level ✓  ✓ Improved satisfaction with land INSTITUTIONAL istration units in dealing with administrators and project staff of satisfaction with land titling titling and administration services gender issues (surveyors) and administration services ✓ Improved conflict resolution ISSUES ✓ Women’s and men’s level of ✓ Develop and test alternatives to ✓ Settling more land ownership satisfaction with titling and land adjudication conflicts with alternatives to administration services adjudication ✓ Identify gender-differentiated problems with adjudication Identify why women have become ✓  ✓ Consider applicability of group/ ✓ Project monitoring should reveal ✓ Impact of increased participation NOTE FOR TASK heads of household community approaches to land if current land titling and conflict and land titling to women should TEAMS ✓ Establish gender-sensitive baseline titling resolution practices incorporate be seen in overall context—social, data ✓ Finalize gender-sensitive baseline women’s needs sufficiently to economic, environmental data ensure their participation ✓ Evaluate changes compared to ✓ Monitor changes compared to gender-sensitive baseline data gender-sensitive baseline data GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 17 Table 15: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female * ✓ Understanding of gender issues among administrators and lawmakers ✓ Number of land parcels with use or ownership rights of females recorded, either ✓ Gender responsiveness of legal and policy reforms on land ownership jointly or individually, as a result of the project * ✓ Economic gain for men and women due to land ownership ✓ Post-titling land sales by gender ✓ Gender awareness in conflict resolution ✓ Land used as collateral for credit by gender ✓ Effect on social and family status of individual and joint land titling ✓ Degree of diversification of economic activities of women after receiving title to their land ✓ Land administration staff by gender * Core sector indicator EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: STRENGTHENING AND PRESERVING WOMEN’S RIGHTS IN LAND TITLING The Project Development Objective is to establish a sustain- titles are seen, for example, as defensive measures, protecting able land administration system that is fair, efficient, cost them in the event of a change of family status. This includes effective, and decentralized to increase land tenure security. ensuring that the names of both spouses are recorded on the title of joint family properties. Rural women-headed house- Women can generally access land for residential and agricul- holds are typically poorer than male-headed households, but tural purposes. However, land ownership by women is heavily frequently have greater access to land than women in the dependent on the customary laws exercised by the different male-headed households. Women are consulted during project ethno-cultural groups. Women right holders may, for example, design and implementation, and gender studies will capture find it relatively more difficult than men to assert their rights current gender issues and establish a baseline to be monitored during the titling process, or to make use of the proposed over the course of the project. new registration systems effectively. Women’s names on the Table 16: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Establish a sustainable land administration system that Percentage/number of women land owners who If target share is not reached by midterm, measures is fair, efficient, cost effective, and decentralized to double their income such as further extension and training initiatives will be obtain increased income and sustainable livelihoods for considered the land owners USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Percentage/number of land titles registered to If percentage/number of titles registered to women by Land titling is equitable between men and women women year x is below target, the titling process and outreach farmers initiatives must be reviewed and adjusted accordingly Outcome 2: Percentage/number of women who are able to If diversification is below target, focus on supporting Land tenure security leads to more diverse economic diversify their economic activity after receiving activities that overcome the obstacles activities title to their land Table 17: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Percentage/number of women land owners who double 0% 30% 60% Sample survey against baseline survey results their income INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: Annual collection by standard system reports from Land 5% 40% 70% Percentage/number of land titles registered to women Administration Office Outcome 2: Percentage/number of women who are able to diversify 0% 30% 60% Consultant field reports; household surveys their economic activity after receiving title to their land TO O L K I T 18 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT The livestock subsector comprises activities contributing to RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO sustainable livestock production to reduce poverty, support LIVESTOCK DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS widely shared growth, and increase food security. Sustain- Male and female producers have somewhat different needs for ability in livestock production entails the provision of technol- technology and support services, due to gender differences in ogy, information, supporting services, and enabling policies to roles and responsibilities in livestock activities. Women gener- ensure growth while increasing the efficiency of renewable ally raise small stocks and are involved in processing activities, resource use. whereas men are responsible for large animals and marketing produce. Livestock projects should take these differences into account in order to increase project effectiveness and sustainability. Table 18: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ Gender-based roles and activities ✓ Project activities related to ✓Equitable gender balance in ✓ Improvement in returns from live- SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES in livestock production, processing, gender-driven small and large beneficiary selection to reflect stock for all categories of producers and marketing; gender relations in livestock production project-supported livestock ✓ Improvement in men’s and women’s control over income ✓ Gender input into value-added activities income from livestock ✓ Gender-specific needs in livestock processing and efficient marketing ✓  Women’s participation in deci- ✓ Improvement in consumption of activities ✓ Gender roles in utilization of sion making increased animal protein at family level ✓ Impact of livestock activities on animal draught power for farming ✓  Reduction of women’s workloads nutrition and availability of dietary and transport and new/alternative uses of animal protein their time ✓Monitor level of animal protein consumption at family level ✓ Gender discrimination, if any, in ✓ Initiatives to mitigate gender bias ✓ Equitable gender balance in ✓ Men and women’s income from and livestock ownership and inheritance in livestock policies beneficiary selection to reflect satisfaction with livestock activities LEGAL AND POLICY ✓ Men’s and women’s access to and ✓ Project support to improve access project-supported livestock increased or at least maintained satisfaction with livestock support to extension, production inputs, activities services in extension, health care, credit, and marketing ✓ Women’s participation in deci- credit, and insurance ✓ Emphasis on women’s par- sion making increased ✓ Gender balance in producers’ and ticipation in farmers’ groups and ✓ Reduction of women’s workloads marketing cooperatives cooperatives and new/alternative uses of their time ✓ Monitor level of animal protein consumption at family level ✓ Assessment of specific technol- ✓ Emphasis on applied research on Increase in women’s participation ✓  ✓ Improved efficiency and sustainabil- ogy and training needs of men and micro livestock and income from micro livestock ity of livestock systems INSTITUTIONAL women in livestock activities Capacity development and training ✓  ✓ Improvement in number of ✓Improved satisfaction with technol- ✓ ISSUES Existing capacity in livestock support on gender issues in livestock trained extension workers and ogy and training services services to address gender-based activities for research and exten- para-vets in villages needs sion staff ✓ Monitor level of satisfaction ✓ Gender balance in the provision of ✓ Training of rural women as para- with technology and training livestock services—para-vets, AI medics, para-vets, and so on initiatives services, and so on Carry out initial beneficiary survey to ✓  ✓ Integrate gender aspects into all ✓ Monitor progress in terms of ✓ Impact evaluation should reflect NOTE FOR TASK identify potential gender issues the project components in which changing roles by women avail- general improvement in health and ✓ Undertake a detailed social and roles and needs are demonstrated ing support services, access to nutritional status in addition to TEAMS gender analysis only if warranted ✓Where necessary, appoint a gen- markets, credit, and ownership increase in income der specialist to develop a gender of animals ✓ Evaluate changes compared to ✓ Establish gender-sensitive baseline data action plan ✓ Monitor changes compared to gender-sensitive baseline data ✓Finalize gender-sensitive baseline gender-sensitive baseline data data GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 19 Table 19: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female * ✓ Improved income levels for women livestock producers ✓ Percentage of women among livestock producers, especially of cattle ✓ Change in nutritional status of children and women through consumption ✓ Amount of milk and animal protein consumed by the family members of milk and animal protein ✓ Level of satisfaction among women and men with veterinary and training services ✓ Change in soil nutrient status in households with livestock production ✓ Number of trained and accredited extension workers by gender * Core sector indicator EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: WOMEN AND PASTORAL DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVES The Project Development Objective is to promote sustainable knowledgeable about production characteristics, animal natural resource management by establishing improved live- behavior, and the availability of quality feed and local fodder stock production and marketing systems that would increase resources. They give importance to feed materials that improve the income and well-being of herders and farmers in the fat percentage in milk and induce heat. In the project, women project areas. and ethnic minorities will be targeted with specific training and capacity-building activities. Women’s participation in the plan- Background information indicates that women in the proj- ning and implementation of activities will be closely tracked ect area play a significant role in livestock production activi- through measurable indicators. ties but generally have lower status than men. Women are Table 20: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Promote sustainable natural resource management Income levels for women and men livestock If income levels do not increase according to targets for by establishing improved livestock production and producers women and men, the strategies and project components marketing systems that would increase the income and must be reviewed and adjusted accordingly well-being of herders and farmers in the project areas USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Amount of milk and animal protein consumed by If milk and animal protein consumption by mothers Improved nutritional status of children and women in women and girls and daughters does not increase according to plan, the family the capacity-building initiative must be evaluated and adjusted Outcome 2: Percentage/number of women and men who are If the rate of satisfaction does not increase according to Access to veterinary and technical support services satisfied with support services plan, barriers will be reviewed, including the need for improved more trained and accredited extension workers Table 21: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Percent change in income levels for women (w) and w: 0% w: 50% w: 100% Household surveys against baseline values at midterm men (m) livestock producers m: 0% m:80% m: 100% and completion INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: Percent change in the amount of milk and animal 0% 50% 100% protein consumed by the family Household surveys, special studies, satisfaction surveys Outcome 2: w: 30% w: 60% w: 90% Percentage/number of women (w) and men (m) who are m: 50% m: 70% m: 90% satisfied with support services TO O L K I T 20 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT Sustainable agriculture and natural resource management RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO (NRM) activities seek to increase agricultural productivity SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE AND NATURAL through adoption of practices that maintain the long-term eco- RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROJECTS logical and biological integrity of natural resources. Activities in Strategies for sustainable agricultural development and NRM this subsector cut across the rural, social, and environmental stress participation and empowerment of farmers and communi- issues of natural resource management to sustain significant ties, as well as partnership development among all stakeholders. increases in farm productivity through the efficient use of land Gender relations at the community and family levels play a crucial and other resources. The goal is to provide better economic role in the success of efforts to harmonize agricultural intensifica- returns to individuals and contribute to the quality of life and tion with environmental integrity and to promote social equity environmental sustainability. while maintaining economic and production objectives. Table 22: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ Division of labor between men and ✓ Gender-inclusive project activities ✓ Women’s farm productivity and ✓Women’s role in agriculture SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES women in farming activities in project geared toward meeting specific their role in decision making and NRM strengthened area needs of men and women Quality of participation of women in ✓  ✓ Improvement in women and ✓ Constraints men and women farmers ✓ Interventions to improve women’s agriculture and NRM men farmers’ income and face in improving productivity access to productive resources ✓ Awareness among men and women overall social well-being ✓ Men’s and women’s access and control within existing social and cultural about sustainability in farming over resources at household level context practices ✓ Men and women farmers’ understand- ✓ Community mobilization in ing and capacity to adopt sustainable adoption of sustainable practices practices and NRM Prevailing system in land tenure security ✓  ✓ Project initiatives to address ✓ Women farmers’ access to land ✓ Gender equity in access INSTITUTIONAL and women’s land rights gender differences in land rights ✓ Training of staff in gender issues and management of land POLICY AND ✓ Existing capacity of institutions to ✓Capacity building in extension resources ✓ Gender balance among staff provide support to farming needs of men and other services to address ✓ Increased satisfaction with ✓ Gender focus in extension activities and women gender the quality of extension and ✓ Women and men farmers’ satisfac- other services tion with quality of and access to extension services and resources ✓ Farmers’ knowledge of sustainable ✓ Technical support conserva- ✓ Information dissemination on ✓ Improved management DEVELOPMENT farming and NRM tion approaches by community farmer-oriented sustainable prac- and sustainability of land TECHNOLOGY ✓ Gender-specific technology needs to women’s groups tices in agriculture and NRM resources improve productivity and sustainability ✓ Focus on women and the less ✓ Women’s participation in field ✓ Increase in productivity and ✓ Identify why women have become heads privileged—productivity increase demonstrations and technology fertility of degraded land of household in degraded lands and post- adoption ✓ Increased adoption of new harvest technology ✓ Percentage of women and men who technologies adopt new technologies Collect background information on men’s ✓  ✓ A preliminary gender study ✓ Emphasis should be given to ✓ Impact of women’s par- NOTE FOR TASK and women’s dynamics in agriculture or a gender-integrated PRA is assessing improvement in the qual- ticipation should be seen TEAMS and NRM to identify gender issues advisable to help identify specific ity of women’s participation in overall context— social, (establish a baseline) areas of emphasis in the project ✓ Monitor changes compared to economic, environmental Establish gender-sensitive baseline data ✓  ✓ Finalize gender-sensitive baseline gender-sensitive baseline data ✓ Evaluate changes compared (quantitative and qualitative) data to gender-sensitive baseline data Table 23: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female * ✓ Improvement in land management practices, reduction in land resource ✓ Convergence of the roles of men and women in agriculture in project area degradation ✓ Competence of women in soil and water conservation ✓ Improvement in productivity of degraded lands ✓ Percentage/number of women in community and producer organizations ✓ Improvement in women’s income ✓ Awareness about conservation-oriented practices among men and women ✓ Women’s empowerment and overall well-being, nutrition, and health improved ✓ Percentage/number of women and men farmers satisfied with quality of and access to extension services and resources * Core sector indicator GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 21 EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: WOMEN PARTICIPATING IN WATERSHED MANAGEMENT The Project Development Objective is to improve the produc- disproportionately on common-pool resources for fodder, fuel, tive potential of natural resources and increase incomes of rural and other forest products. Income-generating activities will be inhabitants in selected watersheds through socially inclusive, aimed at women and other vulnerable groups. Women are to institutionally and environmentally sustainable approaches. be included during project design and implementation, and The objective includes ensuring equitable participation by gender studies will capture current gender issues and establish all groups—especially the landless and women, who rely a baseline to be monitored over the course of the project. Table 24: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Increased incomes of rural inhabitants in selected Percentage change in household income (compared If target is not reached, review inhibiting tariffs and watersheds through socially inclusive, institutionally to base) in targeted villages disaggregated by subsidies, poor participatory processes, inadequate and environmentally sustainable approaches gender and socioeconomic class investment prioritization, inadequate capacity building USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Percentage of male- and female-headed house- If target is not reached, review and improve mobiliza- Communities are inclusive and active in prioritizing holds satisfied with their inclusion in and influence tion of community and efforts to include all socioeco- their own mix of watershed and village development on the preparation of watershed development nomic households in village decision making technologies plans Outcome 2: Percentage of male- and female-headed house- If target is not reached, review and improve informa- All stakeholders are informed and educated about key holds aware of project objectives, activities, and tion, education, and communication activities design and participation features of the project using methodologies targeted messages evolved through a comprehensive communications strategy Outcome 3: Percentage of women-run enterprises still active If target is not reached, review and improve selection of Vulnerable groups (including women and landless) after 2 years enterprises, support, and capacity building establish self-help groups and implement income generating activities Table 25: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Percent change in household income (compared to Household surveys against baseline data; participatory base) in targeted villages disaggregated by gender and 0% 50% 100% evaluation socioeconomic class INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: Percentage of male- and female-headed households 10% 40% 80% satisfied with their inclusion in the preparation of watershed development plans Outcome 2: Annual collection by Project Management Unit from satisfaction surveys; consultant field reports; special Percentage of male- and female-headed households 2% 25% 50% studies aware of project objectives, activities, and methodologies Outcome 3: Percentage of women-run enterprises still active after 15% 40% 50% 2 years TO O L K I T 22 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S RURAL FINANCE Rural finance comprises all types of financial services for generally much higher than those of men. Further, savings are households and micro, small, medium, and large enterprises in an essential mechanism for managing the risks and variable rural areas. Specifically, rural finance includes providing credit, income patterns typical of rural areas. Yet women have more savings, insurance, transfer payments, and other financial limited access to formal financial services than men. Overcom- services to farm households or off-farm businesses. These ing the constraints to women’s access to convenient savings, services are provided in return for some interest or fee for credit, and credit-financed inputs is essential for improving their loaning and safeguarding funds. capacity to raise productivity in rural development activities. RATIONALE FOR INTEGRATING GENDER INTO RURAL FINANCE PROJECTS There is evidence that women use credit as effectively as men, when it is available, and that their repayment rates are Table 26: Checklist of Gender-Related Issues and Activities during the Project Cycle IDENTIFICATION AND IMPLEMENTATION AND IMPLEMENTATION PREPARATION DESIGN AND APPRAISAL SUPERVISION COMPLETION ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ CAPACITY BUILDING SOCIOECONOMIC ISSUES Farmers using institutional finance Gender-inclusive project design— Promote female savings accounts, Reduction in dependence on and services by rural men and balance in male-female ratio and increase applicants for credit and informal money lenders women among the beneficiaries percentage of approval ✓ Women’s empowerment— ✓ Reasons for low percentage of ✓ Project design to ensure women’s ✓ Funds disbursed for men and women increased role in decision female farmers receiving credit, empowerment through access to ✓ Monitor women’s usage of and making within family and in the including access, control, and project incentives control over credit community cultural issues ✓ Support to women’s savings and ✓ Differential control over assets, credit group formation around income, and decision making productive activities between men and women ✓ Viable farmers’ groups— men’s, ✓ Project assistance to NGOs and ✓ Training for men and women in ✓ Increase in women’s access women’s, and mixed—and their other grassroots organizations to managing finances and enterprise to and control over financial activities train women’s groups development resources ✓ NGOs and other support groups ✓ Provision for leadership training for ✓ Monitor beneficiaries’ satisfaction ✓ Increase in level of understand- providing technical assistance and women on business and financial with access and quality of training ing in managing finances and grassroots management training to management ✓ Increase in micro-enterprises by men enterprise development the communities ✓ Skills development for men and and women ✓ Improvement in women’s capac- women in micro-enterprises ity to generate income ✓ Assess policy-level, legal, and ✓ Policy initiatives to improve access ✓ Collect gender-disaggregated data ✓ Improvement in financial insti- procedural constraints to women’s to credit, simplify procedures for on volume and frequency of credit, tutions’ services for rural poor access to credit poor and illiterate savings, and repayment ✓ Better access to credit for men ✓ ✓ ✓ INSTITUTIONAL Reservation among the poor about Design and deliver special line Improve repayment rates by reducing and women institutional finance and services— of credit for small loans—raise the portfolio at risk ✓ More MFIs targeting women in access to adequate information awareness ✓ Increase MFIs’ efficiency poor communities ✓ Capacity within the financial institu- ✓ Technical assistance/capacity ✓ Monitor beneficiaries’ satisfaction ✓ Increased levels of satisfaction tions to handle small loans building for MFIs, linked to perfor- with financial institutions with financial institutions ✓ Sustainability of micro finance insti- mance and outreach tutions (MFIs) serving the poor ✓ Community participation and con- ✓ Men’s and women’s repayment tribution to ensure sustainability record and commitment ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ NOTE FOR TASK TEAMS Conduct gender-sensitive benchmark Credit savings societies to be Project monitoring should reveal the Project’s overall impact on survey and collect gender-disaggre- formed around activities extent of control over resources by men and women needs to be gated data on credit and savings ✓ Need for farmers’ capacity building women in addition to quantitative documented separately ✓ Gather information on social and in financial skills and management aspects ✓ Evaluate changes compared to cultural norms and gender-based Establish baseline data on women’s ✓  ✓ Monitor changes in baseline data on gender-sensitive baseline data differences in handling finances and and men’s roles and level of satis- women’s and men’s roles and level of decision making faction with the current situation satisfaction with the current situation ✓ Establish gender-sensitive baseline ✓ Finalize gender-sensitive baseline ✓  Monitor changes compared to data data gender-sensitive baseline data GEND ER IS S UES IN MONITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION IN AGR IC ULTUR E PA RT I I — MONITORING AND E VAL UAT ION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTURA L SUBS EC TORS 23 Table 27: Suggested Gender-Related Outcome and Impact Indicators OUTCOME INDICATORS IMPACT INDICATORS ✓ Percentage of project beneficiaries who are female * ✓ Women farmers expand their livelihood options and derive better incomes ✓ Percentage of active loans to women—microfinance * ✓ Quality and choices of financial products by banks improved ✓ Percentage of active micro-savings accounts held by women * ✓ Increased number of women running their own business ✓ Percentage of active micro-insurance accounts held by women * ✓ Improved access to rural finance by women’s groups continues after the project ✓ Clients’ level of satisfaction with rural financiers (disaggregated by gender) ✓ Increase in assets held by women ✓ Percentage of micro-enterprises managed by women ✓ Repayment rates of loans by men and women ✓ Access to financial services by women and men * Core sector indicator EXAMPLE OF A GENDER-INTEGRATED PROJECT: MICROCREDIT FOR WOMEN The Project Development Objective is to enhance the skills, The performance of credit institutions is to be improved to productivity, and income of beneficiaries in the project area. better serve project beneficiaries. The project also emphasizes nonfinancial services such as client training to enhance credit Women in the project area do not normally have access to management performance. Women are consulted during proj- institutional financing for improving their household, social, ect design and implementation, and gender studies are used and economic welfare. Credits are used to encourage women to capture current gender issues and establish a baseline to to form and remain in groups organized around productive be monitored over the course of the project. activities. The credit strategy promotes entrepreneurship and empowerment by providing additional sources of income. Table 28: Results Framework PROJECT DEVELOPMENT OBJECTIVE (PDO) PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS USE OF PROJECT OUTCOME INFORMATION Improved income of women beneficiaries in the project Percentage/number of women with doubled If target is not reached, review and adjust microcredit area income schemes and strategy for empowerment and client training USE OF INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INTERMEDIATE OUTCOMES INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS MONITORING Outcome 1: Repayment rates of loans by men and women If repayment rates are below target, review and adjust Improved credit management performance among all initiatives toward nonfinancial services to improve project beneficiaries credit management Outcome 2: Percentage of women and men who are satisfied If target is not reached, review and improve training of Increased quality of services provided by rural finance with services provided by rural finance institutions staff in finance institutions to better serve both men institutions and women in the community Table 29: Arrangements for Results Monitoring PROJECT OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING w: 0% w: 40% w: 70% Percentage of women who doubled their income Household survey against baseline data; special studies m: 0% m: 60% m: 70% INTERMEDIATE OUTCOME INDICATORS BASELINE MIDTERM FINAL DATA COLLECTION AND REPORTING Outcome 1: w: 50% w: 70% w: 80% Repayment rates of loans by men (m) and women (w) m: 30% m: 60% m: 80% Outcome 2: Bank records; customer satisfaction survey w: 20% w: 50% w: 90% Percentage of women (w) and men (m) who are satis- m: 50% m: 70% m: 90% fied with services provided by rural finance institutions TO O L K I T 24 PART I I — MO NITOR ING A ND EVA LUATION EX A MPLES FROM AGRICULTUR A L S UB S EC TOR S Photo 6: Women Returning Home from Market with Photo 7: At Home in Mozambique Purchases in Bangladesh Source: Scott Wallace. 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