81897 The World Bank Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program E A S T A S I A A N D PA C I F I C C L E A N S T O V E I N I T I AT I V E S E R I E S Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Phnom Penh, Cambodia March 18, 2013 Copyright © 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA All rights reserved. June 2013 2013 First printing: September Manufactured in the United States of America. Cover photo Photo credit: credits: Front and Yun Wu, back covers: Energy Laurent Consultant, Specialist Durix World Bank Inside covers: Laurent Durix (1, 3, and 4) and Voravate Tuntivate (2) Chapter 3: Yayasan Dian Desa The World Bank Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program E A S T A S I A A N D PA C I F I C C L E A N S T O V E I N I T I AT I V E S E R I E S Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Phnom Penh, Cambodia March 18, 2013 September 2013 Copyright © 2013 The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/ The World Bank Group 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433, USA All rights reserved First printing: September 2013 Manufactured in the United States of America Photo credits Front cover: Yun Wu Chapter 1: Yayasan Dian Desa Chapter 3: World Bank Chapter 5: China Alliance for Clean Stoves The findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this proceedings are entirely those of the authors and should not be attributed in any manner to the World Bank, or its affiliated organizations, or to members of its board of executive directors or the countries they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this publication and accepts no responsibility whatsoever for any consequence of their use. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this volume do not imply on the part of the World Bank Group any judgment on the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Contents Overview ....................................................................................................................................vii EAP CSI Forum Context ....................................................................................................................................... vii Lessons Learned .................................................................................................................................................. vii Looking Ahead ....................................................................................................................................................... ix 1. Indonesia: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I)....................................................................................1 Indonesia Context ...................................................................................................................................................1 CSI Phase I Activities ..............................................................................................................................................2 Demand Mapping ...................................................................................................................................................2 Household Biomass Stove Supply ..........................................................................................................................2 Policies, Programs, and Institutions ........................................................................................................................3 Key Policy Recommendations ................................................................................................................................3 Next Steps ..............................................................................................................................................................5 Vision: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking .................................................................................................5 2. Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Program: Government Perspective .....................................................................................................7 National Energy Policies .........................................................................................................................................7 Clean Household Cooking Solutions .......................................................................................................................7 Improved Biomass Cookstove Programs ...............................................................................................................8 Conclusion ..............................................................................................................................................................9 3. Clean Stove Initiative Implementation Activity in Lao PDR ............................................11 Energy Development Overview ............................................................................................................................ 11 Potential Demand for Improved Cookstoves ........................................................................................................12 Clean Stove Initiative Activities .............................................................................................................................12 Government of Lao PDR: Additional Priorities ......................................................................................................13 National University of Laos: Past Participation and Lessons Learned ..................................................................13 Role of Renewable Energy and New Materials Institute ......................................................................................14 Ministry of Health: Case Study Results and Recommendations ..........................................................................14 4. China: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) .................................................................................15 China Context .......................................................................................................................................................15 Clean Stove Initiative: Phase I Overview ..............................................................................................................15 Demand Mapping: Overview ................................................................................................................................15 Drivers of Household Fuel and Stove Selection ....................................................................................................17 Supply Mapping: Key Market Segments ..............................................................................................................18 Focus: Biomass Stoves Industry ..........................................................................................................................19 Lessons from Key Market Segments ...................................................................................................................21 Policies, Programs, and Institutions ......................................................................................................................21 Next Steps ............................................................................................................................................................22 iii iv Contents 5. Development of Clean Stoves in China ............................................................................23 Rural Household Energy Structure .......................................................................................................................23 Biomass Stoves Industry Overview .....................................................................................................................23 Major Government-Supported Programs ..............................................................................................................24 Institutional Arrangements and Major Policies .....................................................................................................25 Major Programs ....................................................................................................................................................26 Stove Standards ...................................................................................................................................................26 International Cooperation .....................................................................................................................................27 Next Steps ............................................................................................................................................................28 6. Millennium Challenge Account: Mongolia Energy and Environment Project (2010–13) .........................................................................................29 Recent Efforts to Tackle Pollution ..........................................................................................................................29 Promoting Energy-Efficient Stoves .......................................................................................................................29 Policy and Regulatory Environment ......................................................................................................................31 Public Awareness and Social Marketing ...............................................................................................................31 Establishing Product Centers and Sales Process .................................................................................................31 Looking Ahead ......................................................................................................................................................31 Lessons Learned and Recommendations ............................................................................................................31 Appendices A Panel Discussion Notes: Cross-Cutting Issues in Scaling Up Access to Clean Cooking and Heating Solutions ...................................................................................................................33 B Clean Cooking Forum: Lessons for the Lao Clean Stove Initiative .......................................................................35 C Speaker Biographies .............................................................................................................................................39 D Participants’ Contact Information..........................................................................................................................45 E Itinerary: EAP CSI Forum.......................................................................................................................................47 Figures 1.1 National Trend in Household Cooking Fuel Use, 2005–10........................................................................................2 1.2 Overall Strategy to Scale Up Clean Biomass Cookstoves in Indonesia...................................................................4 1.3 RBF Framework with Three Building Blocks and Two Supporting Pillars.................................................................4 1.4 Roadmap to Universal Access to Clean Cooking Solutions by 2030.......................................................................5 2.1 Timeline of Improved Cookstove Programs in Indonesia........................................................................................8 2.2 Expectation for the Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative...............................................................................................9 3.1 Primary Energy Consumption in Lao PDR, by Type, 2008..................................................................................... 11 3.2 Projected Energy Demand in Lao PDR by 2025....................................................................................................12 4.1 Structure of China’s Rural Household Energy, 2010...............................................................................................16 4.2 Heating Fuels Used by Urban and Rural Households in Northwest and Southwest China...................................17 4.3 Percentage of Rural Households Reliant on Solid Fuels by Income Level.............................................................18 4.4 Typical Cost Compositions for Biomass Stoves.....................................................................................................20 4.5 Main Stove Sales Models......................................................................................................................................20 4.6 Main Obstacles for Biomass Stove Producers at Different Scales........................................................................20 4.7 China’s Clean Stove Programs Structure...............................................................................................................21 5.1 Timeline of Biomass Stoves Development in China..............................................................................................24 5.2 Growth in Production and Stock of Clean Biomass Stoves, 2005–11....................................................................24 5.3 Institutional Arrangements for Promoting Clean Household Energy Solutions.....................................................25 Contents v Maps 1.1 Households Relying on Fuelwood as Primary Cooking Energy, 2010......................................................................1 4.1 Distribution of Rural Households Using Solid Fuels as Primary Cooking Energy..................................................17 4.2 Distribution of Agricultural Residue, 2010..............................................................................................................18 4.3 Distribution of Biomass Stove Production and Sales, 2011...................................................................................19 Tables 4.1 Top Six Provinces Relying on Solid Fuels for Rural Household Cooking................................................................16 5.1 China’s Household Stove Standards......................................................................................................................27 6.1 Test Results (Overall Average) Comparing Energy-Efficient Stoves for Key Parameters (Percent)........................30 6.2 Setting the Subsidy Levels for Three Selected Energy-Efficiency Stoves..............................................................30 6.3 Sale of Energy-Efficient Stoves and Household Coverage....................................................................................31 Overview Nearly half of the world’s people still rely on solid fuels collaboration, learning, and knowledge-sharing as the for cooking and heating, using traditional technologies country initiatives move into their second phase. and practices. The Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 estimates that household air pollution (HAP) from the The EAP CSI Forum (March 18, 2013) is held concurrently use of solid fuels for cooking contributed to 4 million pre- with the international Clean Cooking Forum (March mature deaths in 2010, a doubling of previous estimates.1 28–22, 2013), hosted this year by the Global Alliance Achieving universal access to modern energy services by for Clean Cookstoves (GACC).2 This strategic schedul- 2030, including clean cooking and heating solutions, is a ing offers a unique opportunity for delegates from EAP key objective of Sustainable Energy for All (SE4All), the CSI countries to learn from and share knowledge and global initiative of the United Nations. The World Bank is information with a large network of global experts and fully committed to meeting this objective, which is cen- stakeholders. The Clean Cooking Forum includes some tral to its mission of poverty reduction and improving 500 participants from 60 countries and 165 invited people’s quality of life. speakers, as well as hosted field visits and cookstove demonstrations. EAP CSI Forum Context The EAP CSI Forum includes delegations from the four country programs, sector experts, donors, and regional The East Asia and Pacific (EAP) Clean Stove Initiative and international partners; in all, there are about 45 par- (CSI) Forum is part of the World Bank’s EAP CSI regional ticipants. The morning session (Session I) is dedicated to program, which focuses on achieving access to modern country presentations, while the afternoon session (Ses- cooking and heating solutions in the EAP region, particu- sion II) comprises four panel discussions. This publication larly through the scaled-up access to advanced cooking documents the country presentations, which comprise and heating stoves for poor, primarily rural households, the main body of the text,3 as well as panel-discussion who are likely to continue using solid fuels to meet their summaries (Appendix A) and a lessons-sharing activity cooking and heating needs beyond 2030. The EAP CSI is initiated by Lao PDR delegates to the CSI Forum (Appen- a multi-country, multi-phase program, with funding sup- dix B). Also included are speaker biographies (Appendix port provided by the Australian Agency for International C), participants’ contact information (Appendix D), and Development (AusAID) and the World Bank’s Asia Sus- the CSI Forum itinerary (Appendix E).4 tainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE). The initiative includes four country-specific programs (China, Indonesia, Lao People’s Democratic Republic, and Mon- Lessons Learned golia) and a regional forum to promote collaboration, learning, and knowledge-sharing on access to modern Subsidies will be needed to achieve universal access to mod- energy at the household level. ern cooking and heating solutions. Like universal access to electricity, which no country has achieved without some The objectives of the EAP CSI Forum are twofold. The first is to share results from implementing the first 2. Further information is available at the Clean Cooking Forum web- phase of the CSI, including reports on initial stocktaking site (http://www.cleancooking2013.org/ resources/proceedings). activities in the four participating countries and the pro- 3. Country presentations for Indonesia, Lao PDR, and China incorpo- rate elements from the subsequently published EAP CSI reports, as posed intervention strategies. The second is to promote follows: ASTAE (Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program), Indonesia: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking (Washington, DC: World Bank, June 2013); ASTAE, Pathways to Cleaner House- hold Cooking in Lao PDR: An Intervention Strategy (Washington, DC: 1. S. S. Lim et al., “A Comparative Risk Assessment of Burden of World Bank, May 2013); World Bank, China: Accelerating Household Disease and Injury Attributable to 67 Risk Factors and Risk Factor Access to Clean Cooking and Heating (Washington, DC: World Bank, Clusters in 21 Regions, 1990–2010: A Systematic Analysis for the September 2013). Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. ” Lancet 380 (9859): 2224–60, 4. The EAP CSI Forum Proceedings was edited by Norma Adams, 2012. Writer/Editorial Consultant for the World Bank. vii viii Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings form of subsidy, subsidies will be needed to achieve uni- extreme energy poverty associated with the use of solid versal access to modern cooking and heating solutions fuels and primitive cookstoves. The cost of the CSI and and scaled-up access to clean stoves for the poor. Market achievement of universal access to modern cooking and forces and mechanisms are powerful tools for ensuring a heating solutions in the participating EAP countries is sustainable supply of clean cooking stoves and should be insignificant compared to the cost of many lost lives and harnessed in a way that helps the private sector develop, years of productive work. market, and deliver modern cooking solutions. However, if left to market forces alone, access will be limited by By enriching our knowledge and experience, the EAP CSI affordability and other constraints that affect mainly poor Forum has better prepared us to move ahead to Phase 2 activi- households, particularly in less developed and more ties. The EAP CSI Forum has presented a unique oppor- remote areas. Thus, the CSI intervention strategy in tunity for government officials, policy makers, and other each country needs to strike the right balance between key stakeholders to directly network and share ideas market-based solutions, including innovative financing and experiences. For example, Lao delegates initiated mechanisms (e.g., Results-Based Financing [RBF]), with lessons-sharing for Lao PDR from their participation appropriately targeted subsidies. Government policies in the CSI Forum and the global Clean Cooking Forum are needed to (i) establish and maintain adequate lev- (Appendix B). Delegates from the four national CSI els of subsidies and (ii) design and implement effective programs established direct contact with other clean subsidy allocation mechanisms to mobilize and sustain cookstove promoters in the region, paving the way for private-sector participation in scaling up access to clean regional cooperation. A meeting between the Chinese stoves. and Mongolian delegates resulted in the Chinese del- egates inviting the Vice Mayor of Unlaanbaatar, leader National standards are cornerstones for development of a of the Mongolian delegation, to the Clean Stove Expo broader set of international standards and testing protocols. in China. The CSI Forum also attracted non-participat- Without significant progress in developing and adopting ing countries from the region (e.g., Timor Leste). Such national standards for cooking stoves it will be difficult examples underscore the Forum’s potential for opening to make progress and reach agreement on international up knowledge exchange between countries and regions standards. National standards should be developed, tak- (e.g., South-South exchanges). ing into consideration local conditions and best interna- tional practices, but they should not wait for the adoption The diversity of participants represented at the EAP CSI Forum of international standards. Rather, the adoption of interna- has promoted public-private partnerships. The Forum pro- tional standards will be facilitated by experiences gained vided an opportunity for representatives of governments, through the development of national standardization pro- nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), private compa- cesses and practices. Testing protocols and certification nies, academia, and international donor and development systems will take longer to develop, and international organizations to openly discuss issues on an equal foot- collaboration on these issues may facilitate the process. ing. Bringing such a broad range of stakeholders from multiple sectors together is necessary to tackle the com- Developing an institutional framework and building policy- plex issue of clean cookstoves. making capacity are critical to achieving the CSI objectives. Without clear and sustained political commitment to the The strong interest shown in the first CSI Forum suggests that CSI objectives and accountable institutions with adequate consideration be given to its institutionalization. The oppor- capacity in program implementation, the risk of energy tunities created by the Forum for discussion of national poverty in the EAP region could increase in the future, programs and cross-cutting issues confirm the value particularly among poor and vulnerable households in added from this regional event. The peer-to-peer dialogue remote rural areas. This risk carries an unbearable human and learning, as well as sharing of international knowl- cost of many premature deaths and respiratory disease edge and experience, particularly from South Asia and among those exposed to HAP linked to the inefficient Africa, can fuel the momentum of the four national CSI burning of solid cooking fuels using traditional cooking programs. Thus, it is recommended that consideration methods. Fewer deaths and better health are a powerful be given to institutionalizing the CSI Forum through platform for mobilizing political commitment and creat- establishing a small, semi-permanent secretariat—pos- ing a strong institutional framework for eliminating the sibly in conjunction with a national CSI program in one of Overview ix the larger participating countries (e.g., China or Indone- Looking Ahead sia)—and mobilizing grant funding from donors and other stakeholders interested in creating such a regional entity. It is expected that the next EAP CSI Forum will focus on concrete lessons from implementing the Phase II Based on the success of the EAP CSI Forum, it is recom- pilot programs in the four participating countries. This mended that the next one also be held in conjunction with a will allow the World Bank team and delegates from the global forum, such as the GACC-hosted Clean Cooking Forum. four countries to compare the approaches used and As part of the larger Clean Cooking Forum, the EAP CSI share ideas for scaling up the respective national clean Forum was able to present the CSI to other communi- stove programs. In the meantime, a regional CSI activ- ties in the world. Conversely, other clean stove promot- ity focused on a specific topic, such as stove testing, ers were able to learn from and network with CSI Forum could be held to promote knowledge- and experience- participants. By engaging directly with a large network of sharing among the four EAP CSI countries, as well as global experts and stakeholders, delegates from the four other countries and regions (e.g., India, Central America, EAP CSI countries broadened their horizons on promot- and Africa). ing clean stoves. 1 Indonesia: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) Yabei Zhang The World Bank The Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative (CSI) takes a phased and preparing for a scaled-up national program, whose approach to creating a thriving clean biomass cookstove rollout is envisioned in Phase III (FY2014). Finally, Phase market, with the goal of achieving universal access to IV, to be designed, will evaluate the impact of the CSI and clean cooking solutions in Indonesia by 2030. Phase I share lessons learned. (FY2012–13), which is winding down, has included an initial stocktaking review and consultation, followed by development of the intervention strategy. Phase II Indonesia Context (FY2013–14), now getting under way, focuses on techni- cal assistance and capacity building. Specific objectives Thanks to the Indonesian government’s Kerosene-to- are institutional strengthening and policy support, includ- LPG Conversion Program, most households in Indonesia ing establishing stove standards and testing protocols; are shifting to modern cooking energy. Yet 40 percent of building a national clean stove alliance and public-private households still rely on traditional biomass cooking (map partnerships; raising public awareness; and designing 1.1). Each year, an estimated 165,000 premature deaths HOUSEHOLDS RELYING ON FUELWOOD AS PRIMARY COOKING ENERGY, 2010 MAP 1.1  Source: Bandan Pusat Statistik (BPS), “2010 National Socioeconomic Survey” (Jakarta: BPS, 2011). 1 2 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings in Indonesia can be attributed to household air pollution percent of the population expected to continue relying (HAP) from cooking with solid fuels. In recent years, vari- on it as their primary cooking fuel. Sustained high lev- ous improved stove programs have been implemented els of biomass cooking fuels, especially fuelwood, are by nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and donors, expected to continue, and may even increase in certain yet such efforts have been fragmented and sporadic, areas (figure 1.1). with a only a limited number of stoves disseminated. Household cooking fuel choices vary by region, and many use a mix of fuels. The main factors that drive house- CSI Phase I Activities holds’ selection of fuels and stoves are resource availabil- ity and accessibility, household affordability, and cultural Phase I of the Indonesia CSI encompassed in-depth acceptability. Most of the biomass used by rural house- assessments of the existing stove market (demand and holds is renewably harvested and is abundant and afford- supply) and a review of the sector’s institutions, poli- able to the poor. cies, and programs. The key market segments studied were biomass, LPG, and biogas. The national survey of the biomass stove supply chain covered 17 representa- Household Biomass Stove Supply tive provinces, including about 200 producers, some 40 wholesalers, and about 400 retailers. In addition, in 2012, Stove market and production capacity. The commercial two national stakeholder consultations were held in May market for biomass stoves is quite limited, with no mar- (Yogyakarta) and July (Jakarta). kets in many rural and remote areas. Stove production is far less than the number of households using biomass stoves, suggesting that many households do not buy Demand Mapping stoves available in the market. Many make their own rudi- mentary stoves and have more than one. Primary stoves, LPG is well on its way to replacing kerosene as Indone- often made of mud, cement, or stone, are energy-ineffi- sia’s primary household cooking fuel as a result of the cient and emit significant amounts of toxic smoke. Kerosene-to-LPG Conversion Program. Yet extension of the LPG distribution network is limited mainly to urban Stove-production capacity ranges from 5 to 10,000 units and peri-urban areas. In more remote rural areas where a month, and the rate of production varies widely by it has not been economically feasible to extend the con- province. Production patterns differ by area, as do sup- version program, subsidized kerosene use will continue. ply-and-demand relationships, which affect the supply But the future for kerosene is quite limited, with only 10 chain’s readiness to produce and distribute new models Figure 1.1 National Trend in Household Cooking Fuel Use, 2005–10 70 60 Millions of households 50 Other resources 40 Firewood 30 Kerosene 20 LPG 10 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 Year Source: BPS: year 2005 (Intercensal Population Survey [SUPAS]), years 2007–09 (National Socioeconomic Survey [SUSENAS]), year 2006 (estimated from 2005 SUPAS and 2007 SUSENAS), year 2010 (Laporan Bulanan Data Sosial Ekonomi 2012). Note: Other resources include electricity, charcoal, other biomass, and biogas. Indonesia: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) 3 retailers are more concerned with profit than which stoves might be more fuel-efficient or clean-burning. Thus, introducing new stove models would need to be linked to a higher profit margin and would require train- ing supply-chain members in how to maximize their ben- efits from participating in selling the new stove models so they would be incentivized to continue with the trade. Policies, Programs, and Institutions To date, Indonesia’s policies and programs have failed to address household biomass cooking energy and health issues in an integrated manner. Although there is a high- Woman producer making fired-clay (pottery) stove level policy framework in place, it lacks specifics on bio- mass cooking energy and cookstoves. To date, efforts by various actors to introduce improved biomass cook- and households’ willingness to use them. Women domi- stoves have been small, fragmented, and sporadic; in nate the stove business, accounting for about 40 percent virtually all cases, programs ended when donor funding of the producers interviewed. ceased. These programs have lacked an integrated focus on consumer awareness and demand, product afford- Business models and limitations. All commercially sold bio- ability and availability, and producer capability to make mass cookstoves are based on the Artisan Production uniform products according to standards. The agenda Model, meaning they are individually made by hand. Pro- has not been institutionalized, and a clean biomass stove duction processes are slow, incurring high labor costs, industry has yet to be established. and quality control is weak. Most businesses are family- owned. The supply chain is characterized by longstanding Key principles from successful clean cooking programs business relationships between producers, wholesalers, in Indonesia can be adapted to a program designed to and retailers, with informal business agreements based promote clean biomass cooking. The Kerosene-to-LPG on mutual trust. Who sells stoves to whom, how stoves Conversion Program has demonstrated the importance are transported, and price margins taken at each level are of strong government commitment and a firm policy deeply embedded in these relationships and traditional objective, along with effective marketing and public- business practices. awareness campaigns, assured availability of an unin- terrupted fuel supply, and effective monitoring and There are strong regional variations in business and evaluation. The Indonesia Domestic Biogas Programme stove-purchasing practices, which reflect the country’s (IDBP) has underscored the value of adopting a market- geographic and cultural diversity. Factors that contribute based approach, combined with targeted financial sup- to these variations include stove costs at each point of port to help overcome high upfront system costs. The sale, final stove cost to users (i.e., what users are accus- program has also emphasized the need for quality con- tomed to paying), and the types of stoves primarily sold trol and standards, verification of results and procedures, (including the types of materials used). The traditional and local management. supply chain generally lacks skills in business manage- ment, and there is little after-sales service. Key Policy Recommendations Production costs and supplier profits. Production costs range from US$0.5 to $5.0. At each level of supply chain, Integrated strategy. The Indonesia CSI recommends an profit margins are relatively low. Most producers do not integrated strategy to overcome the obstacles to develop- record their time and labor spent on the stove business ing a thriving clean biomass stove market. The proposed as part of production costs. strategy comprises three interrelated pillars—creating an enabling environment, stimulating user demand for clean Knowledge and attitudes toward new stoves. The traditional stoves, and supporting the market and supply-side busi- supply chain generally lacks knowledge about better ness development—with institutionalization at the center stove models, and a new model’s acceptability depends (figure 1.2). Institutionalization of clean biomass cooking on its potential to be sold. Producers, wholesalers, and solutions requires establishing and strengthening an 4 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Stimulating user demand for clean biomass stoves will Figure 1.2 Overall Strategy to Scale Up Clean require a large-scale, public-health campaign that must Biomass Cookstoves in Indonesia be far-reaching and comprehensive, involving multiple sectors. Without consumer demand coming to perma- Create an nently influence the clean stove market supply, any mar- enabling envirionment ket intervention is unlikely to be sustainable. If the public can be educated about the features and benefits of using modern, high-quality stoves over inefficient traditional technologies, changes in user preferences can change the direction of market development. Institutionalization Government support of the market and supply-side busi- ness development needs to fit Indonesian conditions and target long-term sustainability. Where stove supply Support the chains already exist, the CSI strategy recommends build- Stimulate user market and supply- demand for ing awareness and capacity. However, in areas without side business clean stoves stove supply chains, significant time and resources will development need to be invested in building local supply chains and Source: Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), educating both producers and households in the use and Indonesia: Toward Access to Clean Cooking, East Asia and Pacific benefits of the new stoves. Additional recommendations Clean Stove Initiative Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013). are to provide training within the cookstove supply chain, ensure quality control over clean cookstoves, develop and provide training on new business models and entre- institutional champion; a cross-sector coordination mech- preneurship, provide financial incentives for delivering anism; and a platform for communication, learning, and clean cooking solutions to households, and support mar- cooperation. Creating an enabling environment requires ket research. setting and strengthening stove standards, testing, and certification; conducting research and development on Results-Based Financing framework. The CSI strategy improved and advanced stoves and fuel-processing tech- recommends using a Results-Based Financing (RBF) nologies; and developing a master plan for a national approach to promote clean stoves (figure 1.3). Inter- clean biomass stoves program. national experience has shown that more innovative Figure 1.3 RBF Framework with Three Building Blocks and Two Supporting Pillars Results-based incentives • Number of stoves • Establish clean stove standards/rating system delivered • Level of subsidies is • Establish testing and linked to stove • Number of stoves used certification protocols performance • Verify actual • Establish testing centers • Disbursement of subsidies performance of stoves is linked to monitoring and used verification of results Defined clean Monitoring and stoves verification system Institutional Awareness- strengthening & raising capacity building campaign Source: Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), Indonesia: Toward Access to Clean Cooking, East Asia and Pacific Clean Stove Initiative Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013). Indonesia: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) 5 subsidy schemes are required to develop a sustainable top-performance stoves and advisory services supported market and thus make government funding support to make design improvements. It is recommended that more effective and efficient. One such scheme is RBF , an Indonesia alliance for clean stoves be established, which disburses public resources against demonstrated, with support provided to key institutional players. Train- independently verified outputs or outcomes instead of ing activities should be conducted for key market players project inputs. This distinguishing feature can mean more and regional or international learning activities should be effective and efficient use of public funds and improved organized. A pilot program will be implemented in two support of market interventions. The conceptual frame- areas selected for their representativeness and scal- work for using RBF in programs to promote clean stoves ability (e.g. the central Java area and Sumba Island). The could include three key building blocks—defined clean design of the pilot program’s RBF approach will include stoves, results-based incentives, and a monitoring and selecting eligible stoves for promotion based on a trial verification (M&V) system—supported by the pillars of standards, testing, and certification system, allocating institutional strengthening/capacity building and aware- performance-based subsidies, and implementing a M&V ness-raising campaigns. system. A public campaign will be conducted to raise awareness and stimulate demand for clean cooking tech- nologies, and advisory services will be provided to key Next Steps market players. As Phase I of the Indonesia CSI winds down and the lead-up to the national program accelerates, Phase II will Vision: Toward Universal Access to focus on four main areas: (i) establishing a stove stan- Clean Cooking dards, testing, and certification system; (ii) strengthening institutions and building stakeholder capacity; (iii) design- The scenario analysis conducted under this study ing and implementing pilot programs; and (iv) designing assumed that, in 2030, about 18 million households will and preparing the master plan for national program roll- still use biomass as their primary cooking fuel. It esti- out, envisioned for FY2014. mated that at least 10 million clean biomass cookstoves will need to be delivered by 2020—representing 40 A roadmap will be developed for setting up the stove percent market penetration—to be on the path to 100 standards, testing, and certification system. Testing and percent market penetration by 2030. To reach such an certification centers will need to be established, with ambitious target, the study recommends implement- support required to cover initial operating costs. In addi- ing two consecutive national programs, using a phased tion, stove competitions could be organized to identify approach with gradual geographic expansion (figure 1.4). Figure 1.4 Roadmap to Universal Access to Clean Cooking Solutions by 2030 2nd National 100 Program National market penetration (%) Clean biomass stove Program Stage III 40 Stage II Stage I Pilot Minimal penetration 2010 2014 2020 2030 Year Source: Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE), Indonesia: Toward Access to Clean Cooking, East Asia and Pacific Clean Stove Initiative Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013). 6 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Over the next 10-20 years, national economic develop- know its customers. Thus, the public sector will provide ment is expected to result in greater adoption of LPG. the private sector sufficient incentives and support to It is also expected that households who continue to use enable it to reach its customers. Ultimately, the market biomass cooking fuel will do so with a clean stove. The should decide which customers and locations to target private sector—including stove designers, producers, and which types of technologies and fuels to focus on, wholesalers, and retailers—is in the best position to with the freedom to innovate over time. 2 Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Program: Government Perspective Indonesia Delegation* Presenter: Edi Wibowo, Directorate of Bioenergy, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources The Government of Indonesia considers energy a basic with new and renewable energy comprising one-quarter right, which it is obligated to provide its citizens, as man- of the national energy mix. Renewable energy sources dated under law (No. 30/2007). The government promotes include bioenergy (envisioned to comprise about 9 per- equitable access to modern energy. By 2011, electricity cent of the energy mix by 2025), geothermal, hydro- had reached nearly three-quarters of households, yet power, solar, wind, and wave. New energy sources will electrification rates remained below 50 percent in such include liquefied coal, coal bed methane, gasified coal, low-income provinces as Papua and East Nusa Tenggara nuclear, hydrogen, and other forms of methane. (Nusa Tenggara Timur [NTT]), at about 29 percent and 40 percent, respectively. National energy consumption still relies heavily on conventional fossil fuels, with about 47 Clean Household Cooking Solutions percent supplied by oil, and coal and natural gas account- ing for 24 percent each. Renewable energy comprises The Indonesian government recognizes that society’s just 5 percent of the national energy mix. About 40 per- access to clean energy is key to solving the multi- cent of households still rely on traditional biomass. dimensional issues of poverty, health, gender equity, and environment. Clean household cooking programs are important to providing clean energy access. But there is National Energy Policies no one-size-fits-all solution; rather, complementary clean cooking programs are being implemented, reflecting the By 2020, the Indonesian government aims to reduce country’s diverse geography, culture, welfare level, and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 26 percent (767 cooking practices. The main fuels represented are lique- million tons). With international support, that emissions- fied petroleum gas (LPG), biogas, and biomass. reduction target increases to 41 percent. The govern- ment’s main national energy policies center on energy LPG. The recent government-supported Kerosene-to-LPG conservation and diversification. Energy conservation Conversion Program (2007–12) has succeeded in replac- seeks to improve demand-side efficiencies in energy uti- ing kerosene as the country’s main household cooking lization across the industrial, transport, household, and fuel, targeting areas with high kerosene consumption commercial sectors. On the supply side, energy diversifi- levels. The benefits of the LPG conversion program cation seeks to increase the share of new and renewable include a better diversified energy supply to reduce oil energy in the national energy mix. Through implement- dependency, reduced misuse of the kerosene subsidy, ing these two measures, it is envisioned that 15 percent less fiscal pressure on the national budget, and a clean primary energy conservation will be achieved by 2025, and efficient cooking fuel for households and Small and *The Indonesia delegation includes Edi Wibowo, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (MEMR); Fitria Yuliani, MEMR; and Prianti Utami, Asia Regional Cookstove Program (ARECOP). 7 8 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Medium Enterprises (SMEs). As of 2011, the conversion no-cost extension (May 2009–December 2013). The program had saved the national budget IDR 29,975 tril- Dutch government appointed the Humanist Institute for lion. The program has been implemented in five prov- Development Cooperation (HIVOS) as Program Man- inces (Sumatera Barat, Bangka Belitung, Kalimantan ager, with technical support provided by the Netherlands Tengah, Sulawesi Tengah, and Sulawesi Tenggara). It will Development Organisation (SNV). The program aims not be implemented in provinces where it is not econom- to develop the national biogas market, with a target of ically feasible (i.e., Papua, Papua Barat, Maluku, Maluku 8,000 high-quality biogas units for household use. By the Utara, and East Nusa Tenggara [NTT]). end of 2012, some 7 ,950 units had been installed. The BIRU program has succeeded more than other biogas Biogas. Biogas cooking programs target regions where programs owing to the extensive participation of rural livestock (i.e., cows, pigs, and buffalo) and agricultural people and the presence of provincial coordinators, as industry waste are available, using both individual and well as local unit contractors. communal approaches. Funding sources include both the national budget and international donors. To date, more than 10,000 small-sized biogas plants for individual and Improved Biomass Cookstove communal use have been installed throughout the coun- Programs try. Nationally-funded activities include Biogas Energy Self Sufficiency Village and Biogas Implementation for Limited past efforts. Improved biomass cookstove pro- Household and Small-Medium Scale Industry. The major grams have been implemented in Indonesia since the internationally-funded effort is the Indonesia Domestic late 1980s in collaboration with various research insti- Biogas Programme (IDBP), locally known as the BIRU tutes, universities, and local nongovernmental organi- (Biogas Rumah) program. zations (NGOs) (figure 2.1). In 1990, for example, the Tungku Sehat dan Hemat Energi (TSHE) program was The BIRU program was initiated by the Government of implemented in collaboration with Yayasan Dian Desa Indonesia under its bilateral cooperation with the King- (YDD), an NGO based in Yogyakarta, with national sup- dom of the Netherlands. Funded by the Dutch govern- port, as well as international funding through the Asia ment and facilitated by the Government of Indonesia, Regional Cookstove Program (ARECOP). Past programs the BIRU program is a three-year effort with a one-year, have lacked specified national targets and activities have Figure 2.1 Timeline of Improved Cookstove Programs in Indonesia PHASE OF INFORMATION DISSEMINATION >2012? late 1980s 1990 1996 2008 2010 2012 Cookstove activities by YDD • GOI-funded cookstove (funded by ARECOP), the GOI implementation to support the participated in capacity building Iconic Island Program in NTT and information dissemination • CSI program in collaboration with the World Bank Health and Efficient Cookstove Program (funded by the national budget and in collaboration with YDD: GOI re-initiative to develop the national program on • Developing a health and efficient stove model improved cookstoves. Two studies were conducted: • Capacity building • Implementation of Cookstove Potential • Implementing pilot project • Benchmarking Biomass Cookstoves • Networking development Source: Authors. Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Program: Government Perspective 9 been fragmented and sporadic, limited mainly to smaller Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative. The Indonesia Clean Stove areas. While some achievements have been made, most Initiative (CSI), a collaborative effort of the Indonesian programs are still in their pilot phases, the total number government and the World Bank, takes an integrated of stoves disseminated remains limited, and a market for approach to creating the enabling conditions for develop- improved biomass cookstoves has yet to develop. More ing a sustainable clean cookstove market. recently, some research institutes have developed a vari- ety of improved stove designs. Yet few rural households use, or are even aware of, clean biomass cookstoves. Conclusion Current strategies. Today Indonesia’s clean stove programs To continue increasing access to clean household cook- are non-commercially, semi-commercially, and com- ing solutions, the Government of Indonesia is working mercially based. For non-commercial programs, devel- on several fronts: kerosene-to-LPG conversion, biogas, opment of the clean stove unit is fully funded by the and improved cookstoves. These complementary pro- Indonesian government, and the target is rural people grams target different household groups, depending with a low ability to pay. Based on an evaluation of the on resource availability, societal needs, and geographic Clean Stove Based Energy Self-Sufficiency Village Pro- conditions. It is expected that the Indonesia CSI program gram, the stove user’s sense of ownership is usually low can set specific targets and be implemented as an inte- due to the purely grant-based nature of the scheme and grated national program, including integration with the lack of knowledge about better stove models. For semi- cookstove program on Iconic Island, so that a sustain- commercial programs, a partial subsidy is provided, while able market for clean biomass stoves can be established the rest of the development cost is paid for by the stove (figure 2.2). Results of the initial stocktaking review will users; there is also development of local institutions. For provide input for setting national targets; formulating commercial programs, development of the clean stove stove standards, policies, and regulations; establishing unit is fully funded by the private-sector developer. a local management unit; building institutional capacity; and enhancing socialization activities. Figure 2.2 Expectation for the Indonesia Clean Stove Initiative Removing institutional barriers by Removing technical barriers by conducting strengthening current networking and benchmarking, developing various capacity building for local organizations cookstove models based on local conditions, (both government and non-government and developing quality assurance institutions) (standards and testing) Removing financial barriers by actively Removing awareness barriers by seeking funding from both internal conducting capacity building, information sources and international donors. dissemination activities, and campaign The GOI will continuously support on the importance of clean stoves Achieving a cookstove program activities. Specific National Target with Targeted Areas* Source: Authors. * It is expected that a specific target will be set after completion of the initial CSI stocktaking review. 3 Clean Stove Initiative Implementation Activity in Lao PDR Lao PDR Delegation* Presenter: Hatsady Sisoulath, Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion, Ministry of Energy and Mines The Lao People’s Democratic Republic (PDR) is a land- of energy consumption, followed by transport (26 per- locked country in Southeast Asia with a total land area cent), industry (20 percent), and agriculture (2 percent). of 236,800 km2. The country is bordered by China to the Because household demand for biomass will likely pre- north, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south, Thai- dominate well into the future (figure 3.2), with major land to southwest, and Myanmar to the northwest. Lao implications for human health, quality of life, and the PDR has 17 provinces, and its capital and largest city is global climate, the government’s Renewable Energy Vientiane, situated near the border with Thailand. The Development Strategy (2011–25) has developed a road- total population is nearly 6.4 million, with a density of map for the development and market deployment of the 24 persons per km2 and a population growth rate of 2.5 most energy-efficient, culturally appropriate cookstoves. percent a year. Nearly three-quarters of people reside in rural areas. Agriculture accounts for 80 percent of jobs, consisting mainly of subsistence farming. The average  rimary Energy Consumption in Figure 3.1 P life expectancy is 61 years (63 for women and 59 for Lao PDR, by Type, 2008 men). The adult literacy rate is 74 percent for men and 50 percent for women. There are more than 11,000 small Coal 3% villages, with poor access by road. The country has 47 Charcoal 12% Fuelwood 56% ethnic groups, with 120 ethnic subgroups and languages. Buddhism is the main religion. Electricity 12% Energy Development Overview The Government of Lao PDR recognizes that develop- ing renewable energy is a key component in ensuring national energy security, socioeconomic development, and environmental and social sustainability. In 2008, Fuel Oil 17% fuelwood accounted for 56 of total primary energy con- sumption, compared to only 12 percent for electricity (figure 3.1). The residential sector comprised 51 percent Source: Authors. *The Lao Delegation includes Hatsady Sisoulath, Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP), Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM); Khammanh Sopraseurth, IREP , MEM; Khamphone Nanthavong, National University of Laos (NUOL); Boulay Vongvisith, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST); and Tayphasavanh Fengthong, Ministry of Health (MOH). 11 12 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Figure 3.2 Projected Energy Demand in Lao PDR by 2025 4,500 4,000 Thousand tons of oil equivalent (ktoe) 3,500 3,000 Biomass 2,500 Electricity Fuel Oil 2,000 Coal 1,500 1,000 500 0 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 Source: Authors. Potential Demand for Improved cookstoves, many own and use more than one stove, and Cookstoves household income is positively associated with the total number owned. Most households could afford improved Key findings of desk and field studies on Lao PDR cooking cookstoves, even if prices doubled. practices show that the vast majority of households still rely on fuelwood (firewood and charcoal) as their main source of cooking energy, using inefficient cookstoves. Clean Stove Initiative Activities Despite the steady rise in electricity service coverage over the past two decades, prospects for using modern The Lao PDR Clean Stove Initiative (CSI) intervention fuels as alternative sources of household cooking energy strategy (Phase I) was delivered to the Government of remain quite limited. Among urban households, electric- Lao PDR in July 2012.5 Through stakeholder consultation, ity used as the main source of cooking energy declined it was agreed on October 3, 2012 that an inter-ministerial by 6.6 percent (from 10.4 percent to just 3.8 percent) CSI task force should be established by the Ministry of between 1995 and 2005, reflecting the rising retail elec- Energy and Mines (MEM) and headed by the Director tricity tariff for cost recovery. General of the MEM’s Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP), which will serve as the CSI focal point All liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) must be imported, and and coordinating agency. The task force will ensure that the distribution network is limited to major cities along CSI policy and strategic directives are in line with national the Thai and Vietnam borders. As a result, the price of LPG policy and the country’s Renewable Energy Develop- fuel is high relative to household income, limiting use to a ment Strategy. small segment of financially better-off urban households. By contrast, firewood is abundant and can often be freely collected, suggesting that the switch to modern forms of 5. Under Phase I of the CSI, initial stocktaking activities included a cooking energy may not be easily achieved. field survey, while development of the intervention strategy com- prised stakeholder consultations and two consultation workshops. Improved cookstoves are not yet available on the mar- The CSI field survey, conducted in Vientiane capital and the prov- ket; however, current patterns, trends, and preferences inces of Bolikhamsi, Khammouane, and Vientiane, consisted of (i) a household cooking energy survey conducted separately in peri- of cookstove ownership are favorable for promoting and urban and rural areas and (ii) a market survey of biomass cookstoves marketing better stoves. Most households purchase their and the supply chain. Clean Stove Initiative Implementation Activity in Lao PDR 13 Key intervention areas are (i) advising staff of national cookstove (ICS) program—supported by the European and local governments and academic institutions on Union (EU), Netherlands Development Organisation establishing and enforcing national technical standards; (SNV), Oxfam, other nongovernmental organizations (ii) establishing facilities for stove testing, development, (NGOs), and the Government of Lao PDR—which aims and labeling; (iii) building supply-chain capacity by provid- to deliver 100,000 stoves within four years; (ii) the GACC ing stove producers technical assistance in new technol- contract with the Renewable Energy, Environment, and ogies, techniques, and processes; ensuring producers’ Solidarity Group (GERES) for establishing regional test- access to financing; and improving efficiency of the mar- ing centers; and (iii) Asian Development Bank (ADB)- ket chain (e.g., by helping producers develop business supported technical assistance, led by SNV, for gender plans and a network to gain access to market information mainstreaming of improved cookstoves. and intelligence); and (iv) building public awareness and education on fuel-efficiency and durability standards that Key activities that could be included under Phase II of the customers should expect from various stove types and CSI program include (i) an in-depth assessment of stove models to promote household use. utilization, focusing on clean cookstove performance, quality, and user acceptance; (ii) technical and policy Stakeholders agreed to establish a national alliance for backstopping support to the inter-ministerial task force, clean cookstoves to promote sharing of knowledge and particularly the committee on clean cookstoves stan- information, experience, and technology. Members can dards in Lao PDR; and (iii) introducing new clean cook- share knowledge and experience with other alliances stoves, especially firewood stoves, in rural and/or urban in the region and globally (e.g., through the Global Alli- and peri-urban areas in the North, where firewood use ance for Clean Cookstoves [GACC]). Partnerships and still predominates as the main cooking fuel for the vast cooperation will be fostered to develop and implement majority of households. public-awareness campaigns on the links between cook- stove use and the health impacts of household air pollu- tion and marketing campaigns for retailers on improved Government of Lao PDR: cookstoves. Additional Priorities Phase II of the CSI program, supported by World Bank– In addition to the intervention areas described above, executed trust funds, will be coordinated with exist- the Government of Lao PDR has identified several other ing and emerging activities to fill gaps and strengthen priority activities for implementation: (i) development of areas, as needed. These include (i) the current improved regulations and guidelines for clean cookstove implemen- tation and further study on the need to provide incen- tives; (ii) logistics support to allow government agencies to fulfill their role (software and hardware) for monitoring and managing ICS activities; and (iii) establishment of a fund to provide the supply chain (i.e., producers, retail- ers, and other actors) low-interest financing. National University of Laos: Past Participation and Lessons Learned Although past efforts to promote the use of improved cookstoves in Lao PDR have been fragmented, such pro- grams have had a good track record in commercially dis- seminating stoves without requiring subsidies. The first program, albeit small, was initiated in 1997 by Thailand’s Naresuan University through the Council for Renewable Energy and NUOL. With US$10,000 in financial support from the Food and Agriculture Organization’s Regional Wood Energy Development Programme in Bangkok, NUOL worked in close cooperation with the Council Thai bucket stove, for charcoal and the Participatory Development Training Center to 14 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings organize technology transfer to produce the improved Ministry of Health: Case Study Results charcoal bucket stove (ICBS), with training provided by and Recommendations Thailand’s Department of Alternative Energy Develop- ment and Efficiency (DEDE). Many households in Lao PDR—particularly those that use fulewood as their cooking energy—exhibit high con- Thailand’s Royal Forest Department had developed the centrations of HAP , often many times higher than the ICBS in the 1980s. Commonly referred to as the Thai World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. A recent bucket stove, the ICBS has a conversion efficiency of case study (2005–06) on the effects of HAP in Lao PDR, 26–30 percent, compared to only 5–20 percent for the conducted by the Ministry of Health (MOH), concluded traditional bucket stove, resulting in 30–50 percent fuel that cooking is a significant determinant of pollutant savings. concentrations within household dwellings. Although cigarette smoking is also a potential source of indoor air NUOL has also participated in research and training emissions, it is not as significant as cooking. The MOH activities related to the Rocket stove, developed by the case study demonstrated that exposure to indoor bio- Aprovecho Research Center. With support from the Pro- mass burning increased the risk of acute respiratory motion of the Efficient Use of Renewable Energies in infections (ARI) in children and women, which is consis- Developing Countries (REEPRO) project, NUOL trained tent with results of previous studies. both trainers and users of the stove. Also, student research projects have centered on constructing and Based on the case-study results, the MOH developed testing various types of gasification stoves. the following recommendations: NUOL has learned that a successful clean cookstove • It is critical to take measures to minimize pollutant program requires a variety of key ingredients. These concentrations within household dwellings, with the include meeting the specific requirements of local cook- aim of reducing the burden of adverse health effects ing traditions and customs (e.g., space warming, food on women and children. drying, protection from insects, and housing material conservation). It is important that cookstove research • Stove design should be improved to prevent pollu- and development (R&D) focus on developing stoves that tion emissions in the vicinity of the stove. fit local cooking traditions and requirements, as well as • Children should be kept away from the fire as much users’ behavior. Education, including technology dem- as possible, and mothers should be made aware of onstrations and knowledge- and experience-sharing, is the health risk. essential. It is important to build people’s awareness and knowledge of the many benefits of clean cookstoves, • Ventilation of the cooking area should be as efficient including fuel and time savings, a cleaner kitchen, and as possible, particularly if the area is small. better health. Promotional campaigns should have appro- • Community education should be considered to priate, targeted messages for both the stove users and increase public awareness of the risks associated other household members. with cigarette smoking for both smokers and pas- sive smokers (i.e., women and children exposed to smoking). Role of Renewable Energy and • Further investigations should be conducted to quan- New Materials Institute tify the contributions to “dust” from particulate matter other than cooking and smoking, particularly The proposed CSI intervention strategy calls for the outdoor sources, as well as dirt floors, in order to Renewable Energy and New Materials Institute (RENMI), identify the best strategies for reducing contribu- Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), along with tions from these sources, thus lowering the risk. the NUOL Faculty of Engineering, to establish the first national cookstove testing laboratory. The laboratory will • The community should be made aware of the risks be used to assist the government in establishing cook- related to increased dampness while drying clothes stove testing protocols to ensure that standards and indoors. In addition, further research is needed to methods are uniformly applied throughout the country. identify prevalence of the problem, as well as causal The laboratory will also function as a center for R&D on relationships with health outcomes. improved cookstoves and a training center for national and provincial governments to test existing cookstoves in national and local markets and new ones about to be introduced to the market. 4 China: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) Yabei Zhang The World Bank China Context contexts: biomass, coal, biogas, and solar cookers. To gain a better understanding of the current status of More than half of China’s population still relies on solid China’s stove market, a national survey was conducted fuels (coal and biomass) for cooking and heating; many of the biomass stove supply chain, including 89 manu- of these households, located mainly in rural areas, are facturers (about 72 percent of total production). In addi- likely to continue using solid fuels in the near future. In tion, two national stakeholder consultations were held China, household air pollution (HAP) causes more than in 2012: the first in Gaobeidian city (April 24), and the a million premature deaths each year.6 Most biomass second in Beijing (July 20). waste is burned in the field, contributing significantly to air pollution. Most of the improved stoves promoted during the 1980s and 1990s have been damaged or are Demand Mapping: Overview already obsolete. The rapid growth of China’s rural economy in recent years has changed rural households’ concept of con- Clean Stove Initiative: sumption and quality of life. By 2010, cooking and heat- Phase I Overview ing accounted for 90 percent of rural household energy use (figure 4.1). As living standards have improved, rural The China Clean Stove Initiative (CSI) aims to scale up households have begun diversifying the types of fuels access to clean cooking and heating solutions for poorer, they rely on to meet their daily cooking and heating primarily rural households who are likely to continue rely- needs. Eighty-six percent of rural households use solid ing on solid fuels beyond 2030. The program consists of fuels as their primary cooking energy. Biomass (wood four phases: (i) initial stocktaking and development of the and straw) comprises more than three-fifths of rural proposed strategy; (ii) institutional strengthening, capac- household energy for cooking, while coal accounts for ity building, and piloting of the strategy; (iii) scaled-up one-quarter. Heating accounts for more than one-third of program implementation; and (iv) program evaluation rural energy consumption. Demand for heating continues and dissemination of lessons learned. Phase I activities to rise, along with improving living standards and greater focus on in-depth assessments of China’s existing stove demand for comfort. market (demand and supply) and review of the sector’s institutions, policies, and key programs. To better inform Solid fuels for cooking. In six provinces—Henan, Hunan, the design and implementation of the scaled-up clean and Anhui (Central China); Hebei and Shandong (East cooking and heating program, case studies were car- China); and Sichuan (West China)—the vast majority of ried out on four key market segments in specific local rural households rely on biomass and coal for cooking, with Henan and Hunan exhibiting the highest propor- tions, at 97 percent each (20 million and 15 million house- 6. World Health Organization and United Nations Development holds, respectively). In terms of number of households, Programme (WHO and UNDP), The Energy Access Situation in Developing Countries (New York: UNDP, 2009). Sichuan exhibits the highest reliance on biomass, at 15 15 16 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings East; in the municipality of Beijing, for example, only  tructure of China’s Rural Household Figure 4.1 S 15 percent of households rely on biomass to meet their Energy, 2010 cooking needs, compared to 93 percent in Jilin. In the Solar Northeast, the vast majority of households rely on bio- 2.09% Gas mass. In addition, the western province of Sichuan, the Oil 1.81% eastern province of Shandong, and the central province 2.47% Biogas of Henan have significant numbers of rural households 7.04% that depend mainly on biomass for cooking. Straw 41.71% Electricity Coal is used by more than one-quarter of rural house- 7.59% holds, with the highest adoption rate for coal stoves (38.4 percent) found in Central China. More than half of rural households in the central provinces of Shanxi and Hunan and the western provinces of Ningxia and Guizhou rely Coal 16% on coal as their primary source of cooking energy. In the western province of Shaanxi, approximately 5.6 million households—more than four-fifths of rural households— use coal as their main cooking fuel. The lowest adoption Wood rate for coal stoves (7.4 percent) is found in the North- 21.29% east, where biomass use predominates. Sources: China Agriculture Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Agriculture Press, 2010); China Energy Statistical Yearbook Solid fuels for heating. Household heating energy, predom- (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2011). inantly coal and wood, constitutes a substantial portion of China’s total energy consumption, especially in colder climates. Approximately half of China’s land area requires million households, while the greatest reliance on coal winter heating, particularly in northern-latitude regions, is found in Henan, at 10 million households (table 4.1). where temperatures typically fall below the freezing point The least reliance on solid fuels for household cooking during the colder season (October–March). More than 70 is found in the more developed municipalities, including percent of households in the Northwest (Inner Mongo- Shanghai, Tianjin, and Beijing (map 4.1). lia, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Ningxia, and Xinjiang) rely on coal for heating and about half of households in the The use of biomass to meet rural households’ cooking Southwest (Yunnan, Guangxi, Chongqing, Sichuan, and needs varies widely by province. The least dependence Guizhou) depend on wood for heating. There are notable on biomass cooking energy is generally found in the differences in the heating fuels used by urban and rural households, particularly in the Southwest (figure 4.2). Top Six Provinces Relying on Solid Fuels for Rural Household Cooking Table 4.1  Biomass Coal Solid fuel use Households Households Households Province (million) % (million) % (million) % Henan 10 47 10 50 20 97 Hunan 7 46 8 51 15 97 Sichuan 15 73 4 21 19 94 Anhui 11 80 2 13 13 93 Hebei 7 49 7 44 14 93 Shandong 14 65 5 24 19 89 ” 2008. Source: National Bureau of Statistics, “Second National Agriculture Census, 2006, China: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) 17 DISTRIBUTION OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS USING SOLID FUELS AS PRIMARY COOKING ENERGY MAP 4.1  a. Biomass b. Coal Source: National Bureau of Statistics 2008. In the Northwest, where urban households in particular, Drivers of Household Fuel and as well as rural ones, rely heavily on coal, an apprecia- Stove Selection ble portion of rural households also depends on wood and agricultural residues. By contrast, in the Southwest, Households’ selection of energy sources for cooking and wood is the most common heating fuel among rural heating depends, in large part, on the interdependent households, while urban residents depend primarily on factors of fuel availability, accessibility, affordability, and coal. Rural households in the Southwest rely less on agri- cultural acceptability. Availability of fuels is a primary con- cultural residues than do their Northwest counterparts, sideration for fuel and stove selection. For example, in instead using more coal and charcoal. agricultural areas, biomass straw is the primary cooking FIGURE 4.2 HEATING FUELS USED BY URBAN AND RURAL HOUSEHOLDS IN NORTHWEST AND SOUTHWEST CHINA 100 Coal 75 Charcoal Percent household use Wood 50 Agricultural residue Animal dung 25 Other 0 Urban Rural All Urban Rural All Northwest Southwest Source: National Research Center for Science and Technology for Development and Fafo Institute for Applied International Studies (NRCSTD and Fafo IAIS), Life in Western China: Tabulation Report of Monitoring Social and Economic Development in Western China (Beijing: China Statistics Press, 2006). 18 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings physical limitations (e.g., difficult terrain or topography) DISTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE, 2010 MAP 4.2  or environmental and other policies and regulations (e.g., protected nature reserve) that restrict households’ access to available fuels. Another key factor is fuel afford- ability, which depends on households’ income level and stove and fuel cost (figure 4.3). Finally, fuels must be cul- turally acceptable; they must meet households’ prefer- ences for food taste and fit well with local cooking habits, cultural traditions, and climate. For example, the wide- spread use of solar cookers in Tibet is driven not only by the region’s abundant solar energy and shortage of other energy resources, such as coal and biomass. Tibetan farmers and herdsmen lead a nomadic way of life and are dispersed across the province. They prefer cooking fuels that are portable and easily obtained. Thus, solar cookers fit well with their lifestyle. While higher-income households will likely switch to or Source: China Agriculture Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Agricul- continue using modern energy fuels, an estimated 280 ture Press, 2010). million people, mainly in rural areas, will still rely on solid fuels for cooking and heating in 2030.7 fuel. Provinces with large amounts of straw resources also exhibit high demand for biomass stoves. Henan, Shandong, Sichuan, and Anhui provinces, all of which Supply Mapping: are richly endowed with straw resources, each has more Key Market Segments than 10 million households that rely on biomass for cook- ing (map 4.2). China has one the world’s largest biomass stove indus- tries. In 2011, production totalled 1.6 million, with about In addition to fuel availability, households must select 300 manufacturers. Yet reliance on government procure- their fuels from those that are accessible. For example, ment and subsidies is heavy, with little commercializa- households might be prevented from collecting fuelwood tion. Some procurement programs have paid more or agricultural residues in certain areas owing to natural attention to stove price than quality. Delays in setting product standards have meant that some stove products have been on the market for several years without hav- ing national or industry standards. Also, the quality and  ERCENTAGE OF RURAL HOUSEHOLDS FIGURE 4.3 P performance of stoves on the market vary significantly, RELIANT ON SOLID FUELS BY INCOME LEVEL and pirating of quality brand names is not uncommon. In addition, after-sales service and training are insufficient, 100 90 small enterprises often lack technological innovation, and 80 some stove designs are inferior. A top concern among Percent households 70 producers is the lack of a biomass briquette supply chain, 60 owing to high cost and a low technology level. 50 40 30 China’s coal stove market is highly commercialized, hav- 20 ing developed rapidly due to the large market potential. 10 In 2011, production totalled 20 million, with about 1,500 0 manufacturers. At the same time, product quality is 1,500 2,500 3,500 4,500 5,500 6,500 7,500 8,500 9,500 patchy, performance varies considerably, and household Per capita household income (RMB per year) Sources: National Bureau of Statistics, “Second National Agriculture 7. International Energy Agency (IEA), World Energy Outlook 2010 Census, 2006, ” 2008; China Statistical Yearbook (Beijing: China Statis- (Paris: Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development tics Press, 2007). (OECD)/IEA, 2010). China: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) 19 demand can be widely dispersed. Since poorer families of sales because demand is centered in poorer regions, tend to prioritize stove price over concerns of safety, effi- where profitability is low. Also, the quality of solar cook- ciency, and pollution, demand is met with low-quality, ers varies greatly, suggesting a strong need for better lower-priced products. Since the market is insufficiently production technology and greater capacity in standard- regulated, it is flooded with shoddy imitation products. izing product performance. Simple, low-efficiency stoves still comprise about four- fifths of coal cookstoves in most parts of China. Focus: Biomass Stoves Industry Development of China’s household biogas industry has been impressive. As of 2010, 40.27 million farming Production distribution. To understand the current status households were biogas users, representing one-third of China’s biomass stove market, the first-ever large- of all potential users. The sharp rise in the number of scale survey of the biomass stove industry, combined users over the past decade has resulted, in large part, with field visits, was conducted in March–May 2012. from government-supported efforts. However, recent Respondents included 89 biomass stove manufactur- years have witnessed a diminishing enthusiasm among ers throughout the country, who together accounted for farming households for constructing and using biogas 72 percent of total production in 2011 (i.e., 1.15 million systems. The service system has lagged far behind the stoves). The stoves covered by the survey were mostly needs of biogas users. Decreased individual cultivation mass-produced, referred to as clean biomass stoves. of livestock has led to a decline in the raw materials used for generating biogas and thus the number of qualifying Provinces with larger stove production levels are dis- households for installation. The required upfront invest- tributed throughout the south (especially South Central ment is large, while the subsidy level cannot compen- China) (map 4.3). Guizhou and Hunan provinces have the sate for the increasing cost of system construction; and highest levels, each producing more than 181,000 units slow technological progress has restricted innovation. each year, followed by Yunnan. The large stove output in these poorer provinces, with the exception of Hunan, China has the largest stock of solar cookers in the world. is linked to preferable government policies that include In 2010, production totalled 0.2 million, with about 20 large subsidies. In 2011, the Guizhou government dis- manufacturers. However, sales rely mainly on govern- seminated at least 120,000 biomass cooking and heat- ment procurement and subsidies. The purely commercial ing stoves as part of China’s Grain for Green Program, market for solar cookers accounts for less than one-fifth while the Yunnan provincial government disseminates at DISTRIBUTION OF BIOMASS STOVE PRODUCTION AND SALES, 2011 MAP 4.3  a. Production b. Sales Source: China CSI survey. 20 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings  ypical Cost Compositions for Figure 4.4 T  ain Obstacles for Biomass Stove Figure 4.6 M Biomass Stoves Producers at Different Scales 800 100 600 Selling network Tax 75 Fuel RMB 400 Profit Percent producers Sale fee Technology 200 Production cost Price 50 Finance 0 Company Company Company A_Cooking and B_Cooking and C_Cookstove heating stove heating stove 25 Source: China CSI survey. 0 < 1,000 1,000–10,000 10,000–20,000 > 20,000 Units produced per year least 100,000 fuel-saving stoves each year. In addition, the Hubei government has included biomass stoves in its Source: China CSI survey. Agricultural Machinery Subsidy List. Production cost and sales price. Producers’ profit margin Sales models. Stove producers can reach end users through is low. The cost of production comprises about 70–90 wholesalers, government procurement, their own sales percent of the sales price that stove companies charge network, or retailers. Wholesalers account for 42 percent for all types of manufactured, clean biomass stoves. The of producer sales. Government procurement—the model four types of biomass stoves are quite similar in terms that uses subsidies, with enterprises directly participat- of the cost share in the sales price, whereas cooking ing in government tenders—accounts for 28 percent, and water-heating stoves and heating-only stoves have a own sales network comprises 19 percent, and retailers wider range of cost share. But the sales price can differ only 11 percent (figure 4.5). It should be noted that most from the purchase price by end users for government- sales to wholesalers and using own sales network also supported subsidized stoves sold to poor regions. fall under the government procurement program, mean- ing that public procurement, whether direct or indirect, To further illustrate, we use three stove companies (A, accounts for more than 80 percent of all producer sales. B, and C) as examples. Companies A and B, which sell cooking and heating stoves, have a slightly higher sales Under the government procurement scheme, there are price for their stoves, compared to Company C, which three subsidy levels. For extremely poor regions (about sells cookstoves at RMB 650 per stove (figure 4.4). While one-third of cases), nearly 100 percent of the sales price the share of cost components varies by company, pro- is subsidized by the government. For relatively poorer duction cost constitutes the largest portion of the price regions, which represent another one-third of cases, and profit comprises 10–15 percent of the stove price, 50–80 percent of the sales price is subsidized. Finally, followed by marketing expenses and tax. other poor regions receive a 50 percent subsidy. In addi- tion, the source of subsidies varies, with a 2:3 average ratio of central government to other levels of government. Main Stove Sales Models Figure 4.5  Market barriers. The enterprises surveyed considered Directly to Government access to financing as their main market barrier, closely consumers procurement (28%) followed by sales network, availability of fuel biomass bri- (19%) quette, and stove price. Due to the low technology and high price of biomass briquette, no supply chain for bri- Wholesalers (42%) Retailers (11%) quettes has been established. Only 8 percent of respon- Stove producers dents considered producers’ low technological level a major barrier. Furthermore, enterprises at different scales Source: China CSI survey. vary significantly in their main production and sales con- Note: Most sales to wholesalers and using own sales network fall cerns (figure 4.6). under the government procurement program. China: Toward Universal Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, Key Findings from the CSI (Phase I) 21 Small-scale enterprises, which account for 62 percent of Policies, Programs, and Institutions the enterprises surveyed, pay more attention to access- ing financing and building or expanding their sales net- China’s government has made significant efforts at vari- work. However, enterprises with production levels above ous levels in issuing policies and implementing programs 10,000 units focus mainly on expanding the scale of to promote clean rural energy solutions. These policies financing and tackling stove pricing, rather than dealing and programs have covered a wide array of topics, rang- with technical issues. For large-scale enterprises with ing from renewable energy development, utilization of annual production above 20,000 units, financing pres- crop residues, rural energy development, and poverty sure is small and technical issues have been resolved; reduction to improving rural households’ quality of life thus, they are more concerned with expanding their and health and preventing deforestation. Various minis- sales network and cutting prices, as well as ensuring fuel tries have invested in such efforts, with each project/pro- availability. gram having its core objectives (figure 4.7). China’s stove dissemination and household energy poli- Lessons from Key Market Segments cies have achieved a number of positive results. At the same time, issues remain that impede the potential for Stove promotion strategies must be based on local larger-scale success and longer-term sustainability. Meet- conditions, including fuel availability, climatic condi- ing these key challenges will require (i) more systematic tions, income level, and lifestyle. Also, a market-based programs, (ii) strengthened cooperation and coordination approach to promoting stoves should be explored to among key departments at all levels, (iii) more flexible ensure sustainability. In addition, product standardization subsidy schemes that incorporate monitoring and evalu- and quality control are needed to build an enabling envi- ation (M&E), and (iv) more effective awareness-raising ronment for market development. Furthermore, strong campaigns and support for technology research and government commitment is required, while the subsidy development (R&D). scheme must be designed carefully to ensure sustain- able development. Finally, by integrating stove promotion To make government funding support more effective into broader programs (e.g., energy efficiency and con- and efficient, Results-Based Financing (RBF) is recom- servation, poverty alleviation, and health improvement) mended. This innovative approach disburses public that include awareness-raising campaigns, multiple resources against demonstrated, independently veri- issues can be targeted to generate co-benefits. fied outputs or outcomes instead of project inputs. This China’s Clean Stove Programs Structure Figure 4.7  Lead Administration Project/Program Core Objective MOA Green Energy Demonstration Counties Energy Saving National Improved Stoves Program Environmental Protection SFA Consolidating the Achievement of Returning Famland to Forest Defluoridation and Stove Reforming Program Poverty Reduction NEA Agricultural Machinery Subsidy Program Industrialization Eco-Farming Project MOH One Solar Cooker and One Biomass Stove Program Health Source: World Bank, China: Accelerating Household Access to Clean Cooking and Heating, East Asia and Pacific Clean Stove Initiative Series (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2013). 22 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings distinguishing feature can mean better use of public • Strengthening institutions and building the capacity of funds and improved support of market interventions. key market players. China has already established a The conceptual framework for using RBF in programs to good institutional setup, having selected the Ministry promote clean stoves could include three key building of Agriculture as the institutional focal point, with the blocks—defined clean stoves, results-based incentives, National Development and Reform Committee tak- and a monitoring and verification (M&V) system—sup- ing the lead on cross-sectoral coordination and the ported by the pillars of institutional strengthening/capac- China Association of Rural Energy Industry (China ity building and awareness-raising campaigns. The RBF Alliance for Clean Stoves) CAREI (CACS) serving as framework not only integrates all of the strategy’s inter- a platform for communication, learning, and coop- vention priorities; it also helps to clarify the roles of gov- eration. The next step is to further strengthen these ernment and the private sector in delivering the results; institutional arrangements. As the RBF approach that is, the government plays a facilitating role, providing relies on market players to deliver the results, train- policy support and financial incentives to motivate mar- ing activities will be provided to build the capacity of ket development, while the private sector responds to key market players through the CAREI (CACS) plat- the incentives and delivers the results. form. In addition, activities for international knowl- edge exchange and learning will be planned. Next Steps • Supporting pilots. The CSI will identify areas that are representative and scalable for piloting the RBF Under Phase II of the China CSI, four major areas of activ- approach to promote clean stoves. Preparations are ity are proposed for supporting strategy implementation under way to identify pilot areas and develop the to scale up access to clean stoves, as follows: program’s implementation plan. • Improving stove standards, testing, and verification sys- • Supporting preparation of China’s second national clean tem. Since defining “clean stoves” is a priority for stoves program and Hebei Rural Energy Project. The promoting them, a thorough review of China’s cur- second national clean stoves program represents a rent system and international experience in this area significant step toward achieving universal access to will be conducted to identify gaps and opportunities clean cooking and heating solutions. The China CSI for improvement. In addition, coordination with the will work closely with the Ministry of Agriculture, the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves, which currently lead agency, to provide needed support. In addition, supports the establishment of regional testing and Hebei province, which is preparing a large-scale rural knowledge centers, will be strengthened to ensure energy project that will provide rural households China’s participation in the process, help it build a clean cooking and heating solutions, has requested regionally recognized stove-testing center, and con- US$100 million in IBRD loan support. The CSI will tribute to regional knowledge-sharing. Furthermore, support preparation activities and provide a learning as international standards for clean stoves are being platform for provincial rural energy projects that tar- formulated, efforts will be made to encourage China get increased access to clean cooking and heating to actively participate in the process and consider solutions. the compatibility of its national standards with the international framework so that certified national clean stoves can be recognized internationally. 5 Development of Clean Stoves in China China Delegation* Presenter: Fang Fang, Ministry of Agriculture Today 700 million people live in rural China. Seventy Rural Household Energy Structure percent of households use solid fuels for cooking and heating. Most biomass waste is burned in the open field, In 2010, traditional, non-commercial biomass dominated contributing to air pollution. Household burning of solid the structure of China’s rural household energy, while the fuels is also a major health hazard in China, accounting rapid growth of other renewable energy sources, along for more than half a million premature deaths each year, with a significant role for modern fuels, was evident. affecting mainly women and children. The thermal effi- Straw accounted for more than two-fifths of rural house- ciency of traditional stoves is only 12 percent. Mitigating hold energy use (41.7 percent), while wood comprised the health hazards associated with household burning more than one-fifth (21.3 percent), followed by coal (16.0 of solid fuels will require developing and implementing percent), electricity (7.6 percent), and biogas (7.0 per- strategies for scaling up the dissemination of clean-burn- cent). The remainder consisted of oil, solar energy, and ing, fuel-efficient stoves for cooking and heating that gas, at 2.5, 2.1, and 1.8 percent, respectively. rural households are willing to adopt. Biomass Stoves Industry Overview China has one of the largest biomass stove industries in the world, with a substantial supply of improved stoves currently in use. As early as the 1980s, “Stoves Revolu- tion and Energy Conservation” was codified in China’s Sixth Five-Year Plan. The National Improved Stoves Pro- gram (NISP), which by the late 1990s had installed some 180 million improved stoves in rural households, is the world’s most successful national improved stoves pro- gram. The period from 1980 through the mid-1990s wit- nessed stove improvements and promotion, followed by a period characterized by innovation (mid-1990s–2005). Since 2005, development in both the production and Woman collecting firewood in Xiaoxing township in rural Songpan county, Sichuan province. *The China Delegation includes Fang Fang, Ministry of Agriculture; Xiaofu Chen, China Alliance for Clean Stoves; and Guangqing Liu, Beijing University of Chemical Technology. 23 24 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings  imeline of Biomass Stoves Figure 5.1 T  rowth in Production and Stock of Figure 5.2 G Development in China Clean Biomass Stoves, 2005–11 Accelerated 2.5 Post-2005 Developing Phase Production 2.0 Stock Millions of units Mid 1900s–2005 Innovation Phase 1.5 1980–Mid 1990s Improvement and 1.0 Promotion Phase 0.5 Before 1980 Preliminary Phase 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Source: Authors. Source: China Association of Rural Energy Industry (CAREI), Energy- Saving Stoves Industry Development Report (Beijing: CAREI, 2011). stock of high-efficiency, low-emission biomass stoves, also known as “clean biomass stoves, ” has accelerated. support from the government, and developing countries Despite this late starting point, biomass stove production have recognized this technology as a leader. In addition, increased eightfold within five years, reaching 0.5 million industrial organizations have played an important role in in 2010, 11 times greater than in 2005 (figure 5.1). developing China’s biomass stove industry. Prior to the NISP , the thermal efficiency of cooking stoves was only By 2011, more than 300 biomass stove manufacturers about 10 percent and that of improved stoves promoted were producing 1.6 million stoves a year, with total own- in the mid-1990s was about 25 percent. Today, however, ership at 2.15 million (26 and 30 times greater than in thermal efficiency can exceed 35 percent. 2005, respectively) (figure 5.2). This sharp increase can be attributed to the government’s substantial efforts to invest in the industry, along with the rise in fossil-fuel Major Government-Supported prices and technology improvements observed in recent Programs years. Various ministries have invested in clean stoves pro- Both biomass stove technologies and product quality grams, with each project/program having its core objec- have greatly improved as a result of continuous research tives. Major projects and programs include the following: and development (R&D) efforts. Stove manufacturers, NISP , Demonstration of Biomass Pellet Fuel, Solar Cooker particularly coal stoves companies, have been dedicated and Biomass Stove Program, Eco-home Project, National to developing clean biomass stoves, with substantial Program for Rural Biogas, Agricultural Machinery Subsidy Lighting the household cooking fire in Xisuo village, Women attending clean stoves training session in Yu Maerkang county, Sichuan province. county, Shanxi province. Development of Clean Stoves in China 25 Program, Green Energy Demonstration Counties, De- • Eleventh Five-Year Plan for Renewable Energy Develop- fluoridation and Stove Reforming Program, and Grain for ment. This plan’s guidelines emphasize the necessity Green Program. of developing renewable energy in rural areas to pro- mote a new socialist countryside construction. Institutional Arrangements In addition to these policies and programs, a series of and Major Policies related policies and regulations were issued in 2011, as follows: Since the early 1980s, China’s government has been involved at all levels (national, provincial, and local) in • Twelfth Five-Year Plan (2011–15). General Office of the issuing policies and implementing programs covering a State Council. wide array of topics related to clean stoves (figure 5.3). • Notification of Implementing Multipurpose Use of Agri- With regard to renewable energy development, major cultural Straw, Twelfth Five-Year Plan ([2011] 2615). policies have included the following: National Development and Reform Committee (NDRC), Ministry of Agriculture (MOA), and Ministry • Renewable Energy Law of People’s Republic of China of Finance (MOF). (2006, amended in 2009). This policy sets a national renewable-energy target and context. • Interim Measures for Administration of Subsidy Funding for Construction of Green Energy Demonstration County • Agricultural Bioenergy Industry Development Plan, 2007. ([2011] 113). MOF , National Energy Administration This plan codifies having 60 million rural households (NEA), and MOA. adopt biogas by 2015 (as of 2007 , there were 22 mil- lion household biogas users), with 23.3 billion m3 in • Notice of Comprehensive Work on Energy Conservation annual biogas production. and Emissions Reduction, Twelfth Five-Year Plan (State Council [2011] 26). General Office of the State Council. • Medium- and Long-Term Program of Renewable Energy Development, 2007. The overall objective is to establish • Notice of Implementing Action Plan for Energy Conserva- targets to produce 1 million metric tons (MT) of bio- tion and Emissions Reduction. NDRC and 17 ministries. mass solid fuels by 2010 and 50 million MT by 2020. Institutional Arrangements for Promoting Clean Household Energy Solutions Figure 5.3  NDRC MOEP MOA MOST MOF (Planning) (Environment) (Implement) (Research) (Financing) Department of Science, Technology, and Education (MOA) China Association of Universities and Rural Energy Industry Research Institutes Province Rural Energy Office County Rural Energy Office Source: Authors. 26 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings A review of these policies confirmed that laws are in rural development planning, and investment by related place at the national level to promote and upgrade stoves departments and research institutes in R&D on stove for rural households, especially improved biomass technology and formation of a specialized technical team. stoves, as well as biogas and other clean rural energy. The NISP has also faced important challenges, includ- Moreover, these regulations have started to emphasize ing low level of technology and commercialization; high the benefits of improved indoor air quality, low carbon subsequent breakage and damage to stoves (more than emissions, and better quality of life resulting from using 70 percent); and lack of funding, which has impeded fur- clean stoves, along with the fuel savings and rural energy ther promotion. Planning for the launching of the second solutions recognized in the past. round of a national improved stoves program is under way. Within this framework, rural energy efficiency, health, emissions reduction, and quality of life will all be Major Programs improved. Key among the major programs that have promoted clean One Solar Cooker and One Biomass Stove Program. Initi- household energy solutions in China are Green Energy ated by the MOA in 2007 , the One Solar Cooker and Demonstration Counties, National Improved Stoves Pro- One Biomass Stove Program was implemented in the gram, and One Solar Cooker and One Biomass Stove Tibet areas of Sichuan, Qinghai, Gansu, and Yunnan. Program. Program highlights, including program objec- The program provided each participating rural household tives, institutional players, achievements/challenges, and one solar cooker and one efficient biomass stove. The lessons learned, are highlighted here: products were selected through unified and public bid- ding and were purchased from the stove enterprises. Green Energy Demonstration Counties. Since 2011, the NEA, Specific responsibilities were assigned at all levels of together with the MOF and the MOA, has implemented government. The program successfully promoted 79,833 the Green Energy Demonstration Counties program, biomass stoves and 244,474 solar cookers. As a result, which aims to solve or mitigate household energy prob- rural sanitary conditions have improved and the income lems using green energy. The range of renewable energy of herdsmen and farmers has increased. Lessons in pro- sources includes biomass, solar, wind, geothermal, and gram success include the careful integration of local con- hydropower. Biomass energy is applied through three ditions, energy consumption, and lifestyle into program projects: (i) biomass briquetting, (ii) centralized biogas, design; the technical training provided in project counties and (iii) biomass gasification. Subsidy qualification crite- by experts and enterprises; activities to raise households’ ria include a green-energy production capacity of more awareness about clean stoves; and setting up after-sales than 50,000 tons of standard coal equivalent and more service networks in project counties. than 20,000 newly added household users. The central government subsidizes demonstration counties through direct subsidies, rewards, and low-interest loans, while Stove Standards local government arranges matching funds for strength- ening program sustainability and scaled-up impact. In To control product quality and guide stove industry devel- November 2011, the first group of 26 green demonstra- opment, clean stove standards have been issued and tion counties each received a subsidy of RMB 25 million. applied at various scales by the corresponding authori- It is expected that 200 green energy counties will be con- ties. Stove standards can be grouped into four levels: structed by 2015. national, industry, regional, and enterprise. Associated with stove standards are testing protocols that specify National Improved Stoves Program (NISP). China’s NISP , the how testing should be conducted to evaluate stove per- world’s largest such program, was initiated by the MOA formance. Stoves entering the market or public bidding and the NDRC in the 1980s. By the late 1990s, the NISP above the provincial level must be tested at legitimate had successfully promoted 180 million improved stoves, testing centers to certify that they meet certain stan- benefiting more than 500 million farmers. The thermal dards. Those that fail the tests are considered inferior efficiency of improved stoves was 15 percent higher products and are denied market entry. than that of traditional stoves, resulting in fuel savings of 33–50 percent, on average. Key ingredients of the pro- China’s existing household stove standards and testing gram’s success included the government’s firm commit- protocols, which encompass a broad array of stove types ment to stoves promotion, the organization of national and technologies, form the foundation for clean stove stoves competitions and adoption of unified standards R&D, production, promotion, and utilization (table 5.1). and testing protocols, integration of the program into These standards and protocols are the government’s Development of Clean Stoves in China 27 China’s Household Stove Standards Table 5.1  Standard number Standard name Type GB6412-2009 Testing protocol for domestic coal use and household stove National GB16154-2005 General technical specification for household water heating coal stove National GB/T16155-2005 Testing protocol for heating performance of household heating coal stove National NY/T1001-2006 Technical specification for household improved stove and Kang Industry NY/T8-2006 Testing protocol for thermal performance of firewood stove Industry NY/T1703-2009 Specification for installation and acceptance of water heating stove of heating system Industry NB/T34006-2011 General specifications for household densified biofuel heating stove Industry NB/T34005-2011 Testing protocol for household densified biofuel heating stove Industry NB/T34007-2012 General specification for biomass cooking and heating stoves Industry NB/T34008-2012 Testing protocol for biomass cooking and heating stoves Industry NB/T34009-2012 General specification for biomass cooking and radiant heating stoves Industry NB/T34010-2012 Testing protocol for biomass cooking and radiant heating stoves Industry To be approved General technical specification for household biofuel cookstove Industry To be approved Testing protocol for household biomass cookstove Industry DB11/T540-2008 General technical specification for household biomass stove Regional (Beijing) Source: China Alliance for Clean Stoves (CACS), Background report prepared for the China CSI (Beijing: World Bank, 2012). Note: GB = national standards, NY = agricultural industry standards, NB = energy industry standards, DB = regional standards. technical means for guiding and regulating the house- International Cooperation hold stove industry; yet they are not systematic, requir- ing improvements in both methodology and coverage. Various programs funded by international donor agencies They lag in relation to technology improvements and the have been implemented to promote clean biomass cook- emergence of new products. Various required standards ing and heating solutions in China. Key among them are and testing protocols are not yet in place. For example, the following: emission standards, design and safety guidelines, and the rating of thermal efficiency and emissions levels • Promotion of Rural Renewable Energy in Western for both biomass and coal stoves are missing at every China (Sino-Dutch co-project). level of the standards system. Furthermore, standards are seldom implemented or enforced strictly, meaning • Promotion of Technology Innovation and Dissemi- that some inferior stoves may enter the market or gov- nation for High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Bio- ernment-supported programs, hindering development of mass Household Stoves in China and Abroad (Shell the stoves sector and program implementation. Foundation). • Scale-Up of High-Efficiency, Low-Emissions Bio- The goal toward which progress is being made is to mass Household Stoves in Western China (U.S. improve the current standards, testing, and certification Environmental Protection Agency [U.S. EPA]). system in terms of methodology, scope, implementa- tion, and enforcement. As the formulation of international • Clean Stoves Program in Guizhou (U.S. EPA). stove standards and testing protocols progresses, China • Deforestation Prevention and Habitat Protection Pro- needs to actively participate in the process and consider gram in Yunnan (U.S. EPA). the compatibility of its national standards with the inter- national framework so that certified national clean stoves • Stoves Program in Four Provinces of China (World can be recognized internationally. Bank). • China Stoves Initiative (World Bank). 28 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Next Steps NISP and exploring the optimal subsidy model. The fourth is accelerating the pace of standardization and active Preparing for the scaled-up access to clean cooking and participation in the development of international stan- heating solutions in China will require six major areas of dards to ensure quality control of clean stoves. The fifth activity. The first one encompasses institutional strength- focuses on clean stoves marketing and public-awareness ening, building a cross-sectoral coordination mechanism, campaigns to catalyze behavioral change in rural house- and integrating project planning. The second one involves holds’ energy use. Finally, international cooperation will setting up the assessment and monitoring mechanism be enhanced to promote Chinese advanced stove tech- and system. The third centers on launching the second nologies and products in other developing countries. 6 Millennium Challenge Account: Mongolia Energy and Environment Project (2010–13) Mongolia Delegation* Presenter: Mangal Sovd, Millennium Challenge Account, Mongolia Ulaanbaatar, the world’s coldest capital, is also one of its air pollution in Ulaanbaatar by increasing the adoption of most polluted. Household burning of raw coal and wood energy-efficient products and homes in the ger districts for space heating and cooking in ger areas (informal peri- and supporting the development of renewable energy. urban settlements) is essential for survival. However, it The MCEEIF provides consumer subsidies for the pur- contributes about three-fifths of the city’s concentrations chase of energy-efficient stoves and homes certified of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Such exposure levels, as meeting a set standard or otherwise demonstrating which far exceed guidelines set by the World Health Orga- a superior efficiency over previous models. The Facility nization (WHO), are linked to severe health problems. also provides technical assistance to support product The overwhelming majority of households in ger areas testing and market and economic analysis. are poor, and the population continues to grow as job prospects in the capital attract more migrants. Typically, traditional heating stoves have been in use for genera- Promoting Energy-Efficient Stoves tions and are quite fuel-inefficient. An additional source of pollution is the increasing use of coal-fired stove fur- Key steps in promoting energy-efficient stoves are (i) naces, known as low pressure boilers (LPBs), used by developing a testing protocol, conducting stove perfor- wealthier families when constructing larger homes. mance tests, and developing stove test data; (ii) conduct- ing market and economic analysis and setting subsidies; (iii) conducting public-awareness and social-marketing Recent Efforts to Tackle Pollution activities; (iv) establishing product centers and a sales process; (v) distributing and installing stoves; (vi) collect- In 2009–11, the donor community organized small pilot ing old stoves; (vii) implementing the subsidy-transfer programs as part of a major effort to reduce outdoor air process; (viii) and monitoring. pollution in Ulaanbaatar. In 2011–12, the Millennium Chal- lenge Account (MCA)-Mongolia financed a scale-up of its Testing protocol, stove performance tests, and stove test data. pilot program in selected khoroo (subdistricts) of the five Fuels and wood were weighed separately before burn- districts that comprise Ulaanbaatar’s Air Pollution Reduc- ing. Stoves were weighed after filling with fuel. During tion Zone. After launching the 2011 scale-up, the Clean the testing, stoves were weighed every 10 minutes. Air Fund (CAF) provided additional subsidies for stoves. Each minute, Testo 350 measured the amount of excess air; flue gas temperature; and levels of carbon monoxide A major activity of the MCA-Mongolia Energy and Envi- (CO), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), sulfur ronment Project is the Millennium Challenge Energy Effi- dioxide (SO2), and hydrogen (H). Test results for main indi- ciency Innovation Facility (MCEEIF). The goal is to reduce cators of stoves emission factors were determined using *The Mongolia Delegation includes Mangal Sovd, Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), Mongolia; Khurelsukh Nyamgarav, Mongolia Clean Air Foundation; Bat-Erdene Togooch, City of Ulaanbaatar; Tsendsuren Dorjgotov, Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project (UBCAP); and Chimed-Erdene Baatar, Clean Air Foundation. 29 30 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings  est Results (Overall Average) Comparing Energy-Efficient Stoves for Table 6.1 T Key Parameters (Percent) GTZ-7.4 Ulzii Khas Dul Golomt Index of poison-gas emissions from stove chimney (compared to traditional stove) 45.16 89.47 70.94 83.04 87.08 Fuel savings in heating season 21 26 11 19 21 Source: Authors. two proximate analyses: (i) moisture and ash-free fuel consumption, the Ulzii exhibited the lowest amount (18 and (ii) received basis (table 6.1). kg), followed by the Dul (19 kg), Khas (21 kg), and tradi- tional stove (24 kg).8 The Dul stove had about twice the energy efficiency of a traditional stove (71 percent versus 36 percent) on aver- Market and economic analysis and subsidy-setting. Techni- age. The Ulzii stove had 65 percent energy efficiency, fol- cal-support consulting services were provided in 2011–12 lowed by the Khas stove, at 62 percent. In terms of flue for conducting market and economic analysis and setting gas CO, the Dul exhibited only 61 g per kg mass air flow the subsidy levels for various energy-efficient stoves (maf), compared to 161 for the Ulzii, 204 for the Khas, (table 6.2). and 767 for the traditional stove. In terms of flue gas total suspended particulates (TSP), the traditional stove had 8. The Energy and Environment Project has received numerous more than six times TSP as the Dul (3.41 g per kg maf requests—mainly from local manufacturers—to accept new solid- versus 0.53 g per kg maf) and more than three times TSP fuel stoves into its program. Many requests are for R&D prototype as the Ulzii (0.91) and Khas (1.04). In terms of daily fuel stoves, which, though interesting, are not suitable for the project. Setting the Subsidy Levels for Three Selected Energy-Efficiency Stoves Table 6.2  MCA-subsidy per case Stove market price Stove type without VAT (US$) US$ Percent Consumer price (US$) Ulzii 263.87 205 78 58.87 Khas 359.82 164 46 195.82 Dul 283.36 179 63 104.36 Stove market MCA-subsidy per case Government bonus (CAF) Total subsidy price without VAT Stove type (US$) US$ Percent US$ Percent US$ Percent Consumer price (US$) Ulzii 263.87 205 78 38.4 15 243.25 92 20.61 Khas 359.82 164 46 152.4 42 316.57 88 43.25 Dul 283.36 179 63 83.5 29 262.14 92 21.21 Source: Authors. Note: Based on a currency exchange rate of US$1 = MNT 1,334; price proposals from producers by May 18, 2012. Millennium Challenge Account: Mongolia Energy and Environment Project (2010–13) 31 Sale of Energy-Efficient Stoves and Household Coverage Table 6.3  Subdistricts (khoroo), District number Total stoves sold, number Total households, number Coverage, percent Bayanzurkh 16 24,835 38,255 65 Chingeltei 13 22,680 29,031 78 Khan-Uul 4 5,602 18,300 31 Songinokhairkhan 22 31,337 44,963 70 Sukhbaatar 11 13,423 22,731 59 Total 66 97,877 153,280 64 Source: Authors. Policy and Regulatory Environment in the central ger areas of Ulaanbaatar had purchased energy-efficient stoves, including 69 percent of those The Law of Mongolia on Air, enacted June 24, 2010, aims households in the targeted subdistricts (khoroo) where to coordinate the various elements related to implement- subsidized stoves were sold. The MCC-funded stove ing activities to reduce air pollution, including air pollu- replacement project was results-based, meaning that the tion payment (June 24, 2010) and air pollution reduction consumer subsidies provided were disbursed only upon in the capital city (February 10, 2011). The Law on Air was sale and verification of the installation of eligible stoves. revised May 17 , 2012. Looking Ahead Public Awareness and Social Marketing With funding from the World Bank, the city of Ulaanbaatar To raise public awareness and thus generate demand for is beginning the next major phase in activities to fill the more energy-efficient stoves, public-awareness and social remaining gaps in the ger-area market for low-emission marketing activities were conducted on the improved per- heating stoves. The Ulaanbaatar Clean Air Project (UBCAP) formance, benefits, and functionality of the better stoves. and the CAF will co-finance consumer incentives for a tar- The activity also included a broader goal of raising aware- get of another 45,000 low-emission stoves in the winter ness about energy efficiency and renewable energy and of 2013. The UBCAP is establishing a stove development their role in air quality improvement. Household members center and testing facility to provide training and technical were asked such questions as “What is the largest source assistance to stove producers and repair-service providers. of air pollution?, ” “What can you do to help reduce air pol- lution?,” and “What is energy efficiency (e.g., energy-effi- cient stove, ger insulation, and energy-efficient home)?” Lessons Learned and They were also asked about how to use energy-efficient Recommendations products, especially energy-efficient stoves. Experience of the MCA-Mongolia Energy and Environ- ment Project has highlighted the importance of informed Establishing Product Centers and decision-making; clear roles and responsibilities for the Sales Process public and private sectors; strong program management, which complex, decentralized projects require; and adap- During 2011-13, 72 product centers were established tation to local contexts. in five districts of Ulaanbaatar: Bayanzurkh, Chingeltei, Khan-Uul, Songinokhairkhan, and Sukhbaatar (table 6.3). Need for continued subsidies. Results from stocktaking activities, including the survey of households in the An unprecedented 97 ,877 energy-efficient stoves were ger areas of Ulaanbaatar and the rapid assessment of sold between June 2011 and November 2012. By the end stove markets outside the capital city, suggest that the of that period, about 55 percent of all households living significant results shown to date in stove-replacement 32 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings efforts could be jeopardized if the subsidy program were Roadmap. To ensure long-term program success, the fol- discontinued. The demographic forces driving growth in lowing actions are recommended: demand for stoves in the ger areas are still at play. Sup- ply chains for low-emission stoves continue to depend • Estimate the impact of the proposed mitigation heavily on the subsidy program; and the traditional stove measures on overall air pollution to ensure the gov- market, though clearly reduced in Ulaanbaatar, contin- ernment’s investment will meet expectations. ues to thrive outside Ulaanbaatar without subsidies. If a • Develop a testing program for equipment, with a longer-term intervention is not put in place, the number focus on safety and emissions rather than fuel con- of traditional stoves used by ger-area households, along sumption alone, and set interim performance tar- with emissions, will start pushing upward again. gets that can eventually be accepted, after practical experience is gained, as new standards, following The study’s findings, summarized below, support this the Mongolian regulatory process. conclusion: • Set up an enforcement mechanism to address non- • Demographics and household-dwelling situations compliant products and manufacturers. are changing. • Establish a targeted and well-justified subsidy pro- • Consumer preferences must guide stove develop- gram to make new systems affordable. ment, marketing, and stove-replacement initiatives. • Establish credible supply chains, in partnership with • Heating-fuel expenses remain a high proportion of the private sector, and use a third-party verification monthly income, especially for very low-income system for installation and use of new stoves. families. • Remove old equipment from use. • Markets in and outside Ulaanbaatar are intricately • Use market-based approaches—preferred over such linked, suggesting the possible need for a scaled-up nonmarket-based approaches as stove giveaways— program to reach areas outside the capital. to disseminate cleaner heating systems. • Technical capacity and materials for maintenance of low-emission stoves are needed. Appendix A Panel Discussion Notes: Cross-Cutting Issues in Scaling Up Access to Clean Cooking and Heating Solutions The afternoon session (Session II) of the EAP CSI Forum have been successfully applied to the supply chain, with consisted of panel discussions focused on four cross- some 31,000 units sold each month. One challenge is cutting issues: (1) private-sector development and the that cookstove production is still considered an informal role of financing; (2) technology and quality assurance; (3) business, which makes getting loans more difficult. In institutions, cross-sector coordination, and partnerships; Lao PDR, The World Bank is exploring the feasibility of a and (4) intervention strategy and next steps. health-linked RBF approach. A Lao Delegation member representing the Ministry of Health suggested raising the issue of financing advanced cookstove programs at  rivate-Sector Development and 1. P the next inter-ministerial meeting of the Association of the Role of Financing Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It is broadly accepted Moderator: Yabei Zhang; Panelists: Santosh Kumar that some subsidies are needed when starting clean Singh, Iwan Baskoro, Guangqing Liu, and Khurelsukh stove programs. Nyamgarav. 2. Technology and Quality Assurance Key questions: How can one attract and sustain the pri- vate sector? Which financing instruments could be used? Moderator: Robert van der Plas; Panelists: Crispin Pem- How promising is the Results-Based Financing (RBF) berton-Pigott, Xiaofu Chen, Mangal Sovd, and Christoph approach? Messinger. In the case of India, the decision was made to remove Key questions: What are the key principles for setting up barriers that made the cookstove sector appear less a stove standards, testing, and certification system? attractive than others and to promote end-user demand What are good practices and lessons learned? How can for clean cookstoves. Other options considered were national systems be harmonized with the ISO process? green-financing lines of commercial banks and social- venture funding. In the case of China, the perspective The panel discussion concluded that standards need to of the China Alliance for Clean Stoves (CACS) was to be adapted to local cooking customs; however, it would subsidize a yearly production of 1.6 million stoves. In help to have an international standard in place on criteria Mongolia, the Clean Air Foundation required that mining for setting standards. Local and/or international testing companies contribute to a fund. In Cambodia, subsidies and certification organizations will be required. 33 34 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings nstitutions, Cross-Sector Coordination, 3. I 4. Intervention Strategy and Next Steps and Partnerships Moderator: Dejan Ostojic; Panelists: Fang Fang, Bat- Moderator: Leslie Cordes; Panelists: Marlis Kees, Erdene Togooch, Edi Wibowo, and Hatsady Sisoulath. Christina Aristanti Tijondro, Natsuko Toba, and Khammanh Sopraseurth. Key questions: What are the plans to achieve scaled-up clean cooking and heating solutions in each CSI coun- Key questions: What type of domestic institutional frame- try? What are the common themes and interests that we work/setup is needed to promote sustainable stove need to work together on? How can we continue cross- programs? How can we work more effectively across country learning and exchanges? sectors and with other partners? What are good prac- tices and lessons learned? Plans were to establish national cookstove standards and explore the option of subsidies, if required. It was agreed One of the main ideas expressed was the need for a that similar regional forums should be hosted in the strong focal person. future to facilitate cross-country learning and exchanges; in addition, hosting of the EAP CSI website and other communication and dissemination methods should be used. Appendix B Clean Cooking Forum: Lessons for the Lao Clean Stove Initiative Delegates to the Clean Cooking Forum from the Lao Demand-Side Issues PDR Inter-Ministerial CSI Task Force initiated a discus- sion on lessons from the forum that could be applied to Solutions must be adapted to local conditions. The cooking the Lao CSI as it moves into its second phase. The ideas practices and variety of fuels and appliances used by exchanged cut across multiple sectors and included key households in rural, urban, and peri-urban areas must be CSI partner organizations, ministries, and team mem- carefully analyzed so that the technologies selected fit bers. Input was provided by Tayphasavanh Fengthong, the local socioeconomic and cultural contexts, particu- Director, Environmental and Occupational Health and larly in rural areas. Households often use a mix of fuels Safety Division, Ministry of Health (MOH); Khammanh (e.g., wood and charcoal or LPG and charcoal), depend- Sopraseurth, Deputy Director, Energy Efficiency and ing on their price and availability, and usually have more Conservation Division, Institute of Renewable Energy than one stove. Financial analysis must account for the Promotion (IREP), Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM); number of stoves per household since this will have a Boulay Vongvisith, Deputy Head, Bio Gas Division, Insti- significant effect on the cost of switching to more mod- tute of Energy and New Construction Materials, Ministry ern fuels and stoves. of Science and Technology (MOST); Khamphone Nan- thavong, Professor, Mechanical Engineering, National Preventing household air pollution is not the main driver of University of Lao PDR (NUOL); Aurelie Phimmasone, households’ uptake of clean stoves. Cooking is primarily Managing Director, Lao Institute for Renewable Energy a cultural activity, and the kitchen is the most culturally (LIRE); Julien Jacquot, StovePlus Manager, Renewable definitive part of any house, including those in rural areas. Energy, Environment, and Solidarity Group (GERES), Not surprisingly, cultural cooking habits prevent massive Cambodia; Bastiaan Teune, Sector Leader, Renewable uptake of clean stoves in the free market. Cooks are Energy, Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), accustomed to using a variety of fuels and stoves that Lao PDR; Patricia Ramos Peinado, Infrastructure Ana- may pollute the household air. Both the willingness and lyst Consultant, World Bank; Voravate Tuntivate, Senior ability to pay for clean stoves are considerably lower than Energy Specialist Consultant, World Bank; and Natsuko the stove price. To date, successful interventions have Toba, Senior Economist, World Bank. Highlights of the focused on incremental stove improvements geared to lessons sharing are summarized below. fuel savings. Lessons from biogas programs show that a 35 36 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings household’s decision to purchase a biogas digester/stove afford clean stoves that meet WHO emission standards. facility is driven by issues other than preventing smoke Since even wealthier households use fuel-inefficient in the kitchen (e.g., animal sanitation, fuel substitution stoves, the focus of interventions should not be limited value, and comfort). to the lowest income groups. By offering a range of stove products, higher-income households could adopt more Promotional campaigns should be adapted to the Lao context. advanced stoves, while lower-income households could Traditionally, the Lao population, particularly less edu- still afford better stoves with significant fuel- and time- cated people, is accustomed to following others rather saving benefits, gradually shifting to cleaner models over than taking individual risk. Thus, campaigns to build pub- time. Once the basic infrastructure for the clean stoves lic awareness might be more successful if integrated is in place, it might be possible to reduce the price or use with traditional events, such as festivals, where many cross-subsidies to make the stoves more affordable to people join in. Such events could also serve as a venue the poor. for knowledge-sharing between stove producers and household users. Supply-Side Issues Gender is a vital factor in raising public awareness. To effect behavioral change for a better quality of life, the roles of Value-chain inefficiencies need to be addressed. There is no both women and men in cooking and purchasing fuels clear responsibility for the value chain, mainly because of and stoves must be carefully studied. In this way, social geographical rather than social boundaries. Thus, roles, marketing and public-awareness campaigns, including activities, and effectiveness gaps need to be carefully technology demonstrations, can deliver the right mes- analyzed. sages to the appropriate audiences to catalyze wider stove adoption. Special efforts should be made to edu- How can stove producers gain access to financing? Because cate men on the benefits of clean cookstoves, even if the traditional stove sector is, in large part, informal, it is they are not the primary users, so that they will support difficult for stove producers who want to upgrade their women’s purchasing decisions. skills to access financing for even modest amounts of investment. A subsidy mechanism will need to be devel- What are the social-sensitive drivers of households’ selection oped so that producers can gain financial access. In addi- of stoves and fuels? Typically, demand for better stoves is tion, establishment of a clean cookstove revolving fund not generated directly from public good–oriented mes- or an energy development fund, with a collection and sages about women’s health advantages or environmen- distribution mechanism, should be considered. Further- tal benefits. Indeed, many factors that drive households more, producers could benefit from Small and Medium to purchase stoves are more emotional than rational. Enterprises (SME) funds from various sources, which These include a stove’s design, its feeling of modernity, support social enterprises. and a sense of having a sophisticated “product for the ” as well as envy vis-à-vis neighbors. rich, Stove producers need to make a profit to stay in business. If, for reasons of cultural acceptance, customers cannot Stove sales can be promoted by extending a period of free be charged for better stoves in proportion to the benefits use. Experience from the Vietnamese Women Union’s they gain (e.g., a household pays only 5 percent more for ICS program shows that stove sales can be increased by a stove that is 25 percent better than its traditional one), allowing consumers to use the stoves at no charge for a then stove producers will have to work much harder to limited (two-week) period. Households were more likely make more complex stoves for little profit. This situa- to purchase the stoves after experiencing their economic tion may cause the producers to cut the cost of existing and health benefits.9 Similarly, in Cambodia, solar cook- stove designs to gain market share, which, in turn, could ers were promoted by allowing families to use the new harm efforts to introduce better stoves.10 Since there is technology for a free, two-week trial period in combina- no guarantee that the price of traditional stoves will tion with training on system framing and installation. not be reduced, donors will need to fill the funding gap between the premium price customers are willing to pay Not limiting interventions to the lowest segment of the popu- for the benefits they perceive and the true price of the lation could lead to wider adoption of clean stoves over time. better stove. The reality in Lao PDR is that most households cannot 10. In the Cambodia ICS program, the ICS Producers and Distribu- 9. Further information on lessons learned is available at http://ener- tors Association agreed on a minimum ICS price in order to avoid an gypedia.info/index.php/GIZ_HERA_Cooking_Energy_Compendium. inefficient price war. Appendix B. Clean Cooking Forum: Lessons for the Lao Clean Stove Initiative 37 Women’s participation in technical training should be a pri- use (e.g., 20–25 percent, as in the successful Cambodia ority. The Cambodia ICS program concluded that techni- improved cookstoves [ICS] program). It is recommended cal training should focus on women since they are more that the dual approach currently followed by the banks efficient in ICS production, produce better-quality stoves, and bilateral donors be continued. save a higher percentage of their salaries for future fam- ily needs, and spend their money more wisely. The Cam- Research and development (R&D) is critical to program suc- bodia experience also reveals gender-related challenges cess. Deciding which of the many practical ICS designs that prevent women from pursuing higher attainments available fit the Laos context must consider diverse (e.g., lacking access to higher education and married populations and differences in cooking behaviors. An women having to obtain their husbands’ endorsement especially challenging task is finding the right trade-off of their request for a loan). In Kenya, gender-related chal- between better air quality and a stove’s commercial viabil- lenges were overcome by conducting technical training ity. Improving fuel quality, especially for charcoal, should sessions next to village households so that women could be a focus of research given that fuel quality is vital to more easily attend. In India, it was important to make stove efficiency and thus cleanliness of the kitchen. family members aware that the lady stove producer worked for the entire family, not just herself; it was also Inexpensive technologies can be used to collect data. Small important that she earn more from stove production than temperature data loggers can indicate if and when the her previous occupation to gain the family’s support and stove is being used. A smart phone can photograph the earn more than the male head of household to gain his black carbon particulate matter collected and send it to support. a server that compares it with a scale and sends back an accurate estimation of the concentration amount. The water boiling test, a commonly used laboratory test for Institutional and R&D Issues clean cookstoves, has been suggested as a benchmark. Coordinated efforts are required to change the cooking Who pays for monitoring? No affordable standardized moni- game. Strong government commitment, institutional toring methodology is available. While monitoring stove coordination, a strong focal point, and a last-resort deci- sales and impact is an important component, it is costly; sion maker are all critical to success. Institutional support thus, it is difficult to make the buyers, especially those must be consistent in terms of regulatory and enforce- who purchase low-cost stoves, pay for it. ment measures. In Lao PDR, government support through the MEM’s IREP , which serves as the CSI focal How fast can community-led efforts move forward? Commu- point and coordinating agency, will play an essential role nity-level organizations, which have a good understand- in this effort. In addition, the MOH may have a key role ing of local conditions, are well-positioned to overcome to play in addressing the health-risk exposure of women many of the culture-specific headwinds to household and children linked to household air pollution. uptake of clean stoves. But experience shows that patience is required to learn the market and respond to Development of national stove standards and labeling (e.g., it as the program moves along. The speed at which a design, durability, technical features, and pricing) should program can be effectively moved ahead is not easy to take local cooking traditions and cultural acceptability into assess, which can be difficult for donors to work around. account. Establishing a national alliance for clean cook- stove producers will be more useful if stove standards, market regulations and control, and public awareness Need for a Holistic Approach of health-related issues are already in place. Technology demonstrations and setting up a clean stoves testing The main question is how to ensure that stove produc- center or learning centers may be needed. ers can meet and maintain the standards of the cook- stoves they produce. The key lesson from the Clean Deciding whether to take a direct or indirect approach to Cooking Forum in Phnom Penh is the need to work on adopting clean stoves should be governed by local context. If three fronts. First, clean cookstove standards, labeling, the donor community envisions tackling the health issue and certification should be developed. Second, strate- of premature deaths from toxic cooking smoke directly, gies to enforce rules and regulations must be developed. then the public sector will need to finance the gap in Third, strategies to raise public awareness and educate willingness and ability to pay. Alternatively, an indirect consumers must be developed. approach might entail incremental reduction in solid fuel 38 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Lessons from the Forum confirm our initial thinking that strict enforcement without taking into account local standards should account for existing levels of stove pro- stove-making capability will not work. Rather, imple- duction technology and pricing to ensure local producers menting education, training, and capacity building is can meet standards and customers can afford to buy the important to ensure that stove producers can comply stoves. Also, flexibility should be built in so that stan- with the standards. In this regard, it may be useful to dards can be raised as production technologies improve review Cambodia’s experience in maintaining cookstove and more models and options for clean cooking become standards. Finally, detailed planning should be clearly laid commercially available. This means that standards will be out for implementing education and public-awareness regularly reviewed and updated to reflect changing con- campaigns. ditions. With regard to enforcing rules and regulations, Appendix C Speaker Biographies Aristanti Tjondro, Christina Chen, Xiaofu Christina Aristanti Tjondro is Deputy Director of Yayasan Xiaofu Chen is Executive Director of the China Alliance Dian Desa (YDD) (Light of the Village Foundation), where for Clean Stoves (CACS), in which capacity he leads she has worked since 1980. Christina has been involved the large-scale promotion of clean stoves in China and in biomass energy and improved cookstove programs conducts international cooperation projects. Xiaofu also and activities since the 1990s. In 1991, she became man- serves as Secretary General of the Technical Committee ager of the Asia Regional Cookstove Program (ARECOP), on Rural Energy Standardization of China. He has more a position she held until 2010, when ARECOP was than 30 years of experience in the fields of solar energy, adjourned. In addition, she has provided consultancy ser- energy efficiency, and other renewable energy and has vices in biomass energy and gender and energy-related held senior management positions at the Chinese Acad- issues. emy of Agriculture Engineering and the China Associa- tion of Rural Energy Industry (CAREI), affiliated with the Ministry of Agriculture. Baatar, Chimed-Erdene Chimed-Erdene Baatar is Officer of Project, Program, and Cordes, Leslie Relationship, Clean Air Initiative-II Project of the Clean Air Foundation. She is an economist with a Master’s Leslie Cordes is Senior Director of Strategic Partnerships Degree in Business Administration (MBA) and has more for the Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves (GACC). In than eight years of experience in foreign-invested mining this capacity, she leads the development of GACC stra- companies. tegic partnerships and fundraising efforts and manages donor relations; she also has oversight for GACC com- munications and advocacy activities. Leslie has more Baskoro, Iwan than 25 years of experience in the fields of clean energy, Iwan Baskoro is Technical Advisor for the Renewable energy efficiency, and climate change, having held senior Energy, Environment, and Solidarity Group (GERES). An management positions at the U.S. Environmental Protec- Indonesian mechanical engineer, Iwan joined the GERES tion Agency (U.S. EPA), Alliance to Save Energy, and U.S. team in Cambodia in late 1997 to launch and manage Agency for International Development (USAID). She has implementation of the Cambodian Wood Fuel-Saving also served on the professional staff of the U.S. Senate Project, phase 1 (1998–2001) and monitoring of phase Committee on Energy and Natural Resources. 2 (2002–06). In 2005, he was appointed GERES Direc- tor in Cambodia to manage various projects to develop biomass energy in the country. Currently, he serves as GERES Technical Advisor, supporting various ICS projects in the region. 39 40 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Dorjgotov, Tsendsuren Kees, Marlis Tsendsuren Dorjgotov is Operations Manager for the Marlis Kees is Manager of the Poverty-Oriented Basic UBCAP in Mongolia. In 2004, she joined the Project Energy Services Programme, known as HERA, sup- Management Unit under the Municipality of Ulaan- ported by the Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammen- baatar to work on a World Bank–financed water project. arbeit (GIZ). An agricultural economist, Marlis joined the Since 2004, she has served as Operations Manager GIZ in the 1980s and has led HERA at GIZ’s German- for UBCAP-supported projects and grants that aim to based headquarters since 2005. Together with her team improve the living conditions of ger-area residents. Previ- and international partners, she advocates for access to ously, she worked for Public Utility Construction Trust, a modern energy services, with a strong focus on access publicly owned company in Mongolia. Tsendsuren gradu- to cleaner, sustainable, and affordable cooking energy. ated from the Technical University of Slovakia, Bratislava Currently, she backstops household energy projects in 1987 with a major in heating engineering. in more than 20 countries, further strengthening con- cept development and knowledge management. Marlis began working in the cooking energy sector in the late Fang, Fang 1990s when setting up the Regional Programme for Bio- Fang Fang is Counselor in the Department of Science and mass Energy Conservation in Southern Africa (ProBEC) Technology’s Division of Energy and Ecology within China’s in cooperation with the SADC (Southern African Develop- Ministry of Agriculture. Fang Fang is mainly responsible for ment Community). the management of biogas and straw energy utilization, development of rural renewable energy, dissemination of Liu, Guangqing firewood and coal-saving stoves, rural energy savings and emissions reduction, and various ecological agriculture Guangqing Liu is Associate Professor and Deputy Direc- projects and other technical guidance activities in China. tor of the Biomass Energy Center at the Beijing Univer- sity of Chemical Technology. He also serves as Executive Secretary-General of the China Alliance for Clean Stoves Fengthong, Tayphasavanh (CACS) and Director of the China Regional Testing and Tayphasavanh Fengthong is Director of the Environmental Knowledge Center. Guangqing has substantial experi- and Occupational Health and Safety Division, Department ence in technical and management research in the fields of Hygiene and Health Promotion within Lao PDR’s Minis- of biomass energy, including biomass stoves; biogas; try of Health. He also serves as Head of the Health Impact pyrolysis syngas; and carbon financing. He has pub- Assessment Team and Lecturer on Environmental Health lished some 30 papers and 4 books and holds 4 China at the University of Health Sciences. In 2001–12, he patents. He has served as principal investigator or co- authored a study on the health impacts of climate change principal investigator for more than 10 national clean- in Lao PDR and has co-authored case studies on the links stoves research projects in China and international between household air pollution, housing characteristics, clean-stoves programs funded by the World Bank and and the respiratory health of women and children. the UN Foundation. Iyer, Vijay Messinger, Christoph Vijay Iyer is Director of the World Bank’s Sustainable Christoph Messinger is Component Manager for Cooking Energy Department, where he guides the Bank’s policies, Energy for the global Energising Development (EnDev) programs, and strategies in the energy sector. Before program supported by the German Gesellschaft für June 2011, Vijay was Manager of the Bank’s Africa Energy Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ). During 2004–08, Group, where he led initiatives for Sub-Saharan African Christoph began work on improved cookstoves in sev- countries to support energy access through investments eral African countries (Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia). His in hydropower, geothermal energy, and electrification experiences are summarized as chapters in the HERA/ projects, as well as such innovative programs as Lighting GIZ “Cooking Energy Compendium. ” Since 2010, he Africa. Previously, Vijay worked in private industry, project has supported the EnDev cookstove programs in Benin, finance, and banking. He served as a senior official in the Burkina Faso, and Senegal and currently is responsible Indian Civil Service, holding several positions in public for EnDev’s global improved cookstove processes. administration and economic development. He holds a Master’s Degree in Business Administration (MBA) from Yale University and a Master’s Degree in Chemistry from Jabalpur University, India. Appendix C. Speaker Biographies 41 Nanthavong, Khamphone Pemberton-Pigott, Crispin Khamphone Nanthavong is Professor and Assistant Dean Crispin Pemberton-Pigott is an industrial designer and of the Faculty of Engineering at the National University owner of New Dawn Engineering, Swaziland. A co- of Lao PDR (NUOL). He is also a member of the Lao founder of the Eastern Cape Appropriate Technology Renewable Energy for Sustainable Development Asso- Unit, the Renewable Energy Association of Swaziland, ciation (RESDA Lao) and the Community and Environ- and the Industrial Designers Association of South Africa, ment Development Association (CDEA). Khamphone has he designs clean stove projects and testing laboratories extensive experience in the fields of renewable energy, around the world. Attached to the SeTAR Centre, Univer- energy efficiency, and conservation, with expertise in sity of Johannesburg, Crispin serves on the South Afri- assessment of energy policies, capacity, and knowledge. can Bureau of Standards Technical Committee TC1054 He has also served as a training advisor on various proj- co-writing national stove standards and testing proto- ects related to renewable-energy strategy development cols. He received the Design Institute of South Africa’s and strategic environmental impacts assessments. Chairman’s Award 2004 for the Vesto biomass stove and an innovation award from the Southern Africa Stainless Steel Development Association (SASSDA). Nyamgarav, Khurelsukh Khurelsukh Nyamgarav is Executive Director of the Clean Singh, Santosh Air Foundation in Mongolia. He is an economist with a Master’s Degree in Public Administration Management. Santosh Singh is Technical Expert for the Indo German Previously, he was Advisor to the First Deputy Prime Min- Energy Programme, supported by the Gesellschaft für ister of the Mongolian Government and Deputy Finance Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) in India. In this Director of the Mongolian Airline Shareholding Company. capacity, Santosh develops market-based solutions for He has experience in air pollution issues in Mongolia and increasing rural energy access. The scope of his work has worked closely with national and international donor includes creating sustainable markets for clean cooking organizations to decrease air pollution in the capital city solutions and developing innovative business models of Mongolia. and financial access for renewable energy enterprises. Prior to joining the GIZ, he worked as Head of Rural Mar- ket Insight Group at IFMR Research in Chennai, where Ostojic, Dejan he led various research projects and consulted on Base Dejan Ostojic is Energy Sector Leader in the World Bank of Pyramid (BoP) businesses in clean energy, health and East Asia and Pacific (EAP) region. Dejan’s extensive sanitation, affordable housing, and vocational training. energy-sector experience includes institutional, regula- Santosh holds a Master’s Degree in Business Adminis- tory, and technical aspects of the electric power and gas tration (MBA) from the Indian Institute of Forest Manage- industries and municipal utilities. His diverse experience ment, Bhopal, and has more than 10 years of experience in sustainable energy and infrastructure development— working in such areas as development finance, emerging Europe and Central Asia, East Asia, the Middle East, markets, and commodity trading. Latin America, and the United States—includes 14 years at the World Bank (5 based in country offices), 6 years Sisoulath, Hatsady as manager and consultant for a leading U.S. energy and water resources company, and 8 years in academia in Hatsady Sisoulath is Director General of the Institute of Europe and the U.S. His responsibilities included high- Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP) within Lao PDR’s level policy dialogue and complex sector reform; busi- Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). ness development for public- and private-sector projects; design, preparation, and implementation of major invest- ment projects; coordination of infrastructure operations across organizational boundaries; and task-team man- agement in IDA and IBRD countries. 42 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Sopraseurth, Khammanh Togooch, Bat-Erdene Khammanh Sopraseurth is Deputy Director of the Energy Bat-Erdene Togooch is Vice Mayor of Ulaanbaatar and Efficiency and Conservation Division of the Institute of Chairman of the Steering Committee for the capital city’s Renewable Energy Promotion (IREP) within Lao PDR’s Clean Air Project, in charge of ecology and green devel- Ministry of Energy and Mines (MEM). In this capacity, opment. In this capacity, Bat-Erdene is responsible for he is in charge of policy and strategy development on resolving the city’s ecology and green development prob- energy efficiency and conservation. In addition, Kham- lems and building more comfortable living conditions for manh serves as IREP’s Coordinator for the East Asia and its citizens. He is also in charge of implementing the Pacific (EAP) Clean Stove Initiative in Lao PDR. action plan of the Mongolian government and city mayor. Agencies and departments under his supervision include the Air Quality Agency, Department of Ecology Protec- Sovd, Mangal tion, and Department of Industry and Agriculture. Mangal Sovd is Project Director for the Millennium Chal- lenge Account (MCA)-Mongolia. Since 2010, he has Tuntivate, Voravate served as Director of the Energy and Environment Proj- ect (EEP), financed by the Millennium Challenge Corpo- Voravate (Tig) Tuntivate is Senior Energy Specialist at the ration (MCC). For the past decade, he has worked on World Bank. He has more than 20 years of experience reducing air pollution in the capital city of Ulaanbaatar working in the fields of household energy access, includ- through improving fuel quality and the efficiency of ing household access to cooking and heating and electri- stoves and boilers. Previously, Mangal held positions as fication, in Asia, Africa, and South America. His areas of Director and Chief Engineer at the Mining Research Insti- expertise include sampling; survey research, particularly tute of Mongolia. His experience in mining technology, related to household energy; and social marketing. Previ- solid fuel processing, and engineering design includes ously, he served as lecturer at the United Nations Sta- technical design of mineral deposits’ exploitation, as well tistical Institute for Asia and the Pacific (SIAP). Tig holds as analysis of mineral exploitation, processing, and min- a degree in economics and a PhD in urban studies and ing operations in Mongolia. Mangal earned degrees in energy policy. Mining Engineering and holds a PhD in Technical Science from the State University of Mongolia. He has also taken graduate economics and financial management courses van der Plas, Robert at the Economics Institute in Boulder, Colorado. Robert van der Plas is Director of the Netherlands office of MARGE Sarl, a European consulting firm specializing in the nexus of energy and environment. Previously, Rob- Toba, Natsuko ert worked at the World Bank for more than 16 years, Natsuko Toba is Senior Economist at the World Bank, where his last position held was Senior Energy Planner. where she specializes in infrastructure, particularly links Robert was instrumental in adding rural energy to the between energy and poverty, environment (including development assistance agenda. He has extensive expe- climate change), social and economic development, rience in household, rural, and renewable energy issues regulation, governance, and political economy. She has in Africa and Asia, with two areas of focus: (i) biomass extensive experience as team leader and has worked energy management, use, and conversion and (ii) decen- independently on operational and analytical projects tralized rural electrification. His recent work includes with the Asian Development Bank, World Bank/Interna- developing a biomass energy strategy for Mozambique, tional Finance Corporation, and other international orga- a national stove program for Nigeria, and a national rural nizations in some 20 countries across Central, East, and electrification program for Haiti; assisting private firms South Asia; the Pacific Islands; Africa; and Latin America. and the Government of Rwanda to develop micro-hydro Her work has focused on carbon finance and innovative plants in that country; and acting as Team Leader for the project design and financial, policy, and strategy instru- Asian Development Bank’s Energy for All Partnership. ments. She is a formal reviewer of Energy Policy journal Robert holds Master’s Degrees in Applied Physics and and is Coordinator for the Asia Sustainable and Alter- Development Studies from the University of Twente in native Energy Program (ASTAE). Natsuko has a PhD in the Netherlands. Economics from the University of Cambridge and is an Honorary Cambridge Overseas Trust Scholar and Fellow. Appendix C. Speaker Biographies 43 Vongvisith, Boulay Yuliani, Fitria Boulay Vongvisith is Deputy Head of the Bio Gas Divi- Fitria Yuliani is an analyst in the Bioenergy Cooperation sion of the Institute of Energy and New Construction and Investment Subdirectorate, Directorate General of Materials, Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) in New Renewable Energy and Energy Conservation within Lao PDR. In this capacity, he is responsible for research Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources activities that involve the development of improved cook- (MEMR). She is responsible for developing policies and stoves, biodiesel production, domestic biogas technol- regulations to enhance the development of bioenergy, ogy, and organic fertilizer production. In 2007 , Boulay focusing on investment-related aspects. Fitria received earned his Master’s Degree in the Science of Food Engi- a Degree in Industrial Engineering from the University of neering and Bio-processing Technology from the Asian Indonesia in 2010. Institute of Technology (AIT) in Thailand; he also holds a Bachelor’s Degree in Science from the National Univer- sity of Lao PDR (NUOL). Zhang, Yabei Yabei Zhang is Energy Economist in the World Bank’s Water and Energy Unit, East Asia and Pacific Region. She Wibowo, Edi joined the World Bank as a Young Professional in 2008 Edi Wibowo is Deputy Director of the Department of and has worked on energy, urban, and climate-change Bioenergy Engineering and Environment, Directorate issues with a focus on energy efficiency, urban energy, General of New Renewable Energy and Energy Conser- and household energy. She is part of the core team for vation within Indonesia’s Ministry of Energy and Mineral the EAP Clean Stove Initiative (CSI) program and the task Resources (MEMR). In this position, which he has held team leader for the China and Indonesia CSI country pro- since February 2011, Edi is responsible for policies and grams. Prior to joining the World Bank, Yabei worked at regulations related to the engineering and environmental the Joint Global Change Research Institute (a joint pro- aspects of bioenergy development, including standards, gram of the Pacific Northwest National Lab and the Uni- safety, and quality and environmental monitoring. From versity of Maryland). She holds a PhD in Economics from 2009 to 2011, he headed the facilitation of energy utiliza- the University of Maryland, College Park and a Master’s tion policy for the Secretary General’s National Energy Degree in City Planning from the Massachusetts Insti- Council. He previously worked for the Research and tute of Technology (MIT). She did her PhD dissertation Development Center for Oil and Gas Technology, “Lemi- on household energy, indoor air pollution, and health gas,” beginning in 1993. Edi holds a Master’s Degree in impacts in India. Mechanical Engineering from the University of Indonesia in Depok and a Bachelor’s Degree in Agricultural Engi- neering from Bogor Agricultural University. Appendix D Participants’ Contact Information Name Title Affiliation Email address World Bank Group Veasna Bun Senior Infrastructure World Bank vbun@worldbank.org Specialist Laurent Durix Senior Energy World Bank ldurix@worldbank.org Consultant Dejan Ostojic Sector Leader World Bank dostojic@worldbank.org Patricia Ramos Peinado Infrastructure Analyst World Bank pramospeinado@worldbank.org Consultant Crispin Pemberton-Pigott Consultant World Bank crispinpigott@gmail.com Venkata Ramana Putti Senior Energy Specialist World Bank pramana@worldbank.org Natsuko Toba Senior Economist World Bank ntoba@worldbank.org Voravate Tuntivate Senior Energy Specialist World Bank vtuntivate@worldbank.org Consultant Yun Wu Energy Specialist World Bank ywu4@worldbank.org Consultant Yabei Zhang Energy Economist World Bank yzhang7@worldbank.org China Xiaofu Chen Executive Director China Alliance for Clean Stoves chxiaofu@gmail.com Fang Fang Counselor Rural Energy and Environment liu1210@126.com Agency, Department of Science, Education and Rural Environment, Ministry of Agriculture Guangqing Liu Associate Professor Beijing University of Chemical guangqing.liu@gmail.com Technology Wenhao Zhang Teaching Assistant Beijing University of Chemical zhangweihao1987@163.com Technology Zhihua Chen Deputy Director Department of Climate Change chenndrc@gmail.com 45 46 Clean Stove Initiative Forum Proceedings Name Title Affiliation Email address Indonesia Christina Aristanti Tjondro Deputy Director YDD–ARECOP christina@arecop.org Prianti Utami Senior Scientist ARECOP priantiutami@gmail.com Edi Wibowo Deputy Director Department of Bioenergy Engineering dadankusdiana@gmail.com and Environment, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Fitria Yuliani Analyst Division of Cooperation and Invest- fitri.ti06@gmail.com ment, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Lao PDR Tayphasavanh Fengthong Director Environmental and Occupational ftayphasavanh@yahoo.com Health & Safety Division, Ministry of Health Khamphone Nanthavong Professor Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of khamphon@fe-nuol.edu.la Engineering, National University of Laos Hatsady Sisoulath Director General Institute of Renewable Energy Promo- tion, Ministry of Energy and Mines Khammanh Sopraseurth Deputy Director Energy Efficiency and Conserva- ka_manh@yahoo.com tion Division, Institute of Renewable Energy Promotion, Ministry of Energy and Mines Boulay Vongvisith Deputy Head Bio Gas Division, Institute of Energy boualy@most.gov.la and New Construction Materials, Min- istry of Science and Technology Mongolia Chimed-Erdene Bataar Officer Clean Air Foundation Tsendsuren Dorjgotov Operations Manager UBCAP PIU dtsendsuren@gmail.com Khurelsukh Nyamgarav Director Clean Air Foundation n.khurelsukh@yahoo.com Mangal Sovd Project Director MCA-Mongolia Energy and Environ- mangal@mca.mn ment Project Byambaakhuu Sundui Senior Officer Department of Strategy and Planning, byambaakh_sundui@yahoo.com MOE Bat-Erdene Togooch Vice Mayor Ulaanbaatar, Chairman of Ulaanbaatar bigimn@yahoo.com Clean Air Project Steering Committee GIZ Marlis Kees Manager Poverty-Oriented Basic Energy Ser- marlis.kees@giz.de vices Programme, GIZ Christoph Messinger Component Manager GIZ EnDev Santosh Singh Technical Expert Indo German Energy Programme santosh.k.singh@giz.de Other Iwan Baskoro Technical Advisor GERES i.baskoro@geres.eu Leslie Cordes Senior Director Strategic Partnerships, Global Alliance lcordes@unfoundation.org for Clean Cookstoves Robert van der Plas Director MARGE Sarl Netherlands office rvanderplas@yahoo.com Appendix E Itinerary: EAP CSI Forum March 18, 2013, Phnom Penh Hotel, Phnom Penh, Cambodia Time Topic Presenter(s) 8:30–9:00 Registration 9:00–9:15 Opening Remarks Dejan Ostojic Session I: Country Programs 9:15–9:45 Indonesia Yabei Zhang Indonesia Delegation (Edi Wibowo) 9:45–10:15 Lao PDR Natsuko Toba Lao PDR Delegation (Hatsady Sisoulath) 10:15–10:30 Q&A 10:30–11:00 Coffee break 11:00–11:30 China Yabei Zhang China Delegation (Fang Fang) 11:30–12:00 Mongolia Voravate Tuntivate Mongolia Delegation (Mangal Sovd) 12:00–12:15 Q&A 12:30–2:00 Joint Lunch with ADB E4All Program • Welcome Remarks by Vijay Iyer, Director, Sustainable Energy Department, World Bank • Asian Development Bank (Program Scope, Countries, Expected Outputs, and Timetable): ADB representative (5–10 minutes) • Brief Overview of EAP Clean Stove Initiative (5 minutes) Session II: Cross-Cutting Issues in Scaling Up Access to Clean Cooking and Heating Solutions (Panel Discussions) 2:00–2:45 Private-Sector Development and Moderator: Yabei Zhang the Role of Financing Panelists: Santosh Singh, Iwan Baskoro, Guangqing Liu, and Khurelsukh Nyamgarav 2:45–3:30 Technology and Quality Assurance Moderator: Robert van der Plas Panelists: Crispin Pemberton-Pigott, Xiaofu Chen, Mangal Sovd, and Christoph Messinger 3:30–4:00 Coffee break 4:00–4:45 Institutions, Cross-Sector Coordination, Moderator: Leslie Cordes and Partnerships Panelists: Marlis Kees, Christina Aristanti Tjondro, Natsuko Toba, and Khammanh Sopraseurth 4:45–5:30 Intervention Strategy and Next Steps Moderator: Dejan Ostojic Panelists: Fang Fang, Bat-Erdene Togooch, Edi Wibowo, and Hatsady Sisoulath 5:30–6:00 Closing Remarks Dejan Ostojic 47 The World Bank The World Bank Group Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program 1818 H Street, NW Washington, DC 20433 USA www.worldbank.org/astae